A comprehensive bulk and surface investigation of high-quality In2O3(001) single crystals is reported. The transparent-yellow, cube-shaped single crystals were grown using the flux method. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) reveals small residues of Pb, Mg, and Pt in the crystals. Four-point-probe measurements show a resistivity of 2.0 +/- 0.5 x 10(5) Omega cm, which translates into a carrier concentration of approximate to 10(12) cm(-3). The results from x-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements revise the lattice constant to 10.1150(5) angstrom from the previously accepted value of 10.117 angstrom. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) images of a reduced (sputtered/annealed) and oxidized (exposure to atomic oxygen at 300 degrees C) surface show a step height of 5 angstrom, which indicates a preference for one type of surface termination. The surfaces stay flat without any evidence for macroscopic faceting under any of these preparation conditions. A combination of low-energy ion scattering (LEIS) and atomically resolved STM indicates an indium-terminated surface with small islands of 2.5 angstrom height under reducing conditions, with a surface structure corresponding to a strongly distorted indium lattice. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) reveals a pronounced surface state at the Fermi level (E-F). Photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) shows additional, deep-lying band gap states, which can be removed by exposure of the surface to atomic oxygen. Oxidation also results in a shoulder at the O 1s core level at a higher binding energy, possibly indicative of a surface peroxide species. A downward band bending of 0.4 eV is observed for the reduced surface, while the band bending of the oxidized surface is of the order of 0.1 eV or less.


Studies of the bioenergetics of the northern pocket gopher, Thomomys talpoides, are coupled with data on demography, activity budgets, and microclimates to model the energy requirements of individuals and populations in the Wasatch Mountains of Utah during 1976—1979. Metabolic rates during rest increased linearly with decreasing ambient temperature, but burrowing metabolic rates (16.3 mL O₂°h— ¹°g— ⁰ . ⁷ ⁵) were independent of both temperature and physical properties of the soil. Radio—telemetry studies indicated that free—ranging gophers are active °50% of each day. Conservative estimates of true energy consumption were calculated using estimates of habitat—specific minimum daily burrowing requirements. Rates of burrowing measures in the laboratory were either °0.0 or °2.0 cm/min. The low burrowing rate was observed when the soil was frozen or saturated with water, as would occur in the field in early winter and in spring, respectively. Gophers burrowed through soil at the study site at an average rate of °1.5 cm/min. Belowground food energy densities at gopher foraging depth declined from 24.6 to 3.2 J/cm³ along a successional gradient (subalpine forb meadow to Engelmann spruce dominated forest). We conclude that individual gophers are food limited within the climax spruce seral stage. Further, daily energy costs associated with reproduction in females may exceed the belowground energy supply available in intermediate seral stage (aspen and subalpine fir). Reduction of burrowing rates for any reason will affect gophers in the late seral stages proportionately more than those resident in the meadow. The peak gopher densities recorded (from 62 individuals/ha in the meadow to 2 individuals/ha in spruce forest) support these inferences. Detailed demographic information was obtained only in the meadow seral stage. Adult survivorship was lower in winter than in summer and varied greatly between years (0.18—0.70 yr— ¹). Juvenile survivorship from weaning through the first winter was comparable to adult annual rates. The fertility rate was 3.75 young°female— ¹°yr— ¹. The energy supply and demand analyses indicate that the growth of Thomomys talpoides populations in the early seral stages is seldom directly limited by the amount of food present. From our demographic, environmental, and autecological studies we conclude that stochastic events associated with weather affect energy acquisition (burrowing) rates, and thus survivorship. In montane environments, such events may prevent populations from attaining sizes at which territorial behavior would hypothetically limit further increases. The energy flow through the meadow population at moderate to high (1976—1977) densities (at least 1100 MJ°ha— ¹°yr— ¹) indicates that pocket gophers are proficient energy movers relative to nonfossorial small mammals. Subalpine T. talpoides populations appear commonly to attain such densities. More than 30% of the annual primary productivity allocated to belowground parts of meadow forbs may be consumed by gophers.


The use of high temperature superconductors in current leads to reduce the refrigerator power consumption has been investigated in the last few years by many groups. Potential candidates are Y-123 and Bi-2212 bulk material as well as Bi-2223 tapes sheathed with an Ag/Au alloy. In the frame of the European Fusion Technology Programme, FZK Karlsruhe and CRPP Villigen have started a development program for design and construction of a 60 kA current lead for the ITER Toroidal Field Coils. The task composes of three parts: material selection based on test results of 1 kA current leads, construction and test of 10 and 20 kA leads using the selected HTSC material giving proof of the modularity and scale-ability of the design, and finally construction and test of a 60 kA current lead which will replace an existing conventional lead in the superconducting coil test facility TOSKA at FZK. The paper describes the status of the development program. Experimental results of the first step and a first approach of the realisation of the 10 kA HTSC lead are given.


Multiple human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) strains frequently coexist in patients with AIDS, and chronic ganciclovir treatment may favor the emergence of ganciclovir-resistant viral mutants. We report the molecular and biochemical characterization of a HCMV ganciclovir-resistant strain (VR3480) previously recovered from a patient with AIDS who was undergoing multiple courses of ganciclovir treatment (G. Gerna, F. Baldanti, M. Zavattoni, A. Sarasini, E. Percivalle, and M. G. Revello, Antiviral Res. 19:333-345, 1992). Ganciclovir resistance of strain VR3480 was related to impaired ability to monophosphorylate the drug, as indicated by the finding that ganciclovir phosphorylation values for VR3480 were 30% of those shown by the HCMV reference strain AD169 in an in vitro activity assay. Sequencing of the UL97 gene of VR3480, which encodes the viral kinase responsible for ganciclovir phosphorylation, showed an in-frame deletion of three nucleotides resulting in the loss of a leucine at position 595 in the polypeptide. Mutant VR3480 UL97 DNA was able to transfer resistance to the AD169 strain in marker rescue experiments. Analysis of virus isolates and blood polymorphonuclear leukocyte samples spanning the 2-year follow-up period of the patient showed that ganciclovir-resistant strain VR3480 arose ex novo during prolonged antiviral treatment and accounted for the majority of virus load circulating in blood during the period of clinical resistance to ganciclovir treatment.


Images of glossy objects contain specular highlights. Human perception of gloss is correlated with such properties of the highlight field as luminance, contrast, highlight sharpness and coverage. However, these image properties are not only determined by object shape and surface reflectance, but also by characteristics of the illumination field. We explore the perception of gloss under complex, natural light fields and ask whether observers use the statistics of the light field to improve gloss constancy under changing illumination. Observers viewed pairs of smooth, random 'potato' objects and judged which was glossier in a 2-interval, forced-choice paradigm. Objects of varying specularity were rendered and displayed in complex, high dynamic range, natural light fields (spherical images of a scene from a single viewpoint), taken from the Southampton-York Natural Scenes (SYNS) dataset. Within any single trial, both objects were rendered as if placed in the same light field. One object was displayed with, as background, the visible portion of the light field with which it was rendered ('congruent'); the other was displayed against another, incongruent light field. We found modest but systematic effects of the incongruent light field. For example, when the incongruent light field in the background was a similar scene to the congruent one, but with artificially high contrast, the objects displayed against it were perceived as less glossy than those shown against the congruent light field. Observers also showed partial gloss constancy---using the background to interpret perceived gloss of the object---when objects were displayed against a novel, incongruent light field, or one that had been manipulated to simulate a low-contrast, foggy environment. Our findings suggest that observers are sensitive to the context in which objects are presented when making judgments of surface gloss. Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2015.


Dust particles floating inside roadways are characterized by various sizes. However, it is difficult to replicate the dust environment with such factors taken into consideration in laboratory experiments. Fortunately, computational technology provides an alternative way for that. In this study, in order to investigate the movement mechanism of dust with different diameters from heading face in the underground roadway, a three-dimensional CFD-DEM coupling numerical model is presented using the Eulerian-Lagrangian method. A numerical roadway model based on a practical engineering case has been established for the purpose of studying the dust diffusion under single-forced ventilation condition in roadway underground. The study suggests that particle size has a significant effect on dust dispersion. The results demonstrate that CFD-DEM coupling computational simulation can be an effective approach for the investigation of dust issues in underground engineering. Disciplines Engineering | Science and Technology Studies Publication Details Tan, L. & Ren, T. (2019). Coupled cfd-dem modelling of mine dust dispersion in underground roadway. Mining Goes Digital Proceedings of the 39th international symposium on Application of Computers and Operations Research in the Mineral Industry, APCOM 2019 (pp. 612-619). London: Taylor & Francis Group. This conference paper is available at Research Online: https://ro.uow.edu.au/eispapers1/3060


These are slides from a presentation to the Gruter Institute for Law and Behavioral Research, Squaw Valley Conference, May, 2008 (at which event Michael Jensen got me to agree to post these slides as a pdf on SSRN . . . ). The task is to give an overview of what I hope to be an emerging field of behavioral public finance. Behavioral finance, as per Barberis and Thaler 2003 (and others), consists of two parts: (1) individual level heuristics and biases, which can lead to sub-optimal (inconsistent) judgment and decision-making, and (2) institutional arbitrage mechanisms. In private finance and economics, these latter, most importantly competition and markets, act to reduce and perhaps eliminate the "harms" from the former. Hence we get the relatively modest policy recommendations characteristic of Sunstien and Thaler's Nudge (among many other examples), such as for default rules that set participation in 401(k) plans. In public finance, in contrast—and arguably in all sectors of the economy where there are not flourishing markets (such as among the poor?)—there are no obvious arbitrage mechanisms. Politicians and the political processes can even exacerbate persistent cognitive error: consider the predilection for hidden taxes, such as the corporate tax. Behavioral public finance is a hugely important subject matter. These slides, summarizing original research done with Jon Baron of Penn (see the survey piece, McCaffery and Baron 2006), explain the general setting; group together many biases under a common isolation effect, and then use Kaplow and Shavell 2002's model of optimal legal system design, tracking the two welfare theorems—i.e., set rules (including, we argue, public finance rules), so as to maximize wealth or serve efficiency, and then redistribute from the greater social pie via the tax system—to suggest the possible problems for a democracy. These include: (a), leaving wealth on the table, because the optimally psychologically pleasing policy is not the most efficient one; (b) pitting equity or redistribution against efficiency, unnecessarily, because support for redistribution depends on the purely formal aspects of public finance; and (c) allowing skilful politicians to affect preference reversals among the citizenry, by agenda setting and framing, as by getting citizens averse to deficits and in favor of government expenditures to cut taxes, today, by isolating tax cuts from spending programs.


This Handbook aims to be the most comprehensive and up to date reference book available to those who are involved or could be involved in the world of finance. The financial world has a capacity for ingenious innovation and this extends to the often bewildering array and use of terms. Here you can find out what a Circus, a Firewall, an Amazon Bond, a Clean Float, a Cocktail Swap, a Butterfly, a Streaker, a Straddle and a Strangle are. As well as defining terms, the book also shows how they are used differently in different markets and countries. It also has numerous examples showing clearly the use of particular calculations and instruments; and provides details of major markets, acronyms and currencies. Reflecting the development of global financial markets this Handbook will have broad appeal around the world. It will be a reliable guide for practitioners, and those in the related professions of accounting, law and management. At the same time it will be an invaluable companion for advanced students of finance, accounting and business.


Elongation of the trophectoderm and gastrulation of the embryonic disc, observed during gestational Days 11 (D11) through 12 (D12), denote a critical period of porcine conceptus development. Serial analysis of gene expression identified genes involved in cellular differentiation/structure (cytokeratin-8 and -18) and growth/cell migration/mesoderm-epithelial interaction (stratifin and midkine), which could potentially be regulated by steroids such as estrogen. Characterization of these factors is lacking in porcine conceptuses, therefore, the current study investigated mRNA expression of these factors in elongating conceptuses and primordial tissues as well as protein expression and cellular localization to better define their biological significance. Conceptuses examined were of ovoid (D11; 6-10 mm), tubular (D11; 11-50 mm), or filamentous (D12; >100 mm) morphology. Cells of the conceptus were highly proliferative at all stages and the embryonic disc of the ovoid conceptus was already polarized as indicated by the protein expression of Ki67 and brachyury. Real-time PCR was utilized to determine the transcript expression profiles. Differential expression of cytokeratin-18 and midkine were not apparent; however, cytokeratin-8 was clearly down-regulated in filamentous compared to ovoid conceptuses. In contrast, stratifin mRNA levels were greatest in tubular conceptuses of 42-50 mm size. Transcripts for cytokeratin-8 and -18, stratifin, and midkine were detected in both cell types (endoderm and trophoblast) of the trophoectoderm. Western blotting and/or immunohistochemistry were utilized to examine protein expression and cellular localization. The embryonic disc of ovoid conceptuses was almost devoid of cytokeratin-18 protein, however, its distribution was uniform throughout the trophectoderm at all stages of elongation. Stratifin and midkine proteins demonstrated more unique expression patterns within the conceptus. Distinct cell populations of the embryonic disc and the trophoectoderm contained stratifin; cellular localization was predominantly cytoplasmic but occasional nuclear translocation was evident. Furthermore, total protein levels of stratifin were not different among ovoid, tubular, and filamentous conceptuses, but proteolysis of the protein was apparent at the filamentous stage. Midkine protein expression was prominent in the embryonic disc of ovoid conceptuses. In tubular conceptuses, midkine was associated with cells that appeared to be migrating away from embryonic disc as well as some concentrating in the tips of the trophectoderm. Our findings suggested that cytokeratin-8 and -18 are associated primarily with the trophectoderm, as seen in other species. Furthermore, the distribution and localization of stratifin and midkine proteins could reflect attributed functions of these factors, minimal anti-proliferative activity in the rapidly growing conceptuses and cell migration important for gastrulation/trophectoderm elongation, respectively.


A major challenge in the operation of wireless communications systems is the efficient use of radio resources. One important component of radio resource management is power control, which has been studied extensively in the context of voice communications. With the increasing demand for wireless data services, it is necessary to establish power control algorithms for information sources other than voice. We present a power control solution for wireless data in the analytical setting of a game theoretic framework. In this context, the quality of service (QoS) a wireless terminal receives is referred to as the utility and distributed power control is a noncooperative power control game where users maximize their utility. The outcome of the game results in a Nash (1951) equilibrium that is inefficient. We introduce pricing of transmit powers in order to obtain Pareto improvement of the noncooperative power control game, i.e., to obtain improvements in user utilities relative to the case with no pricing. Specifically, we consider a pricing function that is a linear function of the transmit power. The simplicity of the pricing function allows a distributed implementation where the price can be broadcast by the base station to all the terminals. We see that pricing is especially helpful in a heavily loaded system.


SUMMARY The wavefield is typically simulated for seismic exploration applications through solving the wave equation for a specific seismic source location. The direct relation between the form (or shape) of the wavefield and the source location can provide insights useful for velocity estimation and interpolation. As a result, I derive partial differential equations that relate changes in the wavefield shape to perturbations in the source location, especially along the Earth's surface. These partial differential equations have the same structure as the wave equation with a source function that depends on the background (original source) wavefield. The similarity in form implies that we can use familiar numerical methods to solve the perturbation equations, including finite difference and downward continuation. In fact, we can use the same Green's function to solve the wave equation and its source perturbations by simply incorporating source functions derived from the background field. The solutions of the perturbation equations represent the coefficients of a Taylor's series type expansion of the wavefield as a function of source location. As a result, we can speed up the wavefield calculation as we approximate the wavefield shape for sources in the vicinity of the original source. The new formula introduces changes to the background wavefield only in the presence of lateral velocity variation or in general terms velocity variations in the perturbation direction. The approach is demonstrated on the smoothed Marmousi model.


People around the world and throughout history have used music to express their inner emotions, reach out to the divine, woo lovers, celebrate weddings, inspire political movements, and lull babies to sleep. In "Music as Social Life", Thomas Turino explores why it is that music and dance are so often at the center of our most profound personal and social experiences.Turino begins by developing tools to think about the special properties of music and dance that make them fundamental resources for connecting with our own lives, our communities, and the environment. These concepts are then put into practice as he analyzes various musical examples among indigenous Peruvians, rural and urban Zimbabweans, and American old-time musicians and dancers. To examine the divergent ways that music can fuel social and political movements, Turino looks at its use by the Nazi Party and by the American civil rights movement. Wide-ranging, accessible to anyone with an interest in music's role in society, and accompanied by a compact disc, "Music as Social Life" is an illuminating initiation into the power of music.


Point clouds, as a form of Lagrangian representation, allow for powerful and flexible applications in a large number of computational disciplines. We propose a novel deep-learning method to learn stable and temporally coherent feature spaces for points clouds that change over time. We identify a set of inherent problems with these approaches: without knowledge of the time dimension, the inferred solutions can exhibit strong flickering, and easy solutions to suppress this flickering can result in undesirable local minima that manifest themselves as halo structures. We propose a novel temporal loss function that takes into account higher time derivatives of the point positions, and encourages mingling, i.e., to prevent the aforementioned halos. We combine these techniques in a super-resolution method with a truncation approach to flexibly adapt the size of the generated positions. We show that our method works for large, deforming point sets from different sources to demonstrate the flexibility of our approach.


Adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) plays an important role in lipid metabolism and is involved in diabetes. We investigated the associations between lipid profiles and an early-onset diabetic phenotype with ABCA1 genotypes among 999 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in the Han Chinese population of Taiwan. During study enrolment, blood samples were collected by venipuncture from these patients for genomic DNA isolation and serological tests, and data related to the diabetes age of onset were collected using a self-report questionnaire. Four single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were selected for genotyping by polymerase chain reaction in each patient. The present study found that the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels were significantly different among patients with different genotypes at SNP rs2487039 (p = 0.018). The body mass index (BMI) was also significantly different among patients with different genotypes at SNP rs2487039, rs2230806, and rs200069 (p = 0.009, 0.004, and 0.003, respectively). The polymorphisms at position rs10121901 in ABCA1 were statistically associated with development of early-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus (p = 0.013), with an odds ratio of 0.78 (95% confidence interval: 0.64-0.95). In conclusion, an ABCA1 variant is associated with HDL level, BMI, and early-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus in a specific Taiwanese population.


Providing useful resources to patients is essential in achieving the vision of participatory medicine. However, the problem of identifying pertinent content for a group of patients is even more difficult than identifying information for just one. Nevertheless, studies suggest that the group dynamics-based principles of behavior change have a positive effect on the patients' welfare. Along these lines, in this paper, we present a multidimensional recommendation model in the health domain using collaborative filtering. We propose a novel semantic similarity function between users, going beyond patient medical problems, considering additional dimensions such as the education level, the health literacy, and the psycho-emotional status of the patients. Exploiting those dimensions, we are interested in providing recommendations that are both high relevant and fair to groups of patients. Consequently, we introduce the notion of fairness and we present a new aggregation method, accumulating preference scores. We experimentally show that our approach can perform better recommendations to small group of patients for useful information documents.


Coagulopathy is of intense interest in the fields of emergency medicine, with many recent studies of coagulation biomarkers for clinical use. The occurrence of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) also resulted in the activation of studies about the coagulopathy. At present DIC has been admitted in many clinical conditions and many coagulation biomarkers have been studied. Fibrin degradation product (FDP) and D-dimer are one type of coagulation biomarker. A characteristic of FDP and D-dimer is the rapid and dynamic elevation of their levels when fibrinolysis occurs in several acute diseases. In this chapter, we present the clinical application of FDP and D-dimer. In trauma, FDP and -dimer have been used for the evaluation of trauma severity, to predict the likelihood of hemorrhage and to evaluate the need for the transfusion of packed red blood cells. In cardiac pulmonary arrest (CPA), FDP and D-dimer have been useful for predicting the return of spontaneous circulation. Thus, the measurement of coagulation biomarkers is useful in the diagnosis and/or treatment of trauma and CPA.


The Mabo (No 2) decision in 1992 opened for re-examination the fundamental principles underpinning the colonial foundations of Australia. The High Court of Australia, reversing 200 years of legal understanding, recognised that an allodial native title sourced in the laws and customs of Indigenous societies had survived the acquisition of sovereignty by the British over New Holland in the late 18ᵗʰ and early 19ᵗʰ centuries. The High Court stated that the Australian common law could not continue to deny these pre-existing Indigenous proprietary interests based on the application of an enlarged terra nullius notion to the already-inhabited New Holland. It was found by six members of the Court to be ahistorical, discriminatory and unjust.

This enlarged terra nullius notion held that Indigenous peoples did not legally occupy their traditional lands, and so their territories were ownerless under the classical mode of Occupation. Incongruously, whilst this engorged terra nullius notion was discarded from Australian real property law, it was maintained as the basis upon which the British, under international law, had claimed sovereignty over New Holland. Under this mode, the British acquired an original, plenipotent and indivisible sovereignty that swept across the three million square kilometres of claimed territory of New South Wales in an instant in 1788, and across the balance of New Holland in 1824 and 1829. The New Holland territories, according to the High Court, were treated as sovereign-less, the Indigenous societies were 'backward', so low on a scale of civilisation that they were not possessed of anything resembling 'sovereignty'. They were 'bare life', human yet less so, and, in the language of Agamden, Homo sacer. Thus, although condemned in both Australian and international law, this ignominious enlarged terra nullius notion survives still in the Imperial constitutional law as the foundation stone of the modern Australian nation state.

Doctrinally, this orthodox theory could not easily be presently defended on this basis. Realising the pending interpretative crisis, commentators have argued that rather than positing New Holland as occupied under this egregious terra nullius notion, it should be regarded as a conquered territory. Under the extant international law of that time, Conquest would provide not only an unassailable and defensible title but also certainty as to the consequences of the British acquisition. This argument has found little acceptance in Imperial or Australian law, or generally. The British, on this view, would not be posited as peaceful settlers, but as invaders. Prescription, too, was posited but with little enthusiasm or traction. This doctrinal debate was proving infertile until the Yorta Yorta decision in 2002. There the High Court stressed that the Indigenous laws and customs that house these allodial titles must be 'traditional' to be recognised under the Native Title Act 1993. The Indigenous laws and customs must be traceable and in time to an epoch before the assertions of British sovereignty. Leaning heavily on positivist writings, the judgment theorised that the meeting of the Indigenous societies with that of the British was 'an intersection of norms'. Accordingly, the immigrant English law intersected with, and recognised, the manifold normative systems of the Indigenous peoples of New Holland. It is these ancient – yet necessarily presently vital – allodial normative systems, which generate the laws and customs that source these native titles which are now being recognised in the Australian common law.

Thus, on this interpretation, each determination of native title in the Australian courts in the post-Mabo (No 2) era acknowledges not merely a native title but an extant Indigenous normative system wherein traditional laws and customs are presently alive. These normative entities survived the British assertions of sovereignty over mainland New Holland in 1788, 1824 and 1829 and survive still. The consequences of these determinations of native title – presently numbered over 200 – are profound for the Australian legal system. These normative societies and their laws are sourced outside of the present formal Australian constitutional framework and therefore represent a source of law running parallel with the Crown in right of Australia and the States and Territories. Each set of traditional law and customs emanate from a grundnorm other than that of the non-allodial Australian legal grundnorm. Herein lies a residuum of allodial sovereignties uncaptured by the fundamental Australian legal framework.

This thesis examines the mode of acquisition known as Occupation, that a vacant territory can be discovered and occupied, and thus acquired, from its classical origins to its expressions in the incipient international law, the Imperial law and, latterly, the Australian common law, to examine its provenance, justifications and present legitimacy. The focus becomes the Imperial constitutional law, including opinions and advice from the Colonial Office, and colonial and post-federation Australian cases. The conclusion reached is that the orthodox theory of the acquisition of sovereignty over New Holland is wholly compromised and cannot be sustained in the native title era. Every determination of native title under Australian law formally recognises an Indigenous society whose native title is sourced in its own extant laws and customs, which Law can be traced to the pre-British epoch. Indigenous Law is thus recognised in Australian law as both present in New Holland prior to the assertions of British sovereignty, and importantly, that same 'Law' is still vital and dynamic in contemporary Australia. Ancient, pre-existing normative entities traceable to the New Holland era are thus re-emerging and being recognised as such in the jural landscape of post-native title Australia, and presenting a mosaic of societies. The challenge for Australian jurisprudence is to abandon the orthodox theory which holds that the Indigenous societies of New Holland were so low on the scale of civilisation so as not to possess any 'sovereignty', and to incorporate the quiescent residuum of these Indigenous sovereignties into a 21ˢᵗ century jurisprudential framework. This unmaintainable orthodox legal theory of territorial sovereignty needs be abandoned for a coherent, historically congruent theory.


The goal of this study is to develop an automated algorithm to quantify background electroencephalography (EEG) dynamics in term neonates with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. The recorded EEG signal is adaptively segmented and the segments with low amplitudes are detected. Next, depending on the spatial distribution of the low-amplitude segments, the first part of the algorithm detects (dynamic) interburst intervals (dIBIs) and performs well on the relatively artifact-free EEG periods and well-defined burst-suppression EEG periods. However, on testing the algorithm on EEG recordings of more than 48 h per neonate, a significant number of misclassified and dubious detections were encountered. Therefore, as the next step, we applied machine learning classifiers to differentiate between definite dIBI detections and misclassified ones. The developed algorithm achieved a true positive detection rate of 98%, 97%, 88%, and 95% for four duration-related dIBI groups that we subsequently defined. We benchmarked our algorithm with an expert diagnostic interpretation of EEG periods (1 h long) and demonstrated its effectiveness in clinical practice. We show that the detection algorithm effectively discriminates challenging cases encountered within mild and moderate background abnormalities. The dIBI detection algorithm improves identification of neonates with good clinical outcome as compared to the classification based on the classical burst-suppression interburst interval.


A number of aspects of the limnology of dystrophic lentic
freshwaters are covered in this thesis. Initially, studies covering
a wide range of heterogeneous lakes and reservoirs from several
different areas are reported, to give an overall perspective of many
of the roles dissolved humic substances play in various limnological
processes. More detailed case studies of a number of dystrophic lakes
and reservoirs are then outlined, to demonstrate how dissolved humic
substances actively influence the limnology of these individual waters.
Investigations of the underwater light climates of fifty lakes
and reservoirs fr om Tasmania, thirty-seven from north-east New South Wales, and of twenty-six coastal dune lakes in south-east Queensland
showed that dissolved humic substances were the major attenuators of
light in all three areas. Increasing gilvin concentrations led to
the rapid extinction of light at shallow depths, and to changes in
its underwater spectral distribution from green-yellow in the
clearest waters, to red in the most humic. Turbidity and phytoplankton
were important contributors to attenuation in only a few of the waters
studied. Results from Tasmania allowed the construction of a
predictive model for use in estimating the underwater light climates
of the many remote lakes of the island where in situ measurements are
impossible, from simple laboratory measurements of small water samples.
The rapid attenuation of light in humic waters also strongly affects
thermal stratification, leading to strong thermal gradients, shallow
thermoclines, and lengthy periods of stratification.
Chemical aspects were also examined. Strong negative correlations
were found between the concentration of dissolved humic substances and
pH in coastal dune lake waters from south-east Queensland, King and
Fl inders I s l and s , and we s tern and south-wes t Tasmania.In contrast,
there was no correlation between these two parameters in north-east
New South Wales waters, probably due to lower humic concentrations
and buffering by higher bicarbonate levels . Calcium and bicarbonate
levels were also some times low in acidic, dystrophic lakes.
A wide range of photo synthetic organisms were present in the sites
investigated from New South Wales, Queensland, and coastal lakes of
south-west Tasmania. Phytoplankton came both from the Chlorophyceae
and from other algal divisions, and desmids and dinoflagellates were e specially common. Proportions of green algae decreased relative
to those with accessory photosynthetic pigments, as humic concentration
increased, in the highly humic western and south-west Tasmanian lagoons,
but this was not apparent in the less dystrophic waters of the other
two areas. However, high humic concentrations reduced the number of
phytoplankton genera present from all groups. Chrysophytes dominated
the phytoplankton communities of polyhumic Lake Chisholm.
Studies of Lake Chisholm, the reservoirs of the Pieman River
Power Development, and the meronictic lakes of the lower Gordon River,
all in Tasmania, showed humic materials played an important role in
their limnology. The rapid attenuation of light, and subsequent
strong thermal stratification for much of the year lead to sluggish
circulation, all owing near-meromictic conditions in Lake Chisholm,
and the protection and resultant slowing of the demise of ectogenic
meromixis in the Gordon River lakes. These features, along with
enhancing the solubility of iron and manganese in the reducing,
sulphide laden bottom waters of the Pieman River reservoirs, enabled
their chemical stratification. However, other factors, such as basin
morphometry and shelter, are also of importance in the limnology of
these lakes and reservoirs.


This paper presents the findings of an assessment study on electronic waste (e-waste) management in Senegal, which was conducted between January and June 2008. While the study takes a national view on policy affecting e-waste in Senegal, its main focus is on the capital Dakar. It focuses on desktop PCs, notebooks and printers, mobile phones and television sets. Through data analysis, a literature review, field visits and interviews, as well as a series of stakeholder workshops, the study aims to define the most relevant stakeholders, to map ewaste flows and stocks in the capital, and to identify formal and informal actors in the e-waste recovery and recycling chain. The study shows that the largest share of the computer stock in the country is in households, followed by companies and government offices, but that the stock of televisions is by far more important in weight. Early assessments suggest that while the Senegalese authorities are aware of the e-waste challenge, mechanisms to deal effectively with e-waste, including policy mechanisms, are not yet in place. Moreover, while e-waste recycling is largely left up to the informal sector in many developing nations, it seems that many electronic parts are simply dumped and that only some basic fractions are recovered, such as aluminium and lead, rarely plastics. Finally, the study seeks to develop a roadmap for Senegal to deal with the e-waste challenge lying ahead and to propose the big lines for a pilot dismantling plant to be implemented in the capital.


Recently a wide variety of NAS methods have been proposed and achieved considerable success in automatically identifying highly-performing architectures of neural networks for the sake of reducing the reliance on human experts. Existing NAS methods ignore the fact that different input data elements (e.g., image pixels) have different importance (or saliency) in determining the prediction outcome. They treat all data elements as being equally important and therefore lead to suboptimal performance. To address this problem, we propose an end-to-end framework which dynamically detects saliency of input data, reweights data using saliency maps, and searches architectures on saliency-reweighted data. Our framework is based on four-level optimization, which performs four learning stages in a unified way. At the first stage, a model is trained with its architecture tentatively fixed. At the second stage, saliency maps are generated using the trained model. At the third stage, the model is retrained on saliency-reweighted data. At the fourth stage, the model is evaluated on a validation set and the architecture is updated by minimizing the validation loss. Experiments on several datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our framework.


For almost a decade now, there has been a debate among scholars of regional and federal studies about how to explain policy evolution after devolution. Surprisingly, this literature has attached little importance to the policy impact of sub-state nationalism. This article assesses existent institutionalist and societal hypotheses in the case of immigrant integration policy divergence in Belgium after devolution. This empirical test shows that although several of these hypotheses yield valuable insights in explaining integration policy divergence in Belgium, they have difficulties in accounting for a striking feature of this policy divergence, i.e. the different interventionism regarding the cultural dimension of the integration process. This article argues that sub-state nationalism, and in particular the differing degrees of regional government involvement in sub-state nation building, provides explanatory insight into how policy frames diverge.


The current system reaction to the loss of a single MPI process is to kill all the remaining processes and restart the application from the most recent checkpoint. This approach will become unfeasible for future extreme scale systems. We address this issue using an emerging resilient computing model called Local Failure Local Recovery (LFLR) that provides application developers with the ability to recover locally and continue application execution when a process is lost. We discuss the design of our software framework to enable the LFLR model using MPI-ULFM and demonstrate the resilient version of MiniFE that achieves a scalable recovery from process failures.


Abstract. During the three years of the ObseRvations of Aerosols above CLouds and their intEractionS (ORACLES) campaign, the NASA Orion P-3 was equipped with a 2D-Stereo (2D-S) probe that imaged particles with maximum dimension (D) ranging from 10 < D < 1280 µm. The 2D-S recorded supermicron-sized aerosol particles (SAPs) outside of clouds within biomass burning plumes during flights over the Southeast Atlantic off Africa's coast. Numerous SAPs with 10 < D < 1520 µm were observed in 2017 and 2018 at altitudes between 1230 m and 3500 m, 1000 km from the coastline mostly between 7–11° S. No SAPs were observed in 2016 as flights were conducted further south and further from the coastline. Number concentrations of black carbon (rBC) measured by a single particle soot photometer ranged from 200 to 1200 cm−3 when SAPs were observed. Transmission electron microscopy images of submicron particulates, collected on Holey carbon grid filters, revealed particles with potassium salts, black carbon and organics while energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy spectra detected potassium, a tracer for biomass burning, indicating that the submicron particles originated from biomass burning in addition to black carbon. NOAA Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) three-day back trajectories show a source in northern Angola for times when large SAPs were observed. Fire Information for Resource Management System Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) 6 active fire maps showed extensive biomass burning at these locations. Given the back trajectories, the high number concentrations of rBC, and the presence of elemental tracers indicative of biomass burning, it is hypothesized that the SAPs imaged by the 2D-S are examples of unburned plant material previously seen in biomass burning smoke close to the source.


Cyberbullying has become increasingly problematic over the past decade with extreme instances of young people committing suicide due to their victimisation. While the prevalence of cyberbullying along with its effects have been researched and identified, the theoretical underpinnings for determining why young people engage in these behaviours has been under researched. A clear understanding behind the motivations into cyberbullying as exclusion is necessary in order to help decrease the behaviours as well as addressing deficiencies in defining what cyberbullying is.

This study used a mixed methods design, first using quantitative data via a survey designed to target pupils (n=450) in three Catholic Secondary schools in Glasgow, Scotland. Second, qualitative data was collected through interviews with educational professionals (n=13; nine teachers, four non-teacher educators). The discussion of findings focuses on the perceptions of cyberbullying through the eyes of educators and how they understand and recognise the exclusionary process. To facilitate understanding cyberbullying as exclusion, the results of this study were explored through the lens of the Established and Outsiders framework.

The research finds that while teachers are undereducated and uninformed on social media and cyberbullying, young people continue to increase their knowledge and access to these sites for both socialisation and exclusion, which is having a significant effect on their physical and metal well being. While most young people surveyed claim not to have been victims of cyberbullying, the evidence from both the survey and interviews agree that girls were more likely to engage in cyberbullying as both victim and bully. Teachers from the three participating schools experienced challenges in understanding and recognising cyberbullying and the usage of social media by young people. Their abilities to recognise these behaviours were often underpinned by their lack of training in areas of technology in conjunction with their negative attitudes toward social media.

This study enriches the wider literature by examining cyberbullying as exclusion through the lens of Elias's Established and Outsider framework, providing a novel approach to understanding the exclusionary process. The study also provides evidence asserting the need for providing in-service teachers education, training and support in understanding and recognising cyberbullying behaviours.


Tropical deep convective clouds (DCC) are an excellent invariant target for vicarious calibration of satellite visible (VIS) and near-infrared (NIR) solar bands. The DCC technique (DCCT) is a statistical approach that collectively analyzes all identified DCC pixels on a monthly basis. The DCC reflectance in VIS and NIR spectrums is mainly a function of cloud optical depth, and provides a stable monthly statistical mode. However, for absorption shortwave infrared (SWIR) bands, the monthly DCC response is found to exhibit large seasonal cycles that make the implementation of the DCCT more challenging at these wavelengths. The seasonality assumption was tested using the SNPP-VIIRS SWIR bands, with up to 50% of the monthly DCC response temporal variation removed through deseasonalization. In this article, a monthly DCC bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) approach is proposed, which is found to be comparable to or can outperform the effects of deseasonalization alone. To demonstrate that the SNPP-VIIRS DCC BRDF can be applied to other JPSS VIIRS imagers in the same 13:30 sun-synchronous orbit, the VIIRS DCC BRDF was applied to Aqua-MODIS. The Aqua-MODIS SWIR band DCC reflectance natural variability is reduced by up to 45% after applying the VIIRS-based monthly DCC BRDFs.


We use data from the Indonesia Family Life Survey to investigate the impact of a major expansion in access to midwifery services on use of prenatal care and delivery assistance for women of reproductive age. Between 1991 and 1998 Indonesia trained some 50000 midwives placing them in relatively poor communities that were relatively distant from health centers. We show that regardless of a womans educational level additions of village midwives to communities are associated with significant increases in receipt of iron tablets and in choices about care during delivery which reflect a movement away from reliance on traditional birth attendants. For women with relatively low levels of education village midwives have the additional benefits of increasing use of any prenatal care and use of prenatal care during the first trimester. The results are robust to the inclusion of fixed effects at the individual level a strategy that addresses many of the concerns about biases because of non-random program placement. (authors)


Thermally induced errors have a major significance on the positional accuracy of a machine tool. Heat generated during the machining process produces thermal gradients that flow through the machine structure causing linear and nonlinear thermal expansions and distortions of associated complex discrete structures, producing deformations that adversely affect structural stability. The heat passes through structural linkages and mechanical joints where interfacial parameters such as the roughness and form of the contacting surfaces affect the thermal resistance and thus the heat transfer coefficients. This paper presents a novel offline technique using finite element analysis (FEA) to simulate the effects of the major internal heat sources such as bearings, motors and belt drives of a small vertical milling machine (VMC) and the effects of ambient temperature pockets that build up during the machine operation. Simplified models of the machine have been created offline using FEA software and evaluated experimental results applied for offline thermal behaviour simulation of the full machine structure. The FEA simulated results are in close agreement with the experimental results ranging from 65% to 90% for a variety of testing regimes and revealed a maximum error range of 70 µm reduced to less than 10 µm.


Professionalism has often been a difficult concept to define or describe but researchers agree that it is an important trait to maintain professional status within society. Professional status is attained through a process of professionalisation, it can be lost through a process of deprofessionalisation and can be re-attained through reprofessionalisation. Despite being considered a profession by some researchers, others have argued that pharmacy has failed to fully professionalise with some labelling it a 'quasi-profession'. Some scholars believe that the future of community pharmacy may rely on service provision and that this is essential to reprofessionalise pharmacy. Given the uncertainty of current professional status, a mixed methods approach was used to explore the views and opinions of the general public, pharmacists and pharmacy leaders on matters relating to professional status. The thesis presents three studies: a qualitative study with pharmacy leaders; a mixed methods study comprising a questionnaire with members of the general public in England and a further mixed methods study comprising a questionnaire with pharmacists. The qualitative study with pharmacy leaders gave an insight into pharmacy leaders' views and opinions relating to public understanding of pharmacy, professionalism and professional status. This informed the development of the questionnaires used for the subsequent two studies. The questionnaires identified differing public understanding and opinions on pharmacists and matters relating to professional status. Differences were also identified between the general public and pharmacists on these matters. Finally, the qualitative stage offered further exploration and clarification of findings discovered from the questionnaire data. Recommendations about understanding current public opinion of pharmacists may help further clarify the current professional status of community pharmacy.


Potholes preserved along abandoned sections of bedrock-bounded rivers should provide significant paleohydraulic data if the conditions for pothole formation are understood. In a prototype study, we recognize two kinds of potholes along the paleo-Potomac River near Great Falls, Virginia. Vertical potholes, drilled into the strath floor, are circular in plan and are interpreted to form at sites of small stream depths and high flow velocity. Lateral potholes, noncircular with overhanging roofs, are found on flanks of rock obstacles. They are interpreted to be eroded by sediment-laden vertical flow near the air-water interface. The vortices circulate water in the horizontal plane, and begin to form near the free surface in flow separation zones downstream of the obstacles. The geometry of flow separation zones and thus the location of the lateral potholes are scaled by flow Reynolds number. Therefore, lateral potholes could be used to reconstruct paleoflow depths and velocities if parts of the channel bed adjacent to the flow obstruction are preserved.


Why do competitive firms in the US provide paid parental leave (PPL)? Which firms do and to what extent? We use several firm- and individual-level data sets to answer these questions. These include the BLS-Employee Benefit Survey (EBS) for 2010 to 2018 and an extensive firm-level data collection that we compiled. Our work is undergirded by a two-period model with competitive firms whose workers vary by their optimal firm-specific training and the probability that each will remain on the job after PPL is taken. We find that firm-provided PPL has greatly increased in the last two decades and generally covers new fathers. The levels of provision differ greatly by the industry, firm size, and the degree of firm-specific training. But even the top-of-the-line firm in the US provides fewer fully paid parental weeks than does the median OECD nation.


The third Workshop on Approximation and Online Algorithms (WAOA 2005) focused on the design and analysis of algorithms for online and computationally hard problems. Both kinds of problems have a large number of applications from a variety of ?elds. WAOA 2005 took place in Palma de Mallorca, Spain, on 6 7 October 2005. The workshop was part of the ALGO 2005 event that also hosted ESA, WABI, and ATMOS. The two previous WAOA workshops were held in Budapest (2003) and Rome (2004). Topics of interest for WAOA 2005 were: algorithmic game theory, appro- mation classes, coloring and partitioning, competitive analysis, computational ?nance, cuts and connectivity, geometric problems, inapproximability results, mechanism design, network design, packing and covering, paradigms, rand- izationtechniques,real-worldapplications,andschedulingproblems.Inresponse to the call for papers we received 68 submissions. Each submission was reviewed by at least three referees, and the vast majority by at least four referees. The submissions were mainly judged on originality, technical quality, and relevance to the topics of the conference. Based on the reviews, the Program Committee selected 26 papers. We are grateful to Andrei Voronkov for providing the EasyChair conference system,whichwasusedtomanagetheelectronicsubmissions,thereviewprocess, and the electronic PC meeting. It made our task much easier. We would also like to thank all the authors who submitted papers to WAOA 2005 as well as the local organizers of ALGO 2005


This thesis investigates the emotional experience of literary discourse from a cognitivepoetic
perspective. In doing so, it combines detailed Text World Theory analysis with an
examination of naturalistic reader response data in the form of book group discussions and
internet postings. Three novels by contemporary author Kazuo Ishiguro form the analytical
focus of this investigation: The Remains of the Dt!)' (1989), The Unconso/ed (1995) and Never Let
Me Go (2005), chosen due to their thematic engagement with emotion and their ability to
evoke emotion in readers. The central aims of this thesis are to develop cognitive-poetic
understanding of the emotional experience of literature, and to advance cognitive-poetic
and literary-critical understanding of the works of Ishiguro.
As a result of the analytical investigations of the three novels, this thesis proposes
several enhancements to the discourse-world level of the Text World Theory framework.
In particular, this thesis argues for a more detailed and nuanced account of deictic
projection and identification, proposes a means of including readers' hopes and preferences
in text-world analyses, and reconceptualises processes of knowledge activation as inherently
emotional. Detailed, cognitive-poetic analyses of Ishiguro's novels elucidate literary-critical
observations regarding Ishiguro's shifting style, and present new insights into the cognitive
and emotional aspects of the interaction between the texts and their readers.
This thesis aims primarily to be a contribution to the fields of stylistics and
cognitive poetics. It approaches this theoretically through the application and enhancement
of cognitive poetic frameworks, analytically through the investigation of Ishiguro, and
methodologically through the utilisation of reader response data in order to direct and
support the investigations. However, incidental contributions are also made to cognitive
and social emotion theories, and the discussion raises several suggestions for continued
interdisciplinary research in the future.


Found in a variety of forms and sometimes with very attractive flowers, cacti and other succulents have elicited widespread interest and tremendous popularity worldwide. Although the subject of a certain amount of debate, about 10,000 species of plant are recognised as belonging to the succulent group. Of these, an estimated 2,000 are threatened with global extinction in the wild and many more are regionally or nationally threatened. The main threats to the survival of cacti and succulent plants are habitat destruction and collection for international trade. For the first time, this action plan brings together from around the world current information on population status, threats and conservation of this particularly important group of plants. Prepared with conservationists, scientists, governments, protected area managers and grand-awarding bodies in mind, it suggests priorities for action and encourages collaboration among interested parties at all levels.


The Challenge through Sport Initiative (CSI) is an ambitious and innovative project designed to encourage active and healthier lifestyles for adults recovering from drug and alcohol misuse. Funded through Sport England as part of its
Get Healthy, Get Active work programme, CSI is managed and co-ordinated by Active Lancashire (formerly Lancashire Sports Partnership).

An evaluation of the project was undertaken by the University of Central Lancashire. The evaluation ran from June 2015 to June 2018. The evaluation collected data from participants in the project at baseline registration, and three months, six months and twelve months follow up using a questionnaire derived from the Single Item Sport England Measure , the Short International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and the Cantril Self -Anchoring Striving Scale.

2628 people registered with the project and completed a questionnaire to provide baseline data. The large number of participants that the project managed to attract and engage is evidence that the project managed to successfully overcome many of the barriers commonly experienced by programmes with similar objectives. Follow up data was successfully gathered from 982 of participants at three months and from 1053 and 753 participants at six and twelve months
respectively.

The project attracted a good spread of participants across all age groups, although the profile of those engaged in the project is slightly younger than that of those who are engaged in drug and alcohol treatment services. This suggests that the project may have something unique to contribute to the successful earlier engagement and retention of younger substance misusers in treatment. The gender and ethnicity of participants who engaged in the project is similar to the profile of those
engaged in drug and alcohol treatment services.

12.2% of participants reported having a disability, although it is likely that this figure is under -reported. Most participants had left school either without any formal qualifications or with less than 5 GCSE's, CSE's or 'O' -levels. The project was successful at retaining participants from a wide variety of housing situations in the programme (including people who were homeless). Thus 2% of all participants who registered for the programme were homeless at baseline and homeless partic
ipants made up 1.9% of those who completed 12 months.

Participants who were retained, even for three months, were active more often and at higher levels. Between to 39.5% and
51.6 % of participants were active at baseline and this proportion rose steadily over twelve months. At three month follow up the proportion of participants who were active had risen to 68%. At six months the proportion had risen to 71.7% and at twelve months the proportion had risen to 80.1%.

Levels of activity for the cohort as whole also rose steadily across the twelve months. While the proportion of participants classified as having low levels of activity fell from 38% to 12.2% at twelve months, the proportion of participants reporting high levels of activity rose from 31.2% to 47.7% and the proportion of participants reporting moderate levels of activity rose from 30.7% to 42.6%. 90.3% of participants were moderately or highly active at twelve months. While participants with low or moderate levels of activity at baseline were supported to achieve higher levels of activity at three, six and twelve months, participants with high levels of activity at baseline were supported to maintain these levels.

The proportion of participants who had participated in sport within the last seven days increased sharply from 43.3% at baseline to 79.6% at three months, 87% at six months 88.9% at twelve months. The self-reported wellbeing and life satisfaction of participants improved over time. The mode score for wellbeing at baseline registration was 5. The mode score for wellbeing at twelve months was 7. Those with the lowest levels of activity at registration appear to have benefited the most. The mode score for those with low activity levels at registration was 4 at baseline and 7 at twelve months. The mode score for those with moderate activity levels at registration was 5 at baseline and 7 at twelve months. The mode score for those with high activity levels at registration was 6 at baseline and 7 at twelve months. The proportion of participants not working at all fell from 54.3% at baseline to 39.8% at twelve months. This was mainly due to the increases in the proportions of participants who were in part-time work or who were volunteering at twelve months. The proportion of those working part-time rose from 6.6% at baseline registration to 12.6% at twelve months while the proportion of those volunteering increased from 8.1% to 22.2%.

A major feature of the project was the encouragement of participants in to volunteering and employment. As one of the workers put it: "One of the great successes of the project for me has been the way that we have seen people develop from participants, to becoming volunteers and then paid support workers. We know of 80 people who have gone on to gain employment. Some of them are only part time hours. But still that's 80 people. And that's just the ones that we know about."

The project has had a wider impact in building recovery capital by encouraging and facilitating contact between participants and Lancashire User Forum, providing a structure for users in recovery and putting such people in touch with other people who they recognised as 'like them' and who they could see were doing well. The proportion of participants who had been in contact with Lancashire User Forum during the last six months rose from just 13.2% at baseline registration to 30.6% at twelve months. Along with a range of other indicators this can be used as a proxy for measuring increased recovery capital in terms of peer and social support.

Five case studies provide illustrative examples of other ways in which the recovery capital of participants has been enhanced. The male in case study one describes a number of services and agencies that he has made contact with through his work as a volunteer with CSI. He describes how his confidence has improved. Not only has he seen benefits in his own life, but now he has started to help other people. He is more active and has a wider pool of people and services that he can draw on. He is illustrative of the way that CSI has both reached out to potential participants in other projects and has helped to sign-post people in to services for support.

The male in case study two describes how being involvbed with CSI has helped him to re-connect with his estranged son. Like the male in case study one, he has a wide pool of support that he can draw on now, including a range of both professional and peer support. The male in case study three has managed to re-establish a relationship with his partner and son. He finds that the structure of the programme, having something to do and meeting new people has helped him to avoid relapse.

The woman is case study four describes how CSI has re-connected her to the world around her and has drawn her out of her 'methadone treatment bubble', where she had been stuck for several years. Getting involved in the project has helped her to build her confidence. She no longer feels that she us useless. She has met new friends and now has a sense of belonging.
The female in case study five has also grown in confidence. Becoming involved in CSI has given her a sense of purpose and value in life. She can see how being valued has helped her own recovery and how it can help other people too.
Such 'visible recovery' has long been recognised as a significant factor in promoting and sustaining positive change for problematic drug and alcohol users.

One of the key ingredients in explaining the success of the project is role of the support workers and, through this, the focus that the project had on building relationships with people. Support workers played a critical role in reaching out to participants, giving encouragement and facilitating project activities. They also acted as a source of advice and support for participants experiencing problems and were often able to help participants sort problems out or sign-post them in to other services. It is also crucial to acknowledge the importance of the infra-structure that sat behind the support workers. CSI employed a full-time project co-ordinator, whose role extended far beyond simply co-ordinating the day-to-day activities of the team. Her role was critical in providing both practical and emotional support to the team around a wide variety of issues. Many of the volunteers and support workers had not worked before and needed high levels of support to enable them to grow and develop in their new roles. This might extend from something as basic as being able to log on to a computer or knowing that it was important to ring up and tell someone if they were going to be off sick, through to helping someone deal with complex welfare benefit difficulties, family problems or full blown relapses.


Anions have many important roles in biological systems, as well as in the environment and as such there is significant interest in their binding and sensing. In induced-fit anion sensing, the binding of an anion causes a shift in the equilibrium of conformers of the molecule, which in turn may lead to a change in a physical property. In this thesis four experimental chapters describe the synthesis and anion sensing properties of a series of induced-fit anion sensors derived from a hexa-substituted triethylbenzene and diphenylacetylene motif.

Chapter one provides an introduction to anion recognition and sensing, whilst Chapter two describes a new synthetic method towards triethylbenzene receptors involving the solvent-drop grinding technique. Facile synthesis of known and novel anion receptors was achieved. Chapter three describes the use of the triethylbenzene motif, functionalised with quinolinium groups to sense anions. The receptor binds anions strongly, with complex binding observed, involving a host dimer, 2:1 host:guest and 1:1 host:guest stoichiometries. The receptor functions as a turn-off fluorescence sensor with selectivity for acetate. Chapter four describes the further functionalisation of the triethylbenzene core with the viologen moiety, leading to a series of tri- and tetrapodal anion receptors. These receptors show a colourimetic response to carboxylates through a charge transfer interaction. These receptors bind several different anions strongly. However a colourimetric response is only observed with carboxylates.

Chapter five describes the use of diphenylacetylene derivatives functionalised with urea groups which have also been investigated as induced-fit anion sensors. The receptors show a high degree of preorganisation, except for free rotation around the acetylene bond. The receptors bind a range of anions to varying extents, with strong binding observed with basic anions. Upon the addition of anions, several different fluorescent responses are observed depending on the receptor design. A turn-on fluorescent response is observed with diphenylacetylene and diphenylbutadiyne derivates due to planarisation of the receptor. Fluorescent quenching is also observed with several receptors and can allow for the discrimination of several anions when the receptors are used as part of an array. The diphenylbutadiyne derivative can also be incorporated into a dipstick which shows a turn-off response in the presence of chloride.


We study tectonic deformation in the Southern Coast Ranges, California. We use triangulation and astronomic azimuth data collected since 1875, trilateration since 1970, and global positioning system data collected from 1986 to 1987. Two modeling techniques have been used. An elastic block-fault model is applied to study the tectonic motion of the San Andreas Fault and the San Gregorio-Hosgri Fault. Station velocities are modeled to study regional deformations. Results show that the regional deformation is predominantly controlled by deep strike-slip motion along the San Andreas Fault, at a rate of 33±2 mm/yr. Deep slip along the San Gregorio-Hosgri Fault is about 0–4 mm/yr, assuming a locked fault to a depth of 20 km. Convergence normal to the San Andreas Fault in the Southern Coast Ranges is not greater than 0.02 μrad/yr.


This paper describes the development of an accurate, accelerometer based fall detection system capable of distinguish between Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and fall-events. Using simulated fall-events onto crash mats (under supervised conditions) and ADL performed by elderly subjects, distinguishing between falls and ADL is achieved using an accelerometer-based sensor, mounted on the trunk and thigh of the person. Data analysis was performed using MATLAB® to determine the peak accelerations recorded during eight different types of falls. A fall detection algorithm was proposed using simple thresholding techniques. Results from an evaluation of the detection algorithm show that a fall-event can be distinguished from an ADL with 100% accuracy using a single threshold applied to the resultant acceleration signal from a tri-axial accelerometer located at the chest. Thresholding was thus demonstrated to be capable of discriminating between an ADL and a fall-event, when those falls were simulated falls.


Background and Purpose Strontium ranelate (SrR) is an oral pharmaceutical agent for osteoporosis. In recent years, numerous unwanted side effects of oral SrR have been revealed. Therefore, its clinical administration and applications are limited. Hereby, this study aims to develop, formulate, and characterize an effective SrR carrier system for spinal bone regeneration. Methods Herein, glycol chitosan with hyaluronic acid (HA)-based nanoformulation was used to encapsulate SrR nanoparticles (SrRNPs) through electrostatic interaction. Afterward, the poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA)-based hydrogels were used to encapsulate pre-synthesized SrRNPs (SrRNPs-H). The scanning electron microscope (SEM), TEM, rheometer, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) were used to characterize prepared formulations. The rabbit osteoblast and a rat spinal decortication models were used to evaluate and assess the developed formulation biocompatibility and therapeutic efficacy. Results In vitro and in vivo studies for cytotoxicity and bone regeneration were conducted. The cell viability test showed that SrRNPs exerted no cytotoxic effects in osteoblast in vitro. Furthermore, in vivo analysis for new bone regeneration mechanism was carried out on rat decortication models. Radiographical and histological analysis suggested a higher level of bone regeneration in the SrRNPs-H-implanted groups than in the other experimental groups. Conclusion Local administration of the newly developed formulated SrR could be a promising alternative therapy to enhance bone regeneration in bone-defect sites in future clinical applications.


We consider the scattering of light by a spherical particle illuminated by two counterpropagating plane waves. Destructive and constructive interference of the two incident fields modifies the resonance contribution to the scattered and internal fields. The resonance contribution can vary between zero and twice the value of that associated with ordinary Mie scattering; the amount of the contribution is a function of the relative phase between the two beams.


The current financial crisis is one of the main factors underlying proposals made for change delivery form of municipal services. However, this situation is affected by a wide variety of financial indicators, and it is necessary to determine which of these indicators have greatest influence on decisions regarding outsourcing or long-term inter-municipal cooperation. Furthermore, the Great Recession could have modified these financial indicators, and so we must identify which of them impacted on public-service outsourcing and/or cooperation both before and during the crisis. This paper evaluates these factors with respect to a sample of Spanish municipalities, for the periods 2002-2007 and 2008-2010, via a discriminant analysis. The results obtained show that the financial indicators that affect outsourcing and cooperation are different, specifically, we find that the variables which are related to spending on transfers, budget sustainability and the flexibility of the entity, measured by its outstanding debt have the greatest impact on the outsourcing process, while the cooperation processes are influenced, in addition to the latter factors, by the short-term solvency of the entity. The elements of short term solvency, flexibility and sustainability led municipalities to outsource their public services in the pre-crisis period, while only debt and financial independence influenced the cooperation decisions during the crisis period.


'Miss Caroline Charles, aged 22 - youngest of the English designers whose fashions have captured New York - returns there to show her Spring collection. She is dark, beautiful and frail, with a small voice. But she is deceptive; she is made of iron; her energy is matched only by her persistence. Nothing will stop her. She is at the top now, and might stay there for 50 years.' John Gale, Observer Oct 25th 1964 Caroline Charles is one of London's most respected womenswear designers. She has developed her business over the past five decades and the label is sold and marketed throughout the world. Caroline Charles began in the world of fashion art school followed by a couture apprenticeship and a stint as a photographer's assistant; she then worked for Mary Quant and was inspired by couturiers as well as being a leading designer in the '60s youthquake and swinging London. Her first collections were kooky and fresh and included a white cotton dress made from a bedspread! Caroline Charles was one of the original designers to join what was later to become British Fashion Week. Caroline opened a shop in Beverly Hills in the '70s and in the '90s had many successes with shops and shows in Japan. Her clothes were quickly snapped up by celebrities, which over the years have ranged from Lulu, Marianne Faithful and Cilla Black as well as special suits being made for Mick Jagger and Ringo Star. Princess Diana became a regular client as did Emma Thompson who wore a Caroline Charles design to receive an Oscar. Caroline Charles has been invited over the years to be a design consultant to major brands such as Burberry and Marks and Spencer as well as having design collaborations with major accessories and textile companies. In the '90s Caroline Charles designed the official scarf to mark the 40th anniversary of the accession of the Queen. As she celebrated her own 40th anniversary, Caroline Charles was awarded an OBE for services to the British Fashion Industry. Celebrations followed at the Victoria & Albert Museum with another award from the British Fashion Council.


This Article takes a critical look at the e-discovery amendments to Rule 26(b)(2) that provide that electronically stored information that is not reasonably accessible shall be discoverable only if the requesting party can establish good cause. The intent of these amendments was to limit the cost and burden of discovery and to ensure that similarly situated litigants are treated similarly with respect to discovery of electronically stored information. I conclude that the e-discovery amendments to Rule 26(b)(2) will be ineffective because they increase judicial discretion - likely leading to disparate treatment of similarly situated litigants - while providing no new protection against the cost and burden of discovery. First, the courts' persistent reliance on the liberal rules of discovery mantra will not be overcome in the absence of express direction. Second, the good cause standard is so vague that it is both toothless and meaningless. Third, the e-discovery amendments to Rule 26(b)(2) build on the structure and standards of three earlier rounds of discovery amendments. But experience has shown that these earlier amendments were ineffective in reducing the cost and burden of discovery - largely because courts have been unable to resist the siren song of liberal discovery, particularly when faced with applying a toothless, meaningless good cause standard. Finally, review and application of the text of the discovery rules confirms that the amendments are wholly ineffective. This serial, but ineffective, amendment of the discovery rules has created great divides between (a) the stated intentions of the Rules Committee in amending the discovery rules, (b) the actual language of the amended discovery rules and (c) the experience of courts and practitioners in resolving discovery disputes under the discovery rules. The rules that establish the scope and limitations of discovery no longer mean what they say. Instead, they mean only what each judge thinks they ought to say or what the judge recalls that the rules used to say. To bridge this divide, I offer an interpretation of the discovery rules that gives meaning to the language of the rules, limits the cost and burden of discovery and is consistent with the Supreme Court's prior (but ignored) interpretation of the good cause standard elsewhere in the discovery rules.


This paper describes the design, implementation, and lessons from a case study in transforming two university classrooms into what we call an international "peace incubator." In the besieged Gaza Strip, opportunities for normalization of relations with Israel are almost non-existent, and there is very limited desire or personal capacity among the student population of Gaza to do the work of peace-building. A semester-long videoconference class linking IUPUI and Gaza University students sought to address this deficit by developing a model for building ties of friendship and cooperation. West Bank peace activist Juliano Mer Khamis once spoke of a coming Third Palestinian Intifada (or uprising) that would be mounted through art, music, poetry and film. Inspired by his dedication to long term peacebuilding, we set about opening a channel of communication through our classroom experiment to allow the students to see beyond the negative stereotypes and allow friendship and understanding to flourish. Our experiment was designed to not only promote trust between US and Palestinian faculty and students, but to also creatively endorse Mer Khamis' strategy for peace-building, and giving voice to those struggling to be heard.


Can Short Sellers Predict Accounting Restatements and Foresee Their Severity? (August 2004) Jap Efendi, B.B.A., Texas A&M University; M.S. Texas A&M University Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Michael R. Kinney This dissertation investigates whether short sellers establish short positions prior to accounting restatement announcements and whether the levels of short interest are related to the severity of restatements. Using 565 firms with restatement disclosure during the period of 1995 to 2002 and matched control firms with no restatements announcements, I find that the level of short interest is higher for the sample firms compared to the control firms in the months surrounding the announcements. The level of short interest increases as the restatement announcement date approaches and declines thereafter. Related to severity of restatement, I find that the level of short interest in the pre-disclosure period is higher for restatements involving fraud and the revenue accounts. There exists limited evidence that the pre-disclosure level of short interest is positively associated with the number of quarters restated and the magnitude of the restatements. Finally, I find cumulative abnormal returns surrounding the announcements are more negative for restatement firms that have a higher level of short interest. These results suggest that short sellers are highly sophisticated investors who can see through accounting manipulation and consequently profit from their knowledge.


M. G. BROCK AND M. C. CURTHOYS, EDS. The History of the University of Oxford, Part I. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997. Pp. xxxviii, 806, 60 plates (with commentary), figures, tables, introduction, index. $145.00. The first part of Nineteenth-Century Oxford (a volume of the official seven-volume history of the University of Oxford; part two, published separately, will be reviewed later in this journal), presents a masterful account of a period (c. 1800-70) of rapid transition in the university and in English society itself. Though England avoided a French-style revolution, its social system had to come to terms with the onset of rapid industrialization, and its traditional institutions had to adapt as best they could to liberal ideologies and demands for reform, or at least "improvement." Perhaps nowhere was this more evident than at Oxford and Cambridge, where long-held assumptions about the nature of a university, its role and function in a Christian society, and its methods of inculcating knowledge and morality, all came under scrutiny and pressure to reform. In 1800, Oxford still bore some resemblance to a semi-monastic Anglican seminary, serving the requirements of a (largely) Anglican society. One of its most important functions was therefore the upholding of Christian doctrine as taught by the Church of England. The students (many the son of parsons, and many aspiring to careers in the church) could neither matriculate nor graduate without subscribing to the Thirty-nine Articles. Christian theology was considered by many in Oxford the basis of all academic subjects, including the classics, history, science, and mathematics. Because the state looked to the university to develop and maintain respect for authority, and because of the unique relationship between the ancient universities and parliament, religious heterodoxy and denominational diversity were rigidly proscribed. Within this traditional atmosphere, clerical influence remained largely unchallenged. Convocation (the university's governing body) was dominated by parsons, celibacy was required among Fellows, most of whom were in holy orders, many tutors (teaching fellows) adhered strictly to the educational and moral ideas of their office, the colleges maintained their own chapels (and chaplains) with compulsory morning and evening services, and all candidates for the B.A. (under the reformed examination decrees of 1800) were required to demonstrate a knowledge of the gospels in Greek, the Thirty-nine Articles, and Joseph Butler's Analogy of Religion (1736). Of course, unless married to the vice-chancellor or a head of house, women remained conspicuously absent. During the first quarter of the nineteenth century, under increasing external scrutiny, Oxford embarked on a gradual and often embittered period of reform. Academic rigor became more common. The establishment of the honors system encouraged specialization, competitiveness, and the close assessment of competence, while also providing enhanced opportunities for clever undergraduates lacking in family means or connections. Religious tests were relaxed and eventually abolished; the Anglican monopoly was eroded to permit religious pluralism. Consequently, there was a growth of secularism, even hostility to religion. The syllabus, which had been based almost exclusively on classical subjects, was opened up and made more practical. Modern history, law, and theology were added as separate subjects; the teaching of natural science gained particular prominence, with chemistry, physics, physiology, zoology, botany, and geology all being introduced, followed by astronomy and engineering. …


To help inform pollution control policies in the Indian electricity sector we estimate the health damages associated with particulate matter, sulfur dioxide (SO2), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) from individual coal-fired power plants. We calculate the damages per ton of pollutant for each of 89 plants and compute total damages in 2008, by pollutant, for 63 plants. We estimate health damages by combining data on power plant emissions of particulate matter, SO2 and NOx with reduced-form intake fraction models that link emissions to changes in population-weighted ambient concentrations of fine particles. Concentration-response functions for fine particles from Pope et al. (2002) are used to estimate premature cardiopulmonary deaths associated with air emissions for persons 30 and older. Our results suggest that 75 percent of premature deaths are associated with fine particles that result from SO2 emissions. After characterizing the distribution of premature mortality across plants we calculate the health benefits and cost-per-life saved of the flue-gas desulfurization unit installed at the Dahanu power plant in Maharashtra and the health benefits of coal washing at the Rihand power plant in Uttar Pradesh.


Critical design issues involved in optimizing millimeter-wave power HBTs are described. Gain analysis of common-emitter (CE) and common-base (CB) HBTs is performed using analytical formulas derived based on a practical HBT model. While CB HBT's have superior maximum-gain at very high frequencies, their frequency limit is found to be determined by the carrier transit time delay. Thus, to fully exploit the potential gain in a CB HBT, it is essential to maintain a high f/sub T/ even at high collector voltages. The advantage of using CB HBT's in a multifingered device geometry is also discussed. Unlike CE HBTs, CB HBTs are capable of maintaining a high gain even if the device size is scaled up by increasing the number of emitter-fingers. Moreover, it is found that reducing the wire parasitic capacitance allows emitter ballasting resistance to be used without affecting the gain. Fabrication of HBTs based on these design considerations led to excellent power performance in a CB unit-cell HBT at 25-26 GHz, featuring output power of 740 mW and power-added efficiency of 42%.


The purpose of this study is to determine whether or not the sympathetic nervous system provides a tonic inhibitory input to the colon in chloralose-anesthetized cats. Proximal and midcolonic motility were monitored using extraluminal force transducers. An intravenous bolus injection of 5 mg of phentolamine in 14 animals elicited a pronounced increase in proximal colon contractility. The minute motility index changed from 0 +/- 0 to 26 +/- 4 after phentolamine administration. Midcolonic motility also increased in response to phentolamine. Specific blockade of alpha 2-receptors, but not alpha 1-receptors, caused the same response seen with phentolamine. alpha-Adrenergic blockade increased colon contractility after spinal cord transection but not after ganglionic blockade. Blockade of alpha-adrenergic receptors was also performed before vagal and pelvic nerve stimulation and in both cases increased colonic motility. Vagal stimulation alone had no effect on colonic contractility, while pelvic nerve stimulation increased motility at the midcolon. alpha-Receptor blockade did not alter the ineffectiveness of vagal stimulation but did unmask excitatory effects of pelvic nerve stimulation on the proximal colon. All excitatory colonic responses were prevented by blocking muscarinic cholinergic receptors. These data indicate that tonic sympathetic nervous system activity exerts an inhibitory effect on colonic motility. The inhibitory effect is mediated through alpha 2-adrenergic receptors. Based on these findings, we suggest that alterations in sympathetic nervous system activity may be extremely important for the regulation of circular muscle contractions in the colon.


IL-13 dysregulation plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of a variety of inflammatory and remodeling diseases. In these settings, STAT6 is believed to be the canonical signaling molecule mediating the tissue effects of IL-13. Signaling cascades involving MAPKs have been linked to inflammation and remodeling. We hypothesized that MAPKs play critical roles in effector responses induced by IL-13 in the lung. We found that Tg IL-13 expression in the lung led to potent activation of ERK1/2 but not JNK1/2 or p38. ERK1/2 activation also occurred in mice with null mutations of STAT6. Systemic administration of the MAPK/ERK kinase 1 (MEK1) inhibitor PD98059 or use of Tg mice in which a dominant-negative MEK1 construct was expressed inhibited IL-13-induced inflammation and alveolar remodeling. There were associated decreases in IL-13-induced chemokines (MIP-1alpha/CCL-3, MIP-1beta/CCL-4, MIP-2/CXCL-1, RANTES/CCL-5), MMP-2, -9, -12, and -14, and cathepsin B and increased levels of alpha1-antitrypsin. IL-13-induced tissue and molecular responses were noted that were equally and differentially dependent on ERK1/2 and STAT6 signaling. Thus, ERK1/2 is activated by IL-13 in the lung in a STAT6-independent manner where it contributes to IL-13-induced inflammation and remodeling and is required for optimal IL-13 stimulation of specific chemokines and proteases as well as the inhibition of specific antiproteases. ERK1/2 regulators may be useful in the treatment of IL-13-induced diseases and disorders.


Despite efforts to develop processes and technologies that enhance software application security, to date, no one has found a "silver-bullet" solution or set of solutions that solve this complex problem - and there don't appear to be any on the horizon. As a result, perhaps researchers and developers should consider a defense-in-depth strategy and determine if it provides a more resilient and cost-effective approach to application security than a single line of defense. The best defense-in-depth strategy for software source and binary code would intertwine application defenses in such a manner that each defensive technique interlocks with and supports all the others. Of necessity, this conceptualization for interlocking defense Would not relieve the development team of the need to maintain best practices for secure software development and software development in general.


Three thousand people, including 500 children, are killed every day on the world's roads. These amounts to 1.2 million deaths a year.In addition more than 50 million people are seriously injured; many are disabled for life. According to WHO reports, the number of road crashes fatalities will increase worldwide by 60% by 2020. Road crashes represent a major social cost to most societies, and their management has thus been a high priority. Efforts in management have been at the levels of both prevention (via education, enforcement and engineering) and cure (via the hospital and insurance systems). A large proportion of road traffic crashes are as a result of road-user behavior and more specifically, crashes occur because of the decisions taken by road users to disobey or break the road rules, commonly referred to as human error. Crashes rates and compliance are inversely related. Law enforcement agencies like the traffic police come up with strategies including use of penalties to ensure road rules are obeyed and compliance improves. Good traffic law enforcement is essential for road safety.The main objective of law enforcement is road safety - achieved by deterring road users from committing offences, which are related to road crashes and injuries. Police activities should primarily serve as deterrence for drivers inclined to commit traffic offences through increasing road users' perception of the risk of being caught. Consistent deterrence strategies, which typically comprise highly visible police or camera activity can bring about lasting changes in road user behavior and, as a consequence, changes in road users' attitudes which reinforce these behavioral changes. It is generally accepted that enforcement influences driving behavior through two processes: general deterrence and specific deterrence. Enforcement of road rules should be aimed primarily at causing general deterrence because then it is not necessary for police to catch and punish road users for them to be encouraged to obey the rules. To result in general deterrence, enforcement should be: accompanied by publicity, unpredictable and difficult to avoid, a mix of highly visible and less visible activities, and continued over a long period of time. Targeted and appropriate legislation that is consistently enforced and well understood by the public is a critical component of successful enforcement. An appropriate penalty system also needs to be in place. In many cases road users do not obey traffic laws and regulations because they do not know them.yet, even when people know the rules they do not obey them.while public education programs are important in informing the general public - especially if new laws and regulations are introduced - enforcement is important if some level of compliance is to be achieved. It should be recognized that not all enforcement should involve punishment. Some enforcement activity can be aimed at offering positive feedback, or reward, or offering education and courses in improved driving, rather than a fine. To maximize the road safety benefit, enforcement should be aimed at road rule violations that have been proven to increase the likelihood or severity of crashes. Safety benefits can be further increased through intelligence led policing. In road rule enforcement, intelligence led policing involves the use of data (for example, data on when and where crashes are occurring, data on severity factors such as not using seatbelts or helmets, or data on causal factors such as speeding or drink driving) to focus enforcement on the times and places that present the greatest risk. 0


There is confusion about how carotid stenosis should be measured on angiograms. If the results of research based on different methods of measurement of stenosis are to be discussed and the results of clinical trials properly applied to routine clinical practice, measurements made by the different methods must be formally compared. Methods The method of measurement of stenosis used in the European Carotid Surgery Trial (ECST), that used in the North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial (NASCET), and a method based on measurement of the common carotid (CC) artery lumen diameter were compared. Carotid stenosis was measured by two observers, working independently and using the three different methods of measurement, on the angiographic view of the symptomatic carotid stenosis that showed the most severe disease in 1001 patients from the ECST. Results The results of using the ECST and CC methods differed from those of using the NASCET method in the classification of stenoses as mild (0% to 29%), moderate (30% to 69%), or severe (70% to 99%) in 51% of measurements. The ECST and CC methods indicated that twice as many stenoses were severe as did the NASCET method, and classified less than a third of the number of stenoses as mild. The results of the ECST and CC methods differed from each other in 15% of measurements. The relations between measurements made by each method to those made by the others were approximately linear, so a simple equation could be derived to convert measurements made by one method to measurements made by the others. Conclusions There were major and clinically important disparities between measurements of stenosis made using different methods of measurement on the same angiograms. However, it is possible to convert measurements made by one method to those of another using a simple arithmetic equation.


Abstract The tuberous root yields of yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) were compared from field trials planted in September, October, and November at four sites (Pukekohe, Hamilton, Lincoln, Mosgiel) across New Zealand. The September plantings gave the highest yields at all sites, with the October plantings giving 17% less yield and the November plantings 61% less. The September planting at Hamilton produced the highest yield of 90 t/ha, Pukekohe 64 t/ha, Lincoln 22 t/ha, and Mosgiel 15 t/ha. Regression analysis established a strong positive relationship between dry root yield and accumulated growing degree days (GDD) below 10°C calculated for base temperatures 0, 6, and 8°C (R2 = 0.87–0.88). Regression analysis R2 values declined above 10°C. Dry root yields were high where heat accumulation was at least 1800 GDD8 for the growing season with c. 1 t/ha of dried roots being produced for every additional 100 GDD8 above 1200 degree days. This relationship helps to identify suitable production environments for yacon. Best root production also needs an undefined level of cool temperatures as at the warmest site crown production was favoured. Total fructo‐oligosaccharide (FOS) content of the yacon roots varied from 48.2% to 67.5%. November yacon had the lowest FOS content and conversely the highest content of non‐FOS carbohydrates.