A multiplexed diode-laser sensor system has been developed to monitor multiple species and measure multiple flowfield parameters along a single path with optical fibers and scanned-laser absorption techniques. Two InGaAsP lasers were tuned over H2O transitions near 1347 and 1392 nm, and an AlGaAs laser was tuned over an O2 transition near 760.65 nm to record fully resolved absorption concurrently at a repetition rate of 2 kHz. The system was applied to measure H2O, O2, and temperature simultaneously in a heated static cell and in room air. Wavelength modulation with second-harmonic detection, applied simultaneously in the O2 measurements, yielded a minimum detectable absorbance of 1.6 × 10−6/Hz1/2 and an O2 detectivity of 6.3 parts in 106 in a 1-m path length.


Plasma factor VIII coagulant activity (FVIII:C) level is a highly heritable quantitative trait that is strongly correlated with thrombosis risk. Polymorphisms within only 1 gene, the ABO blood-group locus, have been unequivocally demonstrated to contribute to the broad population variability observed for this trait. Because less than 2.5% of the structural FVIII gene (F8) has been examined previously, we resequenced all known functional regions in 222 potentially distinct alleles from 137 unrelated nonhemophilic individuals representing 7 racial groups. Eighteen of the 47 variants identified, including 17 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), were previously unknown. As the degree of linkage disequilibrium across F8 was weak overall, we used measured-genotype association analysis to evaluate the influence of each polymorphism on the FVIII:C levels in 398 subjects from 21 pedigrees known as the Genetic Analysis of Idiopathic Thrombophilia project (GAIT). Our results suggested that 92714C>G, a nonsynonymous SNP encoding the B-domain substitution D1241E, was significantly associated with FVIII:C level. After accounting for important covariates, including age and ABO genotype, the association persisted with each C-allele additively increasing the FVIII:C level by 14.3 IU dL(-1) (P = .016). Nevertheless, because the alleles of 56010G>A, a SNP within the 3' splice junction of intron 7, are strongly associated with 92714C>G in GAIT, additional studies are required to determine whether D1241E is itself a functional variant.


Estimation of vertical velocity is a key issue for understanding ocean physics and transport of biogeochemical tracers. We examine the accuracy of estimating vertical velocity in fronts with the omega equation. The diagnostic performance of the omega equation is evaluated by using vertical velocities obtained from simulation of frontal instabilities in a primitive equation model as a reference. We use two traditional quasigeostrophic methods in which the flow is either a geostrophic flow computed from density or a nondivergent flow derived from vorticity and also test two new formulations: a quasigeostrophic method using the total flow field and the semigeostrophic omega equation. Results show that all four formulations correctly diagnose the vertical velocity pattern. However, estimates provided by the traditional quasi-geostrophic formulations have systematic bias. In contrast, the two new techniques, which are practically equivalent, produce unbiased vertical velocity diagnostic at fronts. These results point out the importance of including higher order dynamics than quasigeostrophy to take into account the ageostrophic advection in the front. Since adequate filtering of ADCP data is not yet available to obtain a suitable total flow, the semigeostrophic omega equation is proposed as the most valuable tool to compute vertical velocities from high resolution density measurements.


Since the discovery of radial migration a galaxy can no longer be considered to be a collection of annuli evolving in isolation. Previous works have considered the implications of migration on properties of disc galaxies, but most of these efforts concentrate on the Solar neighbourhood, where observational comparisons are at their best. Only a small number of studies have investigated the effect on the outer regions of galaxies. Using N-body+SPH simulations, I consider the effect of radial migration on the outskirts of disc galaxies. I demonstrate that when falling through a gas rich cluster environment, a galaxy can evolve from a type II profile to a type I profile with little increase in the radial velocity dispersions. Instead the cluster environment induces more spirals when compared to the same galaxy evolving in isolation, driving radial migration of stars into the outer disc and explaining the relative abundance of type I galaxies in cluster environments. I demonstrate that during the transformations of the profiles the galaxy evolves from a spiral to a lenticular galaxy and becomes redder. This significantly alters the position of the galaxy in the colour-mass plane, transitioning from the blue sequence to the green valley. Furthermore, these changes occur rapidly after the onset of ram pressure stripping. Finally I consider the effects of migration in disc galaxies with strong warps. I find that the warp remains isolated from the mixing effect of migration and thus forms a tight relation between age and metallicity. Stars forming in the warp settle into the disc, where they migrate across all radii, imprinting the warp AMR over the flattened, broadened disc AMR.


During the early 1960s, in the formative years of Florida's newest university, the University of South Florida located in Tampa, the Florida Investigative Committee in true McCarthy-era style, set up its "Star Chamber" interviews with students and "others" at local motels near the University. The purpose of these "interviews" was to ferret out information about university administrators and instructors which would point to either their innocence or their guilt in terms of communist party membership, homosexuality, or the teaching of atheism. After an exhaustive process which left the intellectual community on Florida's West Coast shaken and dismayed at what it collectively believed was a misguided mission and waste of taxpayer dollars, academic communities in other university towns throughout Florida responded with outrage over the intrusion of politicians and perceived anti-intellectuals into the "business" of higher education. Some had already run the investigative committee's gauntlet, others likely feared they would follow. In what could have resulted in the sudden demise of the infant university, its leaders and faculty emerged from the experience, not as victors, but rather as survivors of a bitter battle over academic freedom. This study serves to fill the growing body of research on the McCarthy era and its influence on education. It will cover as a case study the entire struggle of the university over the issue of academic freedom and the attempts of "well-meaning" citizens to control what is taught and in what way it is taught at the most sacred of investigative places—the university.


ABSTRACT The metallo-β-lactamase determinant of Acinetobacter baumannii AC-54/97, a clinical isolate from Italy that was previously shown to produce an enzyme related to IMP-1, was isolated by means of a PCR methodology which targets amplification of gene cassette arrays inserted into class 1 integrons. Sequencing revealed that this determinant was an allelic variant (namedblaIMP-2) of blaIMPfound in Japanese isolates and that it was divergent from the latter by 12% of its nucleotide sequence, which evidently had been acquired independently. Similar to blaIMP,blaIMP-2 was also carried by an integron-borne gene cassette. However, the 59-base element of theblaIMP-2 cassette was unrelated to those of theblaIMP cassettes found in Japanese isolates, indicating a different phylogeny for the gene cassettes carrying the two allelic variants. Expression of the integron-borneblaIMP-2 gene in Escherichia coliresulted in a significant decrease in susceptibility to a broad array of β-lactams (ampicillin, carbenicillin, cephalothin, cefoxitin, ceftazidime, cefepime, and carbapenems). The IMP-2 enzyme was purified from an Escherichia coli strain carrying the cloned determinant, and kinetic parameters were determined with several β-lactam substrates. Compared to IMP-1, the kinetic parameters of IMP-2 were similar overall with some β-lactam substrates (cefoxitin, ceftazidime, cefepime, and imipenem) but remarkably different with others (ampicillin, carbenicillin, cephaloridine, and meropenem), revealing a functional significance of at least some of the mutations that differentiate the two IMP variants. Present findings suggest that the environmental reservoir of blaIMP alleles could be widespread and raise a question about the global risk of their transfer to clinically relevant species.


Unconventional shale resource systems have provided North America with abundant energy supplies and reserves for present and future decades. This energy resource was largely overlooked until the new millennium. Prior 2000 only a few small oil and gas companies were pursuing such plays led by independent, Mitchell Energy and Development Corporation of The Woodlands, TX. Mitchell's successful commercial development of the Mississippian Barnett Shale of the Ft. Worth Basin, Texas spawned an energy renaissance in North America. In the last decade the development of unconventional shale resource systems has been phenomenal in the United States with abundant new supplies of natural gas and oil. These resource systems are all associated with petroleum source rocks, either within the source rock itself or in juxtaposed, non-source rock intervals. Three key characteristics of these rocks, apart from being associated with organic-rich intervals, are their low porosity (less than 15%), ultra-low permeability (<0.1mD), and brittle or non-ductile nature. These characteristics play a role in the storage, retention, and the requirement of high-energy stimulation to obtain petroleum fl ow. Organic richness and hydrogen content certainly play a role in petroleum generation, but they also play a role in retention and expulsion fractionation of generated petroleum. Often a substantial portion of the porosity evolves from the decomposition of organic carbon that creates organoporosity in addition to any matrix porosity. Open fracture-related porosity is seldom important. Hybrid systems, i.e., organic-lean intervals overlying, interbedded, or underlying the petroleum source rock, are the best producing shale resource systems, particularly for oil due to their limited adsorptive affi nities and the retention of polar constituents of petroleum in the source rock. Paradoxically, the best shale gas systems are those where the bulk of the retained oil in the source rock has been converted to gas by cracking. Such conversion cracks the retained polar constituents of petroleum as well as saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons to condensate-wet gas or dry gas at high thermal maturity. Such high level conversion also creates the maximum organoporosity, while enhancing pore pressure. Bitumen (petroleum)-free total organic carbon (TOC) is comprised of two components, a generative and a non-generative portion. The generative organic carbon (GOC) represents the portion of organic carbon that can be converted to petroleum, whereas the non-generative portion does not yield any commercial amounts of petroleum due to its low hydrogen content. Organoporosity is created by the decomposition of the generative organic carbon as recorded in volume percent. In the oil window, this organoporosity is fi lled with petroleum (bitumen, oil and gas) and is diffi cult to identify, whereas in the gas window any retained petroleum has been converted to gas and pyrobitumen making such organoporosity visible under high magnifi cation microscopy. Production decline analysis shows the variable production potential of many North American shale gas and oil systems and their high decline rates. The most productive North American shale gas systems are shown to be the Marcellus and Haynesville shales, whereas the best shale oil systems are the hybrid Bakken and Eagle Ford systems.


This chapter will explore the limits and possibilities of narratives in which individuals turn to language to communicate the inexpressibility of experiences they have endured. The central dilemma for many survivors of trauma is that they must tell their stories, and yet their stories cannot be told. Traumatic experiences often defy understanding; testimony of those who have survived can be marked by what is not there: coherence, structure, meaning, comprehensibility. The actual emplotment of trauma testimony into conventional narrative configurations — contained in time- transforms them into something which they are not: experiences which are endowed with a particular wholeness, which occurred in the past, and which have now ended. The paper concludes with a discussion of the relationship between language and silence in traumatic testimony.


China has a built-in inflationary tendency because of the partially-reformed nature of its economic system. Specifically, the post-1978 marketization of the economy has interacted with the continued state ownership to create an inflationary 'liquidity tango' between the state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and the state-owned banks. Whenever the hard budget constraint is imposed on the SOEs, China's dysfunctional financial system would impart a deflationary bias to the economy and render China a capital exporting country by constraining the growth of aggregate demand to be less than the growth of aggregate supply. The use of price mechanisms as the only instruments for all economic problems is not appropriate for China's transitional economy, e.g. trade surpluses are better handled by the establishment of an efficient financial intermediation mechanism than by appreciation of the Yuan.


A New Keynesian model with government production, public compensation, and unemployment is fit to U.S. data to study the macroeconomic and fiscal effects of public wage reductions. We find that accounting for the type of government spending is crucial for its macroeconomic implications. Although reductions in public wages and government purchases of goods have similar effects on total output and the fiscal balance, the former can raise private output slightly, in contrast to the substantial contractionary effects of the latter. In addition, the baseline estimation finds that exogenous public wage reductions decrease private wages. Model counterfactuals show that sufficiently rigid nominal private wages can reverse the response of private wages, as the rigidity dampens the labor reallocation effect from the public to private sector that exerts downward pressure on private wages.


A robust image watermarking scheme in the ridgelet transform domain is proposed in this paper. Due to the use of the ridgelet domain, sparse representation of an image which deals with line singularities is obtained. In order to achieve more robustness and transparency, the watermark data is embedded in selected blocks of the host image by modifying the amplitude of the ridgelet coefficients which represent the most energetic direction. Since the probability distribution function of the ridgelet coefficients is not known, we propose a universally optimum decoder to perform the watermark extraction in a distribution-independent fashion. Decoder extracts the watermark data using the variance of the ridgelet coefficients of the most energetic direction in each block. Furthermore, since the decoder needs the noise variance to perform decoding, a robust noise estimation scheme is proposed. Moreover, the implementation of error correction codes on the proposed method is investigated. Analytical derivation of bit error probability is also carried out and experimental results prove its accuracy. Simulation also shows outstanding robustness of the proposed scheme against common attacks, especially additive white noise and JPEG compression.


We introduce DTProbLog, a decision-theoretic extension of Prolog and its probabilistic variant ProbLog. DTProbLog is a simple but expressive probabilistic programming language that allows the modeling of a wide variety of domains, such as viral marketing. In DTProbLog, the utility of a strategy (a particular choice of actions) is defined as the expected reward for its execution in the presence of probabilistic effects. The key contribution of this paper is the introduction of exact, as well as approximate, solvers to compute the optimal strategy for a DTProbLog program and the decision problem it represents, by making use of binary and algebraic decision diagrams.  We also report on experimental results that show the effectiveness and the practical usefulness of the approach.


This paper describes an updated method for automated detection of overshooting cloud tops (OT) using a combination of spatial infrared (IR) brightness temperature patterns and modeled tropopause temperature. IR temperatures are normalized to the tropopause, which serves as a stable reference that modulates how cold a convective cloud should become within a given region. Anvil clouds are identified using histogram analysis and cold spots embedded within anvils serve as OT candidate regions. OT candidates are then assigned an OT probability, which can be interpreted as a metric of storm intensity and an estimate of confidence in a detection for a particular pixel. It is produced using an original mathematical composition of four factors: Tropopause‐normalized temperature, prominence relative to the surrounding anvil, surrounding anvil area, and spatial uniformity of anvil temperature, which are calculated from empirically derived sensitivity curves. The shape of the curves is supported by independent analysis of a large sample of matched IR and radar‐derived OT regions. An optimal sensitivity for each factor was determined by maximizing correlation between the OT probability and a set of human‐identified OT regions. Coarser spatial resolution of GOES‐13 data cause OTs to be less prominent compared to GOES‐16, necessitating different sensitivities for each satellite. Detection performance is quantified for each satellite based on human OT identifications and as a function of how prominent the OT appeared in visible and IR imagery. Based on analyses of human‐identified OTs, OT detection accuracy, defined by the area under a receiver operating characteristic curve, is determined to be 0.94 for GOES‐16 and 0.78 for GOES‐13.


The Kleinmann–Low nebula in Orion, the closest region of massive star formation, harbors Source I, whose nature is under debate. Knowledge of this source may have profound implications for our understanding of the energetics of the hot core in Orion KL since it might be the main heating source in the region. The spectral energy distribution of this source in the radio is characterized by a positive spectral index close to 2, which is consistent with (i) thermal bremsstrahlung emission of ionized hydrogen gas produced by a central massive protostar, or (ii) photospheric bremsstrahlung emission produced by electrons when deflected by the interaction with neutral and molecular hydrogen like Mira-like variable stars. If ionized hydrogen gas were responsible for the observed continuum emission, its modeling would predict detectable emission from hydrogen radio recombination lines (RRLs). However, our SMA observations were obtained with a high enough sensitivity to rule out that the radio continuum emission arises from a dense hypercompact H ii region because the H26α line would have been detected, in contrast with our observations. To explain the observational constraints, we investigate further the nature of the radio continuum emission from source I. We have compared available radio continuum data with the predictions from our upgraded non-LTE 3D radiative transfer model, MOdel for REcombination LInes, to show that radio continuum fluxes and sizes can only be reproduced by assuming both dust and bremsstrahlung emission from neutral gas. The dust emission contribution is significant at ν ≥ 43 GHz. In addition, our RRL peak intensity predictions for the ionized metals case are consistent with the nondetection of Na and K RRLs at millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths.


Airborne LiDAR surveys are amongst the most advanced means of producing high-resolution, accurate surface elevation models used for many applications in surveying and civil engineering. Precise geolocation and orientation (or georeferencing) of the LiDAR instrument with a combination of on-board GNSS and inertial sensors at the times when the measurements are made provides the key to high-quality elevation products. The usual practice deploys reference GPS/GNSS land receivers in the area where the aircraft will be flying, to obtain a precise trajectory by short-baseline differential GNSS techniques. This could mean installing and operating receivers at many sites during a flight mission if the area surveyed is a large one. We have tried a different approach: using as reference receivers those of a sparse network of Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS) in New South Wales known as CORSnet-NSW, and a wide-area GNSS technique for obtaining the aircraft trajectory with sub-decimeter accuracy even with baseline lengths of several hundred kilometers. We show that this is comparable in precision and accuracy to the short-baseline method, but without the cost and logistical complications. This opens up a new level of operational capability, allowing flexibility for weather conditions and priority response applications. The tests described here were organized and conducted by the NSW government's Land and Property Management Authority, in collaboration with the University of New South Wales, in June 2009.


Low-thrust guidance and control of satellite Formation Flying relative motion is a field of study that is gaining more and more attention by researchers from every part of the world due to the recent development of more and more performing electric propulsion systems and since future missions will follow the trend of miniaturizing spacecraft. The challenge is to design a controller that must address limited thrusting and propellant capabilities while maintaining operational aspects, such as collision safety and time constraints. For the scope of this work, a formation of satellites in LEO is considered, employing thrusters capable of providing thrust in the order of µ-Newtons. The first step of the work is the definition af a dynamical system that describes the Formation-Flying relative motion with respect to the chief spacecraft, for this scope the Mean Relative Orbital Elements (ROE) dynamical system is introduced. The main feature of this model is linearity, thanks to which a Linear Quadratic Regulator can be implemented in order to control the relative motion; another incredible advantage of this dynamic system is the easy visualization of the relative motion with respect to the chief spacecraft, thanks to the eccentricity/inclination vector separation discussed in the work. The Controller based on the Linear Quadratic Regulator Theory is then implemented, proving itself to be very solid and accurate, either in terms of fuel optimality and desired state tracking accuracy, still requesting a limited computational load (only one ODE must be solved). The Controller is then improved for reference trajectory tracking using an elegant Reference Governor method], which performs outstandingly well. Collision Avoidance can be then implemented easily in the model using a powerful mathematical tool as Artificial Potential Functions, in combination with the aforementioned Reference Governor approach. In order to employ this method, parallelism between relative eccentricity and inclination vectors must be assured. This assumption can be easily satisfied by proper mission and maneuver planning, in particular by choosing wisely the desired states. Fuel Balance between spacecraft in a formation is an often disregarded issue in literature but yet very important; in fact, it is vital to avoid that one spacecraft would run out of fuel before the other ones, which is a situation that would cause a loss of controllability for the entire formation. In this work, this issue is thoroughly addressed by proposing two different strategies: - R matrix values are exploited in order to increase the fuel consumption of the less-consuming satellite; - Fuel Balance has been achieved by smart reconfiguration planning, by choosing wisely the desired states in order to satisfy the mission goals and constraints. A discussion about the two strategies is then made, showing how the first one is quite inefficient from a fuel-optimality point of view compared to the second strategy, which is then the preferred one. Finally, the whole model is succesfully validated by importing its results in the GMAT environment in order to perform an high-precision Orbit Propagation simulation, and then by comparing the final results.


Purpose: To investigate the effect of the helical pitch, patient size, and beam width on point dose measurements of superficial organs in MSCT. Methods: Three sizes of cylindrical PMMA phantoms were utilized; 32cm (body), 16cm (adult head), and 10cm (pediatric head). For each phantom, helical scans were performed with different pitch factors (0.7, 1.0, and 1.3) and collimations (12mm and 24mm). In each scan, a strip of gafchromic film, measuring 12×1.5cm2, was taped onto the top of the phantom along its z‐axis. Film strips were scanned, red channel was extracted and pixel values were converted into optical densities from which doses (mGy) were obtained using a calibration curve. Results: The periodic pattern of peaks and valleys in dose profiles along the z‐axis of phantom surface was more obvious with the body phantom; the highest variation (% difference between peak and valley) was 56%. Adult and pediatric head phantoms showed significantly less variation; highest = 30% and 24%, respectively. These values were found with pitch 1.3 and collimation 24mm. When collimation was changed from 12mm to 24mm, the amount of variation was nearly doubled (at pitch 0.7 and 1.3). With pitch 1, dose variation was different; in the pediatric phantom the variation was similar in either collimation (7%). In adult and pediatric head phantoms it increased from 6% to 9% and from 17% to 39%, respectively. Conclusions: If point dose measurements were to be taken on patient surface or for superficial organs such as breast or thyroid using small dosimeters in anthropomorphic phantoms, the combined effect of helical pitch, patient size, and collimation on dose assessment accuracy should be taken into consideration. Variation of about 60% may result with large patients, high pitch, and wide collimation. Variations will be largely reduced with smaller patients, pitch close to 1 and narrow collimation.


With more than 1 million copies in print, the original edition of "Care of the Soul" is a remarkable study of the creative opportunities that are available to us in everyday life. Thomas Moore is now a world-renowned writer, psychotherapist, and speaker, and this new, illustrated edition of "Care of the Soul" brings an edited version of the original text to a new audience. "CAre of the Soul: The Illustrated Edition" offers a therapeutic program to restore the spiritual life to the human soul. We are given the opportunity to go deeper into our emotional problems and find the sacredness in ordinary, everyday life--with friends, in our conversation with others, in more fulfilling work, and in all the experiences that can touch the heart. By integrating classical and modern art with the text, this edition offers the reader the opportunity to envision the already very visual nature of Thomas Moore's writing. It contains more than 150 color illustrations of great works of art that make the text come alive--ranging from pieces by Marsilio Ficino, one of the author's favorite artists, to Edward Munch and Pablo Picasso; from vase paintings created in 400 BCE all the way to works by modern artists such as Edwin Romanzo Elmer, Giorgio De Chirico, and William Waterhouse. Thomas Moore has long worked as an art therapist and has studied religion and music--all of which have come together in this volume to bring us an extraordinary and inspirational guide to the spiritual solutions needed in daily life.


Tourism is a vital industry in Rhodes as it is in many Mediterranean economies. And the adoption of a sustainable development strategy and the consequent sustainable development policies seem to guarantee long term viability of the tourism product. This sustainable development in tourism will have a direct effect on the societies who live especially in environmentally sensitive areas. For sustainable tourism development to affect positively these areas, it is important that all parts involved in tourism develop a common language and a common understanding about sustainable tourism development. The need of the societies' sensitization is recognized widely as a "must" for a successful adoption of sustainable development policies. In this article it is aimed to understand the awareness of the planners and other key figures about sustainable development and the high school children about the knowledge of the term sustainable development and of relevant terms, understanding of the multidimensional and holistic (integrated) meaning of the concept, ability to identify the problems of tourism development and to connect them to sustainable or unsustainable tourism.


How do humans perceive the speed of a coherent motion stimulus that contains motion energy in multiple spatiotemporal frequency bands? Here we tested the idea that perceived speed is the result of an integration process that optimally combines speed information across independent spatiotemporal frequency channels. We formalized this hypothesis with a Bayesian observer model that combines the likelihood functions provided by the individual channel responses (cues). We experimentally validated the model with a 2AFC speed discrimination experiment that measured subjects' perceived speed of drifting sinusoidal gratings with different contrasts and spatial frequencies, and of various combinations of these single gratings. We found that the perceived speeds of the combined stimuli are independent of the relative phase of the underlying grating components. The results also show that the discrimination thresholds are smaller for the combined stimuli than for the individual grating components, supporting the cue combination hypothesis. The proposed Bayesian model fits the data well, accounting for the full psychometric functions of both simple and combined stimuli. Fits are improved if we assume that the channel responses are subject to divisive normalization. Our results provide an important step toward a more complete model of visual motion perception that can predict perceived speeds for coherent motion stimuli of arbitrary spatial structure.


The paper presents an educational taxonomy as an overall framework for planning and designing educational interactions. The proposed categorization system involves a two dimensional table consisting of different stages of didactical descriptions (X-Axis) and different levels of educational actions (Y-Axis). The paper explains the pedagogical motivation and rationale for this taxonomy and its functionality. In the second part of the paper I will show where MicroLearning is situated in this general classification framework. I will deal with the genuine differences to other educational fields in the taxonomy and the main reasons why a different theoretical approach for this area of the taxonomy is necessary. To strengthen the research I will suggest an adaption of the theory of communicative action, developed by Jürgen Habermas and will demonstrate its usefulness for further advances in the MicroLearning paradigm.


Newly independent in 1585, the increasingly prosperous and politically powerful Dutch Republic experienced a tremendous rise in the production of artwork that was unparalleled in quantity, variety, and beauty. Now back in print, this classic book (originally published in 1996) examines the country's rich artistic culture in the seventeenth century, providing a full account of Dutch artists and patrons; artistic themes and techniques; and the political and social world in which artists worked. Distinguished art historian Mariet Westermann examines the "worldly art" of this time in the context of the unique society that produced it, analyzing artists' choices and demonstrating how their pictures tell particular stories about the Dutch Republic, its people, and its past. More than 100 color illustrations complement this engaging discussion of an extraordinary moment in the history of art.


This paper aims to open up a cultural studies conversation on the Indian Ocean. Knowledge of the Indian Ocean should be born of the problems encountered in situ, rather than viewed and assessed from afar in erstwhile colonial centres. Networks and institutional links have to be created to sustain an interdisciplinary conversation leading to this decolonisation of knowledge. In investigating the interplay of commerce and culture, this paper abandons the critical separation of the two in favour of a critical engagement with forces of globalisation. As a precolonial global economy, the Indian Ocean offers considerable historical depth to the current ranking of economic powers. But within a general problematic of the theory of value, there is no doubt that cultural forms (narratives, myths religious beliefs, artefacts) are fundamental to the organising forces of trade, and not just 'adding value' in market transactions.


This articles introduces the special issue on 'The Politics of the List.' We observe that lists proliferate as a technique of governance across multiple domains, including health, security, and commerce. We argue that it is important to take seriously the form and technique of the list itself and engage the knowledge practices, governance effects and ways of ordering the world that the list format enables. In other words, the special issue seeks to 'remain in the register of the list,' to unpack its technological arrangements and juridical power. This introduction sets out the key themes of this special issue, through discussing, in turn, the list as a technology of knowledge, the list as a technique of law and governance, the list's complex relation to space and the relation between the list and the digital. We draw on these four elements to characterise what we call the politics of the list in an era of complexity.


Abstract. Pine Island Glacier is the largest current Antarctic contributor to sea-level
rise. Its ice loss has substantially increased over the last 25 years through
thinning, acceleration and grounding line retreat. However, the calving line
positions of the stabilising ice shelf did not show any trend within the
observational record (last 70 years) until calving in 2015 led to
unprecedented retreat and changed the alignment of the calving front.
Bathymetric surveying revealed a ridge below the former ice shelf and two
shallower highs to the north. Satellite imagery shows that ice contact on the
ridge was likely lost in 2006 but was followed by intermittent contact
resulting in back stress fluctuations on the ice shelf. Continuing ice-shelf
flow also led to occasional ice-shelf contact with the northern bathymetric
highs, which initiated rift formation that led to calving. The observations
show that bathymetry is an important factor in initiating calving events.


Providing a vital economic incentive for much of society's music, art, and literature, copyright is widely considered "the engine of free expression"-but it is also used to stifle news reporting, political commentary, historical scholarship, and even artistic expression. In Copyright's Paradox, Neil Weinstock Netanel explores the tensions between copyright law and free speech, revealing the unacceptable burdens on expression that copyright can impose. Tracing the conflict across both traditional and digital media, Netanel examines the remix and copying culture at the heart of current controversies related to the Google Book Search litigation, YouTube and MySpace, hip-hop music, and digital sampling. The author juxtaposes the dramatic expansion of copyright holders' proprietary control against the individual's newly found ability to digitally cut, paste, edit, remix, and distribute sound recordings, movies, TV programs, graphics, and texts the world over. He tests whether, in light of these and other developments, copyright still serves as a vital engine of free expression and assesses how copyright does-and does not-burden free speech. Taking First Amendment values as his lodestar, Netanel offers a crucial, timely call to redefine the limits of copyright so it can most effectively promote robust debate and expressive diversity-and he presents a definitive blueprint for how this can be accomplished.


The EU-Armenia Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agreement (CEPA), initialled in
March 2017, presents a fresh start for the deepening of relations between the two parties in
the wake of Armenia's abortive Association Agreement and related Deep and Comprehensive
Free Trade Agreement (DCFTA). Despite a difficult and complicated context, both the EU and
Armenia have demonstrated the necessary political will to negotiate a new compromise
agreement that takes into account Armenia's commitments and limitations as a member of the
Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). CEPA retains a considerable amount of content from the
sacrificed Association Agreement, asseen in the areas of political dialogue, justice and freedom,
and even security. The new agreement also includes a substantial amount of the EU acquis in
legally binding provisions across a range of sectoral areas of cooperation, although the
effectiveness of CEPA's essential degree of conditionality remains an open question. The issues
most affected by Armenia's EAEU membership are core trade policy elements and the
consequential loss of any DCFTA. CEPA may be viewed in EU policy terms as an example of
'differentiation' and greater flexibility, as advocated by the 2015 European Neighbourhood
Policy review, although this was prompted by Russian force majeure. The ultimate impact of
CEPA remains a test of implementation, which still poses undeniable challenges for Armenia.


The present chapter introduces the method of sonification as a tool for studying intercorporeality and enactment. We show that auditory movement information can support motor perception as well as the control of movements, and explain these effects by mechanisms which are consistent with the enactment approach. Providing additional auditory information about a movement enables the acting individual as well as observers to perceive the movement in exactly the same way via audition. Thus, a sonification can establish a common percept for all interaction partners, which corresponds well to the concept of intercorporeality. Furthermore, we show that sonifications can be specifically designed to constitute a variety of frameworks for the analysis of interpersonal coordination and intercorporeality.


Abstract. Multi-annual simulations with the Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS) were conducted to study the seasonality of O3 within the stratospheric part of the tropical tropopause layer (TTL), i.e. above θ=360 K potential temperature level. In agreement with satellite (HALOE) and in-situ observations (SHADOZ), CLaMS simulations show a pronounced annual cycle in O3, at and above θ=380 K, with the highest mixing ratios in the late boreal summer. Within the model, this cycle is driven by the seasonality of both upwelling and in-mixing. The latter process occurs through enhanced horizontal transport from the extratropics into the TTL that is mainly driven by the meridional, isentropic winds. The strongest in-mixing occurs during the late boreal summer from the Northern Hemisphere in the potential temperature range between 370 and 420 K. Complementary, the strongest upwelling occurs in winter reducing O3 to the lowest values in early spring. Both CLaMS simulations and Aura MLS O3 observations consistently show that enhanced in-mixing in summer is mainly driven by the Asian monsoon anticyclone.


Abstract : Numerous cognitive scientists believe that a human-level thinking machine must be composed of potentially hundreds of distinct subsystems with different structures, reasoning, and learning mechanisms, and knowledge representations -- with these components and their inter-relationships defining a (or a family of) dynamic architecture(s). DARPA tasked IDA to help define a program, integrated cognition, to specify architectural strategies and develop infrastructure mechanisms (if needed) that enable computation based systems to achieve a reasonable facsimile of human cognition. IDA developed a new framework to understand the problem of integrated cognition, evaluated the current state of knowledge, and has proposed a straw man architecture to kick-start the effort. The benefits of integrated cognition for thinking machines would be immense. This is truly a DARPA hard problem, the solution of which will have huge potential payoffs, in particular, to realize intelligent C2, C4ISR, and robotic force elements.


Abstract Background: Family Medicine became a speciality in South Africa in 2007. Postgraduate studies in Family Medicine changed from part-time Master of Family Medicine (MFamMed) to a full-time Master of Medicine (Family Medicine) [MMed(Fam)] degree, with changes in the curriculum and assessment criteria. The overall goal of this study was to evaluate the current assessment tool for extensive mini-dissertations in the postgraduate programme for Family Medicine, at the University of the Free State, and if necessary, to produce a valid and reliable assessment tool that is user-friendly. Method: An action research approach was used in this study, using mixed methods. Firstly, marks given by 15 assessors for four mini-dissertations using the current assessment tool were analysed quantitatively. In Phase 2, the regulation of the assessment bodies and the quantitative results of Phase 1 were discussed by assessors during a focus group interview, and data were analysed qualitatively. An adapted, improved assessment tool (Phase 3) was developed and re-evaluated in Phase 4. Results: The current assessment tool complied with the regulations of the assessment bodies. The scores allocated to specific categories varied with a median coefficient of variation of more than 15% in four of the possible 12 assessment categories. During the focus group interview, reasons for this were identified and the assessment tool adapted accordingly. During reassessment of the tool, individual assessors were identified as the reason for poor reliability. Conclusion: The current assessment tool was found to be valid, but was not reliable for all assessment categories. The adapted assessment tool addressed these areas, but identified lack of training and experience in the assessment of extensive mini-dissertations by certain assessors as the main reason for unreliable assessment.


* New reading and listening texts bring the real world to the classroom * New activities and tasks present, practise and extend the language in meaningful contexts * New Study...Practise...Remember! sections combine study skills with consolidation to encourage students to learn more effectively * New Mini-checks allow students to monitor their progress * New Pronunciation boxes develop ear-training skills * New design and layout makes the course even easier to follow


We study Boolean functions of an arbitrary number of input variables that can be realized by simple iterative constructions based on constant-size primitives. This restricted type of construction needs little global coordination or control and thus is a candidate for neurally feasible computation. Valiant's construction of a majority function can be realized in this manner and, as we show, can be generalized to any uniform threshold function. We study the rate of convergence, finding that while linear convergence to the correct function can be achieved for any threshold using a fixed set of primitives, for quadratic convergence, the size of the primitives must grow as the threshold approaches 0 or 1. We also study finite realizations of this process and the learnability of the functions realized. We show that the constructions realized are accurate outside a small interval near the target threshold, where the size of the construction grows as the inverse square of the interval width. This phenomenon, that errors are higher closer to thresholds (and thresholds closer to the boundary are harder to represent), is a well-known cognitive finding.


Abstract Objectives: This study was a qualitative assessment of a diabetes group education programme presented in community health centres of the Cape Town Metro District. The programme offered four sessions of group education and was delivered by trained health promoters using a guiding style derived from motivational interviewing. The aim of the study was to evaluate the programme by exploring the experiences of the patients who attended. Design: This was qualitative research that utilised in-depth interviews. Thirteen patients who had attended the educational programme, and who each came from a different health centre in the intervention arm of a larger randomised controlled trial, were purposively selected. The interviews were audiotaped, transcribed and then analysed using the framework approach. Setting and subjects: Patients with type 2 diabetes from community health centres in the Cape Town Metro District. Results: Patients gained useful new knowledge about diabetes and reported a change in their behaviour, especially with regard to diet, physical activity, medication and foot care. The educational material was experienced positively and enhanced recall and understanding. Health promoters were competent, utilised useful communication skills and structured the material well. There were organisational and infrastructural problems, especially with regard to space within which the groups could meet, and communication of the timing and location of the sessions. Conclusion: This study supports wider implementation of this programme, following consideration of recommendations resulting from patient feedback.


After the rise of the precautionary principle (or approach) in the late 1990s in a number
of jurisdictions, the economic consequences of this newly created principle of law have unfolded.
Such consequences were either acclaimed – for providing a minimisation of a number of
externalities – or lambasted – for providing justificatory grounds for the prohibition of potentially
propitious innovations due to the existence of scientific uncertainties.
Whereas innovation has increasingly become of salient importance in today's economies,
European economies face sluggish economic growth rates partly caused by a regulatory framework
where risk-aversion is incentivized. The precautionary principle induces and favours risk-aversion
at the expense of innovation.
This Article discusses the law and economic foundations and implications of the
precautionary principle in the WTO, the European Union, France and the United Kingdom. Having
introduced the importance of law in stifling innovation and discussed the current precautionary
principle, this Article vouches for an innovation principle to come to the fore in order to
counterbalance the innovation-costly precautionary principle. A number of recommendations are
proposed at the end of the article.


Future networks will comprise a wide variety of wireless networks. Users will expect to be always connected from anywhere and at any time as connections will be switched to available networks using vertical handover techniques. However, different networks have different Qualities-of-Service (QoS) so a QoS framework is needed to help applications and services deal with this new environment. In addition, since these networks must work together, future mobile systems will have an open, instead of the currently closed, architecture. Therefore new mechanisms will be needed to protect users, servers and network infrastructure. This means that future mobile networks will have to integrate communications, mobility, quality-of-service and security. However, in order to achieve this integration without affecting the flexibility of future networks, there is a need for novel methods that address QoS and security in a targeted manner within specific situations. Also, there is a need for a communication framework wherein these methods along with the communication and handover mechanisms could be integrated together. Therefore, this research uses the Y-Comm framework, which is a communication architecture to support vertical handover in Next Generations Networks, as an example of future communication frameworks that integrate QoS, security, communication and mobility mechanisms. Within the context of Y-Comm, research has been conducted to address QoS and security in heterogeneous networks. To preserve the flexibility of future network, the research in this thesis proposes the concept of Targeted Models to address security and QoS in specific scenarios: to address the QoS issue, a new QoS framework is introduced in this thesis, which will define targeted QoS models that will provide QoS in different situations such as connection initiation and in the case of handover. Similarly, to deal with the security side, targeted security models are proposed to address security in situations like connection initiation and handover. To define the targeted models and map them to actual network entities, research has been conducted to define a potential structure for future networks along with the main operational entities. The cooperation among these entities will define the targeted models. Furthermore, in order to specify the security protocols used by the targeted security models, an Authentication and Key Agreement framework is introduced to address security at different levels such as network and service levels. The underlying protocols of the Authentication and Key Agreement protocol are verified using Casper/FDR, which is a well-known, formal methods- based tool. The research also investigates potential methods to implement the proposed security protocols. To enable the implementation of some of the targeted security models, the research also proposes major enhancements to the current addressing, naming and location systems.


Modern prosecutors have enormous authority in every phase of a criminal case, from the start of an investigation through the sentencing of a defendant after conviction. Not surprisingly, there are instances in which prosecutors have abused their authority, or at least exercised it in a fashion that calls into question the fairness of their conduct. When prosecutors abuse their broad authority, the vexing questions are whether the prosecutorial misconduct violated a defendant's constitutional rights, and if so, what remedy to afford. In evaluating the conduct of prosecutors, the Supreme Court refers with some regularity to intent as one factor for determining whether prosecutorial misconduct caused a violation of a defendant's rights. If prosecutorial intent is relevant to the analysis of whether a constitutional violation occurred, then to the extent a prosecutor acts with the requisite improper purpose, the natural impulse is to punish the perpetrator for acting on that bad intent, much like in an ordinary criminal case. The article analyzes how the Supreme Court determines whether prosecutorial misconduct violated a defendant's rights, and the related issue of what constitutional remedies can redress the prosecutor's violation. The issues are connected because the Court frequently refers to prosecutorial intent as a facet of its misconduct analysis. Consideration of intent raises the question whether a court should grant a remedy to deter future instances of misconduct even if the defendant did not suffer any specific harm from the violation. Once a court finds a prosecutor acted with an improper intent, then the temptation is to punish the wrongdoer even if that means granting some relief to a defendant who was not harmed directly by the misconduct. For courts reviewing a search or seizure, subjective intent is irrelevant to determining whether governmental conduct violated a person's Fourth Amendment rights. Similarly, violations of a defendant's constitutional rights that do not involve a structural error in the proceedings require application of the harmless error analysis, that if the government can show beyond a reasonable doubt that the error did not contribute to the conviction then the court may not grant a remedy despite the violation. For prosecutorial misconduct, therefore, the Constitution does not provide a remedy to deter future misconduct divorced from an assessment of harm to the defendant from the violation, i.e., whether the defendant received a fair trial and the conviction rested on sufficient evidence to support the verdict. The temptation for judges is to invoke a constitutional remedy to punish the government, regardless of whether the defendant is entitled to such relief. The problem with employing an intent standard is that it distracts from the analysis of whether the prosecutor violated the defendant's constitutional rights. Actual intent should be--and largely is--irrelevant to the constitutional analysis of whether a prosecutor's conduct violated a defendant's rights.


Partially Premixed Combustion (PPC) is used to meet the increasing demands of emission legislation and to improve fuel efficiency. PPC with gasoline fuels have the advantage of a longer premixed duration of fuel/air mixture which prevents soot formation at higher loads. The objective of this paper is to investigate the degree of stratification for low load (towards idle) engine conditions using different injection strategies and negative valve overlap (NVO). The question is, how homogenous or stratified is the partially premixed combustion (PPC) for a given setting of NVO and fuel injection strategy. In this work PRF 55 has been used as PPC fuel. The experimental engine is a light duty (LD) diesel engine that has been modified to single cylinder operation to provide optical access into the combustion chamber, equipped with a fully variable valve train system. Hot residual gases were trapped by using NVO to dilute the cylinder mixture. Optical measurements were carried out for OH chemiluminescence imaging to track sequentially the combustion process and to analyse the degree of stratification. Initial results show that the combustion with triple injection is more homogenous compared to single and double injection. Furthermore the results show that the 55 octane number fuel can be operated at low load condition with the lowest NVO used, 60 CAD. (Less)


This paper aims to focus on real situation of rural learners' language class room and the significance of comprising digital journalism in English language teaching . It presents overview of language policy followed in India. The paper highlights what are the needs to comprise resources of digital journalism in English language teaching. Further grammar exercise and the class room activities are emphasized. Finally it provides recommendation to create digital language learning class room using digital recourses with the view to fulfill rural learners' needs.


ABSTRACT Cyclic butylene terephthalate (CBT®) oligomers are a relatively new class of material and are capable of polymerizing in an entropically driven ring-opening polymerization into high-molecular-weight polymerized CBT (pCBT) in very short times, i.e., within minutes. The most important feature of CBT is its very low, water-like melt viscosity prior to polymerization which gives rise to an excellent impregnation of fibrous reinforcements in contrast to conventional, high viscous thermoplastic resins. This opens up new possibilities in the thermoplastic composite production since thermoplastic-based composites show some advantages over thermoset-based ones. Specifically, they have a higher toughness and impact strength and they can be welded, postformed, and recycled due to their thermoplastic nature. CBT has the potential to substitute thermoset matrices in fiber-reinforced composites and may solve some of the today´s recycling issues associated with thermoset-based composites. Moreover, the low melt viscosity of CBT enhances the dispersion of nano- or conductive particles and can yield superior nano- and conductive composites. This article reviews the recent advances in processing–structure–property relationship, physical and chemical modification of pCBT, as well as the preparation of fiber-reinforced pCBT composites, pCBT nanocomposites, and conductive pCBT composites.


There are a number of approximation algorithms for NP-hard versions of low rank approximation, such as finding a rank-$k$ matrix $B$ minimizing the sum of absolute values of differences to a given $n$-by-$n$ matrix $A$, $\min_{\textrm{rank-}k~B}\|A-B\|_1$, or more generally finding a rank-$k$ matrix $B$ which minimizes the sum of $p$-th powers of absolute values of differences, $\min_{\textrm{rank-}k~B}\|A-B\|_p^p$. Many of these algorithms are linear time columns subset selection algorithms, returning a subset of $\poly(k \log n)$ columns whose cost is no more than a $\poly(k)$ factor larger than the cost of the best rank-$k$ matrix. The above error measures are special cases of the following general entrywise low rank approximation problem: given an arbitrary function $g:\mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}_{\geq 0}$, find a rank-$k$ matrix $B$ which minimizes $\|A-B\|_g = \sum_{i,j}g(A_{i,j}-B_{i,j})$. A natural question is which functions $g$ admit efficient approximation algorithms? Indeed, this is a central question of recent work studying generalized low rank models. In this work we give approximation algorithms for {\it every} function $g$ which is approximately monotone and satisfies an approximate triangle inequality, and we show both of these conditions are necessary. Further, our algorithm is efficient if the function $g$ admits an efficient approximate regression algorithm. Our approximation algorithms handle functions which are not even scale-invariant, such as the Huber loss function, which we show have very different structural properties than $\ell_p$-norms, e.g., one can show the lack of scale-invariance causes any column subset selection algorithm to provably require a $\sqrt{\log n}$ factor larger number of columns than $\ell_p$-norms; nevertheless we design the first efficient column subset selection algorithms for such error measures.


This research aim to determine the effect of giving sawdust ash and guano fertilizer between both of it on chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) growth and production as well as to find out the best dose. This research has been conducted at Experimental Garden, University of Riau, Tampan District, lasted from April to September 2013. Research was arranged experimentally using Completely Randomized Block Design (CRBD) with 2 factor, first is giving sawdust ash and the second one is fertilizing with guano fertilizer which is each of it consist by 3 replication. First factor ; A0, A1, A2 and A3 (0, 5, 10 and 15 ton/ha), second factor; G0, G1 and G2 (0, 60 and 120 g/plot). Oberserved parameters are plant height, flowering date, harvesting date, total weight per plant, total weight per plot, fruit length, fruit girth and number sampling fruit. Data analyzed using the F test and Duncan New's Multiple Range Test (DNMRT) 5% level. Result shows that the combination of giving sawdust ash and Guano Fertilizer reveal non significantly different to all of the parameters, but by giving sawdust ash and guano fertilizer reveal significantly different to the plant height. Keywords: sawdust ash, guano fertilizer and chilli ( Capsicum annum L.)


Viscous folded migmatites exposed between Hasfjord and Hoyvika in southem Soroy have both tield and petrographic features typical of the Eidvageid Supracrustal Sequence, a presumed basement unit in the Kalak Nappe Complex (Middle Allochthon). The distribution of the migmatites, the margins of which have been cut and hornfelsed by the Seiland Igneous Province, is consistent with their being part of the Eidvageid Sequence. If the migmatites on Soroy are basement, then their structures cannot be used to support either the idea of a pre-Caledonian Porsanger Orogeny or a pre-Caledonian emplacement age for the Seiland lgneous Province.


We study constrained nonconvex optimization problems in machine learning and signal processing. It is well-known that these problems can be rewritten to a min-max problem in a Lagrangian form. However, due to the lack of convexity, their landscape is not well understood and how to find the stable equilibria of the Lagrangian function is still unknown. To bridge the gap, we study the landscape of the Lagrangian function. Further, we define a special class of Lagrangian functions. They enjoy the following two properties: 1. Equilibria are either stable or unstable (Formal definition in Section 2); 2.Stable equilibria correspond to the global optima of the original problem. We show that a generalized eigenvalue (GEV) problem, including canonical correlation analysis and other problems as special examples, belongs to the class. Specifically, we characterize its stable and unstable equilibria by leveraging an invariant group and symmetric property (more details in Section 3). Motivated by these neat geometric structures, we propose a simple, efficient, and stochastic primal-dual algorithm solving the online GEV problem. Theoretically, under sufficient conditions, we establish an asymptotic rate of convergence and obtain the first sample complexity result for the online GEV problem by diffusion approximations, which are widely used in applied probability. Numerical results are also provided to support our theory.


The purpose of the article is to clarify the importance of the role of project manager in the business and the importance of decisions made within their work-project management.
 Methods which have been used to develop the doctoral thesis included questionnaire survey and personal interviews with competent persons from the industry.
 Scientific aim: Article is based on the conclusions of the doctorate thesis of Ing. Henrieta Hrablik Chovanova, PhD. The work was aimed at analyzing the current status of project management in Slovak industrial companies and a consequent design of a methodology for improving the maturity of project management in these enterprises. This methodology enables corporate plants finding out the level on what they plan and carry out projects and they also help to retain or increase this level.
 Findings:  This methodology offer plants the possibility of comparing their level of project use and project management to those of other plants, thus enable plant finding out whether they are competitive enough in particular field. A survey of the current state of project management used a questionnaire survey, personal interviews with experts in the field, analysis of the literature of maturity models, analysis of outcomes of project management, research and surveys in Slovakia and abroad. The article was to highlight the profession of the Project Manager. The article describes skills and knowledge required for various positions, project management; methods, tools and techniques of project management, tasks and activities of the project manager.
 Conclusions: For selecting a suitable candidate for the post of Project Manager, it is necessary to consider a number of features and capabilities of the candidate and therefore it is beneficial for the company to introduce testing of candidates to select the best of them, indeed. It is necessary to keep in consideration also the project team members because they have their contribution on projects too. That is why only project members experienced in projects (having certificate) should be selected into project teams. If the right people are in the right places the project success will be guaranteed at the company!


Purpose: Effectiveness of HRM strategy and practices is not established in public organizations of Pakistan. Getting the best and desired outcome is the gap and has been a point of concern for organizations in Pakistan irrespective of size and sector. Purpose of this conceptual paper is to typify different approaches of HRM and look for best fit HRM model to implement effectiveness of HRM practices and generate desired organizational performance in local conditions of developing countries. Design/Methodology/Approach: The literature on three famous HR approaches and models was reviewed and a best fit HRM model is proposed that postulates mutually dependent relationship between HRM practices and organizational performance that aims to maximize the effectiveness of HRM practices. Need is recognized for developing trusted relationship between management and employees in Pakistani organizations. Findings: The paper presents a conceptual trust-oriented HRM model that takes into account the Pakistani mindset that is inconsistent at one time and vibrant at the same time. This research study provides a framework for HR specialists to create and sustain networks and connections with people in a more trusted environment. Limitations and Future Research Directions: Being conceptual, the paper is based on a model developed by this study from literature review. This study feels the need of testing this model in future research. The ideas put forward by this research study are likely to be carried by other studies in near future. Originality/value: The paper is original in its attempt to emphasize trusted relationship between management and employee on Pakistani concepts of human resources.


Neural network models have been criticized for their inability to make use of compositional representations. In this paper, we describe a series of psychological phenomena that demonstrate the role of structured representations in cognition. These findings suggest that people compare relational representations via a process of structural alignment. This process will have to be captured by any model of cognition, symbolic or subsymbolic.


Abstract. This paper addresses the problem of extracting the drainage network in forested areas. A precise description of the drainage network including intermittent streams is required for the planning of logging operations and environmental conservation. LiDAR provides now high-resolution point clouds from which the terrain is modelled and the drainage extracted but it also brings some challenges for traditional approaches. First, the raster DTM is interpolated from LiDAR ground points and has to be split in tiles for processing, adding approximations. Second, drainage enforcement techniques alter the terrain and rely on parameters difficult to fix and limiting the optimisation of the process. In this context, we discuss a new approach aiming at: (1) Designing a data structure to model the terrain with a Triangulated Irregular Network in order to avoid interpolation. This data structure must enable the distribution of data and processes across several nodes in Big data architectures and eventually, the processing of complete watersheds with no tiling. (2) Modelling the river network through thalwegs and avoiding the filling and breaching operations. Thalweg detection is more robust, removing the need for filling and breaching. However, it yields a very dense network requiring a simplification step. Combining this model and the architecture will enable the design and modelling of a new tool for river network computation directly from LiDAR ground points. In this paper, we mainly discuss the second point and propose to model the drainage by a network of thalwegs computed from the terrain. Thalwegs are extracted from the surface network, a topological structure formed of peaks, pits and saddles as vertices and ridges and thalwegs as vertices. We present preliminary results comparing the thalweg network and the drainage network.


There is a growing awareness on the importance of indigenous technical knowledge and the necessity of its integration into modern knowledge in order to address problems related to natural resource conservation. However, there is a lack of study that demonstrates clearly how the two types of knowledge systems could be successfully integrated together. This paper presents such a framework that has been developed through a participatory geographical information systems (GIS) approach with the Teso Community in Kenya. Data were collected using a variety of research instruments such as structured questionnaires, in-depth and face-to-face interviews, focussed group discussions, content analysis of literature, environmental check lists, and using the GIS techniques for assessing the status of the bio-physical environment. The process of developing such a framework comprises five key building blocks including stakeholder engagement, establishment of resources targeted for rehabilitation, establishment of community and scientific points of convergence and divergence, a decision on community and expert resolutions and the adoption of community-based project implementation, and monitoring and evaluation. The study recommends that the developed framework could be easily replicated with other rural communities that have similar bio-physical environmental conditions if found successful in sustainably managing natural resource management.

 Key words:  Indigenous technical knowledge, geographical information systems (GIS), natural resource management.


Infectious diseases continue to kill millions of people every year and are a significant burden on the socio-economic development of developing countries. After many years of international policy aimed at containing diseases, it has recently become an explicit aim to move towards elimination of infectious diseases. However, if this is to occur, it will be necessary to have highly eficacious diagnostic tools to ensure infected individuals are identified and treated. However, the diagnosis of infectious diseases in the developed and developing world requires the full integration of complex assays in easy-to-use platforms with robust analytical performances at low cost. Many relevant bioanalytical technologies have been developed for use in laboratories and clinics, including the
current gold standard for the diagnosis of tuberculosis and malaria. The miniaturization and integration of complex functions into lab-on-a-chip (LOC)technologies using microfluidics have only had limited success in translating diagnosis assays out of a centralized laboratory to point-of-care (POC) settings, because they still remain constrained due to chip interconnection and they are either not likely to go out of research laboratories or are not appropriate for low resource settings. In this thesis, a new microfluidic platform was developed that reduced the dependency of the diagnostic procedure on large laboratory instruments providing simplicity of use, enabling the patient sample to be processed and diagnosed on a low cost, disposable biochip. Surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices, which are commonly used in mobile phone technologies, were adapted to provide controlled microfluidic functions
by shaping the SAW using particular designs of electrodes and phononic structures. The control of lateral positioning of the SAW was demonstrated using a slanted finger interdigitated transducer (IDT) in a frequency tuneable manner allowing microfluidic functions such as mixing, moving and merging, sequentially performed using a single IDT both on the substrate and on a disposable chip. Alternatively, phononic bandgaps were designed to break the symmetry of the SAW in a tuneable manner and gradient index phononic crystals (GRIN-PC) lenses were designed to focus the SAW and successfully increased the amplitude of the wave by a factor 3 while the focal position could be tuned with the frequency. The potential of these techniques was demonstrated by controlling the amplitude and direction of water jet towers by the use of a phononic horn structure that allowed the enhancement of energy at defined positions and by propelling and directing a macrometer scale object in water using a slanted IDT. As proof of concepts of diagnostic devices for the developing world, an immunoassay for tuberculosis using only mobile phone technologies (SAW, light-emitting diode(LED) and complementary metaloxidesemiconductor (CMOS) camera) was demonstrated with a limit of detection of 1 pM, which is the limit required in an interferon-release assay. This limit of detection was only achievable because of the ability of SAW to increase the mixing and to reduce the non-specific binding. Furthermore, a method to enrich malaria infected cells, based on SAW and isopycnic gradient, was also demonstrated and showed an enrichment up to 100x in the equivalent of a fingerprick of blood in 3 seconds. This technique will allow to reduce the limit of detection of the current gold standard. This platform not only opens a clear road toward POC diagnostics due to its size, cost, versatility and ease in integration, but has also the potential to provide useful tools in laboratory settings for large scale, high throughput technologies.


Girls on Film is the wickedly funny and risque sequel to the bestselling A-List that takes readers behind the scenes of the intoxicating world of Hollywood glitterati. Seventeen year-old Anna ("pronounced Aaaanah") Percy has moved from posh Manhattan to the evcen more posh Beverly Hills, California, where she's living with her estranged dad for the rest of the school year while her mother travels to Europe with a friend. The fast times of Beverly Hills most beautiful and glamorous people drive the page-turning action of this irresistible, stylishly written novel.


In the mean field (or random link) model there are n points and inter-point distances are independent random variables. For 0 < ℓ < ∞ and in the n → ∞ limit, let δ(ℓ) = 1/n times the maximum number of steps in a path whose average step-length is ≤ ℓ. The function δ(ℓ) is analogous to the percolation function in percolation theory: there is a critical value ℓ* = e−1 at which δ(·) becomes non-zero, and (presumably) a scaling exponent β in the sense δ(ℓ) ≈ (ℓ − ℓ*)β. Recently developed probabilistic methodology (in some sense a rephrasing of the cavity method developed in the 1980s by Mézard and Parisi) provides a simple, albeit non-rigorous, way of writing down such functions in terms of solutions of fixed-point equations for probability distributions. Solving numerically gives convincing evidence that β = 3. A parallel study with trees and connected edge-sets in place of paths gives scaling exponent 2, while the analogue for classical percolation has scaling exponent 1. The new exponents coincide with those recently found in a different context (comparing optimal and near-optimal solutions of the mean-field travelling salesman problem (TSP) and the minimum spanning tree (MST) problem), and reinforce the suggestion that scaling exponents determine universality classes for optimization problems on random points.


The binding affinities of the six main hexa bromocyclododecane (HBCD) stereoisomers and all of their possible 48 allylic pentabromocyclododecene (PBCD) metabolites to the endocrinous human transthyretin receptor (hTTR) were investigated and compared to the natural binder thyroxine, and the two brominated diphenyl ethers BDE-47 and 3hydroxy-BDE-47. The endocrine disrupting potency was approximated by a combination of two methods: a surface matching with the natural binder thyroxine (T4) followed by approximation of free binding energies for various binding modes within hTTR. The results indicate slightly higher binding affinities for both BDE structures than for T4 itself and similarly high affinities for two trans-configurated PBCD isomers. For many other PBCD isomers, intermediate values were computed, whereas all HBCD diastereomers yielded significantly lower binding affinities.


SCCS
The Committee shall provide Opinions on questions concerning health and safety risks (notably chemical, biological, mechanical and other physical risks) of non-food consumer products (for example cosmetic products and their ingredients, toys, textiles, clothing, personal care and household products such as detergents, etc.) and services (for example: tattooing, artificial sun tanning, etc.).


Mesoscale eddies and boundary currents play a key role in the upper layer circulation of the Red Sea. This study assesses the physical and biochemical characteristics of an eastern boundary current (EBC) and recurrent eddies in the central Red Sea (CRS) using a combination of in situ and satellite observations. Hydrographic surveys in November 2013 (autumn) and in April 2014 (spring) in the CRS (22.15 − 24.1°N) included a total of 39 and 27 CTD stations, respectively. In addition, high-resolution hydrographic data were acquired in spring 2014 with a towed undulating vehicle (ScanFish). In situ measurements of salinity, temperature, chlorophyll fluorescence, colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), and dissolved nitrate: phosphorous ratios reveal distinct water mass characteristics for the two periods. An EBC, observed in the upper 150 m of the water column during autumn, transported low-salinity and warm water from the south toward the CRS. Patches of the low-salinity water of southern origin tended to contain relatively high concentrations of chlorophyll and CDOM. The prominent dynamic feature observed in spring was a cyclonic/anticyclonic eddy pair. The cyclonic eddy was responsible for an upward nutrient flux into the euphotic zone. Higher chlorophyll and CDOM concentrations, and concomitant lower nitrate:phosphorous ratios indicate the influence of the EBC in the CRS at the end of the stratified summer period.


Abstract. The importance of intermediate water masses in climate change and ocean circulation has been emphasized recently. In particular, Southern Ocean Intermediate Waters (SOIW), such as Antarctic Intermediate Water and Subantarctic Mode Water, are thought to have acted as active interhemispheric transmitter of climate anomalies. Here we reconstruct changes in SOIW signature and spatial and temporal evolution based on a 40 kyr time series of oxygen and carbon isotopes as well as planktic Mg/Ca based thermometry from Site GeoB12615-4 in the western Indian Ocean. Our data suggest that SOIW transmitted Antarctic temperature trends to the equatorial Indian Ocean via the "oceanic tunnel" mechanism. Moreover, our results reveal that deglacial SOIW carried a signature of aged Southern Ocean deep water. We find no evidence of increased formation of intermediate waters during the deglaciation.


This paper investigates a topic of the agenda about growth models, emphasizing the elaboration of an external constrained model with endogenous elasticity, with an emphasis on real exchange rate level as main tool for the economic development. The model is anchored in Kaldor, Thirlwall and Barbosa Filho's models and it will demonstrate that external constraint changes in the course of time.


This article examines how a multi-pronged legal regime, composed of laws at the federal, state and local levels, shapes the everyday lives of Guatemalans, Hondurans and Salvadorans in Phoenix, Arizona, with special attention to the ambit of the family. On the basis of qualitative fieldwork conducted over a decade in the Phoenix metro area, and moving away from a focus on undocumented statuses per se, the article shifts attention to how changes in the law affect how immigrants live with their families as well as the separations they experience, and how the effects of the law are felt beyond US borders in multiple forms. Following the pivotal role that the law plays in the immigrants' lives, the article also notes that the immigrants' hyper awareness of the law makes them cognizant of the power of the law and how it can be used in other areas of life. Latino Studies (2011) 9, 377-395. doi:10.1057/lst.2011.43


BELEWU, M. A. and K. O. OJO-ALOKOMARO, 2007. Hematological indices of West African dwarf goat fed leaf meal based diets. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 13: 601-606 Growing West African dwarf (WAD) goat (n=20) fed four different leaf meal based diet were compared in a completely randomized design model to determine the relationship between feed intake and haemotological indices for a 56 day period. The experimental diets consist of A (Akee apple leaf meal), B (Etanda africana leaf meal), C (Gliricida sepium leaf meal) and D (Baobab leaf meal). The results showed significant differences (P 0.05) in the haematological indices (PVC, He, RBC, WBC, lymphocytes, neutrophils oesinophils, monocytes and Batophils. In conclusion, the results suggest that heavy ruminant production may benefits from the use of leaf meal prepared from Akee apple leaves, Etanda africana leaves, Gliricida sepium leaves and Baobab leaves without any detrimental effect on the health status of the animals.


A number of linguistic studies on courtroom discourse deal with witness examinations, however counsels' opening statements have been given relatively little attention. Drawing on the analysis of a Crown Prosecutor's opening statement in a murder trial held at the Supreme Court of New South Wales in Sydney, Australia, and using the Systemic Functional Linguistics framework ( Halliday 1994 ), this study highlights the ways in which the prosecutor constructs his narrative of the crime in his opening statement in order to persuade the jurors of his views. Specifically, the analysis highlights the ways in which the narrative is made persuasive through its specific rhetorical organization and over-specification of orientational information, as well as more credible through quotations from participants with personal experience in the related events. It also shows the ways in which the prosecutor seeks to engage the jurors through his use of second-person pronouns, as well as his differentiated use of the crime participants' names. Finally, this study highlights the dialogic and heteroglossic characteristics of the adversarial legal process, in that it both refers to what was previously stated and tries to anticipate the response of the jury, whose voice comes as the last word through their verdict.


There is renewed interest in simulating language emergence among deep neural agents that communicate to jointly solve a task, spurred by the practical aim to develop language-enabled interactive AIs, as well as by theoretical questions about the evolution of human language. However, optimizing deep architectures connected by a discrete communication channel (such as that in which language emerges) is technically challenging. We introduce EGG, a toolkit that greatly simplifies the implementation of emergent-language communication games. EGG's modular design provides a set of building blocks that the user can combine to create new games, easily navigating the optimization and architecture space. We hope that the tool will lower the technical barrier, and encourage researchers from various backgrounds to do original work in this exciting area.


The complete expectation of life at birth ė 0 is frequently used as a measure of the level of mortality of a population. It is also used for assessing trends in mortality and trends in mortality differentials. Although the relationship between mortality and expectation of life is essentially reciprocal, the exact connexion is rather more complicated, and becomes important when, for example, trends in differentials are analysed. In this paper, the relationship between mortality and expectation of life is explored in some detail, and formulae are developed for analysing the effects of mortality changes on expectation of life, and trends in mortality differentials on ė 0 differentials. Unlike Keyfitz (1977), who concentrates on the proportional change in ė 0 corresponding to equal proportional changes in mortality at all ages, we study the relationship between absolute changes in mortality, generally different at different ages, and the corresponding absolute change in ė 0 . It is demonstrated that two populations may experience diminishing mortality differentials and at the same time widening ė 0 differentials. Numerical examples are given using Australian data over the periods 1921–71 and 1971–79. Although the formulae in the paper relate solely to the expectation of life at birth, the methods and formulae are readily adapted to expectations of life at other ages and indeed, temporary expectations.


Abstract Sports can help to increase foreign trade and promote global economic integration. Engaging in sports can provide visibility opportunities for countries and may spur the interest of firms as well as consumers in the respective foreign market. Sport could also help to infuse trust into cross-country business relationships. While previous studies have investigated the role of sport events on trade, this study analyzes whether countries can increase trade between them by engaging in sporting activities with each other. We use soccer, being the world's most popular sport, as an example when investigating this potential bilateral sport-trade link. Our empirical strategy builds on the fact that many soccer matches between countries' national teams are the result of a random drawing procedure. Thus, they are a possible source of exogenous variation. Using a gravity model framework, we test the proposed link for approximately 4,800 soccer matches that were played between 209 countries during the period 1995 through 2001. We also analyze the hypothesized underlying impact channel by estimating the impact on trade for goods that are likely to have different elasticity with respect to information and trust friction. The results are indicative of the hypothesis that countries that engage in sporting activities with each other enhance their bilateral trade. These results could have potentially interesting policy implications. Governments may want to consider actively promoting sporting activities together with countries with which they want to enhance their trade.


This Note examines a largely unexplored consequence of jurisdictions adopting a default duty to mitigate for commercial leases: whether a contract provision waiving the duty should be enforced. Only a few courts across the country have addressed the waiver issue in a commercial setting. At least two different appeals courts have enforced a waiver clause and claim that public policy supports their decision. In contrast, a federal court has stated the opposite—that public policy demands waiver provisions be void. Another state has outright voided all waiver clauses by statute. Courts that have enforced waivers have asserted that commercial parties have equal bargaining power and that these parties are free to enter into whatever agreements they wish. This Note argues that courts should not enforce clauses purporting to waive the duty to mitigate, because waivers are against public policy and there is no guaranteed equal bargaining power between commercial landlords and tenants. Finally, this Note proposes that states should adopt a blanket rule outright voiding all waiver clauses. 648 WILLIAM & MARY BUSINESS LAW REVIEW [Vol. 5:647


Professional development programs include short courses, certificates and license reviews, with some leading to the award of continuing education units (CEUs). The CEU is used nationally to document the type, quality and duration of study. In general, a CEU is defined as being equal to classroom hours. All professional development courses can be adapted to meet a particular organization's needs and conducted as a custom-designed training program at a company site. For more than 50 years, NJIT has been designing and conducting high-quality professional development programs that meet organizations' business needs. Since 1990, NJIT has trained over 63,000 professionals as part of over 550 training initiatives for 300 different companies conducting business in New Jersey.


John Milnor, best known for his work in differential topology, K-theory, and dynamical systems, is one of only three mathematicians to have won the Fields medal, the Abel prize, and the Wolf prize, and is the only one to have received all three of the Leroy P. Steele prizes. In honor of his eightieth birthday, this book gathers together surveys and papers inspired by Milnor's work, from distinguished experts examining not only holomorphic dynamics in one and several variables, but also differential geometry, entropy theory, and combinatorial group theory. The book contains the last paper written by William Thurston, as well as a short paper by John Milnor himself. Introductory sections put the papers in mathematical and historical perspective, color figures are included, and an index facilitates browsing. This collection will be useful to students and researchers for decades to come. The contributors are Marco Abate, Marco Arizzi, Alexander Blokh, Thierry Bousch, Xavier Buff, Serge Cantat, Tao Chen, Robert Devaney, Alexandre Dezotti, Tien-Cuong Dinh, Romain Dujardin, Hugo Garcia-Compean, William Goldman, Rotislav Grigorchuk, John Hubbard, Yunping Jiang, Linda Keen, Jan Kiwi, Genadi Levin, Daniel Meyer, John Milnor, Carlos Moreira, Vincente Munoz, Viet-Anh Nguyen, Lex Oversteegen, Ricardo Perez-Marco, Ross Ptacek, Jasmin Raissy, Pascale Roesch, Roberto Santos-Silva, Dierk Schleicher, Nessim Sibony, Daniel Smania, Tan Lei, William Thurston, Vladlen Timorin, Sebastian van Strien, and Alberto Verjovsky.


The Forest Carbon Partnership Facility has recently proposed the application of strategic environmental social assessment (SESA) for incorporating environmental and social considerations in the preparation of REDD+ initiatives. This paper discusses the potential contribution of SESA to REDD+ initiatives drawing on experiences from earlier attempts to large scale forestry sector reforms and a recent World Bank pilot program on strategic environmental assessment. The paper suggests that SESA can be a useful approach for strengthening institutions and governance needed for managing diverse environmental and social impacts related to REDD+. More specifically, SESA can enhance policy making and governance through raising attention to environmental and social priorities, strengthening constituencies for policy change and improving social accountability. In order for SESA to contribute to these outcomes it needs to be assured that broad national "ownership" is achieved and that it becomes part of a long-term policy learning process with repeated and sustained stakeholder interaction. Through strengthening constituencies in policy reform SESA can potentially reduce the risk of regulatory capture of REDD+ by vested interests and make institutional checks and balances more effective. An analysis of Kenyas process of preparing a national REDD+ strategy is used to illustrate our case in the paper.


How is air traffic performance affected by type and location of markets? Is there any pattern to how air traffic performs with respect to the size and structure of markets, type of networks, and size of aircraft? In this paper, an empirical framework has been developed to examine the determinants of air traffic performance. Air traffic performance is defined as the ratio of airborne time to total ramp-to-ramp time. Using quarterly segment traffic data (i.e., T100 segment of Form 41) for the period 1995-2006, an econometric model is constructed to estimate and evaluate performance measures defined over market segments and networks. This econometric framework establishes and evaluates empirical linkages between performance measures and size of the markets, locations, distance, seasons of the year, and aircraft type over time. Statistical estimates indicate that size of market, type of aircraft, industry structure, and distance play important roles in influencing performance measures.


A central point of disagreement, in certain long-standing discussions about a particular whaling dataset in the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission, has directly involved model selection issues for linear mixed effect models. The biological question under discussion is associated with a clearly defined parameter of primary interest, i.e. a focus parameter, which makes model selection with the Focused Information Criterion (FIC) more appropriate than other selection methods. Since the existing FIC methodology has not covered the case of linear mixed effects models, this article sets up the required framework and develops the necessary formulae for the relevant FIC. Our new criterion requires the asymptotic distribution of estimators derived for a given candidate linear mixed model, but with behaviour examined under a wider linear mixed model. These results, needed here to build our FIC, also have independent interest.


[1] The volume and freshwater transports through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (CAA) are assessed using the unstructured-mesh Finite Element Sea ice-Ocean Model (FESOM) in a global setup with the CAA resolved at 5 km scale. The hindcast simulation realistically represents fluxes through the main gates of the Arctic Ocean and the Arctic sea ice conditions. During the period 1968–2007, the mean volume transports through Lancaster Sound and Nares Strait amount to 0.86 and 0.91 Sv, respectively. The monthly mean volume transport through western Lancaster Sound is highly correlated with the observational estimate (r = 0.81). The seasonal variability of the Lancaster Sound transport is well represented in the model. The simulated mean CAA freshwater export rate is 123 mSv, slightly higher than the observational estimate. The interannual variability of CAA volume transports is determined by sea surface height (SSH) gradients between the Arctic Ocean and northern Baffin Bay. The sea level upstream of Lancaster Sound is mainly determined by that along the Beaufort Sea coast, which can be explained by changes in the wind regimes (cyclonic versus anticyclonic) associated with release or accumulation of freshwater in the Beaufort Gyre. Sea level variations downstream of Lancaster Sound and Nares Strait are connected to SSH variations in the eastern Baffin Bay and in the Labrador Sea, which can be attributed to the variability of ocean-atmosphere heat fluxes. Both processes upstream and downstream of the CAA are linked with the North Atlantic Oscillation type of atmospheric variability. The local mesh refinement of ∼5 km allows us to investigate the contribution of individual narrow straits to the Parry Channel volume transport. The volume transports through these straits show a very similar variability.


We review the use of the oxide cladding stress-induced photoelastic effect to modify the polarization dependent properties in silicon-on-insulator (SOI) waveguide components, and highlight characteristics particular to this high index contrast (HIC) systems. The birefringence in SOI waveguides has its origin in the electromagnetic boundary conditions at the waveguide boundaries, and can be further modified by the presence of stress in the waveguiding materials. With typical stress levels in S i O 2 films, which are often used as the upper cladding, the waveguide effective index can be altered anisotropically up to the order of 1 0 − 3 for ridges with heights ranging from 1  𝜇 m to 5  𝜇 m. This effect can be used effectively to counter the waveguide geometrical birefringence, allowing the waveguide cross-section profiles to be optimized for design criteria other than null geometrical birefringence. Design strategies are developed for using stress engineering to achieve a variety of functions. Polarization insensitive arrayed waveguide gratings (AWGs), polarization insensitive ring resonators, and polarization splitters and filters are demonstrated using these design principles.


The prevalence of suppurative arthritis in one hundred sheep from both sexes and different ages were studied. Aspiration of synovial fluid from knee joint of animals showed signs of lameness with reluctant to move in addition to decrease in the body weight and loss of appetite. Physical and bacterial examination of the synovial fluid was revealed green color, turbid and containing pus. Mucin clot showed difference in degree of clotting, and increased number in leukocyte, neutrophile but decreased in lymophocytes and monocyte. The result showed that Streptococcus dysagalactiae was predominate 61.1% while Arcanobacterium pyogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the less 5.5%, also the result showed that all the strains were more sensitive to the Ciprofloxacin. This study is considered to be the first attempt to isolate bacteria from Sheep joints in Mosul-Iraq. __________________________________________________________________________________________________ Available online at http://www.vetmedmosul.org/ijvs