This paper discusses evidence for and properties of disks associated to brown dwarfs in the star-forming region rho-Oph. We selected nine objects fr om the ISOCAM survey of Bontemps et al. (2001) that have detections in the two mid-infrared bands (6.7 and 14.3 um), relatively low extinction and low luminosity. We present low-resolution near-infrared spectra in the J, H and K bands, and determine for each source spectral type, extinction, effective temperature a nd luminosity by comparing the spectra to those of field dwarfs and to the most recent model stellar atmospheres. The results indicate that eight objects have spectral types M6-M7.5, effective temperature of 2600-2700 K, one has a later spectral type (M8.5) and lower temperature (about 2400 K). The derived extinctions range between Av~2 and 8 mag. The location of the objects on the HR diagram, in spite of the uncertainties of the evolutionary tracks for young objects of substellar mass, indicates that all the objects are very young and have masses below about 0.08 Msun. The coolest object in our sample has mass in the range 8-12 Mjup (0.008-0.012 Msun). In all cases, the mid-infrared excess is consistent with the predictions of mode ls of disks irradiated by the central object, showing that circumstellar disks are commonly associated to young brown dwarfs and plan etary-mass objects. Finally, we discuss possible variations of the disk geometry among different objects, as well as the possibility of using these data to discriminate between various f ormation scenarios.


A successful Iowa farmer decides to divide his farm between his three daughters. When the youngest objects, she is cut out of his will. This sets off a chain of events that brings dark truths to light and explodes long-suppressed emotions. An ambitious reimagining of Shakespeare's King Lear cast upon a typical American community in the late twentieth century, A Thousand Acres takes on themes of truth, justice, love, and pride, and reveals the beautiful yet treacherous topography of humanity.


Image segmentation is the process of extracting information based on similarity criteria. In this paper we propose a segmentation algorithm applied in color images with seismic information in the CIELAB space. This algorithm, the IMP-2DMA, takes a set of initial values provided by the user, which are part of patterns in the image with certain characteristics. The association of pixels based on vertical expansion control variables and direction guides is performed. With the selected pixels, a set of 2D binary masks will be formed that will be part of a volume. By means of a three-dimensional projection, the resulting masks are visualized with effects of light and shadow, allowing to appreciate complex geobodies not visible at first sight. The results show that with the IMP-2DMA it is possible to extract different patterns in a similar way to those obtained manually and more accurately than with other segmentation algorithms. The Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to evaluate the performance of the IMP-2DMA. The 2D masks were compared against the ideal solution and the segmentation obtained by a threshold-based segmentation algorithm.


A novel approach for a decision fusion and reasoning system for vision-based traffic sign recognition is presented. This module consists of several steps. In the first stage, a track-based Bayesian fusion scheme is used to fuse the classification results from each frame to obtain a fusion result for each track to decide whether a sign is present and also to determine the sign type. In order to determine the sign type, the temporal fusion scheme has been combined with a decision tree. In the second stage, the system combines and fuses probable identical objects which help to further reduce failures in the recognition process. The decision is based on the fusion results as well as a position cue. Finally, a reasoning module is used to decide which of the passed signs should be shown to the driver. In addition to these modules, a general evaluation method for multi-class tracking systems is shown. While some failures are observed from the evaluation on object level, the additional post processing steps improve the system in such a way that the finally presented signs are almost always correct on the test set.


As police forces worldwide increase the number of specialist units within their organisational structures, they require innovative performance measurement frameworks to properly evaluate the effectiveness of these units within the broader policing context. Specialist units are generally either technical in nature (eg forensics) or operational (eg drug or fraud squads). This report describes the development of a performance measurement framework for Auckland Metropolitan Crime and Operational Support (AMCOS), a specialist policing unit of the New Zealand Police. AMCOS encompasses a range of technical and niche units supporting policing operations in New Zealand. The performance framework reflects the roles and functions of the unit and covers forensic performance measures, operations support performance measures, intelligence performance measures and investigations performance measures. The authors have written at a practical level that will assist practitioners to develop similar frameworks that can meet the needs of their specialist units, but they also reflect on analytical and theoretical aspects of performance measurement systems.


The level of government debt in Canada relative to gross domestic product has risen steadily since the mid-1970s. Canada has not been alone in experiencing rising government indebtedness, but in comparison to other countries, Canada's debt load is now distinctly on the high side. The author reviews some of the effects of rising government debt levels on macroeconomic performance and provides some calculations aimed at illustrating their possible long-run impact on the Canadian economy. His analysis, which is based on a model of the Canadian economy used at the Bank of Canada, suggests that higher levels of government debt reduce both the level of output and the share of output that is available for domestic consumption. The central policy implication is that there are substantial benefits to halting the rise in government debt and thus preventing further erosion of consumption opportunities.


Antiphospholipid antibody (aPL)–induced fetal loss remains an important clinical problem for which the pathogenesis is poorly understood.1 Once thought to result exclusively from placental thrombosis, recent reports suggest that thrombosis is not universally present in placentae from affected women.2 In this issue of Blood, Redecha and colleagues define a critical role for tissue factor (TF) and complement in a murine model of aPL-induced fetal injury in which placental inflammation is the primary lesion.

In this model, fetal resorption occurred in 43% of pregnant mice that received aPL IgG. aPL treatment was associated with strong expression of TF in the decidua, and with decidual invasion by neutrophils. Blockade of TF with an anti–murine TF antibody, or the presence of only low levels of TF, prevented resorption. These results demonstrated a critical requirement for TF in aPL-mediated fetal resorption.

In additional studies, an IgG1κ murine aPL that does not activate complement did not cause fetal resorption, although an IgG2bκ aPL that does fix complement did. Resorption was prevented by the C3 convertase inhibitor, Crry-IgG, but not by C3 deficiency (C3−/− mice). Because previous work demonstrated that aPL did not induce fetal resorption in C5-deficient mice, the authors speculated that C5b-stimulated assembly of the MAC (C5b-9) might be required; however, C6-deficient mice were not protected from resorption.

These results suggested that antibody binding to trophoblast cells was not sufficient to induce resorption, that complement activation was necessary, and that a role for the C5a-C5a receptor (C5aR) pathway was likely. The latter postulate was confirmed by the observation that C5aR deficiency prevented fetal resorption. Moreover, C5aR was expressed on neutrophils (but not trophoblasts), and C5a induced neutrophil TF expression. Both systemic neutrophil depletion and selective deficiency of myeloid-cell TF also protected mice from aPL-induced fetal resorption. Finally, TF expression contributed to a neutrophil oxidative burst with evidence of oxidative stress injury in the decidua of aPL-treated mice.

Taken together, these findings are consistent with a mechanism in which aPLs bind to trophoblast and activate complement via the classic pathway, leading to generation of C5a. In turn, C5a binds neutrophil C5aR and induces neutrophil TF expression, decidual invasion, and release of superoxides that cause oxidative stress and fetal resorption (see Figure 7 in the article by Redecha and colleagues).

Some caveats concerning this study are worth mention. First, the structure of human and murine placentae differs.3 Second, the majority of studies were performed with human aPLs, the reactivity of which with β2GPI was not reported. Third, decreased endovascular trophoblast invasion may be a feature of aPL-associated fetal loss in humans, but was not addressed.4 Fourth, although inflammatory-cell infiltration of human placentae from aPL patients has been observed, some studies suggest that infiltrates are composed primarily of macrophages.5 Finally, the association between TF expression and superoxide release has not been defined molecularly. These concerns suggest that the applicability of this model to human aPL-mediated fetal loss requires further analysis. Nevertheless, this elegant study provides insight into a complex and poorly understood disorder.


Abstract U.S. federal law calls for an end to overfishing, but measuring overfishing requires knowledge of bioeconomic parameters. Using microlevel economic data from the commercial fishery, this paper proposes a two-stage approach to estimate these parameters for a generalized fishery model. In the first stage, a fishery production function is consistently estimated by a within-period estimator treating the latent stock as a fixed effect. The estimated stock is then substituted into an equation of fish stock dynamics to estimate all other biological parameters. The bootstrap approach is used to correct the standard errors in the two-stage model. This method is applied to the reef-fish fishery in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. The traditional method, which uses catch-per-unit-effort as a stock proxy, significantly overstates the optimal harvest level.


The Continuous Mortality Investigation (CMI) of the Institute of Actuaries and the Faculty of Actuaries in the UK established, in CMI Report 12 (1991), a multiple state model consisting of three states (Healthy, Sick and Dead) for the analysis of Income Protection Insurance (IPI) data. The transition intensities between states, estimated using a set of homogeneous male IPI data from 1975-78, are also presented in this report. Based on these estimated transition intensities, premium and reserve in respect of IPI business can be calculated. By using this model, in which there is only one Sick state to represent all causes of sickness, a whole portfolio of claims, regardless of their cause of sickness, will be subject to the same termination assumption. With cause of sickness as an important source of heterogeneity among IPI claimants, Cordeiro (1998, 2002) further developed this model so that it can be used to analyse IPI data by cause of sickness and obtained approximations to the cause-specific transition intensities defined in this new model. The main application of obtaining cause-specific termination assumptions is in the area of reserving more reliably for a portfolio of claims consisting of different causes of sickness. In this thesis, we present methods and results for the estimation of the recovery and mortality intensities from sick by cause of sickness using IPI data provided by the CMI. There are 70 possible causes of sickness. The recovery intensity model for each cause of sickness assumes a multiplicative structure and is estimated in a structured manner with the use of the Cox model (Cox, 1972) and generalised linear models (GLM). The mortality intensity from sick is modelled using an additive relative survival model in which the excess mortality as a result of being sick is measured relative to the mortality intensity for a standard population. Finally, two applications of the recovery and mortality intensities from sick by cause of sickness are presented.


The piezoelectric effect in both pure lead germanate (LG) and Nd+3+K+ double doped ferroelectric lead germinate single crystals (DDLG) was studied using Keithley Programmable Electrometer. The Piezoelectric studies were done in four parts. In the first part temperature and stress dependence of pure lead germinates and Nd+3+K+ doped ferroelectric lead germinate was performed. In the second part, time dependence of both pure and doped LG was done. In the third part anisotropy of pure and doped samples was studied. In the fourth part, effect of light irradiation was done in both pure and Nd+3+K+ doped LG. After that piezoelectric constant with respect to stress was studied.


Urbanisation leads to increased thermal stress in hot-humid climates due to increased surface and air temperatures and reduced wind speed. We examined the influence of urban morphology and sea breeze on the microclimate of Colombo, Sri Lanka. Air and surface temperatures, humidity and wind speed were measured at 1 rural and 5 urban sites during the warmest season. The urban sites differed in their height to width (H/W) ratio, ground cover and distance to the sea. Intra-urban air temperature differences were greatest during the daytime. A maximum intra-urban difference of 7 K was recorded on clear days. Maximum temperatures tended to decrease with increasing H/W ratio and proximity to the sea. All urban sites experienced a nocturnal urban heat island (UHI) when the sky was clear or partly cloudy. The temperature differences between sunlit and shaded urban surfaces reached 20 K, which shows the importance of shade in urban canyons (reducing long-wave radiation from surfaces). Within the urban areas, the vapour pressure was high (> 30 hPa) and showed little diurnal variation. Wind speeds were low (< 2 m s(-1)) and tended to decrease with increasing H/W ratio. Shading is proposed as the main strategy for lowering air and radiant temperatures; this can be achieved by deeper canyons, covered walkways and shade trees. It is also suggested to open up wind corridors perpendicular to the sea to facilitate deeper sea breeze penetration. (Less)


ABSTRACT Although action research has been widely recognized as an appropriate methodology for promoting the democratization of knowledge, it is not always conducted from an emancipatory and transformative paradigm. Using AR in a technical way, renders it no more than a researcher-driven, problem-solving heuristic that perpetuates the intellectual colonization of local knowledge. This begs the question: how can action researchers work in ways that are contextually and culturally relevant, and generate knowledge that enables people to take control of improving their own lives as they see fit? This paper presents a thematic analysis of the narrative reports from seven participatory workshops held around the world for the purpose of dialoging around this and related questions. Findings indicate that, generally, action researchers are indeed facing challenges on many personal, institutional and epistemic levels as they endeavor to promote knowledge derived from the principles of authentic participation and dialogue with those whom it is intended to benefit. However, the analysis also reveals creative responses of practitioners to these challenges. In keeping with the special issue theme, we offer this analysis as a starting point for further discussion around how we can mobilize knowledge for equitable social progress.


Ethionamide is a yellow crystalline, nonhygroscopic compound with a faint to moderate sulfide odor and a melting point of 162°C. It is practically insoluble in water and ether, but soluble in methanol and ethanol. It has a partition coefficient (octanol/water) Log P value of 0.3699. Trecator tablets contain 250 mg of ethionamide. The inactive ingredients present are croscarmellose sodium, FD&C Yellow #6, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, povidone, silicon dioxide, talc, and titanium dioxide.


By analyzing European and national documents regulating studies in higher education schools one can see that a student has become an important participant in securing the process of quality of studies. Therefore, it is important to systematically analyze students' attitudes to various aspects connected to quality of studies. The aim of the research was to convey the conception of quality of studies by first and last year students of physical education. The research was carried out in 2013–2014 and 121 first and last year students of Lithuanian University of Educational Sciences participated in it. The following research methods were applied: scientific literature and documents, students' answers to open question: " what are quality studies for you personally? ", and quality content analysis. By singling out categories naming of research participants (keyword or phrase) were taken into account as well as study quality exterior assessment by areas according to legal acts of Lithuania. By analyzing conception of quality studies of first and last year students of physical education eight quality categories have been singled out: study outcomes, structure of study programme, study process, favourable study environment, material and methodical resources, lecturers, accessibility of studies and possibility to be employed, prestige institutions and studies.


The radio operation in wireless sensor networks (WSN) in Internet of Things (IoT) applications is the most common source for power consumption. Consequently, recognizing and controlling the factors affecting radio operation can be valuable for managing the node power consumption. Among essential factors affecting radio operation, the time spent for checking the radio is of utmost importance for monitoring power consumption. It can lead to false WakeUp or idle listening in radio duty cycles and ContikiMAC. ContikiMAC is a low-power radio duty-cycle protocol in Contiki OS used in WakeUp mode, as a clear channel assessment (CCA) for checking radio status periodically. This paper presents a detailed analysis of radio WakeUp time factors of ContikiMAC. Furthermore, we propose a lightweight CCA (LW-CCA) as an extension to ContikiMAC to reduce the Radio Duty-Cycles in false WakeUps and idle listening though using dynamic received signal strength indicator (RSSI) status check time. The simulation results in the Cooja simulator show that LW-CCA reduces about 8% energy consumption in nodes while maintaining up to 99% of the packet delivery rate (PDR).


Because of the growing interest among petroleum, recycling, and other industries, sustainability is central to chemical engineers and students. Sustainable Development in the Process Industry not only explores but also demonstrates practical solutions for using sustainable technologies, focusing on three major points: people, prosperity, and planet. Rather than presenting theories, the text provides examples and cases studies ranging from the petroleum industry to the water processing industry. With a collection of international authors, the text is suitable for any chemical engineer or student interested in achieving a more sustainable world.


This paper presents a practical guide to an optimized analytical procedure for the reliable quantification of trace element concentrations in fluid inclusions hosted by natural minerals, using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). With the improved sensitivities of modern ICP-MS instrumentation, more stringent guidelines for cleaning and contaminant reduction become decisive in extending the limits of trace element analysis, particularly for dilute fluids and smaller inclusions investigated by highly sensitive sector field ICP-MS. We have identified three sources of contamination that limit the recording and quantification of low-count signals, namely: (1) the carrier gas quality that affects the continuous instrumental background. (2) The material and cleanliness of the ablation cell, connection tubing material, and sampler and skimmer cone, all of which may cause a falsely elevated signal during ablation. (3) Contamination of the sample surface during its preparation and from the deposition of previously ablated material, including aerosols produced during extended ablation of an ICP-MS tuning material. Contamination from these sources can overlap with the host mineral and with the fluid inclusion signal. Based on extensive test experiments, we propose a workflow that allows minimization of these contamination contributions and optimizes representative sampling and quantification of fluid inclusion data. For example, Au and S in low-density vapor-dominated inclusions may be quantified down to a few ng g−1 and a few hundred μg g−1, respectively.


Ultrasound was used for the first time in pregnancy in the 1960 s and then found broader clinical application in the 70 s and particularly in the 80 s, thereby revolutionizing obstetrics and ultimately resulting in the development of a new subspecialty: prenatal diagnosis and perinatal medicine. This means that ultrasound has been used for more than 40 years in pregnancy to examine fetuses. This development was facilitated on the one hand by the ease of use of the method and the resulting broad availability and on the other hand by the fact that ultrasound is an imaging method that does not require the use of physical radiation. This resulted in early differentiation from diagnostic radiology (classic abdominal X-ray, pelvic X-ray, amniofetography) and later also from computed tomography. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has the potential to supplement ultrasound for targeted issues but is still very cost-intensive and has numerous limitations. Despite this success story, concerns regarding the safety of ultrasound in prenatal diagnosis have arisen again in 2020. Why? What happened? Ultrasound –mechanical vibrations in amedium (mechanical waves) –was designated as non-ionizing radiation in recent years. The term radiation induces anxiety in many pregnant women. Biological effects of mechanical waves (non-ionizing radiation – ultrasound) are dependent on threshold values, while biological effects of electromagnetic waves (X-ray radiation, gamma radiation) are always present regardless of threshold values. A regulation regarding the use of non-ionizing radiation for non-medical purposes was also recently enacted in Germany. Although it primarily does not apply to prenatal diagnosis, § 10 states: "Use of ultrasound in a pregnant person. Fetal exposure must be avoided when using ultrasound for non-medical purposes" [1]. This wording has caused renewed uncertainty among both pregnant women and physicians. A huge response was seen on the Internet and on social media. The general sentiment was: "ultrasound is dangerous". This needs to be addressed, especially since our patients have a right to scientifically proven information. We as physicians have a responsibility to ensure our patients receive correct information. In its courses, the German Society for Ultrasound in Medicine (DEGUM) teaches the corresponding technical principles of diagnostic ultrasound. Every physician performing prenatal diagnosis is familiar with technical parameters like acoustic output, frame rate (Hz), probe frequency, pulse repetition frequency (PRF), and much more. Is the same also true for other technical indices, such as the thermal index (TI) and mechanical index, and their meaning [2, 3]? This issue of the journal includes a study by Drukker et al. [4] regarding safety indices in ultrasound and discusses whether we as examiners observe the recommendations of the professional societies and what we focus on in the ultrasound image. The authors analyzed 637 complete ultrasound examinations from the first, second, and third trimester of pregnancy performed by 17 different examiners (sonographers and physicians). Automatic analysis of the complete ultrasound examination was coupled with examiner eye-tracking and the values for MI (mechanical index), TIs (thermal index for soft tissue), and TIb (thermal index for bone) and the particular ultrasound mode were extracted. The lowest TI values were measured in B-mode imaging (highest value: 0.8), while the highest TI values were measured during pulsed Doppler ultrasound (3.0). All time limits were maintained. Eyetracking analysis showed that attention was paid to bioeffect safety indices in only 27 of 637 ultrasound examinations (4.2 %). What can we learn from this study? All examiners were aware of and observed the relevant time limit for a particular examination. The TI value data (mechanical PD Dr. Kai-Sven Heling Prof. Dr. Peter Kozlowski Editorial


A number of studies have attempted to describe and explain both the levels of and trend in
support for abortion in the adult population and college students, yet there is a gap around
abortion attitudes of adolescents. This quantitative study aims to examine the levels of
knowledge and attitudes of abortion among male and female secondary school learners, to
examine gender differences among the learners with regards to abortion attitudes and
knowledge as well as to investigate the effect of religion in terms of abortion. A sample of
150 adolescent males and females from Grade 11 between the ages of 15 to 19 years old
was chosen to be used in the study. This research study was conducted at a secondary
school in a lower middle class suburb in Durban. The learners were required to complete a
questionnaire measuring levels of knowledge (based on different components of the South
African legislation regarding abortion, that is, the Choice on Termination of Pregnancy
(CTOP) Act (1996); a rating scale of abortion attitudes (Esposito & Basow, 1995) and a
short biographical component. The statistical programme SPSS 15.0 was used to analyze
the data. The results show that the respondents' knowledge about South African legislation
governing the act of abortion; varied, attitudes to abortion differed by gender, sexual status
and the reasons for abortion. It was found that the older the person, the more positive their
attitude towards the elective reasons for abortion. In this study, more positive attitudes
towards abortion were prevalent in the Hindu sample as compared to the Christian sample.


A sensing device for explosive compounds is a fundamental step towards the capability to detect the presence of landmines, improvised explosive devices (IEDs), and other unexploded ordinance. To detect high explosive compounds such as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), an optical sensor utilizing molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) technology was developed. This sensor consists of MIP microparticles prepared using methacrylic acid as the functional monomer in a precipitation polymerization reaction. The MIP particles are combined with fluorescent semiconductor nanocrystals, or quantum dots, via a simple crosslinking procedure. The MIP is then capable of rebinding the explosive compound, which quenches the fluorescence of the covalently linked quantum dots. After preliminary studies of the basic sensing mechanism, a precipitation polymerization reaction was used to create MIP particles with a uniform spherical shape and sub-micron size, as well as MIP particles with a porous mesh-like morphology. A comparison study of these two types of particles indicated that the MIP microspheres were more effective at binding the nitroaromatic explosive TNT and its breakdown product 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT). The MIP microsphere-based fluorescence sensing scheme was then entrapped into a sol-gel matrix and applied to a solid substrate sensor platform for detection of vapor-phase explosives. However, the detection method showed poor performance and was unsuitable for sensing of airborne nitroaromatic explosive compounds.


Information systems students continue to struggle to successfully complete computer programming classes. Learning how to program is difficult, and failure and attrition rates in college level programming classes remain at an unacceptably high rate. Since many IS students take a programming course as part of their program of study, IS educators should better understand why IS students tend to achieve low success rates in programming courses and what can be done to improve success rates. Little research to date has addressed potential reasons for student failure in programming principles courses. Many educators simply assume that high failure rates are acceptable – that computer programming is difficult and some students simply will not succeed. Some researchers have studied personality as a predictor of success in computer programming courses. However, no studies have attempted to gather cognitive profiles and match performance to profile type exhibited. In our study, we identified the primary cognitive profile in a sample of beginning programming students in a southeastern university and matched profile to final average in programming principles I. Intuitive thinkers tended to perform better in programming principles I than sensor feelers. We found no other differences in performance between profile types. We recommend instructional strategies that may be used to reach fully motivated and intellectually capable sensor feelers, while not detracting from the learning experience of the other profiles.


Instrumental improvements in sensitivity of Fabry-Perot spectrometers with the development of Charged Coupled Device (CCD) cameras enable measurement of faint emission lines. A Dual Etalon Fabry-Perot Optical Spectrometer (DEFPOS) has recently been built to observe hydrogen Balmer alpha ( Hα : 6563 A) emission lines from the Earth's upper atmosphere and the interstellar medium in our Galaxy. This spectrometer is now located at TUBITAK National Observatory (TUG), Antalya, Turkey, and has been observing in the zenith direction with a field-of-view of 4°.76 and with 1200 s exposure time. This paper briefly describes the DEFPOS spectrometer, data analysis, and results from data taken on 47 nights between 2002 and 2004. For the averaged geocoronal Balmer α intensities measured in nighttime, we found that the intensity was generally greater than 1 R and less than 12 R. These first results show that there is agreement with the theory and measurements made by other groups regarding the geocoronal Balmerα intensities. DEFPOS observations from Turkey offer potential to combine with geocoronal hydrogen observations at other locations such as Arecibo, Puerto Rico, Wisconsin Pine Bluff Observatory (PBO), and WHAM, Kitt Peak, Arizona, enhancing our global knowledge of the upper atmosphere. In the near future, DEFPOS will be used at coude exit of the 150 cm telescope. Then, it will be able to make more accurate observations at any direction in the sky.


[This book is] a concise and informative guide to the theory and practice of MLD. The text is well presented, easy to follow, and has excellent visual detail with clear illustrations and full-colour photographs included throughout. I would recommend this manual as a valuable resource for the library of any lymphoedema clinic.-- Elaine Stowe, Northern Health and Social Care Trust, Northern Ireland Written by the world's leading authorities on Dr. Emil Vodder's techniques for Manual Lymph Drainage (MLD), this lavishly illustrated guide provides step-by-step descriptions of how to massage the lymph vessels to stimulate smooth lymphatic flow. Full-color photographs supplement concise text describing the basic anatomy and physiology of the circulatory and lymphatic systems, treatment techniques, and the various types of swelling caused by lymphedema. The authors discuss indications and contraindications, as well as the ways in which Dr. Vodder's method affects different regions of the body. Features: * The latest information on complete decongestive therapy (CDT), including coverage of compression therapy, taping, respiratory treatment, and other complementary methods * More than 200 color photographs visualize the therapist's grips * Each chapter includes numerous tips and plenty of space throughout for personal notes *50 review questions enable self-study * An appendix contains an informative history of Dr. Vodder's life and his contributions to the field Dr. Vodder's Manual Lymph Drainage: A Practical Guide is a comprehensive, one-step reference for students, therapists, and practitioners of lymphology, manual medicine, or physical therapy.


Background The 'vascular depression' hypothesis states that brain changes located in frontal-subcortical pathways increase vulnerability for specific depressive symptom profiles, but studies examining locations of small-vessel and degenerative changes with individual symptoms are scarce. We examined whether location and progression of white-matter lesions (WMLs), lacunar infarcts and atrophy were associated with motivational and mood symptoms in patients with symptomatic atherosclerotic disease. Method In 578 patients [63 (s.d.=8) years] of the Second Manifestations of ARTerial disease (SMART)-Medea study, volumes of WMLs and atrophy and visually rated infarcts were obtained with 1.5 T magnetic resonance imaging at baseline and after 3.9 (s.d.=0.4) years' follow-up. Depressive symptoms were assessed with Patient Health Questionnaire-9 at follow-up and categorized into motivational and mood symptoms. Results Regression analyses adjusted for age, gender, education, Mini-Mental State Examination, physical functioning, antidepressant use and vascular risk factors showed that location in mainly deep white-matter tracts and progression of WMLs were associated with symptoms of anhedonia, concentration problems, psychomotor retardation and appetite disturbance. Lacunar infarcts in deep white matter were associated with greater motivational [Incidence rate ratio (IRR) 1.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2–2.4] and mood (IRR 1.7, 95% CI 1.1–2.6) sumscores, and with symptoms of psychomotor retardation, energy loss and depressed mood; lacunar infarcts in the thalamus were associated with psychomotor retardation only. Cortical atrophy was associated with symptoms of anhedonia and appetite disturbance. Excluding patients with major depression did not materially change the results. Conclusions Our findings suggest that disruption of frontal-subcortical pathways by small-vessel lesions leads to a symptom profile that is mainly characteristic of motivational problems, also in the absence of major depression.


Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) is a promising new treatment modality for inoperable or metastasized gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEPNETs) patients. Most studies report objective response rates in 15-35% of patients. Also, outcome in terms of progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival compares very favorably with that for somatostatin analogs, chemotherapy, or new, 'targeted' therapies. They also compare favorably to PFS data for liver-directed therapies. Two decades after the introduction of PRRT, there is a growing need for randomized controlled trials comparing PRRT to 'standard' treatment, that is treatment with agents that have proven benefit when tested in randomized trials. Combining PRRT with liver-directed therapies or with targeted therapies could improve treatment results. The question to be answered, however, is whether a combination of therapies performed within a limited time-span from one another results in a better PFS than a strategy in which other therapies are reserved until after (renewed) tumor progression. Randomized clinical trials comparing PRRT with other treatment modalities should be undertaken to determine the best treatment options and treatment sequelae for patients with GEPNETs.


Impairments in dexterous upper limb function are a significant cause of disability following stroke. While the physiological basis of movement deficits consequent to a lesion in the pyramidal tract is well demonstrated, specific mechanisms contributing to optimal recovery are less apparent. Various upper limb interventions (motor learning methods, neurostimulation techniques, robotics, virtual reality, and serious games) are associated with improvements in motor performance, but many patients continue to experience significant limitations with object handling in everyday activities. Exactly how we go about consolidating adaptive motor behaviors through the rehabilitation process thus remains a considerable challenge. An important part of this problem is the ability to successfully distinguish the extent to which a given gesture is determined by the neuromotor impairment and that which is determined by a compensatory mechanism. This question is particularly complicated in tasks involving manual dexterity where prehensile movements are contingent upon the task (individual digit movement, grasping, and manipulation…) and its objective (placing, two step actions…), as well as personal factors (motivation, acquired skills, and life habits…) and contextual cues related to the environment (presence of tools or assistive devices…). Presently, there remains a lack of integrative studies which differentiate processes related to structural changes associated with the neurological lesion and those related to behavioral change in response to situational constraints. In this text, we shall question the link between impairments, motor strategies and individual performance in object handling tasks. This scoping review will be based on clinical studies, and discussed in relation to more general findings about hand and upper limb function (manipulation of objects, tool use in daily life activity). We shall discuss how further quantitative studies on human manipulation in ecological contexts may provide greater insight into compensatory motor behavior in patients with a neurological impairment of dexterous upper-limb function.


The UK is presently engaged in a process of leaving the EU.  This process, and its broader effect on UK and EU law and governance, is complex and uncertain.  This analysis hones in on the sphere of climate and energy governance, investigating the EU's supranational regime in order to elucidate fundamental aspects of the UK's withdrawal from the EU for the UK Low Carbon Transition in the sphere of energy decarbonisation.  The analysis focuses most pointedly on the EU arena, rather than the UK's internal state arena, and elucidates aspects of the impact of Brexit on the UK through examination of the EU-UK legal and political interface.  This permits lessons to be drawn that can usefully inform broader assessments of the significance of Brexit's impact on the UK's ongoing climate and energy decarbonisation process.


The present work deals with the corrosion behavior of mild steel in acidic medium. The inhibitive effect of 1-((5-nitrofuran-2-yl)methylene)semicarbazide lanthanide complexes on the corrosion of mild steel in 0.2 M HNO3 has been studied by weight loss and thermodynamic methods. The thermodynamic parameters for mild steel in acidic medium with and without inhibitor were calculated. The effect of concentration temperature on the corrosion rate, activation energy and free energy of adsorption were also calculated.


The past decade has witnessed efforts on the part of research, education and policy communities to create a dialogue about the potential relationship between cognitive neuroscience and the science and practice of education. The upsurge of interest in neuroscience in general has given rise to increased attention to the role of the brain in learning.However, much of the debate has been dominated by extremes. Explorations in Learning and the Brain takes a different stance in the sense that developments within neuroscience are not the starting point but rather uses major questions dominant in educational research, notably instructional systems design and related fields within the educational sciences, as its basis. The book identifies interfaces between neuro-scientific and educational research, and informs on potentially interesting additions to educational research and viable interdisciplinary ventures.


We propose stratified volume diffractive optical elements as a new type of diffractive optical element that is capable of functioning as a high-efficiency grating in applications with requirements not suited to traditional holographic or diffractive optical techniques. In this approach, diffractive optical fabrication methods are used to construct an optical structure that emulates volume grating behavior. We discuss the diffraction properties of stratified volume diffractive optical elements and compare them with those used previously in both volume holographic optical elements and stratified volume holographic optical elements. A systematic design process is then presented for deriving structure parameters. We illustrate this process by designing a prototype stratified volume diffractive optical element to meet the operational specifications for a beam-scanning element in a spaceborne coherent wind lidar. We use numerical simulation to assess the performance of the prototype element, including sensitivity to fabrication errors.


Sociologists document a shift in the relationship between class and family. Historically, the more education a woman had the less likely she was to marry, and class differences in marriage rates for men in the United States were small. Today, the likelihood of marrying, staying married and raising children within a two parent family corresponds directly with class. Divorce rates, which seemed to plateau in the nineties, in fact diverge sharply by women's education - the better educated have seen divorce rates decline back to the levels before no-fault divorce while they have continued to increase for everyone else. In addition, the college educated have continued to hold the line on non-marital births at the same time they have risen sharply for everyone else. Today, 41% of all births are non-marital; yet, the figure remains at 2% for white college grads and 6% for college graduates overall. There is widespread agreement that these changes reflect in part the greater independence of women, the declining economic prospects of blue collar men, and the growing mismatch between men and women's educational achievement and employment opportunities. What has received less attention are evolutionary explanations. The most recent data finds that the greater the male income inequality in a region, the lower women's marriage rates and the lower the socio-economic status of the woman, the more likely she is to have children with multiple men. These findings, which appear to reflect women's choices to a greater degree than men's, mystify sociologists and distress policy makers. Yet, they seem to bear out evolutionary predictions that 1) women will prefer access to "better genes" from multiple partners if fidelity does not secure a mate who can meaningly invest in the children and 2) women who can secure a significant investment from a long term partner will become pickier as the variance among potential mates increases. This talk will raise the question of the importance of this discussion, the political and scholarly limitations of the discourse, and the potential implications for examining the relationship between inequality and family.


We illustrate one way in which a population of boundedly rational individuals can learn to play an approximate Nash equilibrium. Players are assumed to make strategy choices using a combination of imitation and innovation. We begin by looking at an imitation dynamic and provide conditions under which play evolves to an imitation equilibrium ; convergence is conditional on the network of social interaction. We then illustrate, through example, how imitation and innovation can complement each other; in particular, we demonstrate how imitation can help a population to learn to play a Nash equilibrium where more rational methods do not. This leads to our main result in which we provide a general class of large game for which the imitation with innovation dynamic almost surely converges to an approximate Nash, imitation equilibrium.


One financial report analysis used to find out financial performance of a company is by doing cash-flow ratio analysis. The research aimed to find out financial performance of cement industry listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange from cash-flow report, also to find out cement industry which owed the best financial performance from cash-flow report. For the company, the research could be used as consideration in decision making related with the company financial performance. Time series analysis found that PT. Semen Gresik, Tbk owed the highest financial performance in activity ratio, especially in fixed cash-flow in the company. PT. Indocement Tunggal Prakarsa, Tbk performance found in 2006 the operation activity ratio showed increasing each year. Investment activity ratio at PT. Indocement Tunggal Prakarsa, Tbk showed that cash-flow per stock piece showed the higher ratio than various source?s cash. While for funding activity ratio, there found that debt closure showed the highest ratio. Financial performance analysis at PT. Holcim, Tbk shoed that fixed cash ratio showed the highest ratio compared with the other ratio along 2005 to 2007. while for investment activity ratio performance, there could be found that cash-flow ratio from various sources showed progress and for funding/cost activity ratio, the highest ratio was debt closure. While from cross section analysis, there could be found that PT. Semen Gresik, tbk from 2005 to 2007 owed good financial performance compared with the other cement company. From the analysis of financial performance, investment and funding, there found that PT. Indocement Tunggal Prakarsa, Tbk owed good performance compared with the other company from 2005 to 2007. The writer suggest that the company should try to increase the input cash-flow to the company, whether from operation, investment, and funding so that it could increase the company ability to fulfill the company?s operational needs. In the other side, there hoped that the company could do processing in the company?s cash-flow in optimum way to support the whole company?s activity. Keyword : Kinerja Keuangan dan Arus Kas


This study is concerned with the development of a distinct and coherent
tradition of thought on the Trinity in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. The strength
of this tradition was such that, in a significant number of cases, it actually prevented
theologians from being able to see the real issues before them. When theologians in
the thirteenth century come to put forward their interpretations of the statement on the
Trinity issued by the Fourth Lateran Council of 1215, they are severely hampered in
their ability to do so because of their preoccupation with an argument about the divine
essence which is, at the most, tangential in the Lateran decree itself. Their
interpretations are so wide of the mark as to constitute nothing less than a case of
collective misunderstanding.
This raises questions about rationality and hermeneutics which are not as easily
answerable as they first appear. The difficulty arises because it is just possible to
discern a conceptual link between the skewed interpretation offered by these
theologians and the issues addressed in the Lateran decree as they appear to us today.
It is almost as if theologians considered their version to be legitimate because they
saw an intrinsic link between the issues of divine unity and divine generation, the
main concerns of the decree and academic theologians respectively.
What gives credence to this possibility is that these issues were themselves
often inseparable in the development of trinitarian theology in the twelfth and
thirteenth centuries. Much of the coherence of the tradition of academic theology of
the Trinity derived from a recurrent preoccupation with the question of whether the
divine essence begets. In certain crucial instances, the answer to this question was
determined with reference to the doctrine of divine unity. The idea was that the
generation of the essence would impair irretrievably the absolute unity of essence
which was beginning to emerge as the dominant view of divine unity.
The Lateran Council's statement on the doctrine can only be understood within
this wider theological context. It is no longer possible to attribute this statement to
Pope Innocent III's wish to bolster the authority of Peter Lombard. Innocent himself
borrowed from Joachim's trinitarian theology, making it almost inconceivable that he
would have later wished to condemn the same theologian. Only by giving less
attention to the personalities involved and more to the issues themselves can we
realise the full significance of the theological controversies of this period.


This paper studies the effect of providing relative performance feedback on individuals' performance, under two incentive schemes. In a laboratory setup, agents perform a real-effort task. We show that relative performance feedback increases performance when performance is related to pay (piece-rate) but has no effect on performance when pay is independent of performance (flat-rate). These effects are independent of the agent's relative position. Subjects are also asked to rate their satisfaction during the experiment. We find that under flat-rate, feedback has no effect on agents' satisfaction, while under piece-rate, feedback about relative position affects satisfaction.


In 1994,2 ongoing rabies epizootics were declared a state health emergency: canine rabies in South Texas and gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) rabies in West-Central Texas. Prior to 1988, rabid coyotes (Canis latrans) were infrequently reported in Texas. In 1988, Starr and Hidalgo counties, located in extreme South Texas, experienced an epizootic of canine rabies resulting in 11 laboratory-confirmed cases of canine rabies in domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) and 6 cases in coyotes. By 1991, the epizootic had expanded approximately 160 km north of the United States (US)-Mexico border and included 10 counties. During the next 3 years, 8 additional counties became involved in the epizootic as it continued to move northward. During the 7year-period, there were 531 laboratory-confirmed cases of canine rabies in 18 counties, and the epizootic was 255 km north of the USMexico border at its furthest extent. Gray fox rabies, which was endemic in West-Central Texas, also became epizootic in 1988. It began in Sutton County and rapidly expanded to include 6 additional counties by the end of the year with 23 laboratory-confirmed cases of gray fox rabies. From 1989 to 1994, a range of 1 to 13 new counties per year had recorded confirmed gray fox rabies cases. It had spread approximately 130 km northward and 225 km eastward from the index case. By the end of 1994, the epizootic included 35 counties in West-Central Texas with 524 laboratory-confirmed cases of gray fox rabies. Antigenic and genetic analysis revealed the ecotype primarily affecting domestic dogs and coyotes in South Texas to be urban Mexican dog and the rabies ecotype primarily affecting gray foxes in West-Central Texas to be Texas fox. The epizootics are approaching large metropolitan areas; an increase in vaccination levels of domestic animals would help provide a barrier between rabid wild animals and humans. Pages 83-87 in R.E. Masters and J.G. Huggins, eds. Twelfth Great Plains Wildl. Damage Control Workshop Proc, Published by Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Okla.


Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurodevelopmental disorder and is characterized by symptoms of inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity. In the current study, we obtained quantitative EEG (QEEG) recordings of 51 children aged between 6 and 12 years before the initiation of methylphenidate treatment. The relationship between changes in the scores of ADHD symptoms and initial QEEG features (power/power ratios values) were assessed. In addition, the children were classified as responder and nonresponder according to the ratio of their response to the medication (>25% improvement after medication). Logistic regression analyses were performed to analyze the accuracy of QEEG features for predicting responders. The findings indicate that patients with increased delta power at F8, theta power at Fz, F4, C3, Cz, T5, and gamma power at T6 and decreased beta powers at F8 and P3 showed more improvement in ADHD hyperactivity symptoms. In addition, increased delta/beta power ratio at F8 and theta/beta power ratio at F8, F3, Fz, F4, C3, Cz, P3, and T5 showed negative correlations with Conners' score difference of hyperactivity as well. This means, those with greater theta/beta and delta/beta powers showed more improvement in hyperactivity following medication. Theta power at Cz and T5 and theta/beta power ratios at C3, Cz, and T5 have significantly classified responders and nonresponders according to the logistic binary regression analysis. The results show that slow and fast oscillations may have predictive value for treatment response in ADHD. Future studies should seek for more sensitive biomarkers.


In switching max-plus-linear discrete event systems we can switch between different modes of operation. In each mode the discrete event system is described by a max-plus-linear state space model with different system matrices for each mode. In randomly switching max-plus-linear systems, the switching between the modes can be both deterministic and stochastic. The switching changes the structure of the system, which allows the system to break synchronization and to change the order of events. In this paper two equivalent descriptions for randomly switching max-plus-linear systems will be discussed. Furthermore, we will show that a randomly switching max-plus-linear system can be written as a piecewise affine system or a max-min-plus-scaling system. The last transformation can be established under (rather mild) additional assumptions on the boundedness of state and input.


SUMMARY Extinctions have altered island ecosystems throughout the late Quaternary. Here, we review the main historic drivers of extinctions on islands, patterns in extinction chronologies between islands, and the potential for restoring ecosystems through reintroducing extirpated species. While some extinctions have been caused by climatic and environmental change, most have been caused by anthropogenic impacts. We propose a general model to describe patterns in these anthropogenic island extinctions. Hunting, habitat loss and the introduction of invasive predators accompanied prehistoric settlement and caused declines of endemic island species. Later settlement by European colonists brought further land development, a different suite of predators and new drivers, leading to more extinctions. Extinctions alter ecological networks, causing ripple effects for islands through the loss of ecosystem processes, functions and interactions between species. Reintroduction of extirpated species can help restore ecosystem function and processes, and can be guided by palaeoecology. However, reintroduction projects must also consider the cultural, social and economic needs of humans now inhabiting the islands and ensure resilience against future environmental and climate change.


This document synthesizes the principal characteristics of National Public Investment Systems (SNIP) in Barbados, Guyana, Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago as a representative picture of the situation in the entire Caribbean subregion. In preparing this document, all variables that make up the Investment Systems have been analysed following the ILPES methodological approach applied to other Latin American countries, in order to facilitate a comparative analysis and highlight the main differences, similarities and distinctive characteristics while taking into account the institutions, standards, procedures, resources and policy criteria that are unique to the countries of the Caribbean. The document begins with a review of the most notable properties that the island countries of the Caribbean must contend with from the economic policy standpoint, as a function of their small size, isolation, scarce resources, dependency on external market fluctuations and high risk for natural disasters. In the balance of advantages and disadvantages, from the perspective of SNIPs, emphasis is placed on the role that tradable and non-tradable goods play vis-a-vis diseconomies of scale and the possibilities for social cohesion and closer ties between the State and the citizenry for the purpose of identifying and executing investment projects. The analysis of SNIPs in Barbados, Guyana, Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago focused primarily on the development of three thematic elements: coordination and sources of financing for projects and programmes; Basic Planning Functions (evaluation, forward planning, coordination), and the programming cycle dictated by the plan-investment programming-budget programming-project relationship. The value added or net contribution made by the SNIPs is examined, either as a process for improving the quality of investment using available margins for reorienting economic and social development on the islands, or as a tool for bridging strategic planning and efficient investment and budget allocation. The document concludes with a look at the various implications of a systemic approach at the strategic (macro), programmatic (meso) and operational (micro) levels of projects and programmes, taking into account the role of the stakeholders, policies, time frames and in particular the relationships between project execution units and national budget offices as the project cycle evolves. This study drew on official publications and documents provided by the relevant agencies in each country and on Internet access to a wide variety of national and multilateral institutions. A mission to each of the countries concerned made it possible to conduct interviews and thereby to complement the array of information and validate hypotheses. The contributions and interest of numerous individuals were fundamental to making this product a reality, and the authors hope it will facilitate the debate and promote the sharing of experiences among countries of Latin America and the Caribbean, and between the four countries analysed and the rest of the subregion.


We show that singular sets of free boundaries arising in codimension one anisotropic geometric variational problems are $\mathcal H ^{n-3}$-negligible, where $n$ is the ambient space dimension. In particular our results apply to capillarity type problems, and establish everywhere regularity in the three-dimensional case.


Ataxia-telangiectasia is a rare inherited disorder that affects the nervous system, immune system, and other body systems. This disorder is characterized by progressive difficulty with coordinating movements (ataxia) beginning in early childhood, usually before age 5. Affected children typically develop difficulty walking, problems with balance and hand coordination, involuntary jerking movements (chorea), muscle twitches (myoclonus), and disturbances in nerve function (neuropathy). The movement problems typically cause people to require wheelchair assistance by adolescence. People with this disorder also have slurred speech and trouble moving their eyes to look side-to-side (oculomotor apraxia). Small clusters of enlarged blood vessels called telangiectases, which occur in the eyes and on the surface of the skin, are also characteristic of this condition.


Atmospheric measurements of O2/N2 and CO2 at up to nine sites have been used to infer the interannual variations in oceanic O2 exchange with an inverse method. The method distinguishes the regional contributions of three latitudinal bands, partly the individual contributions of the North Pacific and the North Atlantic also. The interannual variations of the inferred O2 fluxes in the tropical band correlate significantly with the El Ni˜no/Southern Oscillation. Tropical O2 variations appear to be dominated by the ventilation of the O2 minimum zone from variations in Pacific equatorial upwelling. The interannual variations of the northern and southern extratropical bands are of similar amplitude, though the attribution to mechanisms is less clear. The interannual variations estimated by the inverse method are larger than those estimated by the current generation of global ocean biogeochemistry models, especially in the North Atlantic, suggesting that the representation of biological processes plays a role. The comparison further suggests that O2 variability is a more stringent test to validate models than CO2 variability, because the processes driving O2 variability combine in the same direction and amplify the underlying climatic signal


The financial crisis has ignited a debate about the appropriate objectives and the governance structure of Central Banks. We use novel survey data to investigate the relation between these traits and banking system stability focusing in particular on their role in micro-prudential supervision. We find that the separation of powers between single and multiple bank supervisors cannot explain credit risk prior or during the financial crisis. Similarly, a large number of Central Bank governance traits do not correlate with system fragility. Only the objective of currency stability exhibits a significant relation with non-performing loan levels in the run-up to the crisis. This effect is amplified for those countries with most frequent exposure to IMF missions in the past. Our results suggest that the current policy discussion whether to centralize prudential supervision under the Central Bank and the ensuing institutional changes some countries are enacting may not produce the improvements authorities are aiming at. Whether other potential improvements in prudential supervision due to, for example, external disciplinary devices, such as IMF conditional lending schemes, are better suited to increase financial stability requires further research.


Katabatic flows are high density air flows traversing down a slope under the action of a gravitational force. These flows can be exploited for wind energy and are gaining importance in predicting scalar transport (e.g. pollutants, water vapor, CO2 drainage) within mountainous regions and in forming large cold air pools in valleys and basins. Summertime measurements over a steep slope in a narrow alpine valley (Val Ferret, Switzerland) were collected so as to explore the components of the mean longitudinal momentum balance leading to the formation of the katabatic jet. During clear-sky nights with weak synoptic forcing, observations show a strong, near-surface temperature gradient and a subsequent, weak katabatic jet with a peak velocity at less than 1 m from the surface. Two distinct log-linear layers, both in mean velocity and in temperature, characterize the katabatic jet layer (up to  6 m) where fluxes of heat and momentum vary with height. This departure from the so-called constant-stress region typifies difficulties in modeling and predicting flows over steep topography. To circumvent some of these difficulties, a one-dimensional model for the vertical flux gradient that couples momentum and thermal balances was used to predict the mean velocity and turbulent flux profiles for katabatic flows over steep, vegetated slopes. The model predicts realistic profiles of heat and momentum fluxes in comparison with the field measurements. For example, in the case of the modeled momentum flux, the sign of the flux changes at the height of peak velocity and the higher gradient near the surface is well reproduced. It is conjectured that unsteadiness in synoptic scale conditions can be partly accommodated via a dynamic mean horizontal pressure gradient at a point. Order of magnitude calculations suggest that this term can be larger than the so-called thermal wind term when the katabatic flow is sufficiently shallow, as is the case on steep slopes. This model may serve as a test bench for various turbulent closure models that could be implemented to improve large-scale numerical weather predictions in those regions characterized by complex topography.


Graph Grammars describe system behavior through graphs and graph transformation rules. Graph
Grammars have not been used for Model-Based Testing. However, Graph Grammars have many
structural advantages, which are potential bene�ts for the model-based testing process. We describe
a model-based testing setup with Graph Grammars. The result is a system for automatic
test generation from Graph Grammars. A graph transformation tool, GROOVE (GRaphs for
Object-Oriented VErification), and a model-based testing tool using Symbolic Transition Systems,
ATM (Axini TestManager), are used as the backbone of the system.
One result of this report is a technique for the generation of a Symbolic Transition System from
a Graph Grammar. This technique is implemented in a tool, GRATiS (GROOVE-Axini Testing
System). This tool allows the user to model systems in Graph Grammars. It generates Symoblic
Transition Systems and performs model-based testing on the modelled system. This tool is shown
to be useful for the model-based testing paradigm, a.o. by showing its effectiveness in five case studies.
Performance measurements on the case studies show the technique implemented in GRATiS
scales well. Another measurements shows a complexity difference between Graph Grammars and
Symbolic Transition Systems: the first uses a bigger vocabulary and the latter uses more repetition
to model the same behavior.


This paper explores aspects of the development of scientific knowledge in Australian road safety research. It argues that road safety research in Australia has generally focused on the development of analytic and evaluative methods, and the collection of data concerning crash and injury problems and the outcomes of various interventions. There has been little interest in developing an understanding of the factors that underlie either crashes and injuries, or the effects of road safety programs. This issue is discussed in the context of scientific progress in general and a three-dimensional model of scientific knowledge. The paper also draws attention to the short term benefits and long term disbenefits of the current situation by drawing on recent road safety research projects.


A socially patterned epidemic of deaths of despair is a signal feature of American society in the twenty-first century, involving rising mortality from substance use disorders and self-harm at the bottom of the class structure. In the present review, we compare this population health crisis to that which ravaged Eastern Europe at the tail end of the previous century. We chart their common upstream causes: violent social dislocations wrought by rapid economic change and attendant public policies. By reviewing the extant social scientific and epidemiological literature, we probe a collection of dominant yet competing explanatory frameworks and spotlight avenues for future sociological contributions to this growing but underdeveloped domain of research. Deaths of despair are deeply rooted in socioeconomic dislocations that shape health behavior and other proximate causes of health inequality; therefore, sociology has great untapped potential in analyzing the social causes of deaths of despair. Comparative sociological research could significantly extend the extant public health and economics scholarship on deaths of despair by exploring the variegated lived experience of socioeconomic change in different institutional contexts, relying on sociological concepts such as fundamental causes, social reproduction, social disintegration, alienation, or anomie. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Sociology, Volume 48 is July 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.


The concept of silicon-based optoelectronics has attracted much scientific and technological interests over the past decade. The vision of Si-based optoelectronics is based on integration of Si-based photonic components, in which light can be generated, waveguided, modulated, amplified, and detected, with the advanced Si electronics onto the same Si substrate to make monolithically integrated Si-based optoelectronic circuits. The main driving force for development of Si-based optical components comes from unsurpassed qualities of Si as the substrate material on which the electronic components rest: superior native oxide as well as excellent thermal, mechanical, and economic properties. Despite superior substrate properties, the field still remains a frontier at large. The main technological limitation comes from the lack of materials for efficient Si-based light sources such as Si-based lasers and light-emitting devices.

Two novel Si-based nanostructures are studied for potential application as visible and infrared light sources: ion-beam synthesized Ge and Si nanocrystals in SiO_2 and coherently strained quantum well and quantum dots based on the Si-Sn system grown by molecular beam epitaxy.

The study of Ge and Si nanocrystals is motivated by the prediction that quantum confinement of carriers leads to efficient luminescence despite the indirect nature of the energy gaps. Ge and Si nanocrystals in thermal SiO_2 films are synthesized via precipitation from a supersaturated solid solution of Ge and Si in SiO_2 made by Ge^+ and Si^+ ion implantation. The precipitation of nanocrystals occurs upon thermal annealing in vacuum. It is demonstrated that the SiO_2films containing Ge nanocrystals only exhibit defect-related luminescence and that the Ge nanocrystals do not exhibit luminescence from quantum-confined excitons due to the poor nanocrystal/SiO_2 interface. The visible luminescence from SiO_2 films containing Si nanocrystals, on the other hand, is unambiguously demonstrated to be originating from quantum-confined excitons in Si nanocrystals, based on systematic photoluminescence and photoluminescence decay rate measurements. In agreement with the predictions of the theory of quantum confinement, the peak energy of visible photoluminescence from Si nanocrystals can be continuously tuned throughout most of the visible spectrum by controlling the size distribution of the nanocrystals.

The growth of nanostructures based on the Si-Sn system by molecular beam epitaxy is motivated by the fact that diamond cubic α-Sn is a zero band gap semiconductor and that band structure calculations predict a direct and tunable energy gap for Sn-rich Sn_(x)Si_(1-x) alloy system. However, the large lattice mismatch (19%) and severe segregation of Sn to the surface during growth prevent growth of Sn-rich Sn_(x)Si_(1-x) films by ordinary thermal molecular beam epitaxy. The growth of pseudomorphic Sn/Si and Sn_(x)Si_(1-x)/Si heterostructures is demonstrated via a modified molecular beam epitaxy technique employing temperature and growth rate modulations. The growth of pseudomorphic single quantum well structures as well as superlatttice structures is demonstrated. In addition, a novel route for synthesis of coherent Sn-rich Sn_(x)Si_(1-x) quantum dots in Si matrix is presented. Due to chemical instability of the Si-Sn mixture, Stranski-Krastonow growth of coherently strained Sn-rich Sn_(x)Si_(1-x) quantum dot structures using conventional molecular beam epitaxy techniques is very difficult. The novel technique involves phase separation of Sn-rich Sn_(x)Si_(1-x) quantum dots at elevated temperatures from an epitaxially stabilized homogeneous Sn_(x)Si_(1-x)/Si metastable solid solution grown by low temperature molecular beam epitaxy. The dots have been verified to be completely coherent with the surrounding Si matrix by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy.


Objectives: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common and progressive disease affecting elderly males, often associated with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). α1-blockers are the mainstay in symptomatic therapy of BPH. Because of their greater uroselectivity and minimal hemodynamic effects, alfuzosin, tamsulosin, and silodosin are generally preferred. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and tolerability of alfuzosin, tamsulosin, and silodosin in patients with BPH and LUTS. Methods: Ninety subjects with BPH and LUTS were randomized into three groups of thirty in each, to receive alfuzosin sustained release (SR) 10 mg, tamsulosin 0.4 mg, or silodosin 8 mg for 12 weeks. The primary outcome measure was a change in the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), and the secondary outcome measures were changes in individual subjective symptom scores, quality of life score (QLS), and peak flow rate (Qmax) from baseline. The treatment response was monitored at 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks. Results: IPSS improved by 88.18%, 72.12%, and 82.23% in alfuzosin SR, tamsulosin and silodosin groups (P < 0.001) at 12 weeks. Improvement in QLS was >75% in all the three groups (P < 0.001). A significant improvement in Qmax was seen with alfuzosin and tamsulosin (P = 0.025 and P < 0.001) but not with silodosin (P = 0.153). However, the intergroup differences in IPSS, QLS, and Qmax were not significant. Ejaculatory dysfunction was more common with silodosin and corrected QT (QTc) prolongation occurred only with alfuzosin (two subjects) and tamsulosin (three subjects). Conclusion: Alfuzosin, tamsulosin, and silodosin showed similar efficacy in improvement of LUTS secondary to BPH, with good tolerability, acceptability, and minimum hemodynamic adverse effects. Alfuzosin, tamsulosin, and silodosin are comparable in efficacy in symptomatic management of BPH. The occurrence of QTc prolongation in three subjects with tamsulosin in the present study is an unexpected adverse event as there are no reports of QTc prolongation with tamsulosin in any of the previous studies.


As law schools struggle with declining enrollment, lower bar passage rates, and the likelihood of more stringent accreditation standards related to bar passage, law schools will be forced to re-assess how they prepare their students for the bar exam. One way to address those issues is to think more deeply about why law schools should teach exam-writing skills and how to teach those skills. To that end, this article first explains the benefits of teaching exam-writing skills in the law school classroom. Most importantly, teaching exam-writing skills promotes the very skill that is at the heart of legal education: structured, coherent thinking. In addition, the same skills that are necessary to write a structured law school exam are essential to passing the bar exam and are foundational to the practice of law. Finally, teaching such skills explicitly in the doctrinal classroom provides important support to minority students and will likely mitigate mental distress for all students. Despite the many reasons for doing so, few law professors teach exam-writing skills — at least not explicitly.
The lack of exam-writing instruction in law school classrooms is a missed opportunity. A number of recent studies have demonstrated that merely taking practice exams and receiving some feedback improves exam performance.
The studies that document the relationship between practice, feedback, and performance do not, however, provide a method for teaching exam-writing skills. This article adds to those studies by recommending an underlying method for teaching exam-writing skills. As explained in the article, the work necessary to provide explicit exam-writing instruction need not be overly burdensome, and the payoffs can be great.


In this chapter the authors report the application of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for the direct detection and identification of Legionella spp. and L. pneumophila from respiratory tract specimens of patients with pneumonia using published 16S rRNA-based probes specific for the genus Legionella (Leg705) and for L. pneumophila (LegPne1). To evaluate the usefulness of FISH as a clinical diagnostic method, the authors analyzed 160 respiratory samples (bronchoalvealar lavage (BAL), pleural fluid, sputum, and tissue) from patients suspected of having pneumonia caused by Legionella spp. Probes Leg705 and LegPne1, one labeled with fluorescein and the other labeled with Cy3, were added simultaneously to each well, except for the negative-control well, where hybridization buffer alone was added. Almost two-thirds of Legionella pneumonia cases identified were caused by either L. longbeachae or L. micdadei. Given this background, development of a series of probes specific for the predominant species may be of value for identification and epidemiologic purposes.


Code coverage is one of the most important aspects of software testing, which helps software engineers to understand which portion of code has been executed using a given test suite throughout the software testing process. Automatic testing tools are widely utilized to provide testing coverage metrics in order to gauge the quality of software, but these tools may have some shortcomings such as the difference among the values of code coverage metric of a given program using different code coverage tools. Therefore, we designed and performed a controlled experiment to investigate whether these tools have a significant difference among the measured values of coverage metric or not. We collected the coverage data that consist of branch, line, statement, and method coverage metrics. Statistically, our findings show that there is a significant difference of code coverage results among the code coverage tools in terms of branch and method coverage metrics.


Increased global attention and funding has provided opportunities to strengthen malaria control. One cross-border control programme researched a range of prevention and treatment interventions over twenty years to reduce the malaria burden for Afghans in Pakistan and Afghanistan. Malaria in these areas is unstable and seasonal. Primary vectors include Anopheles culicifacies, An. fluviatilis, and An. stephensi. Objectives were to evaluate malaria control interventions in refugee settlements in Northwest Pakistan and returnee settlements in Eastern Afghanistan. Findings offer lessons for programmes in other fragile and conflict-affected settings, while helping inform regional and global malaria control efforts.
A mixed-methods study design included two study sites. The northwest Pakistan site covered 248 camps on malarious land near the Afghan border. The eastern Afghanistan site covered 200 villages near Jalalabad. As the national border separating study sites was relatively porous and both populations mobile, there were no notable sociodemographic differences between sites. Notable differences related to national malaria control policies, infrastructure, and priorities. Data were collected as part of operational research by HealthNet-Transcultural Psychosocial Organisation (HNTPO) between 1990 and 2005. Economic and quantitative data were analysed using Microsoft Excel™ and Stata®11-14. Qualitative data were analysed thematically using inductive and deductive coding.
Cost-effectiveness analysis of adding indoor residual spraying to case management in Pakistan (1990-95) showed favourable incremental cost-effectiveness ratios per case prevented and DALY averted. A clinical trial of extended-dose chloroquine in Pakistan (1998) showed that while increasing chloroquine dosage reduced recrudescence, approximately 50% failure was still too high for first-line treatment. Qualitative analysis of men's and women's perspectives on malaria prevention during the Taliban regime in Afghanistan (2000), showed women and men had similar knowledge, while lack of money was a major disincentive to ITN purchasing. Clinical and epidemiological analysis of pregnant and reproductive-age women in Afghanistan (2004-2005), showed malaria prevalence was much lower than anaemia prevalence in pregnancy and women were well-informed about malaria risks, but their autonomy was limited.
Key findings are discussed in relation to the study framework, providing overall lessons, implications, and potential limitations.


Motivation: Secondary structure prediction of RNA sequences is an important problem. There have been progresses in this area, but the accuracy of prediction from an RNA sequence is still limited. In many cases, however, homologous RNA sequences are available with the target RNA sequence whose secondary structure is to be predicted. Results: In this article, we propose a new method for secondary structure predictions of individual RNA sequences by taking the information of their homologous sequences into account without assuming the common secondary structure of the entire sequences. The proposed method is based on posterior decoding techniques, which consider all the suboptimal secondary structures of the target and homologous sequences and all the suboptimal alignments between the target sequence and each of the homologous sequences. In our computational experiments, the proposed method provides better predictions than those performed only on the basis of the formation of individual RNA sequences and those performed by using methods for predicting the common secondary structure of the homologous sequences. Remarkably, we found that the common secondary predictions sometimes give worse predictions for the secondary structure of a target sequence than the predictions from the individual target sequence, while the proposed method always gives good predictions for the secondary structure of target sequences in all tested cases. Availability: Supporting information and software are available online at: http://www.ncrna.org/software/centroidfold/ismb2009/. Contact: firstname.lastname@example.com Supplementary information:Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.


As we know, the incorporation of a trifluoromethyl group into organic molecules may significantly alter their physical and biological properties due to the high electronegativity, lipophilicity, and excellent metabolic stability of the trifluoromethyl substituent. Thus, an efficient method for the introduction of the trifluoromethyl group is of high current interest. On the other hand, vinylic cyclopropanes are a class of strained compounds capable of undergoing ring-opening reaction with other molecules. Here, CF3substituted vinylic cyclopropanes have been highly selectively formed by a copper-catalyzed cyclic trifluoromethylation of (4,4-disubstituted-2,3-butadienyl)malonates with Togni's reagent II, in which the trifluoromethyl group was installed at the middle carbon of the allene unit by applying 1,10-phenanthroline as the ligand. Such unique cyclopropanes successfully bring the trifluoromethyl group to other useful organic skeletons by the selective cleavage of C–C bonds with an exclusive diastereoselectivity. Based on the mechanistic studies, an allene radical addition, oxidation, and allylic substitution pathway has been proposed.


Background: Population size determines the number of seats each Australian state and territory is entitled to in the House of Representatives. The Northern Territory (NT) and Australian Capital Territory (ACT) were allocated two and three seats, respectively, in the August 2017 determination, but by very small margins. Both territories risk losing a seat at the next determination. This would result in them having considerably more people per member of parliament than any of the states.
Aims: This paper (1) provides modelling to support the consideration of alternative rules for determining membership entitlement to the House of Representatives which does not disadvantage the NT and ACT and (2) presents population projections for future determinations under the current and alternative rules.
Data and methods: Population projections for the states and territories were produced for three demographic scenarios. The resulting numbers of seats for the NT and ACT were calculated for each scenario under the current and proposed alternative seat entitlement rules.
Results: Under the existing rules the NT and ACT would only keep their current number of seats at the next determination if they experienced higher net in-migration than in recent years. Under the alternative seat entitlement rules suggested, the NT and ACT would be very unlikely to lose any seats and would almost certainly gain seats in ensuing decades.
Conclusions: There is a case for re-examining the way the states and territories are allocated seats in the House of Representatives.


We show that various analogs of Hindman's Theorem fail in a strong sense when one attempts to obtain uncountable monochromatic sets:
Theorem 1: There exists a colouring $c:\mathbb R\rightarrow\mathbb Q$, such that for every $X\subseteq\mathbb R$ with $|X|=|\mathbb R|$, and every colour $\gamma\in\mathbb Q$, there are two distinct elements $x_0,x_1$ of $X$ for which $c(x_0+x_1)=\gamma$. This forms a simultaneous generalization of a theorem of Hindman, Leader and Strauss and a theorem of Galvin and Shelah.
Theorem 2: For every Abelian group $G$, there exists a colouring $c:G\rightarrow\mathbb Q$ such that for every uncountable $X\subseteq G$, and every colour $\gamma$, for some large enough integer $n$, there are pairwise distinct elements $x_0,\ldots,x_n$ of $X$ such that $c(x_0+\cdots+x_n)=\gamma$. In addition, it is consistent that the preceding statement remains valid even after enlarging the set of colours from $\mathbb Q$ to $\mathbb R$.
Theorem 3: Let $\circledast_\kappa$ assert that for every Abelian group $G$ of cardinality $\kappa$, there exists a colouring $c:G\rightarrow G$ such that for every positive integer $n$, every $X_0,\ldots,X_n \in[G]^\kappa$, and every $\gamma\in G$, there are $x_0\in X_0,\ldots, x_n\in X_n$ such that $c(x_0+\cdots+x_n)=\gamma$. Then $\circledast_\kappa$ holds for unboundedly many uncountable cardinals $\kappa$, and it is consistent that $\circledast_\kappa$ holds for all regular uncountable cardinals $\kappa$.


In Padilla v. Kentucky, the Supreme Court recognized a noncitizen defendant's right to be informed by her attorney of any downstream immigration consequences that might flow from a proposed plea deal. In establishing this important right, the Court recognized a stark reality: that in many instances, a noncitizen's only meaningful opportunity to avoid removal arises in upstream criminal proceedings. This Article traces out the implications of a world where criminal courts (especially at the state level) operate as de facto immigration courts. This Article aims to do three things. First, it shows that local prosecutors operate as gatekeepers in the world of de facto immigration courts, a point the Court recognizes in Padilla and other cases. Second, it explains that prosecutors can exercise their gatekeeping power to deviate from or completely unsettle federal immigration enforcement priorities, a quality that distinguishes them from other local actors participating in immigration enforcement. Third and finally, the Article explores how Congress and the Court might accommodate this nascent reality.


The principle of superficies solo cedit is prescribed by Section 968 of the Latvian Civil Law: 'A building erected on land and firmly attached to it shall be recognised as a part thereof.' The law 'On Time and Procedures for Coming into Force of Introduction, Inheritance and Property Law Part of the Renewed Civil Law of the Republic of Latvia dated 1937 of 7 July', effective since 1 September 1992, applied several exceptions to Section 968 of the Latvian CL with respect to buildings erected during the Soviet occupation. As a consequence of the associated 'dual property rights', the owner of the building has to pay 'mandatory rental payment' to the landowner. This situation has become known as one of 'dualistic property', a concept sometimes erroneously identified with that of divided property. This dual situation calls for legal reform in the relevant field, for purposes of re-establishing the principle of unity of the land and the building erected on it. The problem can be partly solved by introduction of new institutions – the long lease ( emphyteusis ) and the right to erect a building on another's land ( superficies ).


Data mining is a generous field for researchers due to its various approaches on knowledge discovery in enormous volumes of data that are stored in different formats. At present, data are widely used all over the world, covering areas such as: education, industry, medicine, banking, inssurance companies, research laboratories, business, military domain etc. The major gain from applying data mining techniques is the discovery of unknown patterns and relations between data which can further help in the decision-making processes. There are two forms of data analysis used to extract models by describing important classes or to predict future data trends: classification and prediction. In this paper, the authors present a comparative study of classification algorithms (i.e. Decision Tree, Naive Bayes and Random Forest) that are currently applied to demographic data referring to death statistics using KNIME Analytics Platform. Our study was based on statistical data provided by the National Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Moldova corresponding to years 2011 and 2012, data related to deaths and various classification attributes, such as causes of death, areas, sex, years and age groups. A detailed proposal on the possibilities to increase the models' accuracy was also provided in the paper. Our findings indicated that the highest accuracy was achieved by the Decision Tree model (over 90%).


Case and Deaton (2015) document that, since 1998, midlife mortality rates are increasing for white non-Hispanics in the US. This trend is driven by deaths from drug overdoses, suicides, and alcohol-related diseases, termed as deaths of despair, and by the subgroup of low-educated individuals. In contrast, average mortality for middle-aged men and women continued to decrease in several other high-income countries including Germany. However, average mortality rates can disguise important differences between subgroups and the phenomenon of increasing mortality rates might also be present for subpopulations in these countries. Hence, we analyze how mortality in midlife is changing for several important demographic subgroups in Germany over the 1990 to 2015 period with a focus on deaths of despair. Our results show a very clear pattern: We find that mortality rates declined between 1990 and 2015, with no increases in deaths of despair for any of the subgroups. Thus, our findings starkly contrast with those for the US.


Recently, violent crimes against the socially disadvantaged became a serious social issue and compared to the past, the crime methods became more diverse and intricate, which results in larger damages. For those reasons, the public are increasingly concerned about crimes and it is detrimental to the quality of life in general. Currently, safety in alleys and other residential spaces is protected only by mechanical and managerial functions such as CCTV and police patrol. Safe environment from crimes can be achieved only if there are environmental and spatial plans such as CPTED (Crime Prevention through Environmental Design) principles. The purpose of this study is to propose a direction for spatial planning that can prevent crime through environmental elements, by researching the spatial planning and current status of pathway and residential spaces from the viewpoint of CPTED. To do so, regarding districts in northern part of Busan with high crime rates, the checklist based on five principles of CPTED and field survey was conducted. The problems analyzed from the field survey and checklist were classified based on five principles of CPTED to propose improvements for each item, as well as computer graphic simulation. To create safe spaces from crime in alleys and residential environment, the basic environmental design principles and guidelines for CPTED can be used.


We consider the problem of rate-distortion optimized streaming of packetized multimedia data over a single quality-of-service network using feedback and retransmissions. For a single data unit, we prove that the problem is NP-hard and provide efficient branch and bound algorithms that are much faster than the previously best solution based on dynamic programming. For a group of interdependent data units, we show how to compute optimal solutions with branch and bound algorithms. The branch and bound algorithms for a group of data units are much slower than the current state of the art, a heuristic technique known as sensitivity adaptation. However, in many real-world situations, they provide a significantly better rate-distortion performance.


Concept-to-text generation refers to the task of automatically producing textual output from non-linguistic input. We present a joint model that captures content selection ("what to say") and surface realization ("how to say") in an unsupervised domain-independent fashion. Rather than breaking up the generation process into a sequence of local decisions, we define a probabilistic context-free grammar that globally describes the inherent structure of the input (a corpus of database records and text describing some of them). We recast generation as the task of finding the best derivation tree for a set of database records and describe an algorithm for decoding in this framework that allows to intersect the grammar with additional information capturing fluency and syntactic well-formedness constraints. Experimental evaluation on several domains achieves results competitive with state-of-the-art systems that use domain specific constraints, explicit feature engineering or labeled data.


Recent investigations into ethical experiences of fictional narratives have discussed the 'positions' that readers adopt in relation to the author, narrator and characters . This article applies Text World Theory as a means of accounting for the ethical experience of Lionel Shriver's We Need to Talk About Kevin. Qualitative analysis of a sample of 150 online reader responses on the reading-based social network Goodreads reveals a range of ethical responses to the novel positioned between two interpretative 'camps' and the nature/nurture debate they reflect with regards to the character, Kevin. Drawing from this dataset, I explore how stylistic features of Shriver's epistolary novel could be seen to influence readers' ethical positioning in relation to the multiple perspectives presented at different levels of its narrative structure. As a result of the analysis, I propose that an account of ethical experience using Text World Theory may benefit from the concept of 'construal' in Langacker's Cognitive Grammar. By modeling readers' variable attention to multiple minds, including their own, a cognitive grammatical model of construal may support an understanding of ethical interpretation as an interpersonal experience within particular reading contexts.


LEXICON 1'0 THE ENGLISH POETICAL WORKS OF JOHN )IILTON. By Laura E. Lockwood, Ph. D. IYale). assistant professor at Wel1esley. New York: The )Iacmillan Company, Cloth. Gil pp. Price, $3.00 net. . Dr. Lockwood has shown herself a master in the prepara tlon of the most notable aid to the study of Mil· ton's poetry that has heen prepared on either side of the sen. Rarely does America give England any book on 11t'1' own masters that iR indispensable, hut she has surely done it in this instance. When one looks into these ueartv 1.-lOO colunms, in which is every word that appears in any poem of :\1iJton with the closest dlsr-rlrntnattve use ill each case in which it i~ used, he does not wonder that the work was begun twelve years ago. For Instunce "goo" is used with more than fifty differ.'nt ertecr«. aud l~O dltferen t references to these YUriOUR uses nre recorded, requiring' nearly two columns for these l'pfer{'l\('ps. This is merely suguestive of the ummltude a nd thorouzlmess of the work. The purpose of the work i:"; to nrovlde a menus hy which the student may readily flml the slzulttcntton of any word in the poetry of :\Iilton. The chief aim has been that of detinttlon. and ..very word in the poetrv Iins been subjected to H careful examination. Almost everv signltlcant word in the voca lmlnry of .:\liltoll is tilled with HIJPral and figuratiye IlIeHning'~ that shade into each other and off into other and related souses: 111111 each word is modified and var.e.l in the shiftlHg' lig"ht~ thrown on it h;\' the context. Tlli:"; is perhaps truer of :\Iiltoll than of nny othor English poet. The precise definition of words is impossible. because of their charneleonttke quallty and their lack of exact correspondence to the ideas they represent, Yet it is wlse at Jeast to attempt, in so far as IlossiltJe. to relnterpret in the medium of overvday En~. Iish the liues of the poet who speaks in an even JPS~ transparont luncuace. As such work must h,r its nature he more or loss tentu tlve. and hence lacking in finality. one cannot expor-t assent to all explanations of words; the rpadf'r will doubtless often see or feel some other ",hoHltof meaning to I)f' dominant in a particular word. But wJIPIl he dis:lJ!rf'f's with what i:"; crven. he will be ",tim1l1atl'l} to senrch for himself the thought of the poet: nnrl there ooutd he no hlgher desire for the hook than that it ~ho1l111 lw an Iucenttvc to the closer read. ing of :\Iiltoll. That "no one would nowadays read 'Paradise Lost' for pleasure" lias been dIsproved by vent-s of exportonco. But for this pleasure asslstanee in the wav of lnterpretntion is often necessary. The nnnotutors. from Xewton and Todd down to :\[asoon and .lerram. h~\"e <lOIH> much to make clear diUicult passages. yet there' IS 1I11wh that they have not attempted to explain: bosldes. tho student who depends upon the nunotor. must hnve nhout him a small librarv of books. In provldinsr this one hook the author hopes to increase the nU1ll11f'1' of those who read "the one artist of the hl<~hf?sf rank in the grent style whom we have." ,...