"…the primitive way of breaking eggs before we eat them, was upon the larger end: but his present Majesty's grandfather, while he was a boy, going to eat an egg, and breaking it according to the ancient practice, happened to cut one of his fingers. Whereupon the Emperor his Father, published an edict, commanding all his subjects, upon great penalties, to break the smaller end of the eggs." (Jonathan Swift, Gulliver's Travels )

The study of polarity in biological systems has a long and illustrious past. The bilateral symmetry of most organisms contrasts with the major differences between the upper and lower halves of the organisms, be they animals or plants. Even the apparent symmetry across the body can be deceptive: The internal organs have a well-defined, predictable, left-right asymmetry in their organization, which again is widely preserved within vertebrates. It should then come as no surprise that even single-celled organisms such as bacteria possess and propagate intrinsically polar characteristics. This issue describes a variety of topics that are connected by the issue of polarity, loosely conforming to the prescription "From Cell to Organism."

Shapiro and colleagues (p. 1942) examine the issue of polarity in bacteria, with respect to extracellular structures such as flagellae and the intrinsic linear polarity of bacteria due to their rodlike shape. The localization of membrane proteins, signaling apparatus, and cytoskeletal components are all orchestrated to allow these organisms to respond to external cues such as those involved in chemotaxis toward food sources or mating partners.

Pellettieri and Seydoux (p. [1946][1]) describe how anterior-posterior polarity is established and maintained within the egg and look at the variety of molecular mechanisms used in different organisms, concentrating mainly on the worm Caenorhabditis elegans and the fruit fly Drosophila . Keller (p. 1950) explains how these early polarity markers go on to be translated into organs and organisms through polarized cell movements during embryonic development.

Knust and Bossinger (p. [1955][2]) examine epithelial cell polarity in organisms ranging from worms to flies to vertebrates, and compare and contrast the mechanisms involved in establishing and maintaining polarity. Intriguingly, many of the same molecular players involved in epithelial polarity are also important in the cell movements outlined by Keller. Finally, Dickson (p. 1959) describes how one of the most structurally and functionally polarized cells—the neuron—exploits its characteristics to establish specific connections within the developing nervous system.

Establishing and maintaining polarity and the recognition and exploitation of gradients are key features of living organisms. When polarity is disrupted early in development, dire consequences for the body plan result. Throughout development and into the adult organism, polarized cells and organismal polarity remain important in promoting and maintaining health. Knowing top from bottom and left from right are key characteristics in nearly all forms of life, and refining our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in these processes remains an important aspect of ongoing research in cell and developmental biology and neuroscience.

 [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1072162
 [2]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1072161


Charles Bender The Relationship of Authoritative Parenting, School Attendance, Suspensions and Academic Success Among Adolescents 2000 Dr. John Klanderman, Advisor Master of Arts in School Psychology The purpose of this study was to examine the perceived parenting style of adolescents and the educational implications. Grade Point Average, Absences, and Suspensions was explored. The level of perceived authoritativeness, as well as the "pure" parenting style was measured. Adolescents who viewed their parents as presenting a more firm and democratic parenting atmosphere demonstrated a lower rate of absenteeism and did better academically. The Child Report of Parental Behavior Inventory was administered to seventh and eighth grades in an urban school district. The sample size for this study was 320 (m=148, f=172). The study was comprised of 194 African Americans (60.6%), 64 European Americans (20.0%) and 62 Hispanic Americans (19.4%). A correlation and multivariate ANOVA was used in examining the data. The results suggest that perceived authoritative parenting style is associated with higher grade point average and lower absences and suspensions. The results also suggest that this association occurs more frequent by females than males. No ethnic differences have been found with regards to the level of perceived parenting style and the examined


We study climate policy when there are technology spillovers within and across countries, and the technology externalities within each country are corrected through a domestic subsidy of R&D investments. We compare the properties of international climate agreements when the inter-country externalities from R&D are not regulated through the climate agreement. With an international agreement controlling abatements directly through emission quotas, the equilibrium R&D subsidy is lower that the socially optimal subsidy. The equilibrium subsidy is even lower if the climate agreement does not specify emission levels directly, but instead imposes a common carbon tax. Social costs are higher under a tax agreement than under a quota agreement. Moreover, for a reasonable assumption on the abatement cost function, R&D investments and abatement levels are lower under a tax agreement than under a quota agreement. Total emissions may be higher or lower in a second-best optimal quota agreement than in the first-best optimum.


Growing public school enrollment and the need to maintain or improve service to students has increased the demand for teachers, perhaps more rapidly than existing sources can accommodate. While some schools recruit well qualified teachers by offering higher salaries or better working conditions, others may satisfy their need for staff by relaxing hiring standards or assigning novice teachers to difficult classrooms. Schools' hiring policies have consequences for student success. Dropout rates tend to be higher where faculties include a greater percentage of minimally educated teachers or teachers with little experience. The relationship between dropout rate and teacher qualifications is independent of student poverty, school size, and location. A proposed strategy to reduce dropout rates is to encourage higher preparation and employment standards, and to provide appropriate classroom assignments, mentoring, and support for new teachers.


Using photometry and spectroscopy of 183,487 galaxies from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, we present bivariate distributions of pairs of seven galaxy properties: four optical colors, surface brightness, radial profile shape as measured by the Sérsic index, and absolute magnitude. In addition, we present the dependence of local galaxy density (smoothed on 8 h-1 Mpc scales) on all of these properties. Several classic, well-known relations among galaxy properties are evident at extremely high signal-to-noise ratio: the color-color relations of galaxies, the color-magnitude relations, the magnitude-surface brightness relation, and the dependence of density on color and absolute magnitude. We show that most of the i-band luminosity density in the universe is in the absolute magnitude and surface brightness ranges used: -23.5 < M < -17.0 mag and 17 < μ < 24 mag in 1 arcsec2 [the notation zb represents the b band shifted blueward by a factor (1 + z)]. Some of the relationships between parameters, in particular the color-magnitude relations, show stronger correlations for exponential galaxies and concentrated galaxies taken separately than for all galaxies taken together. We provide a simple set of fits of the dependence of galaxy properties on luminosity for these two sets of galaxies and other quantitative details of our results.


Recent development in modern wireless applications and services, such as augmented reality, image processing, and network gaming requires persistent computing on average commercial wireless devices to perform complex tasks with low latency. The traditional cloud systems are unable to meet those requirements solely. In the said perspective, Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) serves as a proxy between the things (devices) and the cloud, pushing the computations at the edge of the network. The MEC provides an effective solution to fulfill the demands of low-latency applications and services by executing most of the tasks within the proximity of users. The main challenge, however, is that too many simultaneous service requests created by wireless access produce severe interference, resulting in a decreased rate of data transmission. In this paper, we made an attempt to overcome the aforesaid limitation by proposing a user-centric QoS-aware multi-path service provisioning approach. A densely deployed base station MEC environment has overlapping coverage regions. We exploit such regions to distribute the service requests in a way that avoid hotspots and bottlenecks. Our approach is adaptive and can tune to different parameters based on service requirements. We performed several experiments to evaluate the effectiveness of our approach and compared it with the traditional Greedy approach. The results revealed that our approach improves the network state by 26.95% and average waiting time by 35.56% as compared to the Greedy approach. In addition, the QoS violations were also reduced by the fraction of 16.


In 1993, the Parliament of the World's Religions endorsed the "Declaration toward a Global Ethic" composed by Hans Kung. In it, representatives from all the world's religions agreed on principles for a global ethic and committed themselves to directives of nonviolence, respect for life, solidarity, a just economic order, tolerance, and equal rights and partnership between men and women. But the declaration was just the first step. In this impressive volume, Hans Kueng, probably the most famous living Roman Catholic theologian, and Rabbi Walter Homolka, head of Germany's Abraham Geiger rabbinical seminary and distinguished professor, draw on the Jewish tradition to show the riches that Judaism can offer people of all faiths and nonbelievers in achieving these directives. Presenting key sacred texts and theological writings, the authors make the case for binding values and basic moral attitudes that can be found in Judaism's universal message of a better world. Exploring Judaism's focus on ethical conduct over declarations of faith, the authors show that making ethical decisions is indispensable in an ever-changing world.


This paper analyzes the main strategies employed by encoders of nineteenth-century business letters to encourage the trust of the recipient or to show their trust in the recipient's skills and qualities, so that successful business relationships may develop. Relying on the sample of business letters included in the Corpus of Nineteenth-Century Scottish Correspondence (19CSC; see Dossena 2004; Dury 2006), findings are discussed in the light of the Appraisal system outlined in Martin and White (2005) and White (2007). In particular, I relate this study on stance to earlier ones on the expression of authority (Dossena 2006a, 2006b), as both are functions of the social roles performed by the participants, and complex and adaptable social profiles are constructed through linguistic means. As I could not bear to let such a man pass away with no sketch preserved of his old-fashioned virtues, I hope the reader will take this as an excuse for the present paper, and judge as kindly as he can the infirmities of my description. (R. L. Stevenson, An Old Scotch Gardener (Memories and Portraits [1887]))


This paper attempts to provide an answer to some questions that remain either poorly understood, or not well documented in the literature, on basic issues related to intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). The questions examined are: the relationship between degeneracy and frequency response of optimizations, effects of initial beamlet fluence assignment and stopping point, what does filtering of an optimized beamlet map actually do and how could image analysis help to obtain better optimizations? Two target functions are studied, a quadratic cost function and the log likelihood function of the dynamically penalized likelihood (DPL) algorithm. The algorithms used are the conjugate gradient, the stochastic adaptive simulated annealing and the DPL. One simple phantom is used to show the development of the analysis tools used and two clinical cases of medium and large dose matrix size (a meningioma and a prostate) are studied in detail. The conclusions reached are that the high number of iterations that is needed to avoid degeneracy is not warranted in clinical practice, as the quality of the optimizations, as judged by the DVHs and dose distributions obtained, does not improve significantly after a certain point. It is also shown that the optimum initial beamlet fluence assignment for analytical iterative algorithms is a uniform distribution, but such an assignment does not help a stochastic method of optimization. Stopping points for the studied algorithms are discussed and the deterioration of DVH characteristics with filtering is shown to be partially recoverable by the use of space-variant filtering techniques.


Breast cancer is the second leading cause of death of women worldwide. Accurate lesion boundary detection is important for breast cancer diagnosis. Since many crucial features for discriminating benign and malignant lesions are based on the contour, shape, and texture of the lesion, an accurate segmentation method is essential for a successful diagnosis. Ultrasound is an effective screening tool and primarily useful for differentiating benign and malignant lesions. However, due to inherent speckle noise and low contrast of breast ultrasound imaging, automatic lesion segmentation is still a challenging task.
This research focuses on developing a novel, effective, and fully automatic lesion segmentation method for breast ultrasound images. By incorporating empirical domain knowledge of breast structure, a region of interest is generated. Then, a novel enhancement algorithm (using a novel phase feature) and a newly developed neutrosophic clustering method are developed to detect the precise lesion boundary. Neutrosophy is a recently introduced branch of philosophy that deals with paradoxes, contradictions, antitheses, and antinomies. When neutrosophy is used to segment images with vague boundaries, its unique ability to deal with uncertainty is brought to bear. In this work, we apply neutrosophy to breast ultrasound image segmentation and propose a new clustering method named neutrosophic l-means. We compare the proposed method with traditional fuzzy c-means clustering and three other well-developed segmentation methods for breast ultrasound images, using the same database. Both accuracy and time complexity are analyzed. The proposed method achieves the best accuracy (TP rate is 94.36%, FP rate is 8.08%, and similarity rate is 87.39%) with a fairly rapid processing speed (about 20 seconds). Sensitivity analysis shows the robustness of the proposed method as well. Cases with multiple-lesions and severe shadowing effect (shadow areas having similar intensity values of the lesion and tightly connected with the lesion) are not included in this study.


While School Placement is long established as a central component of Initial Teacher Education programmes, there is an increasing awareness that these placement experiences should go beyond the practical activities most directly associated with teaching. This paper considers how engagement in a school placement period with a focus on non-teaching activities contributes to the professional and personal development of student-teachers, and to their sense of 'belonging' while on placement. Drawing primarily on the analysis of data obtained from online logs maintained by student-teachers during this predominantly non-teaching placement, it establishes the activities that they engaged in, and their reflections and opinions about the value of these experiences and this practicum placement. Findings include an increased sense of belonging to the school community, greater confidence and a stronger sense of identity as teacher.


The study of adaptation aftereffects has been used as a tool to investigate the neural events that give rise to face perception. Recent adaptation studies suggest that face processing does not occur outside of awareness since identity- and gender-specific face aftereffects cannot be induced when the adapting face is rendered perceptually invisible using interocular suppression. However there is substantial evidence suggesting that facial expression, unlike identity and gender, is an attribute of faces that may recruit processes that are engaged automatically and independent of observers' awareness and attention. Therefore we investigated whether adaptation aftereffects specific to facial expressions could arise under continuous flash suppression (CFS). Our results show that adaptation to facial expressions is virtually abolished, when faces are suppressed from awareness. Moreover, this loss in aftereffect strength cannot be attributed to contrast adaptation exclusively, since results show only modest changes in perceived contrast following face adaptation. When observers endogenously attend to the location of the suppressed adapting stimulus, expression-specific aftereffects are enhanced. Our findings suggest that neural activity specifying affective information of facial expressions is highly vulnerable to the disruptive effect of interocular suppression, but that allocation of attentional resources can partially counteract suppression's effect.


This thesis project consists of two parts; Photovoltaic Module and System Fault Reporting Portal (PVFRP) and the developed Photovoltaic Array Troubleshooting and Educational (PVT) Facility. The PVFRP was established in 2014 and coordinated by Murdoch University in collaboration with the Australian PV Institute, Clean Energy Council, University of New South Wales, and Centre for Alternative Technology. This particular online fault reporting system was developed to increase the understanding and instigate awareness of the PV industry and investors regarding the type of issues and challenges within different PV system components in the Australian environment. The objective being to improve the future PV system design, component selection, and product improvement in accordance with the Australian standards.

The PVT facility was designed, constructed, tested and developed by Kieran Peters and Murdoch University in 2015. The PVT facility is a useful tool in conducting experiments involving series or parallel configuration of arrays and investigating shading effects and effectiveness of overcurrent protection devices under different fault scenarios. This provides a good exposure for engineering students in Murdoch University to learn and analyse techniques and performance of an industry standard PV system through various experiments and demonstrations. Thus leading to a better understanding of the PV system and the PV industry which is growing exponentially every year.


In this research effort, we study three exterior penalty function approaches for solving linear programming problems. These methods are an active set l 2 penalty approach (ASL2), an inequality-equality based l 2 penalty approach (IEL2), and an augmented Lagrangian approach (ALAG). Particular effective variants are presented for each method, along with comments and experience on alternative algorithmic strategies that were empirically investigated. Our motivation is to examine the relative performance of these different approaches based on the basic l 2 penalty function in order to provide insights into the viability of these methods for solving linear programs. To test the performance of these algorithms, a set of randomly generated problems as well as a set of NETLIB test problems from the public domain are used. By way of providing a benchmark for comparisons, we also solve the test problems using CPLEX 6.0, an advanced simplex implementation. While a particular variant (ALAG2) of ALAG performed the best for randomly generated test problems, ASL2 performed the best for the NETLIB test problems. Moreover, for test problems having only equality constraints, IEL2, and ASL2 (which is a finer-tuned version of IEL2 in this case) were comparable and yielded a second-best performance in comparison with ALAG2. Furthermore, a set of problems with relatively higher density parameter values, as well as a set of low-density problems were used to determine the effect of density on the relative performances of these methods. This experiment revealed that for linear programs with a high density parameter, ASL2 is the best alternative among the tested algorithms; whereas, for low-density problems ALAG2 is the fastest method. Moreover, although our implementation was rudimentary in comparison with CPLEX, all of the tested methods attained a final solution faster than CPLEX for the set of large-scale low-density problems, sometimes as fast as requiring only 16-23% of the effort consumed by CPLEX. Average rank tests based on the computational results obtained are performed using two different statistics, that assess the speed of convergence and the quality or accuracy of the solution, in order to determine the relative effectiveness of the algorithms and to validate our conclusions. Overall, the results provide insights into selecting algorithmic strategies based on problem structure and indicate that while this class of methods is viable for computing near optimal solutions, more research is needed to design robust and competitive exterior point methods for solving linear programming problems. However, the use …


A substantial body of research has revealed that EFL students conceive of a monolingual dictionary primarily as a repository of definitions to the almost utter neglect of the other entry components. Since existing lexicographical Sudanese literature has uncovered an even more subsidiary role for monolingual dictionaries, further investigations were needed to verify whether knowledge and skills to tap the inexhaustible resources of the dictionary can be enhanced through direct teaching regiments. Hence, the aim of the current study is to empirically gauge the efficacy of integrating these reference skills within a conventional Enhancement Course. A dictionary pre-test was administered to two homogeneous groups attending a Study Skills Course at The University of Khartoum, Sudan. The performance was measured against a slightly modified version of the test following a tailor-made structured module presented to the experimental group. The results of both groups in the pre-test were unsatisfactory and generally congruent with the findings of the original study. Yet, statistically significant differences were registered in the performance of the experimental group regarding overall and individual entry components. In view of the importance and increasing sophistication of monolingual dictionaries, this study is yet one more proof of the pedagogical usefulness of equipping students with dictionary training as part of their syllabuses. Thus, entry composites such as definitions, phonetic and grammatical information, and diatonic and diaphasic labels shall constitute an integral part of teaching strategies in the phonology, syntax, semantic, and sociolinguistic domains.


PURPOSE
The adaptive strategies adopted by individuals with infantile nystagmus syndrome (INS) during reading are not clearly understood. Eye movement recordings were used to identify ocular motor strategies used by patients with INS during reading.

METHODS
Eye movements were recorded at 500 Hz in 25 volunteers with INS and 7 controls when reading paragraphs of text centered at horizontal gaze angles of -20°, -10°, 0°, 10°, and 20°. At each location, reading speeds were measured, along with logMAR visual acuity and nystagmus during gaze-holding. Adaptive strategies were identified from slow and quick-phase patterns in the nystagmus waveform.

RESULTS
Median reading speeds were 204.3 words per minute in individuals with INS and 273.6 words per minute in controls. Adaptive strategies included (1) suppression of corrective quick phases allowing involuntary slow phases to achieve the desired goal, (2) voluntarily changing the character of the involuntary slow phases using quick phases, and (3) correction of involuntary slow phases using quick phases. Several individuals with INS read more rapidly than healthy control volunteers.

CONCLUSIONS
These findings demonstrate that volunteers with INS learn to manipulate their nystagmus using a range of strategies to acquire visual information from the text. These strategies include taking advantage of the stereotypical and periodic nature of involuntary eye movements to allow the involuntary eye movements to achieve the desired goal. The versatility of these adaptations yields reading speeds in those with nystagmus that are often much better than might be expected, given the degree of foveal and ocular motor deficits.


In this paper we are interested in improving the performance of constructive network coding schemes for video transmission over packet lossy networks. A novel unequal packet loss protection scheme R2NC based on low-triangular global coding matrix with ladder-shaped partition will be presented, which combines redundant and random network coding for robust H.264/SVC video transmission. Firstly, the error-correcting capabilities of redundant network coding make our scheme resilient to loss. Secondly, the implementation of random network coding at the intermediate nodes with multiple input links can reduce the cost of network bandwidth, thus reducing the end to end delay for video transmission. Thirdly, the low-triangular global coding matrix with ladder-shaped partition is maintained throughout R2NC process to provide unequal erasure protection for H.264/SVC priority layers. The redundant network coding avoids the retransmission of lost packets and improves error correcting capabilities of lost packets. Based only on the knowledge of the loss rates on the output links, the source node and intermediate nodes can make decisions for redundant network coding and random network coding (i.e., how much redundancy to add at this node). However, the redundancy caused by redundant network coding makes the network load increases, in order to improve network throughput, we perform random network coding at the intermediate nodes. Our approach is grounded on the overall distortion of reconstructed video minimization by optimizing the amount of redundancy assigned to each layer. Experimental results are shown to demonstrate the significant improvement of H.264/SVC video reconstruction quality with R2NC over packet lossy networks.


Global Value Chains (GVCs) can provide new means for developing economies to industrialise. To fully seize these opportunities, it is necessary to comprehensively measure both the intensity and type of countries' GVC integration patterns to better understand the relationship between GVCs and development. In this paper, we apply the new R package decompr to recent OECD input-output data with extended country coverage to analyse the integration patterns of developing economies in a more detailed way. We provide evidence that trends in GVCs are increasingly driven by developing countries. In addition, we show that while per capita GDP does not predict the intensity of GVC integration well, it determines the type of integration. High-income countries mainly export intermediates into GVCs and serve as markets of final demand. In contrast, developing economies join GVCs mostly in the assembly stage. However, there is evidence that developing countries have begun to shift their participation from the production of final to intermediate goods, moving upstream in GVCs and out of assembly.


We perform a general algebraic analysis on the possibility of realising slow-roll inflation in the moduli sector of string models. This problem turns out to be very closely related to the characterisation of models admitting metastable vacua with non-negative cosmological constant. In fact, we show that the condition for the existence of viable inflationary trajectories is a deformation of the condition for the existence of metastable de Sitter vacua. This condition depends on the ratio between the scale of inflation and the gravitino mass and becomes stronger as this parameter grows. After performing a general study within arbitrary supergravity models, we analyse the implications of our results in several examples. More concretely, in the case of heterotic and orientifold string compactifications on a Calabi-Yau in the large volume limit we show that there may exist fully viable models, allowing both for inflation and stabilisation. Additionally, we show that subleading corrections breaking the no-scale property shared by these models always allow for slow-roll inflation but with an inflationary scale suppressed with respect to the gravitino scale. A scale of inflation larger than the gravitino scale can also be achieved under more restrictive circumstances and only for certain types of compactifications.


Nanobiomaterials in Antimicrobial Therapy presents novel antimicrobial approaches that enable nanotechnology to be used effectively in the treatment of infections. This field has gained a large amount of interest over the last decade, in response to the high resistance of pathogens to antibiotics. Leading researchers from around the world discuss the synthesis routes of nanobiomaterials, characterization, and their applications as antimicrobial agents. The books covers various aspects: mechanisms of toxicity for inorganic nanoparticles against bacteria; the development of excellent carriers for the transport of a high variety of antimicrobials; the use of nanomaterials to facilitate both diagnosis and therapeutic approaches against infectious agents; strategies to control biofilms based on enzymes, biosurfactants, or magnetotactic bacteria; bacterial adhesion onto polymeric surfaces and novel materials; and antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation. This book will be of interest to postdoctoral researchers, professors and students engaged in the fields of materials science, biotechnology and applied chemistry. It will also be highly valuable to those working in industry, including pharmaceutics and biotechnology companies, medical researchers, biomedical engineers and advanced clinicians.A methodical approach to this highly relevant subject for researchers, practitioners and students working in biomedical, biotechnological and engineering fields.A valuable guide to recent scientific progress and the latest application methods.Proposes novel opportunities and ideas for developing or improving technologies in nanomedicine and nanobiology.


In speaker verification, the maximum Likelihood between criterion is generally used to verify the claimed identity. This is done using two independent models, i.e. a Client model and a World model. It may be interesting to make both models share the same topology, which represent the phonetic underlying structure, and then to consider two different output distributions corresponding to the Client/World hypotheses. Based on this idea, a decoding algorithm and the corresponding train algorithm were derived. The first experiments show, on a significant telephone database, a small improvement with respect to the reference system, we can conclude that at least synchronous alignment provides equivalent results to the reference system with a reduced complexity decoding algorithm. Other important perspectives can be derived.


Th is paper discusses the role and utilization of journalistic sources in the process of communicating the transitional path of a society in crisis towards economic and sustainable growth. It is mainly concerned with the general tendency of the press to display a high degree of manipulation of public opinion by reduction of the diversity of sources and/or their misuse. Cyprus was selected as a case study not only because newspapers still play a dominant role in shaping public opinion in contrast to New Media, but also because sustainable growth has been the basic argument and rhetoric in governmental communication policy, which promoted it as one of the main means in overcoming the ongoing economic/banking crisis the country has been facing since the bailout of the banking sector in 2013. Th e aim of this research is to examine which categories of journalistic sources shape this topic in the current public sphere and the way(s) journalists perceive and practice the utilization of their sources. Content analysis has been employed as the basic methodological tool, while a questionnaire survey on journalists of the national press was additionally conducted in order to explain these fi ndings and conclude the study.


Filamentous multicellular bacteria are among the most ancient multicellular organisms. They inhabit a great variety of environments and are present in the human body, including the oral cavity. Beside the selective advantages related to the larger size achieved through filamentation, the development of multicellular bacteria can be also driven by simple ecological factors such as birth and death rates at the cellular level. In order to extend earlier results obtained in aquatic species, we investigate the filamentation process of four different strains of oral streptococci, namely S. mutans, S. salivarius, S. oralis and S. anginosus. The results indicate differences in the capacities of different streptococcus species to form filaments, manifested in terms of length and the time-scale of filament elongation. The filamentation pattern of these oral streptococci resembles that of aquatic bacteria, whereby filaments reach a peak length during exponential growth and become short when the population reaches a steady state. Hence, this study validates that multicellularity can be an emergent property of filamentous bacteria of different ecological niches, and that phenotypic differences in filamentation can occur within species of the same genus, in this case oral streptococci. Moreover, given the role that specific oral streptococci can play in the etiology of oral diseases, these results can possibly open new perspectives in the study of the virulence properties of these species.


The first claim in the Article is that the norm against marketplace discrimination encompasses two distinct norms. The first (prohibiting "simple discrimination") provides plaintiffs the uncircumscribed right to prohibit defendants from treating them any worse than they treat others who provide them equal amounts of money. The second (providing for claims to accommodation) allows plaintiffs, on some occasions, to force the defendant to disregard higher input costs needed to serve her or help her perform her job, though this requires the defendant to expend "real" resources rather than to sustain mere psychic losses. There is no uncircumscribed right to accommodation; an accommodationist argument is simply to be weighed in deciding upon the appropriate division of social resources. Second, the question of whether (and how) antidiscrimination law must advert to social groups depends on whether one is considering the norm prohibiting simple discrimination or the norm permitting accommodation claims. There are a number of significant administrative and substantive reasons to protect only members of subordinated social groups against simple discrimination. Still, we can determine whether a person is a victim of simple discrimination without determining whether she "belongs" to any cognizable group. On the other hand, the accommodation requirement cannot be made intelligible without regard to the existence of social groups. The reason we implicitly distribute "socially inclusionary" accommodation services in kind, rather than giving the cash value of the services to the programs' beneficiaries, has little to do with the individual characteristics, rather than group identity, of the beneficiaries.


The duty to observe the requirements of procedural fairness is well settled in Australian administrative law. So too is the variable content of that duty and the possibility that it may be limited or excluded by legislation expressed in suitably clear terms. One key aspect of fairness that is not yet clear is its purpose. Why do courts require those who exercise public or official power to act fairly? The question cannot be fully answered by reliance on legislative intent or reference to the common law because recourse to one or both of these possible sources of the duty to act fairly does not necessarily answer why that duty is drawn from the common law or implied as part of statutory interpretation. This article examines recent steps by courts and commentators that suggest an exploration of the purpose of fairness may be beginning to occur.


Human longevity and personality traits are both heritable and are consistently linked at the phenotypic level. We test the hypothesis that candidate genes influencing longevity in lower organisms are associated with variance in the five major dimensions of human personality (measured by the NEO‐FFI and IPIP inventories) plus related mood states of anxiety and depression. Seventy single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in six brain expressed, longevity candidate genes (AFG3L2, FRAP1, MAT1A, MAT2A, SYNJ1, and SYNJ2) were typed in over 1,000 70‐year old participants from the Lothian Birth Cohort of 1936 (LBC1936). No SNPs were associated with the personality and psychological distress traits at a Bonferroni corrected level of significance (P < 0.0002), but there was an over‐representation of nominally significant (P < 0.05) SNPs in the synaptojanin‐2 (SYNJ2) gene associated with agreeableness and symptoms of depression. Eight SNPs which showed nominally significant association across personality measurement instruments were tested in an extremely large replication sample of 17,106 participants. SNP rs350292, in SYNJ2, was significant: the minor allele was associated with an average decrease in NEO agreeableness scale scores of 0.25 points, and 0.67 points in the restricted analysis of elderly cohorts (most aged >60 years). Because we selected a specific set of longevity genes based on functional genomics findings, further research on other longevity gene candidates is warranted to discover whether they are relevant candidates for personality and psychological distress traits. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


§ 205.202 Land requirements.
Any field or farm parcel from which harvested crops are intended to be sold, labelled, or represented as "organic," must:
(a) Have been managed in accordance with the provisions of §§ 205.203 through 205.206
(b) Have had no prohibited substances, as listed in § 205.105, applied to it for a period of 3 years immediately preceding harvest of the crop
(c) Have distinct, defined boundaries and buffer zones such as runoff diversions to prevent the unintended application of a prohibited substance to the crop or contact with a prohibited substance applied to adjoining land that is not under organic management.


The attainment of urinary continence is usually achieved in early childhood, however, many children and young people can experience challenges to their urinary continence during childhood and into adolescence. Urinary incontinence has been linked to physiological comorbidities such as constipation and urinary tract infections and can also affect the social confidence and quality of life for children and young people. The aim of this study was to develop an experience and outcome measure for children and young people who experience lower urinary tract symptoms. A questionnaire-based evaluation to directly consult with young people attending a nurse-led bladder training clinic was used, pre and post treatment session, to evaluate their experiences and reported outcomes. The findings demonstrated that many of the young people reported a good response to bladder training as a resolution or reduction in their urinary symptoms; however, some young people remained reluctant to discuss their continence problems in clinic. The questionnaires highlighted the value they placed on the psychosocial support from the nurses in the clinic and how this in turn influenced their reported self-confidence and ability to manage their condition. Exploring reported experiences and outcomes can be helpful in determining what is important to young people attending a bladder training clinic. This has also highlighted the specific contribution nurses make in the assessment, intervention and management of this group.


Enforcing safety is a key aspect of many problems pertaining to sequential decision making under uncertainty, which require the decisions made at every step to be both informative of the optimal decision and also safe. For example, we value both efficacy and comfort in medical therapy, and efficiency and safety in robotic control. We consider this problem of optimizing an unknown utility function with absolute feedback or preference feedback subject to unknown safety constraints. We develop an efficient safe Bayesian optimization algorithm, StageOpt, that separates safe region expansion and utility function maximization into two distinct stages. Compared to existing approaches which interleave between expansion and optimization, we show that StageOpt is more efficient and naturally applicable to a broader class of problems. We provide theoretical guarantees for both the satisfaction of safety constraints as well as convergence to the optimal utility value. We evaluate StageOpt on both a variety of synthetic experiments, as well as in clinical practice. We demonstrate that StageOpt is more effective than existing safe optimization approaches, and is able to safely and effectively optimize spinal cord stimulation therapy in our clinical experiments.


The Kerberos 5 network authentication protocol, originally specified
in RFC 1510, can use the Data Encryption Standard (DES) for
encryption. Almost 30 years after first publishing DES, the National
Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) finally withdrew the
standard in 2005, reflecting a long-established consensus that DES is
insufficiently secure. By 2008, commercial hardware costing less than
USD 15,000 could break DES keys in less than a day on average. DES is
long past its sell-by date. Accordingly, this document updates RFC
1964, RFC 4120, RFC 4121, and RFC 4757 to deprecate the use of DES,
RC4-HMAC-EXP, and other weak cryptographic algorithms in Kerberos.
Because RFC 1510 (obsoleted by RFC 4120) supports only DES, this
document recommends the reclassification of RFC 1510 as Historic. This
memo documents an Internet Best Current Practice.


"The Golden Brat" Reinhard von Lohengramm, a military prodigy and admiral of the Galactic Empire, has ambitions beyond protecting the borders or even defeating the Empire's enemies. He seeks to overthrow the old order and become a truly absolute-yet benevolent-dictator. His rival, the humble Yang Wen-li of the Free Planets Alliance, wishes to preserve democracy even if he must sacrifice his political ideals to defeat the Empire. Their political and military battles play out over a galactic chessboard in an epic saga fifteen centuries in the making!


Caught in the midst of England's War of the Roses, young Dick Shelton's loyalties are torn between a guardian who betrays him and the leader of the secret fellowship, "The Black Arrow". The Houses of York and Lancaster are locked in a brutal struggle for England's crown and the fate of the kingdom is at stake. Shelton finds himself entangled in the conspiracy. In order to survive he must distinguish friend from foe and confront the tests of war, shipwreck, murder and forbidden love.


The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) was used as a framework to study the attitudes of adolescent road users towards four target behaviours: (1) cycle helmet use, (2) using nearby crossings, (3) crossing from between parked cars, and (4) challenging traffic. Four questionnaires, one for each of the behaviours, were designed based on pilot work. Each questionnaire contained items to measure the TPB variables, self-reported behaviour, and general exposure and demographic characteristics (e.g. age and gender). A total of 2,457 children aged 11-16 completed the questionnaires; 564 respondents completed the 'cycle helmet use' questionnaire; 657 respondents completed the 'using nearby crossings' questionnaire; 619 respondents completed the 'crossing from between parked cars' questionnaire; and 617 completed the 'challenging traffic' questionnaire. Multivariate analyses were conducted for each of the behaviours to explore how adolescents' attitudes, subjective norms, perceived control, behavioural intentions and self-reported behaviour differed as a function of demographic variables. Correlation and multiple regression analyses were then conducted to test the relationships in the TPB and to identify beliefs underpinning adolescents' attitudes that could be targeted in road safety interventions. This report describes all aspects of the study and discusses the theoretical and practical implications.


This paper is part of the monographic issue: 'Did the Masters of the past know the future? History and update of Italian Phlebolymphology'
Guest editor: Alberto Macciò (Phlebology - Part I edited by G. Agus; Phlebology - Part II edited by P. Bonadeo; Lymphology edited by F. Boccardo)


Credit card portfolios represent a significant component of the balance sheets of the largest US banks. The charge‐off rate in this asset class increased drastically during the Great Recession. The recent economic downturn offers a unique opportunity to analyze the performance of credit risk models applied to credit card portfolios under conditions of economic stress. Specifically, we evaluate three potential sources of model risk: model specification, sample selection, and stress scenario selection. Our analysis indicates that model specifications that incorporate interactions between policy variables and core account characteristics generate the most accurate loss projections across risk segments. Models estimated over a time frame that includes a significant economic downturn are able to project levels of credit loss consistent with those experienced during the Great Recession. Models estimated over a time frame that does not include a significant economic downturn can severely under-predict credit loss in some cases, and the level of forecast error can be significantly impacted by model specification assumptions. Higher credit-score segments of the portfolio are proportionally more severely impacted by downturn economic conditions and model specification assumptions. The selection of the stress scenario can have a dramatic impact on projected loss.


A detailed numerical study is performed of the dynamics of optical pulse compression in an additive pulse mode-locking configuration consisting of an erbium-doped fiber laser coupled to a nonlinear optical fiber. Pulse evolution is treated by the use of an extended nonlinear Schrodinger equation incorporating a gain-and-loss term in the active fiber laser and a loss term for the nonlinear fiber, which forms the nonlinear auxilliary cavity. To treat ultrashort optical pulses with durations of less than 100 fs, we have considered third-order dispersion and self-frequency shift. On the basis of extensive numerical simulations of the all-fiber coupled-cavity configuration, a stable operating range for pulse compression is identified. It is shown that a variety of less-desirable dynamical evolutions, including pulse splitting, are obtained under other operating conditions.


Research conducted within the wider theoretical framework of Dik's Functional Grammar has resulted in important contributions to linguistic typology, and, vice versa, empirical facts from a wide variety of languages have significantly improved the theory of Functional Grammar, especially regarding its typological adequacy. This article discusses the following contributions to Linguistic Typology: the development of a sound sampling methodology, classification of noun categories (Seinsarten), an account of (so-called) number discord, the introduction of the new grammatical category of 'nominal aspect', a new typology of classifiers, and a universal concerning the occurrence of adjectives as a distinct word class. Conversely it will be shown that facts from many different languages have played an important role in the development of a layered model of the noun phrase in Functional Grammar and how currently these facts are used to test hypotheses concerning parallels between NPs and clauses.


The increasing emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococci aeurus (MRSA) is driving the development of new technologies to investigate antibiotics. This thesis describes the use of BioMEMS cantilever technology for the label-free detection of glycopeptide antibiotics in solution, at concentrations as low as ~ 1 nM. Multiple cantilever arrays were used to detect the antibiotics vancomycin, ristomycin, chloroeremomycin and oritavancin, which are often considered as the 'last line of resistance' to bacterial infections. Cantilevers wee coated with thiolated mucopeptide analogues found in antibiotic-sensitive bacteria and mutated peptides found in resistant strains. Drug-mucopeptide binding was found to generate a compressive surface stress and could discriminate the deletion of a single hydrogen bond associated with resistant peptides. Measured binding constant were in close agreement with reported data. Building on these findings, a new model is proposed to describe the propagation of surface stress on cantilevers and considers two factors – a chemical binding factor describing local drug-target interactions and a factor describing the mechanical connectivity –percolation – of the system. These findings and underlying concepts will simplify the design of new coating and devices to significantly enhance drug detection sensitivity.

The second part of this thesis describes two novel approaches to optimise microcantilever technology. The first approach investigates the role of the gold adhesion layer by comparing silane self-assembled monolayers with conventional chromium/titanium layers. The second approach describes finite element simulations of a novel silicon-metal hybrid strain gauge with gauge factors of up to 800 that could be used as an alternative to optical cantilever bending detection. Prototype strain gauges were fabricated and tested, where the measurements were shown to agree remarkably well with the simulations.


The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) launched its project to address base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) in 2013 with an Action Plan of 15 Actions. Action 1 encompasses identifying difficulties the digital economy poses for applying existing international tax rules and developing options to address them. Under current international tax rules, an enterprise generally is not taxed in a country in which it does not have a physical presence. With the economy having evolved so that business can be conducted over the internet with no physical presence in a country, companies have been able to avoid taxation in many jurisdictions from which they generate significant income. The OECD issued a final report on Action 1 in 2015 and a subsequent report in 2018, yet has failed to recommend a solution to address the physical presence issue. In effect, Action 1 has become Inaction 1. Countries and the European Union have grown impatient with the OECD and have taken matters into their own hands, with countries and the European Commission (EC) proposing or enacting legislation to address head on the issue of nontaxation of multinational digital companies, tax authorities assessing tax against multinational companies under the existing rules, and the EC bringing actions against countries for illegal state aid.

This Article proposes that a factor presence standard be used instead of a physical presence standard for nexus based on a model used by states in the United States. Taxable presence for income tax purposes would be determined based on the factors of sales, employees, or property in a jurisdiction. The main objection to such a proposal is that it is too radical an approach to take at this time, even if it would solve the tax problems resulting from the evolution of the economy. The OECD has promised that it will reach a consensus solution by 2020 on how to address tax issues of the digital economy. As the OECD works toward a solution, it should seriously consider a factor presence approach that would offer certainty and fairness to multinational companies and their tax administrations.


Written by one of the leading experts in the field, this book focuses on the interplay between model specification, data collection, and econometric testing of dynamic asset pricing models. The first several chapters provide an in-depth treatment of the econometric methods used in analyzing financial time-series models. The remainder explores the goodness-of-fit of preference-based and no-arbitrage models of equity returns and the term structure of interest rates; equity and fixed-income derivatives prices; and the prices of defaultable securities. Singleton addresses the restrictions on the joint distributions of asset returns and other economic variables implied by dynamic asset pricing models, as well as the interplay between model formulation and the choice of econometric estimation strategy. For each pricing problem, he provides a comprehensive overview of the empirical evidence on goodness-of-fit, with tables and graphs that facilitate critical assessment of the current state of the relevant literatures. As an added feature, Singleton includes throughout the book interesting tidbits of new research. These range from empirical results (not reported elsewhere, or updated from Singleton's previous papers) to new observations about model specification and new econometric methods for testing models. Clear and comprehensive, the book will appeal to researchers at financial institutions as well as advanced students of economics and finance, mathematics, and science.


Coral cover has declined markedly in the recent past in many regions of the world, including the Great Barrier Reef (GBR), Australia. The major causes of this decline are generally considered to be mortality associated with large-scale severe disturbances (i.e. catastrophic mortality), such as Acanthaster planci outbreaks, cyclones and bleaching. However, background rates of mortality (i.e. not associated with catastrophic disturbance), are rarely quantified, but without these it is difficult to assess the relative importance of these 2 types of mortality (catastrophic and background). We quantified spatial and temporal variation in catastrophic and background whole-colony mortality of the common reef coral Acropora millepora over 24 mo at 2 sites in 3 regions separated by 700 km along the GBR. The study period included 2 cyclones and a flood. Overall mortality rates were exceptionally high. Of 180 colonies tagged in April 2009, only 36 (20%) were alive in April 2011, and 68% of this mortality occurred in intervals following the 3 large disturbances. Background mortality rates were also high in the Palm Islands, where they approached 40% yr-1 compared to <5% in the Whitsunday and Keppel Islands. These results support the hypothesis that catastrophic mortality has been the major cause of coral loss in recent years on the GBR and also suggest that background rates of mortality are increasing at some locations. Projected increases in the agents of catastrophic mortality, such as cyclones and bleaching, as a result of global warming are likely to threaten the persistence of many coral species.


Earth First! is one of the most controversial and well known green movements in the world and the driving force behind the anti-road campaigns of the 1990s, made famous by sabotage tactics. Detailed accounts of major anti-road campaigns both in the UK and internationally are included, describing confrontations at Twyford, Newbury, Glasgow, the Autobahn in Germany, and information on the international spread of the Earth First! movement, with details of campaigns in Australia, Ireland, Germany, France, Holland and Eastern Europe. Earth First! and the Anti-Roads Movement traces the origins of the movement and the history of anti-roads activism in Britain since the 1880s. Radical EF! organisers describe how they took on their green activist identity, why they launched both EF! and the anti-roads movement, and their experiences of dramatic protest. Exposing the tensions between EF! and other green activists, they explain the political and economic influences on and the culture and politics of protest. Showing how green social and political theory can be linked to practical struggles for environmental and social change, Derek Wall investigates key topics of political and sociological interest in Britain and the World today. This is an authoritative account based on passionate and lyrical autobiographical accutns form activists blended with a strong theoretical grounding.


This paper is concerned with growth series for expansion complexes for finite subdivision rules. Suppose X is an expansion complex for a finite subdivision rule with bounded valence and mesh approaching 0, and let S be a seed for X. One can define a growth series for (X,S) by giving the tiles in the seed norm 0 and then using either the skinny path norm or the fat path norm to recursively define norms for the other tiles. The main theorem is that, with respect to either of these norms, the growth series for (X,S) has polynomial growth. Furthermore, the degrees of the growth rates of hyperbolic expansion complexes are dense in the ray [2,\infty).


This essay examines the role and function of metropolitan universities, with an analysis of future needs as related to the city and its growth. To this end, the essay reviews demographics, technology development, quality of life, resource needs, and the role of local, state, and federal governments in supporting the growth of metropolitan universities. These statistics indicate that broad dimensions of this partnership between metropolitan universities and their cities must move beyond limited research agreements. A call for expanded agreements in research and development, contracted education, and basic research requires new visions by those who plan for expanded involvement between metropolitan universities and cities.


Carefully crafted, often imperceptible, adversarial perturbations have been shown to cause state-of-the-art models to yield extremely inaccurate outputs, rendering them unsuitable for safety-critical application domains. In addition, recent work has shown that constraining the attack space to a low frequency regime is particularly effective. Yet, it remains unclear whether this is due to generally constraining the attack search space or specifically removing high frequency components from consideration. By systematically controlling the frequency components of the perturbation, evaluating against the top-placing defense submissions in the NeurIPS 2017 competition, we empirically show that performance improvements in both the white-box and black-box transfer settings are yielded only when low frequency components are preserved. In fact, the defended models based on adversarial training are roughly as vulnerable to low frequency perturbations as undefended models, suggesting that the purported robustness of state-of-the-art ImageNet defenses is reliant upon adversarial perturbations being high frequency in nature. We do find that under L-inf-norm constraint 16/255, the competition distortion bound, low frequency perturbations are indeed perceptible. This questions the use of the L-inf-norm, in particular, as a distortion metric, and, in turn, suggests that explicitly considering the frequency space is promising for learning robust models which better align with human perception.


[Extract] Tourism is often proposed as a strategy for community development, especially in rural or remote regions where traditional industries, such as agriculture, are experiencing an economic downturn and there are limited alternative opportunities. In promoting tourism development there is generally an assumption that it brings jobs and income which, in turn, contributes to overall community wellbeing.

Unfortunately, these regions do not always enter into the business of tourism with a clear understanding of the associated difficulties and challenges. While those responsible for development assume that tourism may be a source of economic opportunities, many business owners are not engaged with the tourism industry and do not understand how they might engage with it. This is particularly the case for businesses outside of what is generally considered the tourism industry and for micro, small and medium sized enterprises (MSMEs) that have limited time to explore avenues that stretch their business to new products and / or new markets. The challenge is to critically examine the links between tourism development and the impacts this has on community wellbeing in more detail and to identify ways in which tourism can make a positive contribution to community wellbeing. This paper contributes to this area of research by investigating the use of business coaching as a capacity building tool for MSMEs looking to incorporate tourism into their businesses in a north eastern regional Australian destination.


Abstract: The computer language (computer code) on the basis of which smart contracts are written is different from the natural (Human) language. Computer language is a 'dry' language, whereas natural language is 'wet'. In other words, it means that computer language is deterministic (just one meaning and one result are conceivable), when natural language is open to more and potential different meanings. Natural language requires therefore in itself interpretation, at least more than computer language. Computer language in theory doesn't require and possibly doesn't leave room for interpretation. If this assumption is accurate, what are the consequences of it (on the intention of the parties, on contract drafting, on courts' intervention…)? Building on that assumption, this article explores, from a comparative perspective, the impact of the blockchain-based smart contract technology, especially regarding contract drafting techniques. Contract drafting style in common law (long contracts, based on a 'if …, then ….' approach, quite similar to the coding approach) is in part based on the idea of preventing courts' interpretation and intervention. In civil law countries instead, contracts are generally shorter, for several reasons but partly because drafters tend to rely on more general legal concepts, external to the contract, and know that courts will play an important role, through interpretation, in disclosing the 'true meaning' of a contract. Coding contracts and relying on computer-code language can hence have a significant impact on the civil law approach and bring the two legal systems closer as far as contract drafting and contract interpretation are concerned.


In this paper, we propose an approach for detecting facial features and recovering pose in presence of high out of plane rotations for both still images and video streams. To detect the correct features, we assign a confidence number to combinations of feature candidates given the edge map of the face. Feature candidates are determined using probability distribution of color space of skin, eyes and eyebrows. To increase the accuracy of feature detection for video streams, we incorporate motion history information for individual features by weighing the confidence measure according to potential regions of features. Once the best feature combination is obtained, we recover the pose using the centroid of the features assuming orthographic projection. We conducted experiments on both still images and eleven video sequences including two CNN interviews. In most of the cases, the system performed very well and correctly determined the pose.


Despite significant writing by women in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, it was in the nineteenth that fiction by women became extensive and widely published, prompting numerous – sometimes prejudiced – evaluations of their works. The popular writer Rhoda Broughton (1840-1920), herself subject to adverse and biased criticism, addresses the notion of female imagination and creativity and the Victorian conception of the female writer in her two novels, A Beginner (1894) and the posthumous A Fool in her Folly (1920). Broughton relates the arduous journey of young first-time writers, Emma Jocelyn and Charlotte Hankey respectively, and exposes the limited opportunities open to them in both the private and public spheres. Two novels focus on the two young heroines – women, lovers and writers – in such a way that initiation becomes a major site for the exploration of female consciousness and experience. The convergence of the fictive and the real in the two texts also serves to highlight the relevance of literature by women. This is achieved firstly through the juxtaposition of the two heroines' vicissitudes with those of real women, including Broughton herself; secondly, through the heroines' admiration for other women writers, particularly Charlotte and Emily Brontë and George Eliot; and thirdly, in the echoes of texts by women writers including Jane Austen and Anne Brontë. Contemporary society's prejudice against unconventional women is confirmed but clearly not endorsed in the endings of the two texts. Broughton's thought-provoking studies of women's quests for personal and professional identity classify her as a perceptive writer who advocates the intellectual and emotional empowerment of women at a time when women were challenging limited definitions of their sex and fighting for their social rights.


All that has been said of the importance of individuality of character, and diversity in opinions and modes of conduct ~, involves, 9 as of the same unspeakable importance, diversity of education. A general state education is a mere contrivance for molding people to be exactly like one another: o And as the mold in which it casts them is that which pleases the predominant power in the government, whether this be a monarch, a priesthood ~ an aristocracy, or the majority of the existing generation in proportion as it is efficient and successful, it establishes a despotism over the mind, leading by natural tendency to one over the body. An education established and controlled by the state should only exist, if it exist at all, as one


These are four tales of contemporary life in a land where cannabis, rather than alcohol, customarily provides a way out of the phenomenological world. Thus, of the men in these stories, Salam uses suggestions supplied by smoking kif to rid himself of a possible enemy. He of the Assembly catches himself up in the mesh of his own kif-dream and begins to act it out in reality; Idir's victory over Lahcen is the classical story of the kif-smoker's ability to outwit the drinker. Driss the soldier, with aid of kif, proves the existence of magic to his enlightened superior officer. For all of them the kif-pipe is the means to attaining a state of communication not only with others but above all with themselves.


A supercontinuum laser based double integrating sphere setup in combination with an unscattered transmittance measurement setup was developed and carefully validated for optical characterization of turbid samples in the 500-2250 nm wavelength range. A set of 57 liquid optical phantoms, covering a wide range of absorption and scattering properties, were prepared and measured at two sample thicknesses. The estimated bulk optical properties matched well for both thicknesses, and with theory and literature, without significant crosstalk between absorption and scattering. Equations were derived for the bulk scattering properties μ(s), μ(s)' and g of Intralipid® 20% which can be used to calculate the bulk scattering properties of intralipid-dilutions in the 500-2250 nm range.


Dantzig-Wolfe reformulation solved by Column Generation is an approach to obtain improved bounds for Mixed Integer Programs. A downside of this approach is that the Column Generation process can be very time consuming due to degeneracy of the master problem and the tailing-off effect. To counter this problem in the Column Generation process, we also perform a number of Lagrangean Relaxation iterations to generate new columns after each time that we solve the master problem. This potentially reduces the number of times we have to solve the master problem. We explore this combination of Column Generation and Lagrangean Relaxation for the Job Grouping Problem. In our test set, we observe that the time spent to solve the master problem is decreased by a factor 4, while the total time spent on solving the subproblems remains approximately equal.


Wake-boundary layer interactions are common in multi-element aerofoils and turbomachines. The laminar-turbulent transition mechanism in such systems, occurring due to the interaction of upstream wake with the downstream boundary layer, has been the subject of several studies reported in the literature. Nevertheless, most of the research carried out in the literature has used a circular cylinder as the upstream wake generating body, while most real applications experience upstream disturbances originating from an aerofoil wake. Further, the wake characteristics of a circular cylinder and aerofoil are entirely different; this, in turn, might result in different transitional characteristics. Thus, to reveal the mechanisms in wake boundary layer interactions in multi-element aerofoils, it is necessary to reproduce the evolving flow field as realistically as possible. In this context, the present research addresses the interaction problem considering a simplified but realistic system involving an aerofoil and a flat plate. Such an experimental setup is new and has not be employed before for transition studies. An experimental investigation has been carried out in the low turbulence Gaster wind tunnel at City, University of London. Here, a NACA 0014 aerofoil at zero degree angle of attack is used to generate an upstream wake and a flat plate is used as the downstream surface, resulting in an interaction of the aerofoil wake with the initially laminar boundary layer on the flat plate. All the measurements in the present experiments have been carried out using hot-wire anemometry technique to obtain the mean velocity profiles and two-point correlations. Using the new data, a skewness based technique has been developed to differentiate the laminar, turbulent and transition zones in the flow. In addition, a rational procedure for determining the intermittency is proposed with the aim to overcome the subjectivity involved in the methods proposed in the literature. The results obtained from the proposed method have been validated with the existing dual-slope method. The core part of the investigation is the interaction of the upstream aerofoil wake and the downstream boundary layer on the flat plate. In particular, the laminarturbulent transition characteristics due to the above interaction has been studied in the pre transitional zone in order to understand the initial disturbance growth and further establish the transition mechanism. An important contribution lies in the study of the effect of gap between the aerofoil and the flat plate on the transitional characteristics. From the measurements in the pre-transitional zone, it is observed that the streamwise disturbance growth is exponential. In addition, the streamwise power spectrum confirms that the spatial growth of the disturbance is similar to that of a T-S wave, which is further verified using linear stability analysis. Certainly, such spatial amplification is characteristic of natural transition. On the other hand, in the same pre-transitional region, two features typical of by-pass transition are observed: a non-modal disturbance profile in the wall-normal direction and the presence of a longitudinal streaky structure. These measurements in the pre-transitional zone reveal the presence of mixed behaviour, with characteristics of both natural and bypass transition, which is entirely different to that of the cylinder wake-boundary layer interaction and to free-stream turbulence induced transition. Another interesting observation is that the spanwise scale of the streaky structure appears to be much larger (> 10δ) than that predicted by transient growth theory, and it varies with the gap between the aerofoil and the flat plate. On the whole, the aerofoil-wake boundary layer interaction seems to result in a different type of transition mechanism which possesses features associated with both natural and bypass transition.


Motor vehiclesare essential and numbers in Indonesia is increasing every year. However, the increase in motor vehicle growth was followed by an increase in the crime rate of motor vehicle theft. During the year 2013 in Central Java theft of a motor cases reached 4,616 cases. The theft case was triggered by a variety of factors including the vehicle that is note quipped with additional safety. Based on the above issues, we provide a solution in the form of motor vehicle safety accessories with light coding innovations. This safety device made from simple electronic and durable components. The purpose of this program is to help people get a motorcycle safety products are cheap and safe, and students can develop an entrepreneurial spiritthrough IC-Lock store. Preparation for developing IC-Lock products begins with the determination of the location of the business and preparation of raw materials to the end product can be marketed and used by the public. Currently, there are 2 types of IC Lock, namely 1 L type (1 lamp code) and 2 L type (2 lamp code). The number of IC-Lock products are sold as much as 911 pcs with a profit of Rp. 38,281,000.00for 10 months of the program. IC-Lock store has had a business entity with the name CV. INDOSAHADA. This effort will continue to be developed with a variety of innovations such as developing a product that is compatible with the car and add an alarm feature. Keywords : Sour-sop leaves, amplitude response, sensitivity, medical radiography


The equations of fluid motion are solved using finite differences for the three-dimensional, wind-driven circulation in a homogeneous lake of arbitrary bottom topography. The method allows arbitrary choices for the wind stress, the horizontal and vertical eddy viscosities, and the distribution of vertical eddy viscosity. For the examples investigated the nonlinear terms of the equations contributed little or nothing, indicating that lake circulation is well described by linear equations. The magnitudes of the horizontal and vertical eddy viscosities have a strong effect on the current velocity but only a minor effect on the circulation patterns. The distribution of the vertical eddy viscosity appears to play a minor role in the circulation pattern. Sample calculations indicate that some combinations of horizontal eddy viscosity, vertical eddy viscosity, and distribution of vertical eddy viscosity are nearly equivalent in that these combinations produce similar response curves, similar current velocities and circulation patterns having small differences.


Impact evaluations of water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions have demonstrated lower than expected health gains, in some cases due to low uptake and sustained adoption of interventions at a community level. These findings represent common challenges for public health and development programmes relying on collective action. One possible explanation may be low collective efficacy (CE)—perceptions regarding a group's ability to execute actions related to a common goal. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a metric to assess factors related to CE. We conducted this research within a cluster-randomised sanitation and hygiene trial in Amhara, Ethiopia. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were carried out to examine underlying structures of CE for men and women in rural Ethiopia. We produced three CE scales: one each for men and women that allow for examinations of gender-specific mechanisms through which CE operates, and one 26-item CE scale that can be used across genders. All scales demonstrated high construct validity. CE factor scores were significantly higher for men than women, even among household-level male-female dyads. These CE scales will allow implementers to better design and target community-level interventions, and examine the role of CE in the effectiveness of community-based programming.


This paper grapples with the challenges of introducing features of specialty courts into the mainstream criminal justice system. Specialty courts were first introduced in Australia in the late 1990s, in recognition of the fact that the social problems which may have contributed to an offender's behaviour may require social, rather than legal, solutions. There are currently a number of specialty court and diversion programs in place in Australia. In most cases, however, these programs only deal with a small minority of offenders. In particular, specialty court programs such as resource-intensive drug courts tend to be focused in metropolitan areas and access is therefore restricted to urban offenders. Regional and rural offenders may face further disadvantage due to the comparative lack of appropriate services provided locally. Mainstreaming aspects of specialty court programs may promote more equal access to court innovations for a greater proportion of offenders. This paper examines three challenges associated with attempts at mainstreaming, namely: promoting equity, resource issues and the role of the judicial officer. Generic court intervention programs, such as the Victorian Court Integrated Services Program, will be considered, and the need for cohesive policies on the future of problem-oriented justice examined.


Everyone loves the movies, and the movie posters in this book provide a colorful visual history of the movies, from the early silent days to the big blockbusters of recent years. The evolution of the dream factory is charted through spectacular graphics used by individual studios to advertise their movies. Posters, like the films they represent, demonstrate stylistic developments, in response to changing social and political conditions, throughout the 20th century. The glamour, pathos and sheer drama of Hollywood through the decades is colorfully brought to life in over 400 illustrations of rare and collectible movie posters. This book provides an entertaining appreciation of the evolution of Hollywood and cinematic poster art, as well as a guide to the value of this advertising material. This collectors guide enables instant understanding and identification in one volume. Essential to the novice buyer and an invaluable visual reference for experienced collectors, this book is a celebration of Hollywood.


Stable isotope composition of marine top predator's tissues provides insight information of its trophic ecology and migratory behavior. Previous reports have shown that dermal tissues could record longer patterns of hunting and movement. Based on this, the aim of this study was to describe the feeding and migratory habits of the white shark from Isla Guadalupe, using stable isotopic analysis of dermis. We considered a small subset of many possible prey taxa that the sharks could have eaten throughout their migration: pinnipeds, squid and tuna. We grouped the data in five focal areas: Gulf of California, Coast of California, Isla Guadalupe, SOFA and Hawaii. We performed a Bayesian mixing model to study the trophic ecology of this top predator. Average isotopic values for dermis tissue of white shark were delta13C (-14.5 per thousand) and delta15N (19.1 per thousand). Corrected white shark dermal mean values to resemble muscle were delta13C (-16.6 per thousand) and delta15N (21.2 per thousand). Mixing model data from dermis showed predation in offshore areas such the SOFA and a main importance of pinnipeds as prey of the white shark in Isla Guadalupe.


This is a review article on jaundice outbreak occurred in Biratnagar during April-July 2014. The study reviewed the reports on hepatitis outbreak presented by District Public Health Officer Morang during a seminar organized by Nepal Health Research Council (NHRC), District Disaster Management Committee (DDMC) meetings and HMIS (Health Management Information System) database. District Public Health Office (DPHO) recorded 2,789 Jaundice patients in Morang district including Biratnagar city. Most of the patients (80.67%) recorded from Biratnagar. In the outbreak sex ratio of female to male was 0.56:1. Hepatitis infection was highest among 15-29 age groups and noticed remarkable among 15 to 54 years age groups. District Disaster Management Committee declared the outbreak in Biratnagar on April 28 when 95 jaundice patients recorded in the hospitals. The number reached at peak level 176 patients on May 6 and the trend came downward to normal level on July 8, 2014. Total 12 deaths recorded in the outbreak. Of them 8 deaths recorded from Biratnagar, 3 deaths from Morang district and 1 death from Saptari district. In Biratnagar ward No. 11 listed 5 deaths, ward No. 8 listed 2 deaths and ward No. 3 listed 1 death. Case fatality rate in the Biratnagar outbreak calculated as 0.43%. The causes of hepatitis infection were hepatitis viruses E and A. The transmission of infection in Biratnagar was due to sewage contamination through leaking pipes in water distribution. The level of community awareness on taking safe water observed in the Biratnagar. Before the outbreak, people used to drink tap water without treatment. After the outbreak, people changed their behavior to boil or filter water to drink in houses. Many people started to purchase mineral water in jars and bottles from the market. However, government water supply system in Biratnagar is poor which demands an upgrade to meet WHO standard of drinking water.


A Mobile IPv6 node requires a home agent address, a home address, and
a security association with its home agent before it can start
utilizing Mobile IPv6. RFC 3775 requires that some or all of these
parameters be statically configured. Mobile IPv6 bootstrapping work
aims to make this information dynamically available to the mobile
node. An important aspect of the Mobile IPv6 bootstrapping solution is
to support interworking with existing Authentication, Authorization,
and Accounting (AAA) infrastructures. This document describes MIPv6
bootstrapping using the Diameter Network Access Server to home AAA
server interface. [STANDARDS-TRACK]


As small mobile devices such as mobile phones become increasingly sophisticated, they are beginning to be used for highly securitysensitive applications such as payment systems, stock trading, and access control systems. The increasing importance of mobile phones exposes the tremendous lack of access control systems that restrict access to the legitimate user. In fact, a lost mobile phone "delegates" all rights to its new owner. The main challenges in designing a secure user authentication system for small mobile devices are the miniaturization as well as the requirement for usability across a wide range of people. In this paper, we propose and evaluate a novel mechanism for user authentication. The cognitive process we rely on is the human ability to recognize degraded images; degraded images are easily recognized by legitimate users who have been being exposed to the original picture. On the other hand, without knowledge of the original image, it is difficult to mentally "revert" from the degraded image to the original image, which provides a line of defense against guessing attacks. We implement a prototype user authentication system in Nokia N70 cellular phones, and conduct a usability study of our scheme with 54 participants. We find that all users manage to authenticate, even after four weeks, which is a strong indication that the scheme is usable by a wide range of people, even on miniaturized portable devices. We anticipate that this research will revitalize and encourage research in the important topic of portable device based user authentication.


Across America, middle-class and upper-middle-class gated communities are creating new forms of exclusion and residential segregation, exacerbating social cleavages that already exist (Blakely and Snyder 1997; Higley 1995; Lang and Danielson 1997; Marcuse 1997). While historically secured and gated communities were built in the United States to protect estates and to contain the leisure world of retirees, these urban and suburban developments now target a much broader market, including families with children (Guterson 1992; Lofland 1998). This retreat to secured enclaves with walls, gates, and guards materially and symbolically contradicts American ethos and values, threatens public access to open space, and creates yet another barrier to social interaction, building of social networks, as well as increased tolerance of diverse cultural/ racial/social groups (Davis 1992;Devine 1996;Etzoni 1995; Judd 1995; McKenzie 1994).

In this paper, I explore how the discourse of fear of violence and crime and the search for a secure community by those who live in gated communities in the United States legitimates and rationalizes class-based exclusion strategies and residential segregation. I examine whether residents of cities experiencing increasing cultural diversity are fleeing neighborhoods because they have experienced a "loss of place" and therefore feel unsafe and insecure (Altaian and Low 1992). Some people are responding to this loss by choosing to buy into a defensive space, a walled and guarded community that they can call home, [gated communities, United States, urban fear]


As with any other emerging system, the analysis of the security of Peer-to-Peer Session Initiation Protocol systems is of crucial importance for its secure development and future standardization. In this survey, we analyze the security of these systems by studying the attacks that can be launched against them. After an overview of the services that conform its architecture (access control, bootstrap, routing, storage and communication) we present the different attacks that can be launched against each of the services described. Also, for each presented attack, we review the defense mechanisms that can be used to prevent the attack, summarizing their advantages and drawbacks. This analysis presents a clear picture of the new security challenges which must be considered for the development of a Peer-to-Peer Session Initialization Protocol system and a revision of the security mechanisms that can be used to secure them.


The aerodynamic interactions that can occur within a wind farm can result in the constituent turbines generating a lower power output than would be possible if each of the turbines were operated in isolation. Tightening of the constraints on the siting of wind farms is likely to increase the scale of the problem in the future. The aerodynamic performance of turbine rotors and the mechanisms that couple the fluid dynamics of multiple rotors can be most readily understood by simplifying the problem and considering the interaction between only two rotors. The aerodynamic interaction between two rotors in both co-axial and offset configurations has been simulated using the Vorticity Transport Model. The aerodynamic interaction is a function of the tip speed ratio, and both the streamwise and crosswind separation between the rotors. The simulations show that the momentum deficit at a turbine operating within the wake developed by the rotor of a second turbine is governed by the development of instabilities within the wake of the upwind rotor, and the ensuing structure of the wake as it impinges on the downwind rotor. If the wind farm configuration or wind conditions are such that a turbine rotor is subject to partial impingement by the wake produced by an upstream turbine, then significant unsteadiness in the aerodynamic loading on the rotor blades of the downwind turbine can result, and this unsteadiness can have considerable implications for the fatigue life of the blade structure and rotor hub.


Scientific knowledge is believed to be the wellspring of innovation. Historically, firms have also invested in research to fuel innovation and growth. In this paper, we document a shift away from scientific research by large corporations between 1980 and 2007. We find that publications by company scientists have declined over time in a range of industries. We also find that the value attributable to scientific research has dropped, whereas the value attributable to technical knowledge (as measured by patents) has remained stable. These effects appear to be associated with globalization and narrower firm scope, rather than changes in publication practices or a decline in the usefulness of science as an input into innovation. Large firms appear to value the golden eggs of science (as reflected in patents) but not the golden goose itself (the scientific capabilities). These findings have important implications for both public policy and management.


CAAD Futures is a biennial conference that aims to promote the advancement of computer-aided architectural design research and teaching. The conferences are organised under the auspices of the CAAD Futures Foundation. The conference series started in 1985 in Delft and has since traveled to major cities in Europe, Asia, and USA. This volume is the proceedings of the 12th International Conference of CAAD Futures, which took place in Sydney, Australia. The internationally refereed papers in this book present the state of the art in computer-aided architectural design research. The papers in this year's conference theme, Integrating Technologies for Computer-Aided Design, provide the technological foundation for new ways of thinking about using computers in designing and the use of computers in design itself as well as in the education of designers. Information about the 2007 Conference and this book is available at: arch.usyd.edu.au/kcdc/conferences/cf07


Jurassic sediments in the shallow pericratonic basins of Kachchh and Rajasthan, western India, exhibit numerous signs of reduced sedimentation, omission, erosion and in situ reworking, in combination with synsedimentary cementation. Hardgrounds developed on carbonate shoals in the Bathonian of Rajasthan, whilst reworked concretion levels are characteristic of offshore siliciclastic sediments of the Callovian of Kachchh. A prominent marker horizon, the Oxfordian Dhosa Oolite Member, occurs throughout much of the Kachchh sub-basin and is a highly condensed unit characterized by hardgrounds, intraformational cobbles, reworked concretions, stromatolitic iron crusts, iron oncoids, and shell lags. Hardgrounds, reworked concretion levels, and condensation horizons are interpreted as the preserved relicts of transgressive pulses. Such pulses were possibly controlled by eustatic rise of sea level. Of at least equal importance, however, was a tectonic control which is demonstrated by the presence of small neptunian dykes, boulder beds derived from small submarine cliffs and rapid lateral facies and thickness changes in the Dhosa Oolite Member. These indications of extensional tectonics are thought to be connected to rifting and initial sea floor spreading between Africa and India.


This thesis presents an investigation into the application of electrodynamic sensors to a tornographic imaging system.

Several sensing mechanisms for measurement using non-intrusive techniques are discussed and their relevance to pneumatic conveying considered. Electrical charge tomography systems are shown to be worthy of investigation. Electrodynamic sensors are inherently low cost and simple in concept. This sensor is used to detect the inherent charge on dry, moving solids. Models are developed to predict the sensitivity of circular and rectangular electrodes. The spatial filtering effect of these sensors is investigated. Cross correlation is briefly reviewed and a software program is presented and tested. For tomographic imaging the forward problem for the individual sensors is modelled, used to solve the inverse problem and derive the linear back projection and filtered back projection algorithms.

The design of the electronic circuitry which forms the transducer is presented. The gravity drop flow rig is described and the relationship between sand flow and plastic bead flow relative to the flow indicator setting determined. The dual 16-channel sensor array measurement section is described. Flow models are developed and used to predict the relative output voltage profiles expected from the sensor arrays.

The linearity and frequency bandwidth of the sensor electronics is measured. The effect of sensor size on sensitivity and spatial filtering are investigated for circular and rectangular electrodes.

Estimates of the solid concentration of flowing particles are made using individual sensors. Concentration profiles are generated and compared with predicted values. Peripheral velocities of the flowing material are determined from transit times calculated by cross correlation of upstream and downstream sensor signals.

Concentration profiles are calculated using linear back projection and filtered back projection algorithms from data measured by the sensor arrays. Velocity profiles are obtained by cross correlation of upstream and downstream pixel concentration values. Estimates of the mass flow rate are obtained by combining concentration and velocity profiles.

Suggestions for further work on electrodynamic sensors and tomographic measurements are made.


Travel and entertainment expenses for business have always been deductible. These expenses are considered an integral part of businesses maintaining client relationships and developing new potential clients. After all, business is about maintaining current clients and obtaining new ones. Therefore, the tax deductions for these expenses have been and now are permitted as legal business expense tax deductions.The Tax. Reform Act of 1986It became apparent under the Jimmy Carter administration that some of these legal tax deductions were being abused. Consequently, Congress decided to change the tax law. At first Congress wanted to forbid any business from taking a deduction for any alcoholic drinks. But on second thought1 Congress decided not to do this. In addition, Congress still thought that excessive deductions for alcoholic drinks should not be permitted nor should excessive entertainment expenses be permitted. For example; front row tickets to the Super Bowl or the World Series when paying scalper prices would not be an appropriate expense. So, Congress decided to exclude 50 percent of all entertainment and business meals expenses. Congress called this the "three martini" business lunch rule, a name that has stuck and can be found in basic tax textbooks and in various business articles.Therefore, instead of limiting the definition of a tax deduction Congress decided to limit all meal and entertainment expenses to 50 percent of expenditures. Under the Tax Reform Act of 1 986, a business can still allow clients or potential clients to have "three martinis" at lunch but the tax deduction would be limited to 50 percent. The actual law can be found in The Internal Revenue Code Section 274.As to tax deductible entertainment expenses, the tax code does not differentiate between what entertainment is acceptable and what is not. If one takes a client or potential client to the symphony it should be deductible as an entertainment expense. If one goes to a baseball game, that too would be deductible. But what if one takes a client to a wrestling match? The answer is that the tax code does not judge the quality of entertainment. As long as it is a legal activity, it can be a tax deduction.This article will discuss selected U.S. Tax Court cases involving travel, meal and entertainment expenses. Cases will be cited from court decisions and the actual IRS code. The cases cited may seem to be, and in many cases are, contradictive. Most cases selected for analysis have occurred since the "Tax Reform Act of 1986" but some older cases were selected to demonstrate the historically contentious nature of business expense deductions claimed by corporate and individual taxpayers.It can be tempting for a corporation or business owner to claim unsubstantiated travel, meal and entertainment expenses as business expense deductions. The non-deductible portion of travel expenses, and meal and entertainment expenses subject to the 50 percent reduction rule represent a dollar for dollar reduction in the gross income, thereby reducing taxable income.Throughout the research of applicable cases it, became apparent that when travel, meal and entertainment expenses were disallowed by the courts, it almost always involved a lack of proper substantiation on the part of the taxpayer, whether corporate or individual, under IRS Code, Section 274(d). This paper will present multiple cases demonstrating this fact. Although this is only a small sampling of cases available for study, it provides a good understanding of some of the pitfalls involved in claiming business expense deductions and substantiating business expenses.This article will attempt to provide the reader with guidance on how each of the cases involving disallowed deductions could have been properly handled and reported by the taxpayer in order to avoid unnecessary penalties or assessments of additional tax liability.Corporate PetitionsChurchill Downs Inc. …