Offender spatial behaviour has been utilized extensively by practitioners and researchers alike as a vector to study criminal behaviour. Psychologists and criminologists alike have been utilizing spatial behaviour as a means to describe crime patterns, which has resulted in several areas of specific research. Several prominent theories of criminal behaviour resulted from this work including routine activity theory and crime pattern theory. This thesis builds upon past research by reintroducing activity space as a means to study criminal spatial movement and the progression of criminality in general

First, this thesis addresses the lack of specific methodologies for a standard estimation process for criminal activity spaces. There is no consensus among the existent activity space literature as to how to calculate such spaces, which is further compounded by the unique challenges associated with working with crime data. As such, the current thesis introduces methods for estimating activity spaces as a single or composite geometric surface given the entirety of a given offenders criminal history. From this standardized activity space construct, general properties of spatial involvement (size, dispersion) were calculated as well as the proportion of offenders for whom the activity space for a given number of crimes included the next temporally sequential crime in their series.

Furthermore, this thesis demonstrates the utility of an activity space based framework in studying criminal spatial behaviour through direct example via crime linkage analysis. Activity spaces for all serial offenders (n = 997) within the available sample were calculated and used within a crime linkage exercise. Results indicate that such methods can be greatly improved by incorporating specific activity space based measures via two distinct studies: the first utilizing logistic regression models in accordance with past research; the second employing a more sophisticated machine learning technique of random forest modelling.

Finally, this thesis demonstrates how activity spaces can be used to extend crime linkage methods away from the traditional crime-focused approach to an offender-focused approach. Past studies of crime linkage analysis have used spatial proximity to assess strict crime-to-crime relationships, however results from a suspect prioritization simulation indicated that an activity space-based one-to-many comparison resulted in significantly improved suspect prioritization performance: traditional models correctly prioritized the correct offender into the top five suspects 24% of the time compared to 32% of the time for activity space-based approaches. This body of work serves to illustrate not just the suitability of the proposed method of modelling criminal activity spaces, but also the theoretical implications contained therein.


Greater female labour market participation has important positive implications not only for women's empowerment and the well-being of their families but also for the economy they live in. In this paper, we examine the various effects of internet availability on women's labour market outcomes in Indonesia. As each worker subgroup tends to respond differently to changes in technology, examining the heterogeneity in the impact of internet availability on female labour market outcomes is central to our research. By constructing a district-level longitudinal dataset covering the period 2007–18, we find that internet availability has only a small significant effect on the female labour force participation rate and no statistically significant effect on the employment rate. However, internet availability increases the probability of women having a full-time job, especially for women aged 15–45 and those with a low level of education. Our study shows that internet availability does not always bring favourable labour market outcomes for women. We find that internet availability lowers the probability of women with a low level of education working in a high-skilled job and in the formal sector. Our results are robust to several robustness checks. Analysis of our qualitative interviews with a subsample of recent mothers supports the conclusion that the ability to be prepared for and attain flexible working conditions are two important values provided by the internet. We argue that a women-friendly working environment and adequate IT infrastructure are crucial elements in maximizing the role of the internet in helping women to achieve more favourable labour market outcomes.


This article examines the current challenges faced by open/distance teaching universities worldwide. The challenges relate to: the change of technological and instructional infrastructures; the move from national systems to a global landscape; the need to find appropriate parties for collaboration in the academic and corporate worlds; the search for quality assurance mechanisms; and the digital divide between developing and developed countries, and between poor and rich. The article concludes with highlighting the leading prospects for open/ distance teaching universities.


This paper reveals a frogotten formative influence on George Eliot. Most accounts of Eliot9s debts to science examine the circle of eminent scientists she and Lewes knew in the 1860s and 1870s and his own late work, Problems of Life and Mind. Here I explore much earlier and less celebrated writing: the microscopical investigations of primitive water creatures that Lewes conducted as an amateur popularizer of science in the mid to late 1850s and the vigorous culture of microscopy to which he introduced George Eliot as early as 1856. After summarizing the technological advances in the microscope that had nurtured this culture and surveying the role of Victorian periodicals in sustaining it, I trace the significance of the discipline, particularly as conveyed in Lewes9s neglected article "Only a Pond!," for the texture and structure of Middlemarch. The language of her characters9 dialogues teems with details of vocabulary and metaphor first developed by Lewes to map the world of the water-drop onto the equally parasitic relationships of mid-Victorian society. More surprising, Eliot also made her narrator one of the novel9s two amateur microscopists, the other being Camden Farebrother, Middlemarch9s own amateur natural historian. The pater then explores the different kinds of "advantage" this interest in microscopes secures for Farebrother over Lydgate, the book9s representative of professional science, and argues that Farebrother is the novelist9s private tribute to Lewes9s earlier enthusiams.


The frequency and intensity of disturbance on living coral reefs have been accelerating for the past few decades, resulting in a changed seascape. What is unclear but vital for management is whether this acceleration is natural or coincident only with recent human impact. We surveyed nine uplifted early to mid-Holocene (11,000-3700 calendar [cal] yr B.P.) fringing and barrier reefs along similar to 27 km at the Huon Peninsula, Papua New Guinea. We found evidence for several episodes of coral mass mortality, but frequency was 16 km along the ancient coastline, occurred ca. 9100-9400 cal yr B.P., and is associated with a volcanic ash horizon. Recolonization of the reef surface and resumption of vertical reef accretion was rapid (< 100 yr), but the post-disturbance reef communities contrasted with their pre-disturbance counterparts. Assessing the frequency, nature, and long-term ecological consequences of mass-mortality events in fossil coral reefs may provide important insights to guide management of modern reefs in this time of environmental degradation and change.


Traditionally, robots in manufacturing have been deployed in caged, static and predictable environments. Advances in robotics are enabling industrial robots to emerge from these traditional habitats, and enter the final assembly to work along side humans. My thesis contributes to this effort through development of a mobile robot capable of operating on final automotive assembly lines to assist humans. Several algorithmic as well as design challenges exist when mobile robots enter the unpredictable, human-centric and time-critical environment of final assembly. My primary focus is on achieving autonomous mobility, a precursor for introducing robots to operational factory floors. Automotive assembly lines present a distinct challenge in form of surfaces that are dynamic, i.e., the conveyor belts which ferry cars in the factory. I develop a control strategy to enable autonomous navigation on such dynamic surfaces, and design a sensing module capable of detecting the conveyor belts. The designed system is tested in simulation, implemented on hardware and evaluated on an operational, automotive factory floor. Evaluation in factory establishes preliminary success in the designed robotic system. Interesting, qualitative observations while introducing a robot in a real environment also emerge, and motivate need for enhancing the interaction capability of robots for time-critical tasks in human-centric environments. Towards this, we carry out a human subject experiment (N = 24) comparing the performance of the robot to that of a human assistant in an analogue assembly line environment. Results from the experiment provide a better understanding of the factors that impact fluency of interaction and inform the design of a more effective mobile robotic assistant. This work introduces mobile robots on the automotive assembly lines right next to people, thereby paving the way for utilizing them to assist busy, human associates in the myriad tasks involved in final assembly of cars.


The rule of law is sometimes associated with the precision and determinacy of legal rules, and the predictability of the environment that they provide. But it is important also to think about the various ways in which law helps to make us more thoughtful and reflective, governing us through standards and principles rather than through the robotic precision of rules. Whether in private law (with standards of reasonable care), or in human rights law (with norms prohibiting inhuman and degrading treatment), law sometimes invites its subjects to make thoughtful judgments about their behavior or about the situations that they face, structuring and channeling those judgments in various ways. The paper focuses on three ways in which law itself sponsors thoughtfulness and argumentation: (1) first, in its use of standards (as well as rule); (2) secondly in the way legal procedures structure and facilitate argumentation; (3) in the way precedents provide shared premises for argument. It would be a pity if we were to lose sight of these functions of law; and equally it would be a pity to distinguish too sharply between these key features of law and the aide of the rule of law. This paper reflects in general terms on the circumstances in which law's facilitation of thoughtfulness is appropriate, and on the dangers of losing sight of this aspect of the rule of law.


We propose and demonstrate a highly sensitive in-line photonic crystal fiber (PCF) microfluidic refractometer. Ultrathin C-shaped fibers are spliced in-between the PCF and standard single-mode fibers. The C-shaped fibers provide openings for liquid to flow in and out of the PCF. Based on a Sagnac interferometer, the refractive index (RI) response of the device is investigated theoretically and experimentally. A high sensitivity of 6621 nm/RIU for liquid RI from 1.330 to 1.333 is achieved in the experiment, which agrees well with the theoretical analysis.


Prior modal stability analysis (Kojima et al., Phys. Fluids, vol. 27, 1984, pp. 19–32) predicted that a rising or sedimenting droplet in a viscous fluid is stable in the presence of surface tension no matter how small, in contrast to experimental and numerical results. By performing a non-modal stability analysis, we demonstrate the potential for transient growth of the interfacial energy of a rising droplet in the limit of inertialess Stokes equations. The predicted critical capillary numbers for transient growth agree well with those for unstable shape evolution of droplets found in the direct numerical simulations of Koh & Leal (Phys. Fluids, vol. 1, 1989, pp. 1309–1313). Boundary integral simulations are used to delineate the critical amplitude of the most destabilizing perturbations. The critical amplitude is negatively correlated with the linear optimal energy growth, implying that the transient growth is responsible for reducing the necessary perturbation amplitude required to escape the basin of attraction of the spherical solution.


For centuries, coastal marshes have been subjected to anthropogenic stressors. Great expanses of coastal marshes were drained and filled to make way for development, and those that remained were diked and ditched, encroached upon by upland development, and used for agricultural purposes such as livestock grazing. Today, as the values and services coastal marshes provide to human society are understood, marshes are protected from direct degradation. However, especially in developed and densely populated estuaries such as Narragansett Bay, coastal marshes are subject to impacts including nutrient pollution and introduction of invasive species. Global climate change and associated sea level rise further threaten coastal ecosystems. As marsh vegetation community structure, biogeochemistry, and microbial and faunal assemblages shift in response to anthropogenic impacts and global change, ecosystem function is likely to be altered as well. Since coastal marshes provide highly valued services such as coastline protection, wildlife habitat, nitrogen (N) transformations and carbon (C) sequestration, understanding the outcomes of these functional shifts is an important research concern. Of particular interest is the potential for impacts to coastal marshes' important ecosystem service of C sequestration, since perturbations to this function could result in climate changeexacerbating feedbacks. Coastal marshes are such effective C sinks due to their high productivity and associated carbon dioxide (CO2) uptake, slow decomposition, and minimal emission of climate-altering greenhouse gases (GHGs). However, emission of GHGs may be stimulated by several of the global change drivers coastal marshes face. These potential drivers include N pollution, which can stimulate emission of the potent GHG nitrous oxide (N2O) from coastal marshes, and invasion of the aggressive introduced grass Phragmites australis, which may stimulate emission of methane (CH4). Testing how these impacts may interact to alter fluxes of GHGs in coastal marshes is important for a clear understanding of the role that coastal marshes play in global climate and whether this role is likely to be affected by a changing climate. Very recently, development of novel technologies for measuring GHG concentrations in situ in real time have made simultaneous measurement of the GHGs CO2, CH4, and N2O a possibility, and have opened the door to experiments that will improve understanding of coastal marsh GHG flux dynamics and their response to changes to the coastal marsh ecosystem. The objective of the research projects presented in this dissertation was to elucidate responses of coastal marsh GHG fluxes to drivers of global change including climate change, N pollution, and invasion of Phragmites australis. Four research projects employing mensurative and manipulative experiments incorporating cavity ringdown spectroscopy (CRDS) technology for GHG flux measurement were conducted. First, GHG flux dynamics in native vegetation and Phragmites-dominated coastal marsh zones along a salinity gradient were characterized to determine whether Phragmites invasion may potentially affect marsh GHG fluxes. Next, the effect of vegetation presence on GHG fluxes and their diurnal variability in a coastal marsh were tested with the aim of better understanding mechanisms underlying coastal marsh GHG fluxes. Since Phragmites removal as part of restoration activities is a commonly employed management activity in coastal marshes, the third experiment tested effects of coastal marsh restoration activities and Phragmites removal on GHG flux dynamics. Finally, to examine potential interactive impacts of climate change, N pollution and Phragmites presence on GHG flux dynamics, a multifactorial greenhouse experiment was conducted in chambers that simulated elevated atmospheric CO2 and temperatures expected to occur by the end of the century. Results of these experiments revealed a potentially complicated role of Phragmites in mediating GHG fluxes from coastal marshes under conditions of global change. While Phragmites-dominated marsh zones consistently emitted more CH4 relative to native vegetation marsh zones, they also had substantially greater CO2 uptake per unit area. Within Phragmites stands, clearing vegetation resulted in an increase in CH4 emissions that was exacerbated by the loss of photosynthetic CO2 uptake. Testing effects of N pollution and climate change on GHG fluxes revealed that Phragmites-dominated marshes might emit more CH4 under conditions of climate change. While further research is required to determine the spatial and temporal consistency of the effects and to continue clarifying mechanisms, results presented in this dissertation make clear the potential for Phragmites australis invasion to alter marshes' role in a changing global climate.


Research Summary: This study analyzes how the divestitures that are impelled by activist investors in their campaigns against public corporations affect shareholder value. Using hand‐collected data on the activist campaigns that were launched against and the divestitures that were undertaken by Fortune 500 companies between 2007 and 2015, we find that activist‐impelled divestitures are more positively associated with immediate and longer‐term measures of shareholder value than comparable manager‐led divestitures. These performance differences persist for nearly two years after the completion of these deals. Our results empirically test the idea that firms with agency problems unlock shareholder value when they divest, and support the notion that activist investors fulfill an important external governance function. Our work also opens new research opportunities and offers practical implications as well. Managerial Summary: This study investigates how divestitures that are undertaken at the behest of activist investors affect shareholder value. We find that divestitures that were undertaken under pressure from activist investors are associated with more positive shareholder returns than comparable divestitures that were undertaken voluntarily by managers. These performance differences persist for nearly two years after the completion of these deals, alleviating concerns about the purported short‐termism of activist investors. Our findings suggest that activist investors may fulfill an important governance function by inducing managers to undertake strategies that they might not otherwise pursue, thereby unlocking shareholder value.


With the popularity of social networking services (SNSs) and the increase of users, individuals' social roles in a social network have become more and more important in terms of the recommendation of personalized services and the collective decision-making process. Usually, in an SNS system, active users may not represent the major opinions among the whole users, and most of the users' opinions may be multifarious. In this paper, we focus on analyzing and identifying users' dynamical social roles to facilitate the collective decision-making process. After introducing the social choice theory and an improved collective decision-making model, we present a three-layer model to analyze users' social roles in a hierarchical way and develop an integrated mechanism to utilize the identification of social roles to support the collective decision making. Based on a developed NetLogo-based tool, a case study for the course-offering determination with an application scenario is demonstrated to show the process of using users' social roles to support the collective decision making. The comparison experiment conducted between our method and the Delphi method shows the usefulness of our proposed method to help users achieve the decision consensus in a more efficient way.


The rationale for this thesis stems from three interlinked issues. First, there is a general
recognition of the importance of the small firm sector and the value of its contribution to the
health of economies across the globe. Second, the provision of external finance for growing
small firms in developed and developing countries has improved significantly over the last
few years in terms of both the total of funds and the range of financial facilities available.
Third, despite this rapid expansion in the range of public and private sector financial
initiatives, there is widespread perception that financing difficulties continue to exist,
difficulties which are perceived to be major obstacles or constraints on small firm growth.
This thesis aims to contribute to a better understanding of the practices and
problems of financing the growth of small firms in developed and developing countries with
particular reference to the United Kingdom (U.K.) and Malaysia. In pursuing the main l
objective, empirical study attempts to investigate the characteristics of small firms and their
owner-managers, as well as the growth orientation of the firms and the extent to which these
characteristics are associated with the need for, and use of, external sources of finance and
with the existence of difficulties in obtaining the finance. Subsequently, comparative
investigation between the two countries explores the similarities and differences with respect
to the sources and patterns of finance as well as the difficulties in raising finance.
Having identified the important variables in the theoretical framework of the study,
the relationships among the variables are established and research hypotheses are generated.
In order to achieve the main objective ofthe study, the empirical investigation was conducted
using two research strategies: questionnaires and case studies. Nonparametric gamma and
chi-square statistics are used in analysing the empirical results.
Two major findings emerge from this study. First, the overall characteristics of
firms and owner-managers have no association with the need for, and sources of external
finance and the existence of difficulties in raising finance; whereas growth of the firms can
be associated with the sources of external finance and the existence of financing difficulties.
Second, whilst there is a significant difference in the need for external finance by growthoriented
small firms in the U. K. and Malaysia, both the sources/patterns ofexternal finance
and the difficulties experienced by small firms in the two countries are not markedly different.


The interstitial stygobites of the genus Microcharon (Crustacea, Isopoda, Microparasellidae) are highly diversified in Morocco, especially in the High Atlas. A new species from the North Saharan platform is described. Microcharon oubrahimae n. sp. is characterized by the original morphology of the first male pleopod which exhibits a concave inner margin of the distal part and a subdistal position of the armature. From a phylogenetic point of view, M. oubrahimae does not belong to the lineage which includes the Moroccan Atlasian species. In contrast, it belongs to the eastern- Mediterranean group of species. It is related to the species of the group M. orghidani-M. bureschi-M. phlegetonis from Romania and Bulgaria. The two-step model of colonization and evolution provides an understanding of the origin and evolutionary history of this stygobiont. M. oubrahimae derived from marine ancestors that lived in the littoral interstitial waters of the marine gulfs which covered the Errachidia-Boudnib-Erfoud basin within the pre-African trench during the Turonian or more likely Early Senonian. These marine ancestors might have settled in fresh groundwater during the regressive phases of the Turonian embayment or more likely of the brief Coniacian-Santonian gulf.


Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity-impulsivity, or both. Although fine motor difficulties are frequently found in children diagnosed with ADHD, often they are not identified and are undertreated. The present study examined fine motor control in children with ADHD in several ways, including through the use of digitizing technology, and compared it to that of control children. Thirty-eight children with ADHD and 28 control children in grades four through eight were administered a measure of handwriting (Test of Handwriting Skills – Revised; THS-R), a pattern completion task (Repeated Patterns Test; RPT), and a measure of fine motor skills (Bruininks Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency – Second Edition; BOT-2) on a digitizing tablet. Groups were compared on peak vertical velocity, variability of peak vertical velocity, normalized jerk, and mean stylus pressure. Results of the present study indicated that better quality of writing was associated with slower writing speed in children with ADHD, whereas in control children better quality writing was associated with greater stylus pressure, slower writing speed, and less variability in writing speed. No group differences were found on either a measure of fluency or stylus pressure when examining children's writing between different levels of constraint. Both groups demonstrated the most fluent writing between 2 cm spaced lines, which appear to represent a level that facilitates the maximal amount of writing fluency in children in grades four through eight. Lastly, results indicated that there were no stylus pressure differences between groups for either novel or motorically complex material. Fine motor control in ADHD v


The research that writer have done was the case-study at CV Varia Collection that titled "Intern Controlling Analysis for Cash at CV Varia Collection Blitar". The aims for this research is for testing the intern controlling system for cash, and for giving the solution of the problem that faced by CV Varia Collection, related with cash controlling system. This research was focused on the intern controlling system for cash revenue procedure and cash expenditure procedure for buying raw materials and payment. The result of this research showed that the current intern controlling system had not been yet appropriate with the principles of the intern controlling. It showed by the existence of double-occupation of this corporation, for its cash revenue procedure and expenditure procedure. This double-occupation, especially for cash controlling, was the main problem of this research. The existence of double-occupation in CV Varia Collection caused corporation cash revenue and its recording were just done by one people is that treasurer. The shortage of labor and leader's overestimate of trust for just one staff is the main reason why the system of this corporation was not appropriate with the good system. Moreover, the low of monitoring for cash controlling system and labor performance will be another problem for this research. The low of monitoring from the leader will caused treasurer easy to do any deviations of corporation's financial cash. The leader is just checking cash-report every afternoon, everyday. But when the cash transaction is in process, there is no one who monitored them. The performance of labor was also does not monitored directly by the leader due to she has another job. Hence, the monitoring was put on treasurer who also has double-job as a vice-leader and secretary. From the summary above, the writer gives several suggestions related those problems. It's better for separating of function or occupation clearly followed by good monitoring from corporation. Moreover, it needs to build an intern monitoring for every single cash revenue and expenditure activity.


Using satellite images archived by Google Earth™, we measured channel and oxbow-lake characteristics of 30 large meandering rivers to identify the controls on the production of oxbow lakes by meander cutoff. Cutoff produced lognormal distributions of lake lengths within the studied reaches, and the geometric mean lake length of each population correlated positively and exponentially with sinuosity, due to more highly sinuous reaches being comprised of longer meanders and to cutoff removing longer segments of more sinuous channels. We successfully predicted the size-frequency distributions of lakes stored within the flood-plains of five freely meandering reaches using only channel sinuosity and an assumption of the variance about the geometric mean lake length, a variable that did not significantly vary between the studied reaches. While the river's sinuosity remains steady, the temporal rate of cutoff can be estimated using channel sinuosity, the fraction by which cutoff reduces channel length, and the rate at which the reach lengthens by meander growth.


This paper is an analysis of e-commerce at United Parcel Service (NYSE: UPS). The paper begins with a general overview of the company's IT environment to establish awareness of the size and complexity of this corporation. The analysis includes a macro level breakdown of the technology infrastructure of UPS ranging from the amount of data centers the company has, to the amount of PCs currently in operation. The study also more closely analyzes the software and database structure of UPS. Furthermore, an analysis of the company's E-commerce activities was conducted and includes an interview with Tom Creech, the North Florida District E-commerce manager at UPS. Finally, research was conducted to evaluate the emerging technologies that UPS will soon be implementing and should be employing in the future to support the business strategy and maintain its competitive edge.


A Risk-Averse Newsvendor Model with Pricing Consideration by YE Zuobin Master of Philosophy A decision maker who is facing a random demand for a perishable product, such as newspapers, decides how many units to order for a single selling period. This single-period inventory problem is often referred to as the "classic newsvendor problem", in which the selling price is fixed, the order must be made before the selling period, and the decision maker is risk-neutral. If the decision maker orders too many (overage), the inventory cost will be too high. If the decision maker orders too few (underage), the potential profit will be lost. The optimal order quantity is a balance between the expected costs of overage and underage. This thesis investigates an extension of the classic newsvendor problem. In this extension the demand depends on the selling price, the decision maker may obtain an additional order at a higher price during the selling period, and the decision maker is risk-averse (not risk-neutral). The problem is to find optimal order quantity and selling price so that the expected utility of the risk-averse decision maker is maximized. This thesis examines the relationship between the order quantity and the selling price for different risk-averse decision makers in this extended newsvendor problem defined above. The result shows that the relationships are consistent for some decision makers but not for others. For example, if the decision maker exhibits a constant absolute risk aversion (CARA), the optimal order quantity will decline when the selling price increases. If the decision maker has constant relative risk aversion (CRRA), the relationship is complex. This thesis finds that if it is just known that the decision maker is risk-averse, the optimal order quantity placed is less than that made by a risk-neutral decision maker. Further more, the risk-averse decision maker's optimal order quantity falls when her/his risk aversion increases. However, the relationship between order quantity and selling price is still indeterminate in this case. This extension of the classic newsvendor problem provides a more realistic dynamic setting than before, therefore providing an excellent framework for examining how the inventory problem interacting with the marketing issue (selling price) will influence decision makers at the firm level. It also provides an integrated framework for investigating different variations of newsvendor problems. Thus, this thesis will motivate and encourage more applications of the newsvendor problem which is a foundation of many supply chain management problems. I declare that this is an original work based primarily on my own research, and I warrant that all citations of previous research, published or unpublished, have been duly acknowledged. (YE Zuobin) September 2004


Foldable robotics is accepted as one of the leading technologies in the soft robotics field. Integrating the sensing components, including hinge angle proprioception, into the robot with a single fabrication method is a part of the field's ultimate goal. Here we present a cheap single-step method for angle sensing integration into the hinges, with an accurate and reproducible performance. We use silver nanoparticle inkjet printing on the flexible structural layer (PET) of the foldable robot (i.e. Delta robot), using an office-type printer. Silver printed sensors were studied for slight bending applications; however, we report their behavior under a 1 mm minimum radius of curvature, an advanced range both for silver strain sensors and any printed hinge position sensors. Among the three patterns studied, one gave a mean absolute dynamic hysteresis error below 1 degree. Reproducibility of a printed angle sensor behavior is reported for the first time, with three prototypes of each pattern (2degree standard deviation). Printed sensor feedback is tested with proportional control for the first time, via set-point and tracking tasks. On-off control law is also implemented and errors below 1 degree are achieved. Proportional control performances are compared with encoder feedback control and the difference between the realized trajectories are found to be under 1 mm in the task plane.


Non-physical arrivals produced by seismic interferometry, the process whereby Green's functions are synthesized between two points by cross-correlation, crossconvolution or deconvolution, are often considered to provide little information about the Earth's subsurface. Their contributions are usually suppressed in interferometric Green's function estimates to suit existing methods of seismic velocity estimation which favour the more familiar physical arrivals. In this thesis we show that the non-physical arrivals retrieved in exploration-type settings are useful for determining the long-wavelength seismic velocity structure and can be used to obtain improved Green's function estimates. First, we estimate the seismic velocity and layer thickness by measuring the signal coherency along traveltime curves between two receivers in a collection of traces consisting of cross-correlated wavefields, known as the correlation gather. The traveltime curves represent the traveltime differences between wavefields recorded at the two receivers. When the procedure is used to find the velocity and thickness of the uppermost layer, the traveltime curves implicitly incorporate the physical and non-physical wavefields in the Green's function estimates. When the procedure is applied to a model with more than one layer, the traveltime curves correspond to non-physical wavefields only in the Green's function estimates. Instead of suppressing multiple reflections as in conventional methods, the procedure incorporates the traveltimes of multiple reflections to constrain velocity and thickness estimates. The procedure above is most suitable for recovering the first-layer seismic velocity. We propose a simpler method to estimate the seismic velocities corresponding to deeper layers. We find that the Green's functions contain very weak reflections, but are dominated by non-physical refractions if retrieved using a limited source aperture. The seismic velocities are easily identifiable as repeating bright spots after transforming the refraction-dominated Green's functions to the τ − p domain. We show that non-physical reflections can be used constructively to provide physical reflections, and therefore improved Green's function estimates, by iii using a cross-convolution operation in a new variant of seismic interferometry, called source-receiver interferometry. We also show that non-physical reflections associated with the cross-correlation of reflections from different interfaces allow for the direct estimation of interval velocities and layer thicknesses. This method removes the necessity to first find the root-mean-square velocities and two-way traveltimes required to compute the interval velocities by Dix inversion. Overall, this thesis significantly improves our understanding of how nonphysical energy in seismic interferometry both provides useful information about the Earth's subsurface and contributes to physical energy in particular interferometric methods.


Now, more than ever, planning and managing in the real world is beset by change and uncertainty. Knowledge is incomplete, values are in dispute, decisions of others are often unpredictable. Sheathed in opaque technicalities, inflexible and over-ambitious, the highly mathematical methods of analysing problem situations are no longer considered acceptable. In their place a coherent alternative paradigm has emerged- a range of formal methodologies which aim not to produce 'optimal' solutions but to facilitate an enriched decision-making process. 'Low-tech' transparent and participatory, these methods assist in the formulation and reformulation of problem solving in an uncertain world. This fully revised and updated book brings together contributions from some of the great thinkers on this subject. The authors present the most influential methods (each illustrated with a case study), describe the principles on which the method operates, the step and the stages of analysis, and how these methods relate to the decision making process. The concluding section explores future developments and research issues, as well as links with other relevant domains.


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One of the most important unanswered questions for any society is how best to invest in children's mental health. Childhood is a sensitive and opportune period in which to invest in programs and services that can mitigate a range of downstream risks for health and mental health conditions. Investing in such programs and services will require a shift from focusing not only on reducing deficits but also enhancing the child's skills and other assets. Economic evaluation is crucial for determining which programs and services represent optimal investments. Several registries curate lists of programs with high evidence of effectiveness; many of these programs also have evidence of positive benefit-cost differentials, although the economic evidence is typically limited and uncertain. Even the programs with the strongest evidence are currently reaching only a small fraction of young people who would potentially benefit. Thus, it is important to understand and address factors that impede or facilitate the implementation of best practices. One example of a program that represents a promising investment is home visiting, in which health workers visit the homes of new parents to advise on parenting skills, child needs, and the home environment. Another example is social emotional learning programs delivered in schools, where children are taught to regulate emotions, manage behaviors, and enhance relationships with peers. Investing in these and other programs with a strong evidence base, and assuring their faithful implementation in practice settings, can produce improvements on a range of mental health, academic, and social outcomes for children, extending into their lives as adults.


The broad distribution and often high densities of the cyanobacterium Trichodesmium spp. in oligotrophic waters imply a substantial role for this one taxon in the oceanic N cycle of the marine tropics and subtropics. New results from 154 stations on six research cruises in the North Atlantic Ocean show depth‐integrated N2 fixation by Trichodesmium spp. at many stations that equalled or exceeded the estimated vertical flux of NO3− into the euphotic zone by diapycnal mixing. Areal rates are consistent with those derived from several indirect geochemical analyses. Direct measurements of N2 fixation rates by Trichodesmium are also congruent with upper water column N budgets derived from parallel determinations of stable isotope distributions, clearly showing that N2 fixation by Trichodesmium is a major source of new nitrogen in the tropical North Atlantic. We project a conservative estimate of the annual input of new N into the tropical North Atlantic of at least 1.6 × 1012 mol N by Trichodesmium N2 fixation alone. This input can account for a substantial fraction of the N2 fixation in the North Atlantic inferred by several of the geochemical approaches.


Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained arrhythmia, currently affecting over 33 million individuals worldwide, and its prevalence is expected to more than double over the next 40 years. AF is associated with a twofold increase in premature mortality, and important major adverse cardiovascular events such as heart failure, severe stroke and myocardial infarction. Significant effort has been made over a number of years to define the underlying cellular, molecular and electrophysiological changes that predispose to the induction and maintenance of AF in patients. Progress has been limited by the realisation that AF is a complex arrhythmia that can be the end result of various different pathophysiological processes, with significant heterogeneity between individual patients (and between species). In this focused Review article, we aim to succinctly summarise for the non-specialist the current state of knowledge regarding the mechanisms of AF. We address all aspects of pathophysiology, including the basic electrophysiological and structural changes within the left atrium, the genetics of AF and the links to comorbidities and wider systemic and metabolic perturbations that may be upstream contributors to development of AF. Finally, we outline the translational implications for current and future rhythm control strategies in patients with AF.


In this paper, the blocklength-limited performance of a relaying system is studied, where channels are assumed to experience quasi-static Rayleigh fading while at the same time only the average channel state information (CSI) is available at the source. Both the physical-layer performance (blocklength-limited throughput) and the link-layer performance (effective capacity) of the relaying system are investigated. We propose a simple system operation by introducing a factor based on which we weight the average CSI and let the source determine the coding rate accordingly. We show that both the blocklength-limited throughput and the effective capacity are quasi-concave in the weight factor. Through numerical analysis, we investigate the relaying performance with average CSI while considering perfect CSI scenario and direct transmission as comparison schemes. We observe that relaying is more efficient than direct transmission in the finite blocklength regime. Moreover, this performance advantage of relaying under the average CSI scenario is more significant than under the perfect CSI scenario. Finally, the speed of convergence (between the blocklength-limited performance and the performance with infinite blocklengths) in relaying system is faster in comparison to the direct transmission under both the average CSI scenario and the perfect CSI scenario.


This volume offers a reconstruction of the Proto-Ainu language based on the comparative method and internal reconstruction. The book is divided into three parts, the first is dedicated to the reconstruction of Proto-Ainu phonology (vocalism, consonantism, and prosody), the second represents a vocabulary of reconstructed Proto-Ainu lexical items, and the third deals with the problem of the genetic affiliation of the Ainu language. This problem has been approached in the present study from the point of view of the systematic comparisons of reconstructions, not the straight comparisons of the forms attested exclusively in modern languages, which was the major set-back of the previous scholarship on the genetic affiliation of the Ainu language. This volume also includes the nineteenth-century vocabulary of the Kuril Ainu by I. Voznesenskii, previously unknown to the scholars.


In this paper, we provide an overview of the Pathways to Innovation Program (Pathways), a faculty development and institutional change initiative designed to address the adaptive challenge of integrating innovation and entrepreneurship (I&E) into undergraduate engineering, nationwide. In particular, we build upon earlier papers that describe the Pathways program design and outcomes, by discussing how a collective impact approach was utilized to guide the programmatic and evaluation design of Pathways. Our goal is twofold: (1) to help inform the work of future adopters of the collective impact approach, by providing one of the few documented examples of collective impact program and evaluation design, and (2) introduce the cases in this special issue as demonstrable outcomes of the collective impact approach. Teams supported by the Pathways program were invited to submit manuscripts capturing exemplary contributions to I&E in engineering education (cases) that resulted from their work as part of Pathways. Nine 2500-word papers (cases) were accepted from institutions. These cases reflect a wide range of curricular, extra-curricular, programmatic, and institution-wide change efforts aimed at increasing access to I&E among undergraduate engineering students. Each case demonstrates one of two types of outcomes: 1) student exposure and engagement and 2) institutional change. This issue contributes to the innovation and entrepreneurship education literature by capturing the successes and challenges associated with a wide range of implementation efforts, including the impact of I&E infused engineering education on students, faculty and in certain instances the institutional culture as a whole.


ABSTRACT: In the 20th century, probably more people have had the experience of birth than in all previous centuries combined. The current rate is almost 10,000 births per hour. In any given nine-month period, there are about 180 million expectant parents going through a unique life-changing experience. Research and therapy focused on the prenatal and perinatal period confirms that pregnancy and birth are formative experiences for both babies and parents. Yet, in the century of maximum birthing, psychological principles and interactions have been radically altered. Indeed, large-scale experiments-unplanned and unmeasured-have upset human feelings and relationships, and may be playing a destructive role in modern society. Meanwhile, our studies of babies have brought us to a new understanding of human consciousness, learning and memory. This paper draws on the latest scientific findings to show how specific changes in 1) parenthood, 2) birthing practices, and 3) how we view ourselves (psychology) could transform the world. The population of the world is growing by almost three babies per second. There are about 10,000 births every hour. Probably more babies have been born in this century than in all previous centuries combined: most of the people who have ever lived are alive today.1 These statistics translate into about 180 million expectant parents for every nine-month time span. These parents may be feeling jubilant, ambivalent, angry, or hopeless during this period; meanwhile, their babies may be feeling welcome or rejected. The actual arrival ceremony may be peaceful and comfortable, or violent and terrifying, depending on cultural norms, the birth place, and birth attendants. We believe that both prenatal and perinatal experiences are formative for parents and babies. The "games" played in the first house-the wombwill automatically become the "games people play" in the larger house-the world. This view explains the theme of the 6th International Congress on Pre- & Perinatal Psychology: Womb Ecology/World Ecology. If babies in the womb do not have a psyche, there would be no basis for prenatal psychology and no reason to worry about prenatal suffering and learning. But they do. If newborns do not have a psyche, there would be no basis for perinatal psychology and no reason for concern about trauma at birth. But they do. However, while we know better now, most of us were trained by teachers who thought all babies were mindless: therefore, prenatal or perinatal psychology did not exist until recently. Indeed, in earlier years there was no infant psychology, because even infants were not considered to have a psyche. The beginning point for child psychology was uncertain, because the beginning of the self or psyche was uncertain. In retrospect, such ideas about babies were tragic miscalculations, since babies are fully conscious before their births, during their births, and in each moment following. Mistaken beliefs about babies led to painful birth practices-a matter of potential importance in an age when violence seems pervasive. Are 20th-century citizens born into violence? For so many of us, violence fascinates: it becomes entertainment. We saturate ourselves and our children with it. Buying and playing with lethal weapons, we shoot each other in streets and bedrooms. As a group, we reproduce recklessly and birth unnaturally. The circle of violence includes not only us, but the environment around us. Some in prenatal psychology see a truth being revealed: As we live, we give birth; as we give birth, we live. I believe it is possible to break the cycle of violence and save a suffering planet. To do so we must break the cycle of "domestic" violence, which may be the root of all violence. For your consideration, here are three ways I believe pre- & perinatal psychology can help to reshape the world. BY CHANGING PARENTHOOD If parents knew what we know in prenatal psychology, it would surely change parenthood; if parenthood changed, the world would change. …


As new innovations in mobility have entered the marketplace, local government leaders have struggled to adapt their regulatory framework to adequately address new challenges or the needs of the consumers of these new services. The good news is that the technology driving this rapid change also provides the means for regulating it: real-time data. It is the responsibility of cities to establish rules and incentives that ensure proper behavior on the part of mobility providers while steering service delivery towards creating better public outcomes. Cities must use the levers at their disposal to ensure an equitable mobility marketplace and utilize real-time data sharing to enforce compliance. These include investing in and leveraging physical and digital infrastructure, regulating and licensing business conducted in public space, establishing and enforcing rules around public safety, rethinking zoning and land use planning to be transit-oriented, and regulating the digital realm to protect data integrity.


Background Running distance has previously been identified as a risk factor for running-related injury. It is likely that the runner's fitness level may also influence injury risk. Objective To investigate if running level modifies the association between cumulated running distance over the previous week and injury risk. Design Prospective cohort study with a 6-month follow-up. Setting Recreational runners. Participants Injury free recreational runners (n=372) were required to report all running activity as well as any injury using a dedicated Internet platform. Assessment of Risk Factors The main exposure was cumulated running distance over the week prior to a given session (time-dependent exposure) and was dichotomized into low<20 km (reference group), and high≥20 km. Running level was defined as the average running speed during follow-up and was dichotomized into fast runners≥10 km/h and slow runners<10 km/h. Main Outcome Measurements First running-related injury based on a 1-day time loss definition. Results In the crude analysis, a lower injury rate was observed when the runners cumulated a high running distance prior to a given session (hazard ratio (HR)=0.43; 95% confidence interval (95% CI)=0.28–0.66). After stratification according to running level, a significant lower injury rate was found for slow runners (HR=0.32; 95% CI=0.18–0.60) when they cumulated a high running distance prior to a given session, while the injury rate did not differ between exposure states for fast runners (HR=0.78; 95% CI=0.37–1.64). Based on the hazard ratios from the stratified analysis, it appears that low running level modifies the association between cumulated running distance over the previous week and injury risk with a factor of 2.43. Conclusions Running level should be taken into account when analysing the association between training-related risk factor and injury risk.


Abstract Pedlosky's theory explaining the behavior of unstable baroclinic waves in the β-plane is modified to include a sloped bottom (although the β effect is ignored). The result found is the same sort of nonlinear oscillatory behavior described by Pedlosky, except in the case of short wavelengths for negative shears. In that case, the theory predicts an initial explosive growth of the wave amplitude, so that it will reach amplitudes that are very large compared with its initial scale. This suggests a possible mechanism for small-scale current fluctuations in the oceans.


At a time when the world faces an emotional breakdown, crushing our dreams if not taking our lives, we realize that together we must fight the war against the COVID-19 outbreak even if almost the majority of the scientific community finds itself confined to home. Every day, like everyone else, we, scientists, listen to the latest news with its promises and announcements. Across the world, a surge of clinical trials trying to cure or slow down the coronavirus pandemic has been launched to bring hope instead of fear and despair. One of the most recent has drawn worldwide hype to the possible benefit of chloroquine (CQ), a well-known and broadly used anti-malarial drug, in the treatment of patients infected by the recently emerged deadly coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). We should consider this information in the light of the longstanding anti-inflammatory and anti-viral properties of CQ-related drugs. Yet, none of these articles evoked a possible molecular or cellular mechanism of action that could account for any efficacy. Here, given the interaction of viruses with macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy), a CQ-sensitive anti-viral safeguard pathway, we would like to discuss some pros and cons concerning the current therapeutic options targeting this process. Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 3 April 2020 doi:10.20944/preprints202004.0022.v1


In this paper, the synthesis and characterisation of caffeine-imprinted polymers are described. The polymers were prepared in monolithic form via both reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerisation and conventional free radical polymerisation, using methacrylic acid and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as the functional monomer and crosslinking agent, respectively. The potential benefits in applying RAFT polymerisation techniques towards the synthesis of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are explored and elucidated. The pore structures of the polymers produced were characterised by nitrogen sorption porosimetry and the molecular recognition properties of representative products were evaluated in high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) mode. Molecular imprinting effects were confirmed by analysing the relative retentions of analytes on imprinted and non-imprinted HPLC stationary phases. It was found that a caffeine-imprinted polymer synthesised by RAFT polymerisation was superior to a polymer prepared using a conventional synthetic approach; the imprinting factor and column efficiency were found to be higher for the former material


China has recently become the third largest source of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the world and is a major source of development aid for developing countries, including those in the Caribbean. The capital flows it provides have taken the form of loans to governments to finance infrastructure projects and to expand production of oil and other raw materials. There have been indications of interest in further investment in the Caribbean from Chinese enterprises and entrepreneurs. This is driven by both state policy, which seeks to more actively integrate China into the global economy, and enterprise-level interests by both state and private enterprises. Caribbean governments have generally been receptive to prospective incoming FDI. This paper identifies the instances of Chinese FDI in the Caribbean to date and discusses the potential for further investment, highlighting opportunities in agriculture, tourism, manufacturing, mining, infrastructure, and fishing. The factors influencing the emergence of Chinese FDI in the Caribbean include: the ongoing learning process by both investors and the governments of host countries; the performance of vanguard companies; transnational ethnic business networks; the local business environment; and the policies of Caribbean governments.


Current research in the area of security for mobile agents deals mainly with the runtime issues of agents' protection. Mobile agent systems do not address precisely the process of acquiring mobile agents by their owners, but they assume that the agents are somehow already available for use. This assumption is acceptable for experimental or prototyping environments, but it is inadequate for the real world scenarios where agents should be trusted and reliable, but agent creators and agent owners are separated and manage agents from mutually remote locations. Thus, the issue of agents' adoption for use in serious, sensitive and business networks is very important if agents are used in real-life applications. In this paper we describe the architecture and procedures for secure, verifiable and authenticated discovery and adoption of mobile agents. The main contribution is that in this process agent's code and its functionality can be verified, so that such agents can be deployed in serious applications and scenarios.


Supersource of ultracold neutrons on the basis of superfluid helium is under construction in PNPI NRC KI. It must provide UCN density 2-3 orders of magnitude higher than existing sources. For the new source we propose an experiment on search for neutron–antineutron oscillations based on the storage of ultracold neutrons in a material trap. The sensitivity of the experiment mostly depends on the trap size and the amount of UCN in it. The results of simulations of the designed experimental scheme show that the sensitivity can be increased by ∼ 10–40 times compared to sensitivity of previous experiment depending on the model of neutron reflection from walls.


In the present study, we examine the effects of the treatment with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [150 IU/Kg (3.75 μg/Kg) once a day, for 15 days] to non-diabetic and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The results indicate that treatment with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 had minor effects in non-diabetic rats. The same treatment in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, although it did not correct the hyperglycemia and hypoinsulinemia induced by the diabetes, caused other actions that could mean beneficial effects on the amelioration of diabetes e.g., it avoided body weight loss, increased calcium and phosphorus plasma levels, and corrected the over-expression of the insulin receptor mRNA species of 9.5 and 7.5 Kb present in the hind limb muscle and heart of these animals. These genomic 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 effects could involve transcriptional mechanisms of repression mediated by vitamin D response elements in the rat insulin receptor gene promoter. Using computer analysis of this promoter, we propose the −249/−235 bp VDRE (5'GGGTGACCCGGGGTT3') with a pyrimidine (T) in the (+7) position of the 3' half-site as the best candidate for negative control by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. In addition, posttranscriptional mechanisms of regulation could also be implicated. Thus, computer inspection of the 5' untranslated region of the rat insulin receptor pre-mRNA indicated the presence of a virtual internal ribosome entry segment whereas the computer inspection of the 3' untranslated region localized various destabilizing sequences, including various AU-rich elements. We propose that through these virtual cis-regulatory sequences, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 could control the translation and stability of insulin receptor mRNA species in the hind limb muscle and heart of diabetic rats.


This paper presents the results of studies of the photoluminescence intensity distribution in various sections of the surface of epitaxial layers of gallium arsenide grown on silicon substrates. It is established that the epitaxial layers have a block structure in the form of radiative areas separated by dark (nonradiative) boundaries, whose shape depends on the substrate's crystallographic orientation. It is assumed that the block structure is associated with internal stresses that arise in the epitaxial layers because of differences of the lattice constants and thermal expansion coefficients of the connected materials.


Objective With the emerging significance of genetic profiles in the management of endometrial cancer, the identification of tumor-driving genes with prognostic value is a pressing need. The LAMC1 gene, encoding the laminin subunit gamma 1 (LAMC1) protein, has been reported to be involved in the progression of various malignant tumors. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of LAMC1 in endometrial cancer and elucidate the underlying mechanism. Methods We evaluated the immunohistochemical expression of LAMC1 in atypical endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial cancer. Within the endometrial cancer cases, we analyzed the association of LAMC1 overexpression with clinicopathological factors and prognosis. Furthermore, to indentify genes influenced by LAMC1 overexpression, we transfected HEC50B and SPAC-S cells with siRNA targeting LAMC1 and conducted microarray gene expression assays. Results While none of the atypical endometrial hyperplasia specimens exhibited LAMC1 overexpression, endometrial cancer possessed a significantly higher LAMC1 overexpression rate. LAMC1 overexpression was strongly associated with histological type, lymphovascular space invasion, lymph node metastasis, advanced International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage, and poor overall survival in endometrial cancer. Gene expression microarray analysis identified 8 genes correlated with tumor progression (LZTFL1, TAPT1, SEL1L, PAQR6, NME7, TMEM109, CCDC58, and ANKRD40) that were commonly influenced in HEC50B and SPAC-S by LAMC1 silencing. Conclusion LAMC1 overexpression is a potent biomarker for identifying endometrial cancer patients needing aggressive adjuvant therapy. We elucidated 8 candidate genes that may mediate progression of LAMC1 overexpressing cancer. Further investigation of the underlying mechanism should lead to the discovery of new therapeutic targets.


Voluntary statement by John Stevens Rutter Lawrence, regarding seeing a man in a suit carrying a rifle. Lawrence states that he left the Texaco Building where he worked with Phil Hathaway and other coworkers to see the President in the parade. He describes seeing a large man, estimated to be around 6'5" and 250 pounds or more, wearing a business suit and carrying a rifle.


Abstract In 1950, Alan Turing proposed a test of whether a machine was intelligent: could a machine imitate a human so well that its answers to questions were indistinguishable from a human's? Ever since, creating intelligence that matches human intelligence has implicitly or explicitly been the goal of thousands of researchers, engineers, and entrepreneurs. The benefits of human-like artificial intelligence (HLAI) include soaring productivity, increased leisure, and perhaps most profoundly a better understanding of our own minds. But not all types of AI are human-like-in fact, many of the most powerful systems are very different from humans-and an excessive focus on developing and deploying HLAI can lead us into a trap. As machines become better substitutes for human labor, workers lose economic and political bargaining power and become increasingly dependent on those who control the technology. In contrast, when AI is focused on augmenting humans rather than mimicking them, humans retain the power to insist on a share of the value created. What is more, augmentation creates new capabilities and new products and services, ultimately generating far more value than merely human-like AI. While both types of AI can be enormously beneficial, there are currently excess incentives for automation rather than augmentation among technologists, business executives, and policy-makers.


STUDY OBJECTIVES
To examine associations between specific parasomnias and psychotic experiences in childhood.

DESIGN
Birth cohort study. Information on the presence of frequent nightmares in children was obtained prospectively from mothers during multiple assessments conducted when children were aged between 2.5 and 9 y. Children were interviewed at age 12 y about nightmares, night terrors, sleepwalking, and psychotic experiences (delusions, hallucinations, and thought interference) occurring in the previous 6 mo.

SETTING
Assessments were completed in participants' homes or a University clinic within the UK.

PATIENTS OR PARTICIPANTS
There were 6,796 children (3,462 girls, 50.9%) who completed the psychotic experiences interview.

MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS
Children who were reported by their mothers as experiencing frequent nightmares between 2.5 and 9 y of age were more likely to report psychotic experiences at age 12 y, regardless of sex, family adversity, emotional or behavioral problems, IQ and potential neurological problems (odds ratio (OR) = 1.16, [95% confidence intervals (CI) = 1.00, 1.35], P = 0.049). Children reporting any of the parasomnias at age 12 y also had higher rates of concurrent psychotic experiences than those without such sleeping problems, when adjusting for all confounders (OR = 3.62 [95% CI = 2.57, 5.11], P < 0.001). Difficulty getting to sleep and night waking were not found to be associated with psychotic experiences at age 12 y when controlling for confounders.

CONCLUSION
Nightmares and night terrors, but not other sleeping problems, in childhood were associated with psychotic experiences at age 12 years. These findings tentatively suggest that arousal and rapid eye movement forms of sleep disorder might be early indicators of susceptibility to psychotic experiences.


Introduction Female sex workers (FSWs) are at high risk of HIV infection. Our objective was to determine the proportion of HIV prevalence in the general female adult population that is attributable to the occupational exposure of female sex work, due to unprotected sexual intercourse. Methods Population attributable fractions of HIV prevalence due to female sex work were estimated for 2011. A systematic search was conducted to retrieve required input data from available sources. Data gaps of HIV prevalence in FSWs for 2011 were filled using multilevel modeling and multivariate linear regression. The fraction of HIV attributable to female sex work was estimated as the excess HIV burden in FSWs deducting the HIV burden in FSWs due to injecting drug use. Results An estimated fifteen percent of HIV in the general female adult population is attributable to (unsafe) female sex work. The region with the highest attributable fraction is Sub Saharan Africa, but the burden is also substantial for the Caribbean, Latin America and South and Southeast Asia. We estimate 106,000 deaths from HIV are a result of female sex work globally, 98,000 of which occur in Sub-Saharan Africa. If HIV prevalence in other population groups originating from sexual contact with FSWs had been considered, the overall attributable burden would probably be much larger. Discussion Female sex work is an important contributor to HIV transmission and the global HIV burden. Effective HIV prevention measures exist and have been successfully targeted at key populations in many settings. These must be scaled up. Conclusion FSWs suffer from high HIV burden and are a crucial core population for HIV transmission. Surveillance, prevention and treatment of HIV in FSWs should benefit both this often neglected vulnerable group and the general population.


CPA Award for Distinguished Contributions to the International Advancement of Psychology (2000) Prix pour contributions remarquables a l'avancement international de la psychologie (2000) Abstract The beginning of international psychology dates back to the end of the 19th century, with the Ist International Congress held in Paris in 1889, but its first official structure, the International Union of Scientific Psychology, was created only in 1951. A rapid development then followed and today, 68 national societies of psychology involving more than one half billion psychologist,; throughout the world are currently represented by the Union, which has indeed become the voice of psychology on the international scene. The present structure of international psychology and its various elements are presented and discussed, and the role and function it assumes are described in relation to the development of psychology as a science and a profession. Examples are given of the capacity-building role to which international psychology has given priority and of diverse research projects pursued in collaboration with United Nations (UN) agencies, such as the United Nations Education Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and World Health Organization (WHO). Current issues, such as the unity of psychology and the archiving of primary psychological data, are discussed, and future perspectives and directions are identified. The history of international psychology can be traced to the Ist International Congress of Psychology, held in Paris in 1889, and to the parallel formation of the International Congress Committee (Rosenzweig, Holtzman, Sabourin, & Belanger, 2000). Previously, in 1881, a young Polish psychologist, Julian Ochorowicz, had suggested holding a First International Congress which would help launch an international organization of psychologists. He managed to convince a friend, the editor of the Revue Philosophique, French psychologist Theodule Ribot, to publish a short note entitled "Projet pour un congres international de psychologie" (Ochorowicz, 1881). Although Ribot was doubtful that this idea, which he nevertheless judged attractive, would ever be achieved, this visionary project materialized, eight years later, on the occasion of the celebration of the centenary of the French Revolution. It is worth noting that the closing banquet was held on the first platform of the newly completed Eiffel Tower overlooking "le Tout-Paris"! What a remarkable start for international psychology! Although its official name was then the International Congress of Physiological Psychology, the term "physiological" was used to stress the fact that psychology was to be regarded as scientific as physiology (Rosenzweig et al., 2000). An International Committee was then created to assure that there would be other international congresses in the years to come. And it worked very well! Following Paris, 11 other congresses were held every three or four years in various European cities (with the exception of the 1929 Congress held at Yale University, in New Haven, Connecticut) until the International Committee was abolished by the Assembly at the 1948 Congress in Edinburgh in view of the creation at the next Congress on July 15, 1951, in Stockholm, Sweden, of an International Union of Scientific Psychology (IUSP). The Golden Anniversary of existence of the Union was celebrated this year, during the 27th International Congress of Psychology, in the city where it was born almost 50 years earlier. The creation of the International Union in 1951 provided for the first time, a recognized voice for psychology in the international arena. Rapidly, contacts were made with the Department of Social Sciences of UNESCO, which had provided support to the creation of the Union, and gradually the IUSP was to be recognized by other international agencies as the body representative of international psychology. Another positive consequence of this initiative was that international congresses became more regular, larger, and were attended by participants from more countries than before. …


Title of Thesis: DEVELOPMENT OF A TRANSFER FUNCTION FOR MAXIMUM OXYGEN DEFICIT IN EXERCISE WHILE WEARING A RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE MASK Stephanie Jan Phelps, Master of Science, 2006 Directed By: Professor Arthur T. Johnson, Biological Resources Engineering Successful innovation of respirator masks depends on accurate models of exercise performance during respirator wear. Any valid model must include oxygen deficit (OD), which is a vital indicator of the physiological changes that occur during the transition from rest to exercise. OD represents anaerobic metabolism and is related to performance time. The goal of this research was to model the effect of a respirator on oxygen deficit. The following objectives were thereafter studied: (1) use experimental exercise data to calculate OD with a respirator; (2) determine the maximum OD and corresponding standard deviation values; and (3) develop a transfer function that accurately predicts OD in exercise while wearing a respirator. The study results indicated that oxygen deficit was significantly affected by exercise intensity and performance time; at 85% maximal capacity, respirator wear was not a significant factor affecting OD. Notably, the transfer function developed will serve a valuable predictive purpose. DEVELOPMENT OF A TRANSFER FUNCTION FOR MAXIMUM OXYGEN DEFICIT IN EXERCISE WHILE WEARING A RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE MASK


Stochastic Logic Programs (SLPs) have been shown be a generalisation of Hidden Markov Models (HMMs), stochastic context-free grammars, and directed Bayes' nets. A stochastic logic program consists of a set of labelled clauses p:C where p is in the interval [0,1] and C is a first-order range-restricted definite clause. This paper summarises the syntax, distributional semantics and proof techniques for SLPs and then discusses how a standard Inductive Logic Programming (ILP) system, Progol, has been modified to support learning of SLPs. The resulting system 1) finds an SLP with uniform probability labels on each definition and near-maximal Bayes posterior probability and then 2) alters the probability labels to further increase the posterior probability. Stage 1) is implemented within CProgol4.5, which differs from previous versions of Progol by allowing user-defined evaluation functions written in Prolog. It is shown that maximising the Bayesian posterior function involves finding SLPs with short derivations of the examples. Search pruning with the Bayesian evaluation function is carried out in the same way as in previous versions of CProgol. The system is demonstrated with worked examples involving the learning of probability distributions over sequences as well as the learning of simple forms of uncertain knowledge.


Starting from a generalization of the standard axioms for a monoid we present a stepwise development of various, mutually equivalent foundational axiom systems for category theory. Our axiom sets have been formalized in the Isabelle/HOL interactive proof assistant, and this formalization utilizes a semantically correct embedding of free logic in classical higher-order logic. The modeling and formal analysis of our axiom sets has been significantly supported by series of experiments with automated reasoning tools integrated with Isabelle/HOL. We also address the relation of our axiom systems to alternative proposals from the literature, including an axiom set proposed by Freyd and Scedrov for which we reveal a technical issue (when encoded in free logic where free variables range over defined and undefined objects): either all operations, e.g. morphism composition, are total or their axiom system is inconsistent. The repair for this problem is quite straightforward, however.


A retrieval algorithm for soil moisture within the uppermost metre of soil is presented. As calibration data, longtime soil moisture measurements from the former Soviet Union are used. The retrieval works in two steps. First, the distribution of longtime mean soil moisture is derived by using precipitation, soil texture, vegetation density and terrain slope. In a second step, the temporal variability at each location is deduced by using microwave radiation measurements available from satellite together with precipitation and air temperature data. This soil moisture algorithm is applied in Northern and Central Europe to validate a climate simulation from the regional model REMO.


In the low-rainfall region of south-eastern Australia, distinctive soil types reflecting the typical landscape of higher elevated dunes and swale zones at the bottom can be found within one field. Different soil characteristics cause consequently large variability in cropping productivity between soils and across seasons. To assess the possibilities for zone-specific management, five farmer fields were zoned into a dune, mid-slope and swale zone. For each site, zone yields were mapped over 2 years and soil properties were surveyed. This information was used to parameterize and validate the APSIM model for each zone. Field-measured PAWC increased from the dune to the swale zone. On-farm results and simulation analysis showed distinctive yield performance of the three designed zones. However, yield is not related to PAWC, it is rather a complex relationship between soil type, fertility and rainfall. While in high-rainfall years, the swale zones yielded higher due to higher soil organic carbon content and less drainage losses, the dune zones performed better in the low-rainfall years due to lower evaporation losses. This study emphasizes that in this specific environment where soil variation in texture and subsoil constraints strongly influence crop performance, mechanistic crop models and long-term field observations are necessary for better understanding of zone-specific performance, and simple linear relationships across years or sites are not useful.


Archaea possess a broader range of cell envelope structural formats than eubacteria and their cell walls do not contain peptidoglycan. Some archaea have only a single S-layer as their cell wall (e.g. Methanococcus jannaschii and Sulfolobus acidocaldarius), whereas others have multiple layers (e.g. Methanospirillum hungatei). Sometimes there can also be a high proportion of tetraether lipids in membranes to make the envelope more resilient to environmental stress (e.g. Methanococcus jannaschii and Sulfolobus acidocaldarius grown at 70 degrees C). Since the Gram reaction depends on both the structural format and the chemical composition of the cell envelope of eubacteria, it was important to determine if the same is true for archaea. Methanospirillum hungatei, Methanosarcina mazei, Methanobacterium formicicum, Methanococcus jannaschii and Sulfolobus acidocaldarius, chosen because of their different envelope formats and chemistries, were subjected to a Gram stain that can be used for transmission electron microscopy. In this staining regimen, the iodine is replaced by potassium trichloro(eta 2-ethylene)platinate(II) as the mordant, and the platinum of the new compound is the electron-scattering agent for electron microscopy. Of all these archaea, only Methanobacterium formicicum stained Gram-positive since its pseudomurein wall remained intact; the platinum compound formed large electron-dense aggregates with the crystal violet that were located in the vicinity of the cell wall and the plasma membrane. All but the terminal filament cells of Methanospirillum hungatei stained Gram-negative because the limiting porosity of its external sheath was so small that the Gram reagents could not enter the cells. The terminal cells of filaments stained Gram-positive because the staining reagents gained entry through the terminal plugs. All other archaea stained Gram-negative because their cell walls were so disrupted during staining that the crystal violet-platinum complex could not be retained by the cells. Methanococcus jannaschii was grown at both 50 degrees C and 70 degrees C so that the tetraether lipids in its plasma membrane could be increased from 20% (50 degrees C) to 45% (70 degrees C) of the total lipids; in both cases the cells stained Gram-negative.


In this study the researcher investigated the nature of effective teaching at the
postsecondary vocational education level. The researcher surveyed the technologies and
trades instructors at two Saskatchewan Institute of Applied Science and Technology
(SIAST) campuses, Kelsey and Wascana, in order to find out their definitions of effective
teaching and the skills, knowledge, values, and attributes that they perceived are needed
to be an effective instructor. Furthermore, the study aimed to show if there were any
significant differences in the instructors' views of teaching effectiveness and the
attributes of effective instructors with respect to teaching discipline, years of teaching
experience, gender, age, and level of postsecondary education. In addition to using a
survey to collect both quantitative and qualitative data, the researcher convened a focus
group.
The study's findings indicated that there was general agreement on the skills,
knowledge, values, and attributes that effective vocational instructors have and that there
were in some cases, significant differences in the instructors' views of teaching
effectiveness and the attributes of effective instructors with respect to the demographic
variables. Several themes emerged from the respondents' definitions of effective
teaching. These themes showed that there was a diverse range of meanings that


Palpitations are a common problem seen in family medicine; most are of cardiac origin, although an underlying psychiatric disorder, such as anxiety, is also common. Even if a psychiatric comorbidity does exist, it should not be assumed that palpitations are of a noncardiac etiology. Discerning cardiac from noncardiac causes is important given the potential risk of sudden death in those with an underlying cardiac etiology. History and physical examination followed by targeted diagnostic testing are necessary to distinguish a cardiac cause from other causes of palpitations. Standard 12-lead electrocardiography is an essential initial diagnostic test. Cardiac imaging is recommended if history, physical examination, or electrocardiography suggests structural heart disease. An intermittent event (loop) monitor is preferred for documenting cardiac arrhythmias, particularly when they occur infrequently. Ventricular and atrial premature contractions are common cardiac causes of palpitations; prognostic significance is dictated by the extent of underlying structural heart disease. Atrial fibrillation is the most common arrhythmia resulting in hospitalization; such patients are at increased risk of stroke. Patients with supraventricular tachycardia, long QT syndrome, ventricular tachycardia, or palpitations associated with syncope should be referred to a cardiologist.


This book examines the history and literary representation of one of the most idiosyncratic aspects of English socio-economic history, namely primogeniture as a rule governing the succession to landed estates. This double approach roughly covers the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries. Although this inheritance custom usually made the elder son sole heir to the whole paternal estate, to the exclusion and sometimes the utter impoverishment of the other children, and was therefore denounced as unjust and against nature, it also had its unflinching supporters. Indeed there was enough weight in the socio-political arguments of the latter to explain why this custom continued to dominate English social life for so long. This fundamental contradiction was at the heart of an ideological debate in which the plight of younger sons and the relationship between the individual, the nuclear and patrilineal family were among the issues permanently discussed. Neither were these issues the only hotly debated primogeniture-related questions. Indeed there was not one major economic, social and political development throughout the period examined to which primogeniture and entail did not directly or indirectly relate. The survey of the ideological debate on primogeniture and entail undertaken here is, to our knowledge, unprecedented. Moreover, primogeniture and entail were perceived by playwrights and novelists as a major cultural phenomenon and treated as such. The overview of their literary representation attempted here is, we believe, also unprecedented. As may be expected, emphasis throughout this book is laid on the interaction between history and literature.


Daily and seasonal temperature-induced strains of a prestressed concrete (PSC) continuous box-girder bridge were presented. Strain measurement, using fiber Bragg grating sensors, constitutes a crucial component of the system in the monitoring of the bridge's key sections response in order to evaluate its structural behavior under environmental and traffic loads. This study was carried out to determine the effects of daily and seasonal temperature variations on the bridge deformation. Moreover, the insolation generates vertical temperature gradients in the box-girder cross sections, which are responsible for the strain differences in the plates and for its variation in the webs along their heights. In addition, in order to identify the qualitative and quantitative relation between the temperature and the strains on the cross sections, the monitoring temperature measurements of the bridge during the construction were applied. The results show that: (1) the seasonal temperature variation can significantly influence the strain of concrete bridges in cold regions; (2) in the high temperature periods the strain of the box-girder top plates experiences the largest variation, whereas for the bottom plates deformation the low temperature periods have a higher impact; (3) the daily and seasonal strain variations induced by uniform temperature reveal an inconsistent tendency for mid-span cross sections. doi: 10.12783/SHM2015/104


This study evaluates the use of different extracting solutions at the cathode during electrokinetic remediation to optimize the removal of mercury from gold mine tailing dam sediments in Iran. The total mercury concentration of the soil was 210 mg/kg and the duration of this experiment was 4 weeks. Experiments were conducted on the mine tailing recovered sediments with two voltage gradients (1.0 VDC/cm and 1.5 VDC/cm) to assess the effect of the voltage gradient when employing 0.1M Na-EDTA, 0.1M, and 0.4M KI solutions and distilled water. The test conducted on the soil showed that when the 0.1M and 0.4M KI concentrations were employed with a voltage gradient of 1.0 VDC/cm, approximately 50 % and 70 %, respectively, of the mercury was removed from the sediment. Also, it is understood that when the 0.1M and 0.4M KI concentrations were used with a voltage gradient of 1.5 VDC/cm, 65 % and 56 %, respectively, of the mercury was removed from the contaminated soil. The tests showed that mercury removal from sediment was less with distilled water and Na-EDTA as the extracting agents. The results also indicated that electrokinetic remediation for the concentration of 0.4M KI and with a voltage gradient of 1.0 VDC/cm was optimal for the approximately 70 % removal of the initial contamination. The reason for the remaining mercury in the sediment could be the presence of CaO, other metals, and organic compounds.


The goal of this article is to propose a model, new to the field, describing cultural variations in close friendships. The model addresses shortcomings in past research regarding how close friendships differ in individualist compared to collectivist cultures. The model proposes three dimensions, with six overlapping but conceptually useful styles of friendship, Independents versus Interveners, Includers versus Excluders, and Idealists versus Realists. Succinct, simplified descriptors of each style follow: Independents respect each other's autonomy, value spending quality time with friends, and support each other's sense of self. Interveners are actively involved in their friends' lives, reflecting the highly interdependent nature of their relationships. Includers behave in an open and friendly manner with nearly everyone they encounter, distinguishing between close friends and mere acquaintances in cognitive and emotional realms, but not in their outward behaviors. Excluders make clear distinctions between friends and acquaintances behaviorally as well as emotionally and cognitively. Idealists tend to exaggerate their ratings of close friends on anonymous questionnaires and avoid direct confrontations that might cause loss of face. Realist friends tend to rate each other in more nuanced, objective ways, and feel uninhibited about directly confronting friends when they feel that it might be for their friends' ultimate benefit. Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. This article is available in Online Readings in Psychology and Culture: http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/orpc/vol5/iss4/3


This article reprints excerpts from Aaron Trehub's piece about the relationship between Slavic studies and Slavic librarianship in the United States in the immediate aftermath of the end of the Cold War. The author, who at the time was Slavic librarian and bibliographer (and former Soviet affairs analyst), notes that through a curious quirk of history, the collapse of communism coincided with the birth of a powerful new communications medium (the World Wide Web). Together, these geopolitical and technological developments have fundamentally changed librarianship in general and Slavic librarianship in particular. Trehub's discussion of the various day‐to‐day difficulties experienced by Slavic librarians in the post‐Cold War period pays special attention to the challenges that new information technologies create for patrons, as well as the instructional burden that this places on librarians. He suggests that excessive reliance on the Web may erode the capacity to reason critically, but admits that the long‐term effects of digitization on education and research are unclear. In effect, Trehub's essay provides the historical background for re‐evaluating what competencies constitute Slavic information literacy in the twenty‐first century.


This volume provides an artful introduction to the life and work of Harvard Professor, Eleanor Ruth Duckworth. Teacher, learner, researcher, dancer, and social activist, Duckworth has influenced generations of teachers through her surprisingly radical pedagogical stance, Critical Exploration in the Classroom.

Teachers, students, and colleagues provide sumptuous narratives of personal and social transformations through stories, poems, letters, and essays that invariably return to Duckworth, the courses she taught, and her insatiable appetite for wonder and reflection.

Anyone who wishes to rethink educational practice and policy will find themselves intrigued by the work described here. Critical Exploration in the Classroom recasts the core issues of education through its unwavering focus on profound learning without sacrificing equity. Carrying readers into the heart of learning, we recommend Always Wondering… to deep-thinking teacher educators, students, policy makers, administrators, teachers of all subject matters and passionate learners of all stripes.

Contributors include: Armstrong, Ball, Bamberger, Boothroyd, Cavicchi, Chiu, Cifone, Cirino, Collins, Croft, DelPrete, Eng, Engel, Featherstone, Fishback, Gelenian, Gillis, Goldberg, Goldberg, Graham, Grobman, Harouni, Hoidn, Kamii, Keller, Klein, Klingaman, Lowry, Luttrell, Magau, Mayer, McCusker, McKinney, Meier, Naso, Nichols, Sanchez, Savage, Shorr, Smith, Steinitz, Stoleroff, Strieb, Sturiale, Szokolyai, Tai, Thomas-Clark, Vaisenstein, Walizer, Wooley, Yow, Zinn.

Order online at the Harvard bookstore: http://www.harvard.com/book/always_wondering/


The Taylor–Melcher (TM) model is the standard model for describing the dynamics of poorly conducting leaky dielectric fluids under an electric field. The TM model treats the fluids as ohmic conductors, without modelling the underlying ion dynamics. On the other hand, electrodiffusion models, which have been successful in describing electrokinetic phenomena, incorporate ionic concentration dynamics. Mathematical reconciliation of the electrodiffusion picture and the TM model has been a major issue for electrohydrodynamic theory. Here, we derive the TM model from an electrodiffusion model in which we explicitly model the electrochemistry of ion dissociation. We introduce salt dissociation reaction terms in the bulk electrodiffusion equations and take the limit in which the salt dissociation is weak; the assumption of weak dissociation corresponds to the fact that the TM model describes poor conductors. Together with the assumption that the Debye length is small, we derive the TM model with or without the surface charge convection term depending upon the scaling of relevant dimensionless parameters. An important quantity that emerges is the Galvani potential (GP), the jump in voltage across the liquid–liquid interface between the two leaky dielectric media; the GP arises as a natural consequence of the interfacial boundary conditions for the ionic concentrations, and is absent under certain parametric conditions. When the GP is absent, we recover the TM model. Our analysis also reveals the structure of the Debye layer at the liquid–liquid interface, which suggests how interfacial singularities may arise under strong imposed electric fields. In the presence of a non-zero GP, our model predicts that the liquid droplet will drift under an imposed electric field, the velocity of which is computed explicitly to leading order.


Modelling data in structured domains requires establishing the relations among patterns at multiple scales. When these patterns arise from sequential data, the multiscale structure also contains a dynamic component that must be modelled, particularly, as is often the case, if the data is unsegmented. Probabilistic graphical models are the predominant framework for labelling unsegmented sequential data in structured domains. Their use requires a certain degree of a priori knowledge about the relations among patterns and about the patterns themselves. This paper presents a hierarchical system, based on the connectionist temporal classification algorithm, for labelling unsegmented sequential data at multiple scales with recurrent neural networks only. Experiments on the recognition of sequences of spoken digits show that the system outperforms hidden Markov models, while making fewer assumptions about the domain.


Theoretical understanding of charge transport in organic semiconductors is exclusively important for organic electronics, but still remains a subject of debate. The recently discovered record-high band-like electron mobility in single crystals of 2,5-difluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F2-TCNQ) is challenging from the theoretical viewpoint. First, the very small size of the F2-TCNQ molecule implies high reorganization energy that seems incompatible with efficient charge transport. Second, it is not clear why the crystals of a similar compound, 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ), show an inefficient hopping electron transport mechanism. To address these issues, we apply DFT and QM/MM calculations to the Fn-TCNQ (n = 0,2,4) crystal series. We show that multidimensional intermolecular charge delocalization is of key importance for efficient charge transport in materials consisting of small-sized molecules, and commonly used guidelines for the search for high-mobility organic semiconductors are to be corrected.


An index of El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the Pacific during pre monsoon season is shown to account for a significant part of the variability of coastal Sea Surface Temperature (SST) anomalies measured a few months later within the wind driven southwest coast of India coastal upwelling region 7° N–14° N. This teleconnection is thought to result from an atmospheric bridge between the Pacific and north Indian Oceans, leading to warm (cold) ENSO events being associated with relaxation (intensification) of the Indian trade winds and of the wind-induced coastal upwelling. This ENSO related modulation of the wind-driven coastal upwelling appears to contribute to the connection observed at the basin-scale between ENSO and SST in the Arabian Sea. The ability to use this teleconnection to give warning of large changes in the southwest coast of India coastal upwelling few months in advance is successfully tested using data from 1998 and 1999 ENSO events.