The biopharmaceutical industry has a growing demand and an increasing need to improve the current virus purification technologies, especially as more and more vaccines are produced from cell-culture derived virus particles. Downstream purification strategies can be expensive and account for 70% of the overall manufacturing costs. The economic pressure and purification processes can be particularly challenging when the virus to be purified is small, as in our model virus, porcine parvovirus (PPV). Our efforts are focused on designing an easy, economical, scalable and efficient system for virus purification, and we focused on aqueous two-phase systems. Industry acceptable standards for virus vaccine recovery can be as low as 30% due to demand of high final titer, virus transduction inhibitors and presence of empty or defective virus capsids as impurities. We have overcome these shortcomings by recovering a high 64% of infectious virus using an aqueous two-phase system. We used high molecular weight polymer and citrate salt to achieve a good yield and eliminated the major contaminant bovine serum albumin. Viruses are also studied for ensuring pure and safe drinking water. Low pressure microfiltration are continuously being investigated for water filters as they allow high permeate flux and low fouling. Viruses such as PPV are small enough to pass through the microporous membranes. Control of viruses in water is crucial for public health and we have designed an affinity based membrane filter to capture virus. Nanofibers have a high surface to volume ratio providing a highly accessible surface area for virus adsorption. Chitosan an insoluble, biocompatible and biodegradable polymer was used for adsorbing trimer peptide WRW. About 0.2 μmoles of cysteine terminal WRW peptide was conjugated to amine terminal chitosan using maleimide conjugation chemistry. We achieved 90-99% virus removal from water adjusted to a neutral pH. The virus removal 16 from affinity based chitosan was attributed to electrostatic and hydrophobic driven binding effect.


Graphical displays are a typical means for conveying awareness information in groupware systems to help users track joint activities, but are not ideal when vision is constrained. Understanding how people maintain awareness through non-visual means is crucial for designing effective alternatives for supporting awareness in such situations. We present a lab study simulating an extreme scenario where 32 pairs of participants use an audio-only tool to edit shared audio menus. Our aim is to characterise collaboration in this audio-only space in order to identify whether and how, by itself, audio can mediate collaboration. Our findings show that the means for audio delivery and choice of working styles in this space influence types and patterns of awareness information exchange. We thus highlight the need to accommodate different working styles when designing audio support for awareness, and extend previous research by identifying types of awareness information to convey in response to group work dynamics.


In Europe, the consequences of commercial plantation management for birds of conservation concern are poorly understood. The European Nightjar Caprimulgus europaeus is a species of conservation concern across Europe due to population depletion through habitat loss. Pine plantation-forest is now a key Nightjar nesting habitat, particularly in northwestern Europe, and increased understanding of foraging habitat selection is required. We radiotracked 31 Nightjars in an extensive (185-km2) complex conifer plantation landscape in 2009 and 2010. Home-range 95% kernels for females, paired males and unpaired males were an order of magnitude larger than song territories of paired males, emphasizing the importance of habitats beyond the song territory. Nightjars travelled a mean maximum distance of 747 m from the territory centre each night. Homerange placement relative to landscape composition was examined by compositional analysis. Pre-closure canopy forest (aged 5–10 years) was selected at all scales (MCP, 95% and 50% kernels), with newly planted forest (aged 0–4 years) also selected within 50% kernels. For telemetry fixes relative to habitat composition within 2 km of their territory centre, individuals again selected pre-closure and newly planted forest, and also grazed grass heath. Open ungrazed habitat was not selected, with implications for open habitat planning for biodiversity conservation within public-owned forests. Despite the Nightjars' selection for younger growth, moth biomass was greater in older forest stands, suggesting that foraging site selection reflects ease of prey capture rather than prey abundance. Within large plantation-forest landscapes, a variety of growth stages is important for this species and our results suggest that grazing of open habitats within and adjacent to forest will additionally benefit the European Nightjar.


A prospective study was carried out to collect data on medication taken for the zeal of male baby during pregnancy in Indian women. It is well accepted that drugs can have adverse effects on the developing fetus. Although, numerous studies show that medication during pregnancy is wide spread, there still is serious lack of comprehensive and valid data concerning the risk of drug during pregnancy. The percentage of medication taken by the mothers having deformed babies are 25% and statistically significant while comparing with controls at 0.05 probability level. The information found in literature is scanty and incomplete in terms of formal studies of the extent and pattern of use of drugs used in pregnancy. The evaluation confirmed the need for systematic permanent surveillance of drug used during pregnancy, so as to avoid the use of data based on widely differing context.


Recent data demonstrate that disruption of the intestinal microbiocoenosis might be the cause of several neurological diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). MS is a chronic disease of the central nervous system, where the nervous tissue is damaged by the individual's own immune system. The autoimmune character of MS is largely supported by the positive effects of treatment aimed at suppressing the activity of aggressive immune cells. Since probiotics have an immunomodulatory effect, they can not only correct dysbiosis, but also provide a complex immunomodulatory effect on MS. Enterococcus faecium L-3 is one of the probiotic strains which has been shown to have a protective effect on the course of the disease induced in the animal model of MS (known as experimental allergic encephalomyelitis; EAE). The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of different doses of E. faecium L-3 on the course of EAE in rats. EAE was induced by a single subcutaneous injection of a homologous spinal cord emulsified into complete Freund's adjuvant. It is shown that the extent of the protective action of E. faecium L-3 depends on the dose used, with the greatest effect on reducing the severity of EAE observed with a dose of 8.0 lg CFU/ml. Amelioration of the course of EAE in rats receiving the probiotic was accompanied by decreased inflammation and reduced damage to neurons in the spinal cord. Research shows that the use of E. faecium L-3 at an optimum concentration of bacteria may be beneficial for patients with MS.


We experimentally demonstrate the macroscopic evolution of quantum-path distributions in harmonic emission with spatial and spectral resolution from an argon gas jet, and obviously observe that the spatial profiles of harmonics are gradually split into two components (the red and blue shifts) when the driving laser intensity is increased. Moreover, the red and blue shifts in quantum-path distributions are experimentally traced and clarified in the spatial and spectral domain by choosing the focal position. These results give a more comprehensive understanding and therefore a better control of harmonic emission.


A topographic surface of a low lying coastal marsh was created by using three flood extent vectors digitized from ERS-1 SAR images and two elevation contours from U.S. Geological Survey topographic quadrangles. Point measurement of water depth at the times of the SAR collections allowed conversion of the radar measured flood extent vectors to topographic contours. Generation of the topographic surface was accomplished with a surface gridding algorithm, SAR and on-site measures. Errors in the generated topography were mainly associated with the lack of input contours covering narrow to broad plateaus and topographic highs and lows. The misplacement of SAR derived flood extent vectors also caused errors in sparsely vegetated high marsh, at convoluted marsh-forest boundaries, and at topographic depressions. Overall, the standard deviation of differences between measured and predicted elevations at 747 points was 19 cm. Excluding the above mentioned abrupt boundaries and topographic highs and lows outside the range of available contours, standard deviation differences averaged about 14 cm, but most often averaged about 8 cm. This suggested a 5 to 9 factor improvement over the 150 cm topographic resolution currently available for this area.


Trains that tilt on curves can go faster, but passengers complain of motion sickness. We studied the control signals and tilts to determine why this occurs and how to maintain speed while eliminating motion sickness. Accelerometers and gyros monitored train and passenger yaw and roll, and a survey evaluated motion sickness. The experimental train had 3 control configurations: an untilted mode, a reactive mode that detected curves from sensors on the front wheel set, and a predictive mode that determined curves from the train's position on the tracks. No motion sickness was induced in the untilted mode, but the train ran 21% slower than when it tilted 8° in either the reactive or predictive modes (113 vs. 137 km/h). Roll velocities rose and fell faster in the predictive than the reactive mode when entering and leaving turns (0.4 vs. 0.8 s for a 4°/s roll tilt, P<0.001). Concurrently, motion sickness was greater (P< 0.001) in the reactive mode. We conclude that the slower rise in roll velocity during yaw rotations on entering and leaving curves had induced the motion sickness. Adequate synchronization of roll tilt with yaw velocity on curves will reduce motion sickness and improve passenger comfort on tilting trains.—Cohen, B., Dai, M., Ogorodnikov, D., Laurens, J., Raphan, T., Müller, P., Athanasios, A., Edmaier, J., Grossenbacher, T., Stadtmüller, K., Brugger, U., Hauser, G., Straumann, D. Motion sickness on tilting trains. FASEB J. 25, 3765–3774 (2011). www.fasebj.org


In the present study, unresolved issues associated with the meaning and measurement of causal attribution are addressed, and the implications for application to organisational behaviour are considered. Causal attributions, made by 233 New Zealand managers, about occupational success and failures, were measured with the Occupational Attributional Style Questionnaire (OASQ), (Furnham, Sadka and Brewin, 1992). Those attributions were examined in terms of their relationships to Problem Solving (as measured by the Social Problem Solving Inventory Revised, D'Zurilla and Nezu,1990) and Job Satisfaction, which was assessed with the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (\\'.'eiss, Dawis, England and Lofquist, 1967). As predicted, managers who had a more positive attributional style reported greater job satisfaction (r = .22, p < .01), and better problem solving attitudes (r = .39, p < .001) and problem solving skills ( r = .32, p < .001). In accordance with the urging of Carver (1989), both a single score and the individual components of causal attribution ' were assessed in determining those relationships. It is concluded that a single score of attribution is both a superior predictor and at an appropriate level of abstraction. ' . However, it is also concluded that the comparison between a single score and the components is necessary to enhance understanding. There is evidence that in naturalistic settings, the importance of an event to the individual may moderate relationships between attribution and other variables but the present study concludes that this is not the case in responding to measures such as the OASQ. It is concluded that causal attribution may be a useful construct in predicting organisational behaviour but refinement is required of its measure and its conceptual meaning. Implications for further research and theory development are noted. 1~ _:-'. / L, ) c. J


Baker9s (1946) acid haematein and pyridine-extraction control tests, claimed to be specific for phospholipines (Baker, 1947), have been applied to various parts of the central nervous system of rats and man. The sudan black method for the detection of lipoids and the nile blue method for the staining of acidic lipoids have also been used. The findings are in agreement with older statements in the literature that myelin contains a considerable amount of phospholipines. It was impossible to determine whether galactolipines or neutral lipoids are also present. In the acid haematein-stained sections finer fibres were seen than when other stains for myelin sheaths are employed. Fibres with a diameter of 0.5 µ or even somewhat less were stained in various parts of the central nervous system of rats. It is regarded as probable from these findings that fibres down to 0.5 µ or even smaller possess a lipoid investment. These observations lend support to the now commonly accepted view that the distinction between myelinated and so-called unmyelinated fibres is arbitrary. Some observations are made, however, which indicate that the presence of truly unmyelinated fibres cannot be excluded.


To observe and analyze the therapeutic efficacy of arthroscopy-assisted Ecological medical treatment in the treatment of tibial plateau fracture in football players. A total of 160 football players with tibial plateau fracture treated at our hospital were enrolled. These patients were divided into control group and research group. The patients of the control group underwent traditional surgery while those of the research group were subjected to arthroscopyassisted Ecological medical treatment. And the therapeutic efficacy was compared. Application of arthroscopyassisted Ecological medical treatment in the treatment of tibial plateau fracture in football players could significantly improve the total therapeutic efficacy as well as reduce hospital stay and promote recovery.


The misuse of trade marks, company names and trading styles The Internet can be descriptionbed as an enormous computer network that connects millions of computers globally and provides worldwide communications to businesses, homes, schools and governments. It was designed to interconnect different types of networks and to allow information to move freely among users regardless of the machines, networks or operating systems they use .


18 Restoration of natural habitats plays an important role in nature conservation. After 30 years of 19 efforts to restore species-rich floodplain meadows, most of which had been lost to alternative land 20 uses during the preceding half century, the extent and level of restoration success in the UK remained 21 unknown. A survey of floodplain meadow-restoration projects across England and Wales from 201622 2018 allowed evaluation of restoration progress on 163 sites nationwide. 23 Restoration success was measured by floristic composition, species richness and balance of functional 24 types in plant communities. To identify factors affecting restoration success, their state prior to 25 restoration, restoration technique, site ownership and quality of ongoing management were 26 analysed. The survey revealed that 25% of restoration sites demonstrated expected success, achieved 27 mainly by private landowners. Restoration failed or showed very poor progress on another 15% of 28 sites, managed predominantly by public or charitable organisations. The remaining sixty percent of 29 the sites showed some signs of improvement. The degree of restoration success showed no 30 significant correlation to the state of the site prior to restoration, or to the restoration method 31 applied. Ownership of the site and site management both influenced restoration success. The degree 32 of success appeared to depend on the consistency and sufficiency of the restoration management. 33


Ten years ago, America's brief love affair with renewable energy sources came to an abrupt end, the victim of declining oil prices and government indifference. But renewable energy remains the only viable long-term alternative to depletable and polluting oil, gas, and coal. Cool Energy provides the first major review of progress in the field of renewable energy technologies - solar, wind, biomass (plant matter), hydroelectric, and geothermal - since the mid-1980s. It analyzes their near-term and long-term potential to displace fossil fuels, and illuminates the role they could play in mitigating environmental problems such as air pollution, acid rain, and global warming.Energy-policy specialist Michael Brower argues that, with the right policies, renewable energy could provide as much as half of America's energy needs within forty years. He identifies the market barriers that will have to be removed and argues that if the hidden costs of fossil fuels are taken into consideration, renewables appear to be a cheaper source of new energy supply than fossil fuels: the reliability and efficiency of their equipment have improved and the cost of installing, maintaining, and running renewable systems has declined.Brower devotes a chapter to each renewable energy source, describes its current application, and discusses its costs. He also analyzes new technologies under development and assesses their positive and negative attributes. Introductory chapters set renewables in the context of current energy and environmental policy, and the last chapter outlines steps that can help speed the transition to a renewable-energy economy.Michael Brower is a physicist and holds the position of Research Director for the Union of Concerned Scientists.


This environmental assessment (EA) contains seven volumes, i.e., the Executive Summary, Terms of Reference for the Environmental Impact Assessment, Road Sector Environmental Report, Public Consultations Manual, Synthesis on Environmental Studies for the State of Goias Road Network Improvement and Management Program, Environmental Regulations for Road Construction in Goias, and, Basic Guidelines regarding Involuntary Resettlement Policies, respectively. Nonetheless, both the road maintenance/rehabilitation, and paving components will focus on existing roads, thus only limited environmental impacts are expected, with no direct impacts on the habitat of indigenous populations, cultural heritage sites, or, human displacements. Limited environmental adversity, and mitigation measures directly address construction works: 1) To reduce disruption to land degradation, soil erosion, or drainage patterns, as a result of earthworks, adequate drainage, and appropriate size of culverts, and embankments will be provided. Ground leveling will restore quarries, to be replenished with organic soil, and vegetation, while, waste, or spoil will be disposed of in borrow pits. 2) Adequate engineering designs will address land degradation, and soil erosion, including installation of infiltration ditches, to capture silt, and pollutants. 3) Dust, and noise pollution will be reduced by the proper choice of equipment, by installing sound barriers, and by limiting construction works to daytime schedules only. Long-term adversities, i.e., air and water pollution, impacts on flora and fauna, and traffic safety are addressed in the Environmental Regulations for Road Construction (v. 6).


Abstract Objectives: The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of erectile dysfunction (ED) in men attending a primary healthcare (PHC) clinic in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, and to document any relationship between ED and age, smoking, economic status and co-morbid conditions. Design: An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study. Setting and subjects: More than 50% of men aged 40–70 years experience some degree of erectile dysfunction. However, no data is available on the prevalence of ED in a primary healthcare (PHC) setting in KwaZulu-Natal. Between February and March 2008, 1 300 questionnaires were distributed to men aged 18 years and older with no exclusion criteria, attending a general PHC clinic. Outcome measures: Responses were captured using a validated structured questionnaire (International Index of Erectile Function-15). Results: Eight hundred and three questionnaires were eligible for analysis. The overall prevalence rate of ED was 64.9% (621), of whom 14.6% (117) had mild ED, 19.9% (160) moderate ED, and 30.4% (244) severe ED. Erectile dysfunction increased with age, and there was a strong association between ED and economic status and co-morbid conditions. Conclusion: The prevalence of ED at this urban PHC clinic was high. Increased awareness by doctors working in the clinic may result in improved assessment and appropriate treatment that will enhance patients' quality of life.


Over the past few years, the tourist industry has come to be recognised as a way of providing strategic support for sustainable local business development. In this article we attempt to define an appropriate innovation concept in relation to tourism on the basis of an attractor principle. We then discuss the concept of entrepreneurship in connection with tourism, looking at its significance in its relationship with local business development, thereby positing the premise of social entrepreneurship. This frame of reference is used in five cases in the analysis. The analysis shows that it is possible to innovate and draw up plans for new attractors but that it is considerably more difficult to convert these plans into reality through social entrepreneurship. The conclusion is that we need to focus upon organisation of semi-public tourist organisations, if we want tourism to promote local business development.


One of the most important themes of contemporary philosophy of science was the discovery of presuppositional beliefs and frameworks as factors influencing scientific research. This article explores the development of a theory of presuppositions within Kuyperian philosophy. The authors discussed in this study represent a few Kuyperian families: Dooyeweerd, Vollenhoven (briefly), Wolterstorff, Klapwijk, Duvenage and Botha. The perspective is both historical and systematic. Historically, it refers to the main authors who contributed to establishing the basic features of such a theory. Systematically, the article tries to evaluate the proposals of each contributor by assessing their value and limits. In doing so, the author often defends his own preferences and indicates the directions to be followed.


Many real-life Constraint Satisfaction Problems (CSPs) involve some constraints similar to the alldifferent constraints. These constraints are called constraints of difference. They are defined on a subset of variables by a set of tuples for which the values occuring in the same tuple are all different. In this paper, a new filtering algorithm for these constraints is presented. It achieves the generalized arc-consistency condition for these non-binary constraints. It is based on matching theory and its complexity is low. In fact, for a constraint defined on a subset of p variables having domains of cardinality at most d, its space complexity is O(pd) and its time complexity is O(p2d2). This filtering algorithm has been successfully used in the system RESYN (Vismara et al. 1992), to solve the subgraph isomorphism problem.


Reduction of pressure at pump houses are the most feasible and most advantageous as the pipe design method that is used, is more than 200 years old and is based up on 19th century production technology. My research focuses on a general approach on improving and reducing the pressure loss of these pipe elements with the help of non-conventional methods, thus resulting in a lower and more optimal energy usage of pump houses. The problematic zones are identified with the help of numerical modelling, geometry changes can be made and tested the same method. The geometrical changes aiming at pressure loss reduction follow non-conventional ideas, form hemodynamic and other biomechanics sources. Pipes in the pump houses are designed, for more than 50 years of operation. Even a small pressure loss reduction with this new method will mean large amount of energy saving in total. The results show that 15%–60% of pressure loss reduction is feasible, according to the complexity of the geometry. Pressure loss reduction will reduce energy consumption of water pumps which will result in a more efficient water works operation.


The focus of the study is the population of the Cycladic island of Mykonos, Greece, from the mid-nineteenth to the mid-twentieth century. An overwhelming preponderance of nuclear households was found there in the mid- nineteenth century. The inheritance system facilitated the observed rules of neolocality. At the same time, the marriage pattern was clearly Mediterranean, i.e. with rather low age at first marriage for females, high for males, and low levels of permanent celibacy. Over the period of the study a gradual move away from this pattern was observed, mainly due to an increase in the female age at marriage. These findings are in line with other evidence from southern Mediterranean Europe, and indicate the strong influence of common socio economic and probably cultural elements.


Many species in North America range northward and barely into southern Canada. Some of these species are classified as species at risk and afforded legal protection in Canada, yet the decision to protect these populations at the edge of their range is controversial. To determine if edge populations are more likely to be listed as at risk, fish species were grouped based on whether they are listed as at risk in Canada then assigned values for several life history and ecological traits and a discriminant function analysis was conducted. Conservation status was correctly predicted 93% of the time. Traits that predicted conservation status were endemic distribution, recognized distinct populations, edge distributions and long-lived. Northern edge populations of Spotted Gar ( Lepisosteus oculatus ) were investigated for the presence of local adaptations. Adaptations in the form of delayed age at maturity and lower body condition were seen in the Rondeau Bay population of Spotted Gar. Differences in habitat selection and offshore distance were also seen in the Rondeau Bay population when compared to southern core populations of the species. Microsatellite analyses showed that northern edge populations were divergent from southern core populations and the Rondeau Bay population carried the entirety of the genetic diversity found in the north. A phylogeny based on mitochondrial gene sequences was created and used to identify five commercially obtained gar samples. Four individuals obtained at a pet shop in Kitchener, Ontario, labeled as Spotted Gar, were identified as Florida Gar ( Lepisosteus platyrhincus ). A specimen obtained at a commercial fish market in Toronto, Ontario was identified as a Spotted Gar and likely originated from Long Point Bay, Lake Erie. The presence of local adaptation affirms the need to protect edge populations to conserve the overall diversity within the Spotted Gar and other species in Canada.


PURPOSE
To use binocular integrated visual field (IVF) measures to predict which patients will lose visual function to a level below the legal standard for driving.

METHODS
Data from patients attending a glaucoma clinic were collected longitudinally. The time from baseline until failure to meet the criteria of the driver's license test was modeled with Cox regression. Visual field status at baseline and visual field deterioration rate at 2 years from baseline for various monocular and binocular VF indices were investigated as predictor variables. The model that provided the best fit to the data was validated using bootstrap resampling.

RESULTS
Of the patients, 20% (60/299; 95% confidence interval, 16%-25%) failed to meet the visual field criteria to prevent driver's license loss during an average follow-up of 7 years. The median age of patients was 64 years. The binocular IVF measurements gave a better fit to the observed data than the monocular measurements. Initial average visual field sensitivity and rate of visual field loss of sensitivity were significant predictors of failure to meet driver's license test criteria.

CONCLUSIONS
The IVF provides a method by which binocular visual fields can be incorporated into patient management and allows, for example, a prediction of future driver's license loss. The rate of binocular IVF sensitivity loss at 2 years of follow-up may help identify patients who could benefit from intensified intervention.


The ability to combine a detailed description of the chemistry of a molecular model with an efficient exploration of the conformation space is a key point and a real challenge in material science. This is particularly true in the case of soft materials where phenomena taking place at different length scales (ranging from few picoseconds to microseconds and beyond) are responsible for their global properties. Due to the current computational power, all-atom (AA) simulations, which naturally describe the chemical details, are often constrained in time scale up to hundreds of nanoseconds and limited in the number of atoms. In order to overcome this problem, coarser or continuous models can be developed to expand at the same time the size and the time scale of the simulations. [1] In this talk we will present two different approaches to combine continuous (specifically Computational Fluid Dynamics) or systematic CG with all-atoms force fields to efficiently model polymer aggregates in melt and solutions keeping the atomistic details only where they should be explicitly modelled. We will present results on test models of polyacaprolactone [2], polyethylene and polystyrene [3] and recent developments on nylon [4]. We will also present a simple method to implement a multiple time step algorithm for the simulation of such models. [5] [1] H. A. Karimi-Varzaneh, N. van der Vegt, F. Müller-Plathe and P. Carbone, ChemPhysChem, 13, 3428-3439 (2012) [2] N Di Pasquale, DL Marchisio, P Carbone, AA Barresi, Chemical Engineering Research and Design 91, 2275-2290 (2013) [3] N. DiPasquale, D. Marchisio, P. Carbone, J. Chem. Phys. 137: 164111-164119 (2012) [4] R. Gowers, P. Carbone, J. Chem. Phys 142: 224907 (2015) [5] N. DiPasquale, R. Gowers, P. Carbone, J. Comp. Chem., 35, 16, 1199-1207 (2014) More info: http://warwick.ac.uk/wcpm/seminars


Abstract. Polar mesosphere winter echoes (PMWE) were detected by two radars, ESRAD at 52 MHz located near Kiruna, Sweden, and EISCAT at 224 MHz located near Tromso, Norway, during the strong solar proton event on 11–12 November 2004. PMWE maximum volume reflectivity was estimated to be 3 × 10−15 m−1 for ESRAD and 2 × 10−18 m−1 for EISCAT. It was found that the shape of the echo power spectrum is close to Gaussian inside the PMWE layers, and outside of them it is close to Lorentzian, as for the standard ion line of incoherent scatter (IS). The EISCAT PMWE spectral width is about 5–7 m s−1 at 64–67 km and 7–10 m s−1 at 68–70 km. At the lower altitudes the PMWE spectral widths are close to those for the IS ion line derived from the EISCAT data outside the layers. At the higher altitudes the PMWE spectra are broader by 2–4 m s−1 than those for the ion line. The ESRAD PMWE spectral widths at 67–72 km altitude are 3–5 m s−1, that is, 2–4 m s−1 larger than ion line spectral widths modelled for the ESRAD radar. The PMWE spectral widths for both EISCAT and ESRAD showed no dependence on the echo strength. It was found that all these facts cannot be explained by turbulent origin of the echoes. We suggested that evanescent perturbations in the electron gas generated by the incident infrasound waves may explain the observed PMWE spectral widths. However, a complete theory of radar scatter from this kind of disturbance needs to be developed before a full conclusion can be made.


Adults with Down syndrome (DS), an undifferentiated developmental delay (UnD) and no developmental delay practiced a manual target aiming task either with or without on-line visual feedback. Following acquisition, participants performed a retention test involving the same sensory condition available during practice, followed by a transfer test under the other sensory condition. Although the participants with UnD were highly dependent on visual feedback for movement accuracy, participants with DS relied more on either kinesthetic feedback or feedforward control for spatial precision. Participants in all three groups improved their movement times with practice. This improvement was associated both with an increase in peak velocity and a reduction in the time required to decelerate their aiming movements. Contrary to our expectations, improvements in performance were not specific to the sensory conditions available during practice.


Herpesviridae is a large virus family with more than 100 members, which are highly disseminated among animals. Three sub-families have been classified; alpha-herpesviruses, betaherpesviruses and gamma-herpesviruses. Eight herpesviruses have hitherto been identified in humans of which three belong to the alpha-herpesviruses; (i) herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1), which is a ubiquitous pathogen causing mainly oral or genital lesions, (ii) herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), which is closely related to HSV-1, and is the most common sexually transmitted virus globally, causing mainly genital lesions, and (iii) Varicella zoster virus (VZV), which is the cause of chicken pox and shingles. All alpha-herpesviruses give lifelong infections and establish latency in the sensory ganglia. In the present work, the genetic variability of clinical HSV-1, HSV-2 and VZV isolates was investigated. Twenty-eight clinical HSV-1 isolates were collected from patients suffering from oral or genital lesions or encephalitis and compared with the laboratory strains F, KOS321 and 17. Phylogenetic analyses based on the genes US4, US7 and US8 divided the isolates into three genogroups, arbitrarily designated as A, B and C, differing in DNA sequences by approximately 2%. In addition, seven clinical isolates as well as strain 17 were classified as recombinants. To facilitate further genotyping of clinical isolates an assay was developed based on restriction enzyme cleavage of PCR-products. Furthermore, a polymorphic tandem repeat (TR) region was detected in US7. The region encodes the amino acids serine, threonine and proline, which are targets for O-linked glycosylation. Using a synthetic peptide, containing two of the repeated blocks, it was shown that the described TR-region is a substrate for massive O-linked glycosylation, and hence codes for a mucin region. Mucin regions have not been described previously within herpesvirus-encoded proteins. The corresponding genes were sequenced and investigated for 45 clinical HSV-2 isolates collected in Sweden, Norway and Tanzania. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a divergence of the isolates in one Tanzanian and one European genogroup, arbitrarily designated as A and E, differing by approximately 0.4%. In addition, analyses using recombination networks, the BootsScan method and the phi-test, suggested that most HSV-2 isolates are mosaic recombinants. The complete genome was sequenced for two VZV isolates and compared with the laboratory strains MSP, Dumas, BR, p-Oka and the vaccine strain v-Oka. The results show a division of VZV into four genogroups, designated as E, J, M1 and M2, of which M1 and M2 were suggested to be recombinants derived from ancient recombination events between viruses from the E and J genogroups. In conclusion, the results presented here demonstrate that clinical isolates, for all three investigated human alpha-herpesviruses, can be divided into different genogroups. Estimations of evolutionary timescales suggest that the divergence of the three HSV-1 genogroups may have occurred approximately 500,000 Myears BP, i.e. prior to the emergence of Homo sapiens. Furthermore, it is evident that intrastrain recombination is a prominent feature of the evolutionary history of these viruses. Thus, homologous recombination is suggested to be a powerful evolutionary mechanism for human alpha-herpesviruses to exchange genetic segments between different viral strains, as well as to create variability of TR-regions.


BACKGROUND
Rates of alcohol-related outcomes are sensitive to policy differences in politically distinct, adjacent territories. Factors that shape these cross-border effects, particularly when the policy differences are longstanding, remain poorly understood. We compared the ability of 2 classes of variables with theoretical relevance to the U.S.-Mexico border context-bar attendance and alcohol-related social-cognitive variables-to explain elevated drinking on the U.S. side of the border relative to other areas of the United States.

METHODS
Data were collected from multistage cluster samples of adult Mexican Americans on and off the U.S.-Mexico border (current drinker N = 1,351). Structural equation models were used to test drinking context (frequency of bar attendance) and 6 different social-cognitive variables (including alcohol-related attitudes, norms, motives, and beliefs) as mediators of border effects on a composite drinking index.

RESULTS
The border effect on drinking varied by age (with younger adults showing a stronger effect), consistent with previous findings and known risk factors in the region. Contrary to theoretical expectations, 6 different social-cognitive variables-despite relating strongly with drinking-were comparable in border and nonborder areas (within and across age) and played no role in elevated drinking on the border. Conversely, elevated drinking among border youth was mediated by bar attendance. This mediated moderation effect held after adjusting for potential sociodemographic and neighborhood-level confounders.

CONCLUSIONS
Increased drinking among U.S.-Mexico border youth is explained by patterns of bar attendance, but not by more permissive alcohol-related social-cognitive variables in border areas: Border youth attend bars and drink more than their nonborder counterparts, despite having comparable alcohol-related beliefs, attitudes, norms, and motives for use. Alcohol's heightened availability and visibility on both sides of the border may create opportunities for border youth to drink that otherwise would not be considered.


In a dynamic contest where it is costly to compete, a player who is behind must decide whether to surrender or to keep fighting in the face of bleak odds. We experimentally examine the game theoretic prediction of last stand behavior in a multi-battle contest with a winning prize and losing penalty, as well as the contrasting prediction of surrendering in the corresponding contest with no penalty. We find varied evidence in support of these hypotheses in the aggregated data, but more conclusive evidence when scrutinizing individual player behavior. Players' realized strategies tend to conform to one of several "types". We develop a taxonomy to classify player types and study how these types interact and how their incidence varies across treatments. Contrary to the theoretical prediction, escalation is the predominant behavior, but last stand and surrendering behaviors also arise at rates responsive to the importance of losing penalties.


In this article, I attempt to provide insight into my vision of haptotherapy. Illustrated with an event from my own life and based on experiences in my haptotherapy practice, I come to the conclusion that 'impaired ability to feel' can be an indication for haptotherapy.


Christian Muller is internationally considered to be one of the most important Northern European organbuilders of the 18th century. The especially impressive organ he built in the years 1735-38 in the Grote of St. Bavokerk in Haarlem has been counted amongst the most famous in the world since its inauguration. The present study focuses on Muller's life and, in particular, the organs he constructed between 1720 and 1762. Christian Muller was born in 1690 in St. Andreasberg in the Harz Mountains. It is highly likely that he may have studied woodworking with his father and organbuilding with his older brother Caspar and (possibly) uncle, Johann Georg Muller. Another possible teacher may have been the Schnitger pupil Johann Matthias Naumann (1662-1727), who was active in Hildesheim. Christian Muller must have come to the Netherlands around 1716. For a number of years he worked as foreman in the workshop of the Amsterdam organbuilder Cornelis Hoornbeeck (1675/76-1722). In the Spring of 1720, Muller established his own workshop in Amsterdam. Among his early works were substantial rebuildings of the organs in the two Lutheran Churches and the Remonstrant Church in Amsterdam. Each of these projects was, in the first instance, focussed on increasing the organ's tonal power. Between 1725 and 1728 he built an impressive new organ with 38 stops in the Jacobijnerkerk in Leeuwarden, and a number of smaller instruments in villages in the area. A new organ (in the existing case) for the Walloon Church ('Waalse Kerk') in Amsterdam was completed in 1734. In 1735, Christian Muller began work on the construction of the new organ for the Grote of St. Bavokerk in Haarlem, the instrument which was to ensure his worldwide fame. The instrument, with 60 stops, was completed in 1738. During the project's execution, Muller also built an instrument of two manuals and pedal pull-downs for the Lutheran Church in Zaandam. The most important instruments of his later years were four two manual organs, built for the Lutheran Church in Rotterdam (1748-49), the English Reformed Church in Amsterdam (1752-53), the Grote Kerk in Beverwijk (1755-56) and the Kapelkerk in Alkmaar (1760-62). Christian Muller died in 1763. Christian Muller represents a continuation of the tradition indigenous to Holland as exemplified by Johannes Duyschot and Cornelis Hoornbeeck, and enriched the Dutch style with a number of developments from German organbuilding. His organs demonstrate a pronounced differentiation of function between manuals in which the flutes and Vox Humana are concentrated on the bovenwerk whilst the principals and the trumpets are found on the hoofdwerk and rugpositief. The organ in the Grote of St. Bavokerk in Haarlem from 1738 forms an exception in Muller's oeuvre, and features complete choruses of principals, flutes and reeds on all three manuals as was the case in the North German tradition. Christian Muller's fame is, in the first instance, the result of his church organs, but he must also be considered one of the most important house organ builders of the 18th century.


This thesis documents the first Australian research to interview women about their experiences of domestic violence after catastrophic disaster. As such research is rare in developed countries, it addresses a gap in the disaster literature. Interviews with 30 women in two shires in Victoria confirmed that domestic violence increased following the Black Saturday bushfires on 7th February, 2009. The scant research that exists internationally indicates that not only is the notion of 'women and children first' a myth, but that women are disproportionally affected by disasters primarily as a result of their poverty relative to men and prescribed gender roles. This research found that women experiencing increased male violence were silenced in preference of supporting suffering men – men who had been heroes in the fires or were traumatised or unemployed as a result of the disaster. The silencing was evident in the lack of statistics on domestic violence in the aftermath of Black Saturday, the neglect of this issue in recovery and reconstruction operations, and the responses to women's reports of violence against them by legal, community and health professionals. Three broad explanations for increased domestic violence after Black Saturday are identified – drawn from empirical findings from the field and the research literature. Theoretical concepts from two disparate fields – sacrifice and male privilege – help to explain a key finding that women's right to live free from violence is conditional. Indeed, the aftermath of Black Saturday presents Australians with the opportunity to see how deeply embedded misogyny is and how fragile our attempts to criminalise domestic violence and hold violent men accountable for their actions. The post-disaster period – characterised as it is by men in uniforms on the ground working, saving, rescuing and restoring; powerful imagery about the role of wives and mothers; increased violence by men; mandatory care-loads for women; and the suffering of good men – presents fertile ground for the fortification of male hegemony. Yet, post-disaster change does not have to be regressive, reinstating and reinforcing the traditional inequitable structure – a structure that has high costs for men and women. An emergency management response to disaster that has embedded gender equity at all levels, together with education of communities on the contribution of strict gender roles to suffering in disaster's aftermath, could exemplify and hasten a more equal society where men's violence against women is rare.


The Norway lobster, Nephrops norvegicus , can be captured by haul nets only during the emergence from its burrow. In the last few decades, an extensive field research revealed distinct diel (24-h–based) catchability patterns at different depths. Laboratory experiments suggested that burrow emergence (used as a proxy of catchability) is endogenously controlled via a circadian system. Results were usually presented in terms of mean effects without a quantification of inter-individual variability and arrhythmia. Here, we studied the burrow emergence of 52 adult Nephrops by an infrared actograph endowed with an artificial burrow. Animals were exposed to 12-12 h light-darkness cycle, simulating photic condition of the lower shelf. Forty-five animals showed rhythmic emergence (87%), while seven were arrhythmic (13%). Rhythmic animals were clustered according to their timing of emergence: 54% at dusk and 4% at dawn. Moreover, other animals showed fully diurnal or nocturnal emergence (10% and 19%, respectively). The comparison of our results with those derived from temporally scheduled trawling indicates that bimodal catch patterns observed in shelf populations are poorly observed during individual experiments in the laboratory, where the same light conditions are simulated. Nephrops burrow emergence seems to be the result of a mixed endogenous-exogenous control, while arrhythmia could also be present in the wild.


Rivers and riparian ecosystems have historically provided a range of beneficial goods and services to human societies. However, floodplains have also posed risks to the humans that came to rely upon them. Although riparian areas are among the most resource-rich and biodiverse ecosystems, they are also some of the most disturbed by human activity. Today, social and economic needs for water diverted off-stream are often pitted against the flow of water needed to maintain crucial instream ecological functions. The construction of dams has been a widely implemented method to control rivers for human purposes, particularly in the western United States. However, there is a growing movement to decommission dams, as stakeholders begin to recognize the ultimate value of restoring ecosystem services, including cultural ecosystem services; indeed, their restoration may be necessary to ensure lasting systemic resilience. Broader questions of dam decommissioning in the United States are receiving increasing attention by scholars and practitioners alike. In this paper, we adapt and apply seminal concepts from the adaptive cycle framework and cultural ecosystem services, particularly for Native Nations, and thereby assess the unfolding case of decommissioning and restoration on the Elwha River in northwest Washington State. The empirical evidence indicates that dam removal coincided with scalar and temporal alignment of multiple adaptive cycles and contributed to both short and long-term resilience. Further, the Elwha case represents an extremely important precedent in the evolution of river management practices, in which stakeholder-based collaborative governance incorporated knowledge coproduction and regulatory maneuvering to successfully overcome obstacles inherent in both dam decommissioning and subsequent restoration. We conclude by reflecting on lessons of broader relevance beyond the specific case of the Elwha.


The synergistic effects of a thiophene-based π-bridging backbone extension on the intrinsic and photovoltaic properties of electron donor–acceptor (D–A) copolymers were systematically investigated. A series of alternating D–A copolymers (PBTs) based on 4,8-bis(5-ethylhexylselenophen-2-yl)benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene (EHSeBDT) and 5-(2-butyloctyl)-4H-thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6(5H)-dione (BOTPD), which featured thiophene-based π-bridges, were synthesized: PBT without a π-bridge, PBT with a 3-octylthiophene (OT) π-bridge (PBT-OT), and PBT with a 3-octylthieno[3,2-b]thiophene (OTT) π-bridge (PBT-OTT). The light absorption and charge transport properties were significantly enhanced upon incorporation of the OTT π-bridge. The enhancements resulted from the strong π–π intermolecular interactions using the OTT π-bridging backbone extension between neighboring polymer chains. PBT-OTT was most miscible in PC71BM. As a result, the photoactive layers prepared using PBT-OTT and PC71BM formed a well-mixed bulk-heterojunction morphology and yielded organic solar cells (OSCs) with a high power conversion efficiency of 7.21%. Transient absorption analysis suggested that the π-electrons were further delocalized along the copolymer after incorporation of the OTT π-bridge, and the charge separation efficiency increased. These results suggested that incorporating OTT π-bridges into D–A copolymers provides a useful strategy for developing highly efficient OSCs.


Questionnaires were mailed to cooperatives in the mid-western states of the U.S. and selected provinces in Canada to evaluate the impact of type of organization and level of competition on the choice of cooperative pricing and payment methods. Traditional marketing cooperatives are more likely to choose the "spot market cash price†for payment to members and are more responsive to increased competition in commodity markets. New Generation Cooperatives are more likely to choose a "pooled†price, and appeared indifferent to short run increased competition in commodity markets. The type of cooperative has an impact on the pricing and payment methods used to pay for commodities supplied by members of the cooperative. The reasons for these differences may be rooted in the competitive pressures which these cooperatives face, the degree of processing that they undertake, and the goals of their membership.


The world's wealthiest nations have expended vast blood and treasure in tracking and capturing traffickers, dealers and consumers of narcotics, as well as destroying crops and confiscating shipments. Yet the global trade in illicit drugs is thriving, with no apparent change in the level of consumption despite decades of prohibition. This Adelphi argues that the present enforcement regime is not only failing to win the 'War on Drugs'; it is also igniting and prolonging that conflict on the streets of producer and transit countries, where the supply chain has become interwoven with state institutions and cartels have become embroiled in violence against their rivals and with security forces. What can be done to secure the worst affected regions and states, such as Latin America and Afghanistan? By examining the destabilising affects of prohibition, as well as alternative approaches such as that adopted by the authorities in Portugal, this book shows how progress may be made by treating consumption as a healthcare issue rather than a criminal matter, thereby freeing states to tackle the cartels and traffickers who hold their communities to ransom.


Although it flows through regions of northwestern California that are thought to be relatively well watered, the Eel River is increasingly stressed by drought and water withdrawals. We discuss how critical threshold changes in summer discharge can potentially tilt the Eel from a recovering salmon-supporting ecosystem toward a cyanobacterially degraded one. To maintain food webs and habitats that support salmonids and suppress harmful cyanobacteria, summer discharge must be sufficient to connect mainstem pools hydrologically with gently moving, cool base flow. Rearing salmon and steelhead can survive even in pools that become isolated during summer low flows if hyporheic exchange is sufficient. But if the ground water discharge that sustains river flow during summer drought drops below critical levels, warm stagnant conditions will kill salmonids, and cyanobacteria will thrive. Challenges and opportunities for restoring the Eel and increasing its resilience to climate extremes, water diversions, and excessive loading of fine sediments point toward exploring how land use and terrestrial vegetation affect delivery from uplands of water, heat, sediments, solutes, organic matter, and organisms—in ways that either heal or damage rivers.


Welfare programs exist to provide a minimal level of support for children. Among the changes brought about by welfare reform was the addition of a complementary goal of " reducing dependency, " i.e., cutting the caseload. The relative importance of these two goals—providing a minimal level of support to poor children and reducing dependency—is a matter of considerable debate, to which we return at the end of this section. Regardless of the relative weight attached to these goals, the level and composition of the caseload are key indicators of outcomes under CalWORKs, and they provide important insights into the effects of CalWORKs' policies and programs. Beyond being a key measure of dependency, the size and composition of the caseload drive total aid payments and the staffing levels needed to administer the grant and provide WTW services. This section describes trends in the caseload. We first describe the overall trends (in the aggregate) and then disaggregate them for several different subgroups. The path of California's caseload decline is then compared with that in other states. The section concludes with a preliminary discussion of the evidence on the causes of the trends. We examine the factors identified in the model in Section 1 in explaining the caseload results in California and in explaining those results in relation to the rest of the nation. 1 The basic story is straightforward and therefore central to the evolution of the CalWORKs program. Since a peak in March of 1995, the caseload has fallen approximately 1 percent per month; as of late 2000, it had fallen to a level nearly half its peak. This decline is unprecedented and broad-based. In addition, when we adjust the caseload decline to account for changes in population, we find that the decline in the per-capita caseload was even larger than the gross caseload decline, and when we account for composition shifts in the population, the composition-adjusted decline is larger still. _________________ 1 We defer until the second report detailed consideration of the differential caseload decline in California's counties.


This paper uses the metaphor of University Remodeling as a framework for analysing students' choice of a private university and repositioning the university through rebranding of its professors. Remodeling the university involves reconstructing competencies and strengths of the institution. These elements are critical to the growth of the university. Managing growth requires understanding of the factors influencing students' choice of a university, institutional commitment towards improving these factors, and rebranding the university to differentiate itself from its competitors. The creation of a strong university brand is a strategic issue that requires close collaboration between university administrators and academicians, and should not be left alone to the marketing department.


Lawsonia intracellularis infection causes proliferative enteropathy (PE) in many mammalian species, with porcine and equine proliferative enteropathy (PPE and EPE) known worldwide. Hamsters are a well-published animal model for PPE infection studies in pigs. There is no laboratory animal model for EPE infection studies and it is not known whether there is species-specificity for equine or porcine isolates of L. intracellularis in animal models. The objective of this study was to determine whether it is possible to generate typical EPE lesions in hamsters after inoculation with an equine strain of L. intracellularis (EPE strain) and whether it is comparatively possible to generate PPE lesions in rabbits after inoculation with a porcine strain of L. intracellularis (PPE strain). In 2 separate trials, 4-week-old and 3-week-old weanling golden Syrian hamsters were challenged with EPE strains and compared to uninfected (both trials) and PPE-infected controls (Trial 2 only). Concurrently, 6 female New Zealand white juvenile rabbits were infected with PPE strain and observed concomitantly to 8 similar rabbits infected with EPE strain for a different experiment. Hamsters and rabbits were observed for 21 to 24 days post-infection (DPI), depending on the experiment. Neither infected species developed clinical signs. The presence of disease was assessed with diagnostic techniques classically used for pigs and horses: immune-peroxidase monolayer assay on sera; quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) detection of molecular DNA in feces; and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain and immunohistochemistry (IHC) on intestinal tissues. Our results showed that EPE-challenged hamsters do not develop infection when compared with PPE controls (IHC, P = 0.009; qPCR, P = 0.0003). Conversely, PPE-challenged rabbits do not develop typical intestinal lesions in comparison to EPE-challenged rabbits, with serological response at 14 DPI being significantly lower (P = 0.0023). In conclusion, PPE and EPE strains appear to have different host-specificities for hamsters and rabbits, respectively.


We here advocate the case for network coding as a guiding paradigm for the operation of networks that vary in a small time frame, due to node mobility, channel variations, and varying traffic conditions. Three ideas that appeared succesively in time brought in place an elegant operation for network coding in such environments. These are, use of randomized network coding for intermediate node operation, use of generations to avoid synchronization, and use of subspace coding to allow for small packet sizes. Information theoretical performance limits support these results.


Although the literature shows a bewildering variety of typologies of representative democracy, the most important distinctions can be subsumed under a basic dichotomy with, on the one hand, a populist-majoritarian model, and on the other hand a liberal/consensual model. That latter model comes in two varieties: a liberal model based on the division of power, and a consensual model based on the sharing of power. The search for the best model is hampered by the fact that so many criteria are biased in favour of a particular model, and by the ambition to find a universally valid answer, ignoring the interaction of the institutional architecture with the structure and culture of society.


This essay sets out four fundamental reasons why emerging market equities may not continue to produce special returns and why dark clouds may be gathering in some of the most prominent of the emerging countries. First, whether in societies or in companies, rapid growth doesn't necessarily translate into higher equity returns. Second, it is possible that the development model for emerging societies is breaking down. Third, in order to "emerge" into a developed economy, it is necessary for emerging countries to make social and political progress in addition to economic progress, something few emerging economies seem to be doing successfully. Finally, looking forward, the emerging markets are likely to face much tougher competition from both developed and frontier markets.


We present a decentralized, scalable approach to assembling a group of heterogeneous parts into different products using a swarm of robots. While the assembly plans are predetermined, the exact sequence of assembly of parts and the allocation of subassembly tasks to robots are determined by the interactions between robots in a decentralized fashion in real time. Our approach is based on developing a continuous abstraction of the system derived from models of chemical reactions and formulating the strategy as a problem of selecting rates of assembly and disassembly. These rates are mapped onto probabilities that determine stochastic control policies for individual robots, which then produce the desired aggregate behavior. This top-down approach to determining robot controllers also allows us to optimize the rates at the abstract level to achieve fast convergence to the specified target numbers of products. Because the method incorporates programs for assembly and disassembly, changes in demand can lead to reconfiguration in a seamless fashion. We illustrate the methodology using a physics-based simulator with examples involving 15 robots and two types of final products.


Context. One of the most metal-rich open cluster of the Galaxy, NGC 6253 is a target of special interest in the search for extrasolar planets, the study of stellar populations, and the chemical/dynamical evolution of the Galactic disk. Aims. We present the results of two photometric campaigns and a VLT multi-epoch radial velocity survey toward the open cluster NGC 6253. We complement our analysis with photometric, proper motion, and radial velocity data available from previous studies of this cluster, and analyze three planetary candidates found in the field of NGC 6253. Methods. We derived homogeneous radial velocity measurements for stars located at the turn-off, sub-giant, red-giant branch, redclump, and blue straggler regions of the cluster. We also analyzed a comparison sample of surrounding field stars. Spectra were obtained with the UVES and GIRAFFE spectrographs at the VLT during three epochs in August 2008. Results. The three UVES measurements acquired for our brightest transiting candidate (V = 15.26) are all consistent within their errors (200 m/s), but were acquired at very similar orbital phases. The mean radial velocity of this object is not consistent with the cluster recession velocity, which rules out cluster membership except in the case of a binary system. This star is worth further analysis with high-precision spectroscopy. For our faintest candidate (V = 18.247), we were able to exclude the observed transits being caused by a close-by stellar companion, but more precise measurements will be needed to derive an orbital fit and to study other possible scenarios. For the remaining candidate, no measurements were acquired probably because of bad fiber positioning. The mean radial velocity of the cluster is (RVcl ± σcl) = (−29.11 ± 0.85) km s −1 . Using both radial velocities and proper motions, we identified 35 cluster members. Our results are in good agreement with past radial velocity and photometric measurements. Furthermore, using our photometry, astrometry, and spectroscopy we identified a new eclipsing binary system member of the cluster. Conclusions. We discussed the possibility of detecting substellar companions (brown dwarfs and planets) with the radial velocity technique (both with UVES/GIRAFFE and HARPS) around turn-off stars of old open cluster. We isolated 5 stars that are optimal targets for searching for planetary mass companions with HARPS. Our optimized strategy minimizes the observing time requested to isolate and followup on the best planetary candidates in cluster with high-precision spectrographs, an important aspect given the faint target stars.


Cardiac development is a complex, multiscale process encompassing cell fate adoption, differentiation and morphogenesis. To elucidate pathways underlying this process, a recently developed algorithm to reverse engineer gene regulatory networks was applied to time-course microarray data obtained from the developing mouse heart. Approximately 200 genes of interest were input into the algorithm to generate putative network topologies that are capable of explaining the experimental data via model simulation. To cull specious network interactions, thousands of putative networks are merged and filtered to generate scale-free, hierarchical networks that are statistically significant and biologically relevant. The networks are validated with known gene interactions and used to predict regulatory pathways important for the developing mammalian heart. Area under the precision-recall curve and receiver operator characteristic curve are 9% and 58%, respectively. Of the top 10 ranked predicted interactions, 4 have already been validated. The algorithm is further tested using a network enriched with known interactions and another depleted of them. The inferred networks contained more interactions for the enriched network versus the depleted network. In all test cases, maximum performance of the algorithm was achieved when the purely data-driven method of network inference was combined with a data-independent, functional-based association method. Lastly, the network generated from the list of approximately 200 genes of interest was expanded using gene-profile uniqueness metrics to include approximately 900 additional known mouse genes and to form the most likely cardiogenic gene regulatory network. The resultant network supports known regulatory interactions and contains several novel cardiogenic regulatory interactions. The method outlined herein provides an informative approach to network inference and leads to clear testable hypotheses related to gene regulation.


Church bell ringing as practised in the UK involves large-amplitude motions of both bell and clapper. A simulation model is developed and validated against experimental measurements. It is shown that the clapper does not hit the bell with a single impact but a long series of bounces, and this has important consequences for the decay profile of the bell vibration. Information relevant to bell-ringers and bell-hangers is collected in a series of design charts derived from the simulation model. These charts can assist in the diagnosis and correction of faults. Arising from the analysis of the bouncing clapper, a more general result is also presented relating to the frequency bandwidth when any structure is excited by a small bouncing impactor, for example an impulse hammer used in vibration testing.


In the KwaZulu-Natal Income Dynamics surveys (covering black households in the province in 3 surveys spanning 1993 to 2004), the mortality rate of 21-50 year-olds rises by 157% from 1993-1998 to 1998-2003. This paper compares this surge in mortality with the ASSA model of the HIV/AIDS epidemic and finds that, while the data appear broadly representative of likely, actual mortality, non-random attrition is a concern. Preliminary findings on the labour market profile of individuals suffering premature adult mortality in the 19982004 period, an estimate of foregone earnings, and the direct pre-death care and burial costs associated with their deaths, are presented.


Objective To evaluate the association between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and cognitive decline in older adults residing in an urban area. Methods Data for this study were obtained from 2 prospective cohorts of residents in the northern Manhattan area of New York City: the Washington Heights–Inwood Community Aging Project (WHICAP) and the Northern Manhattan Study (NOMAS). Participants of both cohorts received in-depth neuropsychological testing at enrollment and during follow-up. In each cohort, we used inverse probability weighted linear mixed models to evaluate the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between markers of average residential ambient air pollution (nitrogen dioxide [NO2], fine particulate matter [PM2.5], and respirable particulate matter [PM10]) levels in the year prior to enrollment and measures of global and domain-specific cognition, adjusting for sociodemographic factors, temporal trends, and censoring. Results Among 5,330 participants in WHICAP, an increase in NO2 was associated with a 0.22 SD lower global cognitive score at enrollment (95% confidence interval [CI], −0.30, −0.14) and 0.06 SD (95% CI, −0.08, −0.04) more rapid decline in cognitive scores between visits. Results were similar for PM2.5 and PM10 and across functional cognitive domains. We found no evidence of an association between pollution and cognitive function in NOMAS. Conclusion WHICAP participants living in areas with higher levels of ambient air pollutants have lower cognitive scores at enrollment and more rapid rates of cognitive decline over time. In NOMAS, a smaller cohort with fewer repeat measurements, we found no statistically significant associations. These results add to the evidence regarding the adverse effect of air pollution on cognitive aging and brain health.


Background: Lateral semi-circular canal dehiscence (LSCCD) and facial nerve dehiscence (FND) may increase the risk of dead ear and facial paralysis in cholesteatoma surgery. While CT scanning may show LSCCD, disease extent and ossicular erosion, FND is difficult to assess via this modality. Our study aims to establish the correlation between the factors which can be assessed on CT and FND. We compared social deprivation levels to determine any predictive value on FND.

Methods: Consecutive patients undergoing surgery for cholesteatoma by one otologist from 2009 to 2014 were included.

Results: Of 132 patients included in the study, FND was noted in 29 (22%). There was positive correlation between FND and ossicular chain erosion, Pearson correlation=0.289(p=0.001), LSCCD 0.087 (p=0.322) and extent of cholesteatoma 0.077 (p=0.382). Deprivation index scores followed normal distributions.

Conclusions: There is positive correlation between FND and cholesteatoma extent, LSCCD and ossicular erosion. The correlation with ossicular erosion is statistically significant thus helping to predict FND with pre-operative CT scans. Socioeconomic status does not predict FND.


This work considers a systematic approach to data inversion and data fusion for stationary passive sonar in low signal‐to‐noise situations. Bayesian inversion is applied to the probability distributions that are implicit in conventional signal processing methods. The resulting source location probability distributions are multimodal, reflecting the sidelobe structure of conventional ambiguity functions. Using the probability interpretation of these distributions the secondary sidelobe peaks can be compared quantitatively with the mainlobe. Results of model calculations are presented for an ocean waveguide in order to demonstrate the method, provide a comparison with conventional approaches, and assess the performance under low signal‐to‐noise conditions. A preliminary discussion of data fusion is given for probability distributions derived from inversion of independent data sets. An application to frequency fusion is made, and a performance improvement is demonstrated with the computational model.


ABSTRACT Background Women without cardiovascular disease (CVD) or hypertension at baseline assigned to intervention in the Women's Health Initiative Dietary Modification (DM) trial experienced 30% lower risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), whereas results in women with hypertension or prior CVD could have been confounded by postrandomization use of statins. Objectives Intervention participants reported various self-selected changes to achieve the 20% total fat goals. Reviewed are intervention compared with comparison group HRs for CHD, stroke, and total CVD in relation to specific dietary changes in normotensive participants. Methods Dietary change was assessed by comparing baseline with year 1 FFQ data in women (n = 10,371) without hypertension or CVD at baseline with intake of total fat above the median to minimize biases due to use of the FFQ in trial eligibility screening. Results Intervention participants self-reported compensating reduced energy intake from total fat by increasing carbohydrate and protein. Specifically they increased plant protein, with those in the upper quartile (increased total protein by ≥3.3% of energy) having a CHD HR of 0.39 (95% CI: 0.22, 0.71), compared with 0.92 (95% CI: 0.57, 1.48) for those in the lower quartile of change (decreased total protein ≥0.6% of energy), with P-trend of 0.04. CHD HR did not vary significantly with change in percentage energy from carbohydrate, and stroke HR did not vary significantly with any macronutrient changes. Scores reflecting adherence to recommended dietary patterns including the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Trial and the Healthy Eating Index showed favorable changes in the intervention group. Conclusions Intervention group total fat reduction replaced with increased carbohydrate and some protein, especially plant-based protein, was related to lower CHD risk in normotensive women without CVD who reported high baseline total fat intake. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00000611. Link to the WHI trial protocol: https://www.whi.org/about/SitePages/Dietary%20Trial.aspx.


Corporate law is bi-vocal. On the one hand, liberating and amoral statutes permit a master narrative of business persons eagerly pursuing the good life as they see it. The mixture of such lax law and human frailty frequently leads to the unleashing of boundless ambition, vanity, avarice, duplicity, and much mischief. On the other hand, another voice in corporate law occasionally moves into the foreground to interrupt and tell its own story – a counter-narrative demanding a measure of self-restraint – when those who direct or manage company affairs press self-gain (or sloth) to the point of intolerable excess. The tellers of these stories are judges – especially Delaware's judges – when, sitting in equity, they invoke the discourse of fiduciary duty to confront the dominant story line and reshape how corporate managers may use the vast power conferred by law.This Article argues that corporate law permits a master narrative that is highlighted and made legally visible only when challenged by equity's counter-narrative, with which it is complicit. In unveiling discrete stories within the master narrative, Delaware's judges tell (after listening to) the tale of other protagonists – the "saints and sinners" described by Edward Rock – and then offer their own assessment of those accounts. Many of these appraisals are written in normatively saturated and judgmental language that, in tone and words, resemble sermons and parables. The problem in corporate law, however, is not in the genre of telling but in the genre of retelling, because these sermons and parables lose their cautionary and inhibitory force if they are not properly retold. If corporate law homilies are read only by lawyers or if, in being recounted to business persons, their moral flavor is drained in favor of discerning the "rule" or "best practice," then equity's co-telling role in the overall story is once again, as at the outset, subdued by law.To see that this may be happening in corporate law, this Article draws on a biblical narrative where the New Testament's redemptive teachings, for the most part, are conveyed by didactic parables and sermons emphasizing overarching principles and standards, not detailed rules or codes of conduct. Critically, moreover, apostles were exhorted not to keep the stories to themselves. Rather, they were commissioned to go forth and re-tell the Good News to the whole world. The New Testament's Epistles – especially the Pauline Epistles –carry the news out into the broader community and explain its meaning for everyday communal life, while retaining its pervasive moral tenor.In a parallel way, equity's co-producing role in corporate law is redemptive, and Delaware's chancellors frequently preach and teach in parables and sermons. In response to law's tale of unbridled freedom, they speak of restraint. Moral drama arises from this clash. This is seen in Chancellor William Chandler's memorable opinion in the high-profile Disney case of 2005. Unlike the retellers of the biblical gospel, however, the "apostles" of corporate law – the elite corporate bar – frequently screen out the moral tone when writing their "epistles" about Disney, as seen in twelve sample letters. By contrast, newspaper accounts do a far better job of preserving and transmitting the moral fervor of the Chancellor's judicial sermon.It is concluded that to maintain narrative balance in the two-fold design of corporate law, the very freedom to pursue the master narrative made possible by slack statutes depends on equity's moral sensibility and counter-narrative being fully retold to business actors.


Public support for innovation, chiefly through government programs such as the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program, has had a significant impact on fostering economic growth in the US. This collection synthesizes a decade of scholarship from Albert N. Link on the subject, specifically on small, technology-based entrepreneurial firms.


Axel Heyst, a dreamer and a restless drifter, believes he can avoid suffering by cutting himself off from others. Then he becomes involved in the operation of a coal company on a remote island in the Malay Archipelago, and when it fails he turns his back on humanity once more. But his life alters when he rescues a young English girl, Lena, from Zangiacomo's Ladies' Orchestra and the evil innkeeper Schomberg, taking her to his island retreat. The affair between Heyst and Lena begins with her release, but the relationship shifts as Lena struggles to save Heyst from detachment and isolation. Featuring arguably the most interesting hero created by Conrad, Victory is both a compelling tale of adventure and a perceptive study of the power of love.


The maturing of the Earth sciences has led to a fragmentation into subdisciplines which speak imperfectly to one another. Some of these subdisciplines are field geology, petrology, mineralogy, geochemistry, geodesy and seismology, and these in turn are split into even finer units. The science has also expanded to include the planets and even the cosmos. The practitioners in each of these fields tend to view the Earth in a completely different way. Discoveries in one field diffuse only slowly into the consciousness of a specialist in another. In spite of the fact that there is only one Earth, there are probably more Theories of the Earth than there are of astronomy, particle physics or cell biology where there are uncountable samples of each object. Even where there is cross-talk among disciplines, it is usually as noisy as static. Too often, one discipline's unproven assumptions or dogmas are treated as firm boundary conditions for a theoretician in a slightly overlapping area. The data of each subdiscipline are usually consistent with a range of hypotheses. The possibilities can be narrowed considerably as more and more diverse data are brought to bear on a particular problem. The questions of origin, composition and evolution of the Earth require input from astronomy, cosmochemistry, meteoritics, planetology, geology, petrology, mineralogy, crystallography, materials science and seismology, at a minimum. To a student of the Earth, these are artificial divisions, however necessary they are to make progress on a given front.

In Theory of the Earth I attempt to assemble the bits and pieces from a variety of disciplines which are relevant to an understanding of the Earth. Rocks and magmas are our most direct source of information about the interior, but they are biased toward the properties of the crust and shallow mantle. Seismology is our best source of information about the deep interior; however, the interpretation of seismic data for purposes other than purely structural requires input from solid-state physics and experimental petrology. Although this is not a book about seismology, it uses seismology in a variety of ways.

The "Theory of the Earth" developed here differs in many respects from conventional views. Petrologists' models for the Earth's interior usually focus on the composition of mantle samples contained in basalts and kimberlites. The simplest hypothesis based on these samples is that the observed basalts and peridotites bear a complementary relation to one another, that peridotites are the source of basalts or the residue after their removal, and that the whole mantle is identical in composition to the inferred chemistry of the upper mantle and the basalt source region. The mantle is therefore homogeneous in composition, and thus all parts of the mantle eventually rise to the surface to provide basalts. Subducted slabs experience no barrier in falling through the mantle to the core-mantle boundary.


" The present study is a three-year longitudinal reassessment of schizotypic young adults and comparison participants identified by the Revised Social Anhedonia Scale (Eckblad, Chapman, Chapman, & Mishlove, 1982). Diaz, Dickerson, and Kwapil (2002) conducted a cross-sectional assessment of 78 Social Anhedonia and 68 comparison participants using a battery of interview, neurocognitive and questionnaire measures. They reported that the Social Anhedonia participants experienced elevated levels of positive and negative symptoms of schizotypy, impaired social functioning, and deficits in sustained attention and executive functioning, relative to comparison group. The present study reassessed 52 Social Anhedonia and 47 comparison participants. As hypothesized, the Social Anhedonia group continued to exhibit higher rates of schizotypic symptoms such as psychotic-like experiences, negative symptoms, and schizotypal, schizoid and paranoid symptoms, and poorer overall functioning at the three-year follow-up. A combination of interview, questionnaire and neurocognitive measures from the initial assessment incremented the prediction of schizotypic symptoms and spectrum disorders at the follow-up assessment. Furthermore, perceived stress, but not the number of significant life events, incremented the prediction of risk over-and-above the effects of social anhedonia. The results provide further support that the Revised Social Anhedonia Scale is a useful predictor of schizotypy and indicates that it is especially effective when used in conjunction with measures of clinical symptoms and neurocognition"--Abstract from author supplied metadata.


Preface ( S. Luryi, J. M. Xu, and A. Zaslavsky). 1 OPTOELECTRONICS AND NANOPHOTONICS. Nanophotonics for Information Systems (Y. Fainman). What Will Modern Photonics Contribute to the Development of Future Optical Communication Technology? (Djafar K. Mynbaev). Ultrafast Nanophotonic Devices For Optical Interconnects (N. N. Ledentsov). Intersubband Quantum-Box Lasers: Progress and Potential as Uncooled Mid-Infrared Sources (D. Botez, G. Tsvid, M. D'Souza, J. C. Shin, Z. Liu, J. H. Park, J. Kirch, L. J. Mawst, M. Rathi, T. F. Kuech, I. Vurgaftman, J. Meyer, J. Plant, G. Turner, and P. Zory). GaSb-based Type-I Laser Diodes Operating at 3 µm and Beyond (L. Shterengas, G. Kipshidze, T. Hosoda, and G. Belenky). Bridging Optics and Electronics with Quantum Cascade Lasers, Antennas, and Circuits (J. Faist, C. Walther, M. Amanti, G. Scalari, M. Fischer, and M. Beck). Towards Intersubband Polaritonics: How Fast Can Light and Electrons Mate? (A. A. Anappara, L. Sorba, A. Tredicucci, G. Gunter, A. Sell, A. Leitenstorfer, R. Huber, S. De Liberato, C. Ciuti, and G. Biasiol). Si3N4/SiO2 Planar Photonic Structures Fabricated by Focused Ion Beam (L. A. M. Barea, F. Vallini, D. L. S. Figueira, A. Da Silva Filho, N. C. Frateschi, and A. R. Vaz). 2 ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND SYSTEMS. Silicon-Based Devices and Materials for Nanoscale CMOS and Beyond-CMOS (F. Balestra). Device Proposals Beyond Silicon CMOS (P. M. Solomon). GeOI as a Platform for Ultimate Devices (W. Van Den Daele, S. Cristoloveanu, E. Augendre, C. Le Royer, J.-F. Damlencourt, D. Kazazis, and A. Zaslavsky). Simulation of Self-Heating Effects in Different SOI MOS Architectures (Enrico Sangiorgi, Marco Braccioli and Claudio Fiegna). Nanowires: Technology, Physics and Perspectives (D. Grutzmacher, Th. Schapers, S. Mantl, S. Feste, Q. T. Zhao, H. Hardtdegen, R. Calarco, M. Lepsa, and N. Demarina). Emerging Nanotechnology for Integration of Nanostructures in Nanoelectronic Devices (T. Baron, C. Agraffeil, F. Dhalluin, M. Kogelschtaz, G. Cunge, T. Chevolleau, B. Salem, B. Salhi, H. Abed, A. Potie, L. Latu-Romain, C. Ternon, K. Aissou, L. Montes, Mur, G. Molas, B. De Salvo, E. Jalaguier, T. Ernst, P. Ferret, P. Gentile, and N. Pauc). Scrolled Si/SiGe Heterostructures as Building Blocks for Tube-Like Field-Effect Transistors (N. V. Demarina and D. Grutzmacher). Silicon Nanowire-Based Nonvolatile Memory Cells: Progress and Prospects (Qiliang Li, X. Zhu, Y. Yang, D. E. Ioannou, J. S. Suehle, and C. A. Richter). Prospects and Challenges of Next-Generation Flash Memory Devices (Jang-Sik Lee). Chalcogenide Glassy Semiconductors - Could They Replace Silicon in Memory Devices? (K. D. Tsendin). Current Status and Recent Developments in RSFQ Processor Design (M. Dorojevets). 1/f Noise: The Funeral is Cancelled (or Postponed) (M. E. Levinshtein and S. L. Rumyantsev). 3 PHYSICS, BIOLOGY, AND OTHER SISTER SCIENCES. Spin Hall Effect (M. I. Dyakonov). Can Biology Provide Creative Solutions for Next-Generation Memory Devices? (W. E. van den Berg and S. A. Kushner). Spin Screening of Magnetization Due to Inverse Proximity Effect in Superconducting/Ferromagnetic Bilayers (V. Shelukhin, M. Karpovski, A. Palevski, J. Xia, A. Kapitulnik, and A. Tsukernik). Silicon for Spintronic Applications: Strain-Enhanced Valley Splitting (V. Sverdlov, O. Baumgartner, T. Windbacher, and S. Selberherr). Graphene-Based Terahertz Devices: Concepts and Characteristics (V. Ryzhii, M. Ryzhii, A. Satou, N. Ryabova, T. Otsuji, V. Mitin, F. T. Vasko, A. A. Dubinov, V. Y. Aleshkin, and M. S. Shur). Directed Self-Assembly - A Controllable Route to Optical and Electronic Devices Based on Single Nanostructures (R. L. Williams, D. Dalacu, M. E. Reimer, K. Mnaymneh, V. Sazonova, P. J. Poole, G. C. Aers, R. Cheriton, S. Frederick, D. Kim, J. Lapointe, P. Hawrylak, and M. Korkusi ski). 4 SENSORS, DETECTORS, AND ENERGY. Three-Dimensional Position-Sensitive Wide Bandgap Semiconductor Gamma-Ray Imaging Detectors (Zhong He). Semiconductor Scintillator for Three-Dimensional Array of Radiation Detectors (Serge Luryi and Arsen Subashiev). Semiconductor Gamma Radiation Detectors: Band Structure Effects in Energy Resolution (Arsen Subashiev and Serge Luryi). The Future of Microelectronics is Macroelectronics (M. A. Alam, N. Pimparkar, and B. Ray). An Integration Challenge: Information and Communication Technologies to Address Indoor Air Quality in Commercial Buildings (M. D'Iorio). Quantum-Dot Infrared Photodetectors: In Search of the Right Design for Room-Temperature Operation (A. Sergeev, V. Mitin, L. H. Chien, and N. Vagidov). Treating the Case of Incurable Hysteresis in VO2 (M. Gurvitch, S. Luryi, A. Polyakov, and A. Shabalov). Exploratory Studies on Silicon-Based Oxide Fuel Cell Power Sources Incorporating Ultrathin Nanostructured Platinum and Cerium Oxide Films as Anode Components (Bo-Kuai Lai, A. C. Johnson, H. Xiong, C. Ko, and S. Ramanathan). Index.


Neuroleptics that are commonly used in the treatment of schizophrenia and other affective
disorders are often associated with distressing extrapyramidal side effects (catalepsy).
Catalepsy induced by neuroleptics in animals has been used as a model for the extrapyramidal
side effects associated with antipsychotic agents in human beings. In the present study, we
have attempted to evaluate the protective effect of Triphala on haloperidol induced
catalepsy in mice. Inbred albino mice were divided into five groups, each containing six
animals. Both, the test drug, the aqueous extract of Triphala and the standard drug
scopolamine were dissolved in 1% gum acacia solution. Catalepsy was induced with
haloperidol (1mg/kg). The first group received the vehicle (10ml/kg), the second group
received scopolamine (1mg/kg) and the remaining three groups of animals received the test
compound, Triphala (2.5, 6.25 and 12.5 mg/kg respectively) orally. In the acute study, a
single dose of vehicle and the test drug were administered, while in the chronic study, they
were given once a day for seven days, 30 minutes prior to haloperidol administration.
Catalepsy was determined by the standard bar test after 30 minutes of haloperidol
administration and was scored as described by Ahtee and Benumbe. In the acute study, the
aqueous extract of Triphala at all the doses tested, significantly (P<0.01) reduced the
cataleptic score after the latency of 60 minutes. However, in the chronic study, the reduction
in the cataleptic score was seen throughout the period of observations. These effects were
comparable to that produced by the standard drug scopolamine. Pretreatment of Triphala
decreased haloperidol induced catalepsy in mice, which is comparable to that produced by
the standard drug scopolamine. Triphala seems to be more effective when it is repeatedly
administered than with a single administration. It can be used as an alternative drug or with a
combination of currently available drugs in treating drug induced extrapyramidal side
effects.


This study presents a novel differential protection algorithm (DPA) for power transformer using chirplet transform (ChT). The proposed method combines the features of biased restraint characteristic (BRC) of the conventional differential relay and out-turn of ChT in a two-stage algorithm. In the first stage, the BRC plane is divided into three zones: namely, high-set (HS), non-trip and vulnerable zones. The tripping decisions are carried out in the first two zones based on differential and biased current. However, if the operating condition of the power transformer falls in the vulnerable zone, then there is an ambiguity in discriminating internal fault, inrush current and current transformer saturation cases. Therefore, in the second stage, ChT is applied to differential current signal to obtain an energy distribution on the time-frequency plane with respect to time, frequency and chirp rate. Then, using the mean and standard deviation of the normalised energy, power transformer operating conditions are classified. Also, most of the DPAs available in the literature are system dependent. However, the proposed novel DPA can be effectively used for any system. The proposed scheme is validated for two power transformer systems using PSCAD to simulate various operating conditions and MATLAB to implement the algorithm.


Along the shore near the old settlement at Trial Harbour there
are numerous middens of the Tasmanian aborigines. A large one
is situated on the south side of the creek, and there still remain
the hollows in the sandy soil over which the natives built their
huts. Other middens are to be found along the seaside, both to
the north and to the south.


An ad hoc data format is any nonstandard, semi-structured data format for which robust data processing tools are not easily available. In this paper, we present ANNE, a new kind of markup language designed to help users generate documentation and data processing tools for ad hoc text data. More specifically, given a new ad hoc data source, an ANNE programmer edits the document to add a number of simple annotations, which serve to specify its syntactic structure. Annotations include elements that specify constants, optional data, alternatives, enumerations, sequences, tabular data, and recursive patterns. The ANNE system uses a combination of user annotations and the raw data itself to extract a context-free grammar from the document. This context-free grammar can then be used to parse the data and transform it into an XML parse tree, which may be viewed through a browser for analysis or debugging purposes. In addition, the ANNE system generates a PADS/ML description, which may be saved as lasting documentation of the data format or compiled into a host of useful data processing tools.
 In addition to designing and implementing ANNE, we have devised a semantic theory for the core elements of the language. This semantic theory describes the editing process, which translates a raw, unannotated text document into an annotated document, and the grammar extraction process, which generates a context-free grammar from an annotated document. We also present an alternative characterization of system behavior by drawing upon ideas from the field of relevance logic. This secondary characterization, which we call relevance analysis, specifies a direct relationship between unannotated documents and the context-free grammars that our system can generate from them. Relevance analysis allows us to prove important theorems concerning the expressiveness and utility of our system.


A general proposal is made for initially distributing the total value of tradeable carbon permits in a developed country, which tries to balance allocative and informational efficiency, political acceptability, and equity. Because of the macroeconomic significance of carbon, the proposal is quite different from and more complex than, say, the distribution used for SO2 permits in the US sulphur trading programme. We suggest that acceptability requires a political (but not legal) principle of compensating for the profit that an industry loses because of carbon control. However, fossil fuel demand is relatively inelastic, so making all permits free (grandfathered) to industries while reducing total carbon use would give them large monopoly profits which would overcompensate for their losses. Compensation therefore requires only a small proportion (much less than half) of an industry's carbon permits to be free. Remaining permits would be auctioned, or given free to households. If a sizeable part of permits is auctioned with revenues recycled as lower rates of corporate and/or personal income tax, then most firms outside the fossil fuel industries would benefit from carbon control, and so need no compensation. We argue that consumers also deserve compensation for higher prices of fuel and carbonintensive products. The split of such compensation between lump sums (free permits or cash) and personal tax cuts depends on the desired balance between equity and efficiency. Arguments are also discussed for distributing permit value as assistance to workers that face unemployment caused by carbon control. Many other details of a distribution scheme are discussed, such as where permits should be acquitted, whether free permits distort competition, whether foreign-owned firms should get free permits, and whether free permits should be phased out.


In the years following World War II, courts began to develop legal rules that regulated the relationship between unions and the workers they represented. These doctrines - the duty of fair representation and the right of exclusive representation, as well as the regulation of union member freedom of expression and union security arrangements - required courts to balance individual rights with the rights of unions. In the immediate post-war period, the courts sacrificed the rights of union members in order to promote the strength of the unions. By the 1960s, however, the courts had reversed themselves, protecting the rights of individual workers, even if it meant weakening organized labor in the process. This change in the judiciary's attitude was the result of broader changes in post-war intellectual thought. During the 1940s and 1950s, American intellectuals argued that democracy functioned best when government responded to the clash of competing interest groups. By the 1960s, however, thinkers argued that interest groups were unrepresentative and that government could never be truly representative if individuals could not participate directly. This intellectual framework provided the courts with the tools necessary to craft specific labor law rules. By the close of the 1960s, those rules, imbued with hostility towards interest groups and faith in participatory democracy, were profoundly disadvantageous to unions and brought about a weakening of the American labor movement.