This paper presents the modelling and implementation of a three-phase DSTATCOM (Distribution Static Compensator) using an efficient control algorithm for power conditioning. This is one of an effective way for harmonic suppression, load balancing and reactive power compensation at distorted PCC (Point of Common Coupling) voltages under nonlinear loads. It is hoped at providing a broad perspective on the status of DSTATCOM control methods to researchers and application engineers dealing with harmonic cancellation issues. The proposed scheme consists of a zigzag transformer, double tuned filter, rectifiers, voltage source converter of the DSTATCOM. A fuzzy logic controller & traditional PI controller are used to control the neutral current & dc link voltage under both balanced & unbalanced loading conditions. Simulation studies are showing the better performance of three-phase DSTATCOM using MATLAB SIMULINK & power system toolboxes.


One of the greatest challenges preventing the use of advanced controllers in aerospace is developing methods to verify, validate, and certify them with high assurance. One emerging approach is to push the burden of assurance from offline verification of an autonomous controller at design time, to online verification of safe behavior through a monitor and high assurance backup controller at run time. Run time assurance goes a step beyond alerting systems by detecting imminent unsafe behavior and intervening with a trusted control response. In the spacecraft domain, autonomous operations could be approved if run time assurance systems can provide collision avoidance capabilities. While several approaches to run time assurance have been developed and successfully demonstrated, the design and verification of these systems is ad hoc and specific to the application. This paper describes the elicitation, formal specification, and analysis of general collision avoidance system requirements for a conceptual spacecraft conducting autonomous close-proximity operations based on a run time assurance construct. This includes the first formally specified and analyzed generalized run time assurance architecture for spacecraft that includes a fault monitor, interlock monitor, and human-machine interface. Mathematically precise requirements are elicited through the process of formal specification based on common design elements, spacecraft guidance constraints in the literature, and a structured hazard assessment. Finally, the requirements are analyzed using compositional reasoning and formal model checking verification techniques.


Consumer technologies have intensified the blurring between work and private spaces. For instance, employees increasingly use privately owned devices for work or company provided devices for private tasks. By means of a multiple case study in four organisations, we investigate the current use of consumer IT in organisations in relation to the increased blurring between work and private life. With regard to boundary theory, we are able to identify six technology-related aspects that describe the intensifying role of IT consumerisation in terms of blurring boundaries. Whether people strive for work-life integration or segmentation, they often experience conflicts in realising their individual preference. However, it seems that IT consumerisation further moved the standard for work-life blurring towards integration rather than segmentation. The number of identified conflicts suggests that there is still a lot of potential for software vendors and user companies to make the management of work and private life spaces more feasible. More specifically, there is a need for solutions that better target individual preferences towards work-life blurring. Our study sheds further light on both increasing chances and challenges that consumer technology puts on employees and organisations.


A society that transitions from authoritarianism or armed conflict to a democracy needs to address important questions of justice and accountability for past human rights abuses in order to build a stable and peaceful future. In the rapidly maturing field of transi - tional justice an expanding number of initiatives have taken place providing valuable lessons for newly democratiz - ing societies. This policy brief reviews the experiences of transition countries in Latin America and Eastern Europe in undertaking various accountability mechanisms: truth commissions, trials and amnesties in Latin America; and lustration, opening of secret service files, compensation and restitution in Eastern Europe. It identifies variables which may determine the effectiveness of certain mechanisms, and builds on the expand - ing body of evidence-based research.


We make a case for dasiasynthetic clear speechpsila in the context of the persons with hearing impairment. We study the acoustic attributes of dasiaclear speechpsila that enable us to understand their importance in speech perception. Our perception experiments are motivated by the growing body of research emphasizing the significance of clear speech, as opposed to conversation or conventional speech, in the context of the hearing-impaired. Specifically, we study the role of the two important attributes of clear speech namely, the consonant-to-vowel intensity ratio (CVR) and the consonant duration (CD). We have developed a computerized test administration system to study the response of the dasiasimulatedpsila impaired hearing listeners to modifications in the CVR and CD. Our perception studies using the stop consonants of the English language show that the CVR and the formant transition duration play an important role in speech perception. We believe that our findings will be useful in developing appropriate speech signal processing mechanisms to improve speech perception in the hard of hearing.


Remanufacturing has become an ever more important topic due to a growing need for environmental-friendly production strategies and an efficient use of resources. Traditional materials requirements planning (MRP) methods need to be adjusted in line with these new manufacturing environments where both manufacturing and remanufacturing are involved. In this study, a mathematical programming model is formulated for materials requirements planning decision in a multi-product, multi-period remanufacturing system where the assembly of final product is done both through use of parts procured from the disassembly of returned (used) (core) products and by ordering new (unused) parts. The decisions regarding the purchase and disassembly of new parts or used products as part of materials requirements planning are made for the purpose of minimizing the costs. The developed model takes into account, in a deterministic manner, the quality of the product to be disassembled, disposal cost of defective cores, lead time for purchasing new parts, disassembly bill of materials, disassembly capacity and disassembly time of each part. The mathematical model is illustrated through application to a sample problem, and an experimental design is provided in order to identify the ways in which different conditions in a manufacturing environment affect the total cost of the system.


One of the most sensitive features of sheet metal forming processes is the elastic recovery during unloading, called spring-back, which leads to some geometric changes in the product. This phenomenon will affect bend angle and bend curvature, and can be influenced by various factors. In this research, the effects of sheet thickness and die radiuses on spring-back in L-die bending of CK67 and St 14 steel sheet were studied by experiments and numerical simulations.


Welcome to the Connectors Study Podcast, a six-part series celebrating oral culture as a legitimate form of knowledge construction, explores various aspects of doing ethnographic research with children on the ERC funded Connectors Study (2014-2019). Researchers, Melissa Nolas, Christos Varvantakis, and Vinnarasan Aruldoss, all based at Goldsmiths, University of London at the time of recording, recount their experiences doing ethnography with children, the historical contingency of the research, sampling, and team work.

In this episode we join Melissa, Christos, and Vinnarasan as they discuss the rationale and execution of the study, the difficulties of making their methodology work, and how it has affected them as researchers and parents.

Topics covered in this episode:

What it means to look at children as everyday actors in politics and public life.
The perception of children's roles in our society.
The massive cooperation required by families taking part in the study.
The new, messier methods required to make the data gathering possible and practical.
What can be gained from looking at children's everyday life, especially outwith institutions like schools.
The process of developing relationships with families and where the line between friend and researcher lies.
Dealing with uncertainty on a day to day basis when gathering data and conducting interviews.
The new perspectives gained by the researchers and how it has affected them as parents.
The researchers:

Melissa Nolas
Melissa Nolas is an interdisciplinary social scientist, a Senior Lecturer in Sociology at Goldsmiths, University of London, and the Principal Investigator of the ERC funded Connectors Study. Her research focuses on childhood publics and children's relationships to public life; child, youth, and family welfare, well-being and social support; civic and political practices across the life course; multimodal ethnography and publics creating methodologies. She has published widely on these topics. She is the co-editor of the online journal entanglements: experiments in multimodal ethnography.

Christos Varvantakis
Christos Varvantakis is an anthropologist, working as researcher at Goldsmiths College, University of London. He has a BA in Sociology (University of Crete, Greece), an MA in Visual Anthropology (Goldsmiths, UK) and a PhD (Freie Universitat Berlin, Germany). His research focuses on the intersections of childhood and public life, politics and urban environments, as well as on visual and multimodal research methodologies. He has carried out ethnographic research in Greece, India and Germany over the last 15 years. Christos is Head of Programming of Ethnofest, an international festival of ethnographic film held in Athens, Greece every year.

Vinnarasan Aruldoss
Vinnarasan Aruldoss is a Research Fellow at Goldsmiths College, University of London. He obtained his PhD in Social Policy at The University of Edinburgh and prior to that worked several years with a number of civil society organisations, government departments and multilateral agencies as a social development practitioner in India. He is interested in inter-disciplinary research that contributes knowledge to the broader domains of childhood, early years provision and social policy analysis. He has published mainly in the fields of sociology of childhood, early years education, political sociology and childhood policy.

Next time
In the next episode we will be looking at the historical contingency of the research and our researcher's responses to it.


The IETF TRILL (Transparent Interconnection of Lots of Links) protocol
provides least cost pair-wise data forwarding without configuration in
multi-hop networks with arbitrary topologies and link technologies.
TRILL supports multi-pathing of both unicast and multicast traffic.
Devices that implement the TRILL protocol are called TRILL Switches or
RBridges (Routing Bridges). ESADI (End Station Address Distribution
Information) is an optional protocol by which a TRILL switch can
communicate, in a Data Label (VLAN or Fine Grained Label) scoped way,
end station address and reachability information to TRILL switches
participating in ESADI for the relevant Data Label. This document
updates RFC 6325, specifically the documentation of the ESADI
protocol, and is not backwards compatible.


We provide an overview of the early stages of three related research projects whose goals are to exploit augmented reality, virtual worlds, and artificial intelligence to explore relationships between perceived architectural space and the structural systems that support it. In one project, we use a see-through head-mounted display to overlay a graphic representation of a building's structural systems on the user's view of a room within the building. This overlaid virtual world shows the out-lines of the concrete joists, beams, and columns surrounding the room, as well as the reinforcing steel inside them, and includes displays from a commercially available structural analysis program. In a related project, the structural view is exposed by varying the opacity of room finishes and concrete in a 3D model of the room and surrounding structure rendered on a conventional CRT. We also describe a hypermedia database, currently under construction, depicting major, twentieth-century American buildings. The interactive, multidisciplinary elements of the database—including structural and thermal analyses, free body diagrams (which show how forces are resisted by portions of a structure under various loading conditions), facsimiles of construction documents, and critical essays—are bound together and made available over the World-Wide Web. Finally, we discuss the relationships among all these projects, and their potential applications to teaching architecture students and to construction, assembly, and repair of complex structures.


As green solvents, a series of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquids (ILs) with different cations and anions were used in the swelling of herbal particles and their performance was evaluated and compared. The study of ILs successfully discovered some mechanisms ofmass transfer in swelling and extraction for herbs. Themicrostructure, observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), demonstrated the change of herbal skeleton in the process of swelling. Through the study for the effect of saturated swelling ratio, [PSMIM][H2PO4] was finally founded as the optimal IL for swelling. Saturated swelling ratio increased with the increase of temperature or reduction of particles size. Besides the acidic IL, the swelling ratio of neutral ILs was increased as [BMIM][Cl] > [BMIM][Br] > [BMIM][BF4] > [BMIM][PF6] due to the increasing hydrophilicity. Because of the viscosity and the protons, the trend of the swelling ratio of [PSMIM][H2PO4] is first increased and then decreased with increasing of its concentration


The development of prosthetic biomaterials revolutionized surgery for the repair of abdominal wall hernias.
A tension free mesh technique has drastically reduced recurrence rates for all hernias compared to tissue repairs. It's possible to reconstruct large ventral defects that were previously irreparable. Abdominal wall defects (hernias).
In this study polypropylene mesh was used to facilitate The reconstruction of large tissue defects in 5 crossbred bovine calves, and was not associated with any serious complications.
The results of this study allow us to say that the use of prosthetic biomaterials is superior to simple suture repair and represent a modern and safely procedure in large hernial ring to avoid over-stretching on the edges of the wound which hinders wound healing. The biocompatibility of these biomaterials for long periods requires further investigations.


Despite speculation about the swimming efficiency of cetaceans, few studies have investigated the exercise physiology of these mammals. In view of this, we examined the physiological responses and locomotor energetics of two exercising adult Tursiops truncatus. Oxygen consumption, heart rate, respiratory rate and post-exercise blood lactate concentration were determined for animals either pushing against a load cell or swimming next to a boat. Many of the energetic and cardiorespiratory responses of exercising dolphins were similar to those of terrestrial mammals. Average heart rate, respiratory rate and oxygen consumption for dolphins pushing against a load cell increased linearly with exercise levels up to 58 kg for a female dolphin and 85 kg for a male. Oxygen consumption did not increase with higher loads. Maximum rate of oxygen consumption (VO2max) ranged from 19.8 to 29.4 ml O2 kg-1 min-1, which was 7-11 times the calculated standard metabolic rate (VO2std) of the dolphins. Blood lactate concentration increased with exercise loads that exceeded VO2max. The maximum lactate concentration was 101.4 mg dl-1 (11.3 mmol l-1) for the male, and 120.6 mg dl-1 (13.6 mmol l-1) for the female. When swimming at 2.1 m s-1, heart rate, respiratory rate and post-exercise blood lactate concentration of the dolphins were not significantly different from values at rest. The cost of transport at this speed was 1.29 +/- 0.05 J kg-1 min-1. The energetic profile of the exercising bottlenose dolphin resembles that of a relatively sedentary mammal if the exercise variables defined for terrestrial mammals are used. However, the energetic cost of swimming for this cetacean is low in comparison to that of other aquatic and semi-aquatic mammals.


Consider a setting where a treatment that starts at some point during a spell (e.g. in unemployment) may impact on the hazard rate of the spell duration, and where the impact may be heterogeneous across subjects. We provide Monte Carlo evidence on the feasibility of estimating the distribution of treatment effects from duration data with selectivity, by means of a nonparametric maximum likelihood estimator with unrestricted numbers of mass points for the heterogeneity distribution. We find that specifying the treatment effect as homogenous may yield misleading average results if the true effects are heterogeneous, even when the sorting into treatment is appropriately accounted for. Specifying the treatment effect as a random coefficient allows for precise estimation of informative average treatment effects including the program's overall impact on the mean duration.


A new unit named Information Systems in Construction was developed and taught for the first time in the School of Architecture and Building at Deakin University in Semester 1 2003 for first-year construction management students. This paper reports on key issues that arose during the unit development process and the implementation of teaching activities. Special consideration is given to the learners (first year students), the teaching environment (online teaching and learning), the unit background (information technology and information system), and the discipline (international construction). Several suggestions are outlined for improving the unit development and delivery in the next round.


This paper intends to raise awareness about possibilities of energy and cost savings in data centers. Situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina is analyzed through results of the survey from the IT area. There is a hypothetical estimation of cost saving of USD 500,000 for period of three years, for 500 servers in 60 local data centers. This should be good motivation for system administrators to consider server virtualization as a future strategy for data centers.


Oil shale is one of the world's most important energy resources. The world resource of oil shale is estimated to be 1500 trillion (15 × l014) short tons with an energy content of approximately 1016 barrels. A rich oil shale will yield 30–40 barrels of oil/ton of oil shale. A million barrel per day industry would require the processing of approximately 5 × 108 tons/yr of shale (a single plant would process 25 × 106 tons/yr). Interdisciplinary research being conducted to determine the potential impact of such a large industry on human health is described, in such areas as release of suspected carcinogens and toxic trace metals, worker safety, and exposure to oil, gas, and water. Research by other groups in the U.S. working on this important issue is also summarized.


The evidence on the excessive smoothness and sensitivity of consumption with respect to income is sufficiently overwhelming to refute the rational expectations version of the permanent income hypothesis known as the random walk model. This paper proposes an alternative model which (i) is compatible with the "excess smoothness" and the "excess sensitivity" phenomena, (ii) can be interpreted as a rule-of-thumb revision, or smoothing, scheme similar to that proposed by Friedman, and (iii) can also be derived as the solution to a forward-looking intertemporal optimising problem where the rational consumer maximises a time-nonseparable utility function subject to the life-time budget constraint. Data from Canada, the U.K. and the U.S. are used to examine the proposed model. The findings strongly support the theoretical generalisation of the PIH proposed in the paper.


An open access network (OAN) is characterized by the fact that private WLANs and broadband access lines are made available for public use, enabling bypassing mobile users to profit from continuous coverage. Our insight is that in wireless OANs, the overhead required for the launching or reconfiguration of a real-time session can be drastically reduced. We propose an algorithm which performs parameter injection into a multimedia data stream instead of following the classical negotiation path typically used. A solution to change the session characteristics of an application that adapts to varying network conditions was developed, including a QoS solution with SIP and MIP to optimize the session characteristics by taking into account the changed conditions in the network. With our approach, we achieve a reduction of a factor of 2.5 for session signaling delay, and excellent jitter values in the range of 10-15 milliseconds as our implementation results show.


The clinical findings, occupational exposure, smoking history, pulmonary function, chest radiograph and ventilation-perfusion studies have been examined in 12 men exposed to asbestos fibers in the course of their work. Minor abnormalities of regional ventilation, consistent with early small airway dysfunction, were found in the fibrotic zones of most of the nonsmokers or mild cigarette smokers. The whole-lung washout times, estimated by visual inspection of serial washout images, were strongly correlated with measurements of airflow obstruction, but not with pack-years of smoking. There was a close correspondence between radiographic extent of pulmonary fibrosis and the abnormalities in pulmonary blood flow in these regions. The severity of the abnormalities in regional pulmonary blood flow was significantly correlated with the years of asbestos exposure (r = + 0.73, p less than 0.01). It is suggested that the magnitude of the disturbance in pulmonary blood flow in the fibrotic zones could be used to estimate the proportion of pulmonary dysfunction due to asbestos exposure.


The main idea of this thesis is studying the importance of the carry-over effects and interaction effects in statistical models. To investigate it, a hand-milking experiment in Burkina Faso was studied. In many no electricity access countries, such as Burkina Faso, the amount of milk and milk compositions are still highly relying on hand-milking techniques and milkers. Moreover, the time effects also plays a important role in stockbreeding system. Therefore, falling all effects, carry-over effects and interaction effects into a linear mixed effects model, it is concluded that the carry-over effects of milker and hand-milking techniques cannot be neglected, and the interaction effects among hand-milking techniques, different milkers, days and periods can be substantial.


In a 1989 article that remains one of the clearest, most sensible explications of an especially tricky point of bankruptcy law, Jay Westbrook announced a forthright methodology: "I call my approach "functional," because it proceeds by working through the problem from first principles." The same basic technique can tell us a lot about how banks - and other bank-like creatures or SIFIs, to use the industry lingo - should fail.
On the one hand, governmental rescue of shareholders and other investors is beyond annoying, and there is some intuitive sense that if management does a poor job, they and their investor backers should face the consequences, just like any other firm. That bank managers would have the temerity to pay themselves large bonuses shortly after a taxpayer rescue only emphasizes the point.
On the other hand, there is a widespread understanding that a large bank, or a sufficiently interconnected one, is not quite like Kmart, Enron, or even American Airlines, in that when the bank fails, it tends to take a large chunk of the economy along with it.
Should we use bankruptcy or not? The 2010 legislative response to Lehman, and AIG, and Bank of America, and Citibank, and every other large financial institution that almost failed (or did, in the case of Lehman) is notably wobbly on the question of "how will a big bank fail?" Dodd-Frank created a new, FDIC-focused "orderly liquidation authority" or OLA to handle these cases, but then made it incredibly difficult to actually use OLA. Instead, banks are told to plan for failure under the Bankruptcy Code, and this time they should not expect any of the help that Lehman got.
Bank insolvency, I submit, is all about special priorities: both ordinal and temporal. The Bankruptcy Code, on the other hand, takes an "equality is equity" approach to priorities as a baseline, mostly using state law to draw the claim-asset border. Bargaining for results within the general "equality" framework is another key feature of traditional insolvency law.
Financial insolvency law expressly rejects this model; it instead is all about protecting some favored group from the effects of insolvency. There is no equality here, and it was never intended that there would be equality. And thus it is time to stop pretending SIFI insolvency is "normal" corporate insolvency but bigger.
After nearly a decade of waffling between "special" and "normal" bankruptcy for banks, I believe we are now ready to build upon what we have learned and to take the necessary further step: stop feigning that bank insolvency can or should happen in bankruptcy court.


Background: The pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD) remains to be determined; recently a possible change in the immune system with production of immunoglobulins is proposed. As vitamin E is a potent antioxidant, with the ability to decrease the serum levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE) in atopic patients, we aimed to evaluate the effect of oral vitamin E on treatment of AD. Materials and Methods: This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial comprised seventy participants with mild-to-moderate AD, based on the Hanifin and Rajka diagnostic criteria. The patients were randomly selected from teaching skin clinics in Isfahan, Iran. They were randomly assigned to two groups of equal number, receiving vitamin E (400 IU/day) and placebo for four 4 months. Each month, the extent, severity, and subjective symptoms including itch and sleeplessness were measured by SCORAD index. Three months after the end of intervention, the recurrence rate was assessed. Results: The improvement in all symptoms, except sleeplessness, was significantly higher in the group receiving vitamin E than in controls (–1.5 vs. 0.218 in itching, –10.85 vs. –3.54 in extent of lesion, and –11.12 vs. –3.89 in SCORAD index, respectively, P < 0.05). Three months after the end of intervention, the recurrence rate of AD was evaluated. Recurrence rate between all 42 individuals, who remained in the study, was 18.6%. Recurrence ratio of the group receiving vitamin E compared to the placebo group was 1.17, without significant differences between the two groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion: This study suggests that vitamin E can improve the symptoms and the quality of life in patients with AD. As vitamin E has no side effects with a dosage of 400 IU/day, it can be recommended for the treatment of AD.


In this paper, an integrated maximum a posteriori equalization and turbo product coding (IMAP-TPC) scheme for optical-fiber-communication systems (OFCS) is proposed. The scheme uses a probabilistic characterization of the electrical current in the presence of intersymbol interference (ISI) and noise to compensate their effects and improve the bit error rate. In the new IMAP-TPC scheme, TPC decoding is integrated with a symbol-by-symbol MAP detector. The MAP detector calculates the log-likelihood ratio of a received symbol using the conditional probability-density information and, hence, obtains a much more accurate reliability measure than the traditional measure used in the TPC decoder. The TPC was generated by serial concatenation of two Bose, Chaudhuri, and Hocquenghem codes with low overhead, which is a structure similar to a recently proposed hardware implementation of TPC decoder for optical systems. Simulation results with all-order polarization mode dispersion and amplified spontaneous emission noise demonstrate both the practicality and the effectiveness of the IMAP-TPC scheme for OFCS


Cancellidium pinicola sp. nov. is described with illustrations from leaf litter of Pinus massoniana collected in Hong Kong. The fungus sporulated on decaying pine needles incubating on the surface of agar plates, as black, shiny, fan-shaped, superficial multicellular conidia, comprising two wall layers. The morphology of the conidia are typical of Cancellidium and therefore a new species is established. Morphologically, the new species differs from Cancellidium applanatum, the only described species in this genus with respect to the conidial shape and color intensity. In order to investigate possible teleomorphic and phylogenetic relationships of this new taxon, two different regions of the ribosomal gene (18S rDNA and 28S rDNA) were sequenced and analyzed. Parsimony analyses indicate that the isolate may be closely related to other unitunicate ascomycetes especially Podostroma, Hypocrea and Trichoderma (order Hypocreales). Since the isolate was obtained from conidia transferred from the surface of baited plates however, it is equivocal whether this is a pure isolate of C. pinicola.


Two ways of making a decision are objectively using formal analysis and subjectively using intuition. Psychological research has shown that the latter leads to better decisions in complex situations. Intuitive decision-making uses simplified rules of thumb heuristics. In engineering terms, complexity implies complex systems. A set of rules and principles – heuristics – is presented as a guide for making subjective decisions in complex system contexts, one aspect of which is to provide quality control and guard against bias and error. An extended practical example of the use of these heuristics is given involving assessment of the safety of nuclear-powered ships.


electronic services, eservices, business framework, appliances, capshare Each day more and more electronic services appear, some will blossom many will fade and die. We see much talk in the press and almost boundless enthusiasm in the stock markets for these offerings. Individually and as companies, entrepreneurs and intrapreneurs, develop ideas that could become part of this e-whatever 1 economy but how can we develop these ideas as businesses? How can we say that we understand them? What ones are well founded? How can we convince sponsors to provide the necessary finance? What is worthy of investment? What ones might succeed in today's competitive environments? In this area simple financial metrics are not very illuminating with many highly innovative start-up companies making significant losses. Sceptics would argue the game is about building up an 'interesting' e-whatever company with a long list of registered customers. This company is th en sold to a major player in the industry creating a huge income for the originators, their backers and venture capitalists. The long list of registered customers is the valuable part of the company and therefore it is often valued as such. How, many of th ese new businesses will produce a conventional return on investment remains a mystery. This paper draws upon a number of business modelling techniques and utilises them together to create a framework for analysing e-business proposals. This framework can be used for analysing opportunites, directing discussion, and for creating a better understanding of the business case.


Author: Patra, Adarsh, MSAAE Institution: Purdue University Degree Received: August 2019 Title: Characterization of Inkjet Printed High Nitrogen Energetic Materials and Bilayer Nanothermite Committee Chair: Steven F. Son This thesis presents work on two major areas of research. The first area of research involves the use of a dual-nozzle piezoelectric inkjet printing system to print bilayer aluminum bismuth (III) oxide nanothermite samples. The combinatorial printing method allows for separate fuel and oxidizer inks to be printed adjacent to each other at prescribed offset distances. The effect of the bilayer thickness on the burning rate of the samples is investigated using high-speed imaging. Analysis of the burning rate data revealed that there is no statistically significant relationship between these two parameters. This result was used to determine the dominant processes that control the propagation rate in nanothermite systems. It was concluded that convective processes dominate the burning rate rather than diffusive processes. The second area of research involved synthesizing inks suitable for inkjet printing using two promising high nitrogen energetic materials called BTATz and DAATO3.5. The performance of the developed inks was characterized using four experiments. The thermal stability and exothermic behavior of the inks were determined using DSC and TGA analysis. The results revealed that the inks are more thermally stable than the base materials. The inks were used to print lines that were subsequently used to determine burning rates. DAATO3.5 samples were determined to have faster burning rates than BTATz. Closed pressure bomb experiments were conducted to determine the gas producing capability of the high nitrogen inks. BTATz samples showed better performance in terms of peak static pressures and pressurization rates. 3D printed microthrusters were developed to test the thrust performance of the inks. Peak thrust, total impulse, and specific impulse values are reported and were determined to be suitable for use with Class 1 micro-spacecraft. Finally, a microthruster array prototype was developed to demonstrate the capability to use additive manufacturing to create high packing density arrays.


Objective We assessed the individual level reliability of neural plasticity changes induced by paired associative stimulation (PAS), which combines peripheral nerve stimulation with transcranial magnetic stimulation to induce short-term plastic changes in the brain. Methods For 5 consecutive weeks, motor evoked potentials (MEPs) of 8 healthy subjects were acquired every 10 minutes post-PAS intervention for a period of 60 minutes. The post-PAS MEPs were evaluated against base-line MEPs using permutation and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests to determine whether the MEP magnitudes changed after PAS. Moreover, various sample sizes of the MEP data were used to deduce the minimum number of MEPs needed to reliably detect individual propensity to neural plasticity. Results Group analysis exhibited significant increase in post-PAS MEPs, confirming previous results. While high between-sessions variability was observed at individual level, data show that between 40 to 50 MEPs can reliably assess each subject's responsiveness to PAS. Subjects exhibited three different plasticity patterns: in the modulated hemisphere only, both hemispheres, or neither hemisphere. Conclusions PAS can reliably assess individual differences in neural plasticity. Significance A marker of individual plasticity may be useful to predict the effects of a motor rehabilitation, drug or other intervention to increase recovery of function after brain injury. Highlights Paired associative stimulation (PAS) assesses neural plasticity non invasively. The study shows how PAS can reliably determine individual differences in plasticity. PAS may be used to predict intervention outcome or individualize treatment dose.


The MQTT protocol is one of the Internet of Things (loT) application protocols. It is based on publishing/subscribing messaging patterns. This protocol uses a broker to manage the communication between the subscribers and the publishers over the internet. There were two problems associated with the implementation of this protocol. The first one, there are many sensors generating huge data using the very simple IoT architecture. These big data may lead to congestion on the internet and thus will cause several disadvantages such as decreasing throughput, packet loss, and delay, which in turn may affect the performance of the MQTT broker, thus affecting the mechanism of the performance of the IoT application. The second problem, the MQTT protocol does not contain a priority management algorithm which is considered a very important and special issue in health applications. In this paper, a smart gateway is designed to enhance the MQTT networks. This work introduced the smart e-health gateway used in MQTT based remote Electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring system. A new architecture has been implemented that contains two new components, the local broker and the publisher /subscriber (pub/sub) models. The local broker works in the local network and the publisher /subscriber (pub/sub) model is responsible for the process of smart in the gateway. One of the smart applications was used is a filter application. We've taken the data filtering side and give it a priority, as an example in order to know the possibility of achieving the architecture of the gateway that was created in our work. And is this architecture valid to work or invalid. Therefore, we conducted a test using the application of ECG signal filtration and give priority to patients according to the case of an urgent for each patient. The R-peaks were calculated from the ECG signals-peaks for the identification of heart rate. The urgent level will be classified depending on the beats rate feature. The proposed smart gateway function is to manage the data rate that will pass through to the internet. In the case of high urgent level, all the packets will be passed, while in case of a low level, the least possible data will be passed. The proposed system scenarios are designed and evaluated by using the OMNET simulation environment and Inet4 framework. The simulation results are shown by the evaluation methods used (delay, throughput, packets sent, and packets received). These results proved the success of the architectural work that was implemented in the system.


I. INTRODUCTION: A GEORGIA BULLDOG CHASES ITS TAIL: ONE STATE'S DISTRICTING DILEMMA When it comes to legislative reapportionment, the Peach State is in a pickle. Consider this: the results of the 1990 census entitled Georgia to an additional representative in the United States Congress, bringing the state's total number of seats to eleven.1 In order to comply with the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (the "Voting Rights Act"),2 the state's legislative district map was redrawn three times during the 1990s before the legal battle over redistricting finally ground to a halt in 1997.3 Barely giving the state's General Assembly and the federal courts a chance to catch their collective breath, the 2000 census revealed that Georgia's population had again increased-this time enough for two additional congressional seats.4 Many of the questions raised by the redistricting litigation of the 1990s have not been answered, including the problems presented by the non-retrogression principle of the Voting Rights Act.5 States such as Georgia, which are subject to U.S. Department of Justice preclearance for their redistricting plans,6 are faced with a dizzying dilemma. On the one hand, refusal to draw majority-minority districts? provides states with near-certain assurance that the Justice Department will find them in violation of section 5 of the Voting Rights Act, and thus, refuse preclearance. On the IMAGE FORMULA5 other hand, drafting a plan that includes one or more majorityminority districts exposes states to lawsuits by majority white voters on the basis that such districts violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.8 States' high-wire balancing act has become even more shaky in light of certain Supreme Court language and the language of the Voting Rights Act, which indicates that preclearance will not necessarily insulate a state from an equal protection claim.9 In a nutshell, the problem that a state faces in redrawing its congressional districts is this: in order to avoid suits alleging equal protection violations, the state must prove that race was not a predominant factor in sketching district boundaries.10 For a state to overcome the preclearance hurdle, however, it has to prove that its new plan complies with the section 5 non-retrogression principle, which almost always requires race-conscious districting. The states' dilemma is caused by two overlapping concerns. The first problem is the way in which the Court has failed to precisely define "race-conscious districting."11 The cases brought after the 1990 census largely involved racial gerrymandering of congressional districts.12 Generally, the Court has held that the drawing of racially gerrymandered districts violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Constitution.13 Throughout the 1990s, the Court made clear that a district's irregular shape may play a role in determining whether the district was drawn by impermissibly using race as IMAGE FORMULA8 the dominant factor. 14 Yet, the Court has not clearly articulated what constitutes an irregular shape. Moreover, it is unclear if a threshold showing of irregularity is necessary, or simply sufficient, to sustain an equal protection claim.15 A plaintiff alleging an equal protection violation because of racial gerrymandering will have great difficulty in proving that race was impermissibly used as a factor in congressional reapportionment if irregular shape is not sufficient to sustain such a claim.16 The second problem is the non-retrogression principle, which has a murky history in the legal system.17 The non-retrogression principle requires that a state's proposed congressional reapportionment plan not give minority voters less opportunity to elect the candidate of their choice than the state's current plan. In other words, a new plan may not dilute the voting power of minority voters. …


To evaluate the Earth's surface with a sensor on a satellite, it is important for one to use a correction factor such as atmospheric turbulence. The spatial coherence of light influenced by turbulence was measured in the laboratory by use of a simulator equipped with a multiple reflection system. The turbulence was generated by changing the ambient temperatures from 32 to 48 degrees C. It was found that the spatial coherence of light that passed through the turbulent region decreased when the temperature increased. Double-slit interference fringes were analyzed by a photographic method. The visibility of the interference fringes is the degree of coherence.


A new raw wastewater influent pumping station was designed for the Calumet Water Reclamation Plant in Chicago. The new station could not be designed to be in full compliance with design guidelines of the Hydraulic Institute due to site constraints. Proper operation of the pumping station and optimum operational flexibility are goals for the successful long term performance of the new station. A physical model study was used to identify deficiencies in the original design relative to flow characteristics. The model enabled development of design modifications to address hydraulic flow deficiencies. The optimized design resulted in pump approach flow conditions that provide proper pump performance under a wide range of varying water levels and different combinations of operating pumps and screen channels. Other benefits of the model included improvement in pump efficiency, lack of air entrainment, decreased pump wear, and decreased scour of concrete surfaces. Optimized design also results in operation and maintenance cost savings which, in the long run, will greatly surpass the cost of the physical model study. The required elements to optimize the performance were integrated with the design of the facility, thereby avoiding potentially costly retrofits if the deficiencies had not been mitigated prior to construction.


It is recognised that an organization's corporate reputation is affected by the actions of every business unit, department and employee that comes into contact with another stakeholder. However, the means by which employees can be directed or encouraged to "live the brand" is an area which has received relatively limited coverage. This article explores the management actions that are required if employees are to support and enhance the organization's corporate reputation. The study illustrates the pivotal role of staff in the corporate reputation management process and presents ways through which organizations can encourage commitment, enthusiasm and consistent staff behaviour in delivering the brand values.


This Doctoral Thesis entitled Contribution to the analysis, design and assessment of compact antenna test ranges at millimeter wavelengths aims to deepen the knowledge of a particular antenna measurement system: the compact range, operating in the frequency bands of millimeter wavelengths. The thesis has been developed at Radiation Group (GR), an antenna laboratory which belongs to the Signals, Systems and Radiocommunications department (SSR), from Technical University of Madrid (UPM). The Radiation Group owns an extensive experience on antenna measurements, running at present four facilities which operate in different configurations: Gregorian compact antenna test range, spherical near field, planar near field and semianechoic arch system. The research work performed in line with this thesis contributes the knowledge of the first measurement configuration at higher frequencies, beyond the microwaves region where Radiation Group features customer-level performance. To reach this high level purpose, a set of scientific tasks were sequentially carried out. Those are succinctly described in the subsequent paragraphs. A first step dealed with the State of Art review. The study of scientific literature dealed with the analysis of measurement practices in compact antenna test ranges in addition with the particularities of millimeter wavelength technologies. Joint study of both fields of knowledge converged, when this measurement facilities are of interest, in a series of technological challenges which become serious bottlenecks at different stages: analysis, design and assessment. Thirdly after the overview study, focus was set on Electromagnetic analysis algorithms. These formulations allow to approach certain electromagnetic features of interest, such as field distribution phase or stray signal analysis of particular structures when they interact with electromagnetic waves sources. Properly operated, a CATR facility features electromagnetic waves collimation optics which are large, in terms of wavelengths. Accordingly, the electromagnetic analysis tasks introduce an extense number of mathematic unknowns which grow with frequency, following different polynomic order laws depending on the used algorithmia. In particular, the optics configuration which was of our interest consisted on the reflection type serrated edge collimator. The analysis of these devices requires a flexible handling of almost arbitrary scattering geometries, becoming this flexibility the nucleus of the algorithmia's ability to perform the subsequent design tasks. This thesis' contribution to this field of knowledge consisted on reaching a formulation which was powerful at the same time when dealing with various analysis geometries and computationally speaking. Two algorithmia were developed. While based on the same principle of hybridization, they reached different order Physics performance at the cost of the computational efficiency. Inter-comparison of their CATR design capabilities was performed, reaching both qualitative as well as quantitative conclusions on their scope. In third place, interest was shifted from analysis - design tasks towards range assessment. Millimetre wavelengths imply strict mechanical tolerances and fine setup adjustment. In addition, the large number of unknowns issue already faced in the analysis stage appears as well in the on chamber field probing stage. Natural decrease of dynamic range available by semiconductor millimeter waves sources requires in addition larger integration times at each probing point. These peculiarities increase exponentially the difficulty of performing assessment processes in CATR facilities beyond microwaves. The bottleneck becomes so tight that it compromises the range characterization beyond a certain limit frequency which typically lies on the lowest segment of millimeter wavelength frequencies. However the value of range assessment moves, on the contrary, towards the highest segment. This thesis contributes this technological scenario developing quiet zone probing techniques which achieves substantial data reduction ratii. Collaterally, it increases the robustness of the results to noise, which is a virtual rise of the setup's available dynamic range. In fourth place, the environmental sensitivity of millimeter wavelengths issue was approached. It is well known the drifts of electromagnetic experiments due to the dependance of the re sults with respect to the surrounding environment. This feature relegates many industrial practices of microwave frequencies to the experimental stage, at millimeter wavelengths. In particular, evolution of the atmosphere within acceptable conditioning bounds redounds in drift phenomena which completely mask the experimental results. The contribution of this thesis on this aspect consists on modeling electrically the indoor atmosphere existing in a CATR, as a function of environmental variables which affect the range's performance. A simple model was developed, being able to handle high level phenomena, such as feed - probe phase drift as a function of low level magnitudes easy to be sampled: relative humidity and temperature. With this model, environmental compensation can be performed and chamber conditioning is automatically extended towards higher frequencies. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis is to go further into the knowledge of millimetre wavelengths involving compact antenna test ranges. This knowledge is dosified through the sequential stages of a CATR conception, form early low level electromagnetic analysis towards the assessment of an operative facility, stages for each one of which nowadays bottleneck phenomena exist and seriously compromise the antenna measurement practices at millimeter wavelengths.


The author carries out cultural and historical analysis of the diversity of architectural forms in the cultural heritage of the mediaeval districts of Kaliningrad region, Russia, in the context of the activity and history of the Teutonic Order. Feudal castles played a special role in European society, which makes them an interesting source for research. The architectural and historical typology of castle forms which appeared in the region of Europe in question was based both on common features characteristic of the Western European chivalric tradition and particular features, i. e. local cultural and construction traditions. The latter manifested themselves in the establishment of historical centres of settlements, which were later transformed during the construction activity of the knights of the Teutonic Order. The author aims to synthesise data on the historical diversity of the architectural and artistic forms of Kaliningrad region castles as part of the cultural heritage of the Teutonic Order. It is established that a castle of the Order was a sociocultural space based on the natural environment, social structure, and mental values of the knights of the Teutonic Order. Such mediaeval works of European culture were reflected in the castles of the Order in the 13th–15th centuries, combining common European and local historical and architectural peculiarities: the fortification features and regional cultural differences were preconditioned


Developing effective yet scalable load-balancing methods for irregular computations is critical to the successful application of simulations in a variety of disciplines at petascale and beyond. This paper explores a set of static and dynamic scheduling algorithms for block-sparse tensor contractions within the NWChem computational chemistry code for different degrees of sparsity (and therefore load imbalance). In this particular application, a relatively large amount of task information can be obtained at minimal cost, which enables the use of static partitioning techniques that take the entire task list as input. However, fully static partitioning is incapable of dealing with dynamic variation of task costs, such as from transient network contention or operating system noise, so we also consider hybrid schemes that utilize dynamic scheduling within subgroups. These two schemes, which have not been previously implemented in NWChem or its proxies (i.e. quantum chemistry mini-apps) are compared to the original centralized dynamic load-balancing algorithm as well as improved centralized scheme. In all cases, we separate the scheduling of tasks from the execution of tasks into an inspector phase and an executor phase. The impact of these methods upon the application is substantial on a large InfiniBand cluster: execution time is reduced by as much as 50% at scale. The technique is applicable to any scientific application requiring load balance where performance models or estimations of kernel execution times are available.


This thesis has been to develop from the result of project thesis. The main task is now focused on the optimum layout for stiffened panel and girder. Stiffened panels constitute important structural elements in marine structures, ships and offshore platforms. An example is the pontoons of semi-submersibles. This project analyzes the stiffened plate of the pontoon bottom for an offshore platform (Gjoa platform). The aim of this thesis is to determine optimal design with respect to weight and costs of stiffened panels for the above platform. A briefly description of the Gjoa platform has been investigated. An introduction of typical loads and characteristic actions used in the design is also discussed. Besides, a review of relevant characteristic resistance formulation given in NORSOK N-004 (DNV-RPC201) for stiffened plates is also performed. Particularly, the theory of PULS code is also described briefly. The stiffened plate and girder have been analyzed by means of PULS program and DNVRPC201 spreadsheet. With these two programs, geometric parameters which characterizes the stiffened plate are investigated, i.e. stiffener spacings, plate thickness and the stiffener profile. In the present stage of this report, only three different stiffener spaces are considered for comparison of the two programs. The optimal stiffened panel must be satisfied three parameters of optimum design function, that are maximum usage factor is limited with η=0.9, the weight and the fabrication cost must be always considered during design process. The optimal design procedure will be divided into two parts with four different stiffener spaces. The weight and the fabrication cost are assessed as function of the plating thickness and stiffener dimension. The first part will be performed with optimum layout of stiffener and panel dimension; the stiffened panel will be investigated by varying parameters such as plating thickness, stiffener dimension as well as stiffener spacing. In the second part, the girder optimum design shall be performed bases on new optimal stiffened panels have been previously performed. Buckling assessment of the optimal stiffened panel will be also investigated and the corresponding optimal capacity curves will be investigated in DNV RP-C201 and PULS. For the DNV RP-C201 the buckling assessment for stiffened plate as well as for the girder is performed by interaction equations. The maximum capacity will be found when the largest utilization ratio found for the four equations is at its minimum. The current PULS apply six limit state functions for identifying critical conditions in different locations in the panel. A function corresponds to applied loads less than the critical condition in the corresponding point. The ultimate strength is found from the minimum of all defined limit states. Finally, a new stiffened plate is found by trial and error analysis. The optimal girder and stiffener dimension, stiffener spacing and a new plating thickness are also determined. The objective variables of this optimal design are weight and fabrication cost of the stiffened panel. With the designed result the conclusions with recommendations for further work are also done at the end of this report. The agreement between DNV RPC202 spreadsheet and PULS is studied. Moreover, a short comparison and discussion about the differences between DNV RP-C201 spreadsheet and program from Aker Solutions Company will be also investigated.


Background. The internet is an exciting and relatively new medium for conducting midwifery research that, to date, only a few midwifery researchers have embraced. The different methodologies used in internet-mediated research (IMR) gives rise to additional challenges for researchers.Aim. This paper aims to provide a personal reflection on some of the challenges encountered and lessons learnt by one researcher who utilised a multi-method IMR research strategy for a doctoral research project.Method. The researcher's experience is presented as a case study from data that were collected from a reflective journal. Using a first-person writing style, alongside confessional and creative non-fiction vignettes, the author will reflect and discuss challenges encountered and lessons learnt, while using web-based questionnaires and asynchronous online focus groups to conduct a mixed-methods IMR research study.Results. Challenges to using the internet to facilitate health research include ethical, technical, and methodological issues. The researcher's sustained passion for the topic and the novel methodology provided encouragement to explore ways to manage, resolve, and learn from such challenges. Conclusion. Advances in technology, such as the internet, have extended opportunities for research. Many of the issues reported in this paper are transitional in nature due to the rapid pace of technological development. Significant lessons were learnt that will enhance the researcher's future research efforts and may help other researchers who decide to use a similar approach for their own research project.


A typical middle class wedding in Israel is documented by roughly 3000-6000 still photos taken by a networked public of friends, family, service providers and professional photographers; they are uploaded and shared throughout the ceremony, and archived thereafter in various online, offline and printed photo albums. Conceiving of the wedding as a paradigmatic site of cultural production and reproduction, this paper explores the practices through which professional photographers distinguish themselves from amateurs just as digital photography became ubiquitous. Drawing on ethnographic interviews with wedding photographers and newlywed couples and an analysis of Facebook pages of wedding photographers and newlywed groups, we will suggest that as independent, "artisanal photographers" (Frosh, 2017) whose livelihood depends on direct sales to the market, wedding photographers managed to distinguish themselves from the networked public of amateur photographers by upskilling professionally (friending and coaching in addition to documenting); technologically (displaying superior equipment); and artistically (mastering the staged-authentic style). Yet in Facebook's wedding circuit economy, their work remains precarious.


We report the fabrication and application of multi-functional hybrid bio-aerogels based on cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) and chitin nanocrystals (CNCs) developed through an environmentally friendly freeze-drying process. Herein, an organic non-solvent approach such as acid hydrolysis was used to extract CNFs and CNCs from corn husks and shrimp shells respectively followed by characterisation using IR spectroscopy and electron microscopy. The usual wire-like and a rare semi-square morphology was detected for the CNFs and CNCs respectively during electron microscopic analysis. Aerogels with two different quantities of CNCs on the CNFs were prepared (AR1 and AR2) and compared with reference to the neat CNF aerogel (neat AR). Interestingly, for AR2, under an electron microscope, a maple seed like morphology was observed compared to the neat AR and AR1. Their ability in water treatment was determined by conducting adsorption experiments using methylene blue and Rhodamine 6G, and it was found that AR2 had an enhanced removal percentage and adsorption capacity. To address their economic viability, we conducted several rounds of studies and evaluated the reusability of AR2. The antibacterial and antioxidant activities of the aerogels were studied using a disc diffusion method against four bacterial species, including S. aureus, E. coli, S. typhimurium and B. cereus, and the best conditions for the determination of minimal inhibitory concentration were carefully discussed. The prepared material having a higher CNC content (AR2) shows multi-functional behaviour and from further studies it is anticipated that they may be produced on an industrial scale for commercial applications in the future.


BACKGROUND
Dental fluorosis is a condition of enamel hypomineralization due to the effects of excessive fluoride on ameloblasts during enamel formation. Delayed degradation of enamel matrix proteins or inhibited protein removal results in impaired and incomplete crystal growth, producing hypomineralized and porous enamel. Severely fluorosed teeth may undergo post-eruptive surface breakdown and post-eruptive dark brown to black staining.

METHODS
A 13 year old girl presented with severely discoloured maxillary central incisors. Initial aesthetic management of these teeth was conservative, including in-office tooth whitening, microabrasion and take-home whitening.

RESULTS
Dark brown to black staining of the teeth was reduced successfully without the need for gross mechanical preparation of the enamel. Further improvement of aesthetics was achieved with composite veneers.

CONCLUSIONS
Conservative treatment options such as tooth whitening and microabrasion can dramatically improve severely discoloured fluorosed teeth. This can provide a satisfactory interim outcome or minimize the removal of discoloured enamel and dentine prior to the provision of composite veneers. The use of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) may enhance remineralization and decrease postoperative sensitivity following tooth whitening and microabrasion procedures in hypomineralized teeth.


Renewed discussion has recently emerged to help strengthen the middle class by increasing access to college. President Barack Obama is at the forefront of the discussion to make college more affordable by prompting universities to become more efficient. Using education as a gateway to success, the Obama Administration proposed a number of initiatives to deter college spending and promote financial aid accountability. This Article analyzes the nuances in financial aid that stem from the Higher Education Act of 1965 ("HEA"), which is set for reauthorization in 2014. The Article addresses an array of inherent problems in the current student loan industry, particularly as the student aid system relates to the federal Parent Loan for Undergraduate Students ("PLUS") loan program. Specifically, the discussion defines the scope of consumer financial reform pertaining to student loans, and proposes adequate revision to the student loan provisions of the HEA to soundly provide college funding to financially distressed students and their families. The discussion also proposes a number of recommendations and best practices for relieving the heavy burden of student loan debt carried by Americans that now amounts to over 1 trillion dollars. The movement towards eroding wealth inequality through the attainment of higher education emerges as a viable opportunity for promoting innovative reform in the student loan industry. Such action is plausible considering the reauthorization of the HEA that is presently under consideration. This Article analyzes the new programs related to the agenda of lowering student debt while expanding affordable credit to attend college. Emerging student loan products are evaluated and refined to offer suggestions for the equitable implementation and enforcement of revised student loan terms.


Acute ischemic stroke is one of the prominent roots of mortality and morbidity all over the world. Core ischemic
regions, penumbral regions and extra penumbral regions occur proximal or distal to arterial occlusion where the
margins of ischemia are hyperemic with either one, minimal or no parenchymal damage. Electroencephalography
(EEG) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) remains the investigative practices that let
economical, noninvasive learning of physiological and pathological actions in the human brain in acute ischemic
stroke. Mutually these procedures may detect different patterns resonant of severity, prognosis, and secondary injury
allied to acute ischemic stroke. Also, these readings can be intensely linked to cerebral metabolism which is sensitive
to ischemia. This review summarizes the EEG and SPECT changes and their limitations in monitoring patients with
acute ischemic stroke patients.


Described herein, is the synthesis and coordination chemistry of eight novel ligands L1-L8, and the solid state studies of diphenylcarbazide and dithizone. These ligands form metallosupramolecular assemblies upon coordination of transition metal ions resulting in a wide range of architectures.

Described in chapter two is a series of ligands that contain both N-donor and N-oxide donor atoms, L1-L4. Reaction of L1 with Cu2+ results in the formation of a mononuclear complex [Cu(L1)(ClO4)2(sol)] (solvent = MeCN or H2O), whereas L2 forms the dinuclear double helicate [Ni2(L2)2]4+ with Ni2+. Reaction of L3 with Cu2+ results in the formation of a head-to-tail dinuclear double helicate [Cu2(L3)2]4+. The N-oxide units imparts flexibility in the ligand strand and where the unoxidised ligand strand forms a circular helicate, the incorporation of an N-oxide unit allows the formation of the dinuclear double helicate. Reaction of L4 with Co2+ results in the formation of a tetranuclear circular helicate [Co4(L4)4]8+. Analogous complexes that contain ligands with a 1,3-phenyl spacer unit give pentanuclear circular helicates, whereas with a 1,3-phenol spacer the lower tetranuclear species is observed. The difference in the nuclearity of the circular helicates is due to the steric bulk of the methyl group on the central phenol spacer. In the dinuclear double complex formed with L3 the N-oxide unit allows the ligand to flex, whereas the steric bulk of the –OH unit in L4 is sufficiently large that even with the added flexibility that the N-oxide units imparts a double helicate cannot be formed.
Chapter three introduces a new class of polydentate ligands, L5-L7, these ligands consist of N-donor domains separated by a 1,3-phenol unit. The ligand L5 contains two identical tridentate N-donor domains, reaction of L5 with Zn2+ results in a tetranuclear circular helicate [Zn4(L5)4]8+. Within the structure all four Zn2+ ions are six-coordinate, arising from the coordination of two tridentate domains from two different ligand strands. Reaction of L6 with Ag+ results in the formation of the dinuclear double meso-helicate [Ag2(L6)2]2+. Reaction of L6 with Cd2+ produces a crystalline material that consists of both colourless and orange species. The colourless crystals correspond to the mononuclear complex [Cd(L6)2(MeCN)2]2+, whereas the orange crystals produce the dinuclear double meso-helicate [Cd2(L6)2]2+. This variation in self-assembly is a direct result of the –OH unit on the 1,3-phenol spacer; if the -OH unit is protonated the oxygen atom can only coordinate once and therefore the mononuclear complex forms, however deprotonation of one of the -OH unit results in the oxygen coordinating twice as a bridging donor to form the dinuclear complex. Both the [Cd(L6)2(MeCN)2]2+ and [Cd2(L6)2]2+ species are present in solution, under equilibrium conditions, varying the stoichiometry alters the predominant species. The ligand L7 is unsymmetrical, upon reaction with Co2+ the ligand partitions into two different binding sites; a tridentate N-donor domain and a tridentate domain consisting of the bidentate N-donor domain and the O-donor atom from the central 1,3-phenol spacer. The resulting dinuclear HH-[Co2(L7)2]3+ complex demonstrates that the two cobalt metal centres occupy different binding sites. Examining the solid state X-ray crystallographic data suggests that the two cobalt metal centres in the [Co2(L7)2]3+ complex occupy different oxidation states; Co2+ and Co3+ to give a mixed valence helicate. In an analogues fashion to L6, reaction of L7 with Zn2+ produces a crystalline material that consists of both colourless and orange species. The colourless crystals correspond to the mononuclear complex [Zn(L7)2]2+, whereas the orange crystals produce the dinuclear double helicate [Zn2(L6)2]3+. In the mononuclear [Zn(L7)2]2+ species the Zn2+ metal centre is coordinated by the tridentate N-donor domain of two different ligands. In the dinuclear [Zn2(L6)2]3+ species each Zn2+ metal centres is coordinated by the tridentate N-donor domain of one ligand and the tridentate domain, consisting of the bidentate N-donor and the O-donor from the central 1,3-phenol spacer, from another different ligand. The variation in the self-assembly is a direct result of the stoichiometry of the reaction; the formation of these two complexes is under the same equilibrium conditions of the previous L6 structures.
Described in chapter four is the potentially pentadentate N-donor ligand L8, which comprises of a bidentate and tridentate binding domains separated by a 1,3-pyrene spacer. Reaction of L8 with Cu2+ results in the formation of a tetranuclear circular helicate [Cu4(L8)4]8+. Each of the Cu2+ ions adopts a 5-coordinate geometry formed by the coordination of the bidentate domain of one ligand strand and the tridentate domain of a different ligand strand, resulting in a head-to-tail tetranuclear circular helicate. The formation of this head-to-tail circular helicate is a result of the 1,3-pyrene spacer preventing the formation of the linear double stranded assemblies and secondly the stereoelectronic preference of Cu2+.
Chapter five reports the solid state studies of diphenylcarbazide and dithizone, which are both useful reagents for the colorimetric determination of a variety of different metal ions. Examination of the scientific literature over the past 100 years shows that the coordination chemistry of DPC and DPTC is inconsistent, with literature sources proposing contradictory and non-definitive explanations, this chapter aims to extend the knowledge surrounding these reagents by isolating crystals. DPC reacts with Cd2+ to form the mononuclear species [Cd(DPC)2]2+ the two ligands are coordinating through both the N-donor and O-donor domains. The discrepancies surrounding the DPC reaction is whether the redox reactions between the metal and ligand occur, upon reaction of DPC and Cd2+ the metal does not oxidise the ligand. Reaction of DPC and Cu2+ is more complex than the previous Cd2+ reaction, the resulting [Cu3OH(OH2)3(DPTO)6]5+ structure comprises of six ligands and three metal ions. DPC undergoes oxidative intramolecular cyclisation to form the nitrogen containing heterocycle 2,3-diphenyltetrazolium-5-olate (DPTO) and coordinates the Cu2+ metal centre in two different modes: via both the oxygen and amide nitrogen atoms or by the bridging carbonyl unit. The [Cu3OH(OH2)3(DPTO)6]5+ structure is also generated when reacting DPCO with Cu2+. Unfortunately a crystal of a chromium or vanadium complex with DPC was not achieved; however the cyclised ligand was isolated,
highlighting that the oxidation and cyclisation of DPC is important in the coordination chemistry of these ions. Reaction of the sulphur derivative DPTC with various metal ions results in the deprotonation of the ligand to form the monoanionic species, which coordinates the metal ions via the S-donor and azo N-donor atoms. Reaction of DPTC with Hg2+ to form the mononuclear complex [Hg(DPTC)2]. The simple mononuclear complex involves two DPTC ligands coordinating the four-coordinate Hg2+ ion as a bidentate donor via the N-donor and S-donor atoms. The reaction of DPTC with both Hg2+ and Ag+ results in an interesting structure containing two Ag+, two Hg2+ and four DPTC ligands. The DPTC appears to first react with Hg2+ to form the previous [Hg(DPTC)2] complex, this then acts as a bidentate ligand, coordinating via the S-donor atom and the Hg2+ itself to form the [Hg2Ag2(DPTC)4(acetone)2(ClO4)2] complex. The reaction of DPTC with Cu2+, whether the anion is perchlorate or tetrafluoroborate, results in a very interesting structure, which comprises of eight DPTC ligands and eight Cu+ metal ions. The reaction of Cu2+ with DPTC results in the metal ion reducing to Cu+ and simultaneously the DPTC deprotonates to form the monoanionic form. The counter-anion acts as a template and the formation of the "Cu8" is a result of the presence of the anion. Reaction of copper (II) acetate with DPTC results in the [Cu2(DPTC)2(DPTCO)] complex. The structure contains three ligands and two reduced distorted tetrahedral Cu+ ions. Each Cu+ ion has four-coordinate geometry arising from the coordination of two different forms of the DPTC ligands. Two of the ligands present are the monoanionic DPTC, coordinating via the S-donor and terminal N-donor azo atoms. Whereas the third ligand has completely oxidised to form DPTCO, coordinating via both the terminal N-donor azo N-donor atoms, the sulphur atom bridges both of the metal ions.


Background: This report explores the feasibility of and rationale for the design of an
Outcome Evaluation Framework aimed at assessing the impact of the play@home
scheme on the scheme's four main objectives: physical activity, movement skills,
cognitive/language development, and parent-child bonding. The project was conducted in
two interlocking phases. The first phase of "research" involved a scoping and review of
the outcome evaluation literature alongside direct consultation with stakeholders
(implementers, play@home coordinators) about current levels of outcome evaluation
practice in the schemes. The second phase comprised the production of a draft "best
practice" outcome evaluation framework, in conjunction with the expert judgements of
measurement domain-specific outcome evaluation experts, the views of stakeholders
and the advice of a Health Sciences statistician, experienced in the evaluation of
complex interventions


This paper investigates the use of phoneme class conditional probabilities as features (posterior features) for template-based ASR. Using 75 words and 600 words task-independent and speaker-independent setup on Phonebook database, we investigate the use of different posterior distribution estimators, different distance measures that are better suited for posterior distributions, and different training data. The reported experiments clearly demonstrate that posterior features are always superior, and generalize better than other classical acoustic features (at the cost of training a posterior distribution estimator).


This is the report of the third phase of a multi-phase project designed to develop an inventory of documented accomplishments for graduate student selection. The material developed in earlier stages was pilot-tested in Phase Three in 26 departments that represented the fields of English, biology, and psychology.

The major purpose of this study was to investigate the instrument developed in Stage Two in terms of: 1) technical soundness, and 2) the feasibility of its use in the admissions process. This study represents the transition of the use of documented accomplishments to predict graduate school achievement from a research phase to a more operational phase during which the instrument would be tested in actual admissions situations.

The departments were asked to administer the instrument to their newly enrolled graduate students. Straightforward descriptive and correlational analyses of the responses to the inventory were conducted to: (1) describe characteristics of the students and the instruments; and (2) identify the most reliable clusters of items and indices of accomplishment. Students were followed up at the end of their first year to assess their graduate school accomplishments and their relationship to previous attainments. This information provided data for analyses of the short-term correlates of the measures. In addition, faculty were interviewed to determine the plausibility of the content of the instrument and the most accurate and operationally simple instructions and reporting formats. Students' reactions to the inventory were obtained by interview and by additional questions at the end of the inventory.


After heating at 37 ° in minimal Eagle's medium, the alternating polyriboadenylicpolyribouridylic acid [poly r(A-U)] became much more active in producing cellular resistance to virus infection and interferon production in four different cell lines (human skin fibroblasts, mouse embryo fibroblasts, mouse L 929 cells and rabbit kidney (RK 13) cells). The thermal activating effect was neutralized by pre-treatment of the cells with DEAE-dextran, which increased the antiviral activity of unheated and decreased the activity of heated poly r(A-U) to the same level. Under all conditions tested, the degree of cellular resistance to virus infection closely paralleled the amounts of interferon produced suggesting that interferon production is responsible for the antiviral resistance produced by poly r(A-U).


Objective: Dissatisfaction with real or imagine defect in physical appearance could lead to manifestation of negative self-image. This study thus presented an eight session account of management strategies for negative self-image. Method: The following psychological test instruments were administered to 200 participants - Negative Self-image Inventory (NSII); Fear of Negative Evaluation (FNE); Index of Self Esteem (ISE); Illness Behaviour Questionnaire (IBQ); Physical Self-Efficacy Scale (PSE); Social Maladjustment Scale (SMS) and Adjective Checklist (ACL). Those that manifested high negative self-image (30 participants), were assigned randomly into three groups of: 1 st treatment, 2 nd treatment (placebo) and control groups of 10 participants each, comprising 5 males and 5 females. Participants were managed with cognitive emotive and behavioural therapy and assertivess training method. Collectively, the treatment sessions lasted 8 weeks. Therapy was in group therapy format, which gave room for guidance, insight, acceptance, ventilation of feelings, instillation of hope, selfdisclosure, and interaction. Result: The 1 st treatment group recorded significant reduction in negative self-image and its correlates - fear of negative evaluation and social maladjustment than 2 nd treatment and control groups. Conclusion: Rational Emotive and Behavioural Therapy (REBT) and Assertiveness Training were found to be efficacious in the management of negative self-image. ASEAN


Wireless Sensor Networks presents the latest practical solutions to the design issues presented in wireless-sensor-network-based systems. Novel features of the text, distributed throughout, include workable solutions, demonstration systems and case studies of the design and application of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) based on the first-hand research and development experience of the author, and the chapters on real applications: building fire safety protection; smart home automation; and logistics resource management. Case studies and applications illustrate the practical perspectives of: sensor node design; embedded software design; routing algorithms; sink node positioning; co-existence with other wireless systems; data fusion; security; indoor location tracking; integrating with radio-frequency identification; and Internet of thingsWireless Sensor Networks brings together multiple strands of research in the design of WSNs, mainly from software engineering, electronic engineering, and wireless communication perspectives, into an over-arching examination of the subject, benefiting students, field engineers, system developers and IT professionals. The contents have been well used as the teaching material of a course taught at postgraduate level in several universities making it suitable as an advanced text book and a reference book for final-year undergraduate and postgraduate students.


More girls in developing countries will have access to vaccination against human papillomavirus (HPV), the infection responsible for most forms of cervical cancer, after drug companies agreed to supply the vaccine at a much lower price.

The Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunisation (GAVI Alliance), a public-private partnership whose aim is to increase access to vaccines in developing countries, has negotiated with the companies Merck and GlaxoSmithKline for vaccines to be priced at $4.50 (£2.90; €3.40) and $4.60 a dose, respectively. The previous lowest price for developing countries was around $13 a dose.

GAVI hopes that by 2020 around 30 million girls in 40 countries will have access to the vaccine and that the cost of the vaccine will reduce further as demand for it rises.

Of 15 countries …


Forests in boreal and temperate forest-ecosystems have an important function since they sequester atmospheric carbon by uptake of carbon-dioxide in photosynthesis, and transfer and store carbon in the forest ecosystem. Forest material can be used for bio-fuel purposes and substitute fossil fuels, and supply wood products, which can replace carbon- and energy-intensive materials. Therefore it is vital to consider the role of forests regarding today´s aim to mitigate climate change. This thesis assess (i) how climate change affects future forest carbon balance, (ii) the importance of different strategies for forest management systems, and biomass production for the carbon balance, (iii) how the use of forest production affect the total carbon balance in a lifecycle perspective, and (iv) how the Swedish carbon balance is affected from the standpoint of both the actual use of forest raw material within Sweden and what Swedish forestry exports. The analysis was made mainly in a long-term perspective (60-300 year) to illustrate the importance of temporal and also the spatial perspective, as the analysis includes stand level, landscape level, and national level. In this thesis, forestry was considered a system. All activities, from forest regeneration to end use of forest products, were entities of this system. In the evaluation, made from a systems perspective, we used life-cycle analysis to estimate carbon stock in different system flows. Different forest management systems and forest production were integrated in the analyses. Different forest management scenarios were designed for the Swedish forest management in combination with the effect of future climate change; (i) intensive forest practice aiming at increased growth, (ii) increased forest set-aside areas, changes in forest management systems for biomass production, and (iii) how the use of forest production affect the total carbon balance (construction material, bioenergy and other domestic use). The results showed that future climate changes and intensive forest management with increased production could increase the biomass production and the potential use of forest raw material. This has a positive effect on carbon storage for the forest carbon stock, litter production and carbon storage in the ground etc. and help mitigating carbon-dioxide. Increased forest set-aside areas can increase the short-term carbon stock in forest ecosystems, but will reduce the total long-term carbon balance. The net carbon balance for clear-cut forestry did not differ significantly from continuous-cover forestry, but was rather a question of level of growth. Most important, in the long term, was according to our analysis, how forest raw material is used. Present Swedish forestry and use of forest raw material, both within Sweden and abroad, reduce carbon-dioxide emissions and mitigate climate change. The positive effect for the total carbon balance and climate benefit take place mostly abroad, due to the Swedish high level of export of wood products and the higher substitution effects achieved outside Swedish borders. One strategy is to increase production, harvest and change the use of Swedish forest raw material to replace more carbon intensive material, which can contribute to significant emission reduction. Carbon-dioxide mitigation, as a result of present Swedish forestry, was shown to be almost of the same level as the total yearly emission of greenhouse gases. The total carbon benefit would increase if the biomass production and felling increased and if Swedish wood products replaced carbon intensive materials.This thesis shows also that, by changing forest management, increase the growth and the use of forest raw material and export of forest material we can contribute to even larger climate benefits. In a long-term perspective, the substitution effects and replacement of carbon- and energy-intensive materials are of greater significance than carbon storage effects in forests. A more production oriented forestry needs to make balances and increase the prerequisite for biological diversity, improve recreation possibilities, and protect sensitive land areas and watersheds.Climate benefits, from Swedish forestry, are highly dependent on policy decision-making and how that can steer the direction for the Swedish forestry.


The international tax regime has wide implications for business, trade, and the international political economy. Under current law, multinational enterprises do not pay their fair share of taxes to market countries where profits are generated because market countries are only allowed to tax companies with a physical presence there. Digital companies, like Google and Amazon, can operate entirely online, thereby avoiding market country taxes. Multinationals can also exploit existing tax rules by shifting their profits to low-tax jurisdictions, thereby avoiding taxes in the residence country where their headquarters are located. Recently, a global tax deal was reached to tackle these issues. Proposed by the OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework and endorsed by nearly 140 countries, this global tax deal sets forth two Pillars that reform the outdated international tax regimes. Pillar One addresses digital taxation while Pillar Two addresses a global minimum tax. However, it is doubtful that the global tax deal will be successfully implemented, especially with respect to Pillar One. As the details of Pillar One have become increasingly complex and degraded by political compromises and carveouts, it risks being a framework without substance. Also, countries are unlikely to repeal an established tax instrument, Digital Services Taxes ("DSTs"), which is an adamant requirement of the United States in adopting Pillar One. This Article offers the first comprehensive critique of the global tax deal and assesses its prospects and problems. It evaluates the U.S. response to the proposed global deal and to DSTs. It presents the challenges, such as treaty overrides, that will occur if the United States implements Pillar One by executive agreement so as to bypass the treaty ratification. This Article suggests separating the two Pillars to preserve the global minimum tax. Regarding DSTs, the Article provides several empirical studies that demonstrate the harm retaliatory tariffs cause. Finally, it endorses the U.N. digital taxation proposal and proposes a new Data Excise Tax as normative alternatives.


This Companion brings together an international 'Brodie set' of critics to trace the history, impact, reception and major themes of Spark's work, from her early poetry to her last novel. It encompasses the range of Spark's output, pursuing contextual lines of approach including biography, geography, gender, identity, nation and religion, and considering her legacy and continuing influence in the twenty-first century. Spark emerges here as a serious thinker on issues as diverse as the Welfare State, secularisation, decolonisation, and anti-psychiatry, and a writer whose work may be placed alongside Proust, Joyce, Nabokov, and Lessing. The critics collected here are mindful of how, although overwhelmingly known as a novelist, by the time of her first novel, The Comforters, in 1957, Spark already had a significant profile through poetry, biographical criticism, and literary journalism, as chair of the Poetry Society and editor of the Poetry Review, and as author or co-author of a number of scholarly studies of writers including Wordsworth, Mary Shelley, the Brontes, Cardinal Newman, and John Masefield. Within a relatively modest space this Companion touches on the whole range of Spark's work and, in introducing the oeuvre thematically for those looking to explore this elegant and challenging author further, also sets the agenda for future Spark studies. Key Features * A collection of original, specially commissioned chapters by leading experts in the field * Covers the whole spectrum of Spark's work * Addresses the key issues and themes in Spark's work without losing sight of the questions of form and content * Provides original insights into the contexts of Spark's work as viewed through literary theory


Background—Patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) must often see multiple providers dispersed across many care locations. To test whether teamwork (assessed with the bipartite clustering coefficient) among these physicians is a determinant of surgical outcomes, we examined national Medicare data from patients undergoing CABG. Methods and Results—Among Medicare beneficiaries who underwent CABG between 2008 and 2011, we mapped relationships between all physicians who treated them during their surgical episodes, including both surgeons and nonsurgeons. After aggregating across CABG episodes in a year to construct the physician social networks serving each health system, we then assessed the level of physician teamwork in these networks with the bipartite clustering coefficient. Finally, we fit a series of multivariable regression models to evaluate associations between a health system's teamwork level and its 60-day surgical outcomes. We observed substantial variation in the level of teamwork between health systems performing CABG (SD for the bipartite clustering coefficient was 0.09). Although health systems with high and low teamwork levels treated beneficiaries with comparable comorbidity scores, these health systems differed over several sociocultural and healthcare capacity factors (eg, physician staff size and surgical caseload). After controlling for these differences, health systems with higher teamwork levels had significantly lower 60-day rates of emergency department visit, readmission, and mortality. Conclusions—Health systems with physicians who tend to work together in tightly-knit groups during CABG episodes realize better surgical outcomes. As such, delivery system reforms focused on building teamwork may have positive effects on surgical care.


Under longstanding Supreme Court practice, a certiorari petition is granted if four Justices vote to do so. But such success may be of little value if the petitioner is a capital prisoner whose litigation adversary, the government, has chosen to set an execution date. Five votes are needed to stay an execution. In capital cases under warrant, then, a prisoner may be executed notwithstanding the decision of the Court to review his or her case. This sometimes-fatal anomaly has for more than 30 years been the subject of frictions among the Justices, critical commentary by the profession, and visible and not-so-visible litigation. None of these have led the Court to a satisfactory solution of, or even any transparent engagement with, the problem. Yet it remains as serious as ever. Indeed recent legal trends threaten to make the situation worse. The appearance and reality both of equal justice under law and of sound judicial decision-making are suffering unnecessary damage.The article responds by setting forth a proposal to assure judicious decision-making by the Court in all capital cases under warrant. Its Parts: - Summarize the history of the problem to date.- Propose a rule that in any capital case, regardless of its procedural posture, the votes of four Justices are sufficient to stay the execution irrespective of whether those four Justices are ready to vote for plenary review of the case. The stay extends to any other cases held for the first one.- Urge the Court, in addition to adopting my proposal, to be transparent (a) in the rationale for the disposition of particular cases, and (b) in the formulation and publication of whatever solution it adopts.


We present a magnitude estimation network that is combined with a modified ResNet x-vector system to generate embeddings whose inner product is able to produce calibrated scores with increased discrimination. A three-step training procedure is used. First, the network is trained using short segments and a multi-class cross-entropy loss with angular margin softmax. During the second step, only a reduced subset of the DNN parameters are refined using full-length recordings. Finally, the magnitude estimation network is trained using a binary crossentropy loss over pairs of target and non-target trials. The resulting system is evaluated on 4 widely-used benchmarks and provides significant discrimination and calibration gains at multiple operating points.


Tourmaline occurs in diverse types of hydrothermal mineral deposits and can be used to constrain the nature and evolution of ore-forming fluids. Because of its broad range in composition and retention of chemical and isotopic signatures, tourmaline may be the only robust recorder of original mineralizing processes in some deposits. Microtextures and in situ analysis of compositional and isotopic variations in ore-related tourmaline provide valuable insights into hydrothermal systems in seafloor, sedimentary, magmatic, and metamorphic environments. Deciphering the hydrothermal record in tourmaline also holds promise for aiding exploration programs in the search for new ore deposits.


We report on our ongoing study of using the genre of Web pages to facilitate information exploration. By genre, we mean socially recognized regularities of form and purpose in documents (e.g., a letter, a memo, a research paper). Our study had three phases. First, through a user study, we identified genres which most/least frequently meet searchers' information needs. We found that certain genres are better suited for certain types of needs. We identified five (5) major groups of document genres that might be used in an interactive search tool that would allow genrebased navigation. We tried to balance the following dual objectives: 1) each group should be recognizable by a computer algorithm as easily as possible 2) each group has a better chance of satisfying particular types of information needs. Finally, we developed a novel user interface for a web searching that allows genre-based navigation through three major functionalities: 1) limiting search to specified genres 2) visualizing the hierarchy of genres discovered in the search results and 3) accepting user feedback on the relevancy of the specified genres.


The Bounty Trough lies east of the Tasmanian Gateway, passage of the main deep inflow to the Pacific Ocean manifested as the Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC). In the Bounty Trough Region tranquil flow conditions allow sediment deposition that records changes in the DWBC flow. It has been the target of ODP Leg 181 Site 1122 in 1999. Using five new high-resolution seismic profiles to incorporate Site 1122 into the present seismic stratigraphy of the Bounty Trough contour current deposits could be observed on seismic data and are confirmed by lithological extrapolation. The new dataset allows us to decipher the first appearance of a branch of the DWBC meandering into the Bounty Trough at 16.7 to 20 Ma. East of the trough in the Bounty Fan area, we have identified four different drift deposits of the DWBC. The deepest two drifts are older than the opening of the Tasmanian Gateway. They are the first direct observations of a pre-Oligocene deep circulation at the eastern New Zealand margin. Additionally, migration of the drifts crests are interpreted to indicate modifications in core flowpath of the DWBC due to changes in environmental conditions. The oldest modification is linked to the Palaeocene/Eocene warming while the later three are related to the onset of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, its intensification after the Miocene Climatic Optimum and the increased sediment load of the DWBC due to onset of the Bounty Channel turbidity currents.