In modern tall buildings, lateral loads induced by wind or earthquake are often resisted by a system of coupled shear walls. But when the building increases in height, the stiffness of the structure becomes more important and introduction of outrigger beams between the shear walls and external columns is often used to provide sufficient lateral stiffness to the structure. In this paper, analysis of tall building was carried out to find the optimum position of outrigger system by using lateral loads. The three dimensional model using ETABS was considered. The objective of this paper was to study the outrigger location optimization and the efficiency of each outrigger when three outriggers are used in the structure. From the analysis, result has been found that performance of the outrigger was efficient and three optimum position of outrigger has been found i.e. at mid height of building, second at 3/4th of height and third at 1/4th of height of building.


In the highway problem, we are given an n-edge line graph (the highway), and a set of paths (the drivers), each one with its own budget. For a given assignment of edge weights (the tolls), the highway owner collects from each driver the weight of the associated path, when it does not exceed the budget of the driver, and zero otherwise. The goal is choosing weights so as to maximize the profit. A lot of research has been devoted to this apparently simple problem. The highway problem was shown to be strongly NP-hard only recently [Elbassioni,Raman,Ray,Sitters-'09]. The best-known approximation is O(log n / log log n) [Gamzu,Segev-'10], which improves on the previous-best O(log n) approximation [Balcan,Blum-'06]. Better approximations are known for a number of special cases. Finding a constant (or better!) approximation algorithm for the general case is a challenging open problem. In this paper we present a PTAS for the highway problem, hence closing the complexity status of the problem. Our result is based on a novel randomized dissection approach, which has some points in common with Arora's quadtree dissection for Euclidean network design [Arora-'98]. The basic idea is enclosing the highway in a bounding path, such that both the size of the bounding path and the position of the highway in it are random variables. Then we consider a recursive O(1)-ary dissection of the bounding path, in subpaths of uniform optimal weight. Since the optimal weights are unknown, we construct the dissection in a bottom-up fashion via dynamic programming, while computing the approximate solution at the same time. Our algorithm can be easily derandomized. The same basic approach provides PTASs also for two generalizations of the problem: the tollbooth problem with a constant number of leaves and the maximum-feasibility subsystem problem on interval matrices. In both cases the previous best approximation factors are polylogarithmic [Gamzu,Segev-'10,Elbassioni,Raman,Ray,Sitters-'09].


'My concern is not to persuade people that they should stop eating. My hope is that they will begin to change their way of thinking, including the way they think about eating and drinking' - Michael Werner. In 1923, Therese Neumann, a nun in Southern Germany, stopped eating and drinking. Apart from the wafer given at Mass, she did not eat again, despite living for a further 35 years. Other similar cases have been reported over the years - often holy men from the East - and have taken on something of a mythical status. However, they remain obscure enough to be brushed aside by modern scientists. Michael Werner presents a new type of challenge to sceptics. A fit family man in his 50s, he has a doctorate in Chemistry and is the managing director of a research institute in Switzerland. In this remarkable account he describes how he stopped eating in 2001 and has survived perfectly well without food ever since. In fact, he claims never to have felt better! Unlike the people who have achieved this feat in the past, he is an ordinary man who lives a full and active life. Michael Werner has an open challenge to all scientists: 'Test me using all the scientific monitoring and data you wish!' In fact, he describes one such test here in which he was kept without food in a strictly monitored environment for ten days. Werner also describes in detail how and why he came to give up food, and what his life is like without it. This book features other reports from those who have attempted to follow this way of life, as well as supplementary material on possible scientific explanations of how one could 'live on light'.


ISBN 1-933510-96-X/$15.00  2011 CISSE Abstract –The demand for information systems security education has never been higher, while the availability of high-quality information systems security instruction and of well-qualified instructors are both extremely limited. Meeting the demand requires converting teaching from an individual activity to a community-based research activity. As a result, Carnegie Mellon University's Open Learning Initiative and the Software Engineering Institute's CERT® Program have collaborated in the development of an online secure coding module that exemplifies how to capture expert content, ensure high-quality learning, and scale to meet rapidly growing demand. This paper describes this effort and how high-quality information systems security instruction can be scaled to meet existing and projected demand.


Abstract While the Geneva Conventions contain gender-specific provisions, the reality of women's and men's experiences of armed conflict have highlighted gender limitations and conceptual constraints within international humanitarian law. Judgements at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) ad hoc tribunals have gone some way towards expanding the scope of definitions of sexual violence and rape in conflict. More recent developments in public international law, including the adoption of Security Council Resolutions 1325 and 1820 focused on women, peace and security, have sought to increase the visibility of gender in situations of armed conflict. This paper highlights important developing norms on women, peace and security. Although these norms are significant, they may not be radical enough to expand constructions of gender within international humanitarian law. This leaves existing provisions open to continued scrutiny.


This article aims to give an overview of literary instruction in schools of the russification era at the beginning of the 20th century in Estonia; this was likewise the curriculum of literary study offered to the generation of educated youth which included the Young Estonians. Based on official documents, archival materials, and memoirs, and through analyses of anthologies, literary histories, and teaching methods in use at the time, we attempt to reconstruct the outlines of literary reading and requirements for students in various types of schools. When, as a result of school reform, Russian became the language of instruction; lessons in Russian became central in the curriculum, alongside the word of God; selections from Russian literature were read in the original language. In the lower grades, teaching was by the so-called "natural method", intended to guarantee swift achievement of fluency in "living Russian language"; this was later replaced by systematic textual analysis, which distinguished between belles lettres and other types of texts. However, the study of literature was always subordinated to the goals of language instruction. In institutions of secondary education, study of Russian literature was separate from language instruction. Indeed, Russian literature was the only literature systematically studied in high schools (though one must keep in mind that not all schools completely followed the official program.) Private schools were especially noticeable for their greater freedom, though all of them had to take general curriculum directives into account. Reading of literary texts connected with other languages thus had to remain almost purely illustrative. In view of the above, in the upper grades of elementary school and high school, students obtained a thorough introduction to the Russian classics. According to the official school curriculum, Russian literary history ended with Nikolai Gogol. Attempts were made to ignore more modern authors altogether (to the point of banning them – this applied especially to the works of Fjodor Dostojevski). However, a good command of Russian made it possible to read those works not approved by the school, and to keep abreast of more recent Russian literature. Young Estonians took conspicuous interest in turn-of-the-century Russian literary life. Over time the split between "anthologized" and real Russian literature continued to deepen, as did the conflict between the works and their official interpretations in schoolbooks. This tendency coincided with processes of renewal in Estonian literature. In the interim, knowledge of classical Russian literature acquired in school remained at the level of passive coexistence in the culture, a kind of backdrop to newer undertakings. Thus it is interesting to note that articles on Aleksandr Pushkin published in the 1920s Estonian press were addressed to the reader assumed to be knowledgeable both about his works and his biography. Reminiscences of school in the memoirs of several Estonian authors serve as evidence that learning about Russian literature, particularly poetry, was perhaps their only bright memory of school in the russification era.


It is indeed true that Proust's many-faceted portrait of homosexuality, and especially of the gay baron de Charlus, constituted, as he tried to impress upon early potential publishers of A la recherche du temps perdu, something quite original in French literature, so original in fact that it was unsettling, if not shocking, to many critics and readers. As we know, the poet Francis Jammes, horrified by the early lesbian scene at Montjouvain, begged Proust to remove it from his novel, and after Proust's death, he labelled A la recherche as a whole an abomination. This was but one of the many comments, Irom quibbles and reservations to cries of indignation, that greeted Proust's Sodome et Gomorrhe from critics such as Paul Souday, Gustave Binet-Valmer, Paul Lombard, the critic of L'lntransigeant, Andre Germain and others. (2) But did Proust's writing about homosexuality, as Antoine Compagnon's epigraph to this essay might suggest, happen in a literary vacuum? There are indications that Proust was not unfamiliar with the treatment of homosexuality we see in middle-brow and popular fiction of the 1885-1910 period. Smitten as a gay teenager by Verlaine and by Baudelaire (as we know, Proust surprised Gide by asserting that Baudelaire was also homosexual (3)), and confidently embracing his own love for young men, as one sees in letters from the lycee years written to or about Jacques Bizet, (4) Proust would certainly have been aware of much of the literature dealing with lesbianism and male homosexuality of the period we are exploring. In mentioning his familiarity with Musset's pornography and Verlaine's Femmes and Hombres, Proust recalls in fact how schoolboys love to pass around to their friends copies of the latest racy works they get their hands on ("A propos de Baudelaire," csb, 630). Nor was Proust immune to an attraction to erotic materials in later life. In a 1908 letter to Georges de Lauris where he speaks of having purchased some pornography, including "deux Verlaine secrets, immondes et stupides," he light-heartedly offers to share his purchases with his friend. (5) By examining lesbian, gay and erotic texts by Catulle Mendes, Henri d'Argis and Marcel Prevost from the 1890s and late 1880s, I will attempt to provide an early literary context for Proust's writing about homosexuality. Examples will show how place and personal names, episodes such as the retrospective discovery of lesbianism in a lover, the "danse contre seins," and lesbian love-making performed for a fee, were available to Proust in then-contemporary fiction as he himself began to write short stories with erotic or homosexual themes. It is useful and illuminating, I believe, to re-examine one novel of homosexuality in particular that Proust definitely did read--Lucien by Gustave Binet-Valmer--partly because of Proust's violent reaction to it: he described the work as "le livre le plus imbecile que j'aie jamais lu." But Lucien is not as imbecilic as all that. Rather its publication was an incursion into what Proust was hoping to claim--via his character Charlus--as his private turf, and it came precisely at a moment when he was beginning to sound out editors such as Alfred Vallette, the publisher of the Mercure de France, about taking on his novel. However, there is perhaps an additional personal reason for Proust's irritation, and for our interest in Binet-Valmer's novel: it is that the plot of Lucien doubles certain aspects of Proust's own family life. Binet-Valmer and Proust knew each other, though not well, as early as 1902-1903, and it is not impossible--though there is no hard evidence for it--that Binet-Valmer had Proust's family configuration in mind when composing his novel. And finally, there is the broader issue of how Proust's and Binet-Valmer's novels negotiate their positions in relation to late-19th-early-20th-century theory about, and physical and moral diagnoses of, homosexuality. Which of these novels, the imbecilic Lucien or the monumental A la recherche du temps perdu, is more anchored in the past? …


Two large coastal dune sheets, including the Santa Maria dune sheet and Vandenberg dune sheet, have been analyzed for late-Quaternary distributions, ages and volumes of dune sand deposition. Six new thermoluminescence (TL) ages establish the age range of dune sand deposition from >106±21 ka to <4.1 ka in the study area. Seven late-Pleistocene TL and 14C dated mid-depth samples (≤30 m depth subsurface), yield a mean of 33 ka for the late-Pleistocene dune deposits. Both TL and 14C dated Holocene dune deposits establish a transition from weathered middle-Holocene dune deposits to unweathered latest-Holocene dune deposits after 4 ka. Marine sand supply to the large dune sheets occurred by 1) cross-shelf eolian transport during late-Pleistocene marine low-stands (70–13 ka), 2) shoreward wave transport during slowing of the Holocene marine transgression (9–5 ka), and 3) longshore littoral transport during the latest-Holocene marine high-sand (3.5–0 ka). Measured and dated dune deposit sections (n=66, ranging from 2 to 60 m depth) demonstrate substantial differences in preserved sand volumes between the two adjacent dune sheets, Santa Maria (~ 2,300x106 m3) and Vandenberg (~430x106 m3). Asymmetric distributions of dune deposit volumes between and within the dune sheets show that long-term sand supply was locally controlled by paleo-shoreline orientations relative to corresponding deep-water wave propagation directions (260–290° TN) from the North Pacific Low Pressure Area. Recently declining sand supplies and/or -trapping efficiencies in the dune sheet littoral subcells led to ongoing shoreline retreat (≥ 200 m) and under-cutting of late- Holocene eolian sand ramps at the south ends of the Santa Maria and Vandenberg dune sheets. The termination of transgressive cross-shelf sand supply and locally variable longshore retention of littoral sand confirm previously reported framework models of regional coastal sand supply. Such models help to identify shorelines that are most susceptible to future beach erosion from predicted sea level rise following ongoing global warming.


The famous Polynesian voyages characterized an intensive network of cultural exchange and colonization that was particularly active from ad 1000 to 1450. But, why would large groups of people leave their homelands to voyage into the unknown? Oceanic voyages are risky, albeit less so today than in the past. Landfalls were not guaranteed improvements over ports of departure. Taking the Cook Islands as an example, we ask whether harmful algal blooms that result in ciguatera fish poisoning in humans prompted past and present emigration pulses of peoples from within Polynesia. We take a multipronged approach to examine our hypothesis, involving: (1) archaeological evidence, (2) ciguatera fish poisoning reports since the 1940s, and (3) climate and temperature oscillations using palaeodatasets. The archaeological records of fish bones and hooks show abrupt changes in fishing practices in post‐ad 1450 records. Sudden dietary shifts are not linked to overfishing, but may be a sign of ciguatera fish poisoning and adjustment of fishing preference. While fishes form the staple diet of Polynesians, such poisoning renders fishes unusable. We show that ciguatera fish poisoning events coincide with Pacific Decadal Oscillations and suggest that the celebrated Polynesian voyages across the Pacific Ocean may not have been random episodes of discovery to colonize new lands, but rather voyages of necessity. A modern analogue (in the 1990s) was the shift towards processed foods in the Cook Islands during ciguatera fish poisoning events, and mass emigration of islanders to New Zealand and Australia.


Previous studies have found that education and fertility are inversely related. However, the extant literature on the effects of education in Latin America has been limited by certain methodological problems. In particular, previous studies have used estimation methods that were prone to statistical bias, and they have frequently neglected to examine rural areas, where education is likely to have a large effect on fertility. In this paper, we attempt to improve upon our understanding of education and fertility in the region. Employing data from some of the most recent Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) in Latin America, we test complementary hypotheses about the effects of education on fertility in Colombia and Peru. The effects of the independent variables are estimated using negative binomial regression. We also discuss the broader implications of the findings for family planning policies and regional public health governance in Latin America.


In this paper, we report on the first lasermicromachined batch-fabricated single-layer elastomeric actuator with a corrugated surface profile. The structural material of the cantilever actuator is a single [polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)] layer, and electrodes are soft lithographically patterned conductive carbon grease. The asymmetric corrugated surface provides a bending moment in a single PDMS layer without the need for a second inactive layer. An actuator which is 5 mm long, 1 mm wide, and 80 μm thick can generate up to 2-mm out-of-plane displacement with zero applied force and 15 μN at zero deflection while consuming 20 μW of static power when actuated with 500 V.


India's patent reforms represent a shift in India's policy from one of enormous opposition to revising patent laws according to the WTO, to one of compliance with many aspects of TRIPs (Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights) Agreement. Industry and civil society had a strong interest in blocking reforms on IPRs (Intellectual Property Rights), and initially played an important role in preventing reforms of India's patent law. India has recently changed its patent regime, led by important industry groups who revised their positions, and new NGOs that promoted reform. The preferences of actors and their changing interests are important factors in the reform process. Perceived benefits from the new regime partly explain the rise of a pro-reform constituency among industry and NGOs. Yet preference formation is complex and depends on interpretation of strategies by various actors. The Indian pharmaceutical case reflects the imperatives both to forge ahead on patent reform, while protecting the generic market and restricting IPRs. NGOs that emerged to support patent reform also played a role in directing policy towards protecting traditional knowledge. The interests of actors do not always follow predictable paths, and are not fixed. Evaluating the preferences of actors rather than assuming them provides insights into the way policy processes are shaped.


When scholars, judges and politicians talk about federalism, they frequently praise the qualities of state and local democracy. State and local governments, it is said, are closer to the people and more responsive to their needs, their outputs a better fit for the diverse set of preferences that exist in a large nation. But these stories about state democracy rarely wrestle with the reality of elections for state senator and city council, for state insurance commissioner and county sheriff. Voters frequently know little about the identity or performance of officials in these offices or political parties at the state and local levels. Voting for many state and local offices is "second-order," or reflecting voter preferences about the President and Congress with little or no variation based on the performance or promises of office-holders and candidates. State and local elections vary in the degree to which they are second-order – chief executive races seem to be less second-order than legislative ones, elections were less second-order in the 1970s and 80s than they are today – but we see second-order voting behavior quite consistently across many state and local elections. This Article addresses the consequences of second-order elections for federalism doctrine, policy-making and theory. First, it argues that virtually all of the "ends" of federalism – responsiveness, respect for diversity, laboratories of democracy, variation to permit foot voting, and so forth – are premised not only on state governments having authority, but also on the success of state democracy at reflecting local needs and wants. Second, it shows that proponents of greater federalism focus largely on questions of state authority rather than the quality of state democracy, leading to proposals and doctrines that frustrate federalism's ends. For instance, efforts to repeal the Seventeenth Amendment are premised on the ground that it would give greater authority to state governments, but proponents of repeal fail to see that doing so would make state elections even more second-order. Further, proponents of more devolution of power either ignore or are hostile to efforts by the federal government or state courts to shift power from state legislatures to governors, viewing the question as somehow not central to debates over federalism. Given that gubernatorial elections are less-second order than legislative ones, cooperative federalism regimes or changes in state law doctrines that empower state executives should lead to policies that are more responsive to specific state needs. The Article also sketches several new paths for proponents of federalism that aim at reform of state government and elections rather than changes to federal policy. Finally, the Article shows research on second-order elections reveals the emptiness of several prominent theories about federalism. Most notably, theories about the "political safeguards of federalism" are generally mistaken about three things – politics, safeguards and federalism.


Abstract The lattice-Boltzmann method is a technique for simulating the time-dependent motions of a simple fluid. Introducing rigid particles and imposing the correct boundary conditions at the solid/fluid interface allows the many-body, time-dependent hydrodynamic interactions between particles to be computed. Rather than simulating truly solid particles, a computationally convenient method for doing this uses hollow objects filled with the model fluid. We propose a simple modification of this "internal fluid" method. For computational convenience our method keeps the fluid inside the object. Its behaviour is modified, however, in such a way that it does not perturb the dynamics of the particle. The equations of motion for the solid particles are then modified in such a way that the microscopic conservation laws for mass and momentum are satisfied. Comparing both the time-dependent (rotational and translational) motion of an isolated spherical particle and the viscosity of a concentrated suspension of hard spheres against known results for solid particles, we examine artifacts attributable to the "internal" fluid. Using our modified approach, we show that these artifacts are no longer present and the behaviour of truly solid particles is recovered.


Cells suspended in bodily fluids are routinely analyzed by cytopathologists as a means of diagnosing malignancies and other diseases. The physical and morphological properties of these suspended cells are evaluated in making diagnostic decisions, which often requires manual concentration, staining, and washing procedures to extract information about intracellular architecture. The need to manually prepare slides for analysis by a cytopathologist is a labor-intensive process, which is ripe for additional automation to reduce costs but also to potentially provide more repeatable and improved accuracy in diagnoses. We have developed a microfluidic system to perform several steps in the preparation of samples for cytopathology that (i) automates colorimetric staining on-chip, and (ii) images cells in flow, as well as provides (iii) additional quantitative analyses of captured images to aid cytopathologists. A flow-through approach provides benefits by allowing staining and imaging to be performed in a continuous, integrated manner, which also overcomes previous challenges with in-suspension colorimetric staining. We envision such a tool may reduce costs and aid cytopathologists in identifying rare or characteristic cells of interest by providing isolated images along with quantitative metrics on single cells from various rotational angles, allowing efficient determination of disease etiology.


Surveys show most Americans believe global warming is real. But many advocate delaying action until there is more evidence that warming is harmful. The stock and flow structure of the climate, however, means "wait and see" policies guarantee further warming. Atmospheric CO 2 concentration is now higher than any time in the last 420,000 years, and growing faster than any time in the past 20,000 years. The high concentration of CO 2 and other greenhouse gases (GHGs) generates significant radiative forcing that contributes to warming. To reduce radiative forcing and the human contribution to warming, GHG concentrations must fall. To reduce GHG concentrations, emissions must fall below the rate at which GHGs are removed from the atmosphere. Anthropogenic CO 2 emissions are now roughly double the removal rate, and the removal rate is projected to fall as natural carbon sinks saturate. Emissions must therefore fall by more than half even to stabilize CO 2 at present record levels. Such reductions greatly exceed the Kyoto targets, while the Bush administration's Clear Skies Initiative calls for continued emissions growth. Does the public understand these physical facts? We report experiments assessing people's intuitive understanding of climate change. We presented highly educated graduate students with descriptions of greenhouse warming drawn from the IPCC?s nontechnical reports. Subjects were then asked to identify the likely response to various scenarios for CO 2 emissions or concentrations. The tasks require no mathematics, only an understanding of stocks and flows and basic facts about climate change. Overall performance was poor. Subjects often select trajectories that violate conservation of matter. Many believe temperature responds immediately to changes in CO 2 emissions or concentrations. Still more believe that stabilizing emissions near current rates would stabilize the climate, when in fact emissions would continue to exceed removal, increasing GHG concentrations and radiative forcing. Such beliefs support wait and see policies, but violate basic laws of physics. We discuss implications for education and public policy.


This book provides a comprehensive methodological and philosphical inquiry into, and a comprehensive scientific analysis of, the fundamental economic dynamics of capitalism as a world system.


Public Policymaking Reexamined is now recognized as a fundamental treatise for public policy studies. Although it caused much controversy when it was first published for its systematic approach to policy studies, the book is acknowledged as a modern classic of continuing importance for the teaching and research of public policy, planning and policy analysis, and public administration. The paperback includes a new introduction updating and supplementing many of the author's original ideas. Professor Dror combines the approaches of policy analysis, behavioral science, and systems analysis in his examination of the reality of public policymaking and his suggestions for its reform. Actual policymaking is carefully evaluated with the help of explicit criteria and standards based on an optimal model approach, resulting in detailed proposals for improvement. He applies a scientific orientation to the study of social facts and theory.


This thesis discusses indigenous knowledge, livelihood strategies and decision-making processes of floodplain farmers of Bangladesh. It focuses on Ujankhaisi village. The floodplain is the major geo-ecological feature of Bangladesh, occupying about 79 per cent of the total land area. Here terrestrial and aquatic environments interplay with considerable seasonal variations and people obtain their livelihoods by exploiting these resources. Anthropological research methods have been employed to gain access to information relating to people's livelihood strategies. It was found that different groups use the floodplain in different ways in order to obtain their livelihoods. There exists a multi-resource use pattern of which farming is the major, though not the sole occupadon; fishing and other activities supplement it. Various interventions have been made to increase floodplain rice production without taking into consideration the local socio-ecological realities. As a result, other resource users, notably fishers, have been adversely affected by these 'improvements'. Many problems have emerged relating to fanning and fishing activities. Financial aid schemes intended for poor farmers rarely reach the most needy and can even increase debt. In some cases conflicts occur over access to common resources. This thesis discusses how Ujankhaisi farmers gain knowledge about their environment from their personal experiences. This knowledge is socio-culturally embedded and must not be overlooked from any development scheme. Farmers apply their knowledge in making their agricultural decisions. However, due to various constraints, farmers cannot always go with their preferred choice, and have to turn to alternatives. The floodplain is a risk prone area and farmers need flexible options to make suitable cropping decisions, but they are now limited as crop diversity has decreased significantly due to the domination of HYV paddy and increase in other agriculture risks, such as water congestion in the beel, decreasing soil fertility, etc. This thesis emphasises that development practitioners should consider local people's knowledge, which is ecologically sound, socio-culturally adapted, and dynamic in nature and has the ability to contribute significantly to agricultural development.


The Eritrean-Ethiopian War of 1998-2000 was a tragic conflict that resulted in a widespread loss of life, as well as other injury and damage, for these two developing countries in the Horn of Africa. A unique feature of this incident is that the December 2000 Algiers agreement ending the conflict provided for the establishment of an Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission (claims commission), charged with deciding claims for loss, damage or injury resulting from a violation of international law committed by either country. One of Ethiopia's claims was that Eritrea initiated the armed conflict by an illegal use of force. Thus, the facts and legal positions advanced by the two sides were formally litigated before, and decided by, a five-member arbitral commission of arbitrators of third-country nationalities, which concluded that Eritrea's conduct at the outbreak of the armed conflict constituted a violation of Article 2(4) of the UN Charter.This chapter in a volume containing a series of case studies argues that the claims commission's jus ad bellum findings are of considerable precedential value. The commission considered and addressed several important and complicated issues concerning law on the resort to force, self-defense, and reparation. Rarely have such claims been litigated and rarer still have decisions been issued on these matters. There are various aspects of the claims commission's findings that can be questioned, if not criticized, but given the limited resources and time frame under which the commission operated, the commission performed extremely well. The claims commission concluded that a large-scale, transborder military operation constituted a violation of Article 2(4) of the UN Charter, a finding that confirms conventional jus ad bellum doctrine. Further, the commission made important findings with respect to the law on self-defense, specifically that: (1) a State may not use armed force to seize disputed territory peacefully occupied by another State; (2) a State may not use armed force in response to geographically-limited clashes between patrols along an unmarked and disputed border; and (3) a State may not use armed force solely in reaction to another State's declaration that it will act in self-defense. Finally, the commission analyzed the conditions under which reparation should be provided for a violation of the jus ad bellum, advancing a proximate cause standard as well as other standards when calculating compensation for various categories of harm.The most limiting feature of the claims commission's findings ultimately may be their parsimony; it is not easy to ascertain from the awards the scope and nature of the evidence upon which the commission's conclusions were based, which in turn may cause difficulties for future tribunals that attempt to rely upon those conclusions with respect to entirely different fact patterns and evidentiary foundations.


Under the Roh Moo-hyun administration(2003 – 2008), two Koreas continued improvement in relations begun by the previous Kim Dae-jung administration. The flow of matter-energy and information between two Koreas consistently expanded during these administrations. Comparing growth rates in information and matter-energy, we find that the growth rate in information ran faster than that in matter-energy from 1989 to 1994; since 1995, both have run at a similar rate. This shows that the two Koreas recognized the relative advantage of information in relation to matter-energy, but focused on the flow of matter-energy. The two Korean governments recognized the significance of the state of affairs in the region surrounding the Korean Peninsula. At the same time, external pressure had a significant influence on the two Koreas' relationship. Historically, the two Koreas' relationship has been dependent on external pressure from the big powers.


OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the appropriateness of performing coronary angiography and revascularization in a Swedish population.

DESIGN
Prospective population study of questionnaires and medical records.

SETTING
All the hospitals in southwestern Sweden that perform coronary angiography and revascularization.

PATIENTS
Random sample of 831 patients (with chronic stable angina) on the waiting list for coronary angiography or revascularization in southwestern Sweden in September 1990.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE
Percentage of patients referred for coronary angiography or revascularization for appropriate, uncertain, or inappropriate indications.

RESULTS
Of the patients referred for angiography, 89% were classified as appropriate, 9% as uncertain, and 2% as inappropriate. The percentages are similar for patients referred for coronary artery bypass graft surgery and for angioplasty (91% and 86%, respectively, classified as appropriate). The majority of patients had chest pain rated as Canadian Cardiovascular Society classes II through IV (93%), despite maximum anti-ischemic therapy in 90% of these patients.

CONCLUSIONS
Few patients were referred for coronary angiography or revascularization for inappropriate or uncertain indications. The percentage of these patients who are from southwestern Sweden is similar to the percentage recently reported from New York State.


The present investigation aims to 1) identify indicators (i.e., behaviors) of sport injury rehabilitation adherence that are relevant to collegiate athletic training and 2) develop a preliminary rehabilitation adherence measure for athletic training (RAdMAT) based on these indicators. Three steps are included in the development of the RAdMAT. First, certified athletic trainers currently practicing in the collegiate setting (n=7) identified clinically relevant indicators of sport injury rehabilitation adherence and these indicators were used to generate preliminary items for the measure. Second, an expert panel (i.e., sport injury/rehabilitation researchers, athletic training educators/faculty/staff) (n=12) reviewed the preliminary items and provided feedback pertaining to content and clarity of items. Expert ratings were used to revise the draft measure and provide an initial assessment of content validity. In step three, the 25-item preliminary RAdMAT was administered to a larger sample of certified athletic trainers to provide data for initial reliability and validity analyses (n=164). Results indicate the preliminary 25-item RAdMAT had good internal consistency but factor analyses reduced the measure to 16 items and suggested three sub-scales (attendance/participation, communication, attitude/effort). The resulting 16-item RAdMAT subscales and total all have good internal consistency and clearly discriminate among adherence levels. All individual items have good item-total correlations and contribute to internal consistency of their respective subscales and the total and all items discriminate among adherence levels. The RAdMAT has both a conceptual base and a base in clinical athletic training practice that make it particularly relevant and appropriate for use in athletic training settings. With only 16 items in a simple format, the RAdMAT is also relatively easy to use, whether by athletic trainers in clinical practice or for research purposes. Future investigations are needed to further establish the measure's psychometric properties and usefulness in research and practice.


Abstract L. A. Aquila -Pastir, N. R. DiPaola, R. G. Matteo, N. G. S medira, P. M. McCarthy and C. S. Moravec. Quantitation and Distribution of β-tubulin in Human Cardiac Myocytes. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology (2002) 34 , 1513–1523. Increasing evidence suggests that derangements of cytoskeletal proteins contribute to alterations in intracellular signaling, myocyte function, and the coupling of myocytes to the extracellular matrix during cardiac hypertrophy and failure. Data from animal studies have shown an increased density of β-tubulin protein in the right or left ventricle subjected to pressure overload, and have demonstrated that interfering with excess polymerization of β-tubulin improves contractility. We tested the hypothesis that β-tubulin is increased in human left ventricular hypertrophy and end-stage heart failure. Confocal microscopy of fluorescently labeled β-tubulin protein revealed an increased density of the β-tubulin network in cardiomyocytes from both hypertrophied and failing human hearts as compared to cells from nonfailing hearts. Western blot analysis on total heart homogenate showed no change in β-tubulin when data were normalized to either actin or calsequestrin, although there was a significant increase in failing human hearts when data were normalized only for a constant amount of protein per heart. The mRNA for β-tubulin was not changed in hypertrophied hearts, but was significantly decreased in failing human hearts. Thus, similar to animal models, we have shown that the density of the microtubular network within the cardiomyocyte is increased in end-stage failing human hearts. We have also shown for the first time that β-tubulin density is increased in cells from hypertrophied human hearts. Although the functional implications of this finding in the human heart remain to be explored, data from animal studies suggest that increased β-tubulin protein contributes to cardiac dysfunction.


This book of readings presents a collection of empirical research in various disciplines related to tourism and hospitality. As such, it contains a wealth of knowledge, most of which are new findings and insights within the context of developing countries. Its multidisciplinary nature ensures that readers continue to be engaged. They will also find pleasure in discovering the various facets of the highly fragmented tourism and hospitality industry. This book is particularly useful for young researchers looking to gain knowledge in a particular area of tourism and hospitality research; and become familiar with aspects of research writing such as the techniques of writing up methodologies, reviewing the literature and discussing research findings. In Volume two, readers will have the opportunity to read work from various scholars specialising in Legal and Safety Issues, Planning and Design in Tourism and Strategic Management and Quality.


Steam networks and their utilities should be dimensioned to satisfy day-to-day demand as well peaks. Peaks can be caused by unit start-ups, extreme weather conditions or combinations of high demand from process units. During maintenance operations or unexpected boiler shutdowns, periods of undercapacity may occur when steam demand surpasses the available steam production capacity. This can lead to boiler damage, network inoperability and production loss. Load shedding is a convenient way to prevent damage and reduce the impact of undercapacity. A model is developed with the goal of optimising the flows of steam from producers to consumers through a steam network's headers, turbines and letdowns. The multi-period nature of the work ensures that nominal and peak demands for steam are properly taken into consideration. The model also investigates the trade-off between installing additional capacity versus production loss. A Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) formulation is used to optimise the steam network operations, investment and load shedding decision- making. A multi-period case study based on anonymised data is carried out on an industrial cluster. Solutions to steam production undercapacity are investigated in the form of load shedding and infrastructure investments.


Type B coxsackievirus (CVB) is a common cause of acute and chronic myocarditis, meningitis and pancreatitis, often leading to heart failure and pancreatic deficiency. The polarization of CD4+ T lymphocytes and their cytokine milieu are key factors in the outcome of CVB-induced diseases. Thus, sensing the virus and driving the adaptive immune response are essential for the establishment of a protective immune response. TLR3 is a crucial virus recognition receptor that confers the host with resistance to CVB infection. In the current study, we found that TLR3 expression in dendritic cells plays a role in their activation upon CVB3 infection in vitro, as TLR3-deficient dendritic cells up-regulate CD80 and CD86 to a less degree than WT cells. Instead, they up-regulated the inhibitory molecule PD-L1 and secreted considerably lower levels of TNF-α and IL-10 and a higher level of IL-23. T lymphocyte proliferation in co-culture with CVB3-infected dendritic cells was increased by TLR3-expressing DCs and other cells. Furthermore, in the absence of TLR3, the T lymphocyte response was shifted toward a Th17 profile, which was previously reported to be deleterious for the host. TLR3-deficient mice were very susceptible to CVB3 infection, with increased pancreatic injury and extensive inflammatory infiltrate in the heart that was associated with uncontrolled viral replication. Adoptive transfer of TLR3+ dendritic cells slightly improved the survival of TLR-deficient mice following CVB3 infection. Therefore, our findings highlight the importance of TLR3 signaling in DCs and in other cells to induce activation and polarization of the CD4+ T lymphocyte response toward a Th1 profile and consequently for a better outcome of CVB3 infection. These data provide new insight into the immune-mediated mechanisms by which CVBs are recognized and cleared in order to prevent the development of myocarditis and pancreatitis and may contribute to the design of therapies for enteroviral infections.


Federal and state excise taxes on alcoholic beverages have declined sharply in real value over the last 50 years. The result is cheaper alcohol, more alcohol abuse, and more alcohol-related problems of all sorts than would otherwise have occurred. Frequently voiced concerns that such taxes are regressive, or that they penalize the majority who drink moderately and safely, are off base. An increase in the federal alcohol taxes could provide almost everyone but the heaviest drinkers with a net financial gain even if there were no behavioral effects; the evidence that there are behavioral effects that improve health and safety is an important bonus. In a sense, alcohol taxes are the proverbial free lunch.


Copper(II) N,N'-bis[4-(N,N-diethylamino)salicylidene]ethylenediamine (CAS) complex, which has the metal-ligand coordination "CuN2O2" mimicking the active site of the enzyme galactose oxidase, has been synthesized by the reaction of copper(II) acetate monohydrate and the prepared ligand, N,N'-bis[4-(N,Ndiethylamino) salicylidene]ethylenediamine (A-salen). The structure of A-salen was confirmed by FTIR, 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra, while the CAS complex was characterized using FTIR and DR UV-Vis spectroscopy. The CAS complex was then immobilized on Si-MCM-48, NH2-MCM-48 and SO3H-MCM-48, respectively. After that, MCM-48 containing CAS complex was characterized by using FTIR, DR UV-Vis, powder XRD, N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm, AAS, TGA, FESEM and TEM. XRD patterns showed that the structure of mesoporous MCM-48 was preserved but the crystallinity of MCM-48 had decreased after modification and immobilization of CAS. Besides that, N2 physisorption measurement and TEM image showed that the pore channel of MCM-48 was well maintained in the meso range after modification and immobilization of CAS. The decrease in pore diameter of MCM-48 suggests that the modification had occurred in the pore channel. The catalytic activity of the supported CAS catalyst was tested in the heterogeneous oxidation of o-aminophenol (AP). The reaction was carried out in methanol containing H2O2 as oxidant at 70 oC for 24 hours. All the catalytic reactions were monitored using GC-FID. The supported CAS catalyst showed lower percentage selectivity and yield of 2-amino-3H-phenoxazin-3-one (APX), but gave higher TON than those obtained from homogeneous CAS. Oxidation of AP over supported CAS catalyst is considered as "green" process due to the recoverability of the catalyst. However, the leaching out of CAS catalyst from MCM-48 matrix has affected the catalytic performance of supported CAS catalyst. The supported CAS catalyst is proposed to have the catalytic activity mimicking the phenoxazinone enzyme, a copper-containing enzyme which catalyze the peptides-substituted o-aminophenol to phenoxazinone chromophore. This is because the supported CAS catalyst exhibits the catalytic behavior similar to phenoxazinone enzyme, which favors the oxidation of AP to APX via the formation of o-quinone imine (QI) intermediate. The effect of reaction time, temperature, molar ratio substrate to oxidant, different type of oxidant and different type of solvent to the oxidation of AP were also examined.


Leonas Panavas (1942‒2011) was a professional milling-machine operator at Vilnius metal-working plants who became a bibliophile and book binder due to his cultural aspirations. He was motivated by his complicated family and personal experiences as well as by his natural abilities. His book culture was developing in several directions. It was dominated by his collection of a personal library of scholarly bias, his strong inclination for reading, and bibliophily. Even though L. Panavas lacked higher education, his personal book culture surpassed not only that of an ordinary metal worker but also exceeded the competences achieved by some professionals in the humanities. The main motivation for his creative activities was bookbinding. It made up for the gaps in his specialized secondary education acquired in his younger days. With the aim of self-development, L. Panavas turned bookbinding into a way of life. To keep it going, he constantly solidified the material foundations of his craft, expanded the circle of his clientele and continuously perfected his professional skills and his style of binding. Striving for a qualitative progress, he made use of professional literature and expert consultations, visited exhibitions of original artefacts created by masters of binding and learned from them. The literature on bookbinding collected by him is valuable and diverse in content. It included the history of writing and book publishing, the methods and technology of binding, the graphics of type and ornamentation of covers, binding materials, and the restoration of ancient bookbindings. He did his best to familiarize himself with the professional publications on the related crafts (leather industry, paper making) in other countries (Russia, the United Kingdom, France, the USA, Czech Republic) even though, due to the lack of knowledge of foreign languages, he could not always use them to the best advantage. However, the bookbinder's reading range was not limited to professional literature only. His reading interests were truly universal and they were satisfied by a well selected personal library specializing in the humanities. Its characteristic feature is preservation of books and respect for them. In the present study, research into L. Panavas's book culture and bookbindings is based on his personal collection of over 150 professional bookbindings preserved by his family as well as on his private library and some documents. However, one feels the absence of more diverse archival material. A major part of bookbindings created by L. Panavas during 25 years of binding activities is dispersed in the private collections of his numerous customers. Researching them is a task for the future. Still, the study has made it possible to establish L. Panavas as an important participant of the Lithuanian book binding process during the period of the restoration of Lithuania's statehood and its consolidation (1985‒2010) as well as a productive craftsman.


The intention of this thesis has been to demonstrate the centrality of
Gryphius' awareness of time and eternity in his German lyrics. By way of
introduction, we have looked briefly at the poet's life and background, as
well as at the concept of poetry prevalent in his era.
In the main body of the thesis we have then proceeded to discuss the
poet's awareness of time and eternity as revealed, firstly, in the theme
and subject matter of his German lyrics, secondly, in structure and imagery.
Wherever relevant, reference has been made to his drama and funeral dissertations.
Having attempted to define the concepts of time and eternity - as far as
possible in terms of Gryphius' own statements - we have then dealt with the
poet's predominant themes: transience of universe, world-system, man and
his values, human life, the use and conquest of time - always within the
wider context of the awareness of time and eternity.
From the above analysis we have arrived at the following conclusions:
 far from being torn apart by the dichotomy between time and eternity, Gryphius'
whole creative personality is orientated towards the ultimate integration of
the two. This is not to deny, in any way, his profound sense of the transience
and futility of the things of time in themselves. But here his awareness does not end. While refusing to ascribe any eternal or eternalising qualities
to anything born of, or created in, time, he is swift to recognise that
the temporal may well serve as a pointer to the eternal. He also believes
in the potential of every individual to conquer time, not by any of the
temporal means, whose spuriousness he decries, but by availing himself of
the ultimate conquest of time accomplished by Christ.
It is still within this essentially Christian framework that we have
viewed Gryphius' use of structure and imagery. In examining his exploitation
of the sonnet form, we have pointed to a definite correspondence between
structure and the view of life presented, it being virtually impossible, in
Gryphius' serious sonnets, to speak of intricacy of form for its own sake.
Similarly, in the domain of imagery, we have detected a clear purpose behind
his incorporation of even the most conventional metaphors and similes.
We have shown that Gryphius' frequent use of allegory and emblem is
highly symptomatic of his assessment of time in the light of eternity: it
is not just that merely incidental or accidental phenomena from the material
realm may assume universal and spiritual significance, but rather that,
according to Gryphius' conviction, the temporal assumes value, significance
and durability only as it is brought into focus with the eternal.
In our final conclusion we have noted that, for Gryphius, the only unit
of time to which man may lay any claim is the moment. Depending on the
individual's attitude towards it, it is either an elusive, moving point in
the inexorable course of time or the very point at which eternity offers
itself to us.


Birds are indicators of vegetation structure and ecological conditions. The singing activity of birds declines during late-morning periods, which can affect estimates of abundance and conclusions regarding vegetative conditions indexed by birds. Therefore, it is important to quantify periods of bird activity so biologists can plan studies. We determined hourly detections from singing males of 22 n ongame bird species in ponderosa pine, quaking aspen, and grassland vegetation types in the Black Hills of South Dakota. Detections of 12 of 22 species differed among 1 -hr intervals after sunrise. Detections of yellowrumped warblers, Townsend's solitaires, red-breasted nuthatches, western tanagers, and American robins decreased on count-episodes more than 4 hrs after sunrise. Detections of dusky flycatchers declined on count-episodes more than 3 hrs after sunrise and detections of black-capped chickadees were greatest during the first hour after sunrise and declined afterward. Detections of many other species from songs or calls decreased on count-episodes more than 5 hrs after sunrise. We recommend that bird counts in the Black Hills be completed within 4 hrs after sunrise so estimates of bird abundance are not affected by reduced singing among males.


The Domain Name System (DNS) is an essential protocol used by both legitimate Internet applications and cyber attacks. For example, botnets rely on DNS to support agile command and control infrastructures. An effective way to disrupt these attacks is to place malicious domains on a "blocklist" (or "blacklist") or to add a filtering rule in a firewall or network intrusion detection system. To evade such security countermeasures, attackers have used DNS agility, e.g., by using new domains daily to evade static blacklists and firewalls. In this paper we propose Notos, a dynamic reputation system for DNS. The premise of this system is that malicious, agile use of DNS has unique characteristics and can be distinguished from legitimate, professionally provisioned DNS services. Notos uses passive DNS query data and analyzes the network and zone features of domains. It builds models of known legitimate domains and malicious domains, and uses these models to compute a reputation score for a new domain indicative of whether the domain is malicious or legitimate. We have evaluated Notos in a large ISP's network with DNS traffic from 1.4 million users. Our results show that Notos can identify malicious domains with high accuracy (true positive rate of 96.8%) and low false positive rate (0.38%), and can identify these domains weeks or even months before they appear in public blacklists.


Vegetable oil causes problem when used as fuel in compression ignition engines. This problem is due to high viscosity and low volatility of vegetable oils, which can be minimized by the process of trans-esterification. The relatively high cost of refined vegetable oils render the resulting fuels unable to compete with petroleum derived fuel. To reduce the cost of biodiesel a relatively low cost palm fatty acid which is the by- product of palm oil refinery was chosen as feed stock. A two step acid catalyzed methanolysis process is employed for efficient conversion of palm fatty acid into palm fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). The conversion of palm fatty acid into palm FAME was done on pilot plant. This paper presents the results of performance of compression ignition engine fueled with different blends of high speed diesel with biodiesel obtained from conversion of palm fatty acid. Parameters like torque, brake specific fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency were calculated at different loads for pure diesel and different combinations of dual fuel. The results indicate that, in case of palm fatty acid biodiesel, the dual fuel combination of B40 can be used in the diesel engines without making any engine modifications.

 Key words: Trans-esterification, methanolysis, palm fatty acid, fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), compression ignition engine, triglyceride (TG).


Although interventions that emphasize the role of knowledge in invoking behaviour change have recently become unpopular, the Community Health Club (CHC) model has demonstrated how group knowledge, consensus building, and peer pressure can be applied to achieve hygiene behaviour change. To date, the model has predominantly been implemented in rural settings, with limited testing in urban communities. In 2012, CHCs started in Haiti as a grassroots initiative, growing from six clubs in six Port-au-Prince communities to 66 clubs across 30 communities in 2015. This paper focuses on the 23 clubs formed between March 2012 and July 2014, when a retrospective process and outcome evaluation was conducted. Using a mixed methods study design, this evaluation used interviews with CHC facilitators and household surveys in three case neighbourhoods to assess how the CHC model was implemented and if differences exist between CHC graduates and non-members. The CHCs have successfully facilitated social bonding, while gradu...


Abstract In the health and social care sector, tiered services have become an increasingly influential way of organising professional expertise to address the needs of vulnerable people. Drawing on its application to UK child welfare services, this paper discusses the merits of the tiered model from a socio-technical perspective – an approach that has emerged from the fields of accident analysis and systems design. The main elements of a socio-technical critique are outlined and used to explore how tiered services provide support to families and prevent harm to children. Attention is drawn to the distribution of expertise and resources in a tiered system, and to the role of referral and gate-keeping procedures in dispersing accountability for outcomes. An argument is made for designing systems "against demand", and the paper concludes by discussing some alternative models of multi-agency provision.


Making traceable power measurements above 110 GHz using current measurement technologies is challenging. We investigate a design of power sensor consisting of a thermocouple-based integrated circuit (IC) mounted as a finline component in WR-6 waveguide. The design is original in that it contains an antenna, terminating resistor and thermocouples on-chip. We detail the design and report results from simulations and measurements made on a two-port 16:1 scale model. Our design of scale model provides both insertion and reflection loss measurements. Electromagnetic simulation and easily-calibrated model measurements confirm that the short antenna fins feasible on a monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) can achieve acceptable specifications. The design proves to be relatively insensitive to the value of the terminating resistance or the size of the antenna fins.


In photosynthesis absorbed sun light produces collective excitations (excitons) that form a coherent superposition of electronic and vibrational states of the individual pigments. Two-dimensional (2D) electronic spectroscopy allows a visualization of how these coherences are involved in the primary processes of energy and charge transfer. Based on quantitative modeling we identify the exciton-vibrational coherences observed in 2D photon echo of the photosystem II reaction center (PSII-RC). We find that the vibrations resonant with the exciton splittings can modify the delocalization of the exciton states and produce additional states, thus promoting directed energy transfer and allowing a switch between the two charge separation pathways. We conclude that the coincidence of the frequencies of the most intense vibrations with the splittings within the manifold of exciton and charge-transfer states in the PSII-RC is not occurring by chance, but reflects a fundamental principle of how energy conversion in photosynthesis was optimized.


There is a radiance in her smile. That flush of joy, caught in the curve of her lips, is almost infectious. And perhaps it is: the same look manifests itself on the faces of all the children and adults behind her—a sizeable, almost intimidating crowd that fades into the otherwise barren background. Their gazes all land on one man. His face is not shown, but his round glasses, hunched shoulders, and muted black uniform already betray his identity. His name is Aaron Feis. He is the football coach who threw himself in front of his students in the mass shooting at Marjory Stonemason Douglas High School in Florida. The gravity of his death, juxtaposed against those delightful smiles, produces an almost jarring effect. But the title of this editorial cartoon, "Hero's Welcome," by American artist Pia Guerra—as well as the dialogue bubble in the cartoon: "Come on Mister Feis! So many of us want to meet you!"—transforms that the initial shock into something much more complicated. The crowd represents those killed in mass school shootings. The place, then, symbolizes heaven. I start crying when I see it.
The intensity of emotions I felt was not unique. Across the Internet, the editorial cartoon evoked an enormous public reaction, and the artist Guerra appeared on various mainstream news outlets. A Washington Post article by Samantha Schmidt recorded a teacher's statement: "I saw this earlier, and I sat in front of my students and cried. And then I showed it to them, and they cried, too. Very powerful" (Schmidt). And yet, within a short span of time, the cartoon drew backlash because not a single person of color appeared in the crowd—a representation that contradicts the diverse populations of the victims.
This cartoon, as well as the layered reaction it generated, complicates the existing dialogue on the ethics of representation. In her essay, "Who Gets to Be Human on the Evening News?" Columbia Journalism School professor Alisa Solomon writes of the recurrent trope of "the universal human subject," a form of representation that "depends on extracting subjects from history, stirring viewers to shed a tear over human torment but not to consider questions of justice" (1587). Aimed at evoking empathy and identification, such representation—as Solomon contends—often confers humanity by "putting 'innocent victims' at the center of the stories" (1591). In the case of Guerra's cartoon, enormous emphasis on the innocent, almost angelic, demeanor of the victims lies at the core of its success. The artistic choice to not depict a single person of color, therefore, bears pernicious implications. In a country that has long equated whiteness with innocence and blackness with criminality, it is hard not to interpret the cartoon as reinforcing racist tropes. After all, the cartoon's representation of exclusively white victims invokes the assumption that this racial group alone is innocent and worthy of empathy. By extension, those not depicted—that is to say, all non-white victims—do not fit the mold of "the universal human subject." Coupled with the over-representation of black criminals in the media landscape, the sole depiction of white victims in Guerra's artwork carries a striking undertone of racial discrimination. How, then, should we weigh the merits of a piece that advances an important human rights issue at the expense of reinforcing racial stereotypes?
One response may be found in Harvard professor Elaine Scarry's essay "The Difficulty of Imagining Other People," a work that likewise explores the framework of representation. First acknowledging the limitations and inherent subjectivity of any attempt at depiction, Scarry speaks of the "imaginative labor of knowing the other," a conscious act of mobilizing our creative capacity to better understand and empathize (103). In articulating the pitfalls of imagination, Scarry expresses two concerns: a tendency to "typically contemplate the other in the singular" and the troubling consequence that the victim's fate is "contingent on the generosity and wisdom of the imaginer" (103; 106). Guerra's cartoon seems to avoid the trap of the first problem by depicting a crowd. However, in reality, it still falls into that same trap, because the group is monochromatic. In terms of race, portraying an all-white crowd defeats the very purpose of invoking the plural. It embodies the same shortcomings as depicting one individual. As a result, Guerra's artistic choice to treat "the other" as a singular entity conveys a terrifying, albeit implicit, message that white victims alone qualify for imaginative labor. It is only natural, then, that the subsequent empathy, or what Scarry describes as the "generosity and wisdom of the imaginer," does not extend to people of color (106). In its attempt to depict the sufferings of "the other"—namely white victims of school shootings—the cartoon has, therefore, primed its viewer to create another binary of "us" and "them." In this case, the mobilization of imagination is not so much marked by its creative potential to generate empathy, but rather by its crippling ability to neglect and exclude.
That very failure to extend empathy to the full spectrum of victims, in fact, lies at the intersection of Solomon and Scarry's arguments. Whereas Solomon addresses the viewer's inability to identify with those beyond "the universal human subject," Scarry pinpoints the pitfalls of only imagining and empathizing with a singular group of victims. Both authors share in the conviction that attention to the particularity of each victim is indispensable. Guerra's cartoon did not meet this expectation. And yet, although the cartoon failed to acknowledge the entire affected population, it is unfair and misguided to deny the real, visceral reaction it generated in viewers. Those who retweeted Guerra's cartoon, recorded their emotional response, or vocalized their interpretation come from diverse backgrounds. They represent a wide array of Internet users from different socioeconomic classes, ages, genders, educational backgrounds, and—most definitely—races. Those affected by the cartoon are more than the "singular" or "universal" or "monochromatic" subjects depicted. They represent a much fuller spectrum than the drawn victims. This very fact, therefore, brings ambiguity to Solomon and Scarry's logic. Indeed, although the cartoon itself failed to invoke the fullness and diversity of its subjects, how might we reconcile the fact that the viewers, each with multifaceted identities and vested interests, are capable of imagining differently?
A nuanced reading of Solomon and Scarry's work reveals that both authors, in fact, offer ways to consider this implication. Solomon articulates the current, ongoing practice that our media "takes its cues from the human rights community," stating that "human rights workers are sources for our stories" (1591). Here, the "human rights community" can be interpreted broadly as all viewers of Guerra's cartoon who partook in the movement of gun control, fighting—in big or small ways—against the violation of human rights. In participating in this battle, not only did they fight on behalf of all victims, they also brought to the table their own varied identities and concerns. They illuminated the question of race and contested the ethics of representation. This almost collaborative back-and-forth between the artwork and the viewers, therefore, pushes the issue of gun control under the spotlight of intersectionality. The criticism about the cartoon's failed representation of race, which was recounted in numerous mainstream news outlets, provides concrete evidence of the ways in which human rights advocates become the very "sources for our stories" (1591). Indeed, Scarry insists that human rights activism—and the imaginative labor it mandates—ultimately "recreates us…[and] is a lever across which we act on, and continually revise, ourselves" (110). At the heart of Scarry's argument is an emphasis on continual and collaborative effort. She invokes the vocabulary of "us", "we", and "ourselves" to remind us that we must act because we have personal stakes in this shared endeavor (110). After all, Guerra's cartoon may be flawed in its representation of race, but any attempt at depiction is inadequate and intrinsically biased. It is only the collective decision to contribute to the ongoing discourse—to be conscientious viewers—that makes empathy possible in its fullest form.
Over and over again I read Guerra's cartoon dialogue bubble: "Come on Mister Fies! So many of us want to meet you!" I begin to realize that the "us" is not only the crowd depicted. That "us" also includes the daunting, enraged mass of Internet users—perhaps a street, a city, or even a continent away—who want to see. We do not have to be depicted within the confines of the page to feel a sharp, visceral pain. That raw reaction already initiates us into the shared fight against human suffering. I must partake in this fight because my multifaceted identity allows me to transform a few more of "them" into "us"; because my imagination adds to our collective capacity for empathy; and because I see, and want to see, colors beyond the monochromatic.

WORKS CITED
@PiaGuerra. "Hero's Welcome." Twitter, 15 Feb. 2018, 12:45 p.m., twitter.com/PiaGuerra/status/964239386131906561
Scarry, Elaine. "The Difficulty of Imagining Other People." For Love of Country?, edited by Martha Nussbaum, Beacon Press, 2002, pp. 98-110.
Schmidt, Samantha. "This Single Cartoon about School Shootings Is Breaking People's Hearts." Washington Post, 20 Feb. 2018, www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2018/02/20/this-single-cartoon-about-school-shootings-is-breaking-peoples-hearts/?utm_term=.7c7302521d3d.
Solomon, Alisa. "Who Gets to Be Human on the Evening News?" PMLA, vol. 121, no. 5, Oct. 2006, pp. 1585–1592. JSTOR.


The letters of Paul in the New Testament offer a number of insights which are relevant to the Theology of Religions, a branch of Christian Theology concerned with articulating a view of other religions and their adherents. This thesis seeks to offer a constructive approach to Paul's theology in relation to contemporary Theology of Religions and argue for an exclusivist view, positing that faith in Christ is uniquely the mode of salvation and that there is no basis in Paul's theology for confidence in other religions as mediatory of salvation or divine revelation. Paul broadly aligns with what is known as the exclusivist view in the Theology of Religions, seeing faith in Christ as necessary for salvation. Paul views both Jew and Gentile non-Christians as standing under divine judgement and oppressed by sin. Gentile religion is viewed as an idolatrous response to natural revelation, and can be demonic in character. It is unable to offer true knowledge of God or to effect salvation. Salvation is achievable only by divine action to rescue, which Paul believes only occurs through faith in Jesus Christ. Paul's theology divides humanity into two groups using his Adam-Christ dichotomy, with Christians seen as united to Christ and all others being associated with Adam. Conversion is a transfer from the realm of Adam to the realm of Christ, which implies an ontological transformation at the deepest levels of the human person.


As late as mid-1941 the two territories of Alaska and Hawaii were little known by most Americans. Alaska was seen as a frozen wasteland and Hawaii, an exotic outpost in the mid-Pacific with a multi-racial, particularly Asian, population. The bombing of Pearl Harbor in late 1941 and the capture of two Aleutian Islands in 1942 made the two territories central theatres of World War II. Thousands of Americans came to know Alaska and Hawaii as never before. Once the war ended both territories hoped that statehood would be their reward for such loyal wartime service. Their strategic locations pointed to an increased national involvement in the Pacific and Asia. The 49th and 50th states would eventually be admitted, but it took thirteen years, from 1946 to 1959, to do it. The long delay was caused by many of the events of the Cold War. Both territories became enmeshed in the national politics of anti-communism, radical labour movements, and Arctic policy to resist a Soviet air attack across the polar North. A cadre of statehood supporters emerged to make their case to the nation, including the young Daniel Inouye of Hawaii and Ted Stevens of Alaska, both of whom would become two of the most powerful senators in Congress.


Our forthcoming book, Welfare Theory, Public Action and Ethical Values challenges the belief that, until modern welfare economics introduced issues such as justice, freedom and equality, economists adopted what Amartya Sen called "welfarism." This is the belief that the welfare of society depends solely on the ordinal utilities of the individuals making up the society. Containing chapters on some of the leading twentieth-century economists, including Walras, Marshall, Pigou, Pareto, Samuelson, Musgrave, Hicks, Arrow, Coase and Sen, as well as lesser-known figures, including Ruskin, Hobson and contributors to the literature on capabilities, the book argues that, whatever their theoretical commitments, when economists have considered practical problems they have adopted a wider range of ethical values, attaching weight to equality, justice and freedom. Part 1 explains the concepts of welfarism and non-welfarism and explores ways in which economists have departed from welfarism when tackling practical problems and public policy. Part 2 explores the reasons for this. When moving away from abstract theories to consider practical problems it is often hard not to take an ethical position and economists have often been willing to do so. We conclude that economics needs to recognise this and to become more of a moral science.


Purpose - – The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of price discounts on products perceived to provide hedonic value vs those perceived to evoke displeasure. Also examined were the effects of various discount levels on consumer intentions to purchase. Design/methodology/approach - – The study design was a 2 (emotion-evoked) × 2 (price) × 3 (level of discount) mixed-factorial design. In this study, 182 participants were presented with several products and indicated whether they would shop with a competitor offering various price discounts on pleasure- vs displeasure-evoking products. Findings - – ANOVA results indicated a significant main effect of price discounts on intention to purchase and a significant interaction between price discount and type/price of product. Discounts mattered more between certain levels (10 and 50 per cent) than others (50 versus 70 per cent). Discounts mattered more for hedonic products (pleasure-evoking) than those that evoked displeasure; however, price trumped all factors such that discounts mattered most when price of product is high. Research limitations/implications - – Limitations include age range of participants and that intentions to shop were measured. Future research should examine price effects on other socio-demographic groups and actual behavior. Practical implications - – Retailers would benefit from using price discounts as a competitive strategy, with attention given to the "percentage-off" levels that are perceived to be steeper. Discounts are more effective when the product offers hedonic value or when price is high. Originality/value - – To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the relationship between "percentage-off" price discounts on hedonic products. This study contributes to the literature on pricing affect.


Students of Criminology have often been cautioned that careerwise they are facing a dead-end with little prospects of job opportunities. In a similar vein, Criminology as a subject has been regarded by some as mainly theoretical in nature with limited practical application. The latter accusation has been proved groundless as contemporary textbooks and updated syllabi indicate practical examples and constructive outcomes. To address career possibilities for Criminologists one should firstly determine the role of Criminologists in the Human Sciences, followed by the skills that have to be acquired to fulfil such a role in order to realise the contributions which Criminologists could make towards combatting crime.


The European Union increasingly relies on the willingness of citizens to support the delegation of authority from their national governments to European institutions. Major policy crises have the ability to profoundly shape public support and opposition to greater European integration. In this article, we consider the implications of the COVID-19 pandemic for public support of greater European integration. We build on the utilitarian approaches to develop an account of the pandemic's implications for citizens' views on the need for more EU-level policy making. We contend that higher levels of concern for COVID-19 correspond to higher support for further European integration. We then go on to argue that this relationship is conditioned by ideology. We find support for our hypotheses using a nationally-representative survey of 4400 German respondents fielded in April and May 2020.


With the rise of multi-core architecture, parallel programming is an increasingly important topic for software engineers and computer system designers. Written by well-known researchers Larry Snyder and Calvin Lin, this highly anticipated first edition emphasizes the principles underlying parallel computation, explains the various phenomena, and clarifies why these phenomena represent opportunities or barriers to successful parallel programming. Ideal for an advanced upper-level undergraduate course, Parallel Programming supplies enduring knowledge that will outlive the current hardware and software, aiming to inspire future researchers to build tomorrow's solutions. "...the first basic book on the subject that I've ever seen that seems to have the pulse on the true issues of parallelism that are relevant for students." --Alan Edelman, MIT "Principles of Parallel Programming is a wonderful book and I plan to use it in our new parallel programming course..."---Peiyi Tang, University of Arkansas, Little Rock "I like [Principles of Parallel Programming] very much for a few specific reasons: it's concise, covers the most relevant topics but does not take thousand pages to do it, it is hands on and it covers. ..recent developments with multi-core and GPGPU." --Edin Hodzic, Santa Clara University


Purpose

One of the most innovative library services recently introduced by public and academic libraries, the technology of 3D printing, has the potential to be used in multiple educational settings. The purpose of this paper is to examine how this novel library digital service motivates students' learning, and to investigate managerial issues related to the introduction of 3D printing services at a medium-size urban community college library with restricted funding.

Design/methodology/approach

Since Fall 2014, the LaGuardia Library Media Resources Center has been offering a portable consumer-end 3D printer for classroom use. This paper provides historical context for the implementation of 3D printing as a service offered by librarians and discusses how the community college library managed 3D printing services to support class curriculum. At the end of the three-semester-long project students were asked to volunteer to take a survey conducted by the librarian and the class instructor.

Findings

The results of the student survey demonstrated that library 3D printing services significantly promoted students' motivation to learn. The conceptual model of a makerspace should be an essential part of the twenty-first century academic library. To help make that possible this paper examines certain challenges and limitations faced by librarians when introducing 3D printing, including dedicated space management, professional education, and personnel availability.

Originality/value

During the project described students were able to use library services to print out and study complex engineering and biology models in 3D. The proper planning and management of this innovative service allows academic librarians to enhance class curriculum by providing the means of transforming theory into physical reality.


Accurate characterization of two-qubit gates will be critical for any realization of quantum computation. We discuss a range of measurements for characterizing two-qubit gates. These measures are architecture-independent and span a range of complexity from simple measurement routines to full quantum-state and process tomography. Simple indicative measures, which flag but do not quantify gate operation in the quantum regime, include the fringe visibility, parity, Bell-state fidelity, and entanglement witnesses. Quantitative measures of gate output states include linear entropy and tangle; measures of, and error bounds to, whole-gate operation are provided by metrics such as process fidelity, process distance, and average gate fidelity. We discuss which measures are appropriate, given the stage of development of the gate, and highlight connections between them.


Sea ports are indispensable parts of the marine transport operations. As a brief technical description a sea port is an allocated location on a coast or shore containing one or more quay/berth where ships can dock and transfer people or cargo to land from ship or to ship from land. In terms of container transport operations even better port services are desired to provide viability of reliable liner shipping service. Therefore, port competition to supply better port services is one of the natural consequences of the container transport evolution in the globalisation era. Broadly, the port competition appears as price and quality based between the container ports and terminals which serve to collided hinterlands. In Izmir region of Turkey, three active container ports, namely Izmir Alsancak Port, Nemport and TCEGE Container Terminal, are serving to customer demands with approximately 1.8 million TEU handling capacity at present. In addition, a container terminal extension project of Izmir Alsancak port is going to add approximately 1 million TEU new port capacities to the competition. On the other hand, two potential large scale port investments (Candarli Port complex and APM Petlim Container Port) which are in construction stage will also join to the port competition of Izmir in near future. In consideration of logistical demand, the mentioned new two container ports and extension project of the Izmir Alsancak port will likely to cause a significant amount of port handling capacity oversupply for the hinterland demand in early years of the investments. This capacity oversupply is going to complicate competition game and conditions even much more between ports of Izmir region and confuse the industrial customers and the shipping liners regarding to port choice. The methodological approach of this study aims to develop a Hybrid Port Competition Analysis Model (HPCAM) to analyse port competition with different commercial aspects. The study divides HPCAM to two different methodological stages. First proposed method is to apply the Multi Attribute Value Analysis (MAVA) of the Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) science in order to analyse the competitiveness of the given port alternatives to meet industrial customer demand. In this approach, multiple factors/criteria are determined which affect the dynamics of port competition in order to attract interest of the industrial customers. Service cost, location, service time, delays and waiting, network accessibility and service varieties may be considered as main criteria consisting of many determined sub-criteria. Second proposed method is to develop a game theoretical strategy concept to apply on the port competition regarding to service expectations of the shipping liners. Integration and comparison of the both methodological approaches is going to provide valuable findings to analyse competitiveness level of container ports in Izmir more accurately. Outcomes of this research may help for future business development strategies of port operators of the Izmir region. This study is expected to provide a clear holistic comprehending about the underlying dynamics of the port competition for all counterparties involved in container transport operations.


The aim of this research study is to examine the reduction in sports activity of the students of Sciences of the Physical Activity and Sport of the University of Leon at the beginning of their studies, and the relationship between the consumption of injurious substances and their poor physical exercise. We passed a self elaborated questionnaire to students of our Faculty to analyze: 1 st , motivations and attitudes of the students towards their degreeand their professional preferences; 2 nd , if the reduction in sports practice had occurred at the beginning of their studies; and 3 rd , which habits of consumption of tobacco and alcohol our students had before and during the studies. Results show the considerable decrease of sports activity at the beginning of the degree; the proggresive decrese in the motivation towards these studies, and, finally, the high percentage of students who consume alcohol increasing with the time, and the opposite result with tobacco. KEY WORDS: Sports practice, attitudes, motivation, alcohol and tobacco.


My intention was, not to survey political novels, or the ones I like best, or novels that meet some ahistorical standard of excellence, but to consider those that are in one way or another central to American bourgeois culture, and to help students understand that culture through their reading of the novels. . . . I adopted an approach that might be unsympathetically described as building the novels up in order to knock them down. But I think the strategy is warranted. Looking closely at what's good in one of these novels almost invariably means following some insight into the difficulty of living a good life on the terms offered by our society. (Many of the novelists would probably let it go at "living a good life," but since they take America as a given, the mimesis of capitalism is always there.) This is, to put it crudely, the problem posed by each novel, often revealingly. Most go on to hint at solutions, and here's where I think they fall apart. They displace politics and offer personal or anarchist or pre-industrial remedies for human sorrows that are rooted in advanced capitalist, industrial society.


This paper presents and discusses the results of survey questionnaires administered to both students and teachers of the Botswana General Certificate of Secondary Education (BGCSE) ESL on their attitudes towards and perceptions of speaking in English, its teaching and assessment. Both students and teachers were asked to complete survey questionnaires in which they were asked both closed and open ended questions on their attitudes towards the teaching and learning of ESL. The findings indicate that the attitudes of both students and teachers towards speaking were found to have remained positive, in spite of the fact that it is not tested in the BGCSE English exam. However the study indicates that the teachers' perceptions of the BGCSE English examination's influence on students' attitudes towards learning speaking was affected, and their perceptions of the exam's influence on their work with regard to speaking was also affected. It was also found that the BGCSE English examination has had some impact on classroom practice. The teachers reported that they taught writing and reading, which are tested in the exam, more than speaking and listening, which are not tested. The students also ranked writing and reading as the skills in which they do most exercises/tasks as compared to listening and speaking. However, the impact on classroom practice in the Botswana study was mitigated by the sociolinguistic status of English in Botswana.


Griscelli syndrome (GS) (MIM 214450) is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by partial albinism with silvery gray hair, recurrent infections, cellular immunodeficiency and neurological abnormalities. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a monophasic, immune-mediated disorder that produces multifocal demyelinating lesions within the central nervous system. We report a three years and six months old girl patient with GS who presented ADEM. GS was diagnosed when she was six months old. She was admitted to hospital because of ataxia, gait disturbance and somnolence for four days. The physical examination revealed hyperreactive deep tendon reflexes, lower limb power was grade 3/5, bilaterally positive Achilles' clonus and Babinsky's sign. Laboratory investigations including complete blood cell count, serum biochemistry analysis, fibrinogen level and bone marrow examination were all within normal limits. The cerebrospinal fluid showed no pleocytosis with increased protein level. Brain and spinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed multifocal abnormal high-signal intensity mainly in the white matter of the cerebellum, brainstem and spinal cord as well as in the cerebrum. The typical MRI findings and an acute monophasic clinical course of this case led to a diagnosis of ADEM. Patient was treated with high dose corticosteroids, but she was died in seventh days of the therapy. ADEM and GS association has not been reported previously to the best of our knowledge. ADEM also should be mind when a child with GS was encountered neurological findings.


This thesis investigates two issues. It studies the interpretations of sentences with plural arguments and it analyzes anaphoricity triggered by the presence of semantically plural nouns. Regarding the first point, it is standardly assumed that sentences with plural arguments can have many interpretations. This thesis discusses various psycholinguistic experiments, as well as two new questionnaire studies, which show in detail how the preferences among these interpretations depend on the type of noun phrase, including preferences that are commonly not acknowledged in the semantic literature. One goal of this thesis is to offer a semantic and pragmatic account which captures all the interpretations but can also explain why some are preferred over others. The explanation is used for studying the anaphoric expressions `same', `different', `others' and reciprocals. What these expressions share is their ability to be anaphoric sentence-internally if there is a semantically plural noun in the clause. However, the availability of this reading depends on the type of noun phrase used, in a similar way that preferences in the interpretations do. Based on these and other data, the thesis offers a novel formal semantic analysis of reciprocals and argues for a particular semantics of `same', `different' and `others'. It is shown what consequences the analysis has for our understanding of anaphoricity and plurality. This study is relevant for scholars working on binding, anaphora, and the semantics and pragmatics of pluralities. More generally, it is of interest to scholars in the field of semantics and pragmatics, as well as for linguists working on the syntax-semantics interface


This research is quantitative research that aims to examine the relationship between the perception of regional autonomy with employee involvement. The level of involvement of employees will vary and is influenced by various factors, among others, applied organizational culture, work ethic, job satisfaction, and situational characteristics. Involvement is the level where employees work together and get into the job, delivering time and energy into it and looked at the job as the center of his whole life, where the involvement of employees to share information, knowledge, rewards and power of the organization. High work involvement will make a rare late and absent employees, and make someone enjoy their
participation in decision making. The situation that developed at this time can only affect one's level of job involvement. For example, is currently widespread public parties observe the implementation of regional autonomy. Regional autonomy that was running to get a different rating to each individual. Assessment of the implementation of regional autonomy that is what is called the perception of regional autonomy. Perceptions of autonomy may affect the working person's level of involvement. Thus, the hypothesis proposed in this research is no relationship between the perception of regional autonomy with employee involvement. The subjects in this study were employees who worked in the Office of Family Planning and Family Welfare as well as employees of the District General Hospital Pamekasan. The research subject was taken through a purposive sampling technique and methods of data collection using a scale, namely (1) the scale of perceptions about regional autonomy, and (2) job involvement scale. Analyzing data using product moment correlation technique and the computer program SPSS (Statistics Programme For Social Science) version 10.0. From the results of this study concluded that there was no significant relationship between the perception of regional autonomy with employee involvement, with correlation coefficient (r) = 0129 and opportunities for error (P) = 0432.


In the traffic assignment problem, commuters select the shortest available path to travel from a given origin to a given destination. This system has been studied for over 50 years since Wardrop's seminal work (1952). Motivated by freight companies, which need to ship goods across the network, we study a generalization of the traffic assignment problem in which some competitors control a non-negligible fraction of the total flow. This type of games, usually referred to as atomic games, readily applies to situations in which some competitors have market power. Other applications include telecommunication network service providers, intelligent transportation systems, and scheduling with flexible machines. Our goal is to determine whether these systems can benefit from some form of coordination or regulation. We measure the quality of the outcome of the game when there is no centralized control by computing the worst-case inefficiency of Nash equilibria. The main conclusion is that although self-interested competitors will not achieve a fully efficient solution from the system's point of view, the loss is not too severe. We show how to compute several bounds for the worst-case inefficiency, which depend on the characteristics of cost functions and the market structure in the game. In addition, building upon the work of Catoni and Pallotino (1991), we show examples in which market aggregation (or collusion) can adversely impact the aggregated competitors, even though their market power increases. For example, all Nash equilibria of an atomic network game may be less efficient than the corresponding Wardrop equilibrium. When the market structure is simple enough, we give an optimization formulation of the Nash equilibrium and prove that this counter-intuitive phenomenon does not arise. Finally, we offer a pricing mechanism that elicits more coordination from the players by reducing the worst-case inefficiency of Nash equilibria.


We study the impact on the primordial abundances of light elements created of a variation of the quark masses at the time of Big Bang nucleosynthesis (BBN). In order to navigate through the particle and nuclear physics required to connect quark masses to binding energies and reaction rates in a model-independent way we use lattice QCD data and an hierarchy of effective field theories. We find that the measured {sup 4}He abundances put a bound of {delta}-1% {approx}< m{sub q}/m{sub 1} {approx}< 0.7%. The effect of quark mass variations on the deuterium abundances can be largely compensated by changes of the baryon-to-photon ratio {eta}. Including the bounds on the variation of {eta} coming from WMAP results and some additional assumptions narrows the range of allowed values of {delta}m{sub q}/m{sub q} somewhat.