Claims that climate change will shape the future of global migration are continuously being made in academia as well as popular and policy circles. This paper questions the empirical basis for such claims, drawing on a critical review of 13 case studies of environmentally induced migration in the Sahel and the wider migration and development literature. It highlights some of the conceptual and methodological flaws that recur in many of these studies. First, their terminology is often confused, with concepts such as environment and climate, change and variability being conflated. Second, some do not acknowledge the extreme climate variability and unstable environments that are the norm for many Sahelian people; in this context, mobility can be a successful coping mechanism, potentially reducing environmental stress. Third, the paper criticises the use of static push-pull frameworks which suggest that migrants are being 'pushed out' of marginal and degraded environments, neglecting the intertwined environmental, political, economic and cultural factors. Fourth, the paper highlights flaws in the sampling and questionnaires used, particularly in some of the more recent studies. In conclusion, the paper calls for more open research that explores the complex inter-relationship between environmental factors and mobility rather than starting from the assumption of a simplistic causal relationship.


Vertical incidence GeSn/Ge multiquantum well (MQW) pin photodetectors on Si substrates were fabricated with a Sn concentration of 7%. The epitaxial structure was grown with a special low temperature molecular beam epitaxy process. The Ge barrier in the GeSn/Ge MQW was kept constant at 10 nm. The well width was varied between 6 and 12 nm. The GeSn/Ge MQW structures were grown pseudomorphically with the in-plane lattice constant of the Ge virtual substrate. The absorption edge shifts to longer wavelengths with thicker QWs in agreement with expectations from smaller quantization energies for the thicker QWs.


According to the amyloid
cascade hypothesis, accumulation of beta-amyloid (Aβ) peptides initiates the
pathological cascade in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Early in the disease process,
before clinical symptoms, an increase in Aβ concentrations leads to formation
of toxic Aβ oligomers. These oligomers drive the neurodegeneration in AD brain.
An important therapeutic strategy is to lower Aβ concentration in the CNS.
Theoretically, this can prevent all subsequent pathological processes.

Aβ is the final product of sequential proteolytic cleavages of the precursor
protein APP. The drug effects on the individual pathways of APP processing are
hard to predict, because these are regulated by a complex biochemical network.
In this research, a 'systems pharmacology' approach was applied, integrating
available knowledge of biology and pharmacology of system reactions into
mathematical models.

The APP-system-pharmacology-model provides important information about the APP
processing pathways: (i) Aβ production inhibition leads to a relatively greater
decrease in Aβ oligomers compared to monomers (ii) dissociation of oligomers
contributes to the drug effect; (iii) Aβ42 is the major Aβ variant that
contributes to the oligomer pool; (iv) inhibition of the enzyme GS stimulates
alternative processing of APP by feedback.

The APP-system-pharmacology-model can be of value in development of therapeutic
interventions for AD.


The structural performance of old stone-masonry bridges is examined by studying such structures located at the North-West of Greece, declared cultural heritage structures. A discussion of their structural system is included, which is linked with specific construction details. The dynamic characteristics of four stone bridges, obtained by temporary in situ instrumentation, are presented together with the mechanical properties of their masonry constituents. The basic assumptions of relatively simple three-dimensional (3-D) numerical simulations of the dynamic response of such old stone bridges are discussed based on all selected information. The results of these numerical simulations are presented and compared with the measured response obtained from the in situ experimental campaigns. The seismic response of one such bridge is studied subsequently in some detail as predicted from the linear numerical simulations under combined dead load and seismic action. The performance of the same bridge is also examined applying 3-D non-linear numerical simulations with the results used to discuss the structural performance of stone-masonry bridges that either collapsed or may be vulnerable to future structural failure. Issues that influence the structural integrity of such bridges are discussed combined with the results of the numerical and in situ investigation. Finally, a brief discussion of maintenance issues is also presented.


Blending of polymers can create new materials with a broad spectrum of physicochemical properties and therefore can be used for a wide range of applications. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of blend composition on physicochemical properties of blends, prepared from natural rubber (NR) and linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE). In this study, a series of blends was formulated varying NR to LLDPE weight ratio, from 100:0 to 20:80, at intervals of 10 w/w% of each. The blends were prepared with and without diallyl malateas as the compatibilizing agent. The blends were prepared using a Brabender Plasticorder by melt mixing at a temperature of 160 ˚C, and at a rotor speed of 60 rpm. Dicumyl peroxide was used as the vulcanizing agent, and vulcanizates were prepared using a hydraulic press operated at a temperature of 150 ˚C.  The morphology of the blends was studied by means of a reflected light microscope. Swelling properties of the blends were studied by equilibrium swelling method for 7 days at room temperature using toluene and xylene as solvents. Physical and chemical properties were determined according to ASTM standards. Tear strength and modulus at 300% elongation of NR/LLDPE blends at every composition were greater than those of NR containing compound prepared without LLDPE. When tensile properties of the blends are concerned, they decreased with increase in LLDPE loading. However, the blends with LLDPE loading from 10 w/w% up to 40 w/w% showed higher tensile properties than those of NR compound. Hardness of the blends increased with increase in LLDPE loading. The reactive blends prepared with the compatibilizer showed improved physical properties compared to simple blends, prepared without the compatibilizer. Solvent resistance increased with increase in LLDPE loading, and further, the resistance was greater for the compatibilized blends at each composition. The lowest solvent resistance showed with NR. The microscopic image of a simple NR/LLDPE blend, at a specific blend composition, illustrated relatively large agglomerants of LLDPE phase and void at the interface. Reactive NR/LLDPE blend at the same composition illustrated small LLDPE agglomerants uniformly distributed with NR phase. Blends with different properties required for different applications could be obtained by varying the blend composition. The enhanced properties of the reactive blends prepared with diallyl malateas suggest its activity as a good compatibilizer for NR/LLDPE blends.


Daylighting has a very effective role in reducing power consumption and improving indoor environments in office buildings. Previously, it was not under consideration as a major source of renewable energy due to poor reliability in the design. Optical fiber as a transmission medium in the daylighting system demands uniform distribution of light to solve cost, heat, and efficiency issues. Therefore, this study focuses on the uniform distribution of sunlight through the fiber bundle and to the interior of the building. To this end, two efficient approaches for the fiber-based daylighting system are presented. The first approach consists of a parabolic mirror, and the second approach contains a Fresnel lens. Sunlight is captured, guided, and distributed through the concentrator, optical fibers, and lenses, respectively. At the capturing stage, uniform illumination solves the heat problem, which has critical importance in making the system cost-effective by introducing plastic optical fibers. The efficiency of the system is increased by collimated light, which helps to insert maximum light into the optical fibers. Furthermore, we find that the hybrid system of combining sunlight and light emitting diode light gives better illumination levels than that of traditional lighting systems. Simulation and experimental results have shown that the efficiency of the system is better than previous fiber-based daylighting systems.


We present a so-called no-copy Application Programming Interface (API) for communication. The interface avoids copying when data is transferred between the application and operating system kernel address spaces. The API is an extension to the socket interface for SunOS, and has been implemented on Sun SPARCstations equipped with Fore Systems ATM adapters.

Throughput for the no-copy API is 85 Mbit/s for 8K UDP messages, to be compared to 57 Mbit/s for the regular API on the SPARCstation 2. Processing times through the TCP and UDP stacks are reduced by up to 30% for the SPARCstation 2 and by more than 50% for the SPARCstation 10.


Guided wave tomography offers a quantitative and very robust way of monitoring corrosion in planar structures. We explore here different tomography algorithms and compare their performances to reconstruct an extended area of corrosion (represented by a continuous thickness reduction) in an aluminum plate. These studies are performed on both experimental and simulated data. Simple tomography algorithms, such as SART, are based on a straight ray propagation assumption and requires the determination of the time of flight between all the couples of the sensor's distribution around the monitored area. However, in practice, refraction caused by the defect must be taken into account which is done by allowing a curvature of the rays (bent-ray algorithm). A recent algorithm, called HARBUT, can deal with the diffraction phenomena, but requires not only the time of flight but the whole signal between the different couples of transducers. The range of validity of these imaging algorithms (e.g. with respect to Born approximation) are explored using simulations performed with a spectral finite element formulation offered within CIVA simulation platform developed at CEA. Practical recommendations are given on the inspection intervals, based on the expected corrosion increasing rate, in order to maximize the quality of the reconstruction. Tomographic reconstructions based on experimental results are also presented.


One of the concerns regarding the common use of genetically modifi ed (GM) feed in animal nutrition is that transgenic sequences may have a negative effect on the organism or (and) its cells. The present report assesses the genotoxic potential effect of a diet containing GM triticale on mice by using micronuclei test and comet assay. One group of mice (C57 Bl/6J strain) were fed continuously over fi ve generations a pelleted diet containing 20% of GM triticale (tolerant to phosphinothricine) grain, while the control group was fed pellets with 20% conventional triticale grain. Ten 91-days-old mice (fi ve females and fi ve males) were randomly selected from each group and each generation for micronuclei test in bone marrow and peripheral blood erythrocytes and the some number of mice was used for comet assay. The results obtained did not reveal any statistically signifi cant differences in the micronuclei frequency nor any other DNA damage between the control and experimental groups of mice in all fi ve generations. Thus, it seems evident that the diet containing GM triticale (with bar transgene) does not induce chromosome damage, nor has it any effect on the formation of DNA breaks or base lesions.


The Web services and service-oriented architectures (SOA) vision by Helland, P. (2005) is about building large-scale distributed applications by composing coarse-grained autonomous services in a flexible architecture that can adapt to changing business requirements. These services interact by exchanging one-way messages through standardized message processing and transport protocols. This vision is being driven by economic imperatives for integration and automation across administrative and organizational boundaries. This paper presents a concise yet expressive model for service contracts to describe messaging behavior. The idea is simple: we use Boolean conditions to specify when a message can be sent and received, where the conditions refer only to other messages in the service contract - that is, conditions only refer to a service's externalized messaging state and not to internal state


Membranes are of increasing interest for the removal of human enteric viruses from wastewater, especially when the goal of treatment is reuse. Limited work has been undertaken on fundamental issues such as aggregation and the role of electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions, as opposed to the sieving of viruses by membranes. One apparently critical factor would be the iso-electric point (pI) of a virus. As an example of a worst-case model virus, the retention of bacteriophage MS-2 was investigated using hydrophobic (GVHP) and hydrophilic (GVWP) 0.22 μm MF membranes at different pH levels and with different salts. High retention levels were measured at the iso-electric point of MS-2, pH 3.9 (5 log retention) and pH 7 (4.3 log retention) in the presence of salts and with a hydrophobic membrane. When retention was compared on a hydrophilic membrane, it was clear that hydrophobic interactions dominated virus retention, and this was improved by salt, presumably causing reduction of the Gouy double-layer when MS-2 was charged (pH 7). This paper shows that knowledge of the adsorption characteristics of viruses and the suspending conditions are important to predict removal of viruses by hydrophobic MF membranes, and discusses some of the practical implications of these important hydrophobic interactions.


We find strong evidence of a funding risk premium in the cross-section of asset returns. Our estimate for the price of funding risk is robust across Treasury bonds, corporate bonds, equities, and hedge funds. Funding shocks pose a risk to investors because they exacerbate the illiquidity and volatility of securities, increase the dispersions of asset illiquidity and volatility, and decrease contemporaneous returns. Our price-of-risk estimates are also robust to using mimicking portfolio returns, alternative portfolio sorts, traditional test assets, monthly returns or quarterly returns. Funding shocks are not subsumed by common proxies for market-wide illiquidity or dealers' balance sheet risk.


This paper introduces a newly developed automatic classification system for wedge tightness inside the generator by applying support vector machine (SVM) classifier. The automatic classifying system for wedge tightness of the generator consists of 4 parts including data collection, preprocessing, feature extraction, and classification. Machine learning algorithm called SVM is used with the linear and radial basis function (RBF) classifier. Each input feature is extracted in different ways to evaluate the performance of classification. The evaluation is completed by using a 10- fold cross validation technique to provide high accuracy and a low number of False Negatives (FN). By applying the proposed system, the number of tightness and looseness inside wedge generator can be classified. Based on the classification results, the signals extracted in the frequency domain gives the best performance among the time domain and the frequency domain. This paper shows that the automatic classifying method has a high potential to identify the wedge tightness inside the generator.


Abstract. In order to provide probabilistic projections of the future evolution of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), we calibrated a simple Stommel-type box model to emulate the output of fully coupled three-dimensional atmosphere-ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs) of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP). Based on this calibration to idealised global warming scenarios with and without interactive atmosphere-ocean fluxes and freshwater perturbation simulations, we project the future evolution of the AMOC mean strength within the covered calibration range for the lower two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) until 2100 obtained from the reduced complexity carbon cycle-climate model MAGICC 6. For RCP3-PD with a global mean temperature median below 1.0 °C warming relative to the year 2000, we project an ensemble median weakening of up to 11% compared to 22% under RCP4.5 with a warming median up to 1.9 °C over the 21st century. Additional Greenland meltwater of 10 and 20 cm of global sea-level rise equivalent further weakens the AMOC by about 4.5 and 10%, respectively. By combining our outcome with a multi-model sea-level rise study we project a dynamic sea-level rise along the New York City coastline of 4 cm for the RCP3-PD and of 8 cm for the RCP4.5 scenario over the 21st century. We estimate the total steric and dynamic sea-level rise for New York City to be about 24 cm until 2100 for the RCP3-PD scenario, which can hold as a lower bound for sea-level rise projections in this region, as it does not include ice sheet and mountain glacier contributions.


The perhalogenated closo-dodecaborate dianions [B12X12] 2 (X = H, F, Cl, Br, I) are three-dimensional counterparts to the two-dimensional aromatics C6X6 (X = H, F, Cl, Br, I). Whereas oxidation of the parent compounds [B12H12] 2 and benzene does not lead to isolable radicals, the perhalogenated analogues can be oxidized by chemical or electrochemical methods to give stable radicals. The chemical oxidation of the closo-dodecaborate dianions [B12X12] 2 with the strong oxidizer AsF5 in liquid sulfur dioxide (lSO2) yielded the corresponding radical anions [B12X12] · (X = F, Cl, Br). The presence of radical ions was proven by EPR and UV/Vis spectroscopy and supported by quantum chemical calculations. Use of an excess amount of the oxidizing agent allowed the synthesis of the neutral perhalogenated hypercloso-boranes B12X12 (X = Cl, Br). These compounds were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction of dark blue B12Cl12 and [Na(SO2)6][B12Br12]·B12Br12. Sublimation of the crude reaction products that contained B12X12 (X = Cl, Br) resulted in pure dark blue B12Cl12 or decomposition to red B9Br9, respectively. The energetics of the oxidation processes in the gas phase were calculated by DFT methods at the PBE0/def2-TZVPP level of theory. They revealed the trend of increasing ionization potentials of the [B12X12] 2 dianions by going from fluorine to bromine as halogen substituent. The oxidation of all [B12X12] 2 dianions was also studied in the gas phase by mass spectrometry in an ion trap. The electrochemical oxidation of the closo-dodecaborate dianions [B12X12] 2 (X = F, Cl, Br, I) by cyclic and Osteryoung square-wave voltammetry in liquid sulfur dioxide or acetonitrile showed very good agreement with quantum chemical calculations in the gas phase. For [B12X12] 2 (X = F, Cl, Br) the first and second oxidation processes are detected. Whereas the first process is quasi-reversible (with oxidation potentials in the range between + 1.68 and + 2.29 V (lSO2, versus ferrocene/ferrocenium (Fc 0/ ))), the second process is irreversible (with oxidation potentials ranging from + 2.63 to + 2.71 V (lSO2, versus Fc 0/ )). [B12I12] 2 showed a complex oxidation behavior in cyclic voltammetry experiments, presumably owing to decomposition of the cluster anion under release of iodide, which also explains the failure to isolate the respective radical by chemical oxi-


High-temperature geochemistry combined with igneous petrology is an essential tool to infer the conditions of magma generation and evolution in the Earth's interior. During the past thirty years, a large number of geochemical models of the Earth, essentially inferred from the isotopic composition of basaltic rocks, have been proposed. These geochemical models have paid little attention to basic physics concepts, broadband seismology, or geological evidence, with the effect of producing results that are constrained more by assumptions than by data or first principles. This may not be evident to seismologists and geodynamicists.
A common view in igneous petrology, seismology, and mantle modeling is that isotope geochemistry (e.g., the Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd, U-Th-Pb, U-Th-He, Re-Os, Lu-Hf, and other less commonly used systems) has the power to identify physical regions in the mantle, their depths, their rheological behavior, and the thermal conditions of magma generation. We demonstrate the fallacy of this approach and the model-dependent conclusions that emerge from unconstrained or poorly constrained geochemical models that do not consider physics, seismology (other than teleseismic travel-time tomography and particularly compelling colored mantle cross sections), and geology.
Our view may be compared with computer printers. These can reproduce the entire range of colors using a limited number of basic colors (black, magenta, yellow, and cyan). Similarly, the isotopic composition of oceanic basalts and nearly all their primitive continental counterparts can be expressed in terms of a few mantle end members. The four most important (actually "most extreme", because some are extraordinarily rare) mantle end members identified by isotope geochemists are DMM or DUM (depleted MORB [mid-ocean-ridge basalt] mantle or depleted upper mantle), HIMU (high mu, where mu = μ = ^(238)U/^(204)Pb), EMI, and EMII (enriched mantle type I and type II). Other mantle end members, or components, have been proposed in the geochemical literature (e.g., PHeM, FOZO, LVC, PreMa, EMIII, CMR, LOMU, and C), but these can be considered to be less extreme components or mixtures in the geochemical mantle zoo.
Assuming the existence of these extreme "colors" in the mantle isotopic printer, the only matter for debate is their location in the Earth's interior. At least three of them need long-term insulation from convection-driven homogenization or mixing processes. In other words, where these extreme isotopic end members are located needs to be defined. In our view, no geochemical, geological, geophysical, or physical arguments require the derivation of any magma from deep mantle sources. Arguments to the contrary are assumption based. The HIMU, EMI, and EMII end members can be entirely located in the shallow non-convecting volume of the mantle, while the fourth, which is by far the more abundant volumetrically (DMM or DUM), can reside in the transition zone.
This view is inverted compared with current canonical geochemical views of the Earth's mantle, where the shallowest portions are assumed to be DMM like (ambient mantle) and the EMI-EMII-HIMU end members are assumed to be isolated, located in the deep mantle, and associated with thermal anomalies. We argue that the ancient, depleted signatures of DMM imply long-term isolation from recycling and crustal contamination while the enriched components are not free of contamination by shallow materials and can therefore be shallow.


The idea of America as politically polarized—that there is an unbridgeable divide between right and left, red and blue states—has become a cliche. What commentators miss, however, is that increasing polarization in recent decades has been closely accompanied by fundamental social and economic changes—most notably, a parallel rise in income inequality. In Polarized America, Nolan McCarty, Keith Poole, and Howard Rosenthal examine the relationships of polarization, wealth disparity, immigration, and other forces, characterizing it as a dance of give and take and back and forth causality. Using NOMINATE (a quantitative procedure that, like interest group ratings, scores politicians on the basis of their roll call voting records) to measure polarization in Congress and public opinion, census data and Federal Election Commission finance records to measure polarization among the public, the authors find that polarization and income inequality fell in tandem from 1913 to 1957 and rose together dramatically from 1977 on; they trace a parallel rise in immigration beginning in the 1970s. They show that Republicans have moved right, away from redistributive policies that would reduce income inequality. Immigration, meanwhile, has facilitated the move to the right: non-citizens, a larger share of the population and disproportionately poor, cannot vote; thus there is less political pressure from the bottom for redistribution than there is from the top against it. In "the choreography of American politics" inequality feeds directly into political polarization, and polarization in turn creates policies that further increase inequality.


Although the source of embryonic stem (ES) cells presents ethical concerns, their use may lead to many clinical benefits if differentiated cell types can be derived from them and used to assemble functional organs. In pancreas, insulin is produced and secreted by specialized structures, islets of Langerhans. Diabetes, which affects 16 million people in the United States, results from abnormal function of pancreatic islets. We have generated cells expressing insulin and other pancreatic endocrine hormones from mouse ES cells. The cells self-assemble to form three-dimensional clusters similar in topology to normal pancreatic islets where pancreatic cell types are in close association with neurons. Glucose triggers insulin release from these cell clusters by mechanisms similar to those employed in vivo. When injected into diabetic mice, the insulin-producing cells undergo rapid vascularization and maintain a clustered, islet-like organization.


Fine-grained categories that largely share the same set of parts cannot be discriminated based on part information alone, as they mostly differ in the way the local parts relate to the overall global structure of the object. We propose Relational Proxies, a novel approach that leverages the relational information between the global and local views of an object for encoding its semantic label. Starting with a rigorous formalization of the notion of distinguishability between fine-grained categories, we prove the necessary and sufficient conditions that a model must satisfy in order to learn the underlying decision boundaries in the fine-grained setting. We design Relational Proxies based on our theoretical findings and evaluate it on seven challenging fine-grained benchmark datasets and achieve state-of-the-art results on all of them, surpassing the performance of all existing works with a margin exceeding 4% in some cases. We also experimentally validate our theory on fine-grained distinguishability and obtain consistent results across multiple benchmarks. Implementation is available at https://github.com/abhrac/relational-proxies.


Most likely, the red deer Cervus elaphus of the Mesola Wood (about 1000 ha; NE Italy) are the only native red deer of peninsular Italy and are a national conservation priority. This population shows morphological and genetic peculiarities and is threatened because of its very small distribution range, low numbers, reduced genetic variability and interspecific competition with allochtonous fallow deer Dama dama . In this paper an assessment is provided of red deer numbers and of relative densities of fallow deer, to evaluate the effects of conservation actions during the last 15 years (e.g. culling of fallow deer, supplementary feeding) on the status of the former. Between July and October 2010, 148 red deer were counted, with a balanced sex-ratio. Red deer productivity was low: the birth rate in 2010 was 0.28 and the post-winter-recruitment in 2011 was 0.21 calves/adult female. Apart from calves, yearlings were about 10% of individuals, in both sexes. Red deer were concentrated in the small (ca. 100 ha) sector of the study area where supplementary feeding is provided. By contrast, fallow deer showed a greater productivity (0.52 fawns/female) and a relatively more homogeneous distribution in the study area than the red deer. In the last decade, the Mesola red deer have more than doubled, suggesting the favourable effect of management measures on their conservation status. The gradual decline of both productivity and the annual finite rate of increase may indicate that the population is close to the carrying capacity of the Reserve. Present numbers would allow the use of 20-40 individuals to found at least 1 new population in a suitable area. The culling of fallow deer should go on to decrease the impact of this deer on natural food resources of red deer and to reduce the dependence of the latter from supplementary feeding.


Antibiotic resistance continues to increase in the United States and has become a serious health problem, even though physicians are writing fewer prescriptions for them. Experts said at the launch of the latest data on use and effectiveness of antibiotics in the US that the cultural norm of antibiotic stewardship needed to change.

More US citizens die of MRSA (methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus) than HIV infection but few people are aware of that, Ramanan Laxminarayan, director of the Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics and Policy, said when launching the redesigned and updated ResistanceMap report on 13 November.

Antibiotic resistance was affecting every doctor's practice, Henry Chambers, chief of infectious disease at San Francisco General Hospital, added. You could treat a common Escherichia coli urinary tract infection with fluoroquinolones …


This is a book about social theory and its application to research in the field of education. Many books on theory are written by academics who are familiar with their selected theories from the outset, and confident in their application, a confidence that has been developed through familiarity and practice. This book, on the other hand, offers a picture of experience from another, much more common perspective: that of the researcher new to a theory, and unused to its application. This is the key purpose and rationale of this book: to guide the reader by example and case studies, which are often grounded in the fresh discovery of others' theories. We think that this standpoint is important because it is often at that moment of understanding, the epiphany of realisation, that the excitement of academic work is generated. This exhilaration is often what motivates and inspires researchers, keeping them returning to texts and notebooks to discover more. There's nothing quite like the first successful engagement with 'difficult' theory to make one feel scholarly, and to make substantial our hitherto tentative thinking.

This book offers an in-depth analysis of the processes and procedures of assimilating and applying theories to educational research design, methods and data using actual case studies as examples, written by the authors of those studies. The book does not attempt to provide biographies of important theoreticians, nor replicate a canon of significant theories, nor does it offer a comprehensive summary of contemporary theories relevant to education. On the contrary, it captures the voices of researchers from the field and their experiences of applying theory, sometimes in an ad hoc or tentative manner. These accounts are more akin, we believe, to the reality in education research for the beginner or novice researcher who is attempting to navigate the vast and complex field of social theory application.

Many frequently used theorists can be found in these pages. For example: Bourdieu, Butler, Foucault and Stenhouse and many others appear, and aspects of their work are discussed in some detail, as the theories arose in the design of the contributors' research questions and projects or simple as they encountered them. This method of witnessing 'theory in action' does, we believe, offer an insight that is relevant to those new to research or coming across these theories for the first time.


This study explores the ways that firefighters' utilize multimodal literacy practices to construct and communicate knowledge in environments where risk is present. Specifically, this dissertation sketches the interrelationships between alphabetic, aural, cognitive, gestural, kinesthetic, oral, tactile, spatial, and visual genres which evolve and circulate within embodied, analog, and digital media on firegrounds. A heuristic research methodology was constructed by borrowing and adapting components from extant multimodal and digital ethnography, community-based research, and writing activity and genre research. Using a range of emergent digital research methods, data was captured during six observational periods wherein 75 participants engaged in live-fire training activities; supplemental data was collected 16 participants who volunteered to discuss their practices during open-interviews. Data was analyzed using a framework that triangulated multimodal theory, writing, activity, and genre research, and rhetorical theory and included tools such as genre ecology mapping and rhetorical analysis. Analysis suggested that (1) firefighters leverage a wide array of literacy practices drawing from a full range of semiotic resources to construct communicative and mediational genres; (2) firefighters of different rank have access distinct genres and genre assemblages; (3) firefighters uses of multimodal genres were agentive, interpenetrated, pathos laden, and richly layered.


The Austrian Ministry of Education began the Leadership Academy in 2004 to enhance the innovative capacities of educational leadership on all levels of the school system. The professional development in this academy comes alive through generations. Each generation is composed of 250 to 300 participants from the educational system; these participants come from all provinces (Bundesländer) and school types and include ministry and regional education authorities (e.g. inspectorate) and higher education institutions for teacher education. This ensures that a systemic effect on change and transformation is possible and that the "whole system" is involved in a joint learning process. The Leadership Academy is designed in compliance with learning organisation principles and cooperates closely with responsible decision makers in the ministry. The Leadership Academy functions as a project organisation and is comprised of generations that form a nationwide network of change agents after graduation. The participants must complete a leadership programme, which consists of four forums. At each forum, all the participants from the respective generation meet at the Alpbach Congress Centre in the Austrian Alps. Between the forums, individual school-based project work and intensive exchanges within professional learning communities are emphasised. Participants graduate from the Leadership Academy during the fourth forum.


This report briefly summarizes 13 articles in this dedicated supplement to Cancer documenting the full implementation and evaluation of CDC's Colorectal Cancer Screening Demonstration Program (CRCSDP). The supplement includes 3 articles that describe clinical and quality outcomes; 2 articles that describe programmatic and clinical costs; 3 that were based on a multiple case study, using qualitative methods to describe the overall implementation experience of this initiative; and 4 articles written by and about individual program sites. The comprehensive, multi‐methods evaluation conducted alongside the program produced many important lessons regarding the design, start‐up, and implementation of colorectal cancer screening in this high‐need population, and paved the way for the CDC to establish a larger, population‐based colorectal cancer control initiative, broadly aligned with expectations of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act through its population‐based emphasis on using a health systems approach to increase colorectal cancer screening. Cancer 2013;119(15 suppl):2817–9. © 2013 American Cancer Society.


We propose a method to structurally estimate the deterministic component of bidder valuations in FCC spectrum auctions, and apply it to the 1995–1996 C block auction. We base estimation on a pairwise stability condition: two bidders cannot exchange two licenses in a way that increases the sum of their valuations. Pairwise stability holds in some theoretical models of simultaneous ascending auctions under intimidatory collusion and demand reduction. Pairwise stability results in a matching game approach to estimation. We find that a system of four large regional licenses would raise the allocative efficiency of the C block outcome by 48 percent. (JEL D44, D45, H82, L82)


The global economic and environmental crisis is creating momentum for designers to challenge the current "linear economy" based on a take-make-waste model, and explore strategies, services and systems inspired by new ethics of sustainability. Within this arena, textile artisanship is becoming an interesting opportunity for opening up resilient micro-enterprises, addressing the disruptive challenges posed by future trends (e.g. slow consumption, alternative economies, redistributed manufacturing, flexible production, circular economy, advanced artisanship, design entrepreneurship and enabling ecosystems). In particular, this research is focused on textile artisans' communities, bottom-up and human-centred aggregations engaged in giving form and meaning to local natural fibres, by hands or by directly controlling mechanised and digital tools, and managing the process of making culturally and socially significant apparel. With this in mind, a theoretical framework has been developed, outlining barriers, enablers and a sustainable manifesto for textile artisans' communities. Service design is here proposed as a key approach within this scenario, due to its user-centric, relational and systemic strength to co-create tangible and intangible value towards holistic sustainability. Using service design methods, participatory action research will be pursued to empower artisans' communities, co-design collaborative services and scale up innovations within an enabling ecosystem. The overall aim of this research is to explore how service design can encourage textile artisans' communities towards a sustainable future, providing social engagement, rescuing cultural heritage, boosting economic development and enhancing environmental stewardship.


The aim of this study was to determine the pupils' and teachers' perceptions on ebook utilization for teaching and learning activities. The study was conducted in Setiu, the smallest district located in the state of Terengganu in Malaysia. Utilising a quantitative research design, the study involved Year 5 and Year 6 pupils of a total sample of 138 pupils and 60 teachers who responded to the questionnaire. The semistructured interviews were also being carried out with the pupils, the teachers and the Executive Information Officers (EIO) to triangulate the results of this study. The most interesting part of this study is that the pupils were found to use the e-book for playing computer games. It was because they were not fully exposed to the real purpose of e- Book that is to search for useful information using it. The digitalize version of primary textbook also did not exceed it fullest utilization due of the technical obstacle appeared during the implementation. The finding also revealed that a medium level of e-Book utilization among the teachers in schools. It is hoped that the teachers are given further exposure to the e-Book contents and a proper in house courses in their school can be apply so that all teachers have a better guide on the utilization. This study also suggests that parents should be expose to content of e-Book and the use of it. Short courses or briefing from schools can be done so that parents can do their part in implementing a maximize usage of e Book. It is also suggested that Executive information Officer gives maintenance courses to the pupils continously as prevention measures t o avoid further damaged e-Books. Keywords: computer, pupils, Information Communication Technology, perceive the ease of use, perceive pf usefulnes, teaching and learning,education.


The association between two variables is often of interest in data analysis and methodological research. Pearson's, Spearman's and Kendall's correlation coefficients are the most commonly used measures of monotone association, with the latter two usually suggested for non-normally distributed data. These three correlation coefficients can be represented as the differently weighted averages of the same concordance indicators. The weighting used in the Pearson's correlation coefficient could be preferable for reflecting monotone association in some types of continuous and not necessarily bivariate normal data.In this work, I investigate the intrinsic ability of Pearson's, Spearman's and Kendall's correlation coefficients to affect the statistical power of tests for monotone association in continuous data. This investigation is important in many fields including Public Health, since it can lead to guidelines that help save health research resources by reducing the number of inconclusive studies and enabling design of powerful studies with smaller sample sizes.The statistical power can be affected by both the structure of the employed correlation coefficient and type of a test statistic. Hence, I standardize the comparison of the intrinsic properties of the correlation coefficients by using a permutation test that is applicable to all of them. In the simulation study, I consider four types of continuous bivariate distributions composed of pairs of normal, log-normal, double exponential and t distributions. These distributions enable modeling the scenarios with different degrees of violation of normality with respect to skewness and kurtosis.As a result of the simulation study, I demonstrate that the Pearson's correlation coefficient could offer a substantial improvement in statistical power even for distributions with moderate skewness or excess kurtosis. Nonetheless, because of its known sensitivity to outliers, Pearson's correlation leads to a less powerful statistical test for distributions with extreme skewness or excess of kurtosis (where the datasets with outliers are more likely). In conclusion, the results of my investigation indicate that the Pearson's correlation coefficient could have significant advantages for continuous non-normal data which does not have obvious outliers. Thus, the shape of the distribution should not be a sole reason for not using the Pearson product moment correlation coefficient.


We present the results of an integrated field and laboratory investigation of the deformation mechanisms associated with nucleation and development of normal faults across heterogeneously layered Cretaceous carbonates. These results shed a new light on the role of partitioning of failure structures in the fault growth across such a carbonate multi-layer. Structural data show that the oldest structural elements consist of low-angle to bedding pressure solution seams, which formed during burial diagenesis of limestone rocks, such as wackestones, containing a large amount of carbonate mud.Subsequently, we envision that normal fault nucleated due to shearing of these burial-related structures. Continuous slip along the sheared low-angle pressure solution seams localized fault-related dilation in the surrounding stiffer carbonate beds, which mainly consisted of packestones and dolostones. In particular, dilation localized within releasing jogs, as shown by the high frequency of high-angle to bedding splay joints. The splay joints were eventuallysheared during fault development due to fault-related bed tilting.Linkage of the sheared elements originally compartmentalized within individual beds, which were characterized by variable cut-off angles, determined the observed scalloped vertical trace of the through-going normal faults across the carbonate multi-layer.


Models have been inconsistent in their prediction of ice sheet volumes and extent over the Antarctic Peninsula and sub-Antarctic islands during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), and their contribution to sea level rise during subsequent deglaciation remains uncertain. The use of precise relative sea level (RSL) data offers great potential for inferring regional ice sheet histories, as well as helping to validate numerical models predicting future ice sheet evolution and RSL change. This thesis aims to elucidate the RSL history of the South Shetland Islands (SSIs), a sub-Antarctic archipelago peripheral to the northern Antarctic Peninsula ice sheet, by integrating evidence from isolation basins with geomorphological evidence from raised beaches. This will extend the only previously reported RSL curve from the area (Bentley et al., 2005a), which reveals a complex but poorly chronologically constrained RSL history. In addition, this work also aims to improve the understanding of the long-term tectonic influence on RSL change.

Sediment cores were taken from five lakes on Fildes Peninsula, King George Island (eastern SSIs) at a range of altitudes above present sea level. Diatom, stable isotope (δ13C) and physical analyses of sediments revealed clear marine-lacustrine transitions in lakes below 16 m above mean sea level (amsl), with no marine signal above this altitude. Together with radiocarbon dates from raised beaches, a RSL curve was produced for the last 9500 14C yr BP. This curve shows a mid-Holocene RSL highstand at 15.5 m amsl between ca. 6150 and 6700 14C yr BP, preceded by a period of extremely rapid RSL rise and followed by more gradual RSL fall as a consequence of isostatic uplift in response to regional deglaciation.

In addition, regional GPS surveys of raised beaches were conducted to assess the spatial pattern of glacio-isostatic rebound following deglaciation. The centre of uplift was found to closely coincide with the centre of the LGM ice sheet reconstructed by John and Sugden (1971). Beaches were modelled using polynomial trend surface analysis to constrain the spatial variability of isostatic uplift across the SSIs, which has enabled the regional extrapolation of the RSL curve across the archipelago. Finally, two independent approaches were taken to constrain the long-term tectonic uplift rate of the SSIs as 0.22-0.48 m/ka. Tectonic uplift contributes between 1.4 and 2.9 m to the reconstructed RSL highstand.


AIMS
Chronotropic incompetence, an attenuated heart rate (HR) response to exercise, is an independent predictor of cardiovascular mortality, but it is not known whether chronotropic incompetence is related to carotid atherosclerosis. The association between chronotropic incompetence and carotid atherosclerosis in 8567 (age 47.6+/-8.8 years) healthy men was examined.

METHODS AND RESULTS
Chronotropic incompetence was defined as the failure to achieve 85% of the age-predicted maximal HR (APMHR), <80% HR reserve (HRR), and chronotropic response index (CRI). Carotid atherosclerosis was defined, using B-mode ultrasonography, as stenosis >25% and/or intima-media thickness (IMT) of >1.2 mm. In multivariable adjusted logistic regression models, the subjects who achieved less than 85% of APMHR exhibited an odds ratio (OR) of 1.72 [95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.32-2.22] for carotid atherosclerosis. Subjects with <80% of HRR were 1.45 (95% CI: 1.14-1.84) times more likely to have carotid atherosclerosis after multivariate adjustment. Also, the OR of carotid atherosclerosis across quartiles of CRI (highest to lowest) was 1.51 (95% CI: 1.10-2.09) after multivariate adjustment.

CONCLUSION
These results suggest that the chronotropic response to exercise is associated with carotid atherosclerosis, independent of the established risk factors in healthy men, which could contribute to high incidence of cardiovascular diseases in subjects with chronotropic incompetence.


This study was carried out to investigate the properties of Kimchi made with potato as compared to Kimchi made with radish. The pH, acidity, hardness, and number of lactic acid bacteria were examined as properties of the Kimchi to determine the suitability of adding the potato and with focus on the possible duration of storage. First in the case of pH, the storage duration at pH , which is the state for optimal tasting Kimchi, was approximately 10days in the control group, while that of the experimental group was 10 to 16 days, and thus, longer than the control. Second in the case of acidity, representing the maturity of Kimchi, we examined the time it took to reach 0.6% acidity, in which the experimental group took more longer time than the control. Although the experimental group was slower to mature than the control, the period for keeping at the proper pH was longer than that of the control group. Thirdly, in the case of hardness, which relates to softening, the experimental group had remarkably high values. This suggests that the Kimchi in the experimental group had a more rigid texture and more difficultly softening than the control group. Lastly in the case of the number of lactic acid bacteria, which closely relates to the process of fermentation, there were no significant differences. In conclusion, these results indicate that adding potato to Kimchi can extend its storage period.


Since the impeachment of President Clinton, there has been renewed debate over whether Congress can create institutions such as special counsels and independent agencies that restrict the president's control over the administration of the law. Initially, debate centered on whether the Constitution rejected the executive by committee used by the Articles of Confederation in favor of a unitary executive, in which all administrative authority is centralized in the president. More recently, the debate has focused on historical practices. Some scholars suggest that independent agencies and special counsels are such established features of the constitutional landscape that any argument in favor of a unitary executive is foreclosed by established practice. Others, led by Bruce Ackerman, claim that the New Deal represented a constitutional moment that ratified big changes in the distribution of power within the federal government. Still others argue that the added policymaking role of the modern administrative state means Congress ought to be able to impose greater limits on presidential control over the execution of the law. To date, however, a full assessment of the historical record has yet to appear. This Article is part of a larger project offering a comprehensive chronicle of the battles between the president and Congress over control of the administration of federal law. It reviews the period between 1945 and 2004, paying particular attention to the Clinton impeachment and the lapse of the independent-counsel statute. The record shows that presidents from Harry S. Truman through George W. Bush consistently defended the unitariness of the executive branch, vitiating any claim that a custom of allowing congressional incursions on the unitary executive has emerged. In fact, the episodes discussed herein eloquently illustrate both the legal and the normative arguments supporting the unitary executive.


A stochastic model of electric field-driven polarization reversal in orthorhombic ferroelectrics is advanced, providing a description of their temporal electromechanical response. The theory accounts for all possible parallel and sequential switching events. Application of the model to the simultaneous measurements of polarization and strain kinetics in a lead-free orthorhombic (K,Na)NbO3-based ferroelectric ceramic over a wide timescale of 7 orders of magnitude allowed identification of preferable polarization switching paths, fractions of individual switching processes, and their activation fields. Particularly, the analysis revealed substantial contributions of coherent non-180° switching events, which do not cause macroscopic strain and thus mimic 180° switching processes. * Corresponding author: firstname.lastname@example.com


In this article, I argue that, if civil partnership is to persist and marriage remain unchanged, civil partnership must be extended to include opposite-sex couples. I develop my case through an analysis of Andrews J's decision in the High Court in Steinfeld and Keidan v Secretary of State for Education. Firstly, I demonstrate why it matters whether any specific discrimination claim is equality-based or liberty-based. Secondly, I consider immutability or flexibility in meaning of particular status relationships – both civil partnership and marriage. Thirdly, to determine the correctness of the decision in Steinfeld, I examine the ongoing relevance and value of the High Court's earlier decision in Wilkinson v Kitzinger and another (No 2), particularly in light of the ECHR's developing jurisprudence. Fourthly, given its notable absence from Andrews J's judgment, I consider the significance of the nature and justifiability of the public interest in status relationships. I conclude that, whilst an equality-based discrimination claim demands that entitlement to enter into civil partnership be extended to opposite-sex couples, a liberty-based perspective reveals that revisiting the meaning of civil marriage may yet justify denying demands for extending entitlement to entry into civil partnership. Preferring the equality-based approach depends on seeing it as justifiable for the courts, not Parliament, to pursue reform here. Favouring the liberty-based view turns on believing in the transformation of the meaning of marriage by the modernising role for civil marriage.


The transition from peace to war and back again fundamentally alters many legal relationships, whether they are privately ordered through contract or publicly ordered through statutes, common law doctrines, treaties, or even the Constitution. As one would expect from the Vietnam War experience, lawsuits filed by parties, ranging from insurance companies to conscientious objectors, may turn on the question of whether a war may have been lawfully authorized by Congress in the absence of a formal declaration of war. In Part I of this Article, I begin by documenting what is perhaps obvious - that Congress did not declare war against Iraq on January 12, 1991. I agree with Professor Harold Hongju Koh of Yale Law School and his colleagues (whom I call the Koh Signatories), and I disagree with President George H.W. Bush's lawyers in the Department of Justice, that it is a justiciable political question for a federal court to determine whether armed conflict of a certain level or ferocity constitutes war for purposes of the War Clause of the Constitution. To commence warfare on the scale witnessed against Iraq, the President needed to receive a formal declaration of war. He did not. Although there is a category of warfare that the President may initiate without a prior declaration of war, the Persian Gulf War was too mammoth to be characterized as a police action. And although there are cases - poorly reasoned in my view - establishing that Congress may authorize limited war, the Persian Gulf War from its very inception did not fit within this category. Although politically significant, Congress's joint resolutions of January 12, 1991 was a legal nullity, a merely precatory or hortatory gesture. By failing to declare war against Iraq, Congress produced an anomaly in our representative democracy: The Persian Gulf War lacked constitutional legitimacy despite its overwhelming support among the American electorate. Why is Congress more willing to let the country go to war than to declare war? How can the evils of permitting America to wage war be any less that the evils of formally declaring war? In Part II, I argue that, in the interest of enhancing political accountability, Congress should authorize war only through formal declaration. Congress should not be able to implicitly authorize the initiation of war merely by appropriating funds for war purposes. A declaration of war fulfills Congress's representative function because it is more immediately visible to the electorate, less susceptible to ambiguity and disagreement once it is made, and thus more conducive to effective monitoring of the performance of political actors. Further, no legal significance should attach to a joint resolution that members of Congress have represented to be tantamount to a declaration of war. Congress should have a duty to declare war if it favors war and believes that the level of hostilities envisioned requires the President to receive prior congressional authority. It is my purpose in Part II to show that insights into the economics of organization shed light on the genius of the Framers, and counsel us to maintain strict formality in the separation of government functions relating to the decision to go to war. In Part III, I examine the formality of the declaration of war against Japan on December 8, 1941. I show how this brief congressional resolution substantially exceeded the degree of formality required by the letter of the Constitution. The declaration reflected a different, and in my view a superior, conception of the process for the authorization of war than one finds either in the actions of President Bush and Congress in the Iraq crisis or in the recommendations of the Koh Signatories or Professor Stephen L. Carter of Yale Law School. In Part IV, I examine the proposals of Professor Carter and of the Koh Signatories. Although I concede that the prosecution of war could be regulated through either Professor Carter's proposal to use the appropriations process, or through the Koh Signatories' proposal to use the equitable powers of the judiciary to enjoin the President, the degree of political accountability that would correspond to these arrangements would be inferior to that which would accrue under a formal declaration of war. In addition, in Part IV and throughout this Article, I use the circumstances of the Persian Gulf War as an opportunity to assess and to critique the growing body of work on the war powers by Professor John Hart Ely. Although I agree with many of Professor Ely's premises regarding political accountability, I disagree with most of his major conclusions regarding what the Constitution requires, or should require, in matters of war.


This article examines the production and reception  of incidental machine noise, specifically the variably registered sounds emanating  from automata in the eighteenth  and nineteenth  centuries . The  argument proposed here is that the audience for automata performances demonstrated  a capacity to screen out mechanical noise that may have otherwise interfered  with the narrative theatricality of their display. In this regard the audience may be said to resemble auditors at musical performances who learned to suppress the  various noises associated with the physical mechanics of performance, and the faculty  of attention itself. For William James among others, attention demands selection among competing stimuli. As the incidental noise associated with automata disappears from sensibility over time, its capacity to signify in other contexts emerges. In the examples traced here, such noise is a means of distinguishing a specifically etherealised human-machine interaction. This is in sharp distinction from other more degrading forms of relationship such as the sound of bodies labouring at machines. In this regard, the barely detected sound of the automata in operation may be seen as a precursor to the white noise associated with modern, corporate productivity.


Background: U.S. Black women have higher breast cancer mortality rates than White women despite lower incidence. The aim of this study is to investigate how much of the mortality disparity can be attributed to racial differences in natural history, uptake of mammography screening, and use of adjuvant therapy. Methods: Two simulation models use common national race, and age-specific data for incidence, screening and treatment dissemination, stage distributions, survival, and competing mortality from 1975 to 2010. Treatment effectiveness and mammography sensitivity are assumed to be the same for both races. We sequentially substituted Black parameters into the White model to identify parameters that drive the higher mortality for Black women in the current time period. Results: Both models accurately reproduced observed breast cancer incidence, stage and tumor size distributions, and breast cancer mortality for White women. The higher mortality for Black women could be attributed to differences in natural history parameters (26–44%), use of adjuvant therapy (11–19%), and uptake of mammography screening (7–8%), leaving 38% to 46% unexplained. Conclusion: Black women appear to have benefited less from cancer control advances than White women, with a greater race-related gap in the use of adjuvant therapy than screening. However, a greater portion of the disparity in mortality appears to be due to differences in natural history and undetermined factors. Impact: Breast cancer mortality may be reduced substantially by ensuring that Black women receive equal adjuvant treatment and screening as White women. More research on racial variation in breast cancer biology and treatment utilization is needed. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(1); 112–22. ©2011 AACR.


The article explores interactions between digital media and cultural memory in post-Soviet countries by focusing on internet memes related to World War II. It introduces the concept of historical internet memes, which are groups of digital content units associated with a historical event or a personality. The article uses a selection of World War II memes from the online encyclopaedia of Russian web folklore, Lurkomor'e, to draw comparisons between historical and non-historical internet memes. By using a quantifiable approach, it investigates patterns in the origins, methods of dissemination, and functions of historical internet memes, and provides a basic framework for their future study. Finally, the article explores the role of human agency in historical meme-making by focusing on the role of the Lurkomor'e community in the production and dissemination of memes.


Recent observations across the galaxy have led to the conclusion that there exist many different extrasolar systems. Using photometric effects, the amount of data that has been produced on exoplanets has significantly increased and will continue to rise. Finding new methods of data analysis to broaden the spectrum of research has therefore become a necessity. Exonest is an algorithm currently in development that uses Bayesian methods, and notably nested sampling, to infer characteristics about an exoplanet from its observed light curve. In this paper, Exonest was tested by being used to study three extra-solar systems: each containing a single confirmed hot Jupiter (a large planet orbiting close to its host-star). The planets selected for this test were Kepler-428b, Kepler-40b, and Kepler-44b. Three parameters were computed and compared with the published values by NASA: the mass, the radius and the relative orbital inclination of the planet. The values returned by the algorithm are generally in agreement with NASA, which would tend to validate Exonest as a robust and powerful analysis tool. In the case of Kepler-428b, the dayside and nightside temperatures were also determined, although no other estimation of these parameters was available for comparison.


INSIGHTS Canada's military forces have a long history of coming to the aid of civil powers during national emergencies. In every instance, military forces cooperated closely with civil authorities to accomplish necessary tasks. This was also the case during Operation Assistance, when Canadian Forces (CF) gave support to the Manitoba government during the flood of 1997-Canada's "flood of the century." The First Battalion Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry of Calgary, Alberta, deployed to an area of approximately 500 square kilometers south of Winnipeg, Manitoba, north of Grand Forks, North Dakota. The area included five regional municipalities (RMs) each with its own elected rural official (Reeve). Each RM, under the direction of its Reeve, was the lead agency in local operations. All CF units were to support and assist the RMs. The operation provided many lessons learned from aiding civil powers during a natural disaster. Players and Boundaries At the tactical level, the players during the flood crisis included varied groups of government and nongovernment, civilian, and commercial interests. In Manitoba this included the Reeve, his public administrator, the local fire department, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (provincial jurisdiction), the Ministry of Natural Resources, Manitoba Hydro, Manitoba Telephone, Manitoba Highways, Manitoba Emergency Measures Organization (EMO), and the mayors and councils of affected towns. That lines of operation crossed municipal, provincial, and federal jurisdictions quickly became evident. Each agency had its own area of responsibility and coverage, but areas often overlapped, thus increasing the strain on coordination. However, agencies that aligned along municipal boundaries or in congruence with the lead agency found their support efforts simplified and streamlined. The tasks the military were to perform centered on general duties such as filling sandbags, building dikes, or performing rescue, traffic control, or escort duties. Because large urban and county areas would be uninhabited, providing armed security was, at first, viewed as a probable task. However, this did not prove to be necessary. Sufficient police resources were available and were deployed effectively to permit or deny access to controlled areas. To achieve the tasks expected of them, the military organization of company, squadron, and battery, with their inherent mobility, communications, and general-purpose soldiers, proved to be best suited for the tasks that were to be conducted. Military Force Organization During the staff planning process, planners arrived at two options for the organization of military forces in support of civil authorities. Military forces could take a centralized approach in which the unit would control and allocate resources to civil authorities based on the task, or they could take a decentralized approach in which each RM would be assigned a slice of the pie. Situation analysis revealed that a decentralized approach would be best because it best fulfilled the need for simplicity, time, and space; unity of effort; and unity of command and control. Rifle companies "in support." Rifle companies were allocated in support to RMs. Major towns, where dikes had been built before the flood, received as a military point of contact, a liaison officer (LO), who was generally a senior noncommissioned officer. Twining a rifle company with an RM and placing an LO in each town proved to be effective. Civil authorities in each RM and the towns preferred to work with the same commander for all aspects of the operation. Local officials and military commanders developed relationships and dependencies that proved beneficial. Also, military commanders became versed in the nature of the crisis and the needs associated with their RMs and towns. Each RM and town had its own way of fighting the flood and supporting its residents. …


Purpose of review De novo lipogenesis (DNL) is a metabolic process occurring mainly within the liver, in humans. Insulin is a primary signal for promoting DNL; thus, nutritional state is a key determinant for upregulation of the pathway. However, the effects of dietary macronutrient composition on hepatic DNL remain unclear. Nor is it clear if a nutrition-induced increase in DNL results in accumulation of intra-hepatic triglyceride (IHTG); a mechanism often proposed for pathological IHTG. Here, we review the latest evidence surrounding the nutritional regulation of hepatic DNL. Recent findings The role of carbohydrate intake on hepatic DNL regulation has been well studied, with only limited data on the effects of fats and proteins. Overall, increasing carbohydrate intake typically results in an upregulation of DNL, with fructose being more lipogenic than glucose. For fat, it appears that an increased intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids downregulates DNL, whilst, in contrast, an increased dietary protein intake may upregulate DNL. Summary Although DNL is upregulated with high-carbohydrate or mixed-macronutrient meal consumption, the effects of fat and protein remain unclear. Additionally, the effects of different phenotypes (including sex, age, ethnicity, and menopause status) in combination with different diets (enriched in different macronutrients) on hepatic DNL requires elucidation.


This article examines the processes of investigation and gathering evidence about victims of the September 11 attacks to better understand the inability of state and nonstate institutions to effectively deal with the invisibility of undocumented migrants in terms of providing assistance and recognition at a moment of tragedy. The failure to make the invisible visible or to address the very question of visibility publicly is explained by three major reasons: 1) A general fear of coming forward on the part of undocumented migrants or their families, partly as a result of their legal status and their lack of trust in government agencies, which was compounded by ineffective communication about available relief services; 2) different procedural requirements and logics of evidence used by government and nongovernmental relief agencies, which, in some cases, made it impossible for undocumented migrants or their families to provide proof of their presence at the site or employment in the businesses affected; 3) the context of 9/11 as a disruptive event that influenced the overall climate in which issues of victimhood and immigration status could be addressed.


The way in which humans visually comprehend dynamic stimuli is largely unexplored, however, understanding this process is crucial in order to better inform existing eye movement research. Unfortunately, due to the complex nature of dynamic content, it becomes difficult to distinguish which characteristics affect visual attention. In an attempt to identify elements that attract visual attention during dynamic stimuli, the present study used eye tracking technology to examine eye movement data from 37 American participants (mean age = 36.92) collected during the presentation of 34 randomly selected Australian commercials. It was important that novel stimuli were used in this study in order that participants' eye movements were not influenced by prior exposure to the commercials. A content analysis of the visual elements present in each advertisement was conducted to identify characteristics that might impact eye movements. This content analysis resulted in a total of 606 scenes and 2,695 Areas Of Interest (AOIs) that were then further coded for their visual components (i.e., pixel size, color makeup, location, luminosity etc.) across 299 variables (translating into 141,015 fields in the coding database). Two regression analyses were run to identify which visual characteristics captured and/or sustained visual attention. Results revealed that items containing highly relevant visual elements (i.e., faces, products, branding elements), as well as highly salient features (i.e., large size, location, text) were more likely to acquire visual attention. Additionally, except for Faces, Logos and Products, the presence of visual clutter negatively impacted the ability for many AOIs to acquire and/or sustain visual attention. Furthermore, the effect of contrast was a significant predictor of visual attention in dynamic content, as well as AOIs growing in size, moving up or down, or appearing in a centralized location. Results from this study effectively contribute to existing eye movement and advertising effectiveness research and serve as a launch pad for future research using eye tracking with dynamic content.


This study examines neuropsychological impairments associated with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and explores their association with related clinical factors. Sixty-eight women with CFS were assessed with a neuropsychological battery. Raw scores were adjusted for age and gender and were converted to T scores according to normative data extracted from a local sample of 250 healthy subjects. Neuropsychological dysfunction was calculated using summary impairment indexes (proportion of test scores outside normal limits—T score <40—for each cognitive domain). Finally, a linear regression was calculated to identify predictors of cognitive deficit, including intrinsic factors of the disease (level of fatigue and length of illness) and extrinsic factors (emotional factors, age, and education). Approximately 50% of scores showed impairment in attention and motor functioning, and nearly 40% showed impairment in speed information processing and executive functioning. Fatigue predicted attention and executive functioning impairment, and emotional factors predicted verbal memory dysfunction. According to our findings, cognitive dysfunction in CFS could be explained by pathophysiological processes of the disease. One implication of this would be the need to identify homogeneous subgroups of patients with CFS by taking into account common factors, which, in turn, would help to identify more specific cognitive profiles, which could then serve to implement appropriate therapeutic measures accordingly.


Background : Parents who understand early child development are better informed on how to respond to children's needs. They are also in a better position to identify developmental delays as opposed to a parent with less knowledge of child development. Objective : The aim of the review was to systematically appraise quantitative studies to establish the association between knowledge of child development and parenting styles. Methods : A comprehensive search, through databases namely: Ebscohost (Academic search complete, Africa-Wide information, PsychArticles, SocIndex, Cinahl), JStor, Sciencedirect, Springerlink, Pubmed and Sage was conducted in August 2014 for the previous 12 years. The methodological quality of the studies were independently evaluated and reviewed by two reviewers. Results : The findings indicate that there is an association between knowledge of child development and parenting styles. While there is an association it may be more of a moderating factor Conclusion : Future studies may benefit from using other forms of assessment in con-junction with self report assessments.


Recombinant vitronectin-grafted hydrogels were developed by adjusting surface charge of the hydrogels with grafting of poly-l-lysine for optimal culture of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) under xeno- and feeder-free culture conditions, with elasticity regulated by crosslinking time (10-30 kPa), in contrast to conventional recombinant vitronectin coating dishes, which have a fixed stiff surface (3 GPa). hESCs proliferated on the hydrogels for over 10 passages and differentiated into the cells derived from three germ layers indicating the maintenance of pluripotency. hESCs on the hydrogels differentiated into cardiomyocytes under xeno-free culture conditions with much higher efficiency (80% of cTnT+ cells) than those on conventional recombinant vitronectin or Matrigel-coating dishes just only after 12 days of induction. It is important to have an optimal design of cell culture biomaterials where biological cues (recombinant vitronectin) and physical cues (optimal elasticity) are combined for high differentiation of hESCs into specific cell lineages, such as cardiomyocytes, under xeno-free and feeder-free culture conditions.


We present an integrated schedule planning model where the decisions of schedule design, fleeting and pricing are made simultaneously. Pricing is int egrated through a logit demand model where itinerary choice is modeled by defining the utili ties of the alternative itineraries. Utilities are explained with the fare price, departure time and number of stops. Spill and recapture effects are incorporated in the model to better repr esent the demand. For the recapture ratios we use a logit formulation similar to the demand model so that the ratios are determined by the model according to the utilities of the alternatives. Furthermore fare class segmentation is considered in such a way that the model decides the seats allocated to each fare class. To deal with the high complexity of the resulting mixed integer nonlinear problem, we propose a heuristic algorithm based on Lagrangian relaxation and sub-gradient optimization. The study is in the context of a project regarding the design of an innovative air transportation system called Clip-Air which has flexible transportation capacity. In order to quantify the potential advantages of this new system, models are extended to work with Clip-Air fleet and comparative analysis is carried out using a dataset for a major European company. It is observed that, the enhanced flexibility of Clip-Air allows to transport around 1 5% more passengers with the same overall fleet capacity.


Pathogens can acquire high resistance against even the most powerful antibiotics because of the long periods of treatment and high usage of antimicrobial agents. In addition, the severe side effects of commonly used antibiotics can initiate secondary diseases or may lead to death. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been reported to exhibit prokaryotic selectivity and low microbial resistance. Furthermore, AMPs show a good ability to penetrate the cell walls of microorganisms. In this study, a cyclic decapeptide and its linear counterpart were synthesized by a standard solid phase peptide synthesis method (SPPS) in a quantitative yield of the linear decapeptide (97%) and a good yield of the cyclic form (45%). Antibacterial studies were performed using Escherichia coli (a widespread Gram-negative pathogen) and Bacillus thuringiensis as a representative Gram-positive pathogen. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were evaluated by the broth microdilution method. The cyclic peptide and its linear counterpart exhibited MIC values of 0.16 and 0.3 mg/mL, respectively, against Escherichia coli. Against Bacillus thuringiensis, the peptides had the same MIC value of 0.24 mg/mL. Time-kill studies were performed using E. coli, which indicated a fast killing effect of both peptides (≥ 99% of the bacterial cells) after 1 h of incubation using a concentration of two times the MIC value for each peptide. Moreover, bacterial cell viability studies against E. coli carried out using a high bacterial concentration showed that both peptides have a maximum killing effect of more than 80% of the tested bacterial cells.


How does partisan regulation of political markets affect elections? We investigate how the partisan control of ballot format, which is expressly regulated - often to the apparent advantage of incumbents and major parties - in all U.S. states, affects voting. Through the analysis of a unique natural experiment, we focus specifically on the longstanding question of whether the name order of candidates on ballots affects election outcomes. Since 1975, California law has mandated randomizing the ballot order with a lottery. Previous studies, relying overwhelmingly on observational data, have yielded largely conflicting results. Using improved statistical methods, our analysis of statewide elections from 1978 to 2002 reveals that ballot order might have changed the winner in twelve percent of all primary races, including major and minor party races. We propose that all electoral jurisdictions should randomize ballot order to minimize ballot effects, and show that randomization may be substantially more cost-effective at reducing voting bias than currently proposed voting technology reforms.


When trying to represent an environmental process using mathematical models, uncertainty is an integral part of numerical representation. Physically-based parameters are required by such models in order to forecast or make predictions. Typically, when the uncertainty inherent in models is addressed, only aleatory uncertainty (irreducible uncertainty) is considered. This type of uncertainty is amenable to analysis using probability theory. However, uncertainty due to lack of knowledge about the system, or epistemic uncertainty, should also be considered. Fuzzy set theory and fuzzy measure theory are tools that can be used to better assess epistemic, as well as aleatory, uncertainty in the mathematical representation of the environment. In this work, four applications of fuzzy mathematics and generalized regression neural networks (GRNN) are presented. In the first, Dempster-Shafer theory (DST) is used to account for uncertainty that surrounds permeability measurements and is typically lost in data analysis. The theory is used to combine multiple sources of subjective information from two expert hydrologists and is applied to three different data collection techniques: drill-stem, core, and pump-test analysis. In the second, a modification is made to the fuzzy least-squares regression model and is used to account for uncertainty involved in using the Cooper-Jacob method to determine transmissivity and the storage coefficient. A third application, involves the development of a GRNN to allow for the use of fuzzy numbers. A small example using stream geomorphic condition assessments conducted in the state of Vermont is provided. Ultimately, this fuzzy GRNN will be used to better understand the relationship between the geomorphic and habitat conditions of stream reaches and their corresponding biological health. Finally, an application of the GRNN algorithm to explore links between physical stream geomorphic and habitat conditions and biological health of stream reaches is provided. The GRNN proves useful; however, physical and biological data collected concurrently is needed to enhance accuracy.


Software piracy is a persistent and serious problem. In recent years, progress has been made to reduce software piracy. However, computer software is greatly susceptible to theft and market influences have recently contributed to a staggering $48 billion worldwide loss due to piracy (BSA, 2008). This paper outlines research in progress that will provide insight into software piracy attitude and intention. The purpose of the research is to investigate the moderating effect of environment on the relationship between behavioral beliefs and attitudes toward softlifting (i.e. the illegal duplication of copyrighted software by individuals) in three unique settings work, home, and school. This study promises to make several important contributions. The work should demonstrate the importance of including environment in theoretical models of the antecedents that influence softlifting attitude and intention. Results may also prove helpful to information systems professionals and educators in implementing measures to discourage software piracy.


The Son, which is the Word of the Father, begotten from everlasting of the Father, the very and eternal God, and of one substance with the Father, took Man's nature in the womb of the blessed Virgin, of her substance; so that two whole and perfect Natures, that is to say, the Godhead and Manhood, were joined together in one Person, never to be divided, whereof is one Christ, very God, and very Man; who truly suffered, was crucified, dead, and buried, to reconcile his Father to us, and to be a sacrifice, not only for original guilt, but also for actual sins of men.


Uranium is the only element in the periodic table to exhibit a charge-density wave and superconductivity at ambient pressure. The competition between these effects in technologically important high-temperature superconducting systems has come under increasing scrutiny, and uranium offers a model system in which to study the CDW. However, the element is difficult to grow in single-crystals in the bulk. We describe the growth by magnetron sputtering and characterisation of single-crystal epitaxial thin- films of alpha-uranium in the (110) orientation on the Nb(110)/A-plane sapphire buffer layer/substrate system. We use X-ray scattering methods to determine the influence of the thickness of the component layers of the samples on the microstructure, and find that there is a non-trivial dependence of the microstructural state of the uranium layers on both the thickness of the uranium layers themselves and the thickness of the niobium buffer layers upon which they are grown. In particular, the widths of the uranium peaks decrease when the uranium layer thickness is increased, but increase when the buffer layer thickness is increased. An extensive review of the methods for characterisation of thin- film microstructures using X-ray diffraction is given, and several widely used models and interpretations are critically discussed, in particular those given in the many instances in which two-component line shapes are seen in transverse scans from thin- films. We also use X-ray diffraction from high-intensity synchrotron sources to characterise the charge-density wave state in these samples, and discuss the effect of uranium-layer thickness on its characteristics as a function of temperature. Important differences between the CDW seen in bulk uranium and in thin- films are seen and discussed in terms of the microstructure of the films. In particular, no incommensurate{commensurate transition is seen in the films, and a large intensity asymmetry is seen between the 2+2+1± and 2+2-1± CDW satellites. Furthermore, the correlation-length of the CDW is limited in the plane of the film, and dependent on the thickness of the uranium layers.


Despite Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have achieved remarkable accuracy, whether the results are trustworthy is still unexplored. Previous studies suggest that many modern neural networks are over-confident on the predictions, however, surprisingly, we discover that GNNs are primarily in the opposite direction, i.e., GNNs are under-confident. Therefore, the confidence calibration for GNNs is highly desired. In this paper, we propose a novel trustworthy GNN model by designing a topology-aware post-hoc calibration function. Specifically, we first verify that the confidence distribution in a graph has homophily property, and this finding inspires us to design a calibration GNN model (CaGCN) to learn the calibration function. CaGCN is able to obtain a unique transformation from logits of GNNs to the calibrated confidence for each node, meanwhile, such transformation is able to preserve the order between classes, satisfying the accuracy-preserving property. Moreover, we apply the calibration GNN to self-training framework, showing that more trustworthy pseudo labels can be obtained with the calibrated confidence and further improve the performance. Extensive experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed model in terms of both calibration and accuracy.


Volatile aroma compounds are very important to grape wine quality. In order to understand the flavor of wine, a multitude of scientific investigations was carried out and a number of appropriate analytical tools for flavor study were developed in the past few decades. This chapter deals with major achievements reported in wine aroma and flavor. Firstly, we illustrate the existing knowledge on aroma compounds contributing to wine flavor, as well as the types of wine aroma compounds. Furthermore, the main factors affecting flavor quality in wine are discussed. Finally, the genomics and biotechnology of wine flavor are also summarized. This chapter broadens the discussion of wine aroma compounds to include more modern concepts of biotechnology and also provides relevant background and offers directions for future study.


Most cases of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) involve the posterior or horizontal semicircular canal, whereas that involving the anterior semicircular canal is rare. We herein report a case of anterior BPPV that was difficult to diagnose and treat.The case was a 16-year-old male. Vertigo while lying down appeared in November 2003, and he consulted The Department of Neurosurgery of our hospital on January 13, 2004. As there was neither central nervous system signs nor abnormal finding on brain computerized tomography, he was referred to our department. At the initial visit, downbeat nystagmus was noted in the suspensory head position. Central nystagmus was suspected, head MRI was undertaken. Since there was no apparent abnormality on imaging, a wait-and-see approach was taken under a diagnosis of idiopathic vertigo. On November 22, 2005 (18 years old), downbeat nystagmus with a clockwise movement (from the examiner) was seen in the left and right head-down position using the Dix-Hallpike method. On review of the clinical history, it was noted that he had hit his head forcefully during a backflip when he was fourteen years old, and he had a habit of lying in a prone position in bed. Therefore, we diagnosed left anterior BPPV. Non-specific exercise therapy was performed but not effective. A modified canalith repositioning maneuver was conducted three times and we instructed him not to remain in a prone position in bed. As a result, the subjective symptoms disappeared.The need to use the Dix-Hallpike method in diagnosing BPPV was reconfirmed. In addition, detailed history taking including the habitual position in bed is useful for diagnosis and treatment.


Independent emergency nursing prescribing had been emerged in many countries to meet the growth population health services need. Evidence found out that emergency nurses were prescribing competently and safely in their scope of practice where the emergency nurses in Saudi Arabia was restricted of prescribing independently or supplementary. The benefit of authorizing emergency nurse prescribing in the Emergency Department (ED) has been reported internationally. Aim: the objective of this article is to review the benefits and role of independent nursing prescribing in ED and how it may improve the ED health services in SA to meet the growth population needs. Conclusion: Saudi nurses in ED was restricted of prescribing where many countries authorized emergency nurses to prescribe independently or supplementary in their scope of practice. Key benefits of emergency nurse prescribing were decrease waiting time, timely access to medicines, managed the medications effectively; controlling symptoms, enhanced relationships between nurse and patient, accommodate nurse's skills appropriately and enhance autonomy of nurses in their scope of practice.


As the first in a series of studies examining the military course and outcome of hospitalization for a mental disorder, we provide a comprehensive overview of psychoses among active duty Navy enlisted personnel with a first hospitalization between 1980 and 1988. Patients' military service and medical histories were tracked through 1992 to provide at least 4 years of follow-up data. Incidence rates varied greatly over time and across gender, age, race, and diagnostic groups. A large increase in the rate of affective psychosis for women was in sharp contrast to marked declines in rates for drug psychoses, schizophrenia, and other nonorganic psychoses and to the relatively stable rates for alcohol psychoses and paranoid states. Psychoses had a very significant negative impact on naval careers.


As a system administrator, you are justly concerned about the security of your infrastructure. SUSE Linux Enterprise Server (SLES 9) can lead the way to infrastructure security and SUSE Linux Enterprise Server Administrator's Handbook is the authoritative source for information on this secure server. Step-by-step procedures will walk you through installing and securing a SLES 9 system, and it will focus on the specific security features that make SLES 9 an important platform for all system administrators. Some of what you will cover is: SuSE server installation User access and security Installing and configuring networking services Securing your SuSE serverLeverage Linux and open source with SLES 9 and SUSE Linux Enterprise Server Administrator's Handbook to build a secure computing network for your company.


The last ten years have seen explosive growth in the technology available to the collision analyst, changing the way reconstruction is practiced in fundamental ways. The greatest technological advances for the crash reconstruction community have come in the realms of photogrammetry and digital media analysis. The widespread use of scanning technology has facilitated the implementation of powerful new tools to digitize forensic data, create 3D models and visualize and analyze crash vehicles and environments. The introduction of unmanned aerial systems and standardization of crash data recorders to the crash reconstruction community have enhanced the ability of a crash analyst to visualize and model the components of a crash reconstruction. Because of the technological changes occurring in the industry, many SAE papers have been written to address the validation and use of new tools for collision reconstruction. Collision Reconstruction Methodologies Volumes 1-12 bring together seminal SAE technical papers surrounding advancements in the crash reconstruction field. Topics featured in the series include: • Night Vision Study and Photogrammetry • Vehicle Event Data Recorders • Motorcycle, Heavy Vehicle, Bicycle and Pedestrian Accident Reconstruction The goal is to provide the latest technologies and methodologies being introduced into collision reconstruction - appealing to crash analysts, consultants and safety engineers alike.


Abstract This essay uncovers a pattern of gendering in Law and Literature research that has contributed to limited understandings of the disciplines, taken singly, as well as to the projection of a heteronormative script on their relations to one another. This includes the troping of literature as feminine and that of law as masculine, and the emplotment of their relationship as that of an initially antagonistic yet ultimately satisfying heterosexual romance. Accordingly, actual forms of discrimination towards women are confused with contradictory images of a feminised literature as an empathetic, eloquent and morally superior woman. This idealised image of literature is figured as initially suffering under the regime of rationalistic, masculinised law but then reforming 'him' through the power of love. To posit law as a man and literature as a woman is to elide their similarities and reify their differences. After assembling evidence of gendering in US American Law and Literature work and to a lesser degree in British critical jurisprudence, the essay outlines historical reasons for why it is problematic to think of literature as morally uplifting and feminine and law as 'brutish' and masculine. Instances of ethical and contingent applications of law speak against any monolithic narrative that suggests that literature is inherently more morally conscious. Literature has proven to be a privileged forum for doing the police work of enforcing the gender binary as well as for maintaining other social divisions. In closing, the essay describes strategies to degender Law and Literature in an effort to move the conversation forward.


In the Internet of Things (IoT) scenario, the block-chain and, in general, Peer-to-Peer approaches could play an important role in the development of decentralized and dataintensive applications running on billion of devices, preserving the privacy of the users. Our research goal is to understand whether the blockchain and Peer-to-Peer approaches can be employed to foster a decentralized and private-by-design IoT. As a first step in our research process, we conducted a Systematic Literature Review on the blockchain to gather knowledge on the current uses of this technology and to document its current degree of integrity, anonymity and adaptability. We found 18 use cases of blockchain in the literature. Four of these use cases are explicitly designed for IoT. We also found some use cases that are designed for a private-by-design data management. We also found several issues in the integrity, anonymity and adaptability. Regarding anonymity, we found that in the blockchain only pseudonymity is guaranteed. Regarding adaptability and integrity, we discovered that the integrity of the blockchain largely depends on the high difficulty of the Proof-of-Work and on the large number of honest miners, but at the same time a difficult Proof-of-Work limits the adaptability. We documented and categorized the current uses of the blockchain, and provided a few recommendations for future work to address the above-mentioned issues.


Highway maintenance and new construction works carried out by Local Authorities present many opportunities for recycling, both through reuse of arisings and by utilizing locally available recycled and secondary aggregates. This can be cost effective and give excellent technical performance as well as meeting environmental objectives such as reduced consumption of primary aggregates and reduced emissions of CO2. Recycling is most likely to be successful when the client is fully committed to the process and all the stakeholders are involved from an early stage. Hampshire County Council is fully committed to sustainability and has set up a partnership for highway maintenance with Raynesway Construction Southern Ltd and Foster Yeoman Limited that pioneers a natural resource management approach. This is illustrated by four case studies that demonstrate an innovative approach to recycling in unbound applications, footways, bituminous base and binder courses, surface dressings and concrete. (A)