Background and aim Health literacy is a term used to describe the ability of individuals to access, understand and use health information. Lower health literacy levels are associated with increased mortality and morbidity, and are more prevalent in older adult populations. UK NHS policy advocates meaningful patient engagement in healthcare. Vital health information is often inaccessible and older adults are not always sufficiently supported by healthcare providers to meaningfully engage with healthcare decisions. There is little research in this area. This research aimed to identify facilitators and barriers to meeting older adults' health literacy needs in clinical practice, from patients' and healthcare providers' perspectives. Methods This research comprised two discrete but interconnecting phases; the findings from the first phase led to the development of the second. The first phase involved conducting semi-structured interviews with nine older adults (aged 65 years and over) attending a falls clinic in the South of England. Participants' health literacy was measured using the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine and the Newest Vital Sign-UK. Interviews explored older adults' views and experiences about access to the service, provider-patient interaction and self-management. Interpretative phenomenological analysis was used to interrogate the data. The second phase involved four focus groups with 22 healthcare providers working with older adults, and explored views about meeting older adults' health literacy needs. Framework analysis was applied to the focus group data. Findings Both phases of the research revealed the importance of building relationships and trust, tailoring healthcare information to individuals' needs and social support when meeting older adults' health literacy needs. Limitations or concerns about the use of health literacy screening were also identified in both phases. All older adult participants emphasised the importance of clear and simple communication; contrastingly, the healthcare providers expressed strong reservations about using 'universal precautions' with all patients. Healthcare providers also had low awareness about health literacy and appeared to shift the responsibility for development of health literacy onto public health and education sectors. Conclusion and implications for clinical practice The findings corroborate other research emphasising the essential role of face-to-face interactions in meeting older adults' health literacy needs and recognising health literacy as an interaction between individuals' personal capabilities and the demands of healthcare systems. This research uniquely identifies issues with the transference of the holistic health literacy concept to a UK healthcare setting, such as healthcare providers viewing health literacy as a static risk and shifting responsibility for development of health literacy onto public health and education sectors. This is the first study to qualitatively compare health literacy screening and universal precautions from healthcare providers' and older adults' perspectives, revealing practical and emotional issues with both approaches. The research also reinforces the importance of trust, tailoring interactions to older adults' unique attributes and goals and preferred learning and communication styles and social support. To engage older adults meaningfully in their healthcare, healthcare providers need support to develop their skills to meet their patients' health literacy needs. The findings also highlight that further research is needed to develop effective health literacy interventions for older adults and to ascertain the acceptability and utility of using health literacy screening or universal precautions with older adult patients.


People regularly face tasks that can be understood as navigation in information networks, where the goal is to find a path between two given nodes. In many such situations, the navigator only gets local access to the node currently under inspection and its immediate neighbors. This lack of global information about the network notwithstanding, humans tend to be good at finding short paths, despite the fact that real-world networks are typically very large. One potential reason for this could be that humans possess vast amounts of background knowledge about the world, which they leverage to make good guesses about possible solutions. In this paper we ask the question: Are human-like high-level reasoning skills really necessary for finding short paths? To answer this question, we design a number of navigation agents without such skills, which use only simple numerical features. We evaluate the agents on the task of navigating Wikipedia, a domain for which we also possess large-scale human navigation data. We observe that the agents find shorter paths than humans on average and therefore conclude that, perhaps surprisingly, no sophisticated background knowledge or high-level reasoning is required for navigating the complex Wikipedia network.


The Extreme Right in France, 1789 to the Present surveys the history of a fascinating but contentious political and intellectual tradition. Since 1789 the far right has been an important factor in French political life and in different eras has taken on a range of guises including traditionalism, ultra-royalism, radical nationalism, anti-Semitism and fascism. This book is structured around the five main phases of extreme right activity, and the author explores key questions about each: * Counter-revolution - what was the legacy of Joseph de Maistre's writings? * Anti-Third Republic protest - how was the 'new right' of the 1880s and 1890s different from the 'old right' of previous decades? * Inter-war fascism - how should we characterise the phenomenon of fascisme francaise? * Vichy - why did Petain and Laval collaborate with the Nazis? * The Post-war far right - what is the relationship between Poujadism, Algerie Francaise and Le Pen's FN?


Abstract Continuous and reliable position determination is very important in any navigation application. Therefore a combination and integration of different location techniques and positioning sensors is required. In most navigation applications this integration is performed using a Kalman filter approach. In this paper a new approach which makes use of knowledge-based systems for preprocessing the sensor observations is presented. In the preprocessing step the quality and reliability of the sensor observations is tested and gross errors and outliers are detected and eliminated. Furthermore the preprocessing step is used to determine the weightings of the sensor observations in the stochastic model of the following central Kalman filter. The weightings of the sensor observations can then be adjusted in the filter depending on their availability and quality. This approach is developed in a research project at our University for a pedestrian navigation and guidance service. In this project different location techniques such as GNSS and indoor positioning are combined with dead reckoning sensors (e.g. digital compass for heading determination, accelerometers for measurement of travelled distance, barometric pressure sensor for altitude determination) for continuous position determination of a pedestrian user. The project takes a user case into account, i.e., the navigation and guidance of visitors of our university to certain offices and persons. Selected results of field tests using different sensors are also presented in the paper. From the tests it could be seen that such a service can achieve a high accuracy and reliability for continuous position determination of a pedestrian user. It can also be expected that the performance of the system can be increased using the new intelligent knowledge-based Kalman filter approach for the integration of all available sensor observations.


What makes Alexander Great? His story has captured the imagination of authors, artists, philosophers, and politicians across more than two millennia. He has provided a point of convergence for religious and spiritual thinkers, he has been co-opted as a champion for gender and sexual openness, he represents a paradigm for would-be charismatic dictators (and their opponents), he gives us scientific imperialism and justification for conquistadorial dreaming, and he exemplifies the risks of cultural appropriation. To understand why Alexander resonates so widely across so many different fields of study, interest groups, and media, is an exercise in reception. This Alexander who has captured the imagination is triumphantly equivocal and it is in the plurality of traditions through which this complexity is expressed that his enduring "greatness" lies. The imaginary quality of Alexander is unsurprising because more profoundly than for any comparable individual from classical antiquity, his history is a product of reception from the start: every encounter with Alexander the Great is part of a conversation that depends substantially on accounts and narrative evidence from long after his death, and at the least at one remove from the historians who first and contemporaneously chronicled his life and achievements.
 These ancient traditions of Alexander are rooted in the contradictory and multifarious strands in which his achievements were retold and repurposed, even within his own lifetime. His rapid development as an ideological and cultural icon rather than as a purely historical character accelerated and amplified his significance far beyond that of the short-lived empire that he conquered. To trace all of these traditions and their significance, from antiquity to the 21st century, would be impossible. The aim here is to present a broad overview, focusing on Western reception but with citations and references enabling more detailed study of individual aspects and the Eastern traditions.


This paper describes the information properties of museum specimen labels and machine learning tools to automatically extract Darwin Core (DwC) and other metadata from these labels processed through Optical Character Recognition (OCR). The DwC is a metadata profile describing the core set of access points for search and retrieval of natural history collections and observation databases. Using the HERBIS Learning System (HLS) we extract 74 independent elements from these labels. The automated text extraction tools are provided as a web service so that users can reference digital images of specimens and receive back an extended Darwin Core XML representation of the content of the label. This automated extraction task is made more difficult by the high variability of museum label formats, OCR errors and the open class nature of some elements. In this paper we introduce our overall system architecture, and variability robust solutions including, the application of Hidden Markov and Naive Bayes machine learning models, data cleaning, use of field element identifiers, and specialist learning models. The techniques developed here could be adapted to any metadata extraction situation with noisy text and weakly ordered elements.


Context. On 27 April 2015, when comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko was at 1.76 au from the Sun and moving toward perihelion, the OSIRIS and VIRTIS-M instruments on board the Rosetta spacecraft simultaneously observed the evolving dust and gas coma during a complete rotation of the comet.
Aims. We aim to characterize the spatial distribution of dust, H2O, and CO2 gas in the inner coma. To do this, we performed a quantitative analysis of the release of dust and gas and compared the observed H2O production rate with the rate we calculated using a thermophysical model.
Methods. For this study we selected OSIRIS WAC images at 612 nm (dust) and VIRTIS-M image cubes at 612 nm, 2700 nm (H2O emission band), and 4200 nm (CO2 emission band). We measured the average signal in a circular annulus to study the spatial variation around the comet, and in a sector of the annulus to study temporal variation in the sunward direction with comet rotation, both at a fixed distance of 3.1 km from the comet center.
Results. The spatial correlation between dust and water, both coming from the sunlit side of the comet, shows that water is the main driver of dust activity in this time period. The spatial distribution of CO2 is not correlated with water and dust. There is no strong temporal correlation between the dust brightness and water production rate as the comet rotates. The dust brightness shows a peak at 0° subsolar longitude, which is not pronounced in the water production. At the same epoch, there is also a maximum in CO2 production. An excess of measured water production with respect to the value calculated using a simple thermophysical model is observed when the head lobe and regions of the southern hemisphere with strong seasonal variations are illuminated (subsolar longitude 270°–50°). A drastic decrease in dust production when the water production (both measured and from the model) displays a maximum occurs when typical northern consolidated regions are illuminated and the southern hemisphere regions with strong seasonal variations are instead in shadow (subsolar longitude 50°–90°). Possible explanations of these observations are presented and discussed.


In dynamic settings where data is exposed by streams, knowledge discovery aims at learning associations of data across streams. In the semantic Web, streams expose their meaning through evolutive versions of ontologies. Such settings pose challenges of scalability for discovering (a posteriori) knowledge. In our work, the semantics, identifying knowledge similarity and rarity in streams, together with incremental, approximate maintenance, control scalability while preserving accuracy of streams associations (as semantic rules) discovery.


Lonely Planet: The world's leading travel guide publisher Lonely Planet Vanuatu & New Caledonia is your passport to all the most relevant and up-to-date advice on what to see, what to skip, and what hidden discoveries await you. Experience true island-paradise on the black-sand beaches of Vanuatu, go to a kava bar with the locals, or have an underwater adventure in the world's largest lagoon; all with your trusted travel companion. Get to the heart of Vanuatu and New Caledonia and begin your journey now! Inside Lonely Planet Vanuatu & New Caledonia Travel Guide: *Colour maps and images throughout *Highlights and itineraries show you the simplest way to tailor your trip to your own personal needs and interests *Insider tips save you time and money and help you get around like a local, avoiding crowds and trouble spots *Essential info at your fingertips - including hours of operation, phone numbers, websites, transit tips, and prices *Honest reviews for all budgets - including eating, sleeping, sight-seeing, going out, shopping, and hidden gems that most guidebooks miss *Cultural insights give you a richer and more rewarding travel experience - including customs, history, art, literature, music, dance, architecture, politics, wildlife, and cuisine *Over 34 local maps *Useful features - including Month-by-Month (annual festival calendar), Diving, and Travel with Children *Coverage of Port Vila, Noumea, Santo, Tanna, Ile des Pins, Mare, Lifou, Ouvea, Pentecost, Ambrym, Grande Terre, Malekula, Epi, Efate, Maewo, Gaua, Baie d'Oro, and more The Perfect Choice: Lonely Planet Vanuatu & New Caledonia, our most comprehensive guide to Vanuatu and New Caledonia, is perfect for those planning to both explore the top sights and take the road less travelled. * Looking for more coverage? Check out Lonely Planet's South Pacific guide for a comprehensive look at what the whole region has to offer. Authors: Written and researched by Lonely Planet and Jayne D'Arcy. About Lonely Planet: Started in 1973, Lonely Planet has become the world's leading travel guide publisher with guidebooks to every destination on the planet, as well as an award-winning website, a suite of mobile and digital travel products, and a dedicated traveller community. Lonely Planet's mission is to enable curious travellers to experience the world and to truly get to the heart of the places they find themselves in. TripAdvisor Travelers' Choice Awards 2012 and 2013 winner in Favorite Travel Guide category 'Lonely Planet guides are, quite simply, like no other.' - New York Times 'Lonely Planet. It's on everyone's bookshelves; it's in every traveller's hands. It's on mobile phones. It's on the Internet. It's everywhere, and it's telling entire generations of people how to travel the world.' - Fairfax Media (Australia)


OBJECTIVES
This study analyzes and describes the literature of addictions treatment and indexing coverage for core journals in the field.

METHODS
Citations from three source journals for the years 2008 through 2010 were analyzed using the 2010 Mapping the Literature of Nursing and Allied Health Professions Project Protocol. The distribution of cited journals was analyzed by applying Bradford's Law of Scattering.

RESULTS
More than 40,000 citations were analyzed. Journals (2,655 unique titles) were the most frequently cited form of literature, with 10 journals providing one-third of the cited journal references. Drug and Alcohol Dependence was the most frequently cited journal. The frequency of cited addictions journals, formats cited, age of citations, and indexing coverage is identified.

CONCLUSIONS
Addictions treatment literature is widely dispersed among multidisciplinary publications with relatively few publications providing most of the citations. Results of this study will help researchers, students, clinicians, and librarians identify the most important journals and bibliographic indexes in this field, as well as publishing opportunities.


In the neoclassical model of consumer behavior, considerable work has been done investigating when a consumer's demand behavior can be described as having been derived from utility maximization. However, most discussions are in a certainty world. We expand on prior analyses in an uncertainty setting by providing conditions under which contingent claim and asset demands will be consistent with state independent Expected Utility maximization. The question is addressed using two different traditional approaches. First given the analytical form of the demand functions, we derive necessary and sufficient conditions such that the consumer's behavior can be rationalized by an Expected Utility function. Second, we provide a necessary and sufficient condition for a finite set of observations on prices, probabilities and quantities to be consistent with Expected Utility maximization for the case of a single commodity in each state. This condition is shown to be analogous to the strong axiom of revealed preference in classical certainty demand theory. For both approaches, we consider the complete and incomplete asset market cases.


As a general, Ulysses S. Grant is routinely described in glowing terms - the man who turned the tide of the Civil War, who accepted Lee's surrender at Appomattox, and who had the stomach to see the war through to final victory. But his presidency is another matter - the most common word used to characterize it is "scandal." Grant is routinely portrayed as a man out of his depth, whose trusting nature and hands-off management style opened the federal coffers to unprecedented plunder. But that caricature does not do justice to the realities of Grant's term in office, as Josiah Bunting III shows in this provocative assessment of our eighteenth president. Grant came to Washington in 1869 to lead a capital and a country still bitterly divided by four years of civil war. His predecessor, Andrew Johnson, had been impeached and nearly driven from office, and the radical Republicans in Congress were intent on imposing harsh conditions on the Southern states before allowing them back into the Union. Grant made it his priority to forge the states into a single nation, and Bunting shows that despite the troubles that characterized Grant's terms in office, he was able to accomplish this most important task-very often through the skillful use of his own popularity with the American people. Grant was indeed a military man of the highest order, and he was a better president than he is often given credit for.


The purpose of this synthesis of literature was to identify and analyze existing research that used experimental or quasi-experimental design in school-based agricultural education. This study utilized published articles in the Journal of Agricultural Education from the years 2006 through 2016. The study identified 35 articles that met the criteria of the investigation. Studies were analyzed and compared based on number of participants and duration. Trends in research constructs were found to be the impact of curriculum design, technology, laboratory approaches, and methods of active learning on student outcomes. Trends in researcher recommendations included extended treatment durations, larger sample sizes, follow-up research addressing longterm knowledge retention, increased teacher training through professional development, and exploring the impact of teaching methods and curriculum design on constructs such as student motivation, interest, and self-efficacy.


Anecdotally, plastic surgeons have complained of working harder for the same or less income in recent years. They also complain of falling fees for reconstructive surgery and increasing competition for cosmetic surgery. This study examined these notions using the best available data. To gain a better understanding of the current plastic surgery market, plastic surgeon incomes, fees, volume, and relative mix of cosmetic and reconstructive surgery were analyzed between the years 1992 and 2002. To gain a broader perspective, plastic surgeon income trends were then compared with those of other medical specialties and of nonmedical professions. The data show that in real dollars, plastic surgeon incomes have remained essentially steady in recent years, despite plastic surgeons increasing their surgery load by an average of 41 percent over the past 10 years. The overall income trend is similar to that of members of other medical specialties and other nonmedical professionals. The average practice percentage of cosmetic surgery was calculated and found to have increased from 27 percent in 1992 to 58 percent in 2002. This most likely can be explained by the findings that real dollar fees collected for cosmetic surgery have decreased very slightly, whereas those for reconstructive procedures have experienced sharp declines. This study demonstrates that plastic surgeons have adjusted their practice profiles in recent years. They have increased their case loads and shifted their practices toward cosmetic surgery, most likely with the goal of maintaining their incomes. The strategy appears to have been successful in the short term. However, with increasing competition and falling prices for cosmetic surgery, it may represent a temporary bulwark for plastic surgeon incomes unless other steps are taken.


This study for the first time designed to modeling and optimize of activation process for removal of cadmium (II) ions by adsorption on Moroccan oil shale using the response surface methodology. The optimal activation parameters selection was carried out on the basis of three factors by central composite design (CCD). The factors that have been identified are: activation temperature, activation time and massic ratio (mH2SO4/mYC). The capacity of adsorption of the Cd (II), was chosen as a response. The measured parameters were found in accordance with the predicted values with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.92. The model has been confirmed by experimental tests to validate the results obtained. Based on the equation of the model and the desirability function, the activation temperature and activation time significantly effect of the adsorption capacity of Cd (II) ions. According to optimal activation conditions obtained using prediction profiler, the powder of oil shale mixed with H2SO4 at 213.8°C during 30 min in a ratio of 1.76, the adsorption capacity of Cd (II) ions is 68.38 (mg/g), the specific BET surface area of activated oil shale equal to 181.35 (m2/g).


This article answers two key questions. First: Do jurors understand and apply the criminal mental state categories the way that the widely influential Model Penal Code (MPC) assumes? Second: If not, what can be done about it? In prior work we challenged numerous assumptions underlying the use of the MPC mental state architecture, which divides guilty minds into four kinds: purposeful, knowing, reckless, and negligent. Our experiments showed that subjects had profound difficulty categorizing some of the mental states, particularly recklessness. And, when asked to punish, subjects punished knowing crimes and reckless crimes indistinguishably. ("Sorting Guilty Minds," 86 NYU Law Review 1306 (2011) at http://ssrn.com/abstract=1746107The new experiments we describe here extend those prior findings in important ways. For example, we reveal the degree to which a person's ability to grasp and apply the MPC mental states is susceptible to variations in the language used to define and communicate them. Specifically, our results demonstrate that exactly how the legal system communicates the mens rea criteria is surprisingly crucial. The extreme sensitivity of subjects to the language of mens rea may have troubling implications for past defendants, as well as for future ones. Because even small changes in phrasing can produce significant differences in juror evaluation of criminal cases, substantial miscarriages of justice may ensue. Our results consequently suggest the need for a critical reexamination of the substantial divide between the expectations and assumptions of the MPC, on one hand, and empirical reality, on the other. This divide is especially meaningful and worrisome given the unparalleled influence of the MPC in our state and federal criminal codes.


We survey the limited data that exists concerning the cost of making/receiving a payment by banks, retailers, and other parties to a transaction. Since an electronic payment costs between one-third and onehalf that of a paper-based instrument, a country may save 1% of its GDP annually as it shifts from a fully paper-based to a fully electronic-based payment system. Some gains have already been realized. Additional analysis indicates that bank costs of making a payment may have fallen by 45% in Europe as the share of electronic transactions in 12 countries rose from .43 to .79 over 1987-1999.


FEN-1 and XPG are members of the FEN-1 family of structure-specific nucleases, which share a conserved active site. FEN-1 plays a central role in DNA replication, whereas XPG is involved in nucleotide excision repair (NER). Both FEN-1 and XPG are active on flap structures, but only XPG cleaves bubble substrates. The spacer region of XPG is dispensable for nuclease activity on flap substrates but is required for NER activity and for efficient processing of bubble substrates. Here, we inserted the spacer region of XPG between the nuclease domains of FEN-1 to test whether this domain would be sufficient to confer XPG-like substrate specificity and NER activity on a related nuclease. The resulting FEN-1-XPG hybrid protein is active on flap and, albeit at low levels, on bubble substrates. Like FEN-1, the activity of FEN-1-XPG was stimulated by a double-flap substrate containing a 1-nt 3′ flap, whereas XPG does not show this substrate preference. Although no NER activity was detected in vitro, the FEN-1-XPG hybrid displays substantial NER activity in vivo. Hence, insertion of the XPG spacer region into FEN-1 results in a hybrid protein with biochemical properties reminiscent of both nucleases, including partial NER activity.


Background Control of STIs in vulnerable populations is difficult because of inadequate access to prompt diagnosis and treatment and may be enhanced by better community based STI surveillance. The high rates of mobile and smart phone use in these populations and the development of novel personalised diagnostic technologies which theoretically enable highly accurate self-testing diagnostics for STIs that can be electronically linked to clinical care pathways and STI data capture, may help address these challenges. A major challenge for these systems is the development of clinically relevant and acceptable Human Technology Interfaces (HTIs) for Mobile-Web Applications. Objectives To describe a methodological approach to develop a mobile phone/web-based management system that can link rapid self-test diagnostics to clinical care pathways and community based surveillance. Methods We adopt a user centred approach to the development of a HTI for self-managing STI diagnosis with initial exploratory pilot studies to gather functional, user and clinical requirements of the HTI. Iterative development of functional prototypes exploring design possibilities and technology features is followed by the formative evaluation of interface design alternatives through qualitative and controlled usability studies with target users and existing surveillance capture mechanisms. Results A user centred, multi-disciplinary approach allows for successful capture and integration of social science methods to inform functional requirements for an effective and user acceptable mobile and web-based self-managing STI diagnostics and surveillance system. Discussion Future testing in simple and complex, community based studies are needed to primarily assess safety and then effectiveness for improving access to care, enhanced partner notification and development of community based capture of surveillance data.


Four specific trends are driving the DVR industry: consumer content choice, consumer content control, personalization of content libraries, and the ability to transfer content from device-todevice and person-to-person. "Digital Video Recorders" features a macro and micro views of the already established yet still burgeoning DVR industry. As part of the NAB Executive Technology Briefing series, this book gives you a wealth of market knowledge, business models, case studies, and industry insignts explained in a non-technical fashion. "Digital Video Recorders" discusses the impact of the technology across many different industries and platforms, explains hardware, software and technology of set-top boxes, DVR infrastructure, on-screen guides, planning and scheduling, content security, and more. Whether you are an executive in the broadcast, telecommunications, consumer electronic, or advertising space, you will expand your knowledge on DVR impact, explore new business opportunities, and get a brief overview of the technical terms needed. You will also be able to accurately analyze and understand the trends, projections and other data, all of which will help lead to the expedited growth and development of DVR industry.... Download ebook, read file pdf DVRs Changing TV and Advertising Forever


This article discusses how ecological restoration success can be understood and evaluated using a policy analysis lens. First, this article details a conceptual tool that helps to develop a more encompassing set of criteria to assess restoration activities that provide socioeconomic benefits. Second, by broadening the understanding of restoration success and how it can be evaluated, it allows a more critical view of evaluation itself and its uses as a policy tool. A table is presented that can help practitioners reveal preferences and clarify the aims and objectives of particular initiatives. The table also sensitizes practitioners to the complexity of the links between restoration rationales and evaluation criteria, which in turn may open up much needed discussion and dialogue between restoration participants about the underlying values an actor may wish to promote. It heightens awareness of the fact that evaluation methods need to recognize that restoration is driven by multiple rationales often in the same project, both process driven and output oriented, which in turn can change over time. Adding process and output criteria together may also raise issues of priority. Evaluation criteria thus need to be assigned in ways that reflect these multiplicities, while at the same time recognizing that some restoration values might be conflictual and that there may be winners and losers. Furthermore, judgement about "failure" of a project can change as new goals emerge in delivery and implementation. Ecological restoration evaluation should therefore be ongoing, contextual, and not a one‐off event.


Injury, surgery, and disease often disrupt tissues and it is the process of regeneration that aids the restoration of architecture and function. Regeneration can occur through multiple strategies including induction of stem cell expansion, transdifferentiation, or proliferation of differentiated cells. We have uncovered a case of regeneration that restores a mucociliated epithelium from mesenchymal cells. Following disruption of embryonic tissue architecture and assembly of a compact mesenchymal aggregate, regeneration first involves restoration of an epithelium, transitioning from mesenchymal cells at the surface of the aggregate. Cells establish apico-basal polarity within 5 hours and a mucociliated epithelium within 24. Regeneration coincides with nuclear translocation of the putative mechanotransducer YAP1 and a sharp increase in aggregate stiffness, and regeneration can be controlled by altering stiffness. We propose that regeneration of a mucociliated epithelium occurs in response to biophysical cues sensed by newly exposed cells on the surface of a disrupted mesenchymal tissue.


Abstract:This article is interested in why and how Thailand functions as a pivotal destination for US human-trafficking rescue projects, and it situates transnational antitrafficking endeavors within Thai political and economic history. Based on ethnographic participant observation of the global antitrafficking movement in Thailand, China, and the United States between 2008 and 2014, this article juxtaposes two distinct tourist encounters: a human-trafficking reality tour hosted by a US nonprofit organization and a separate study-abroad gathering of US university students hosted at the office of a Thai sex worker rights organization. These disparate cases illustrate the hierarchical dimensions through which sex-trafficking interventions operate while entertaining US antitrafficking curiosities in Thailand. The author argues that these US antitrafficking projects illustrate how global markets in mass tourism and commerce compel the global concern against sex trafficking in Thailand, while also serving as vital facilitators of antitrafficking humanitarian engagements in the country. Seeking market-based solutions to human trafficking, they often eclipse instances of long-standing community organizing and local activism, as well as long-term strategies for migrant rights or migrant integration.


Time and money are two key constraints on what people can achieve. The income constraint is widely recognised by policy-makers and social scientists in their concern with poverty. Proposed solutions often focus on getting people into paid work, but this risks ignoring the demands people may have on their time. This study looks at individuals who are significantly limited by time and income constraints: those who could escape income poverty only by incurring time poverty, or vice versa. Key points


Ab s t r Ac t Aim: Resin composites are one of the favorite restorative materials used for treating early childhood caries (ECC). The biofilm accumulation at the microgaps between teeth and restoration with resin composite materials is more than other restorative materials. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the protein-repellent capability by measuring the total amount of protein adsorbed and anti-bacterial activity by measuring the production of lactic acid and colony-forming unit (CFU) counts of methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) incorporated into dental adhesive and primer. Materials and methods: The 2-MPC powder was added into dental primer and dental adhesive at mass fractions of 7.5% by mass individually. A dental plaque microcosm biofilm model with human saliva was used as the inoculum. Laury's method of protein estimation was used for measurement of total protein adsorbed. To evaluate the lactic acid production, enzymatic lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) method was employed. Tryptic soy blood agar and Mitis Salivarius agar were used for measuring the CFU counts for total microorganisms, total Streptococci and only Streptococcus mutans. Results: Results indicated that resin disks fabricated using dental adhesive and primer containing 7.5% 2-MPC significantly reduced the protein adsorption, lactic acid production, and total Streptococci and S. mutans counts (p < 0.05). Clinical significance: Incorporation of protein repellent into dental adhesive and primer could help repel bacterial attachment and plaque buildup, assisting in the reduction of secondary caries.


Extrahepatic biliary atresia (EHBA) refers to stenosis or atresia of the extrahepatic biliary tree. It accounts for 25-30% of cases of neonatal cholestasis. If left untreated, EHBA progresses to biliary cirrhosis and is universally fatal within the first 2 years of life. Early diagnosis is crucial since surgical treatment (Kasai procedure) is the only treatment option. Histopathologic examination of liver biopsy specimens is a key element in the diagnostic work-up of infants with suspected EHBA. Pathologic diagnosis aims at excluding non-surgically correctable causes of neonatal cholestasis thereby leading to surgical exploration for confirmation of the diagnosis. All published data indicate that pathologists can diagnose EHBA with high sensitivity, high specificity and reasonable interobserver agreement. The most useful histologic features in the diagnosis of EHBA are portal tract changes including ductular proliferation and bile plugs in ducts and ductules. These lesions are not pathognomonic but can be seen in extrahepatic obstruction of any cause. Total parenteral nutrition (TPN)-associated cholestasis and alpha1-antitrypsin (A1AT) deficiency cannot be differentiated from EHBA without access to clinical data and may lead to false-positive diagnosis. False-negative interpretation may be caused by early age at diagnosis or by small/indequate specimens. The pathologist also plays a role in the examination of the resected fibrotic segment and of explant specimens. Histopathology can yield prognostic information, being also an indispensable tool in research for the possible pathogenesis of this disease. A well-coordinated, multidisciplinary approach is required in the assessment of suspected cases of EHBA. Proceedings of the International Course on Perinatal Pathology (part of the 10 th International Workshop on Neonatology · October 22 nd -25 th , 2014) · Cagliari (Italy) · October 25 th , 2014 ·  The role of the clinical pathological dialogue in problem solving Guest Editors: Gavino Faa, Vassilios Fanos, Peter Van Eyken


Over the past decade, research on the epidemiology, nature, and meaning of the comorbidity between trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and substance abuse has burgeoned. Changes in the political and social climate of the United States during this time have brought with them new challenges. Changes in the definitions of both PTSD and substance abuse have been proposed by those involved with diagnosing and treating people with these issues; some of these changes are expected to be reflected in future diagnostic systems. Trauma and Substance Abuse: Causes, Consequences, and Treatment of Comorbid Disorders, Second Edition offers a broad overview of current trends in the field of co-occurring substance abuse and PTSD from both clinical and research perspectives. The goal of this volume, newly revised to include special settings, such as court systems and disasters, and special populations, such as veterans, is to clarify issues specific to trauma, PTSD, and substance abuse and to translate both quantitative and qualitative data into specific recommendations for clinicians, researchers, and administrators.


One of the great controversies of the modern game of cricket is the determination of whether a bowler is using an illegal throw-like bowling action. Changes to the rules of cricket have reduced some of the confusion; yet, because of the complexities of the biomechanics of the arm, it is difficult for an umpire to make a judgement on this issue. Expensive laboratory-based testing has been able to quantify the action of a bowler and this testing is routinely used by cricket authorities to assess a bowling action. Detractors of the method suggest that it is unable to replicate match conditions, has long lead times for assessment and is only available to the elite. After extensive laboratory validation, we present a technology and method for an in-game assessment using a wearable arm sensor for differentiating between a legal bowling action and throwing. The method uses inertial sensors on the upper and lower arms that do not impede the bowling action. Suspect deliveries, as assessed by an expert biomechanist using high-speed video and motion capture, reveal valid distinctive inertial signatures. The technology is an important step in the monitoring of bowling action on-field in near real-time. The technology is suitable for use in competition as well as a training tool for developing athletes.


This paper studies expansion properties of the (generalized) Johnson Graph. For natural numbers t < ` < k, the nodes of the graph are sets of size ` in a universe of size k. Two sets are connected if their intersection is of size t. The Johnson graph arises often in combinatorics and theoretical computer science: it represents a "slice" of the noisy hypercube, and it is the graph that underlies direct product tests as well as a candidate hard unique game. We prove that any small set of vertices in the graph either has near perfect edge expansion or is not pseudorandom. Here "not pseudorandom" means that the set becomes denser when conditioning on containing a small set of elements. In other words, we show that slices of the noisy hypercube – while not small set expanders like the noisy hypercube – only have non-expanding small sets of a certain simple structure. This paper is related to a recent line of work establishing the 2-to-2 Theorem in PCP. The result was motivated, in part, by [7] which hypothesized and made partial progress on similar result for the Grassmann graph. In turn, our result for the Johnson graphs served as a crucial step towards the full result for the Grassmann graphs completed subsequently in [20].


Seroepidemiology, the use of data on the prevalence of bio‐markers of infection or vaccination, is a potentially powerful tool to understand the epidemiology of infection before vaccination and to monitor the effectiveness of vaccination programmes. Global and national burden of disease estimates for hepatitis B and rubella are based almost exclusively on serological data. Seroepidemiology has helped in the design of measles, poliomyelitis and rubella elimination programmes, by informing estimates of the required population immunity thresholds for elimination. It contributes to monitoring of these programmes by identifying population immunity gaps and evaluating the effectiveness of vaccination campaigns. Seroepidemiological data have also helped to identify contributing factors to resurgences of diphtheria, Haemophilus Influenzae type B and pertussis. When there is no confounding by antibodies induced by natural infection (as is the case for tetanus and hepatitis B vaccines), seroprevalence data provide a composite picture of vaccination coverage and effectiveness, although they cannot reliably indicate the number of doses of vaccine received. Despite these potential uses, technological, time and cost constraints have limited the widespread application of this tool in low‐income countries. The use of venous blood samples makes it difficult to obtain high participation rates in surveys, but the performance of assays based on less invasive samples such as dried blood spots or oral fluid has varied greatly. Waning antibody levels after vaccination may mean that seroprevalence underestimates immunity. This, together with variation in assay sensitivity and specificity and the common need to take account of antibody induced by natural infection, means that relatively sophisticated statistical analysis of data is required. Nonetheless, advances in assays on minimally invasive samples may enhance the feasibility of including serology in large survey programmes in low‐income countries. In this paper, we review the potential uses of seroepidemiology to improve vaccination policymaking and programme monitoring and discuss what is needed to broaden the use of this tool in low‐ and middle‐income countries.


In 2009 the world celebrated the 150th anniversary of the publication of Charles Darwin9s seminal work, the Origin of Species . While much was made of his evolutionary thinking, there was more to Darwin than merely challenging the way the Western World thought about the natural world. Gregarious by nature, Darwin also enjoyed the pleasures of the table. From his Glutton Club days at Cambridge University and throughout the voyage of the Beagle , Darwin not only collected specimens to develop his understanding of the natural world but he also ate them. He was never more satisfied than digesting species unknown to the human palate, at least the English palate. Darwin relished the culinary delights that different lands offered and approached the discovery of a new dish, and of the way it was cooked, with the same sense of curiosity and adventure he brought to collecting specimens.


This paper details a distributed memory implementation of Reptile, a scalable and accurate spectrum based error-correction method. Reptile uses both k-mer and adjoining k-mers (called tiles) information along with the quality scores of bases to correct substitution-based errors from next generation sequencing machines. Previous approaches to parallelize Preptile have replicated the spectrums on each node which can be prohibitive in terms of memory needed for huge datasets. Our approach distributes both the k-mer and the tile spectrum amongst the processing ranks, relying on message passing for error correction. This allows hardware with any memory size per node to be employed for error-correction using Reptile's algorithm, irrespective of the size of the dataset. As part of our implementation, we have also implemented several heuristics which can be used to run the algorithm optimally based on the advantages of the hardware used. We present our results on IBM's BlueGene/Q architecture for the E.Coli, Drosophila and the human datasets showing excellent scalability with increasing number of nodes. Using 256 nodes of BlueGene/Q, we are able to error correct E.Coli and Drosphila datasets in less than 200 seconds and 600 seconds respectively. The human dataset consisting of 1.55 billion reads is corrected in a little more than two hours using 1024 nodes of BlueGene/Q. All three datasets are corrected with Reptile's memory intensive algorithm with less than 512 MB per process.


Three-dimensional structured illumination microscopy (3D-SIM) is a wide-field technique that can provide doubled resolution and improved image contrast. In this work, we demonstrate a simple approach to 3D-SIM - using three-beam interference with circular polarization to generate the pattern of structured illumination, so that the modulation contrast is routinely maintained at all orientations without a complicated polarization rotator or mechanical motion. We derive the resultant intensity distribution of the interference pattern to confirm the modulation contrast independent of orientation, and compare the result with those using interfering beams of linear polarization. To evaluate the influence of the modulation contrast on imaging, we compare the simulated SIM images of 100-nm beads. Experimental results are presented to confirm the simulations. Our approach requires merely a λ/4-wave plate to alter the interfering beams from linear to circular polarization. This simplicity together with the use of a spatial light modulator to control the interference pattern facilitates the implementation of a 3D-SIM system and should broaden its application.


Traditionally, the authentication of the traditional Chinese medicines (TCM), Angelica sinensis , is based on slightly different morphological characters and complex compounds. Usually, those methods are simultaneously affected by several factors, leading to subtle and ambiguous results. In this study, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of A. sinensis and seven other Angelica species used as adulterants were sequenced. A pair of specific primers was designed from the polymorphic ITS regions to distinguish A. sinensis from the adulterants and regional substitutes. These ITS-derived primers amplified approximately 520 bp specific fragments from the adulterants, whereas no products was amplified with the DNA of A. sinensis . We tested eight commercially crude materials purchased in the market by using these specific primers. The result showed that there were four samples adulterating A. sinensis with regional substitutes. This indicated that A. sinensis could be accurately distinguished from the adulterants and regional substitutes. Therefore, the method of molecular authentication based on the ITS sequences may be contributed to raw material production and quality control of A. sinensis .


Introduction: Performing systematic review searches related to Canadian Indigenous peoples (First Nations, Inuit, and Metis), particularly in areas of public health, is difficult because Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms for both Indigenous peoples and geography do not retrieve all relevant articles in Ovid MEDLINE. Text–word searching for Canadian Indigenous peoples presents challenges in the varieties of names, spellings, and languages. A series of Canadian Indigenous peoples filters were designed to retrieve larger numbers of relevant articles. Objectives: The objectives of this work were (i) to create first-generation search filters that retrieve studies from the Ovid MEDLINE database related to Canadian Indigenous peoples, (ii) to determine whether or not the filters retrieve more records than do searches using the MeSH headings alone, and (iii) to determine how many of the additional records are relevant. Methods: Key terms describing both Canadian Indigenous peoples and Canadian geography were identified using government, historical, and ethnographic publications. Name lists included current and historical names in multiple languages, as well as local and settlement names, and names of linguistic groups. Filters, employing both text–word and MeSH terms were created for each province and territory, excluding Prince Edward Island. Search results were reviewed for false recalls related to terms with multiple meanings and groups of people whose lands straddle provincial and territorial borders. Revised searches were refined with additional terminology that implies the presence of Indigenous peoples. Duplicate records were removed from both the MeSH searches and the filter searches. Results from the MeSH searches were then removed from the results of the filter searches. The remaining results were analyzed for relevance. Results: Twelve Ovid MEDLINE filters were created and the challenges involved in creating them were documented. The filters increased recall by 58 articles, 464% over MeSH searches alone. Of the additional articles retrieved, 28 (100%) met the criteria for relevance. Discussion: The lists of challenges identified in the filter creation will assist other searchers in developing similar filters. The filters allow searchers to retrieve substantially more articles than is currently possible with the MeSH terms alone.


Objective: SAR1B, apoB and MTTP were involved in lipid metabolism, which is important for the development of ICAS. This study aimed to investigate the expression of SAR1B, apoB and MTTP in patients with intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis (ICAS) and the clinical significance.
Methods: Eighty patients with acute ischemic stroke were selected in our hospital from Jan 2016-Jun 2016. According to the results of imaging examinations and other clinical data, patients were divided into ICAS group (n=32), Extracranial Atherosclerotic Stenosis (ECAS) group (n=20) and No Atherosclerotic Stenosis (NCAS) group (n=28). LDL-C and HDL-C levels were detected by selective inhibition method and immunization inhibits method respectively, level of ApoB was determined by immunofluorescence, levels of SAR1B and MTTP were detected by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA).
Results: Compared with NCAS group, LDL-C level was increased and HDL-C level was decreased in ICAS group, while no significant difference were found between ECAS and NCAS groups; apoB and SAR1B levels were higher in ICAS group than in NCAS group, no significant differences were found between ECAS and NCAS groups, in addition, there were no significant differences in MTTP level between groups; serum SAR1B and apoB levels were positively correlated with the level of serum LDLC level; SAR1B and apoB levels were positively correlated with the MRA diagnostic score of patients with ICAS.
Conclusion: Expression levels of SAR1B and apoB were specifically increased in ICAS patients, so the increased expression levels of SAR1B and apoB can be used as biomarkers for diagnosis of ICAS.


Rabies and canine distemper are fatal diseases
of mammals
and
of concern
in the
Serengeti, Tanzania both for public
health
and wildlife
conservation.
This
study
investigates the epidemiology of these
diseases through
cross-sectional
and
longitudinal
studies of two domestic dog populations
bordering the
Serengeti
National Park.
Chapter 2 demonstrates differences in demographic
and
behavioural
characteristics
between the two populations, leading to
predictions
of
distinct
patterns of rabies
and
canine distemper infection, and the requirement
for
different
strategies
of
disease
control. Chapter 3 compares the use
of three
rabies serological tests
for
seroepidemiological studies of domestic dogs. Non-specificity
precluded
use
of the
indirect ELISA, but a liquid-phase blocking ELISA
(BE)
and neutralization test
(RFFIT) demonstrated rabies seropositivity among
unvaccinated
Serengeti
dogs. The
poor agreement between BE and RFFIT in
unvaccinated
dogs led to
an
investigation
of
specificity, which indicated that the
BE
was the
more specific assay.
In
Chapter
4,
incidence data and virus typing suggested that
dogs,
not
wildlife,
are the
reservoir
of
rabies in the Serengeti. Case surveillance
data indicated that
rabies
persists
in higher-
density dog populations, but occurs only
sporadically
in lower-density
dog
and wild
carnivore populations. Rabies seropositivity occurred
in dogs
remaining
healthy,
demonstrating the existence of atypical
infections.
Mathematical
models
showed that
rabies persistence in Serengeti dogs was more
likely if
seropositives
were
infectious
carriers, rather than slow-incubators or
immune
animals.
In
Chapter 5,
analysis
of
case-morbidity, mortality and age-seroprevalence
data indicated that
canine
distemper
was stably endemic in higher-density dog
populations,
but
sporadically epidemic
in
lower-density dog populations. In conclusion, higher-density
dog
populations to the
west of the Serengeti National Park are the
most
likely
reservoir
of
both
rabies
and
canine distemper in the Serengeti and
disease
control strategies
should therefore
focus
on controlling infection in these populations.


The Caribbean "market woman" is ingrained in the popular imagination as the archetype of black womanhood in countries throughout the region. Challenging this stereotype and other outdated images of black women, "Downtown Ladies" offers a more complex picture by documenting the history of independent international traders - known as informal commercial importers, or ICIs - who travel abroad to import and export a vast array of consumer goods sold in the public markets of Kingston, Jamaica. Both by-products of and participants in globalization, ICIs operate on multiple levels and, since their emergence in the 1970s, have made significant contributions to the regional, national, and global economies. Gina Ulysse carefully explores how ICIs, determined to be self-employed, struggle with government regulation and other social tensions to negotiate their autonomy. Informing this story of self-fashioning with reflections on her own experience as a young Haitian anthropologist, Ulysse combines the study of political economy with the study of individual and collective identity to reveal the uneven consequences of disrupting traditional class, color, and gender codes in individual societies and around the world.


Presence of phase errors in radar data is a crucial problem for high-resolution SAR imaging. In the paper, a new idea for representation of an arbitrary phase error by its local approximations is proposed. Within such approach, a general analytical expression for the resolution degradation of multi-look SAR images is derived. The principle of local approximations is also used in a novel autofocusing approach that allows estimating and compensating of an arbitrary residual phase error function via measuring local quadratic phase errors.


Accelerators and, in particular, Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) have emerged as promising computing technologies which may be suitable for the future Exascale systems. Here, we present performance results of NekBone, a benchmark of the Nek5000 code, implemented with optimized OpenACC directives and GPUDirect communications. Nek5000 is a computational fluid dynamics code based on the spectral element method used for the simulation of incompressible flow. Results of an optimized NekBone version lead to 78 Gflops performance on a single node. In addition, a performance result of 609 Tflops has been reached on 16, 384 GPUs of the Titan supercomputer at Oak Ridge National Laboratory.


Medical equipment (ME) is often considered to be an important factor in the growth of healthcare expenditures. In the Czech Republic (CR) validated approach does not yet exist for hospitals to use to assess commercial offers, nor is there a generally accepted methodology for regulatory bodies to allow for the evaluation of the effectiveness of prior purchases. This study intends to present a methodological approach that will allow for assessing the effectiveness of the procurement of capital ME based on international prices. The case of the purchase of tomotherapy system in the CR was used to demonstrate the developed approach. We performed a multiway search for international estimated and exact prices for tomotherapy unit using public-procurement databases, scientific papers, health technology assessment studies, professional reports, and Internet searches. All of the data that was gathered on prices was subjected to critical assessment vis-a-vis the reliability of the information. This research lays new methodology that may provide general background of international comparison studies focused on ME. The results provide support for decision making about the acquisitions of ME.


The function of titanium- and nickel-silicides is to lower the series resistance and contact resistivity in gate, source and drain contacts of an integrated circuit transistor. With decreasing dimensions, the low resistivity C54 TiSi2 is not formed and stays in its high resistivity phase C49. It was found that a layer of niobium interposed between titanium and silicon, which is supposed to promote the C54 phase, led to the formation of the high resistivity C40 (Ti,Nb)Si2 in both small and large contacts. Increased interest in Si1-xGex layers led to the inclusion of the Ni-Si-Ge system in this project. The interaction between nickel and poly-Si0.42Ge0.58 was found to be different from nickel and poly-silicon in the meaning of the phases formed during high temperature annealing. High-resistivity NiSi2 was formed at 750°C, but nickel and Si0.42Ge0.58 formed no disilicide. A massive out-diffusion of germanium from the NiSi1-uGeu resulted in agglomeration at lower temperatures than for NiSi. This was ascribed to the larger enthalpy of formation for nickel reacting with silicon than with germanium. Ternary phase diagrams, with and without the disilicide phase, were calculated. According to the tie lines, NiSi1-uGeu will be in thermodynamic equilibrium with Si1-xGex when u is smaller than x. This was confirmed experimentally, where a balanced germanium concentration in NiSi1-uGeu and Si1-xGex, stabilized the germanosilicide. When nickel interacted with strained and relaxed silicon-germanium it was established that a strained substrate led to a morphologically unstable NiSi1-uGeu. The germanosilicide was highly textured on both (001) and (111) substrates. The texturing was explained by the absence of Ni(SiGe)2 which forced NiSiGe to reorient so as not to resemble a digermanosilicide at the film/substrate interface. NiSi0.82Ge0.18 formed on p+-Si0.82Ge0.18 in CBKs grew laterally under the SiO2, defining the contact hole. The contact resistivity extracted by 3D modelling was 5×10-8 Ωcm2.


Two short pieces of freely improvised music by the same performer were recorded in microstructural detail by the use of a specially constructed automatic transcription apparatus. The apparatus consists of a modified DX7 synthesizer and 2650 microprocessor which interfaces with other computers for data processing. The resultant music is transcribed into a modified form of traditional notation and subjected to both micro- and macrostructural analysis. Microanalysis includes the areas of timing (interonset and duration distributions, displacement, chordal spreads, etc.), dynamics (key velocity, quantization, chordal patterns, etc.), and legatoness (relative, absolute, pedaling). Macroanalysis uses the full panoply of devices from traditional music theory (tonal procedures, rhythmic and motivic design, pitch class sets, etc.). Correlations between microstructural parameters, and with macrostructure, were found to be highly significant in Improvisation A, which had a supplied external pulse, but largely absent in Improvisation B, which had no such pulse. Where pulse was present, rhythmic design was found to be based largely on pulse subdivision and shifting. Some performance effects (e.g., chordal spreads) operated over a time scale of 10 msec or less. Others (e.g., synchronization to an external pulse) showed less resolution. Differences in the distribution patterns of interonset times, durations, and legatoness suggest three independent underlying temporal mechanisms that may sometimes link together in coordination with macrostructure. Quantization ("categorical production") of some variables (interonset times, key velocities) was clearly established. The results were also interpreted in relation to an earlier model of improvisation (Pressing, 1987).


" . . . provides valuable information for the specialist in American studies, and for the anthropologist or folklorist focusing on food use, and may also be of interest to the general reading audience. With such a wide appeal, the book may not only document the American romance with ethnic foods, but may contribute to it as well." Joanne Wagner, Anthropological Quarterly How do customs surrounding the preparation and consumption of food define minorities within a population? The question receives fascinating and multifaceted answers in this book, which considers a smorgasbord of dishes that sustain group identity and often help to bridge inter-group barriers.The essays explore the symbolic meaning of shared foodways in interpreting inter- and intra-group behavior, with attention to theoretical problems and the implications of foodways research for public policy. Topics receiving rewarding analysis in this volume include food festivals, modes of food preparation, meal cycles, seasonal celebrations, nutrition education, and the government's inattention to ethnic customs in forumlating its food policies. "


The present study targets to convert aqueous fraction of fast pyrolysis oil into methane and hydrogen gases via supercritical water gasification (SCWG). Water above its critical point is referred to as supercritical water, which has unique properties such as a loss of hydrogen bonding, becoming an excellent solvent for organic compounds. In this thesis, SCWG was used to gasify slurry materials into high calorific gases including CH4 and H2. Production selectivity towards more methane or hydrogen was affectively controlled by operational conditions. However, in the absence of catalyst (bank test), gas formation was very minimal. SCWG of glucose as an organic model compound was studied to screen the best catalyst for methane production. Ni20%Ru2%/γ-Al2O3 catalyst was able to convert all carbon in glucose to gases at a temperature of as low as 500 °C and weight-hourly space velocity (WHSV) of 3 h-1. This catalyst significantly promoted methane production and produced 0.5 mol methane per mole of carbon in the glucose feedstock. High stability and activity of this catalyst were observed during 20 hours on stream. It was also found out from this study that nickel loading, temperature, substrate concentration and feeding rate or WHSV greatly affected carbon conversion and yields of CH4 and H2 in SCWG. For instance, higher temperatures favor hydrogen formation while lower temperatures promote methane yield. Moreover, the Ni20%Ru2%/γ-Al2O3 catalyst demonstrated to be active for gasifying the aqueous fraction of fast pyrolysis oil via SCWG. Besides, the aqueous fraction of pyrolysis oil was gasified to a high extent in the presence of this catalyst, and 0.9 mol/mol of carbon in feedstock (2.98 wt.% C) was converted into CH4 and CO2 at 700 °C.


Recommended by the Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts and Literacy as an exemplary informational text. For the captains of industry men like Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, J. P. Morgan, and Henry Ford the Gilded Age is a time of big money. Technology boomed with the invention of trains, telephones, electric lights, harvesters, vacuum cleaners, and more. But for millions of immigrant workers, it is a time of big struggles, with adults and children alike working 12 to 14 hours a day under extreme, dangerous conditions. The disparity between the rich and the poor was dismaying, which prompted some people to action. In An Age of Extremes, you'll meet Mother Jones, Ida Tarbell, Big Bill Haywood, Sam Gompers, and other movers and shakers, and get swept up in the enthusiasm of Teddy Roosevelt. You'll also watch the United States take its greatest role on the world stage since the Revolution, as it enters the bloody battlefields of Europe in World War I. About the Series: Master storyteller Joy Hakim has excited millions of young minds with the great drama of American history in her award-winning series A History of US. Recommended by the Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts and Literacy as an exemplary informational text, A History of US weaves together exciting stories that bring American history to life. Hailed by reviewers, historians, educators, and parents for its exciting, thought-provoking narrative, the books have been recognized as a break-through tool in teaching history and critical reading skills to young people. In ten books that span from Prehistory to the 21st century, young people will never think of American history as boring again.


This paper explores the interrelationship between educational design research, and design thinking that guides the design stage, enabling the design of authentic collaborative mobile learning environments. As an example the article outlines the design thinking principles and processes that informed the development of wireless mobile presentation systems (MOAs) designed to create a flexible infrastructure to enable the exploration of new pedagogies in different educational contexts. The project used design thinking within an educational design research methodology to provide an in house solution to creating a supporting infrastructure to enable the implementation of a new framework for creative pedagogies and curriculum redesign. The article reflects upon example implementations of using mobile social media and MOAs as a catalyst for implementing our framework for creative pedagogies, and propose collaborative curriculum design principles for integrating the use of mobile social media within new pedagogical paradigms.


With average Americans perturbed about executive pay, government officials are taking action. Officials appear to be racing against each other to battle corporate excess. The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) engaged in major rulemaking related to the disclosure of executive compensation, and Congress quickly considered executive compensation legislation. More reform, however, is not always better. Concurrent reform by multiple regulators presents perils. This Article adds to the dialogue about scandal-driven reform. While much discussion exists about the advisability of particular reforms, the focus here is on the process of reform. The Article conducts a comparative analysis of the SEC and House of Representatives' reform processes, which reveals that different policy-making processes may be more or less likely to yield positive reforms. The Article argues that promoting distinct, more delineated roles for certain public actors could improve synergies between regulatory reform efforts. Part I explores how the SEC's response to the public notice and comment process for its compensation disclosure rulemaking shows how administrative agencies properly can tailor regulation in a deliberative fashion. Part II then provides the contrasting story of the House's passage of H.R. 1257 that illustrates the pitfalls of scandal-driven reform. Unfortunately, the House's actions followed disturbing trends in mandating content for SEC regulation and in failing to account adequately for synergies between concurrent regulatory efforts. Part III concludes by suggesting a framework identifying when congressional action on business regulation seems most appropriate given concurrent regulatory efforts. The Article identifies Congress's important potential role in settling authority issues, providing oversight to administrative agency reforms, and being prepared to intervene when agencies are recalcitrant about enacting necessary rule changes. In offering this framework, the Article moves beyond executive compensation issues to see how Congress might deal with other crises of confidence in business regulation. Areas for potential application of the framework include the regulation of hedge funds, imported toys and other consumer products, proxy voting, and subprime lending.


This thesis investigates the aftermath of hate crimes involving rape, perpetrated against disabled women in the North of England. Disabled women are much more likely to experience sexual violence than non-disabled women or disabled men; they experience higher rates of re-victimisation and substantial harms after hate crime. Yet to date, voices of disabled victims and Survivors are largely invisible in the scholarly literatures of hate crime or violence against women. This sociological research therefore set out to investigate barriers in current provision and explore how disabled women might best access support, justice and interventions after disablist hate rape. The research utilized standpoint feminist methodology, underpinned by the social model of disability. Nine focus groups with eighty-two victims and Survivors after disablist hate rape were conducted between 2010 and 2013. The intersectional nature of violence against disabled women emerged as a key theme and findings indicated how disablist hate rapes are distinct compared with rapes of non-disabled women, particularly in terms of sexual extortion. These data problematize the use of homogenizing mainstream interventions; findings indicate how collective and community interventions have key roles to play in resisting harms after disablist hate rape. Significantly, this is the first UK research concerning disablist hate crime involving rape to be inclusive of women with many physical, sensory, mental health and intellectual impairment labels, women in institutions and women who rely on the perpetrators of sexual violence to access personal support. It is the first study to unpack audist hate crime against Deaf women. The thesis demonstrates how feminist reciprocal and participative methods are adapted for use in research and interventions with diverse disabled or Deaf Survivors. Recommendations are made to improve the constructions of vulnerability, safety and hate crime against disabled people in criminal justice, health, social care and refuges in England and Wales.


Oncogenes influence nutrient metabolism and nutrient dependence. The oncogene c-Myc stimulates glutamine metabolism and renders cells dependent on glutamine to sustain viability ("glutamine addiction"), suggesting that treatments targeting glutamine metabolism might selectively kill c-Myc-transformed tumor cells. However, many current or proposed cancer therapies interfere with the metabolism of glucose, not glutamine. Here, we studied how c-Myc-transformed cells maintained viability when glucose metabolism was impaired. In SF188 glioblastoma cells, glucose deprivation did not affect net glutamine utilization but elicited a switch in the pathways used to deliver glutamine carbon to the tricarboxylic acid cycle, with a large increase in the activity of glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH). The effect on GDH resulted from the loss of glycolysis because it could be mimicked with the glycolytic inhibitor 2-deoxyglucose and reversed with a pyruvate analogue. Furthermore, inhibition of Akt signaling, which facilitates glycolysis, increased GDH activity whereas overexpression of Akt suppressed it, suggesting that Akt indirectly regulates GDH through its effects on glucose metabolism. Suppression of GDH activity with RNA interference or an inhibitor showed that the enzyme is dispensable in cells able to metabolize glucose but is required for cells to survive impairments of glycolysis brought about by glucose deprivation, 2-deoxyglucose, or Akt inhibition. Thus, inhibition of GDH converted these glutamine-addicted cells to glucose-addicted cells. The findings emphasize the integration of glucose metabolism, glutamine metabolism, and oncogenic signaling in glioblastoma cells and suggest that exploiting compensatory pathways of glutamine metabolism can improve the efficacy of cancer treatments that impair glucose utilization.


James Heilbrun and Charles M. Gray, The Economics of Art and Culture, 2nd edition. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001, 410 pp. Sociological analysis of the arts has developed over the last 35 years as arts organizations increased enormously in number and in their degree of institutionalization. So too has public support for the arts and other cultural expressions, in North America through the Canada Council and the National Endowment for the Arts, provincial, state and local agencies. Increasing in turn has been the need for such organizations to become publicly accountable, thereby providing systematic and quantitative data subject to more than the ethnographic and case study analysis by social scientists that have formed the original basis of the field. Such studies continue to be done, but now greatly enhanced by the more universal survey data that is available. Not surprisingly, as the field has grown so too have academic conferences and publications proliferated. Most notable for sociologists is the annual Conference on Social Theory, Politics and the Arts and its now-affiliated journal, the Journal of Arts Management and Law. The STPA in 1989 our host at University of Toronto was Joseph G. Green and in 1996 at University of Montreal, Francois Colbert organized the conference. Each published selected proceedings under the respective titles of From Orchestras to Apartheid (Guiot & Green, 1990; it includes the keynote address by Mayor Moore) and Selected Proceedings: Cultural Policy (Colbert 1997). While STP&A has been multi-disciplinary since its early years, including sociologists, political scientists and policy analysts, anthropologists, historians, aestheticians, economists, arts administrators and occasionally even an artist (!), the Conference on Cultural Economics has attracted primarily economists, drawn to mathematical models. It has produced its own eponymous journal. There are now European-based variants of both of the above conferences and journals, to say nothing of mainstream publication of anthologies and other studies in the field, with many social scientist "multi-linguists" participating in both. Notable among these has been cultural economist Harry Hillman Chartrand of Saskatoon, most of whose publications are available online. With all of this scholarly attention, what have we learned? The book under discussion here, The Economics of Art and Culture (2nd edition), is gracefully written, filled with more recent data and sound analysis. James Heilbrun and Charles M. Gray are both economists, if somewhat less inclusive in their purview than Chartrand in their analysis of the "culture industry." (Indeed, they do not cite his work.) The first edition of their text was published in 1993. Their second edition, like the first, focuses primarily on the micro- but also the macroeconomics of artistic production and its social meanings. They provide a remarkably clear analysis of a large number of data sets, summarized in tables that even someone like myself, "qualitative" to the core, can understand, along with a few mathematical models. The data are taken from sources in the United States and internationally, public agencies as well as foundation and corporate reports. Their analysis is nuanced in recognition of the limitations of such surve y quantitative data. They are consistent in comparing the views of those who oppose any public funding of the arts, who favor complete privatization, with those who support at least some such funding -- as do they. …


Many apparel companies are currently faced with the demands of a mature marketplace while trying to satisfy customers who expect apparel that is highly customized. However, making a customized garment for each customer is typically not feasible. Thermal profiling solves this problem for thermal regulatory apparel by grouping consumers into specific thermal families. These thermal families define micro-consumer groups for which mass-customized functional apparel can be created. This study identified whether individuals can be grouped into thermal families, then examined which demographic and anthropometric variables were most associated with thermal profiling. Data mining procedures were used to extract individuals from a pre-existing database with a total sample size of 796. First, utilizing a hierarchical cluster analysis, each individual, by gender, was placed into one of three thermal families (uniform, v-shaped, and abdominal trough). These families were determined by clusters of spatial temperature distributions. Next, ten separate statistical goodness-of-fit measurements were employed to determine the "fit" of the individual to their assigned thermal family. Lastly, the thermal families were correlated with selected demographic and anthropometric variables. Results indicated that there were at least three distinct thermal families, and that individuals could be categorized by thermal profile. Neither age nor exercise frequency was correlated with a thermal pattern and therefore could not be used as a means of categorizing individuals into thermal families. In contrast, results indicated that several anthropometric measures could be used as a proxy to predict an individual's thermal family. In summary, for apparel companies seeking to gain a competitive edge, thermal profiling and the resultant thermal families may be a tactical advantage in a mature, competitive market.


ABSTRACT Interpretation of paleochannel patterns from ancient alluvium involves reconstruction of sinuosity and degree of braiding. It is emphasized here that the geometry, flow, and sedimentary processes of the different channel patterns form a continuum, such that similarities between their deposits are more significant than differences. While many commonly cited sedimentary criteria for distinguishing channel patterns are shown to be invalid, the following are considered useful: 1) proportion of channel fills relative to lateral-accretion deposits, which increases with degree of braiding; 2) mean grain size of channel fills relative to lateral-accretion deposits, which decreases with increasing sinuosity; 3) paleocurrent variance, which may indicate sinuosity; and 4) bankfull discharge, slo e, and width/depth of paleochannels throughout the channel belt, as long as they can be quantitatively reconstructed from channel-bar and channel-fill deposits. Utilization of these criteria requires examination of completely preserved sections of channel belts and overbank deposits in large outcrops. Presently existing facies models do not convey the diversity of different channel types and facies; those that are not three-dimensional and lack scales and paleocurrent information are of limited value.


Increasing the data rates of wireless communications requires to increase the carrier frequency to hundred's of GHz, thus emitters and detectors that can operate at high data rates are required. We review a possible source and receiver that can been used for THz communications. We present a photonic-based emitter that provides a coherent THz signal in the 50-700+ GHz, based on the excitation of a uni-travelling carrier photodiode by a two-frequency semiconductor laser that operates on two transverse modes. The performance of THz detectors based on GaAs field-effect transistors are also presented, along with communications using direct amplitude modulation at 8.3 Gbps and an heterodyne communication at 1.5 Gbps.


This Article, written for a conference on class actions, focuses on a conflict lying at the core of federal class action law, between an "internal" and an "external" view of the class. The internal view sees the class as an artificial device constructed by the judge to achieve the functional goals of Rule 23. The external view sees the class as a group with a unity existing prior to the certification decision. This unity — or cohesiveness — is not a product of design choices made at the certification stage. Instead, it constrains those choices and might even scuttle certification when class treatment is otherwise desirable on functional grounds. While these two conflicting views have both influenced the shape of class action law, the external view has gained considerable ground over the past fifteen years. This recent trend is troubling for those who see the class action as a valuable aggregation tool, but it is promising for those who see the class action instead as a marginal device of questionable legitimacy. The reason that the conflict produces such sharply divided views has to do with its connection at a deeper level to two competing normative models of the class action: an outcome-based model and a process-based model. The outcome-based model, to which the internal view is linked, focuses primarily on the benefits of class litigation for outcome quality, treats due process as a flexible constraint, and assumes that good outcomes go a long way toward satisfying due process values. The process-based model, to which the external view is linked, focuses on litigant autonomy and the day in court right, requires clear and strong outcome quality gains to justify class treatment, and confines the class action to classes with an internal group cohesion that is supposed to mitigate individual participation concerns and support the legitimacy of representative adjudication. This Article first traces the internal and external views through class action history, and then describes the growing influence in recent years of an externally-defined "cohesive class" requirement and its impact on Rule 23. Four Supreme Court cases feature prominently in this story: Amchem Products, Inc. v. Windsor; Ortiz v. Fibreboard Corp.; Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Dukes; and Comcast Corp. v. Behrend. The Article then critically examines the normative case for the external view and the process-based model and finds it seriously wanting. Two conclusions emerge from this analysis. First, if we are to make progress with the class action, the debates must be informed by a more rigorous account of due process and adjudicative legitimacy. Second, problems with the class action should be confronted directly rather than addressed indirectly through a cohesiveness requirement that sends courts on a hopeless and misguided search for class unity.


Focusing on the hashtag #IfTheyGunnedMeDown, this study examined the framing of mainstream newspaper coverage of social media activism in the aftermath of the 2014 police shooting of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri. People of color primarily used the hashtag to draw attention to what they perceived as negative stereotypes perpetuated by the news media. The study employed a textual analysis of news coverage combined with semistructured interviews with hashtag-protest participants. The analysis found that the mainstream media followed news production rituals by relying primarily on elite, established sources and generally ignoring the social media protestors' voices. The social media protestors who used the hashtag said they used it to bypass the mainstream media, and this research indicates they may well have done so and possibly reached a younger generation that relies more on social media than legacy media.


The repeated pattern of politically induced lax oversight, insufficient or delayed cross-border information sharing and the obvious moral hazard problems where an ailing national banking system can rely on international aid, that for example culminated in the mutually reinforcing Spanish banking and the European sovereign debt crises in the summer of 2012, prepared the ground for one of the most ambitious regulatory projects in European history: Banking Union. While previously Eurozone Member States strongly opposed centralization in supervision and resolution of credit institutions, suddenly, they praised it as the silver bullet that would serve to internalize the externalities caused by forbearing national supervisors and to align incentives with the far-reaching mutualization of private and public debt. Following remarkable regulatory activism, only three years later the Single Supervisory Mechanism (SSM) and the Single Resolution Mechanism (SRM) had been established as the two major pillars of the new regulatory architecture.
This paper emphasizes one particular and highly contentious feature of the SSM, namely installing the European Central Bank (ECB) as quasi-omnipotent pan-European watchdog. Generally, transferring oversight from the national to the supranational level constitutes a significant step forward in addressing a key impediment to transnational banking supervision – home bias. Yet, vesting this particular institution with the necessary powers to do so, may ultimately undermine, mainly as a function of conflicts of interest resulting from its henceforth two-fold mandate, the effectiveness of the otherwise relatively well-conceived supervisory regime. In fact, these concerns were already voiced when drafting the pertinent regulation, but eventually had to make way for pragmatic reasons. It is certainly true that, in theory, tasking a central bank with banking supervision can be rationalized. However, monetary policy and banking supervision pursue different, potentially colliding regulatory objectives: price stability, the ultimate target of conventional monetary policy, and financial stability, as ideally aspired by state-of-the-art banking supervision, are not fully reconcilable. The ultimate assessment, as to which extent either of the two eventually suffers from bundling both activities under one roof, depends on the adequacy of the institutional safeguards designed to isolate it from the former's undue influence. Finding a rather mediocre arrangement, finally an alternative solution resting on the full organizational separation of both functions will be sketched.


186 Erciyes Med J 2019; 41(2): 186–90 • DOI: 10.14744/etd.2019.26214 ORIGINAL ARTICLE – OPEN ACCESS This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Kübra Doğan , Muhammed Emre Urhan , Şeymanur Yıldız , Emin Derin , Ali Şahin , Halef Okan Doğan Level of Serum Adiponectin in Sjögren's Syndrome Objective: To evaluate the serum adiponectin level and determine the association between adiponectin and various clinical and laboratory findings in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS). Materials and Methods: A total of 50 patients and 30 healthy volunteers were enrolled in the present study. Serum adiponectin levels were detected by colorimetric enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The medical history of patients including complete blood count analysis; high sensitive C-reactive protein; erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR); complement component 3; complement component 4; low density lipoprotein cholesterol; triglyceride; immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgA, and IgM levels; and the status of Ro 60, Ro 52, Sjögren's syndrome A, Sjögren's syndrome B, and rheumatoid factor were obtained from laboratory information system. Results: Serum adiponectin levels were 2.34 (0.77–4.95) ng/mL and 1.73 (0.01–7.76) ng/mL in patients and controls, respectively (p=0.316). Positive correlation was observed between the values of serum adiponectin, ESR (p=0.013, rho=0.362), and body mass index (p=0.018, rho=0.362) in patients. Conclusion: These findings indicate that adiponectin does not play a crucial role in the immunological and clinical patterns of pSS.


Background: One of the goals of a pediatric dentist is providing awareness among children and their parents about oral hygiene and health. Night brushing is an important step in the prevention of plaque accumulation and caries and is inevitable in maintaining good oral health. Aim: The aim of the study was to assess the awareness of importance of night brushing and its significance on oral health among parents and their children aged 3–13 years in East Bangalore, Karnataka. Materials and Methods: Sample of 300 children was divided into three age range groups, and each group was subdivided into five socioeconomic strata (SES). Separate questionnaires, which were validated by pediatric dentists, were used to record data from the child and the parent. Descriptive analysis of all the explanatory and outcome parameters was done using mean and standard deviation for quantitative variables, frequency, and proportions for categorical variables. SPSS for Windows version 22.0 was used to perform statistical analyses, and the value of P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: There is an increase in awareness about night brushing in all SES due to increased educational standards and influences of social media and advertisements, but the frequency of practicing the same is questionable. The total child awareness scores in Class I SES demonstrated that 3–6-year age group showed a significant difference as compared with 7–10-year age group (P < 0.001) and 11–13-year age group (P = 0.003). In Class II, 3–6-year age group showed a greater awareness as compared to 7–10-year age group (P = 0.02) and total parent awareness scores in Class III and Class V demonstrated that 3–6-year age group showed significant differences with 7–10-year age group and 11–13-year age group. Conclusion: The awareness of the importance of night brushing is an essential factor affecting oral health. The extent of awareness varies in different SES among the various age groups of children and their parents.


We measure and analyze beam-coupling gain and response time in BaTiO3 crystals doped with cobalt at levels of 50 and 100 parts in 106 for various oxidation and reduction states. We discuss the effect of cobalt doping and oxidation–reduction on the electron paramagnetic resonance and optical absorption of BaTiO3. We compare the BaTiO3:Co samples with nominally undoped and transition-metal- (chromium, manganese, iron, and iron + nickel) doped BaTiO3. We conclude that cobalt-doped BaTiO3 in the as-grown state displays high photorefractive gain that is correlated with the cobalt concentration in a reproducible manner. Cobalt appears to be the most promising transition-metal dopant for BaTiO3 investigated so far.


In Brazil, future pre- and primary school teachers are educated in a 4-year undergraduate program called "Pedagogy". In the Faculty of Education at the University of X, the present curriculum of the Pedagogy program started in the year 2001 and it included a much stronger focus than the previous curriculum on preparing Student Teachers (STs) to perform research. Eight new compulsory Research-Based Project Course Components (RBPCCs) were included. This study presents some preliminary findings concerning the STs' experiences about the 2001 curriculum and how it has contributed to becoming primary school (mathematics) teachers.


Stochastic And-Or grammars (AOG) extend traditional stochastic grammars of language to model other types of data such as images and events. In this paper we propose a representation framework of stochastic AOGs that is agnostic to the type of the data being modeled and thus unifies various domain-specific AOGs. Many existing grammar formalisms and probabilistic models in natural language processing, computer vision, and machine learning can be seen as special cases of this framework. We also propose a domain-independent inference algorithm of stochastic context-free AOGs and show its tractability under a reasonable assumption. Furthermore, we provide two interpretations of stochastic context-free AOGs as a subset of probabilistic logic, which connects stochastic AOGs to the field of statistical relational learning and clarifies their relation with a few existing statistical relational models.


Understanding the consumption needs of retirees is critical to assessing the adequacy of retirement income and the possible impact of Social Security reform on the well-being of older Americans. This study uses data from the Health and Retirement Study, including a recent supplemental expenditure survey, to analyze spending patterns and consumption needs for adults ages 65 and older. Results indicate that typical older married adults spend 84 percent of after-tax household income, and nonmarried adults spend 92 percent of after-tax income. Even at older ages individuals devote a larger share of their expenditures and income to housing than any other category of goods and services, including health care. Fully 8 percent of married adults report after-tax incomes that fall short of our estimated basic-needs threshold, consisting of housing, health care, food, and clothing. By comparison, only 3 percent of married adults have incomes below the official poverty level.


This study uses GPR combined with borehole, video and wireless multisensor probe data to record the temporal changes in englacial and subglacial water and till variability associated with a rapidly retreating glacier. Over a 13 day period, ice radarwave data varied between 0.129 m/ns and 0.159 m/ns, and water content from 7.7% to 1.44% (using Parens formula). Basal reflection power (BRP) was calculated to categorise the bed into high water content, deforming bed and sticky spots. Then a site on the deforming bed and sticky spots were monitored for 4 days each to record their stability. The results showed that the BRP values for the deforming bed were high and relatively constant, whilst those from the sticky spot were lower and more variable. It is suggested that these changes in englacial storage were caused by the enhanced crevassing generated by the newly floating ice margin which accelerated glacier retreat.


The California Coastal Plan by the California Coastal Zone Conservation Commission contains numerous conservationist recommendations and proposes an elaborate structure and method for implementation. The central feature of this implementation scheme is substantial reliance on local governments for production of the necessarily localized regulation and its subsequent enforcement, subject to oversight by an independent state coastal agency. This framework parallels that of the Model Land Development Code, drafted by the American Law Institute and intended to establish a system of land use regulation that will facilitate 'socially and economically desirable' utilization of natural resources. An important feature of the Model Code is the concept of state regulatory control over specific geographical areas which are of 'critical state concern.' The Coastal Plan provides an excellent case example for considering the workability of the Model Code concept of critical areas control which the Coastal Plan embraces. However, the Coastal Plan and the Model Code diverge on the role to be given comprehensive planning. The act which guided the Coastal Commission provides that permanent regulations be imposed only after substantial planning has been completed. The Model Code does not require a comprehensive plan as a prerequisite to regulation, although some planning is implicit in the designation of critical areas. This article considers two important questions which emerge from a recognition of these differences in approach: How much planning, statewide or regional, should precede the implementation of critical area controls; and how much authority should be granted to the state planning agency?