Keywords: Agro-biodiversity, farmer varieties, indigenous knowledge, farmer-participatory research, genetic diversity, genotype-by-environment interaction, germplasm collection, Ipomoea batatas , specific adaptation, yield stability, sweetpotato, variance component estimates. Between 1999 and 2001, the author conducted various studies, primarily in northeastern Uganda , aimed at rapidly assessing the potential of farmer varieties of sweetpotato ( Ipomoea batatas ) from northeastern Uganda in contributing to the varietal improvement programme in Uganda . These studies included: (i) collection of germplasm (farmer varieties) and farmer knowledge about varieties from five districts in northeastern Uganda; (ii) assessment of morphological diversity and duplication in the collected germplasm; (iii) farmer participatory on-station selection of promising varieties from the collected germplasm for on-farm and multi-locational testing; (iv) farmer-managed on-farm testing in Soroti District (northeastern Uganda) of selected farmer varieties, cultivars from the Ugandan breeding programme and local farmer varieties; (v) multi-locational testing and stability analysis of selected farmer varieties and officially released cultivars from the Ugandan breeding programme in multiple test environments (20 tests over three seasons). Additionally, the author presents results from a multi-national, multi-locational test of elite sweetpotato germplasm in eastern Africa used to study selection efficiency. During germplasm collections, a total of 206 accessions were collected, along with farmer knowledge about them, and of these 188 were classified as distinct accessions, exhibiting considerable morphological variation. Many accessions were collected from remote locations where sweetpotato is not a commercial crop, while relatively few accessions were collected from areas where the crop is important commercially. During the on-station assessment of the collected germplasm, 11 accessions were selected for further testing from a total of 160 accessions evaluated at two sites. Nine of the 11 accessions selected by farmers were common to both sites . Farmer selection criteria were verified, with a high weighting given to fresh storage root yield, storage root number and harvest index, in addition to root dry matter content and appearance. During on-farm trials over two years, the 11 farmer varieties were generally preferred over local varieties, and cultivars from the Ugandan breeding programme. During multi-locational trials, the 11 farmer varieties on average performed better with respect to broad adaptation, specific adaptation and yield stability, than the cultivars from the breeding programme. In addition, some of the farmer varieties showed specific adaptation to local environments. Results of the multi-national trial were analyzed to generate recommendations for optimum selection efficiency, and indicated a two-step selection procedure with two locations and one replication at Selection Step 1 and five locations and two replications at Selection Step 2 (total test capacity of between 450 and 950 plots). During the farmer participatory phases of this research, farmers were highly competent in sweetpotato varietal selection and were aware of the genotype-by-environment interactions and biodiversity. Results illustrate the potential that farmer varieties can have in the improvement of sweetpotato in Uganda and other regions where high diversity of sweetpotato landraces exists, and allowed us to recommend an approach for the rapid and efficient selection of superior genotypes from local germplasm in East Africa


Fast Talking PI is the first 'singular, confident and musical' collection of poetry by Auckland writer Selina Tusitala Marsh. 'Tusitala' means writer of tales in Samoan, and Marsh here lives up to her name with stories of her life, her family, community, ancestry, and history. Her poetry is sensuous and strong, using lush imagery, clear rhythms and repetitions to power it forward. The list poem is a favourite style, but she also writes with a Pacific lyricism entirely her own. Fast Talking PI is structured in three sections, 'Tusitala (personal), 'Talkback' (political and historical) and 'Fast Talking PI' (already a classic). In poems like 'Guys Like Gauguin' she writes as a 'calabash breaker', fighting back against historic injustices; but in other poems she explores the idea of the calabash as the honoured vessel for identity and story. Ultimately, though, Marsh exhorts herself to 'be nobody's darling', as a writer she is a self-proclaimed 'darling in the margins', and Fast Talking PI proves it - a generous work that will thrill readers; 'a map in our arms / to get us over the reef'; and a tremendous first book.


A cryogenic Faraday isolator with disc-shaped magneto-optical element is described. Depolarization of laser radiation caused by transverse inhomogeneity of Verdet constant has been measured for the first time. The decrease of the thermally induced effects caused by heat removal from the face-end of the magneto-optical element of terbium gallium garnet with sapphire and aluminum-yttrium garnet discs is investigated. Characteristics of the cryogenic Faraday isolator at high laser power above 1 kW have been investigated experimentally and the possibility of its use at power as high as 6 kW is demonstrated. The reduction of thermo-optical constants Q and P by a factor of 5.7 and 6.8, respectively, with cooling from 300 K to 80 K has been measured for TGG crystal.


A family of "Two-Switch Boosting Switched-Capacitor Converters (TBSC)" is introduced, which distinguishes itself from the prior arts by symmetrically interleaved operation, reduced output ripple, low yet even voltage stress on components, and systematic expandability. Along with the topologies, a modeling method is formulated, which provokes the converter regulation method through duty cycle and frequency adjustment. In addition, the paper also provides guidance for circuit components and parameter selection. A 1-kW 3X TBSC was built to demonstrate the converter feasibility, regulation capability via duty cycle and frequency, which achieved a peak efficiency of 97.5% at the rated power.


The bovine mastitis can be classified into clinical and subclinical, according to presence or absence of clinical signs. In both cases there is an increase of somatic cells (SC) being higher for clinical mastitis. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of subclinical mastitis on physical and chemical milk components in dual purpose systems (DP). Using a nonprobabilistic sampling in six DP livestock enterprises in Monteria, Cordoba (Colombia), a cross-sectional study was implemented. By California mastitis test (CMT) were selected quarters evaluated as CMT 3 to take samples, and quarters evaluated as CMT 0, in the same cow, for control. The samples were collected aseptically and were kept refrigerated until processing. The physicochemical analysis was determined by Biolac 60 equipment. The determination of casein was done by spectrophotometry, and SC count by an optical and portable cell counter. The evaluation of the physicochemical variables and SC count were grouped into four phases (0-2 months, 2-4 months, 4-6 months and more of 6 months of lactation). Milk with cell count less than 250,000 was defined as without subclinical mastitis and with subclinical mastitis when cell count was greater than or equal to 250,000 SC/mL. The averages for total protein for milk with high and low SC counts were 2.93 ± 0.13 and 3.12 ± 0.13, respectively. For fat percentage, averages were 3.36 ± 0.29 for high count milks SC


This paper explores some issues for urgent consideration before any new policy for outstations is developed under the new administrative arrangements in Indigenous affairs. The research reported here is animated by a long-standing interest in the livelihoods of Indigenous people who reside at small remote communities, usually termed outstations, or homelands, or emerging communities. The paper uses official secondary data to demonstrate that there is no compelling case for a policy change that would encourage recentralisation from small discrete Indigenous communities to larger discrete Indigenous communities. Nor is there a compelling policy case for a move from outstations to townships or from townships to larger urban centres to improve Indigenous people's livelihood prospects. This paper suggests there is too little research and understanding of culturally distinct, but evolving, patterns of Indigenous mobility and migration in remote and very remote Australia. In particular, there is a danger that policy-makers will fall into the trap of conceptualising Indigenous residence as occurring in some fixed hierarchy of settlements, rather than as occurring regionally and flexibly between larger and smaller communities and between smaller communities. There is a distinct possibility that government policy aspirations are out of touch with the aspiration of many Indigenous people to decentralise. This aspiration is not surprising, in part because the Indigenous estate is expanding and new land owners are likely to want to live on their land. There is also local recognition in some regions that some townships, like Wadeye, are becoming too large and problematic (in part because they lack an economic base), and that decentralisation provides better livelihood options. While recent ministerial calls for an open debate on outstations is endorsed, it is unfortunate that much of this debate is being conducted with little input from outstations people themselves and with limited reference to expert local and regional knowledge. It might be timely for a House of Representatives Standing Committee on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs Inquiry into the outstations situation before too much new policy is made. Such an inquiry might find that there are diverse futures for Indigenous people at outstations at variance with the monolithic mainstreaming perspective that appears to be dominating emerging policy discourse. Such futures might see Indigenous people living on the land they own, moving between larger and smaller communities, and pursuing livelihoods in a hybrid economy that includes payment for the delivery of environmental services, participation in the customary or non market sector, and the pursuit of commercial opportunities. Such non-mainstream possibilities need to be explored. In search of an outstations policy for Indigenous Australians


Washing of expensive nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) tubes has been a problem; washing each tube by hand can be time consuming and awkward. Akkerman reported a device which allows the tubes to be cleaned by a batch process. The tube washer described in the present paper was developed on similar principles, but has several advantages: Filling the tubes with cleaning fluids is more convenient, the washer can be emptied and the tubes dried very easily, and breakage of the tubes during the cleaning process has been greatly reduced.


The continuing war in Iraq, Hurricane Katrina, the political sniping engendered by the Supreme Court nominations, Terry Schiavo - contemporary American society is characterized by divisive anger, profound loss, and danger. Wendell Berry, one of the country's foremost cultural critics, addresses the menace, responding with hope and intelligence in a series of essays that tackle the major questions of the day. Whose freedom are we considering when we speak of the "free market" or "free enterprise?" What is really involved in our National Security? What is the price of ownership without affection? Berry answers in prose that shuns abstraction for clarity, coherence, and passion, giving us essays that may be the finest of his long career.


The aim of this paper is to present a unifying approach to the computation of short addition chains. Our method is based upon continued fraction expansions. Most of the popular methods for the generation of addition chains, such as the binary method, the factor method, etc..., fit in our framework. However, we present new and better algorithms. We give a general upper bound for the complexity of continued fraction methods, as a function of a chosen strategy, thus the total number of operations required for the generation of an addition chain for all integers up to n is shown to be O(n log2 n03B3n), where 03B3n is the complexity of computing the set of choices corresponding to the strategy. We also prove an analog of the Scholz-Brauer conjecture.


Folding of newly synthesized proteins is an essential part of protein biosynthesis and misfolding
can result in protein aggregation which can also lead to several severe diseases. Protein folding is a
highly heterogeneous process and rarely populated intermediate states may play an important role.
Single-molecule techniques are ideally suited to resolve these heterogeneities. In this thesis, I have
employed a variety of single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy techniques to study protein folding
using model systems on different levels of complexity. The acidic compact state (A state) of Myo-
globin is used as a model system of a protein folding intermediate and is studied by a combination
of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and several fluorescence spectroscopic techniques. Using
two-focus fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS), it is shown that the A state is less compact
than the native state of myoglobin, but not as expanded as the fully unfolded state. The analysis of
exposed hydrophobic regions in the acidic structures generated by the MD simulations reveals poten-
tial candidates involved in the aggregation processes of myoglobin in the acidic compact state. These
results contribute to the understanding of disease-related fibril formation which may lead ultimately
to better treatments for these diseases.
A huge machinery of specialized proteins, the molecular chaperones, has evolved to assist protein
folding in the cell. Using single molecule fluorescence spectroscopy, I have studied several members
of this machinery. Single-pair fluorescence resonance energy transfer (spFRET) experiments probed
the conformation of the mitochondrial heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70), Ssc1, in different stages along
its functional cycle. Ssc1 has a very defined conformation in the ATP state with closely docked
domains but shows significantly more heterogeneity in the presence of ADP. This heterogeneity is due
to binding and release of ADP. The nucleotide-free state has less inter-domain contacts than the ATP
or ADP-bound states. However, the addition of a substrate protein decreases the interaction between
the domains even further simultaneously closing the substrate binding lid, showing that substrate
binding plays an active role in the remodeling of Ssc1. This behavior is strikingly different than in
DnaK, the major bacterial Hsp70. In DnaK, complete domain undocking in the presence of ADP
was observed, followed by a slight re-compaction upon substrate binding. These differences may
reflect tuning of Ssc1 to meet specific functions, i.e. protein import into mitochondria, in addition
to protein folding. Ssc1 requires the assistance of several cofactors depending on the specific task at
hand. The results of spFRET experiments suggest that the cofactors modulate the conformation of
Ssc1 to enable it to perform tasks as different as protein import and protein folding.
Downstream of Hsp70 in the chaperone network, the GroEL/ES complex is a highly specialized
molecular machine that is essential for folding of a large subset of proteins. The criteria that distin-
guish proteins requiring the assistance of GroEL are not completely understood yet. It is shown here
that GroEL plays an active role in the folding of double-mutant maltose binding protein (DM-MBP).
DM-MBP assumes a kinetically trapped intermediate state when folding spontaneously, and GroEL
rescues DM-MBP by the introduction of entropic constraints. These findings suggest that proteins
with a tendency to populate kinetically trapped intermediates require GroEL assistance for folding.
The capacity of GroEL to rescue proteins from such folding traps may explain the unique role of
GroEL within the cellular chaperone machinery.


Allen Newell was one of the founders and truly great scientists of AI. His contributions included foundational concepts and ground-breaking systems. His career was defined by the pursuit of a single, fundamental issue: the nature of the human mind. This article traces his pursuit from his early work on search and list processing in systems such as the LOGIC THEORIST and the GENERAL PROBLEM SOLVER; through his work on problem spaces, human problem solving, and production systems; through his final work on unified theories of cognition and SOAR.


The Large-tailed Nightjar Caprimulgus macrurus Horsfield, 1821, complex, as currently recognized, comprises 12 taxa which are grouped into four species based on their territorial songs. However, species limits are based on very small samples of a limited number of taxa in the complex. To further document species limits in the complex, we analysed 109 sound recordings representing all recognized taxa. Principal components analysis suggests the existence of six vocally distinct groups within the complex. Discriminant function analysis assigned 98-100% of individuals correctly to their group. Each of these groups differs diagnosably from all other groups by up to eight vocal characters, and each group is recognizable by ear. We propose to treat these six groups as species based on multiple differences in territorial songs, the lack of intermediate vocal types, the concordance of the geographic distribution of vocal types and morphology-based taxonomic boundaries and the sympatry of two groups in northeastern peninsular India without signs of intergradation. Three groups correspond to the currently recognized species C. atripennis Jerdon, 1845, C. celebensis Ogilvie-Grant, 1894, and C. manillensis Walden, 1875. 'C. macrurus' comprises three vocally distinct species: (i) C. macrurus (s.s.), with a territorial song that is remarkably constant throughout its extensive range, (ii) C. andamanicus Hume, 1873, a population endemic to the Andaman Islands, and (iii) a previously unrecognized species from the east Indonesian islands of Flores and Sumba, which we describe in this paper. Known specimens of this new species were previously assigned to C. macrurus schlegelii A.B. Meyer, 1874, but the species differs from all other taxa in the complex by its vocalizations. Preliminary playback experiments support the recognition of these populations as a species. Finally, our acoustic data corroborate the allocation of the taxon aequabilis Ripley, 1945 to C. atripennis, of jungei Neumann, 1939 to C. celebensis, and of johnsoni Deignan, 1955 and salvadorii Sharpe, 1875 to C. macrurus.


Employee retention, especially of the best, most desirable employees is a key challenge at Sasol Nitro. Employers are trying to find ways to motivate employees to stay with their organisations for a longer period, but the efforts seem not to be working as challenges with employee retention are complex to comprehend. Different employees have different needs within the work environment and in their social relations. In this study, the writer studied variables of career progression as it impacts on employee retention. Attachment was measured in terms of personal embedding: an employee is attached to the organisation due to opportunities available within the organisation as well as the climate and work conditions prevailing within the organisation. Career opportunities seem a threat at Sasol Nitro. Voluntary resignation due to career progression factors is on the increase, as observed from the previous separations and turnover intent of the pilot study. The reasons employees leave organisations can vary widely, and as noted throughout the study, career opportunities playa major role. Remuneration/pay has consistently cited the most important factor to employee satisfaction. Although salary increases are often perceived as the most valuable incentive for employees to stay with the organisation, these are difficult to provide due to the present world recession in 2008. It is also difficult to personalise individual incentives to cater for those individuals that companies cannot afford to lose. Salaries, like other conditions of employment are no longer confidential as it used to be before the enactment of the Basic Conditions of Employment Act (Act 75 of 1997). List of key terms: Attachment, Career, Embeddedness, Progression, Retention, Mobility.


Background: Estimation of right atrial pressure (RAP) from variations in the diameter of the inferior vena cava (IVC) during the respiratory cycle using transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) is used routinely to calculate pulmonary artery systolic pressure, adding to right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) from the jet velocity of tricuspid regurgitation. Using transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) we sought to determine if the inferior vena cava diameter (IVCD) could be used to derive the central venous pressure (CVP) in anesthetized, mechanically ventilated patients. Methods: The IVCD was measured in its long axis (bicaval view) at the cavo‐atrial junction using TEE and ECG synchronization (to coincide with the end of the T‐wave) in 95 anesthetized, mechanically ventilated patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery. Each patient received a pulmonary artery catheter (PAC) that allowed for continuous monitoring of the CVP. Three independent readers were assigned to document the IVCD and the CVP. Statistical analysis was performed using bivariate correlation, variance (ANOVA), linear regression, Bland–Altman and Passing‐Bablock analysis of agreement. Results: The IVCD measured in millimeters at the cavo‐atrial junction showed a positive correlation with the CVP (n = 95, r = 0.860, P < 0.0001, r2= 0.737, P < 0.0001). The linear regression equation [CVPc = (IVCD−4.004/0.751] was prospectively tested in a cohort of 12 anesthetized, mechanically ventilated patients under various hemodynamic conditions with a good correlation between the mean CVP (CVPm) and the calculated CVP (CVPc) (r = 0.923, P < 0.0001, r2= 0.851, P < 0.0001). Conclusion: The TEE measured IVCD at the cavo‐atrial junction showed a statistically significant correlation with the mean CVP. Using an equation derived from linear regression analysis, a reliable CVP can be estimated from the IVCD.


There is a lack of information regarding the establishment of Nothofagus alessandrii plantations, including any impacts that shading and weed control may have on early survival and growth. A trial was therefore initiated where four shade levels (0% and Rachel® plastic net of 50%, 65%, and 80%) and two weed control methods (chemical and mulching) were tested. Three years after establishment, significant differences in survival were found in response to shading with 0% survival of seedlings planted with no shade protection. At the end of the three-year study period, there were no differences in height and diameter growth in response to weed control and shade protection. However, there were significant differences in carbohydrate concentration and plant biomass in response to level of shading, with differences in the morphological attributes of leaves also apparent. In general, as the shade level increased, the carbohydrate concentration and the biomass decreased and the leaves showed a greater specific leaf area. The method of weed control did not significantly affect any of the variables studied. The results indicate that shading is necessary for establishing young N. alessandrii plants.


This report outlines the key outcomes of research project RP1037u1 'Above-Roof Temperature Impacts on Heating Penalties of Large Cool Roofs in Australian Climates', an extension to project RP1037 'Driving increased utilisation of cool roofs on large-footprint buildings'. The research has been focused on two key aspects of roof thermal performance that had, up until the time of writing, not been taken into account in most investigations into cool roof technology: 1. The condensation and evaporation of dew on the roof surface, and the effect this has on roof temperature by way of: a. The latent heat that is absorbed and released; and b. Any change in the effective radiative-optical properties of the roof top surface due to accumulated water. 2. The effect of roof temperature on above-roof air temperatures, and the influence this can have on the performance of rooftop heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) equipment. A review of relevant literature (included in this report) did not reveal any previous studies that had investigated both 1a and 1b, above.


Germ cell migration in the fruit fly relies on a lipid-modified attractant secreted by a system analogous to that of yeast mating pheromone. In the Drosophila melanogaster embryo, germ cell migration from the posterior pole to the mesodermally derived gonad requires the activities of type I geranylgeranyl transferase and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR), an enzyme of the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway. Misexpression of hmgcr is sufficient to attract germ cells to ectopic sites, suggesting that some central component of the guidance system, perhaps the germ cell attractant itself, requires geranylation. Because lipid-modified proteins are secreted through adenosine triphosphate–binding cassette (ABC) transporters in yeast, Ricardo and Lehmann tested whether components of an analogous transport system were required for germ cell migration in Drosophila. multidrug resistance 49 (mdr49), which encodes a functional homolog of the yeast ABC transporter STE6, was expressed in the mesoderm and required in that tissue for proper germ cell migration. STE6, which mediates the secretion of farnesylated yeast mating pheromone, could substitute for Mdr49 and direct germ cell migration to the mesoderm. Enzymes required for processing prenylated proteins were also necessary for germ cell migration, thus implicating a secreted lipid-modified peptide in the chemoattraction of germ cells to the gonad. Both Mdr49 and HMGCR were required for cultured cells to secrete a germ cell–attracting factor into the culture medium, but components of the signal peptide–dependent secretion pathway were not. Thus, the ABC transporter system, generally associated with pumping toxins out of cells, may also be employed to export signaling molecules in animals (see the Perspective by Hla and Im). S. Ricardo, R. Lehmann, An ABC transporter controls export of a Drosophila germ cell attractant. Science 323, 943–946 (2009). [Abstract] [Full Text] T. Hla, D.-S. Im, The ABCs of lipophile transport. Science 323, 883–884 (2009). [Abstract] [Full Text]


ABSTRACT This study is a comparison of survey research methodology applied by research papers published during 1996 to 1999 on three major MIS journals. Through a content analysis of articles from MIS Quarterly (MISQ), Journal of Management Information Systems (JMIS) and International Journal of Information Management (IJIM). There are 75 papers that adopted questionnaire survey as the major research methodology to study for MIS research issues. With the consideration of PK list, SMA and other textbooks about business research methods, the authors have developed a checking list containing essential procedures to perform a questionnaire survey research. It consists of six parts: demographics, research design, questionnaire development, sampling procedure, data collection, and data analysis methods. Results indicate some potentially important trends in reports of research methodologies and the methodology usage is generally improved after analyzing our recording data and comparing with early assessment studies. INTRODUCTION A multisite, multisource research methodology is suggested for students of information management in order to attain generalizability and statistical significance in reporting findings. Such data may inform us of whether methods are becoming more standardized or more diversified over time. Examination of such patterns may provide some insights into the possible future development of research methodology. This paper describes methodologies that are appropriate for investigating the above and other contingency approaches in MIS field. It captures the dynamic aspects of environmental evolution and competitive changes and act on by changing patterns of resource allocation. The purpose of this article was to identify possible trends in the use of various research methodologies in MIS studies. The rigor of survey research methodology had been discussed by several researchers. Pinsonneault and Kraemer (1993) considered that those investigations were done from three perspectives: constructing and illustrating research methodologies, examining the usage of methodology and identifying appropriate situation for applying survey research. This study is to investigate the survey research methodology applied to research papers published during 1996 to 1999 on three major MIS journals, including MIS Quarterly (MISQ), Journal of Management Information Systems (JMIS) and International Journal of Information Management (IJIM). There are 75 papers that adopted questionnaire survey as the major research methodology to study MIS related issues. Pinsonneault and Kraemer (1993, will be abbreviated as PK later) had implemented an assessment of survey research methodology. They collected 122 MIS research papers published on sixteen journals during 1980 to 1990 and designed a list (will be called PK list later in this paper) to record how the research methodology were processed and described. The PK list examined survey methodologies mainly on research design, sampling procedures, and data collection. They concluded five general misapplications suffered for the survey research: (1) single-method designs where multiple methods were needed. (2) Unsystematic and often inadequate sampling procedures. (3) Low response rate. (4) Weak linkages between units of analysis and respondents. (5) Overreliance on cross-sectional surveys where longitudinal surveys were really needed. Grover, Lee and Durand (1993, will be abbreviated as GLD) developed a list called SMA (Survey Methodological Attributes), that consists of nine Boolean statements about the technical processes of the survey methodology, such as sampling, data collection, validity and reliability of the instrument (The SMA list is included in the end of Appendix). They used SMA to evaluate 227 MIS research papers published during 1980 to 1989. The results showed that most papers have scores between two and four, and the mean score is 3. …


FRIEDMAN, BENJAMIN "BENNY" (18 Mar. 1905-23 Nov. 1982), a native Clevelander, born to Louis and Mayme Friedman, was a college and professional quarterback. He was a football star at Glenville High School and led the team to an undefeated season and city championship in 1922. He played football at the University of Michigan in 1924, 1925, and 1926, and was All-American the latter 2 years. Friedman returned to Cleveland to play professional football in 1927 for the CLEVELAND BULLDOGS, receiving a seasonal $18,000 salary and $750 for each postseason game when most players made about $150 per game. In addition to quarterbacking, he promoted upcoming games. He played for the Detroit Wolverines in 1928, and in 1929 New York Giants owner Tim Mara bought the entire Detroit team to obtain Friedman. Friedman also played for the Brooklyn Dodgers (1932-34) before retiring. Friedman's specialty was accurate passing, but he ran with the ball, did place-kicking, and played defense as well as offense. During his professional career, he threw 71 touchdown passes and scored 179 points. Friedman became head football coach at City College of New York (1934-41) and head football coach and athletic director at Brandeis University (1949-63). For many years he operated a summer camp in Oxford, Maine. Friedman was inducted into Glenville High School's Hall of Fame (1980) and the College Football Hall of Fame (1952). He married on 12 Feb. 1931. He and his wife, Shirley (Immerman), had a son, Leslie. In 1982, Friedman, suffering from cancer and a circulatory ailment and having lost a leg to amputation, took his own life.


The Luning-Fencemaker fold and thrust belt of northwestern Nevada formed east of the Mesozoic Sierran arc in a back-arc setting where noncontinental crust localized marine deposition and subsequent deformation. The fold-thrust belt was active in Middle or Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous time and evolved during major northwest-southeast contraction. Comparable shortening was not developed in the Sierran arc, and for much of the Mesozoic the arc and the back-arc regions were at least partially decoupled and separated by the regionally extensive Pine Nut fault system, which underwent substantial left-lateral displacement. Development of the fold-thrust belt and associated strike-slip fault is attributed to oblique subduction. The shortening axis of the fold-thrust belt and inferred displacement of the strike-slip fault are incompatible with right-oblique subduction and call for an interval of left-oblique convergence during part of Jurassic-Cretaceous time.


As a large-scale sports recreational event, sports dance also have certain promotion to Chinese sports development. And teacher is foundation of sports dance development, is the key to sports dance can sustainable develop or not. The paper carries out overall analysis of Chinese sports dance teachersÂ' professional quality status, and proposes current stage sports dance teachers existing problems in professional quality aspect, and points out that sports culture, motor stereotype, artistic talent, general proficiency and the specialized theory knowledge are standards to evaluate a sports teachersÂ' professional quality. On this basis, utilize discriminant analysis method, and further carry out model improvement, and establish evaluation criterion model about evaluating sports dance teachersÂ' professional quality. Secondly, for sports dance teachersÂ' professional quality influential numerous factors, it makes comprehensive evaluation, starts from sports dance teachersÂ' age structure, teaching experiences, education background, sports dance teachersÂ' technical ability, comprehensive ability and sports dance teachersÂ' training, which provides theoretical support for above evaluation criterion model.


Abstract Fossil floras are an important source of quantitative terrestrial paleoclimate data. Many paleoclimate estimates are based on relationships observed in modern vegetation between leaf morphology and climate, such as the increase in the percentage of entire-margined species with increasing temperature and the increase in leaf size with increasing precipitation. An important question is whether these observed relationships are universal or regional; for example, recent studies suggest that significant differences exist between floras from three domains: the Northern Hemisphere, New Zealand/Australia, and subalpine zones. Also, debate exists over which statistical models of modern data sets, univariate or multivariate, provide the most accurate estimates of paleoclimate. In this study, 12 foliage samples from living Bolivian forests are compared with data sets from different regions. Models based on data sets from North America and Japan, namely the Climate-Leaf Analysis Multivariate Program (CLAMP) data set of J. A. Wolfe, and from east Asia produce reasonably accurate estimates of temperature and precipitation, suggesting that the climate–leaf morphology relationships for Bolivian vegetation do not differ significantly from those for Northern Hemisphere vegetation. The mean leaf size for a given mean annual precipitation is smaller than for a data set from the Western Hemisphere and Africa, but this difference is most likely due to different sampling methods. As for estimating climate from fossil floras, these results, along with the analysis of four other regional data sets, imply that the most accurate climate estimates will be produced by the predictor data set with the most similar climate–leaf morphology relationships. Unfortunately, our present lack of understanding of why climate-morphology relationships vary between the North America/Japan, New Zealand/Australia, and subalpine domains makes it difficult to identify data sets similar to paleofloras. Until we learn more, it is probably best to compare fossil floras to predictor data sets from the same domain. The performance of the various statistical methods depends on the nature of the predictor data set. Multiple regression analysis tends to produce the most accurate estimates for small data sets with a narrow range of environmental variation that have similar relationships to the flora, and linear regression or canonical correspondence analysis for the larger and more varied CLAMP data set. If a similar predictor data set is not available, then nearest-neighbor analysis can still produce accurate paleoclimate estimates.


Understanding of p53 family protein (p53, p63 and p73) networks in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), can positively influence in cancer screening, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. P53 family proteins are regulating diverse cell signalling pathways at diverse conditions to determine cell fate. At each condition of cells state, how these proteins are controlling cell fate is more complexed due to the presense of several isoforms for each p53 family proteins and their multifaceted interactions. Like other solid tumours, the p53 pathway is disabled by several mechanisms in HNSCC. Despite of the convincing evidence of a high frequency of p53 mutations in HNSCC, a subset of cancers arise in the absence of mutations. The molecular mechaninsms through which p53 lacking mutations subvert its tumor supressor functions in HNSCC still remain uncertain. In fact, some cancers and established cancer cell lines are over-expressing wild type p53 protein makes questionable of p53 role as only a tumor suppressor or it has some other additional functions, even in cancer cells. For an answer of this hypothesis, we have performed detailed molecular characterization, in an invitro model of head and neck cancer, in a broad panel of 12 newly established HNSCC cell lines. In our studies, we found that some head and neck cancer cell lines are accumulating wild p53 protein hyperphosphorylated at serine15 and 392 and it leads to the over expression of DNp73, the mechanism already reported from our laboratory in HPV38 immortalized keratinocytes. To better understand the functions of accumulated wild p53 role in HPV positive and negative cancer cell lines, we have performed p53 knock down by siRNA and the results have showed that p53 knock down inhibited cell proliferation in both HPV positive and negative cancer cells. Moreover, p53 knock down induced significant morphological changes and senescence associated beta galactosidase activity in these cells. Our results pinpoint, wild-type p53 protein accumulated in transformed cell lines has an additional role in cell proliferation other than its well known tumor supressor activity. Moreover, the key role of p53 family network in modulating epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression and in controlling cell proliferation and apoptosis arises the question of whether p53 family proteins status influences the efficacy of EGFR inhibitors, investigating its ability to reduce cell growth, to induce apoptosis and to modulate cell cycle and various EGFR pathwayrelated targets in head and neck cancer. Because, recently improved understanding of the pathogenesis of human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma has led to the development of new, molecular based therapeutic strategies, one of the most promising is the utilization of tyrosine kinase (TK) inhibitors, targeting EGFR. The comparison between the targets analysed and gefitinib effectiveness evidenced the absence of a clear relationship, exluding them as predictive factors for gefitinib efficacy. Our results confirmed the in vitro efficacy of an anti-EGFR approach, but other targets than those analysed here should be characterized in order to identify valid predictive factors for gefitinib utilization in head and neck cancer. We have also performed chemoresistance analysis in our invitro model of HNSCC cell lilnes and found that p53 family network has less predictive role in HNSCC chemoresistance but ABCG2, a multidrug resistance protein, has over-expressed in HNSCC.


This paper discusses new methods of combined macro-micro analysis of labor demand and supply to investigate the gender impacts of public policy. In particular it examines how studies have used input-output analysis together with more or less sophisticated methods of allocating people to jobs to model the impact of public investment in care on the gender employment gap and other inequality measures. It presents some results of a cross-country comparison of investment in the care and construction industries, suggesting methodological refinements to take account of the labor supply effects of such investment policies in order to enable a more detailed analysis of who gets the jobs generated and under what conditions of employment to achieve a more accurate assessment of a policy's full impact on employment inequalities. We argue that such a micro-simulation of who is likely to get any newly created jobs should be able to take account of the (child)care "tax" paid by those with caring responsibilities on time spent in employment (as well as the formal tax and benefit system).


ABSTRACT In the eastern United States, the practice of salvage logging is common to reclaim economic losses and/or reduce fuel loading following a natural disturbance. A current hypothesis states that two disturbances in rapid succession (i.e., compounded disturbance) have a cumulative severity of impact and may displace the successional trajectory further than either disturbance occurring separately. On 20 April 2011, Bankhead National Forest in Alabama was affected by an EF1 tornado with accompanying straight-line winds. Much of the damage was salvaged, however adjacent disturbance in a Wilderness Area was not harvested. A unique set of conditions allowed for comparisons of woody regeneration within a single stand, reducing uncontrolled variables to test the compounded disturbance hypothesis at a fine spatial scale. After two growing seasons, species richness, species evenness, and Shannon diversity of seedlings and saplings did not significantly differ by disturbance class. We found seedling density significantly differed between functional groups and we noted a significant interaction between functional groups and disturbance classes. In the sapling layer, density was significantly different among functional groups and among disturbance classes, but our results did not reveal a significant interaction between these factors. The wind disturbance accelerated succession in the Quercus stand toward dominance by shade-tolerant species, notably A. rubrum, and the salvage operation amplified the Quercus-to-Acer transition. However, even in wind-disturbed areas that were not salvaged, the regeneration model predicted A. rubrum to have more than twice the density of all combined Quercus species in the future stand.


Is there a link between household income and income stress, and risky sexual behaviour of young people? Anecdotal and qualitative evidence suggests this may be the case, but there is little quantitative research measuring this relationship. We use two waves of new data from the Cape Area Panel Study to investigate this link for 2,993 African and coloured youths aged 14 to 22 in 2002. In the process, we discuss one type of research design that could allow for a causal interpretation of the effect of income poverty on HIV risk. This design plausibly separates out the effect of income stress from the effect of living in a poor household by comparing behaviours across households with and without negative economic shocks, conditional on baseline income. Our results indicate that females in poorer households are more likely to be sexually active in 2002 and more likely to sexually debut by 2005. In addition, girls in households experiencing negative economic shocks are more likely to reduce condom use between 2002 and 2005. However, they are less likely to have multiple partners in 2002 or have transitioned to multiple partners by 2005. Males who experienced a negative shock are more likely to have multiple partners. Despite the tight research design for assessing shocks, the findings on the impacts of shocks do not generate clear recommendations for policy. There appears to be no systematic difference in condom use at last sex by household income levels or income shocks.


Background and aims:
Southern European countries have been showing high overweight and obesity (OW/OB) rates especially among the younger generations (Cattaneo et al. 2010). Portugal is one of those countries with 37.9% overweight and 15.3% obesity in 6 to 8 year olds (Rito et al. 2012). However little is known about the health of ethnic minorities living in its capital city, Lisbon. The Cape Verdean community in Lisbon, the second largest group in Portugal, would be expected to be more affected by this epidemic due to social inequalities. This community also tend to have low educational levels, material deprivation and struggle with discrimination and racism, factors that would likely be associated with a higher prevalence of OW/OB. The aim of this study was to assess the nutritional status of Cape Verdean ancestry children aged 6 to 12 years old living in Lisbon according to their socioeconomic status, general living conditions, family composition, diet and physical activity levels. To compare the findings with previous projects conducted in 1993 and 2009 in the same location with Cape Verdean ancestry children and with Portuguese ancestry children (national study conducted in 2009). To determine what early life factors have significant effect on these children's nutritional health.
Methods :
Physical measures and household information were collected from November 2013 to February 2014 in Cova da Moura Neighbourhood in Lisbon. Physical measures included height, weight, skinfolds, arm and waist circumferences. From these survey data body mass index (BMI) and the prevalence of stunting (chronic malnutrition - low height-for- age) and underweight (low-weight-for-age) were calculated according to reference values proposed by Frisancho (2008). Overweight and obesity values were defined based on the references established by the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF), CDC, and WHO depending on the specific aim or research question.
Results:
Results show this is a very deprived community with low educational levels and mostly employed in the service sector. Maternal height and child birth order showed a significant association with child's height. Moreover maternal height and age are associated with child leg length. Living in a single parent family is associated with an increase in child BMI of 1.412 units when accounting for maternal waist circumference. Also significant differences in height for boys and girls were observed between Cape Verdean and Portuguese children. Generally, Cape Verdeans growth falls within the healthy range of International growth references across all of the survey data collected. Cape Verdean rates for combined over nutrition (overweight and obesity) in 2013 (9.8% for boys and 16.7% for girls) are lower than the Portuguese (33% for boys and 31.7% for girls). Logistic regression models showed that Cape Verdean children have a lower risk of being OW/OB compared to Portuguese children when accounting for breastfeeding,birth weight,maternal education and occupation.
Conclusions :
Despite living in a deprived neighbourhood these Cape Verdean children seem to have grown healthier than Portuguese ancestry children. The challenge for policy makers will be to support improvement of the poverty related living conditions of this community without creating a risky environment for increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity.


Summary The history, principles and perspectives of nature farming, as advocated by Mokichi Okada, a Japanese philosopher in 1935, are described. According to Okada, the principles of nature farming must fulfill five requirements: (1) produce safe and nutritious food that ensures good health; (2) be economically and spiritually beneficial to both producers and consumers; (3) be sustainable and easily practiced; (4) conserve and protect the environment; and (5) produce sufficient food of high quality for an expanding world population. In practice, both synthetic chemicals and raw waste from animals without treatment are prohibited as fertilizers or soil amendments for crop production. Composts from plant materials are recommended. This is the main difference with the principles of organic farming, which allows the use of animal manure, untreated or composted. Although there are strong requirements for nature farming principles, it is one of the most idealistic and practicable farming methods to ensure human health and environmental protection.


Background: Autonomic dysfunction is common in patients suffering from multiple sclerosis (MS) and orthostatic dizziness occurs in almost 50% of these patients. However, there have been no reports on postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) in patients suffering from MS. Methods: The patients were included for analysis in this study if they had POTS with either a prior history of MS or having developed MS while being followed for POTS. Postural orthostatic tachycardia (POTS) is defined as symptoms of orthostatic intolerance(>6months) accompanied by a heart rate increase of at least 30 beats/min (or a rate that exceeds 120 beats/min) that occurs in the first 10 minutes of upright posture or head up tilt test (HUTT) occurring in the absence of other chronic debilitating disorders. We identified nine patients with POTS who were suffering from MS as well. Each of these patients had been referred from various other centers for second opinions. Results: The mean age at the time of diagnosis of POTS was 49±9 years and eight of the 9 patients were women. Five patients (55%) had hyperlipidemia, 3 (33%) migraine and 2 (22%) patients had coronary artery disease and diabetes each. Fatigue and palpitations (on assuming upright posture) were the most common finding in our patients (9/9). All patients also had orthostatic dizziness. Syncope was seen in 5/9(55%) of patients. Four patients (44%), who did not have clear syncope, were having episodes of near syncope. The presence of POTS in our study population resulted in substantial limitation of daily activities. Following recognition and treatment of POTS, 6/9(66%), patients were able to resume daily activities of living. Their symptoms (especially fatigue and orthostatic intolerance) improved. The frequency and severity of syncope also improved. Three (33%) patients failed to show a good response to treatment. Conclusion: Patients suffering from MS may manifest autonomic dysfunction by developing POTS. Early recognition and proper management may help improve the symptoms of POTS.


Title: After the EU Membership – New Strategies in Swedish Foreign Politics? After becoming a member of the EU in 1995 Sweden has been governed by the Social Democrats (1995–2006) and by a Centre-Right coalition (2006–2014) led by the Moderate Party. Has the EU-membership conserved the tradition of consensus amongst the political parties regarding the foreign policy or has it provided a new platform allowing the parties to express their different ideological preferences also in this field of politics? The aim of this article is to shed light on the foreign policy of the Social Democrats and the Moderate Party 1995–2014. By analyzing the debates in the Swedish parliament, Riksdagen , it is concluded that the two parties have similar strategies regarding the means and the ways of the foreign policy but different approach regarding the views on the international settings and the ends of the policy. A potential explanation to the findings is the resurrection of Realism in the Moderate Party's approach.


ABSTRACT The promoters of Drosophila genes encoding DNA replication-related proteins contain transcription regulatory elements consisting of an 8-bp palindromic DNA replication-related element (DRE) sequence (5′-TATCGATA). The specific DRE-binding factor (DREF), a homodimer of the polypeptide with 709 amino acid residues, is a positive trans-acting factor for transcription of DRE-containing genes. Both DRE binding and dimer formation are associated with residues 16 to 115 of the N-terminal region. We have established transgenic flies expressing the full-length DREF polypeptide or its N-terminal fragment (amino acid residues 1 to 125) under the control of the heat shock promoter, the salivary gland-specific promoter, or the eye imaginal disc-specific promoter. Heat shock induction of the N-terminal fragment during embryonic, larval, or pupal stages caused greater than 50% lethality. This lethality was overcome by coexpression of the full-length DREF. In salivary glands of the transgenic larvae expressing the N-terminal fragment, this fragment formed a homodimer and a heterodimer with the endogenous DREF. Ectopic expression of the N-terminal fragment in salivary gland cells reduced the contents of mRNAs for the 180-kDa subunit of DNA polymerase α and for dE2F and the extent of DNA endoreplication. Ectopic expression of the N-terminal fragment in the eye imaginal discs significantly reduced DNA replication in cells at the second mitotic wave. The lines of evidence suggest that the N-terminal fragment can impede the endogenous DREF function in a dominant negative manner and that DREF is required for normal DNA replication in both mitotic cell cycle and endo cycle.


An important requirement for IP networks to achieve the aim of ubiquitous connectivity is Network Mobility (NEMO). With Network Mobility support we can provide Internet access from mobile platforms, such as public transportation vehicles, to normal nodes that do not need to implement any special mobility protocol. The Network Mobility Basic Support protocol has been proposed in the IETF as a first solution to this problem, but this solution has severe performance limitations. This paper presents MIRON: Mobile IPv6 Route Optimisation for NEMO, an approach to the problem of Network Mobility support that overcomes the limitations of the basic solution by combining two different modes of operation: a Proxy-MR and an address delegation with built-in routing mechanisms. The paper describes the design and rationale of the solution, with an experimental validation and performance evaluation based on an implementation.


BACKGROUND
There is conflicting evidence regarding the association between fish intake and type 2 diabetes (T2D) incidence, possibly owing to measurement errors in self-reported intake and coexposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) present in fish.

OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to identify plasma metabolites associated with fish intake and to assess their association with T2D risk, independently of POPs, in Swedish adults.

METHODS
In a case-control study nested in the Swedish Västerbotten Intervention Programme, fasting plasma samples from 421 matched T2D case-control pairs of men and women aged 30-60 y at baseline and 10-y follow-up samples from a subset of 149 pairs were analyzed using untargeted metabolomics. Moreover, 16 plasma POPs were analyzed for the 149 pairs who had repeated samples available. Fish-related plasma metabolites were identified using multivariate modelling and partial correlation analysis. Reproducibility of metabolites and metabolite patterns, derived via principal component analysis (PCA), was assessed by intraclass correlation. A unique component of metabolites unrelated to POPs was dissected by integrating metabolites and POPs using 2-way orthogonal partial least squares regression. ORs of T2D were estimated using conditional logistic regression.

RESULTS
We identified 31 metabolites associated with fish intake that had poor to good reproducibility. A PCA-derived metabolite pattern strongly correlated with fish intake (ρ = 0.37, P < 0.001) but showed no association with T2D risk. Integrating fish-related metabolites and POPs led to a unique metabolite component independent of POPs, which tended to be inversely associated with T2D risk (OR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.54, 1.02, P = 0.07). This component mainly consisted of metabolites reflecting fatty fish intake.

CONCLUSIONS
Our results suggest that fatty fish intake may be beneficial for T2D prevention, after removing the counteractive effects of coexposure to POPs in Swedish adults. Integrating metabolite markers and POP exposures appears a promising approach to advance the understanding of associations between fish intake and T2D incidence.


Introduction
The use of occupation in occupational therapy has been regularly debated in the profession's
literature. More recently there has been a shift to consider occupation as the core construct
of occupational therapy, which informs assessments, interventions and outcomes; this can be described as occupational practice. Studies exploring occupational practice have been limited; this study has sought to address this gap.
Methods
This was a mixed methods study. First, a United Kingdom survey of occupational therapy
practice in children and young people's mental health was conducted (n=27). The survey
findings were analysed using descriptive statistics. The survey was used as a sampling
platform for the second stage of the study. Underpinned by an ethnographic approach, the
second study used an observer of participant, interview and document collection methods to
explore occupational practice (n=2). A grounded theory approach was taken to data analysis.
Findings
The participants of the survey were 89% female, 49% were at a senior grade and 68% had been qualified for over 10 years. 81% worked in Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services tier 3 or 4. 52% participants had an undergraduate degree in occupational therapy; 64% had no further specialist formal qualifications. Additional training in sensory integration therapy was reported by 34% of participants. The Model of Human Occupation was identified as the most frequently used model of practice. The Sensory Profile was the most regularly used assessment. The participants reported that their interventions commonly focused on talking style
therapies, psycho-education and group work.
The ethnographic study revealed a tension at the study sites between the medical psychological
and occupational practice discourses. To manage this tension, the participants used a generic and profession-specific practice to negotiate being 'one of the team' and being a 'real occupational therapist'. Enacting occupational practice included using the Model of Human Occupation, referrals for occupational problems, conducting assessments of occupation, concluding occupational formulations, and using occupation as an intervention.
Interventions were characterised as 'talking about doing' or 'doing occupation' and utilised
strategies such as modelling, goal setting and setting a challenge.
Conclusion
The survey has offered a snapshot of occupational therapy practice. This may help the profession understand the demography and practices of the participants. The Occupational Practice Model for Children and Young People's Mental Health, which has emerged from the ethnographic findings of this study, is presented as a tool to guide the use of occupation at the level of theory, perspective and intervention. Further qualitative studies are recommended to support the study findings and a systematic review is suggested to examine occupational therapy interventions in the field.


We examine the minimum mass necessary to build the power system for a "Death Star", as shown in the "Star Wars" series of films, using current technology. Considering its powerplant as a Carnot engine we are able to find a balance between the necessary mass of reactor and heat radiators so as to reduce the overall mass of the Death Star's power system to 6.8 x 10^25 kg, approximately 930 times the mass of Earth's moon (to 2 significant figures).


The high cost and poor performance of small wind turbines make them not widely used. In an attempt to meliorate this situation, the authors propose to investigate alternative airfoils with different chord and pitch angle distributions that permit low manufacturing, installation and maintenance costs, as well as high efficiency. To achieve these goals, two airfoil sections, Gottingen and Joukowski, together with different chord and pitch angle distributions were simulated by using a validated numerical code based on the blade element momentum (BEM) method. The chord geometry includes constant, linear, and elliptic distributions while the twist angle includes constant and linear distributions. The results reveal that the linear pitch distribution reduces the thrust in the intermediate region of the blade and the bending moment at the root and reduces the power coefficient for both rotors. Rotors with elliptic chord distribution show increased forces in the intermediate region. Joukowski based blades with elliptic chord distribution show lower thrust compared with those with linear chord distribution. The linear chord distribution increases the thrust in the intermediate region and reduces it at the tip and root regions. Blades with multiple airfoils show marginal improvement. The Gottingen and Joukowski based rotors have similar annual energy production (AEP). The Joukowski based rotor with linear pitch and linear chord distribution shows better performance at low velocities and easy to manufacture which makes it a good candidate for small power wind turbines.


This is a review essay of Martin Redish, "The Logic of Persecution." This book wades into the debate over the legacy of the anti-Communism of the late 1940s and 1950s. Its unique contribution is to approach this controversy from the perspective of First Amendment theory, taking into account recent evidence that the Communist Party, USA (CPUSA) was the American arm of the Stalinist Soviet enemy, and was heavily implicated in espionage against the United States. Part I of this Review discusses the Smith Act prosecutions, in CPUSA leaders were prosecuted for promoting violent revolution against the government. This Reviewer agrees with Redish's conclusion that the prosecutions were unconstitutional. However, in judging the Smith Act prosecutions, historians may consider not only constitutional issues, but the moral status of the defendants; whether freedom of expression suffered any lasting harm; and whether the goal of destroying the CPUSA's usefulness to the USSR for espionage was, in context, a particularly important one. Part II of this Review evaluates the infamous blacklist by Hollywood movie studios of members of the CPUSA. Redish concludes, and this Reviewer agrees, it was entirely appropriate - under the First Amendment, and also morally - for businesses and individuals to boycott members of the Stalinist CPUSA. Finally, Part III of this Review discusses whether state and local governments acted within their constitutional authority in refusing to hire CPUSA members as teachers. Redish concludes that school authorities did not violate the First Amendment when they excluded devoted Communists from teaching classes in subject areas that required teachers to pass along a liberal democratic perspective to their students. Part III reviews some objections to Redish's conclusion, and suggests that monitoring compliance with the assigned curriculum would have been an alternative means of accomplishing the government's agenda.


Magnetic nanocomposites comprising elemental boron and vitamin C in the form of mono or bis(ascorbatoborate) complexes have been synthesized for targeted delivery/therapy applications. These nanocomposites were characterized by chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and magnetic measurements. Structural motifs were proposed to justify the arrangement of the complexes around the magnetic core. The nanocomposite particles showed a quasi-spherical morphology with an average size of around 10–15 nm and exhibited a superparamagnetic behavior at 300 K to qualify for potential targeted biomedical applications. The data of chemical analysis suggested that the nanocomposites contain ca. 1015 boron atoms per microgram of sample.


Abstract We consider the problem of classifying data manifolds where each manifold represents invariances that are parameterized by continuous degrees of freedom. Conventional data augmentation methods rely on sampling large numbers of training examples from these manifolds. Instead, we propose an iterative algorithm, MCP, based on a cutting plane approach that efficiently solves a quadratic semi-infinite programming problem to find the maximum margin solution. We provide a proof of convergence as well as a polynomial bound on the number of iterations required for a desired tolerance in the objective function. The efficiency and performance of MCP are demonstrated in high-dimensional simulations and on image manifolds generated from the ImageNet data set. Our results indicate that MCP is able to rapidly learn good classifiers and shows superior generalization performance compared with conventional maximum margin methods using data augmentation methods.


How, for what and to whom can citizens hold accountable the expenditure of some €120 billion each year by the EU budget? This book highlights three main factors that lie at the root of an accountability gap: opaque revenue arrangements making citizens unaware of their contribution, the setting of numerous and grand objectives whose vague expectations are hard to account for and, finally, the delegation of the main management to member state bodies that are not accountable at EU level.
Amidst the on-going review of the EU budget, the author argues the need to combine a definition of European added-value based on limited and achievable objectives with one single accountability framework. This should follow a political mandate given to the Commission, which would then assume the role of 'programme manager' having both the authority over trustful delegated bodies and the legitimacy to implement the necessary measures to achieve the intended objectives.


This paper explores the impact of the introduction of competition and profit to the probation service in England and Wales following the implementation of the Transforming Rehabilitation reforms. The paper adapts the ideas advanced in Foucault's Discipline and Punish to draw similarities between the characteristics of 'disciplinary institutions' and a micro-physics of (market) power in probation under Transforming Rehabilitation. It utilises Foucault's 'instruments' of disciplinary power – hierarchical observation, normalising judgement, and the examination – as lenses through which to highlight the unintended consequences of the installation of market techniques within the service. The paper argues that the constraints peculiar to instilling decentralising market mechanisms that were presented as a means to liberate practitioners and reduce reoffending have entrenched further the centralising tendencies associated with managerialism.


With the advent of computed microtomography (μCT), in situ 3D visualization of soil at micron scale became easily achievable. However, most μCT-based research has focused on visualization and quantification of soil pores, roots, and particulate organic matter (POM), while little effort was been put in exploring the soil matrix itself. This study aims to characterize spatial heterogeneity of soil matrix in macroaggregates from three differing long term managements: conventionally managed and biologically based row-crop agricultural systems and primary successional unmanaged system and explore the utility of using grayscale gradients as a proxy of soil organic matter (SOM). To determine spatial characteristics of the soil matrix, we completed a geostatistical analysis of the aggregate matrix. It demonstrated that, while the treatments had the same range of spatial correlation, there was much greater overall variability in soil from the biologically based system. Since soil from both managements has the same mineralogy and texture, we hypothesized that greater variability is due to differences in SOM distributions, driven by spatial distribution patterns of soil pores. To test this hypothesis, we applied osmium (Os) staining to intact micro-cores from the biologically based management, and examined Os staining gradients every 4 μm from 26 to 213 µm from pores of biological or non-biological origin. Biological pores had the highest SOM levels adjacent to the pore, which receded to background levels at distances of 100-130 μm. Non-biological pores had lower SOM levels adjacent to the pores and returned to background levels at distances of 30-50 μm. This indicates that some of the spatial heterogeneity within the soil matrix can be ascribed to SOM distribution patterns as controlled by pore origins and distributions. Lastly, to determine if the grayscale values could be used as a proxy for SOM levels, gradients of grayscale values from biological and non-biological pores were compared with the Os gradients. Grayscale gradients matched Os gradients for biological pores, but not non-biological pores due to an image processing artifact. Grayscale gradients would, therefore, be a good proxy for SOM gradients near biological origin pores, while use for non-biological pores should be used with caution.


Abstract. The hydrological effects of the Grain for Green project (GFGP) on the Loess Plateau have been extensively debated due to the complexity of the water system and its multiple driving factors. The aim of this study was to investigate the response of the hydrological cycle to the GFGP measures based in a case study of the Yanhe Basin, a typical hilly–gully area on the Loess Plateau of China. First, we analyzed the land use and land cover (LULC) changes from 1990 to 2010. Then, we evaluated the effects of LULC changes and sloping land conversion on the main hydrological components in the basin using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). The results indicated that cropland exhibited a decreasing trend, declining from 40.2 % of the basin area in 1990 to 17.6 % in 2010, and that the woodland and grassland areas correspondingly increased. With the land use changes from 1990 to 2010, the water yield showed a decreasing trend which was mainly due to decrease in surface runoff. In contrast, evapotranspiration (ET) showed an increasing trend over the same period, resulting in a persistent decrease in soil water. The conversion of sloping cropland to grassland or woodland exerted negative effects on water yield and soil water. Compared with the land use condition in 2010, the negative effects were most evident where cropland with a slope  ≥  15° was converted to woodland, with decreases in surface runoff and soil water of 17.1 and 6.4 %, respectively. These results suggest that the expansive reforestation on sloping land in the loess hilly–gully region decreased water yield and increased ET, resulting in reduced soil water. The results of this study can be used to support sustainable land use planning and water resource management on the Loess Plateau in China.


The late 18th and 19th centuries were times of great mathematical progress. Many new mathematical systems and languages were introduced by some of the millennium'greatest mathematicians. Amongst these were the algebras of Clifford and Grassmann. While these algebras caused considerable interest at the time, they were largely abandoned with the introduction of what people saw as a more straightforward and more generally applicable algebra: the vector algebra of Gibbs. This was effectively the end of the search for a unifying mathematical language and the beginning of a proliferation of novel algebraic systems, created as and when they were needed; for example, spinor algebra, matrix and tensor algebra, differential forms, etc. In this paper we will chart the resurgence of the algebras of Clifford and Grassmann in the form of a framework known as geometric algebra (GA). Geometric algebra was pioneered in the mid-1960s by the American physicist and mathematician, David Hestenes. It has taken the best part of 40 years but there are signs that his claim that GA is the universal language for physics and mathematics is now beginning to take a very real form. Throughout the world there are an increasing number of groups who apply GA to a range of problems from many scientific fields. While providing an immensely powerful mathematical framework in which the most advanced concepts of quantum mechanics, relativity, electromagnetism, etc., can be expressed, it is claimed that GA is also simple enough to be taught to schoolchildren! In this paper we will review the development and recent progress of GA and discuss whether it is indeed the unifying language for the physics and mathematics of the 21st century. The examples we will use for illustration will be taken from a number of areas of physics and engineering.


The dissemination of company's information is currently in aperiod ofpaperbased
reporting system to paper-less reporting system. Rapid growth ofinternet as the
current tendency for globalization has changed how the company interacts with the
external environment. Company's response to the development of information
technology is the establishment of company website. Website used as a mediafor the
company to disseminate its information bothfinancial and non-financial The Company
has been utilizing the Internet as a medium for presentingfinancial information in the
form ofinternetfinancial reporting. This newform offinancial reporting presents new
challenges andopportunities.
This study examined how the influence of internal and external company
characteristics to the extent offinancial disclosure on the company website. Variables
tested in this research adopted the variables used by Alvarez et al. (2007). External
characteristics of the companyrepresented by competition assessed based on the large
concentration ofindustry. While the variables used to represent the company's internal
characteristics is the size ofthe company, profitability and leverage. The techniquefor
examining hypotheses is using linear regression method
Research population is all the manufacturing companies listed in Indonesian
Stock Exchange and have had company website. From the entire population, 49
companies as sample obtained Results ofresearch indicate thatfrom all manufacturing
companies listed in Indonesian Stock Exchange, 62% of them have had a company
website. From all ofthe independence variables tested only the size ofthe company and
leverage that have a significant influence on the broad disclosure of financial
information in the company's website.
Keywords: Internet, Disclosure, Internet Financial Reporting, Competitions, Company
Characteristics


Operations at Westwood mine in Quebec, Canada, were temporary halted in May 2015 after three large-magnitude seismic events occurred over two days. The mechanisms leading to these events, which caused severe damage to several accesses, were not well understood at first. This was partly due to the complex geology at the site, where massive, unaltered, strong, brittle, and seismically active rock can alternate with highly altered, weak, foliated, and buckling-prone rock at the meter scale. Other ground behaviours such as the significant discrepancy in blasthole performance between secondary and primary stopes and the propagation of damage from stopes to haulage drives in some locations were also not well understood. In 2017, further geotechnical characterization of the rock mass was carried out and numerical back-analyses of several locations were completed using the continuum code FLAC3D. The objectives of the back analyses were to better understand the mechanisms controlling rock mass performance and to obtain a calibrated model for predictive stoping simulations. This paper presents the key aspects of the modelling, which include: (1) An anisotropic rock mass strength model with properties derived from field and lab strength testing, and (2) a scheme to account implicitly for the deconfinement that accompanies buckling around excavations.


Despite the advancements in biomarker-based personalized cancer therapy, the inadequacy of molecular and genetic profiling in identifying effective drug combinations was defined in most cases. Drug resistance remains a major limitation of the current predictive oncology. Emerging reports indicate that the success of anticancer therapy is usually limited by intratumoral heterogeneity which is not captured by the existing cancer cell biomarker-based approaches. Cell heterogeneity, not only genetic but also phenotypic, is considered to be the root cause of resistance to anticancer treatment, cancer progression, and the presence of cancer stem cells. Therefore, functional testing of live cells representing various cell types within the tumor exposed to potential therapies is needed for identification of effective drug combinations. Here we look at the different existing model systems, including ex vivo models of the patient's tumor cells, 2D/3D in vitro cultures/cocultures, patient-derived cellular organoids, single-cell models, ex vivo tumor platforms containing tumor microenvironment and extracellular matrix, etc., scoping at drug efficacy evaluation and solving the problem of cancer resistance.


NASA's space-based observatories, flyby spacecraft, orbiters, landers, and robotic and sample-return missions require robust command and control capabilities. Advances in technologies relevant to command and data handling and instrument electronics are sought to support NASA's goals and several missions and projects under development. The 2021 subtopic goals are to develop platforms for the implementation of miniaturized highly integrated avionics and instrument electronics that:


Agricultural land in the Czech Republic threatened by a combination of water erosion, technogenic compaction and low level of soil carbon. The low levels of carbon in the soil interrelate also with the other threats mentioned. Application of organic matter into soil is one of the ways how to rectify this unfavourable condition. All of its forms can be supplemented by biological transformation's activators. The aim of this paper was to verify the effect of organic fertilizer with a conditioning activator added, i.e. manure from deep-litter housing of dairy cows with PRP Fix added, and the effect of an activator conditioning soil, i.e. PRP Sol, on the change of soil physical properties, i.e soil bulk density, infiltration ability, cone index. In this respect, field trial was established at locality Lázně Bělohrad. Soil infiltration capabilities were measured using a ring infiltrometer with a diameter of 0.15 meters. Cone index was another measured item provided by the registration penetrometer. Bulk densities of each trial variant were evaluated using Kopecky's cylinder. Concerning saturated hydraulic conductivity, all the variants treated with manure demonstrated its increase, namely with soil activators applied as well. Favourable effect on soil bulk density values could have been also observed. The change was often below the level of statistical significance. This could have been caused by a short only time of activator's activity. It can be assumed that the effect is going to be gradual and the verification should be carried out also in following trial years.


Bangladeshi people use multiple strategies to live with flooding events and associated riverbank erosion. They relocate, evacuate their homes temporarily, change cropping patterns, and supplement their income from migrating household members. In this way, they can reduce the negative impact of floods on their livelihoods. However, these societal responses also have negative outcomes, such as impoverishment. This research collects quantitative household data and analyzes changes of livelihood conditions over recent decades in a large floodplain area in north-west Bangladesh. It is found that while residents cope with flooding events, they do not achieve successful adaptation. With every flooding, people lose income and assets, which they can only partially recover. As such, they are getting poorer, and therefore less able to make structural adjustments that would allow adaptation in the longer term.


Although researchers have independently investigated the physical and decision-making (DM) demands experienced by sports officials, the combined impact of locomotion and physiological factors upon DM has received little attention. Using an innovative combination of video and Global Positioning System (GPS) technology this study explored the movement, heart rate (HR) and DM of experienced football referees in their natural performance environment. A panel of independent referees analysed incidents (n = 144) taken from five referees in seven games in the New Zealand Football Championship (2005/06). The match-day referees made accurate decisions on 64% of the incidents, although their accuracy levels were not related to variables such as movement speed, HR, and cumulative distance covered. Interestingly, referees were on average only 51% accurate in the opening fifteen minutes of each half compared to 70% accuracy at all other times. This study demonstrated that it is possible to combine new emerging technologies to conduct a comprehensive study of naturalistic decision-making in sport.


In the first part of this paper I provide a description of the major relativisation patterns found in the Celtic languages of the British Isles, examining the distribution of relative markers both from a typological and from a diachronic point of view. In the second part Old and Early Middle English relativisation markers are chronologically ordered and compared to the Celtic patterns. While Celtic influence on English has been claimed for gapping and preposition stranding, the data indicate other outcomes of early contact, namely the constraint against an agreeing relative marker after an agreeing determiner on the antecedent noun, and the resumptive strategy with obliques. Finally general conclusions on the direction and typology of borrowing are drawn.


A driving force behind the design of increasingly large and high resolution displays (LHRDs) has been the need to support the explosion of data in the natural sciences such as physics, chemistry, and biology. However, our experience with an LHRD accessible to researchers across multiple disciplines has shown that they are useful for a wide range of research activities involving large images and data. \ We conducted in-context, semi-structured interviews with researchers from a variety of disciplines about their experiences using the LHRD with their own data. Notably, it became apparent that the size and resolution of the LHRD supported a multitude of activities related to observation, for which zooming or other enlargement methods on standard resolution screens were not sufficient. The interview findings lead to implications for further research into supporting a broader range of disciplines in using large, high-resolution displays.


In this study tin oxide thin film is deposited on glass substrate by Thermal Evaporation technique for gas sensing applications. While deposition the distance between source and the substrate is maintained at 8cm, the pressure of the chamber is kept at 2.5  10 – 5 torr and rate of deposition is about 6-10 Å/sec at substrate temperature 35-40 C. Structural, micro structural, optical and gas sensing properties are studied. Here thickness of the film is maintained in between 400-450 nm. The film is annealed at 500 C for one and half hours. Surface morphology is examined from SEM micrographs by using Scanning Electron Microscope Model – Philips XL 30. From this study the grain size is found to be around 40-45 nm. The structural study of the films was carried out by XRD measurement using SIEMENS diffractometer (Model) D 5000. From the observation it is confirmed tetragonal rutile structure of tin oxide. Optical characteristics are studied by UV/VIS Spectrophotometer Model ELICO-SL-159 in the wavelength range 300-1000 nm and refractive index, thickness of the thin film and band gap are calculated. From this study of optical properties it is observed that the maximum transmittance is about 80 %. The measured refractive index is 2.17 which nearly the same with the theoretical result. The film is investigated for sensing of carbon monoxide gas. Sensitivity test is carried out by a hand make sensitivity tester. Sensitivity of the film to CO gas is measured at different temperatures and was found to be highly sensitive at 220 C.


"Indian Sociology: From Where to Where is a collection of essays written by a leading Indian sociologist during his long career as a teacher and research administrator, both in India and abroad. The reader will find, at one place, the writings of this seminal author on the growth and development of Indian sociology. These essays not only chronicle the developments in the discipline, but also put them in the perspective of sociology of sociology and in the context of Asian social science. Professor Atal had the unique opportunity of not only witnessing but also contributing to the development of social sciences in the region of Asia and the Pacific in his capacity as UNESCO s Regional Adviser for Social and Human Sciences. The volume will be invaluable for those interested in knowing about the history of Indian sociology"


The finding that the preferences of middle-income Americans are ignored when they diverge from the preferences of the rich is one of the most widely accepted and influential conclusions in political science research today. I offer a cautionary note regarding this conclusion. I demonstrate that even on those issues for which the preferences of the wealthy and those in the middle diverge, policy ends up about where we would expect if policymakers represented the middle class and ignored the affluent. This result emerges because even when middle- and high-income groups express different levels of support for a policy (i.e., a preference gap exists), the policies that receive the most (least) support among the middle typically receive the most (least) support among the affluent (i.e., relative policy support is often equivalent). As a result, the opportunity of unequal representation of the "average citizen" is much less than previously thought. The analysis also shows, however, that substantial opportunity exists for unequal representation of strong partisan preferences. Together, these results reinforce the importance of party identification for understanding policy outcomes and who gets represented.


Publication Article for 'Their eyes travel across the pages and their hearts search out meaning', a project by Sharon Kivland:

Withdrawn, intent, deaf and blind to the world, readers commune in silence. They scan and internalise, mouths made defunct in the passage of knowledge, and yet it was not always thus. Saint Augustine marvelled at the way Saint Ambrose read: 'His eyes travelled across the pages and his heart searched out the meaning, but his voice and tongue stayed still.' There is a certain amount of argument surrounding the exact moment in antiquity that the text became ingested in silence. Alberto Manguel, among others, suggests that this 'silent perusal of the page' was not commonplace until the tenth century. Did we lose something else, along with the innocence of our reading habits? In putting our ears away, as Nietzsche would have it, did we too lose our voice – 'all the crescendos, inflections, variations of tone and changes of tempo in which the ancient public world took pleasure'?

Silence is the law of the library, even in a place of such theatrical potential as the Goldsmiths' Reading Room. In the wings though, in the private monastic spaces of its study carrels, where a reader's lips can flutter away in a whisper, unheard, loud voices might muster. On the 26th of April, that potential will be realised, as six invited readers will make themselves heard in the silence of the public space. Emerging one by one from the privacy of their cells they will proclaim the meaning that their hearts have searched out.


Americans have long disputed whether the government may support religious instruction as part of an elementary education. Since Everson v. Board of Education (1947), the Supreme Court has gradually articulated a doctrine that permits states to provide funds, indirectly through vouchers and in some cases directly through grants, to religious schools for the nonreligious goods they provide. Unlike most other areas of Establishment Clause jurisprudence, however, the Court has not built this doctrine on a historical foundation. In fact, in Trinity Lutheran v. Comer (2017), the dissenters from this doctrine were the ones to rely on the founding-era record.

Intriguingly, the Court and scholars have largely ignored an early governmental practice that directly bears on the historical understanding of the Establishment Clause: from the Revolution through Reconstruction, the federal government partnered with missionaries to educate Native American students. At first ad hoc, the practice became a full-scale program with the Civilization Funds Act of 1819. Presidents Washington, Jefferson, Madison, and Monroe all personally participated in the partnerships. Virtually no one objected on constitutional grounds. This is the first Article to place these government-missionary partnerships in their cultural, political, and constitutional context and to thoroughly evaluate their implications for the history of disestablishment and contemporary doctrine.

The Article acknowledges that multiple overlapping factors may account for why no one raised a constitutional objection to the partnerships, including factors unique to "Indian affairs." But it argues that the dominant reason was that elite white Americans shared a paradigm of social progress that equated republicanism, Christianity, education, and civilization. The practice dramatically qualifies the conventional wisdom that the quintessential example of an "establishment of religion" was the use of public funds to support religious groups. In fact, that opposition appears to have been aimed narrowly at taxes earmarked for churches and clergy salaries.

Although the implications of the practice, which was undoubtedly culturally chauvinistic, must be translated for a constitutional regime that prizes neutrality and voluntariness, this Article argues that the partnerships support the trajectory of the Court's funding jurisprudence, with implications for Espinoza v. Montana Department of Revenue, currently pending before the U.S. Supreme Court.


We demonstrate experimental chaos synchronization between two chaotic semiconductor lasers subjected to polarization-rotated optical feedback and unidirectional injection. This system allows high-quality synchronization to be obtained between dissimilar lasers in a wide range of chaotic operating regimes. Another feature of this system is its operation at high characteristic frequencies, taking advantage of all-optical implementation. Time series and RF spectra showing synchronization are confirmed by high correlation coefficients in excess of 0.85.


We examine the relationship between the business cycle and poverty for the period from 1960 to 2008 using income data from the Current Population Survey and consumption data from the Consumer Expenditure Survey. This new evidence on the relationship between macroeconomic conditions and poverty is of particular interest given recent changes in anti-poverty policies that have placed greater emphasis on participation in the labor market and in-kind transfers. We look beyond official poverty, examining alternative income poverty and consumption poverty, which have conceptual and empirical advantages as measures of the well-being of the poor. We find that both income and consumption poverty are sensitive to macroeconomic conditions. A one percentage point increase in unemployment is associated with an increase in the after-tax income poverty rate of 0.9 to 1.1 percentage points in the long-run, and an increase in the consumption poverty rate of 0.3 to 1.2 percentage points in the long-run. The evidence on whether income is more responsive to the business cycle than consumption is mixed. Income poverty does appear to be more responsive using national level variation, but consumption poverty is often more responsive to unemployment when using regional variation. Low percentiles of both income and consumption are sensitive to macroeconomic conditions, and in most cases low percentiles of income appear to be more responsive than low percentiles of consumption.


The vibration-reduction and sound-absorption properties of a truss-core sandwich beam are analyzed. The core is composed by the assembly of unit cells across both the length and thickness of the proposed beam. The cells have chiral geometry which features cylinders, or nodes, joined by ligaments, or ribs. The resulting assembly is characterized by a number of interesting properties that can be exploited for the design of alternative honeycomb or cellular topologies to be used in sandwich construction. The vibro-acoustic analysis of the considered beam is performed through a finite element model developed using a commercially available Finite Element package. In the model, the sandwich beam is constrained to a rigid baffle and divides two fluid domains of infinite extent. The dynamic performance of the beam is evaluated through the estimation of the vibration amplitudes of the two constraining layers, while the performance of the beam as an acoustic panel with high insulation characteristics is analyzed through the estimation of the sound transmission loss between the two fluid domains. A sensitivity study to investigate the influence of core configuration and geometry on the beam's performance is presented. The results indicate the design flexibility offered by the proposed design, which allows modifying and optimizing the structural acoustic performance of the beam through proper selection of the core configuration.


This study deals with the basicity, both in the gas phase and in an aqueous solution, of a set of 150 pyrazoles covering a range of about 200 kJ mol−1 in proton affinity and 10–15 pKa units. There are 63 NH-pyrazoles, in many cases, with two different tautomers and 87 N-substituted pyrazoles. The gas phase results are well reproduced by DFT theoretical calculations when the less stable tautomers are removed. For the pKa values to be reproduced adequately by calculations, some of the tautomers need to be removed, and the use of dummy variables accounting for the protonation on exocyclic amine groups is required and the conformation of the 5-phenyl groups need to be considered. Using these restrictions a large number of unknown pKas can be predicted and a few errors corrected.


Enthralling generations of readers, the narrative of capture by Native Americans is arguably the first American literary form dominated by women's experiences. Many such captivity narratives were fact-based but often transformed by authors or editors into spellbinding adventure stories, sentimental tales, spiritual autobiographies, or anti-Indian propaganda. For this pioneering collection, Kathryn Zabelle Derounian-Stodola has selected ten complete narratives that span two hundred years (1682-1892) and show literary as well as geographical diversity. From Mary Rowlandson's famous account and Hannah Dustan's infamous escape (after she scalped her captors), to Sarah Wakefield's passionate critique of white society and Mary Jemison's permanent transculturation to Indian life, a variety of experiences is represented here. Derounian-Stodola's fascinating introduction to the history and influence of the genre shows it to be a foundation text of American culture with enduring popular appeal.


Barosensitive neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) often have a respiratory-related modulation of their activity. However, the extent of the interaction between baroreceptor and respiratory inputs is controversial. The main aim of the present study was to determine the effect of central respiratory drive (CRD) on the barosensitivity of RVLM neurons. Extracellular recordings were obtained from 68 barosensitive neurons in the RVLM of anesthetized, paralyzed, and bilaterally vagotomized Sprague-Dawley rats. Examination of phrenic-triggered histograms revealed five activity patterns among barosensitive neurons: inspiratory depression (type I, n = 20), early inspiratory activation (type II, n = 14), postinspiratory activation (type III, n = 18), expiratory depression (type IV, n = 5) and no modulation (type V, n = 11). In most neurons (types I and III and 56% of type II) inhibition produced by aortic nerve stimulation was greater in inspiration than in expiration. Cardiac-related modulation, as an index of natural phasic baroreceptor activation, was also greater in inspiration than expiration in type III neurons. The results demonstrate that CRD modulates the baroreflex at the level of the RVLM.