The Internet of Things (IoT) is here and growing rapidly as consumers eagerly adopt internet-enabled devices for their utility, features, and convenience. But this dramatic expansion also exacerbates two underlying dangers in the IoT. First, hackers in the IoT may attempt to gain control of internet-enabled devices, causing negative consequences in the physical world. Given that objects with internet connectivity range from household appliances and automobiles to major infrastructure components, this danger is potentially severe. Indeed, in the last few years, hackers have gained control of cars, trains, and dams, and some experts think that even commercial airplanes could be at risk. Second, IoT devices pose an enormous risk to the stability of the internet itself, as they are vulnerable to being hacked and recruited into botnets used for attacks on the digital world. Recent attacks on major websites including Netflix and Twitter exemplify this danger. This article surveys these dangers, summarizes some of their main causes, and then analyzes the extent to which current laws like the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act punish hacking in the IoT. The article finds that although hacking in the IoT is likely illegal, the current legal regime punishes hacking after the fact and therefore lacks the prospective force needed to fully temper the risks posed by the IoT. Therefore, other solutions are needed to address the perilousness of the IoT in its current form. After a discussion of the practical and legal barriers to investigating and prosecuting hacking, we turn to the merits and pitfalls of hacking back from legal, practical, and ethical perspectives. We then discuss the advantages and disadvantages of two possible solutions — regulation and the standards approach.


Visual Dialog is a multimodal task of answering a sequence of questions grounded in an image (using the conversation history as context). It entails challenges in vision, language, reasoning, and grounding. However, studying these subtasks in isolation on large, real datasets is infeasible as it requires prohibitively-expensive complete annotation of the 'state' of all images and dialogs. We develop CLEVR-Dialog, a large diagnostic dataset for studying multi-round reasoning in visual dialog. Specifically, we construct a dialog grammar that is grounded in the scene graphs of the images from the CLEVR dataset. This combination results in a dataset where all aspects of the visual dialog are fully annotated. In total, CLEVR-Dialog contains 5 instances of 10-round dialogs for about 85k CLEVR images, totaling to 4.25M question-answer pairs. We use CLEVR-Dialog to benchmark performance of standard visual dialog models; in particular, on visual coreference resolution (as a function of the coreference distance). This is the first analysis of its kind for visual dialog models that was not possible without this dataset. We hope the findings from CLEVR-Dialog will help inform the development of future models for visual dialog. Our code and dataset are publicly available.


This paper examines the role of retracted tongue root ([RTR]) harmony in Northeast Asian areal and genetic relationships. Recent research has suggested that at least three of the families grouped together as Altaic by Poppe (1960) – Korean, Mongolic, and Tungusic (KMT) – should be reconstructed with [RTR] vowel harmony. In this paper we reinforce this conclusion, arguing specifically against proposals that [RTR] harmony is secondary, or that [ATR] is the dominant feature. We also argue against the proposal of Starostin et al. (2003) that specific proto-families such as proto-Tungusic should be reconstructed without vowel harmony. We then compare the status of [RTR] harmony in Northeast Asia to the status of tongue root harmony in the Central Sudanic Zone, extending our discussion to the vowel harmony found in Chukchi, Yukaghir, Nivkh, and Ainu. We discuss whether KMT-style [RTR] harmony should be viewed as an innovation or a retention, and examine the particular issue of the Korean vowel inventory.


Introduction: Intravenous therapy is indicated for many reasons. A significant number of patients admitted into hospital receive some forms of intravenous therapy through peripheral venous cannula, which is a common procedure carried out in hospital to allow rapid and accurate administration of medication. However, the intravenous cannulation can have undesirable effects, the most of which is phlebitis, which is due to mechanical, chemical or infectious cause. Method: In this study quasi-experimental research approach was used. Non probability purposive sampling technique was used to select the sample from the selected hospital. The research design adopted for the study was pre-test, post-test control group design. In the present study a sample of 60 hospitalised patients and who met the inclusion criteria was selected from the target population. In this study the instruments used are baseline Performa, structured interview schedule to assess the subjective symptoms and observation scale to observe the objective symptoms. Result: In experimental group post test mean score 1.10, SD was 0.71 respectively. In control group post test mean score 2.53, SD was 0.78 respectively. The obtained value 7.454 statistically was significant at 0.001 levels. So research hypothesis was accepted. So there was significant difference between post intervention phlebitis among the experimental group and control group. Discussion: In the research study findings revealed that Glycerin Magnesium sulphate dressing is highly effective in decrease phlebitis level to the patients.


Background: The work demands involved in firefighting place significant stress on the cardiovascular system. This study investigated the application of the AHA/ACSM Health/Fitness Facility Preparticipation Screening Questionnaire in volunteer Country Fire Brigade (CFA) firefighters. Methods: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors were measured in 3777 CFA firefighters and entered into a modified version of the American Heart Association (AHA)/ACSM Health/Fitness Facility Preparticipation Screening Questionnaire to stratify individuals as low, moderate or high risk. Results: Just over half (50.8%) of female and more than two thirds (68.2%) of male CFA firefighters were classified as moderate risk. The questionnaire further stratified 2.6% of female and 5.2% of male CFA firefighters as high risk while the remaining 46.6% and 26.6% of female and male firefighters, respectively, were classified as low risk. Conclusion: The majority of firefighters screened were at moderate risk and therefore, would be advised by AHA/ACSM guidelines to undertake and pass a detailed medical examination and a medically supervised exercise test prior to initiating vigorous intensity physical activity. However, considering the financial and practical implications (e.g., reduced emergency response capacity) the introduction of mandatory screening may cause, fire agencies should focus screening for high risk personnel only, while promoting agency wide CVD health education.


This corpus-based study of the use of expressions of future in English has two aims: to examine how certain expressions of future are used in Present-day English, and to explore how electronic corpora can be exploited for linguistic study.The expressions focused on in this thesis are five auxiliary or semi-auxiliary verb phrases frequently discussed in studies of future reference in English: will, 'll, shall, going to and gonna. The study examines the patterned ways in which the expressions are used in association with various linguistic and non-linguistic (or extra-linguistic) factors. The linguistic factors investigated are co-occurrence with particular words and co-occurrence with items of particular grammatical classes. The non-linguistic factors examined are medium (written vs. spoken), text category, speaker characteristics (age, sex, social class, etc.), region and time. The data for the study are exclusively drawn from computer-readable corpora of Present-day English. Corpus analyses are performed with automatic and interactive methods, and exploit both quantitative and qualitative analytical techniques.The study finds that the use of these expressions of future varies with a number of factors. Differences between spoken and written language are particularly prominent and usage also varies between different types of text, both within spoken and written corpora. Variation between groups of speakers is also attested. Although the linguistic co-occurrence patterns are similar to some degree, there are nonetheless differences in the collocational patterns in which the expressions are used.Methodological issues related to corpus-based studies in general are discussed in the light of the insights gained from this study of expressions of future.


The biomechanical roles of both tendons and ligaments are fulfilled by extracellular matrix of these tissues. In particular, tension is mainly transmitted and resisted by fibrous proteins (collagen, elastin), whereas compressive load is absorbed by water-soluble glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). GAGs spanning the interfibrillar spaces and interacting with fibrils also seem to play a part in transmitting and resisting tensile stresses. Apart from different functional roles and collagen array, tendons and ligaments share the same basic structure showing periodic undulations of collagen fibers or crimps. Each crimp is composed of many knots of each single fibril or fibrillar crimps. Fibrillar and fiber crimps act as shock absorbers during the initial elongation of both tendons and ligaments and assist the elastic recoil of fibrils and fibers when the tensile stress is removed. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate whether GAGs directly affect the 3D microstructural integrity of fibrillar crimp and fiber crimps in both tendons and ligaments. Achilles tendons and medial collateral ligaments of the knee from eight female Sprague-Dawley rats (90 days old) were digested with chondroitinase ABC to remove GAGs and observed under a scanning electron microscope (SEM). In addition, isolated fibrils from these tissues obtained by mechanical homogenization were analyzed by a transmission electron microscope (TEM). Both samples digested with chondroitinase ABC or mechanically disrupted still showed crimps and fibrillar crimps comparable to tissues with a normal GAGs content. All fibrils in the fibrillar crimp region always twisted leftwards, thus changing their running plane, and then sharply bent, changing their course on a new plane. These data suggest that GAGs do not affect structural integrity or fibrillar crimps functions that seem mainly related to the local fibril leftward twisting and the alternating handedness of collagen from a molecular to a supramolecular level.


This thesis examines the effects that containerisation had on the growth in world trade between the years 1962 and 1990. Containerisation is a technological change that arises from shipping goods via containers rather than through the traditional break-bulk method which characterised international shipping since antiquity. This thesis makes many contributions to the literature. This is the first quantitative and econometric study into the effects of containerisation in economics. We collect data from a specialist business publication and construct container variables which are used for the first time in economics. We also use a scientific classification from 1968 to classify products as containerisable or non-containerisable. Another contribution is that the econometric models employed in this thesis allow for a "horse race" between the technology variable and the policy variables: free trade agreements, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade membership and currency unions. We make use of the cross-sectional and time series variation available to us in the adoption of the technology across 157 countries to identify the effects of containerisation on world trade. We employ several specifications and try different trade flow dimensions to pin down the right way to model containerisation. In doing so, we deal with several econometric problems that arise in similar econometric studies such as omitted variable bias and endogeneity bias. The effects of containerisation are felt 10 to 15 years after bilateral adoption of the technology. We estimate that containerisation led to an increase of 380% in North-North containerisable trade 10 to 15 years later. We find no evidence for endogeneity in this specification and we can be confident to make a causal statement. We also find evidence that containerisation affected North-South trade the most, followed by North-North and then South-South containerisable trade although we cannot be as confident about making causal statements in the case of North-South and South-South trade. The evidence is however suggestive of strong effects on containerisable trade in the two subsamples. In all cases, the effects of containerisable are found to be multiple times the size of the effects of the individual policy variables - 2 to 10 times as large depending on the subsample and the variable in question.


Elmer Bischoff (1916-1991) is generally regarded as one of the leaders among the artists in the San Francisco Bay Area who, after contributing to the local emergence of Abstract Expressionism during the 1940s and 50s, shifted the terms of their spectacularly sensuous brushwork to recognizable imagery. Bill Berkson writes that if 'David Park was the classicist of the founding triad of the Bay Area Figurative painters, and Richard Diebenkorn the modernist, Bischoff was the romantic'. Designed to accompany a major retrospective of Bischoff's work, this superb volume is lavishly illustrated with duotones and color plates that faithfully capture the subtle variations in shade that characterize the painter's oeuvre. Berkson and Susan Landauer, both of whom knew Bischoff, provide the definitive view of the life, art, and teaching career of this important artist. Native to the Bay Area, Bischoff studied at the University of California under the 'Berkeley School' modernists Worth Ryder, Erle Loran, and Margaret Peterson. His experience during World War II profoundly affected his view of the world and his place in it. In 1946, Bischoff joined the faculty of the California School of Fine Arts where - with colleagues Edward Corbett, Richard Diebenkorn, Claire Falkenstein, David Park, Ad Reinhardt, Mark Rothko, Hassel Smith, and Clyfford Still - he found himself at the hub of avant-garde expression in the Bay Area. Throughout his career, Bischoff applied his visual intelligence and unusual personal integrity in creating a uniquely varied body of work that invites our investigation. Having interviewed many of the artist's surviving colleagues and family members, Landauer offers valuable primary documentation on Bischoff, the Bay Area Figurative School, and the cultural history of the Northern California art scene. Her lively text is supported with insightful research into the social and political background of the period. She considers Bischoff's career in relation to the European artists who influenced him, his interactions with his local contemporaries, and his reactions to the New York art scene. A useful chronology of the artist's life, a bibliography, and documentary photographs that Landauer uncovered during her research make this volume an invaluable resource for anyone interested in the artistic vision of Elmer Bischoff.


Background Japan became the first country where heat-not-burn tobacco products were sold. Therefore, there was no information for actual status on the actual use status or the harms of heat-not-burn tobacco products. The objectives of the study profile are to generate data that can be freely available to external researchers, and to create collaborative research projects in the future. Methods The Japan "Society and New Tobacco" Internet Survey (JASTIS) is a longitudinal internet cohort study which investigates perception, attitude, and use of heat-not-burn tobacco, electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), and conventional tobacco products in Japan. The survey also includes demographic, health-related, and socioeconomic factors. Participants were randomly selected and invited from internet panelists. The baseline survey was closed when the target number of respondents who had answered the questionnaire was met. Results The study includes three cohorts (1–3) from the 2015 baseline survey and a cohort (4) from the 2017 baseline survey: cohorts 1 and 4 were recruited based on sex and age: men and women aged 15–69 years (n = 8,240 for cohort 1 and n = 5,897 for cohort 4); cohorts 2 and 3 were created using status-based recruiting: e-cigarette and/or heat-not-burn tobacco ever users (n = 2,188; cohort 2) and combustible cigarette smokers without e-cigarette/heat-not-burn tobacco experience (n = 724; cohort 3). The completion rates were 8.5% to 9.9%. All subjects were followed and assessed annually. Response rates for the follow-up survey were 65.5% in 2016, 55.3% in 2017, and 50.9% in 2018. Because Internet-based responders are not a representative sample of the general population of Japan, we conducted adjustment to account for "being an internet survey respondent" and reported tobacco product use in Japan. A recent JASTIS study reported that prevalence of IQOS current-use among Japanese adults had rapidly increased from 0.3% in 2015 to 3.6% in 2017. Conclusion The JASTIS study provides the first estimates for heat-not-burn tobacco use in the world and e-cigarette use in Japan. For information on collaboration, please contact the corresponding author.


Personal data lie at the forefront of different business models and constitute the main source of revenue of several online companies. In many cases, consumers have incomplete information about the digital transactions of their data. This paper investigates whether highlighting positive or negative aspects of online privacy, thereby mitigating the informational problem, can affect consumers' privacy actions and attitudes. Results of two online survey experiments indicate that participants adopt a more conservative stance on disclosing identifiable information, such as name and email, even when they are informed about positive attitudes of companies towards their privacy. On the other hand, they do not change their attitudes and social actions towards privacy. These findings suggest that privacy concerns are dormant and may manifest when consumers are asked to think about privacy; and that privacy behavior is not necessarily sensitive to exposure to objective threats or benefits of disclosing personal information.


Notch signaling plays crucial roles in mediating cell fate choices in all metazoans largely by specifying the transcriptional output of one cell in response to a neighboring cell. The DNA-binding protein RBPJ is the principle effector of this pathway in mammals and, together with the transcription factor moiety of Notch (NICD), regulates the expression of target genes. The prevalent view presumes that RBPJ statically occupies consensus binding sites while exchanging repressors for activators in response to NICD. We present the first specific RBPJ chromatin immunoprecipitation and high-throughput sequencing study in mammalian cells. To dissect the mode of transcriptional regulation by RBPJ and identify its direct targets, whole-genome binding profiles were generated for RBPJ; its coactivator, p300; NICD; and the histone H3 modifications H3 Lys 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3), H3 Lys 4 monomethylation (H3K4me1), and histone H3 Lys 27 acetylation (H3K27ac) in myogenic cells under active or inhibitory Notch signaling conditions. Our results demonstrate dynamic binding of RBPJ in response to Notch activation at essentially all sites co-occupied by NICD. Additionally, we identify a distinct set of sites where RBPJ recruits neither NICD nor p300 and binds DNA statically, irrespective of Notch activity. These findings significantly modify our views on how RBPJ and Notch signaling mediate their activities and consequently impact on cell fate decisions.


"Of all the computer-related books I've read recently, this one influenced my thoughts about security the most. There is very little trustworthy information about computer viruses. Peter Szor is one of the best virus analysts in the world and has the perfect credentials to write this book."-Halvar Flake, Reverse Engineer, SABRE Security GmbHSymantec's chief antivirus researcher has written the definitive guide to contemporary virus threats, defense techniques, and analysis tools. Unlike most books on computer viruses, The Art of Computer Virus Research and Defense is a reference written strictly for white hats: IT and security professionals responsible for protecting their organizations against malware. Peter Szor systematically covers everything you need to know, including virus behavior and classification, protection strategies, antivirus and worm-blocking techniques, and much more.Szor presents the state-of-the-art in both malware and protection, providing the full technical detail that professionals need to handle increasingly complex attacks. Along the way, he provides extensive information on code metamorphism and other emerging techniques, so you can anticipate and prepare for future threats.Szor also offers the most thorough and practical primer on virus analysis ever published-addressing everything from creating your own personal laboratory to automating the analysis process. This book's coverage includes Discovering how malicious code attacks on a variety of platforms Classifying malware strategies for infection, in-memory operation, self-protection, payload delivery, exploitation, and more Identifying and responding to code obfuscation threats: encrypted, polymorphic, and metamorphic Mastering empirical methods for analyzing malicious code-and what to do with what you learn Reverse-engineering malicious code with disassemblers, debuggers, emulators, and virtual machines Implementing technical defenses: scanning, code emulation, disinfection, inoculation, integrity checking, sandboxing, honeypots, behavior blocking, and much more Using worm blocking, host-based intrusion prevention, and network-level defense strategies © Copyright Pearson Education. All rights reserved.


INTRODUCTION
Minor salivary gland tumors (MSGTs) are infrequent, representing 10-15% of all salivary neoplasms. Despite this low frequency, MSGTs conform a heterogeneous group of neoplasms characterized by a broad range of histological types.

PATIENTS AND METHOD
We identified cases of MSGT in a retrospective study of the biopsies made in the period 1997-2007 in the Service of Oral Surgery (Dental Clinic of the University of Barcelona, Spain). The data collected comprised patient age and sex, the clinical characteristics and location of the tumor, the duration of the lesion, its size, the treatment provided, and the histopathological findings.

RESULTS
Of the 18 cases of MSGT studied, 12 corresponded to women (66.7%) and 6 to men (33.3%). The great majority (94.4%) were benign tumors. The preferential location was the posterior third of the hard palate (33.2%), followed by the soft palate (16.7%) and the mucosa of the upper lip (16.7%). The histopathological diagnoses of our MSGTs comprised 10 pleomorphic adenomas (55.3%), 2 cystadenomas (11.1%), 1 myoepithelioma (5.6%), 1 sialadenoma papilliferum (5.6%), 1 basal cell adenoma (5.6%), 1 Warthin's tumor (5.6%), 1 canalicular adenoma (5.6%), and 1 low-grade polymorphic adenocarcinoma (5.6%).

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
Coinciding with our own results, the literature describes a high recurrence rate for MSGTs (5-30%) when surgical removal is incomplete. Six percent of all benign minor salivary gland tumors are considered to relapse, versus 65% of all malignant lesions. Periodic clinical controls are required, since the possibility of malignant transformation must be taken into account.


In the behavioral theory of timing, pulses from a hypothetical Poisson pacemaker produce transitions between states that are correlated with adjunctive behavior. The adjunctive behavior serves as a discriminative stimulus for temporal discriminations. The present experiments tested the assumption that the average interpulse time of the pacemaker is proportional to interreinforcer interval. Responses on a left key were reinforced at variable intervals for the first 25 s since the beginning of a 50-s trial, and right-key responses were reinforced at variable intervals during the second 25 s. Psychometric functions relating proportion of right-key responses to time since trial onset, in 5-s intervals across the 50-s trial, were sigmoidal in form. Average interpulse times derived by fitting quantitative predictions from the behavioral theory of timing to obtained psychometric functions decreased when the interreinforcer interval was decreased and increased when the interreinforcer interval was increased, as predicted by the theory. In a second experiment, average interpulse times estimated from trials without reinforcement followed global changes in interreinforcer interval, as predicted by the theory. Changes in temporal discrimination as a function of interreinforcer interval were therefore not influenced by the discrimination of reinforcer occurrence. The present data support the assumption of the behavioral theory of timing that interpulse time is determined by interreinforcer interval.


There is now a substantial body of evidence that shoot growth and physiology of plants rooted in drying soil may be regulated by chemical signals moving from the root to the shoot in the xylem stream. Although some evidence suggests that soil drying can reduce the supply of promoters of leaf growth and stomatal opening, there is now compelling evidence for an enhanced flux of inhibitors in the xylem stream of droughted plants. Some of this inhibitory activity is still to be identified but at least in some plants the bulk of activity can be explained by the enhanced concentration of the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA). A series of field experiments has now shown that ABA, moving as a signal from the roots to the leaves in the transpiration stream, can provide a measure of the access that the plant has to water in the soil in the rooting zone. We show here how this signal may be a variation in the concentration of ABA arriving at the sites of action in the leaf. The response to such a signal apparently varies as a function of the physiological state of the leaf. The basis of such variation in the sensitivity of response is also discussed. One other interpretation of the field data is that leaves respond to the amount of ABA arriving in the leaf, rather than the concentration. We show some evidence for this contention.


The IJCV provides a forum for scientific exchange and public dissemination of up-to-date scientific knowledge on conflict and violence. The IJCV is independent, peer reviewed, open access, and included in the Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) as well as other relevant databases (e.g., SCOPUS, EBSCO, ProQuest, DNB). The topics on which we concentrate—conflict and violence—have always been central to various disciplines. Consequently, the journal encompasses contributions from a wide range of disciplines, including criminology, economics, education, ethnology, history, political science, psychology, social anthropology, sociology, the study of religions, and urban studies. All articles are gathered in yearly volumes, identified by a DOI with article-wise pagination. For more information please visit www.ijcv.or  g


We are seeking ground-truth 3D X-ray CT phantoms with gradations of Hounsfield units that are indistinguishable from scans of human subjects. We modified a 3D printer, a ZCorp Spectrum 510, adding an iodine-based contrast agent, and printed physical models using a powder which consists mainly of cellulose and cornstarch. We scanned these 3D models with a Siemens Somatom Definition AS 128-slice CT scanner. By adjusting the level of iodine within the model, we are able to achieve Hounsfield units as high as 1056, mimicking bone, and as low as −450, similar to pulmonary tissue. We demonstrate how to generate grayscale images within a 3D model that can be imaged using a CT scanner. Unlike solid tumor phantoms, these models can accurately mimic lesions with indistinct boundaries similar to metastatic disease. Our intent is to evaluate the accuracy of computer aided diagnosis systems.


The mechanisms involved in transcriptional activation of genes transcribed by the eukaryotic RNA polymerase II are not yet fully understood. Transcriptional activators recruit coactivators to a promoter, which in turn associate with and regulate the polymerase molecule. In yeast, the Mediator coactivator complex is recruited to promoters through interactions between transcriptional activator proteins and specific subunits of the Mediator. Stevens et al. extend this model to higher eukaryotics by demonstrating that specific activators can mediate transcriptional responses to the Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathway through specific interactions with the Sur2 subunit of the mammalian Mediator complex. J. L. Stevens, G. T. Cantin, G. Wang, A. Shevchenko, A. Shevchenko, A. J. Berk, Transcription control by E1A and MAP kinase pathway via Sur2 Mediator subunit. Science 296, 755-758 (2002). [Abstract] [Full Text]


The present research aimed to define a latent measurement dimension underlying personal beliefs about the psychotherapeutic relationship. In Study 1, 927 university students completed a newly devised 40-item questionnaire. A latent trait modeling approach was used, by applying the Many-Facet Rasch Measurement model (MFRM). In Study 2, 237 participants, presenting different levels of mental health expertise, completed the defined instrument and the Mental Disorders Causal Beliefs (MDCB) scale. A second MFRM analysis was performed along with a bias/interaction analysis. The main results evidenced a 27-item measure denominated Mental Disorders Therapy Relationship (MDTR); several MDTR item contents differed in relation to the professional expertise level and the MDCB aetiological beliefs, emphasizing either the active, balanced, or passive patient's role.


Investors can achieve international diversification in their portfolios not only through purchasing foreign equity directly but also through investing in domestic firms which then invest abroad. Yet these alternative approaches are taxed very differently. A number of countries have also imposed various forms of capital controls restricting direct purchases of foreign equity. This paper estimates the degree to which these tax and nontax factors have affected the relative use of these two alternative methods of international diversification, using data on investment in the U.S. by investors from each of ten other countries during the period 1980-1989. While the composition of equity flows differs dramatically across countries, taxes do not appear to play an important role in the data in explaining this variation. Part of the explanation appears to be that tax distortions adjust endogenously to avoid large scale portfolio investments abroad. With the increasing integration of capital markets and the easing of capital controls in many countries, we have seen and expect to continue to see reductions in the tax distortions affecting the form of international capital flows.


Just as seasons shift and migration patterns modify in response to human impact, so too must social work. Along with the human contingency silenced by oppression, climate change disproportionately burdens the voiceless: the rooted, Nibi – water, Aki – Earth, winged, fourlegged, swimmers, and crawlers. Though the natural world has become part of social work's discourse in recent decades, it is time to move beyond contemplative words and take action. This banded dissertation consists of three scholarly products that explore the past and present state of social work's relationship with the natural environment through the frames of Indigenous knowledge and Relational-Cultural Theory (RCT) and suggests a means to return to where we (humanity and social work) started – the beginning. Product one reviews the history of disconnection between humans and the environment, applies Indigenous wisdom and RCT to define social work's role with the natural world, and reframes environmental rights as human rights. Product two is an exploratory archival study that examines the question: what was the relationship of early social work with the natural environment. The research utilizes Indigenous methodology and RCT to analyze data from three New York City Settlement houses. Product three summarizes information from a presentation that took place on July 7, 2018, at the Joint World Conference on Social Work, Education, and Social Development in Dublin, Ireland. The presentation outlines a conceptual framework that combines Indigenous wisdom and Western knowledge into a model to heal self and the environment by listening to and honoring the body's innate ability to repair in collaboration with the natural world. This scholarship is a call to the profession to welcome and assume its role in mending the rift between humans and the


A3 We have reported previously that Bcl-w, a pro-survival member ofthe Bcl-2 family, is expressed in gastric cancer cells, particularly in those with an infiltrative morphology. Functional studies utilizing Bcl-w-overexpressing cells have consistently demonstrated that Bcl-w enhances not only the survivability of the cancer cells, but also their migratory and invasive potentials. The Bcl-w-induced invasive pathway was determined to involve a sequential activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), Akt, and Sp1, which subsequently results in the expression of metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2). In this study, we have demonstrated that Bcl-w also induces the urokinase-type plasminogen activator(uPA), which was prevented by treatment with pharmacological inhibitors of PI3K, Akt, or Sp1. These inhibitors also attenuated the ability of Bcl-w to promote cell migration. Similar results were obtained when the actions of MMP-2 and uPA were blocked using their inhibitors or small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), thereby suggesting that these enzymes stimulate migratory signals in this system. Bcl-w overexpression was shown to activate focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in a manner dependent on PI3K, Akt, Sp1, MMP-2, and uPA, and the prevention of FAK action using its siRNAs or dominant negative mutants abolished Bcl-w-induced migration. Overall, it appears that Bcl-w induces both MMP-2 and uPA via the PI3K-Akt-Sp1 pathway, which then promotes cell invasion not only via the degradation of the extracellular matrix, but also via the stimulation of the FAK-dependent migratory pathway. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2008;1(7 Suppl):A3.


ABSTRACT Abu Mohammad al-Maqdisi is one of the most important spiritual fathers of the ideology and movement that has come to be known as Salafi-jihadism. Based on primary source materials produced by al-Maqdisi and other important relevant actors at different times and places, this article shows how he developed the ideas that have influenced his disciples and protégés, most prominently Abu Mus'ab al-Zarqawi, the founder of Al Qaeda in Iraq and "godfather" of the Islamic State, and Turki al-Binali, the Islamic State's current Grand Mufti. It also explains how and why, in later years, his disciples turned against him and, despite his repeated efforts, refused to allow him to play the role of the "critical friend," much less regain control of the movement. The article seeks to expose the intra-jihadist frictions and debates involving al-Maqdisi during different times and contexts, especially the more recent ones between him and Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. Indeed, it becomes obvious how al-Maqdisi has been trying to regain his lost influence and relevance among the most radical strands within his chosen movement for years. What this shows is that, amidst the fast-changing environment in which Salafi-jihadism has evolved, praxis trumps theory, and a reputation of steadfastness, zealousness, and unwavering convictions matter more to prospective radicals than a reputation of religious knowledge and scholarship.


The design of a compact micro strip line-fed Ultra-Wideband (UWB) monopole antenna with a notched-band characteristic is presented in this letter. The rejection frequency band occurs around 5- 6 GHz, which is appropriate for wireless local area network (WLAN) applications and is obtained by a split-ring resonator on the antenna ground. The proposed antenna is printed on FR4 substrate material with a dielectric constant of 4.4. The dimension of the proposed antenna is 24×16×0.8 mm 3 . Radiating patch has a combined geometry realized by a half-circular ring and half-square ring. To achieve a proper impedance matching and increased bandwidth with (Voltage standing wave ratio) VSWR ≤ 2, the study made use of an L-shaped element which was connected to the ground; moreover, the researchers added a split-ring resonator onto the ground to obtain one notched band. The comparison of the proposed antenna performance with previously presented UWB monopole antennas, was performed by using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. A good agreement was observed between simulated and experimental results. .


Quality management has become more and more important in the last couple of years. The user is faced with a multitude of methods such as Six Sig- ma, TQM or Theory of Constraints. Therefore quality managers are more and more engaged in the selection of an appropriate approach for achieving the quality goals as they have been defined. Due to the necessity of coordinating heterogeneous quality methods, employees usually oppose the use of more than one approach within an enterprise. However, guidelines on how to integrate several methods, while considering the strengths of the original approaches, are still missing. This problem is being dealt with in the paper at hand. The paper introduces an integration approach, supporting the user in establishing an inte- grated quality management method. The variety of quality management ap- proaches within an enterprise can thus be influenced by the user.


When event data are retrospectively reported, more temporally distal events tend to get "heaped" on even multiples of reporting units. Heaping may introduce a type of attenuation bias because it causes researchers to mismatch time-varying right-hand side variables. We develop a model-based approach to estimate the extent of heaping in the data, and how it affects regression parameter estimates. We use smoking cessation data as a motivating example to describe our approach, but the method more generally facilitates the use of retrospective data from the multitude of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies worldwide that already have and potentially could collect event data.


During the six Cassini Titan flybys T83–T88 (May 2012 to November 2012) the electron density in the ionospheric peak region, as measured by the radio and plasma wave science instrument/Langmuir probe, has increased significantly, by 15–30%, compared to previous average. These measurements suggest that a long‒term change has occurred in the ionosphere of Titan, likely caused by the rise to the new solar maximum with increased EUV fluxes. We compare measurements from TA, TB, and T5, from the declining phase of solar cycle 23 to the recent T83–T88 measurements during cycle 24, since the solar irradiances from those two intervals are comparable. The peak electron densities normalized to a common solar zenith angle Nnorm from those two groups of flybys are comparable but increased compared to the solar minimum flybys (T16–T71). The integrated solar irradiance over the wavelengths 1–80nm, i.e., the solar energy flux, Fe, correlates well with the observed ionospheric peak density values. Chapman layer theory predicts that Nnorm∝Fek , with k=0.5. We find observationally that the exponent k=0.54±0.18. Hence, the observations are in good agreement with theory despite the fact that many assumptions in Chapman theory are violated. This is also in good agreement with a similar study by Girazian and Withers (2013) on the ionosphere of Mars. We use this power law to estimate the peak electron density at the subsolar point of Titan during solar maximum conditions and find it to be about 6500cm−3, i.e., 85–160% more than has been measured during the entire Cassini mission.


The recent advances in hardware and software have enabled the capture of different measurements of data in a wide range of fields. These measurements are generated continuously and in a very high fluctuating data rates. Examples include sensor networks, web logs, and computer network traffic. The storage, querying and mining of such data sets are highly computationally challenging tasks. Mining data streams is concerned with extracting knowledge structures represented in models and patterns in non stopping streams of information. The research in data stream mining has gained a high attraction due to the importance of its applications and the increasing generation of streaming information. Applications of data stream analysis can vary from critical scientific and astronomical applications to important business and financial ones. Algorithms, systems and frameworks that address streaming challenges have been developed over the past three years. In this review paper, we present the state-of-the-art in this growing vital field.


Five hundred ninety-two drug users (IDUs) from community settings in San Francisco and Oakland, California, were screened for tuberculosis using the tuberculin skin test, as well as for skin test anergy using two controls: mumps antigen and either tetanus toxoid or Candida. Those nonresponsive to one skin test were more likely to be nonresponsive to another, even after stratifying by HIV status. Skin test anergy (defined as nonresponse to the tuberculin skin test and to both controls) occurred in 37% of HIV-positive and 11% of HIV-negative IDUs (p<0.001). Among HIV-negative IDUs, anergy was associated with city of residence (p<0.001), use of cocaine by any route in the last 30 days (p=0.026) and use of speedballs (heroin and cocaine) by any route in the last 30 days (p=0.053). Skin test anergy in this population of IDUs may reflect more generalized defects in the delayed hypersensitivity response. Other exposures besides HIV which occur in IDUs may result in impaired cellular immunity.


Despite the rapidly changing information and technology landscape, collections
 remain at the heart of academic libraries, signifying their enduring importance in
 providing access to our cultural heritage. Given broader trends in research and the
 current information ecology of an increasingly networked, distributed, and licensed
 environment, building collections and developing collection polices is increasingly
 ambiguous. These trends impact librarians in form of ever-expanding portfolios,
 diffusion of effort, weakened sense of focus, and a rising sense of persistent yet unmet
 needs for developing new skills. This paper outlines current research on collection
 trends and summarizes the interactive exchanges from the 2019 Charleston Conference
 Lively Session (https://sched.co/UZR5). Through live polling, session participants
 identified key trends in libraries and collections: Key trends included business models,
 budget constraints, consortium deals, continued importance of subscribed content, access
 vs. ownership, digitization of unique local collections, digital humanities, digital
 scholarship, library publishing projects, growing library investments in Open Access
 (OA), and collection diversification efforts with a view to equity and social justice.
 Among emerging library services, data services and digitization ranked highest in
 importance. The most-cited wish-list items included transformative deals, stronger
 campus partnerships, more OA projects, reduced copyright barriers in sharing homegrown
 digitized video content, as well as skill development in Counter 5 and data analysis.
 Existing physical and digital preservation programs received only lower-middle strength
 ratings. Among long-established library characteristics, collection policies, subscribed
 content, interlibrary loan, and consortial borrowing and lending retained enduring value
 and high rankings in importance. Tensions continue between ownership, borrowing, and
 access.


This paper analyzes how international rules are established and stabilized, i.e. how an international institutional order develops. Rules emerge mainly through learning from negative experience and serve to reduce transaction costs. The paper looks at mechanisms that stabilize rule systems, at bargaining procedures for cooperation gains, dispute settlement, sanctions, side payments, self-enforcing contracts, waivers and regional integrations within a multilateral order. In addition it analyzes the prevention of negative spillovers, international courts and global public goods.


Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate by means of finite element analysis (FEA), the effect of polyethylene insert thickness and implant material, under axial loading following TKA.

Design/methodology/approach
The 3D geometric model of bone was processed using the CT scan data by MIMICS (3matic Inc.), package. Implant components were 3D scanned and subsequently 3D modeled using ANSYS Spaceclaim and meshed in Hypermesh (Altair Hyperworks). The assembled, meshed bone-implant model was then input to ABAQUS for FE simulations, considering axial loading.

Findings
Polyethylene insert thickness was found to have very little or no significance (p>0.05) on the mechanical performance, namely, stress, strain and stress shielding of bone-implant system. Implant material was found to have a very significant effect (p<0.05) on the performance parameters and greatly reduced the high stress zones up to 60 percent on the tibial flange region and periprosthetic region of tibia.

Originality/value
Very few FEA studies have been done considering a full bone with heterogeneous material properties, to save computational time. Moreover, four different polyethylene insert thickness with a metal-backed and all-poly tibial tray was considered as the variables affecting the bone-implant system response, under static axial loading. The authors believe that considering a full bone shall lead to more precise outcomes, in terms of the response of bone-implant system, namely, stress, strains and stress shielding in the periprosthetic region, to loading.


A novel opto-electronic scheme for line-of-sight Near-IR gas absorption measurement based on direct absorption spectroscopy (DAS) is reported. A diode-laser-based, multiwavelength system is designed for future application in nonintrusive, high temporal resolution tomographic imaging of H2O in internal combustion engines. DAS is implemented with semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) to enable wavelength multiplexing and to induce external intensity modulation for phase-sensitive detection. Two overtone water transitions in the Near-IR have been selected for ratiometric temperature compensation to enable concentration measurements, and an additional wavelength is used to account for nonabsorbing attenuation. A wavelength scanning approach was used to evaluate the new modulation technique, and showed excellent absorption line recovery. Fixed-wavelength, time-division-multiplexing operation with SOAs has also been demonstrated. To the best of our knowledge this is the first time SOAs have been used for modulation and switching in a spectroscopic application. With appropriate diode laser selection this scheme can be also used for other chemical species absorption measurements.


This article illustrates how the present institutional arrangements and the policy regime under perusal have not been able to support the development of an ecosystem for innovation-making for in-vitro diagnostics (IVDs) for resource-poor settings. Policies favouring trade liberalization and foreign direct investment, market deregulation, strong intellectual property rights, absence of stringent regulations of accreditation and quality control and limiting public R&D support to basic research and development of scientific and technical manpower have defined the dynamics of innovation-making for the IVDs in India since the year 2000. Investment in the IVDs for the management of priority diseases for resource-poor settings continues to be only a small fraction of the R&D investment, translational research and market formation in India. Seventy-five per cent of diagnostics needs are still met through imported and maladapted diagnostic innovations. Although with the help of public-funded policy initiatives undertaken by the government there are now some young start-ups that have emerged and are beginning to focus on some of the diagnostic needs and challenges facing resource-poor settings, but they have not been able to enter the market with fully developed products in any kind of significant way. Low levels of interest in innovation, making for resource-poor settings, is reflected in the system-building activities of public sector R&D institutions, industry and the healthcare system. Lack of collaboration between national R&D institutions and large domestic firms continues to be the defining feature of the national innovation system in the case of IVDs. Innovation-making for resource-poor settings is yet to become a priority for the challenge-based innovation system-building approach. Analysis confirms the impact of convergence of neo-liberal deregulation, trade liberalization and investment liberalization on the processes of fragmentation and underdevelopment of capabilities, preference for market calculations over social calculations and undervaluation of the needs of resource-poor settings. Since the relevant actors have been bidding a good-bye to the values of universality, equality and comprehensiveness, the neglect of non-market based social calculations is reflected in the innovation-making practice of R&D institutions and industry. The article suggests that the challenge of innovation-making for resource-poor settings cannot be tackled without shifting away from the path of deregulation, liberalization of trade and investment, and moving into the implementation of a challenge-based innovation system-building approach by the state, in the case of IVDs.


This paper address the problem of sound disturbance in open office environments. We have in a design-based research study explored how digital, real time generated sound can be added to a work environment and how these sound environments are perceived by respondents when performing work tasks. Being such a complex situation, we have in this first explorative study chosen to focus on designing a digital sound system for activity-based offices, where the physical environment is already designed for particular activities. Our approach is to explore if workplaces can be enhanced by adding appropriate acoustic designs to the ambient environment. Our results show that test subjects perceived that acoustic design could enhance the ambient environments if the acoustic design is pertinent with the environment as a whole.


[ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] It's convenient. Most customers love it. It prevents the embarrassment and potential expense associated with bouncing a check. And until the California Supreme Court took action last month, it was a potentially massive litigation liability for your bank if you did business in the Golden State. Hidden danger in overdraft While virtually all banks offer an overdraft protection product, most give little thought to the source of the funds being deposited into the account. Institutions in California, however, became all-too-aware of an unexpected potential downside associated with overdraft protection. This came after a trial court in San Francisco awarded depositors at Bank of America nearly $1.1 billion in restitution and damages. Like any other bank with an overdraft program, Bank of America had debited the overdrawn account (and charged an NSF fee) and looked to subsequent deposits into the account to satisfy the indebtedness. The key difference in this instance, however, was that the accounts in question were being used by their customers as repositories for their Social Security or other similar government benefits. On June 1, after five years of closely-watched litigation, the California Supreme Court ruled in Miller v. Bank of America that overdraft protection programs do not violate state law that normally shields funds such as Social Security or other similar benefit programs from collection actions by creditors. While the decision has, at least for the moment, settled the issue in California, the decision in Miller may do little to dampen a growing national debate over how best to protect government benefits, and balance the burden that is often placed on banks to determine whether or not a customer's account contains protected funds. Understanding the Miller case The Miller litigation was filed in 2004 in the San Francisco County Superior Court on behalf of 1.1 million Bank of America account holders who had overdrawn accounts containing Social Security and other government benefits. The plaintiffs argued that the practice of debiting overdrafts from benefit payments that were subsequently deposited into the account (usually via automatic electronic payment from the benefit provider) violated state law protecting such benefits from normal collection efforts. Banking law practitioners recognized from the start that the case had the potential to be very significant; an adverse ruling would impose large monetary liability on virtually all banks doing business in California. Equally daunting were the likely operational and customer-relations problems that would have been created by an adverse decision. According to Leland Chan, General Counsel for the California Bankers Association, a decision in favor of plaintiffs "would have required banks to develop the capability to detect the presence of benefit funds in transaction accounts on an automatic basis and systematically withhold overdraft services from those accountholders." Chan found that most banks that have considered this option "found it to be either impossible or prohibitively expensive to develop." Adopting a policy of categorically refusing to honor overdrawn items of benefit recipients was not a palatable option because, as Chan notes, it "would hurt customers and likely result in greater costs to them in the form of retailer bounced check fees, late fees, cancelled services, and negative credit reports." The litigation also attracted the interest of the federal Social Security Administration. The agency saw a ruling against Bank of America as posing a threat to the government's preferred mechanism for delivering Social Security benefits-automatic direct deposit. The Social Security Administration recognized that if the California courts ruled that banks could not automatically debit an account that receives Social Security payments or other protected government benefits when an overdraft occurs, many banks would restrict the types of products available to accept direct deposit, making it a less-attractive option for benefit recipients. …


The low frequency array (LOFAR) is a phased array interferometer currently consisting of 13 international stations across Europe and 38 stations surrounding a central hub in the Netherlands. The instrument operates in the frequency range of ~10–240 MHz and is used for a variety of astrophysical science cases. While it is not heliophysics or space weather dedicated, a new project entitled "LOFAR for Space Weather" (LOFAR4SW) aims at designing a system upgrade to allow the entire array to observe the Sun, heliosphere, Earth's ionosphere, and Jupiter throughout its observing window. This will allow the instrument to operate as a space weather observing platform, facilitating both space weather science and operations. Part of this design study aims to survey the existing space weather infrastructure operating at radio frequencies and show how LOFAR4SW can advance the current state-of-the-art in this field. In this paper, we survey radio instrumentation and facilities that currently operate in space weather science and/or operations, including instruments involved in solar, heliospheric, and ionospheric studies. We furthermore include an overview of the major space weather service providers in operation today and the current state-of-the-art in the radio data they use and provide routinely. The aim is to compare LOFAR4SW to the existing radio research infrastructure in space weather and show how it may advance both space weather science and operations in the radio domain in the near future.


Analysis of serum and plasma proteomes is a common approach for biomarker discovery, and the removal of high‐abundant proteins, such as albumin and immunoglobins, is usually the first step in the analysis. However, albumin binds peptides and proteins, which raises concerns as to how the removal of albumin could impact the outcome of the biomarker study while ignoring the possibility that this could be a biomarker subproteome itself. The first goal of this study was to test a new commercially available affinity capture reagent from Protea Biosciences and to compare the efficiency and reproducibility to four other commercially available albumin depletion methods. The second goal of this study was to determine if there is a highly efficient albumin depletion/isolation system that minimizes sample handling and would be suitable for large numbers of samples. Two of the methods tested (Sigma and ProteaPrep) showed an albumin depletion efficiency of 97% or greater for both serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Isolated serum and CSF albuminomes from ProteaPrep spin columns were analyzed directly by LC‐MS/MS, identifying 128 serum (45 not previously reported) and 94 CSF albuminome proteins (17 unique to the CSF albuminome). Serum albuminome was also isolated using Vivapure anti‐HSA columns for comparison, identifying 105 proteins, 81 of which overlapped with the ProteaPrep method.


The Cold War division of Korea, regarded as a natural experiment in institutional change, provides a unique opportunity to examine whether institutions affect social preferences. We recruited North Korean refugees and South Korean students to conduct laboratory experiments eliciting social preferences, together with standard surveys measuring subjective attitudes toward political and economic institutions. Our experiments employ widely used dictator and trust games, with four possible group matches between North and South Koreans by informing them of the group identity of their anonymous partners. Experimental behavior and support for institutions differ substantially between and within groups. North Korean refugees prefer more egalitarian distribution in the dictator games than South Korean students, even after controlling for individual characteristics that could be correlated with social preferences; however, two groups show little difference in the trust game, once we control for more egalitarian behavior of North Koreans. North Korean refugees show less support for market economy and democracy than South Korean subjects. Attitudes toward institutions are more strongly associated with the experimental behaviors among South Korean subjects than among North Korean subjects.


My research investigates exhibitions as sites of research and appraises the possibilities and contradictions of a progressive and socially engaged media art practice. The international art movement New Tendencies (NT) (1961-1973) provides the material evidence through its exhibitions, symposia, artworks, catalogues, newsletters and artist's statements. The basic methodological assumption behind my research is that new insights are gained by questioning the various interdependencies between NT and historical change.

NT was searching for a synthesis between socialist emancipation and artistic modernism by proposing to replace the notion of art with visual research. The project emerged in Zagreb, capital of Croatia which was then part of Yugoslavia, a Socialist nation which did not belong to the Eastern bloc and experimented with market Socialism combined with social self-management and self-government. Yugoslavia's unique role between the hegemonic power blocs made it possible that an international, humanistic, and progressive art movement could emerge from its territory.

With every exhibition and conference NT articulated its artistic position and set itself into relation with the respective techno-economic paradigm. NT began during the height of Fordism, continued during Fordism's moment of crisis in 1968, and ended when a new paradigm – informational capitalism – started to develop from within the old one. In this historical context, my hypothesis is that NT's exploration of participatory art stands in direct relation to the rise of automation and cybernation in society. A further layer of inquiry is the historically changing relationship between manual and intellectual labour and how art addresses it.

By contextualising NT my research contributes a new dimension to the history of media art. Through the chosen methodology, a new understanding is gained not only of this important art movement but of the general dynamics of media art in the second half of the 20th century.


This essay expands upon the suggestion that Lessing's infamous 'ditch' is actually three ditches: temporal, metaphysical, and existential gaps. It examines the complex problems these ditches raise, and then proposes that Kierkegaard's Fragments and Postscript exhibit a similar triadic organizational structure, which may signal a deliberate attempt to engage and respond to Lessing's three gaps. Viewing the Climacean project in this way offers an enhanced understanding of the intricacies of Lessing's rationalist approach to both religion and historical truth, and illuminates Climacus's subjective response to Lessing.


Despite the fact that evolutionary theory is the central and unifying theme in biology, it has not been well received by the general public in the United States. Several studies reveal that many Americans have a poor understanding of evolution and reject it as a valid explanation of the current state of life (Gallup, 1993; National Science Board, 2000; Recer, 1996). In response to this, there has been a significant effort by the science education community to improve the effectiveness of evolutionary biology education. A primary focus of this endeavor has concerned the development of curricula and instructional strategies that foster student learning of evolutionary biology. Many of these efforts emphasize the lines of evidence supporting evolutionary theory and the theory's scientific validity in light of science as a method of inquiry (Farber, 2003; Cherif, Adams & Loehr, 2001; Alles, 2001; Nickels, Nelson & Beard, 1996; McComas, 1994; National Academy of Science, 1998; Scharmann, 1993). These strategies may be particularly effective because they equip students to make informed decisions about the scientific validity of evolution by focusing on the evaluation of evidence within the framework of the discipline, rather than presenting information as facts that must be memorized or by focusing on religious belief (Clough, 1994). Determining the effectiveness of these novel instructional strategies remains an important challenge of evolutionary biology education. One method of measuring the effectiveness of instruction in evolutionary biology is by assessing changes in student acceptance of, rather than belief in, evolutionary theory as a scientifically valid and explanatory theory. This strategy is consistent with conceptions of science as a method of inquiry that stress empirical adequacy and explanatory power over belief (van Frassen, 1980), and has been advocated as an effective method for effectively teaching evolution (Clough, 1994; Scharmann, 2005). Schwabb (1978) framed the issue by observing that a discipline consists of substantive and syntactical structures, both of which must be considered in assessing a theory. The substantive structure of a discipline consists of theories, concepts, and facts (the substance of the discipline) while the syntactic structure consists of the process by which knowledge is warranted or its validity is determined (the discipline's methodology). Thus, informed decisions of acceptance of scientific theories are appropriately made as a result of the critical analysis of available data in light of the established methods of the scientific discipline. Instrumentation has been developed to assess acceptance of evolutionary theory. Rutledge and Warden (1999) developed and established the reliability and validity of the Measure of Acceptance of the Theory of Evolution (MATE), a 20-item Likert-scale instrument designed to assess high school biology teachers' overall acceptance of evolution (Appendix A). As informed decisions of acceptance or rejection of a scientific theory are based on evaluations of substantive and syntactical elements of a domain, fundamental concepts of evolution and of the nature of science as a method of inquiry are the focus of MATE items (Table 1). The MATE has been utilized to assess high school biology teachers' acceptance of evolution in Indiana (Rutledge & Warden, 2000) and Oregon (Trani, 2004), and is currently being utilized at the University of Waikato in a study of New Zealand secondary teachers (http://sci.waikato. ac.nz/evolution/aboutus.shtml). Alters and Nelson (2002), in their review of effective pedagogy of evolution in higher education, noted the potential of the MATE with respect to research in evolutionary biology education. However, the reliability of the MATE in a test-retest scenario-needed to assess the effectiveness of instruction in evolutionary biology--has yet to be evaluated. The "reliability" of an instrument is a measure of its consistency. …


Magnetic bearings have long offered the potential for significant turbomachinery system improvements due to their oil-free, non-contact, low loss nature and their ability to actively control shaft dynamic motion. However, end-users and many designers are hesitant to apply this technology. There are two basic stumbling blocks: active magnetic bearings (AMBs) have little overload capacity, and failure of any portion of the AMB system could result in catastrophic damage to the machine. To cope with both of these problems, a secondary back-up bearing must be included in the system. This paper describes a new full scale, high speed test rig which has the capability to test a variety of back-up bearings at speeds of up to 35,000 RPM, and bearing loads of up to 6.7 kN. Preliminary data for two novel back-up bearings are presented as a demonstration of the test rig's capabilities.Copyright © 1999 by ASME


Applications of Bayesian nonparametric methods require learning and inference algorithms which efficiently explore models of unbounded complexity. We develop new Markov chain Monte Carlo methods for the beta process hidden Markov model (BP-HMM), enabling discovery of shared activity patterns in large video and motion capture databases. By introducing split-merge moves based on sequential allocation, we allow large global changes in the shared feature structure. We also develop data-driven reversible jump moves which more reliably discover rare or unique behaviors. Our proposals apply to any choice of conjugate likelihood for observed data, and we show success with multinomial, Gaussian, and autoregressive emission models. Together, these innovations allow tractable analysis of hundreds of time series, where previous inference required clever initialization and lengthy burn-in periods for just six sequences.


Summary form only given. This paper examines an application of a group decision support system (GDSS) to aid groups of research and development managers concerned with developing strategy, and addresses some issues concerned with the validity of using the GDSS in this context. The application concerns the implementation of a GDSS with a large pharmaceutical company to help determine the development portfolio of projects through a series of management meetings supported by the GDSS. The determination of a this development portfolio needs to take into account issues of risk, resources, stage of development of each project and mix of projects. The decision making processes required to determine the development portfolio involved a number of management meetings within each of the different therapeutic areas, each involving representatives of technical and marketing functions, and these meetings prioritized development projects within each of a number of specific therapeutic areas. Two separate prioritized lists were determined in each therapeutic area, one for 'early stage' projects and the other for 'near market' projects. This process was followed by a further series of meetings of the development committee. This committee, which comprised senior managers including representatives of each therapeutic area, distilled the prioritized lists of projects for each therapeutic area into an overall prioritized development portfolio, again split between 'early stage' and 'near market' projects. The Teamworker GDSS was used in management meetings within both stages of the process.


The gap between the rich and the poor is widening daily and the proportion of people living in poverty in South Africa is steadily on the rise. The phenomenon of white poverty has existed since the 1890s and is becoming a more common trend across South Africa. White poverty left a number of whites in South Africa homeless. Consequently, they are forced to live in the streets, in shelters and informal settlements such as Bethlehem Mission Centre in Pretoria. A descriptive study was undertaken within the qualitative paradigm to describe the living conditions at the Bethlehem Mission Centre in Pretoria. The mission operandi, faith-based focus and funding of the Centre is described. In describing the experience of people involved in Bethlehem Mission Centre a story unfolds of how hope may be restored to a seemingly hopeless situation. The church living out "mission as action in hope" can address the issue of poverty in the context it serves.


This series of works was developed during Finch's Abbey Fellowship in Painting at the British School at Rome (BSR) (January-March 2011). The Fellowship was conducted as a research project involving the creation of an image archive in Rome, through photography and the collection of found images, which then constituted the material for a series of new works. The conceptual framework employed Walter Benjamin's 'Passagenwerk' project and Aby Warburg's 'Mnemosyne Atlas' as key references and as the means to structure images in relation to questions of time, space and place.

The 11 works created during the Fellowship, entitled 'Engram', are layered photo-reliefs which explore the specificity and context of the images and their material relationships, as layers, within a picture form. These works became important in developing how the research question and process might materialised objects that are best thought of as tableau structures as they are neither strictly paintings, sculptural reliefs nor photographs but are, more concretely, pictorial forms. The pursuit of the research propositions and this particular period of studio practice led to the wider development of the theoretical framework of the tableau form that evolved into the 'Tableau Project' and to the on-going development of a studio process. Work has continued on the series and to date it totals 43 works.

Works from the Fellowship were first exhibited in 'The Producers' at BSR; a group show of artists who were resident at the BSR in 2011. Nine works from the 'Engram' series were exhibited with a catalogue that mapped individual images and their combination into 'Engram' reliefs. The other artists in the exhibition were Alison Crawshaw, Richard Gasper, Janet Haslett, Barbie Kjar, Annee Miron and Elizabeth Price. Three works from the series were subsequently shown at Ex Roma at A.P.T. Gallery, London (2012).


The enzyme glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a direct target of lithium. While originally recognized as an important molecule in a limited number of cellular processes, with unclear significance for the treatment of bipolar disorder, recent evidence suggests it has critically important cellular functions in the adult brain. GSK-3 has an essential role in a number of signaling pathways and regulates the function of a diverse number of proteins, notably transcription factors and cytoskeletal elements. The most important functions of the enzyme in regard to bipolar disorder may be critical effects on cellular resilience and neuronal plasticity. There is tremendous interest in GSK-3 inhibitors as novel therapeutic agents, and selective, small-molecule compounds are rapidly being developed for a broad range of other maladies including diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, stroke, and inflammatory conditions. In this perspectives article, we provide an overview of the molecular targets of lithium, focusing on GSK-3-regulated signaling pathways and the important functions of GSK-3 that may have relevance for the treatment of bipolar disorder. We conclude with a discussion of the GSK-3 inhibitors furthest in development and the clinical trials that may emerge.


A compact single-frequency 1060 nm fiber laser based on a high-power semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) has been proposed and demonstrated with over 40 nm wavelength tuning range. The inhomogeneous gain-broadening feature of the SOA and the unpumped ytterbium-doped fiber-based saturable absorber contribute to the single longitudinal mode lasing of the fiber laser. The maximum 3 dBm output power can be obtained with the optical signal to noise ratio larger than 50 dB. Stable single-frequency operation can be maintained more than 1 h with negligible power fluctuations and low relative intensity noise.


A variety of fluorescence spectra have been measured interferometrically, demonstrating the feasibility of Fourier Transform Fluorescence Spectrometry (FT-FS). Emission spectra have been measured with the use of a monochromatic source and an interferometer as the emission selector. Excitation spectra have been measured with the use of a multi-line laser. Fluorescence polarization spectra have also been recorded with the use of laser excitation. The analytical characteristics of working curves are discussed.


Background Consumption of fruit has been associated with a variety of health benefits, yet, 75% of children have usual intakes of total fruit below minimum recommended amounts. Apples are the second most commonly consumed fruit in the United States; however, no studies have examined the impact of apple consumption on nutrient intake and adequacy in children's diets. Objective The purpose of this study is to examine the association between apple (various forms) consumption with nutrient intake and nutrient adequacy in a nationally representative sample of children. Design Participants were children aged 2–18 years (n=13,339), from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2010. Least square means of total energy and nutrient intake, and the percentage of the population below the estimated average requirement (EAR) or above the adequate intake (AI) among apple consumers and non-consumers were examined. Results Consumers of total apple products had higher (p<0.01) total intakes of fiber, magnesium, and potassium and lower intakes of total fat, saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acid, and sodium than non-consumers. Apple consumers had higher (p<0.01) total sugar intake, but lower intake of added sugars compared to non-consumers. A lower (p<0.01) percentage of apple consumers were below the EAR for 13 of the 16 nutrients studied. Apple consumers had approximately a 10 percentage unit difference below the EAR for calcium and magnesium, and vitamins A, C, D, and E, than non-consumers. The percentage above the AI for fiber was significantly (p<0.0001) higher among total apple consumers (6.24±0.45 g) compared to non-consumers (0.57±0.07 g). The results were similar for individual apple products (i.e. apple juice, applesauce, and whole apples). Conclusion Consumption of any forms of apples provided valuable nutrients in the diets of children.


FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE CHANGES IN TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL ACCUMULATION OF DEBRIS ON AN ESTUARINE SHORELINE, CLIFFWOOD BEACH, NEW JERSEY, USA by Laura Pace A field investigation was conducted on an estuarine shoreline in Raritan Bay, New Jersey to identify the temporal and spatial distribution changes in accumulation of marine debris, and the factors that influence these changes. Methodology consists of 12-monthly collections of debris and profile data, and collection of local climatological and tide data. Debris was classified by type, length, weight, fragmentation, and probable function and weathering noted for each collected item. Wind roses were constructed to determine dominant wind speed and direction and wind characteristics for time intervals between field sampling. Plastics are the primary component of debris; glass and styrofoam are common. Debris was small, light, and fragmented, and 74.2% of plastics were consumer-related. Beach usage appears to be the main source of debris but winds may transport wrack debris < 5.0 g beyond wrack lines. A cross-shore pattern of spatial distribution of debris exists due to movement by wrack lines and high onshore wind speeds and wind direction. Debris type, sub-environments, beach elevation and debris weight influence cross-shore movement. Larger quantities found in the western portion of the beach compartment may be due to beach use, longshore transport of debris or both. FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE CHANGES IN TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL ACCUMULATION OF DEBRIS ON AN ESTUARINE SHORELINE, CLIFFWOOD BEACH, NEW JERSEY, USA


The use of serum antibodies to neutrophil cytoplasmic antigens (ANCA) as a diagnostic marker for Wegener's granulomatosis and other forms of vasculitis has been assessed. Although ANCA have been described by several groups the precise antigenic targets are unknown, and detection of ANCA still relies on an indirect immunofluorescence assay technique. Several different patterns of fluorescence have been produced by using sera from different groups of patients, and insufficient information is available on the frequency of positive results and of the patterns of immunofluorescence obtained when serum from patients with vasculitis as a part of a generalised connective tissue disease is used. A study was carried out on serum from 240 patients, including 23 patients with Wegener's granulomatosis, 12 with microscopic polyarteritis, and 30 with various connective tissue diseases. Three patterns of fluorescence were observed: bright coarsely granular cytoplasmic, bright non-granular cytoplasmic, and weak diffuse cytoplasmic. The bright, coarsely granular pattern was 86% specific for Wegener's granulomatosis in this series and was observed in 18 of 23 cases. Other patterns of fluorescence were found in various conditions and were not of diagnostic value. The technique is simple, inexpensive, rapid, and reproducible.


Total mesorectal excision (TME) refers to the surgical removal of the complete perirectal soft tissue envelope, using sharp instruments under direct vision, and has become the contemporary standard of care for patients with rectal cancer. Pathologists play a key role in the evaluation of these specimens, including the quality assurance of surgical performance, as well as evaluation of the circumferential radial margin (CRM). While the latter is the most significant predictor of local recurrence, the quality of the excised mesorectum is another important factor in assessing the risk of local recurrence in patients with a negative CRM. Since proper pathological assessment of the TME specimen provides important prognostic information, as well as critical feedback to surgeons regarding technical performance, it is important to have adequate guidelines for the macroscopic handling of these specimens. The CLASSICC study of the Medical Research Council in the United Kingdom, as well as the Dutch TME trial have introduced a new standard for the pathological assessment of TME specimens, including an approach that involves assessment in both the fresh and fixed states, at least 48 hours of fixation of an intact specimen, with observations made on both the external appearance and cross-sectional slices. This article reviews the pathological assessment of the TME specimen, including basic definitions, current international guidelines, an approach to evaluating the mesorectum and a discussion of special issues relating to margins, lymph node retrieval and effects of neoadjuvant therapy.


The proclamation of the Republic of Moldova's independence triggered the democratization process, the transition to the market economy and the formation of a state based on the rule of law, in which the rights of all citizens should be protected. These tasks are clearly set in almost all the political and juridical acts of the initial period of independent statehood creation. However, the subsequent evolution of the events revealed the dependence on the security risks and threats, these being one of the main factors which prevent the successful accomplishment of the above-mentioned tasks. European integration aspirations are based on the European vocation determined by the geographical, historical position, by the traditions and culture of the Republic of Moldova. On the other hand, Moldova's integration into the European Union is an indispensible condition for the stability, prosperity and security of the Republic of Moldova and of its citizens.


AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
To draw out the similar complexities faced by staff around truth-telling in a children's and adult population and to interrogate the dilemmas faced by staff when informal carers act to block truth-telling.

BACKGROUND
Policy encourages normalisation of death, but carers may act to protect or prevent the patient from being told the truth. Little is known about the impact on staff.

DESIGN
Secondary analysis of data using a supra-analysis design to identify commonality of experiences.

METHODS
Secondary 'supra-analysis' was used to transcend the focus of two primary studies in the UK, which examined staff perspectives in a palliative children's and a palliative adult setting, respectively. The analysis examined new theoretical questions relating to the commonality of issues independently derived in each primary study. Both primary studies used focus groups. Existing empirical data were analysed thematically and compared across the studies.

RESULTS
Staff reported a hiding of the truth by carers and sustained use of activities aimed at prolonging life. Carers frequently ignored the advance of end of life, and divergence between staff and carer approaches to truth-telling challenged professionals. Not being truthful with patients had a deleterious effect on staff, causing anger and feelings of incompetence.

CONCLUSIONS
Both children's and adult specialist palliative care staff found themselves caught in a dilemma, subject to policies that promoted openness in planning for death and informal carers who often prevented them from being truthful with patients about terminal prognosis. This dilemma had adverse psychological effects upon many staff.

RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE
There remains a powerful death-denying culture in many societies, and carers of dying patients may prevent staff from being truthful with their patients. The current situation is not ideal, and open discussion of this problem is the essential first step in finding a solution.


Marine ecosystems can be a promising reservoir of various kinds of chemical components, applicable as pharmaceutical materials, food, cosmetics, nutraceuticals, and others for different industry. As an example, Tunicates, a group of marine animals, have been attracted a lot of attention in medical application, food market, water pollution issues, and Cellulose nanomaterial production due to their consisting of chemical compounds such as cellulose, amino-sugars, and proteins or protein-polysaccharide complexes e.g. collagen, glycosaminoglycan, chitin, scleroprotein, iodine-binding proteins, and elastin. In this project, two dominant species of Scandinavian Tunicates, i.e. Ciona intestinalis and Clavelina lepadiformis, harvested from Norwegian ocean have been classified according to body sizes, depths from the ocean surface, ages and species, and separated physically into outer layer and internal organs, followed by measurements of sugar composition, oil content, and protein content. Application potentials have been investigated by trials for production of pure crystalline cellulose, bioethanol, and biodiesel, and by analysis of amino acid composition of the samples.The cellulose percentage and cellulose yield for the chemically pure cellulose obtained, is around 96% and 54% respectively, and the protein content is decreased step by step by the acid, alkali, and bleaching process applied. Bioethanol can be obtained by fermentation of tunicate hydrolysate with strains A and C which are derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The biodiesel yield of tunicate samples is around 4-6% as an average. The amino acid compositions in our tunicate samples are similar to egg albumin, implying tunicate being an alternative material for animal feed production.Several processing treatments have been conducted with the aims to fractionate tunicate biomass components or enhance the cellulose accessibility and reactivity. After a single processing step, Ba(OH)2 treated samples seemed to be the best in terms of both cellulose preservation (66.5% cellulose) and protein removal (6% protein in the treated residue). Results from the physical separation plus washing reveal that the highest amount of cellulose and protein presents is found in the outer (Tunic) part and internal organs of Tunicate samples respectively. Data obtained from FTIR(Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) and SEM(Scanning Electron Microscope) indicate that among all processing trials, H3PO4 is the most effective in decreasing the cellulose crystallinity, which renders a higher accessibility for acidic or enzymatic reaction during bioethanol production due to a higher amount of amorphous structure of cellulose.From the analysis results of component contents and structures, it could be concluded that increase of deepness results in a decrease of sugar content of the Tunicate samples while there are no differences in protein and carbohydrate content in different tunicate species. The body size has a positive influence on the protein content and the sample age alters the contents of both sugar and protein. In addition, Tunicate oil has high phospholipid content instead of glycerol ester, the latter being the common oil from vegetable origins. Moreover, lots of free fatty acid is present, and the composition profile of Tunicate fatty acids seems to be similar to fish oil, as revealed by NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy), FTIR, and GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry).


Background & Aim: One of the common reasons for selecting C-section by mothers is the fear of labor pain. Hence, many attempts have been made to reduce C-section cases and increase painless delivery. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the efficacy of anesthesia with fentanyl injection and anesthesia with water injection on pain intensity, labor duration and satisfaction with labor in women undergoing vaginal delivery. Methods: In this clinical trial, 100 pregnant women in the first stage of labor were randomly divided into two groups of 50 patients undergoing water injection anesthesia and analgesia with fentanyl. Lower back pain was measured before and 10, 45 and 90 minutes after treatment in both groups. Data collection tools include demographic questionnaire, visual Analog scale (VAS), and satisfaction questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS20. Results: The mean age of participants in both groups of anesthesia with fentanyl injection and anesthesia with distilled water injection was 24.46 and 23.54 years, respectively. Satisfaction with anesthesia was significantly higher in distilled water anesthesia group than fentanyl anesthesia group (P =0.006).  Pain intensity in minute 45 was significantly lower in the group with distilled water injection than fentanyl anesthesia group (P˂0.05). Moreover, labor duration was significantly lower in the group with distilled water injection than fentanyl anesthesia group after intervention (P˂0.05). Conclusion: It seems that anesthesia with distilled water injection is more welcomed than fentanyl injection among women undergoing vaginal delivery. However, further investigation is needed in this regard.


XML is gaining predominance as the standard for data representation and exchange. Access control for XML data is nontrivial as witnessed from the number of access control models presented in literature. Existing models provide the ability to extend access control to data as well as structure and enforce the specified access control via view materialization. However, view materialization based approaches suffer from update issues and maintaining such views may not be realistic. In this context, We introduce ACXESS(Access Control for XML with Enhanced Security Specifications), a framework for formalizing, presenting and enforcing security constraints for XML documents. Through ACXESS, we present SSX an algebraic view specification language that provides an effective way to capture all the tree transformations achieved by existing access control models using a set of atomic primitives. We choose not to materialize the security views and introduce a notion of virtual security views that enforce the access constraints via query rewrites. A Security Annotated Schema(SAS) is proposed as the internal representation for virtual views expressed using SSX and the virtual security view exposed to the user can be automatically constructed from the SAS. Finally, we propose a rule based rewrite algorithm (SQR) that rewrites user XPath queries on the security view into equivalent XQuery expressions that can be evaluated against the original data, with the guarantee that the users only see information in the security view. Experimental evaluation and theoretical proofs demonstrate the capability of SSX in representing the access constraints expressible in existing access control models and also demonstrate the use of SAS and the SQR rewrite algorithm in enforcing the access constraints without view materialization.


The antibacterial agent, triclosan, is widely used in many household personal care products, and it has recently been detected in wastewater treatment plant effluents and in source waters used for drinking water supply. Accordingly, the reactivity of triclosan with the disinfectants used in wastewater treatment and in the production of potable water is of interest. Monochloramine is used as an alternative disinfectant in drinking water treatment to minimize production of regulated disinfection by-products. This study examined the reactions between triclosan and monochloramine and involved analysis of monochloramine and triclosan decay and product formation under drinking water treatment conditions over a pH range of 6.5 to 10.5. Monochloramine decay in the presence of triclosan was measured relative to monochloramine auto-decomposition in the absence of triclosan using UV-VIS spectrophotometry. Experimental results showed that the monochloramine auto-decomposition intermediates, free chlorine and dichloramine, are responsible for a majority of the observed triclosan decay and product formation. A kinetic model for monochloramine auto-decomposition was modified to include terms and rate coefficients for the reactions of triclosan with monochloramine (k = 90.4 Mh), free chlorine (k = 1.94×10 Mh), and dichloramine (k = 2×10 Mh), and was able to predict triclosan and monochloramine decay. It was determined that the reactions of dichloramine and free chlorine with triclosan were 10 and 10 times faster, respectively, than the reaction of monochloramine with triclosan. The products of these reactions, detected using GC-MS, included three chlorinated triclosan intermediates, 2,4dichlorophenol, and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol. Low levels of chloroform were detected at pH values of 6.5 and 7.5.


Out on the Colorado plains, you can still take old U.S. Highway 40 east of Denver. The lonely two-lane road leaves the Front Range and the famous Colorado high country far behind. Before you hit the Kansas line, you'll encounter vast grasscovered prairies, occasional cattle, patches of irrigated land, and a procession of little wind-blown towns with names like Wild Horse, Kit Carson, and Cheyenne Wells.


Millions of people worldwide entertain themselves or supplement their incomes – or both – by meeting with fellow employees as avatars in virtual worlds such as Second Life, solving complicated problems on websites like Innocentive, or casually "clicking" to make money for simple tasks on Amazon.com's Mechanical Turk. Virtual work has great promise – increasing efficiency by reducing the time and expense involved in gathering workers who live great distances apart, and allowing for efficient use of skills so that the whole is truly greater than the sum of its parts. At the same time, virtual work presents its own unique series of challenges, and regulation is needed to ensure that the end result is not virtual sweatshops. Some of the questions that virtual work raises are: How might the minimum wage laws apply to new forms of work, such as crowdsourcing, where work is broken down to small components? How could virtual worlds help us to test the amount of unconscious bias that exists in hiring? How will unions use virtual worlds, and as happened in the 2007 IBM Italy "virtual strike," are more virtual industrial actions yet to come? Other issues discussed in the Article include virtual work approaches to whistleblowing, harassment, and disability law. While still nascent, these legal issues are of concern to employees and employers alike, and in light of that fact, it is appropriate to begin formulating well-thought out approaches to address them.


Periodontal disease is an infection characterized by the destruction of periodontal tissues directly related to the presence of biofilm and associated with the host immune response. Furthermore, photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been shown to be a promising alternative and viable in reduction of oral microbiota. In this image, PDT was performed with a diode laser with a spot size of 0.04 cm² in combination with metilene blue 0.01%. The photosensitizer (metilene blue 0.01%) was applied by placing the applicator at the bottom of the periodontal pocket and continuously deposited for five minutes in a coronal direction. Then, the laser therapy was used at three equidistant points in each buccal and lingual region of the tooth. The laser treatment was released with a power of 0.1 W at 40 seconds, a fluence rate of 2.5 W/cm², and energy fluence of 100 J/ cm². After the laser application, the pockets were rinsed with a saline solution to completely remove the photosensitizer. Nowadays, PDT could be useful as an adjunctive therapy in periodontal disease, endodontics, oral surgery and oral infection.
Corresponding author
Gilberto Araujo Noro Filho, Bruno Vieira Caputo, Daniela Miranda Richarte de Andrade Salgado, Claudio Costa  and Elcio Magdalena Giovani
Dr. Bacelar street, Vila Clementino
Sao Paulo
Brazil


An educational development issue common to all disciplines and countries is how to combine generic development of staff as teachers with appropriate engagement with the specificities of teaching individual subjects. This article explores the nature of the relationship between the generic and the discipline specific, defines the role of the disciplines in educational development, and describes a residential workshop used by geographers, environmental and earth scientists in the UK to deal with their disciplines' needs in the context of newly appointed lecturers.The workshop was marked by a high level of interaction and the sharing of ideas among the facilitators and participants. The article describes how the lecturers developed the discipline-specific element, reports on the workshop's evaluation and suggests ways in which other disciplines and staff in other countries might adapt the ideas here.


Benzylic ethers undergo a visible light induced C–H activation and oxygen insertion to give the corresponding benzoate esters in moderate to good yields. The conditions employ substoichiometric amounts of 1,4-hydroquinone with copper(II) chloride dihydrate as an electron-transfer mediator, oxygen as the terminal oxidant and dimethyl carbonate as solvent under visible light irradiation. The naturally occurring glucoside, arbutin, which is commercially available or can be accessed via extraction of the leaves of bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi) or elephant ears (Bergenia crassifolia) can be used as a biorenewable source of 1,4-hydroquinone. The methodology exploits the increase in oxidizing ability of quinones upon irradiation with visible light, and offers a sustainable alternative for the late stage oxidative functionalization of benzylic C–H bonds. It is applicable to a range of cyclic benzylic ethers such as isochromans and phthalans, and simple benzyl alkyl ethers. It can also be applied in the oxidation of benzylic amines into amides, and of diarylmethanes into the corresponding ketones. Mechanistic studies suggest that the reaction proceeds by Habstraction by the photo-excited triplet benzoquinone to give a benzylic radical that subsequently reacts with molecular oxygen.