This paper will reflect on the burgeoning 'trade and climate change' scholarship in the context of previous linkage debates – particularly the trade and environment/human rights/development literature. It will focus on the extent to which unilateral measures adopted by States to fight climate change are 'legal' under international trade law rules. It will argue that trade and climate change is a particularly difficult form of linkage for the international trade regime to deal with. But the paper will contend that much of the existing trade and climate change literature appears to have reacted to earlier 'trade and' debates in that increased mutual understanding of respective values and legal systems means that the focus is less on denunciation/defence of the World Trade Organisation, and more on the extent to which trade norms can accommodate key environmental/developmental concerns and values. The paper will go on to argue that international trade law has developed significant procedural mechanisms which might assist in problem solving on these issues. But there are significant gaps in its ability to solve substantive legal issues. It will further be argued that norms and standards from other areas of international law (e.g. common but differentiated responsibility) do little to assist in this endeavour. It will be suggested that there is a need to rethink the proper place of/current deficiencies in trade law and wider international law for dealing coherently with the issues faced. There is a danger that otherwise the legal paradigm may exacerbate rather than ease tensions between countries on these issues. Presented at the SIEL 2010 Conference in Barcelona.


We present an optical spectroscopy study of Cu2ZnSnSe4 (CZTSe) thin films deposited on Mo/glass substrates. The [Cu]/[Zn+Sn] ratio in these films varies from nearly stoichiometric to strongly Cu deficient and Zn rich. Increasing Cu deficiency and Zn excess widens the bandgap Eg, determined using photoluminescence excitation (PLE) at 4.2 K, from 0.99 eV to 1.03 eV and blue shifts the dominant band in the photoluminescence (PL) spectra from 0.83 eV to 0.95 eV. The PL spectra of the near stoichiometric film reveal two bands: a dominant band centred at 0.83 eV and a lower intensity one at 0.93 eV. The temperature and excitation intensity dependence of the PL spectra help to identify the recombination mechanisms of the observed emission bands as free-to-bound: recombination of free electrons with holes localised at acceptors affected by randomly distributed potential fluctuations. Both the mean depth of such fluctuations, determined by analysing the shape of the dominant bands, and the broadening energy, estimated from the PLE spectra, become smaller with increasing Cu deficiency and Zn excess which also widens Eg due to an improved ordering of the Cu/Zn atoms. These changes in the elemental composition induce a significant blue shift of the PL bands exceeding the Eg widening. This is attributed to a change of the dominant acceptor for a shallow one, and is beneficial for the solar cell performance. Film regions with a higher degree of Cu/Zn ordering are present in the near stoichiometric film generating the second PL band at 0.93 eV.


I apply Pierre Bourdieu's conception of relationally-defined social spaces of capitals and classes that delimit highbrow and lowbrow cultural forms to Canadian society. I use categorical principal components analysis techniques and a nationally representative survey dataset from 1998 containing measures of economic capital, cultural capital and a wide range of cultural practices to construct a visual representation of Canadian social space which is directly inspired by the social space for 1960s France crafted by Bourdieu in Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste (Bourdieu 1984). After identifying nascent class groupings and potentially highbrow and lowbrow cultural practices in my depiction of social space, I speculate on precisely how such cultural practices might factor into class dynamics in Canada, in particular examining the role played by "cultural omnivorism" in identifying and reinforcing class distinctions.


The thermodynamic driving force from the release of a gaseous molecule drives a broad range of synthetic transformations. This review focuses on gas expulsion in key reactions within natural products total syntheses, selected from the past two decades. The highlighted examples survey transformations that generate sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, carbonyl sulfide, or nitrogen through polar, radical, pericyclic, photochemical, or organometallic mechanisms. Of particular interest are applications wherein the gas extrusion enables formation of a synthetically challenging motif, such as an unusually hindered or strained bond.


When studying international law, there is often a risk of focusing entirely on the content of international rules (i.e. regimes), and ignoring why these regimes exist and to what extent the rules affect state behavior. Similarly, international relations studies can focus so much on theories based on the distribution of power among states that it overlooks the existence and relevance of the rules of international law. Both approaches hold their dangers. The overlooking of international relations risks assuming that states actually follow international law, and discounting the specific rules of international law makes it difficult for readers to understand the impact of the rules in more than a superficial manner. This book unifies international law and international relations by exploring how international law and its institutions may be relevant and how it influences the course of international relations in international trade, protection ofthe environment, human rights, international criminal justice and the use of force.


Abstract : In the cyber world, the current state of the practice regarding the technical ability to track and trace Internet- based attacks is primitive at best. Sophisticated attacks can be almost impossible to trace to their true source using current practices. The anonymity enjoyed by today's cyber-attackers poses a grave threat to the global information society, the progress of an information-based international economy, and the advancement of global collaboration and cooperation in all areas of human endeavor. Part I of this report examines the current state of the Internet environment and the reasons why tracking and tracing cyber-attackers is so difficult. Part II examines some promising research on technical approaches that may greatly improve the ability to track and trace cyber-attackers to their source. Also discussed are some policy considerations with regard to privacy, information sharing, liability, and other policy issues that would be faced by the U. S. State Department in negotiating international agreements for cooperation and collaboration in the tracking and tracing of cyber-attacks. The report concludes with a closer look at technical and policy considerations for next-generation Internet protocols to enhance track and trace capabilities.


Advertising in China was almost non existent when economic reform began in the late 1970s, but has now developed a sophistication and style that is very much its own. This was also true of an earlier time before 1949. The paper aims to examine the development of advertising in China during the inter-war years. Its focus is on the 'message', the images of modernity, fashion and consumption that Chinese advertising conveyed. Shanghai was the centre of consumerism in China during the inter-war years and the home to the leading advertising firms, foreign and domestic. As China's major industrial centre, Shanghai was quintessentially 'modern' - modan in the Chinese of the day. By the late 1920s there were nearly 30 advertising firms in Shanghai alone, and the six largest companies formed an industry association. While early advertising copy and display was done mostly in-house in the major newspapers and magazines (eg, Shen Bao newspaper, Dongfang zazhi magazine), there were independent advertising firms who employed or contracted copywriters, graphic artists, painters and photographers. They created what were then innovative marketing materials, which projected the image of a new modernity and consumerism that spread out from Shanghai to the hinterland, and which were often a complex blend of foreign and Chinese images.


Binding of the conscience, Calvin and the celebration of Holy Communion The context in which Scripture uses "conscience" determines the underlying relation of binding the conscience, freedom in Christ and essential and moderate matters. The Holy Spirit enables the conscience to discern which matters are essential and the believer receives the freedom (authority) in Christ not to be bound by moderate matters. Instances in which Scripture does not present a direct opinion and where it is doubtful whether a matter would indeed be essential or moderate, the conscience must not be bound, and the believer must be allowed to make a judgement of conscience by virtue of the gift of freedom in Christ, with the guidance of the Holy Spirit. For Calvin essential things are the dual unity of the Word and Holy Communion, the presence of Christ in Holy Communion, the sursum corda, and eating and drinking Christ with the Spirit through faith (cf. Confessio Belgica, art. 35). Moderate matters are external procedures, traditions elevated to principles, but even many more important aspects, such as the frequency of partaking of Holy Communion. Although Calvin provides Scriptural evidence for these aspects, he does not bind the conscience of others, as other conclusions could also be made from Scripture. Moderate matters are not of less importance and therefore Calvin leaves it to believers themselves to make their decisions on this matter by virtue of the freedom in Christ before God.


The residential college setting often seems dominated by social opportunities and experiences, which may not prove conducive to the dispositions and preferences of introverted students. The current study sought to describe the overall experience of introverted college students on residential campuses in order to understand challenges they face and how they respond. Using a qualitative, phenomenological design, the study explores how introverted students experience the residential environment, friendships, and involvement in college. The researcher interviewed nine junior and senior students identified as introverts on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator; participants discussed their experience of introversion in the context of residence halls, college friendships, and involvement on campus. Interview data yielded four themes describing the residential campus experience of introverted college students. Participants experienced introversion on a spectrum, uniquely defined their introversion, and experienced various challenges and advantages associated with introversion. They provided depth and stability in friendships but experienced the process of becoming friends gradually. While satisfied by their residence life experiences, particularly with regards to community, they experienced pressure to participate in the residence hall environment. Finally, introverted students were highly involved, found both challenge and benefit in their involvement, and gradually learned to lead out of their strengths and preferences as introverts. Implications of the current study offer higher education professionals a balanced perspective to working with both extraverted and introverted students.


Abstract In 2018, the higher education institutions should no longer use entrance examinations that require extensive preparation and, instead, evaluate prospective students by their general upper secondary school (i.e. high school) matriculation examination grades. While the aim of the reform is to speed up the transition of students from secondary to post-secondary education, there are concerns that the reform increases inequalities between girls and boys and between students from different high schools. On the other hand, the current student admission processes may also generate inequalities between high school students from high- and low-income families. Not all students have resources to take preparation courses or cover the costs of spending gap years to prepare for the exam. Consequently, students from low-income families may either choose not to apply to higher education or end up choosing less selective programs. These application decisions may later affect career opportunities and earnings prospects. However, this aspect of student selections processes has gained less attention in the public debate. In this brief, I document differences in the application behaviors between newly graduated high school students from different family income groups. The findings show that students who have performed equally well on the Finnish language test in the national matriculation examination, but come from low-income families are less likely to apply to universities and choose less selective programs than their peers from high-income families.


History of distance learning dates back to the late 1960's. However, with the advent of the Internet it was repositioned as a major tool for course delivery so that students can undertake learning within a setting of their choice aligned with a pace that they can easily cope with. Marketing of distance learning programmes is a diversified business activity in many universities. At Salford University, the School of Construction and Property Management (SCPM) utilises the tool predominantly in delivering Masters and PhD programmes over the Internet. Literature review suggests that a lot of tools have been developed to facilitate DL courses and that their ability to deliver overall learning outcomes has been dealt with to a certain extent. However, the degree to which these tools satisfying social aspects of a classroom setting (e.g. guidance and support, body language, feedback, interactions with other learners etc.,) has not received adequate consideration in existing literature. A student satisfaction survey that SCPM has carried out also suggests that a significant number of DL students perceive a gap existing between their experiences compared with experiences of other students who attend full time courses. Proposed work therefore investigates the extent to which the distant learning tools address the wider aspects of supporting a classroom situation during its operation and proposes guidelines for improvement.


OBJECTIVES
This study examines possible associations between asphalt fumes and workshift changes in lung function and symptoms among 170 workers exposed to asphalt fumes.

METHODS
The workers were from 5 segments of the asphalt industry, and most of them participated for 2 consecutive workdays. The primary response variables were changes in lung function (measured at the beginning and end of the shift) and incidence of symptoms (measured before, 3 times during, and at the end of the shift). Exposure was estimated from breathing-zone samples of total particulate (TP), respirable particulate (RP), the benzene-soluble fraction of the TP (BSF), volatile hydrocarbons collected on a charcoal tube (VHC), nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, formaldehyde, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen sulfide. Ozone and wet bulb/dry bulb temperature, as a measure of heat stress, were measured as area samples. In addition, daily cigarette smoking was determined by questionnaire. The exposure-response associations were assessed by both parametric and nonparametric statistical techniques.

RESULTS
Overall, no consistent association was observed between an acute reduction in lung function or the incidence of symptoms and exposure to asphalt fumes. Concentrations in the neighborhood of the maximum levels constitute no-observed adverse effect levels: TP (<1.5 mg/m3 to maximum 6.2 mg/m3), RP (<0.6 mg/m3 to maximum 1.4 mg/m3), BSF (<0.6 mg/m3 to maximum 1.3 mg/m3), VHC (<8 mg/m3 to maximum 19.8 mg/m3). There were no exposure-response trends with ozone, heat stress, cigarettes smoked, or length of workday.


We use a scaled Hele-Shaw cell to mimic tidally induced nearshore groundwater motion in an unconfined aquifer. The low slope angle of sandy beaches contributes to a strongly asymmetric pattern of fluid exchange across the water-sediment interface during tidal cycles. This asymmetry leads to a time-averaged groundwater circulation centered beneath the low-tide level; horizontal and vertical components of motion are of the same order. Horizontal seaward flow extends a significant depth beneath the interface, consonant with a time-averaged water table that is elevated above mean sea level, providing the hydraulic gradient necessary to drive this deeper export of mass equal to the time-averaged inflow by infiltration. This tidally forced flow behavior likely contributes to observed fluctuations in submarine seepage rates. Moreover, the circulation largely involves a subsurface cycling of seawater that infiltrates during the rising tide. Measurements of submarine seepage near the tidal zone therefore likely involve this cycled seawater as well as freshwater flows.


The first bridges were made by nature — as simple as a log fallen across a stream. The first bridges made by humans were probably spans of wooden logs or planks and eventually stones, using a simple support and crossbeam arrangement. Most of these early bridges could not support heavy weights or withstand strong currents. It was these inadequacies which led to the development of better bridges. The oldest surviving stone bridge in China is the Zhaozhou Bridge, built from 595 to 605 AD during the Sui Dynasty. This bridge is also historically significant as it is the world's oldest open-spandrel stone segmental arch bridge. The first book on bridge engineering was written by Hubert Gautier in 1716. With the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century, truss systems of wrought iron were developed for larger bridges, but iron did not have the tensile strength to support large loads. With the advent of steel, which has a high tensile strength, much larger bridges were built, many using the ideas of Gustave Eiffel.


In the literature, there are reports about dermoscopic and size changes of nevi in patients undergoing biologic therapy and chemotherapeutics. There has not been any established data for melanoma and Rituximab therapy. Sixteen patients, with 94 nevi were included in this study. Dermoscopic images of follow‐up visits, which were performed at baseline, 3, 6, and 12 months after treatment, were evaluated. Suspicious lesions were excised. There was no increase in total nevus count. Although 61.7% of the 94 nevi have shown a stable duration without size changes, 26.5% had enlarged, and 11.7% had become smaller during our 1‐year experience of dermoscopic monitoring. There was not any pattern transformation. Atypical dots and clods appeared in 17% of nevi. All of the excised nevi were comparable with Clark nevi, there was no clue for melanoma development. According to our results, we found that Rituximab therapy influences nevus morphology, but there is no evidence that this was linked to melanoma development.


ABSTRACT We designed a study to investigate the molecular epidemiology of group A streptococcal (GAS) and group C and G streptococcal (GCS and GGS) disease in Fiji, a country which is known to have a high burden of streptococcal disease. Molecular typing of the N-terminal portion (emm typing) of the M protein was performed with 817 isolates (535 GAS and 282 GCS/GGS). We also performed genotyping of the C-repeat region in 769 of these isolates to identify J14 sequence types. The profile of emm types for Fiji was very different from that found for the United States and Europe. There were no dominant emm types and a large number of overlapping types among clinical disease states. Commonly found GAS emm types in industrialized countries, including emm1, emm12, and emm28, were not found among GAS isolates from Fiji. Over 93% of GAS isolates and over 99% of GCS/GGS isolates that underwent J14 sequence typing contained either J14.0 or J14.1. Our data have implications for GAS vaccine development in developing countries and suggest that a vaccine based upon the conserved region of the M protein may be a feasible option for Fiji and potentially for other tropical developing countries.


Human Relations was founded in 1947 as a collaborative transatlantic project between the Tavistock Institute of Human Relations in London and the Research Center for Group Dynamics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Its objective was to encourage theoretical and methodological contributions to the social sciences and to promote their practical application to solve community problems. This article traces the development and evolution of the journal and seeks to assess its contribution to social science research. It examines the intellectual role of the Tavistock Institute and the tensions and pressures that the journal has faced over the past 60 years as it has sought to fulfil its mission and achieve its academic goals.


There are several dramatic characters who enormously appeal to us since they are attractive. Part of this attraction might be owing to their strong stage presence. More interesting, however, are characters who do not appear on stage but their "absent presence" is so strong that influences the characters who do appear physically on stage. There are numerous examples of plays from classic to modern in which the action of the play is driven by a character who is not materially present but is thematically central to the play. The present paper explores the "absent presence" in Sam Shepard's True West (1980) to show how a character who is not physically present on stage can affect the lives and decisions of character who do have material presence on stage. The examination of this device can not only reveal multiple layers of the play, but can also attract the attention of playwrights to this device to explore it in their plays. This is a qualitative research for which library sources and reliable Internet sites have been utilized.


High stakes are involved in the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) trade negotiations: the United States seems to be on the verge of redirecting Asian regionalism towards an Asia–Pacific trade grouping that proclaims will not tolerate sectoral exclusions and will tackle head on non-tariff barriers (long considered glaring deficiencies of most free trade agreements). However, US domestic politics may prevent the realization of these lofty objectives. The influence of internal political constraints is evident in three areas: (i) the United States has pushed for a hybrid approach on market access negotiations that clouds the prospects of TPP adhering to the no-carve-out mantra; (ii) US trade negotiators have ramped up their negotiation objectives into a so-called platinum standard that could impose heavy preconditions on accession for new members and diminish the chances of growing the TPP membership; and (iii) the protracted ratification process and lack of trade promotion authority undermines the credibility of the United States in the eyes of prospective trade partners.


We show a method to verify experimentally some inequalities which occur for phenomenological coefficients in the thermodynamical model for dielectric relaxation and viscoanelastic media developed in the ambit of non-equilibrium thermodynamic Kluitenberg's theory. In particular, for dielectric relaxation we assume a sinusoidal form for induction vector (extensive variable: cause), the electric field (intensive variable: effect) inside the system, which depends on unknown phenomenological coefficients, has been obtained by integration. Then we compare it with a similar form of the electric field obtained by experimental considerations, where well known experimentally determinable coefficients appear. We carry out dielectric measurements on PMMA and PVC at different frequencies and fixed temperature in order to obtain the phenomenological coefficients as functions of the frequency. For viscoanelastic media we consider the relative rheological equation and we compare the solution of this equation with a well known expression of the stress obtained, by experimentally considerations, in the linear response theory. This comparison will be able to determine the phenomenological an state coefficients as function of frequency dependent quantities experimentally measurable. This method will be applied to polymeric materials as Polyisobutilene.


This book describes, analyzes, and recommends traffic engineering (TE) and quality of service (QoS) optimization methods for integrated voice/data dynamic routing networks. These functions control a network's response to traffic demands and other stimuli, such as link failures or node failures. TE and QoS optimization is concerned with measurement, modeling, characterization, and control of network traffic, and the application of techniques to achieve specific performance objectives. The scope of the analysis and recommendations include dimensioning, call/flow and connection routing, QoS resource management, routing table management, dynamic transport routing, and operational requirements. Case studies are included which provide the reader with a concrete way into the technical details and highlight why and how to use the techniques described in the book.

* Includes Case Studies of MPLS & GMPLS Network Optimization
* Presents state-of-the-art traffic engineering and quality of service optimization methods and illustrates the tradeoffs between the various methods discussed
* Contains practical Case Studies based on large-scale service provider implementations and architecture plans
* Written by a highly respected and well known active expert in traffic engineering and quality of service


Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) infections can be notoriously difficult to treat and are often accompanied by the development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Quorum sensing inhibitors (QSI) acting on PqsR (MvfR) – a crucial transcriptional regulator serving major functions in PA virulence – can enhance antibiotic efficacy and eventually prevent the AMR. An integrated drug discovery campaign including design, medicinal chemistry‐driven hit‐to‐lead optimization and in‐depth biological profiling of a new QSI generation is reported. The QSI possess excellent activity in inhibiting pyocyanin production and PqsR reporter‐gene with IC50 values as low as 200 and 11 × 10−9 m, respectively. Drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics (DMPK) as well as safety pharmacology studies especially highlight the promising translational properties of the lead QSI for pulmonary applications. Moreover, target engagement of the lead QSI is shown in a PA mucoid lung infection mouse model. Beyond that, a significant synergistic effect of a QSI‐tobramycin (Tob) combination against PA biofilms using a tailor‐made squalene‐derived nanoparticle (NP) formulation, which enhance the minimum biofilm eradicating concentration (MBEC) of Tob more than 32‐fold is demonstrated. The novel lead QSI and the accompanying NP formulation highlight the potential of adjunctive pathoblocker‐mediated therapy against PA infections opening up avenues for preclinical development.


The modulation instability of quasi-plane-wave optical beams is investigated in the frame of generalized Schrodinger equation with the nonlinear term of a general form. General expressions are derived for the dispersion relation, the critical transverse spatial frequency, as well as the instability growth rate. The analysis generalizes the known results reported previously. A detailed discussion on the modulation instability in biased centrosymmetric photorefractive media is also given.


Electrospinning Scaffold Fabrication of Polymer Nanofibers and Sensors for Tissue Engineering Applications Dennis LeRoy Edmondson Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Professor Miqin Zhang, PhD Materials Science and Engineering Well-ordered one-dimensional nanostructures (nanofibers) are enabling important new applications in textile, energy, structural, environmental, and bioengineering applications such as sensors, transducers, and energy harvesters, due to their unique anisotropic properties. Through electrospinning, polymeric, ceramic or metallic solutions can be ejected from an electrically charged syringe needle spinneret at an appropriate flow rate, collection distance, and voltage to form nanofiber filaments. A substantial electrical field gradient of 6,000 to 25,000 volts is required, depending on solution type, in the space between the charged syringe needle spinneret and an electrically grounded collection electrode. As solution flows from the syringe needle, Coulomb forces created by electrical charge on fibers can extend the stream into a fine, continuous group of filaments. The short transition from spinneret blunt needle tip to the stream occurs through formation of a Taylor cone droplet at an angle of around 30 degrees to the needle tip axis, which is a common characteristic for charged fluids in motion within electric field gradients. The electric field gradient accelerates the filament stream onto a collecting target of opposite polarity between eight and thirty centimeters away. For best circumstances the polymeric solution should be dry upon reaching the grounded collecting electrode to yield a dry fibrous mat. Resultant fiber diameter (or shape), porosity, morphology, and other characteristics can be controlled through modifying electrospinning solution material composition, voltage, solution flow rate (natural or forced), electric field strength, and distance between spinneret needle and fiber collector geometry. The collector component is very significant to the electrospinning process as the fiber collector geometry can be altered to control fiber deposition orientation. Electrospinning fabrication equipment designed for manufacturing nanofibers, especially for highly aligned fibers, can be used to develop effective scaffolds for cell proliferation and chemical attachment. Many electrospinner variations have been tried in the effort to create a bio-cellular scaffold environment on which cells can proliferate. The ability to promote substantial cell growth on an artificial scaffold brings research closer to fabrication of difficult organs, such as heart, neural conduits, intestinal tissue, and skeletal structure, to name but a few. Current laboratory and clinical trials focused on bladder and kidney are searching for the ideal technique for creating a fully functioning replacement organ by identifying the most reliable polymer fiber-cell compatibility scaffold that will both support cell proliferation and be biodegradable. A key aspect is developing a consistent method of aligning fibers through electrospinning. However, the challenges in large-scale production of highly aligned and uniform nanofibers limit the scope of their applications and commercialization. This dissertation presents a powerful yet economical approach that integrates the concepts of stationary parallel-electrode gap method with centrifugal polymer dispersion to produce nanofibers with a high degree of alignment and uniformity at large scale. This approach was first demonstrated with polyvinylidene fluoride to illustrate how the experimental parameters regulate fiber production and piezoelectric response, leading to the production of aligned nanofibers up to four inches in length. Further work with chitosan and polyethylene oxide, a natural and a synthetic polymer, demonstrated the versatility of the system. The now-patented centrifugal electrospinning technology presented here has already opened new avenues of invention through mass production of aligned nanofibers, allowing development of novel sensors. One novel device under development is a spiral-coiled biosensor. Biotelemetry has become an important part of medical research for advancing patient care by remotely monitoring continuing biological processes and physiological functions. Current biotelemetry systems are complex and require multiple electronic components to function, for example, battery, sensor element, and transmitter circuit. Another significant concern of current biotelemetry devices is direct wire coupling of the in vivo portion to external supporting equipment. Without the need for a power supply, the spirally coiled sensors in the nanofiber bundle generate and transmit an electrical signal wirelessly in response to deflections. The sensor is encapsulated within a thin biocompatible polymer shell of poydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) providing device integrity and moisture isolation. The results suggest that such a sensor can potentially function as both mechanical and biotelemetry sensors for various in vitro and in vivo biomedical


Next-generation edge nodes interfacing innovative IT clusters, 5G fronthaul, and internet of things (IoT) gateways to the optical metro/core network will require advanced and dynamic online quality of service (QoS) per-flow traffic treatment, assuring ultra-low latency requirements. However, current software-defined networking (SDN) implementations (e.g., OpenFlow) do not support forwarding procedures based on the network state, profile variations, and the history of flow statistics at the node level. Currently, such procedures require intervention by the SDN controller, leading to scalability issues and additional latency in data plane forwarding. Moreover, severe security challenges are expected to affect such nodes and threaten IT resources. Thus, increasing bandwidths will require direct deep packet inspection to avoid involvement of the SDN controller, as performed currently, or dedicated and costly security systems. This paper leverages on the potential of the programming protocol-independent packet processors (P4) open source language, recently introduced by the inventors of OpenFlow, to program the data plane structure and behavior of an SDN switch. P4 is able to instantiate custom pipelines and stateful objects, enabling complex workflows, user-defined protocols/headers, and finite state machines enforcement. Moreover, P4 allows portable implementations over different hardware targets, thus opening the way to open source fully programmable devices. Special effort is dedicated to motivate and apply P4 within a multilayer edge scenario, proposing the architecture and the applicability of an SDN P4-enabled packet-over-optical node. Moreover, three specific multilayer use cases covering dynamic traffic engineering (TE) (e.g., traffic offload and optical bypass) and cybersecurity (e.g., distributed denial of service port scan) are discussed and addressed through P4-based solutions. Experimental evaluations have been conducted over a multilayer SDN network exploiting reference P4 software switches (i.e., the behavioral model version 2, or BMV2) and field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) at 10 gigabit Ethernet optical interfaces. Extensive results report effective dynamic TE and cybersecurity mitigation enforcement at P4 switches without any controller intervention, showing excellent scalability performance and overall latencies practically in line with current commercial OpenFlow switches.


The Supreme Court's decision in eBay v. MercExchange brought into focus whether intellectual property policy should follow reflexively in the wake of tangible property doctrines or instead look to the distinctive market failures and institutional features of intellectual resources. Professor Richard Epstein argues in a recent article that "virtually all of the current malaise in dealing with both tangible and intellectual property stems from the failure to keep to the coherent rules of acquisition, exclusion, alienation, regulation, and condemnation that are called for by the classical liberal system . . . ." Epstein purports to validate what he calls the "carryover hypothesis": that principles governing tangible property "do, and should, influence the growth of intellectual property law," and that apart from durational limits on patents and copyrights, there are essentially no significant departures from the private property mold needed to optimize intellectual property. This article responds to Epstein's premises, framework, and analysis and provides a broader and richer analytical framework for promoting innovation and creativity in the digital age. In so doing, it demonstrates that intellectual property does not and should not resemble Professor Epstein's idealized classical liberal cathedral. To the contrary, "disintegration" characterizes the intellectual property landscape and hewing to a classical liberal private property paradigm overlooks valuable prescriptions for the evolution of the intellectual property field. While the institution of private property that has developed for tangible resources provides valuable insights into how to encourage efficient economic development, it is not a panacea for all resources, contexts, and societies. Careful consideration of the characteristics of intellectual resources, comparative institutional analysis, and empirical research provide the keys to promoting innovation and creativity.


Summary.  There are models for which the evaluation of the likelihood is infeasible in practice. For these models the Metropolis–Hastings acceptance probability cannot be easily computed. This is the case, for instance, when only departure times from a G/G/1 queue are observed and inference on the arrival and service distributions are required. Indirect inference is a method to estimate a parameter θ in models whose likelihood function does not have an analytical closed form, but from which random samples can be drawn for fixed values of θ. First an auxiliary model is chosen whose parameter β can be directly estimated. Next, the parameters in the auxiliary model are estimated for the original data, leading to an estimate . The parameter β is also estimated by using several sampled data sets, simulated from the original model for different values of the original parameter θ. Finally, the parameter θ which leads to the best match to is chosen as the indirect inference estimate. We analyse which properties an auxiliary model should have to give satisfactory indirect inference. We look at the situation where the data are summarized in a vector statistic T, and the auxiliary model is chosen so that inference on β is drawn from T only. Under appropriate assumptions the asymptotic covariance matrix of the indirect estimators is proportional to the asymptotic covariance matrix of T and componentwise inversely proportional to the square of the derivative, with respect to θ, of the expected value of T. We discuss how these results can be used in selecting good estimating functions. We apply our findings to the queuing problem.


The ultimate goal of this Thesis has been to make research on some novel MEMS technology with a commercial interest, and to setup a company to fully develop and commercialize it.
Initial research was based on a novel micro-relay concept, named FreePlate, which was intended to reduce the actuation voltage, by means of not using a mechanical spring to recover the initial state, but rather using electrostatic actuation in both directions, so that no spring was necessary. To develop this concept special MEMS processes were used, as it is common with MST.
Later it was realized that using a standard CMOS process was much more appealing from a commercial point of view. Thus the research was focused on how to build MEMS devices this way. This lead to the technology called nanoEMSTM.
Finally, many applications or products that can be developed using this nanoEMS processing technology have been investigated. In fact, many of them can be technically built using other processes, but taking advantage of CMOS processing gives always the best cost and integration advantage, and hence it becomes a necessity in practice to achieve a compelling product to be sold in the real market.
In addition to all this technical research, I have setup a company called Baolab Microsystems. This has allowed me to have the required funds to make all this research, and it will enable now the commercialization of this technology.
The structure of the Thesis is as follows. There is a first chapter explaining the micromachining processes being used. This is followed by seven chapters, each one dealing with a different application. One on RF switches, which contains the initial FreePlateTM concept, one on RF filters, another one for Vibrating antennas, another one about non-volatile memories, another one on motion sensors, one on power converters and finally one on integrated passives.
At the end there are two annexes, one explaining the history of Baolab and summarizing the current status, and another one summarizing the patent portfolio generated during the Thesis. Although only one publication has been made, due to the need to keep secrecy on many advances to help in the patent prosecution process, there has been an intense activity in patent filings.
Rather than going very deep in the analysis of a single application, the approach of the Thesis has been to analyze many of them, but not digging so much. In that sense, I believe that this Thesis has opened several new areas that are worth many more Thesis and research in the years coming. Some examples are vibrating antennas, thermo-magnetic RF switches, filters and antennas and, mechanical capacitors and inductors, and modulating rectifiers.


The molecular and electronic structures of aqueous I3(-) and I(-) ions have been investigated through ab initio molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and photoelectron (PE) spectroscopy of the iodine 4d core levels. Against the background of the theoretical simulations, data from our I4d PE measurements are shown to contain evidence of coupled solute-solvent dynamics. The MD simulations reveal large amplitude fluctuations in the I-I distances, which couple to the collective rearrangement of the hydrogen bonding network around the I3(-) ion. Due to the high polarizability of the I3(-) ion, the asymmetric I-I vibration reaches partially dissociated configurations, for which the electronic structure resembles that of I2 + I(-). The charge localization in the I3(-) ion is found to be moderated by hydrogen-bonding. As seen in the PE spectrum, these soft molecular vibrations are important for the electronic properties of the I3(-) ion in solution and may play an important role in its electrochemical function.


Granting collateral to secure loans is a prominent feature of the U.S. economy, but, surprisingly, we do not understand how borrowers and lenders decide whether to engage in a secured or an unsecured transaction. In this Article, Professor Mann argues that existing theories of secured lending are inadequate because the theories' predictions have not been tested against empirical data. To understand the actual pattern of secured credit, Professor Mann interviewed more than twenty borrowers and lenders in various sectors of the economy. Based on the evidence gathered in these interviews, as well as on preexisting empirical studies, this Article develops a model of the borrower's decision to grant collateral that focuses on the borrower's perceptions of the costs and benefits of secured and unsecured transactions. Granting collateral lowers the aggregate costs of a lending transaction by lowering the pre-loan perception of the risk of default. Secured credit can do this not only by increasing the lender's ability to collect the debt forcibly through liquidation of the collateral, but also in less direct ways: by decreasing the borrower's ability to obtain subsequent loans; by increasing the lender's leverage over the borrower's activities; and by repairing the loan-induced differentiation of the incentives of the borrower and the lender. Conversely, a grant of collateral can increase the costs of a lending transaction by increasing the costs of entering the transaction as well as the costs of administering the loan. In the Article's final section, Professor Mann uses the decision-based model to explain three separate aspects of the pattern of secured credit: the relatively infrequent use of secured credit by companies with strong financial records, the relation between the use of collateral and the duration of the debt, and the apparently low rate of retention of security interests by suppliers.


This study presents the first systematic investigation of teeth and gum blackening as a form of body ornamentation in South Asia. While classical Sanskrit literature had affirmed the aesthetic appeal of jasmine white teeth, from around the middle of the sixteenth century blackened teeth, and sometimes gums, were noted as essential female adornments in some urban and courtly contexts. The agent of choice for teeth blackening became known as missī , a powdery mixture of (1) iron and copper sulphate, (2) a plant source of tannins, such as myrobalans, and (3) flavouring agents. The use of missī , thought to be sanctified by Fāṭimah, the Prophet's daughter, became deeply engrained in Islamic culture across much of the subcontinent. Teeth blackening as a life cycle event related to sexual maturity and in its literary portrayals acquired distinct sexual overtones. It was integrated into to the culture of courtesans and prostitutes where missī became synonymous with the ritual of selling a woman's virginity. Although not a primary motivation, medicinal considerations also played a role in the use of missī . Early references to blackening the gums and edges of the teeth suggest a connection to an older tradition of filing the interstices between teeth which had become prohibited by Islamic law. Geographically and culturally distinct traditions of teeth blackening also prevailed among diverse indigenous groups living along the slopes of the Eastern Himalayas, from Nepal through Meghalaya and Assam to Nagaland. Here teeth were blackened by applying the wood tar of specific plants or chewing specific plant products. These practices related technologically and culturally to the wide-spread teeth blackening traditions of island and mainland South-east Asia and beyond.


This paper presents a critical history of the concept of 'structured deposition'. It examines the long-term development of this idea in archaeology, from its origins in the early 1980s through to the present day, looking at how it has been moulded and transformed. On the basis of this historical account, a number of problems are identified with the way that 'structured deposition' has generally been conceptualized and applied. It is suggested that the range of deposits described under a single banner as being 'structured' is unhelpfully broad, and that archaeologists have been too willing to view material culture patterning as intentionally produced – the result of symbolic or ritual action. It is also argued that the material signatures of 'everyday' practice have been undertheorized and all too often ignored. Ultimately, it is suggested that if we are ever to understand fully the archaeological signatures of past practice, it is vital to consider the 'everyday' as well as the 'ritual' processes which lie behind the patterns we uncover in the ground.


Cultural cognition refers to the unconscious influence of individuals' group commitments on their perceptions of legally consequential facts. We conducted an experiment to assess the impact of cultural cognition on perceptions of facts relevant to distinguishing constitutionally protected "speech" from unprotected "conduct." Study subjects viewed a video of a political demonstration. Half the subjects believed that the demonstrators were protesting abortion outside of an abortion clinic, and the other half that the demonstrators were protesting the military's "don't ask, don't tell" policy outside a campus recruitment facility. Subjects of opposing cultural outlooks who were assigned to the same experimental condition (and thus had the same belief about the nature of the protest) disagreed sharply on key "facts"—including whether the protestors obstructed and threatened pedestrians. Subjects also disagreed sharply with those who shared their cultural outlooks but who were assigned to the opposing experimental condition (and hence had a different belief about the nature of the protest). These results supported the study hypotheses about how cultural cognition would affect perceptions pertinent to the "speech"-"conduct" distinction. We discuss the significance of the results for constitutional law and liberal principles of selfgovernance generally.


Aluminium has been used as a bridge construction material since 1933. Since over 70 years a tens of various types of bridges have been built and/or rehabilitated with aluminium worldwide. The main reasons for utilisation of aluminium in bridges are such advantages of Al-alloys as: high durability, low weight, huge possibilities of shaping, extrudability, easy production, transport and construction, recycling, and so on. Contemporary progress of material engineering has lead to creation of the new generation aluminium alloys with excellent strength and enhanced durability. It has enabled the wider application of aluminium, also in transport infrastructure. Nowadays, several fields of bridge engineering can be identified in which the aluminium alloys are applicable. There are: aluminium decks for modernisation of existing bridges, superstructures of military bridges, footbridges and new road bridges. This last field of application is the main subject of the paper, in which history, the present time and future perspectives of aluminium road bridges have been presented.


The largest reservoir of the powerful greenhouse gas methane is in marine sediments, and catastrophic release of this methane has been invoked to explain climate perturbations throughout Earth history. Marine methane oxidation is mainly coupled anaerobically to microbial sulfate reduction, which both limits and controls the release of methane from this sedimentary reservoir to the rest of Earth's surface. Methane can be transported within the pore space of marine sediments either via diffusion or as bubbles. When methane travels in bubbles, these bubbles often are not completely oxidized and reach the overlying water where the methane emerges from the sediment in cold seeps. Although paleo–cold seeps can be identified by geological features such as carbonate mounds, a geochemical signature for cold seeps remains elusive. We demonstrate, using the sulfur and oxygen isotope composition of sulfate, that a unique isotopic signature emerges during microbial sulfate reduction coupled to methane oxidation in bubbling cold seeps. This isotope signature differs from that when sulfate is reduced by either organic matter oxidation or by the slower, diffusive flux of methane within marine sediments. We also show, through a comparison with the literature, that this unique isotope fingerprint is preserved in the rock record in authigenic buildups of barite associated with methane cold seeps.


Reverse subdivision aims at constructing a coarser represen- tation of an object given by a fine polygon mesh. In this paper, we first derive a mask for reverse Loop subdivision that can be applied to both regular and extraordinary vertices. The mask is parameterized, and thus can also be used in reversing variants of Loop subdivision, such as those proposed by Warren and Litke. We apply this mask not only to mesh geometry, but also to tex- ture coordinates. This reverses the texture-mapping process described by DeRose, Kass and Truong, in which a texture originally defined for a coarse mesh was carried to the finer meshes obtained by subdivision. Combined with the forward subdivision, the proposed technique consti- tutes a multiresolution representation of textured subdivision surfaces. We illustrate its use with a set of examples.


Just what is constitutional theory? How can it be, as Professor Fallon rightly says, that constitutional theory is both descriptive and prescriptive, and is supposed to produce results that seem morally right but also some results that make the theory's proponents uncomfortable? In this Reply, Professor Strauss argues that a constitutional theory tries to draw upon bases of agreement that exist within a legal culture and to extend those agreed-upon principles to resolve more controversial issues. In our culture, for example, there is widespread agreement both on abstract principles-such as the idea that the text of the Constitution is important but that precedent also matters in interpreting the Constitution-and on specific points of law, such as the legitimacy of the decision in Brown v. Board of Education. A constitutional theory tries to organize these and other points of agreement in a way that prescribes results in cases where there is no agreement. So understood, a constitutional theory is comparable to an account of the rules of grammar for a language, or perhaps to a theory of scientific or mathematical truth.


– This paper seeks to draw attention to the importance of appreciating and using ever‐present diversity to achieve increased legitimacy for entrepreneurship education. As such, it aims to draw the reader into a reflective process of discovery as to why entrepreneurship education is important and how such importance can be prolonged., – The paper revisits Gartner's 1985 conceptual framework for understanding the complexity of entrepreneurship. The paper proposes an alternative framework based on the logic of Gartner's framework to advance the understanding of entrepreneurship education. The authors discuss the dimensions of the proposed framework and explain the nature of the dialogic relations contained within., – It is argued that the proposed conceptual framework provides a new way to understand ever‐present heterogeneity related to the development and delivery of entrepreneurship education., – The paper extends an invitation to the reader to audit their own involvement and proximity to entrepreneurship education. It argues that increased awareness of the value that heterogeneity plays in student learning outcomes and programme branding is directly related to the presence of heterogeneity across the dimensions of the conceptual framework., – The paper introduces a simple yet powerful means of understanding what factors contribute to the success or otherwise of developing and delivering entrepreneurship education. The simplicity of the approach suggested provides all entrepreneurship educators with the means to audit all facets of their programme.


AbstractObesity can have an impact on health at each stage of a woman's life cycle. In young women, obesity has an impact on psychosocial health and, as they grow older, on their reproductive health. Obesity also imposes a number of serious risks during pregnancy. In older women, obesity is associated with the emergence of a number of related chronic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease and an increased risk for many cancers. Of concern in the elderly is the increasing evidence that obesity is an independent risk factor for dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Obesity also has a marked impact on life expectancy. The medical risks associated with obesity in women are important for the woman's future generations. There is emerging evidence that nutrition during fetal and early life can influence risk for obesity and chronic diseases.


A reversed-phase high-performance liquid of chromatography (RP-HPLC) method for determination of two isomer sesquiterpene lactone deoxyelephantopin (1) and isodeoxyelephantopin (2) from Elephantopus scaber L. was developed and validated. Separation was achieved on a Phenomenex Luna C-18 (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) column, with water: acetonitrile: 2-propanol (66:20:14, v/v/v) as mobile phase, flow rate of 1.0 mL-1 and UV detection was set up at 210 nm using DAD detector. Linearity for both compounds was found in the concentration range of 0.251-1.506 and 0.516-3.096 μg mL-1 (r2 ≥ 0.99), LOD is 0.094 and 0.151 μg mL-1, LOQ is 0.285 and 0.457 μg mL-1, and the range of recovery is 97.64-104.98% and 95.23-102.25%, respectively. The results of intra- and inter-day validation (n=3) showed the method was efficient and could be applied for the determination of sesquiterpene lactones in Elephantopus scaber L. extract.


Communication anonymity is becoming an increasingly important, or even indispensable security requirement for many applications. The existing research in anonymous communications can largely be divided into two categories: mix- based systems and secure multi-party computation-based systems, originating from mixnet and DC-net respectively. However, they either cannot provide provable anonymity, or suffer from transmission collision problem. In this paper, we first propose a novel unconditionally secure source anonymous message authentication code (SA-MAC) that can be applied to any messages without relying on any trusted third parties. While ensuring message sender anonymity, SM-MAC can also provide message content authenticity. We then propose a novel communication protocol that can hide the senders and the receivers from each other, and thus can be used for secure file sharing. The security analysis demonstrates that the proposed protocol is secure against various attacks. Our analysis also shows it is efficient and practical.


Abstract Aims: The aim of this study was to illustrate how the choice of gait measure could affect the statistical analysis of data and the resulting clinical conclusions. Methodology: A descriptive design in which the results from different tests from 10 patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus illustrates the potential to generate different clinical conclusions. Major findings and principal conclusion: The results illustrate how the choice of measure can affect the statistical results and the clinical interpretation of a study. It is possible to have the paradoxical situation in which one group has a better walking ability if the variable speed is used but the other group has a better walking ability if the variable time is used. An important message is that the choice of measurement and the transformation of data are not primarily statistical issues. If the statistical results are to be useful for clinical decisions, the variables used must be directly related to the utility for the subjects. An understanding of the clinical relevance of different outcomes is required. The distinction between when numbers are purely descriptive and when numbers represent a valuation is subtle and difficult to comprehend.


BACKGROUND
Nosocomial bloodstream infections occur at a rate of 1.3 to 14.5 per 1000 hospital admissions and are believed to lead directly to 62,500 deaths per year in the United States. Measures of the incidence and the proportion of all hospital deaths related to deaths from these infections provide estimates of their impact. The objectives of the study were to characterize the secular trends in nosocomial bloodstream infection at a single institution and to estimate the population-attributable risk for death among patients experiencing the infection.

METHODS
A 12-year retrospective study using prospectively collected data from a hospital-wide surveillance system for nosocomial infections in a 900-bed tertiary care institution. All patients (N = 260,834) admitted to the institution between 1980 and 1992 were included in the study. Bloodstream infection rates were calculated for the 10 leading groups of pathogens, and trends were analyzed using simple linear regression. In-hospital mortality rates from patients who did or did not develop nosocomial blood stream infections were compared.

RESULTS
Between 1980 and 1992, a total of 3077 patients developed 3464 episodes of nosocomial bloodstream infection. The crude infection rates increased linearly from 6.7 to 18.4 per 1000 discharges (0.83 to 1.72 episodes per 1000 patient-days) during the 12-year study period (r = .87). Increases in the infection rates were due to gram-positive cocci (r = .96) and yeasts (r = .95) and essentially explained by infections caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci, Staphylococcus aureus, enterococci, and Candida species, respectively. Although the crude mortality in patients with nosocomial bloodstream infections decreased from 51% in 1981 to 29% in 1992, the in-hospital population-attributable mortality among infected patients increased from 3.55 deaths per 1000 discharges in 1981 to 6.22 per 1000 discharges in 1992 (r = .67). The etiologic fraction or the proportion of deaths in patients with bloodstream infection to all deaths occurring in the hospital increased from 11.4% in 1981 to 20.4% in 1992 (r = .59).

CONCLUSIONS
The incidence, the etiologic fraction, and the population-attributable risk for death among patients experiencing nosocomial bloodstream infections increased progressively during the last decade.


601 Abstract. In Evangelium vitae, Pope John Paul II writes that the culture of death is the consequence of society embracing a "positivist mentality." Given both where the Church is culturally situated as well as her call for a New Evangelization, this article offers a critique of positivist mentality that attempts to draw out of its advocates the natural law that is "written in the heart." This critique includes an analysis of the article "After-Birth Abortion: Why Should the Baby Live?" authored by Alberto Giubilini and Francesca Minerva and published in 2013 in the Journal of Medical Ethics. National Catholic Bioethics Quarterly 13.4 (Winter 2013): 601–609.


Barbus anatolicus, new species, is described from the Kızılırmak and Yeşilırmak River drainages in the southern Black Sea basin. It is distinguished from other Barbus species in the Middle East by having 58-71 total lateral line scales, a moderately ossified last simple dorsal-fin ray, serrated along about 70-80% of its posterior margin, many small irregular shaped black or brown spots, smaller or as large as scales, often forming large, dark-brown blotches on the head, back and flank in adults and juveniles, and a concave posterior dorsal-fin margin. In addition, DNA barcode data reject the hypothesis that it belongs to one of the other species of the B. barbus species group. Barbus bergi from Bulgaria and adjacent Turkey is treated as synonym of B. tauricus. Barbus tauricus was previously believed to be restricted to the Crimean Peninsula but is found to be widespread in the Black Sea basin.


- In biology, the evolution of species is influenced by two types of complementarities. One type is mostly related to the synergies among and within organisms, while the other is the outcome of conflicts among different species and among members of the same species. In both conflictual and synergetic complementarities, the traits selected in one domain affect the traits selected in the other domain, and both complementarities involve the co-evolution of certain traits. However, synergies and conflicts involve different mechanisms and interact with each other to generate complex dynamics. Social and economic systems are characterized by a similar range of interacting complementarities. Whereas technology and property rights tend to have synergistic complementarities, workers' and capitalists' organizations are mostly characterized by conflictual complementarities. The evolution of the different varieties of capitalism, as well as of different patterns of technological specialization across countries, can be better understood in terms of both types of complementarities and by their interactions. The comparative history of the American and the European economies is used to illustrate how models of capitalism can diverge, building different types of institutional complementarities over time. Economic policies can have different, and sometimes opposite consequences, in these different contexts.


The continuing spread of the COVID-19 (coronavirus) pandemic has psychological effects on many individuals. One of these effects is the fear of COVID-19. In this study, it is aimed to examine the fear of COVID-19 in terms of spiritual well-being. In addition, the fear of COVID-19 was examined within the framework of gender, age range, education, income level, whether there is someone diagnosed with COVID-19 nearby and marital status. The study group of the research consisted of 474 adults (261 females, 213 males) were selected by the convenient sampling method. The research method is the correlational survey model. Data was obtained using the Demographic Information Form, the Spiritual Well-being Scale, and the COVID-19 Fear Scale. Descriptive statistics, t-test for independent groups, ANOVA, Pearson Correlation test and regression analysis were used in the study. Group comparison analysis revealed that women experienced higher levels of fear of the coronavirus. While those with postgraduate education reported significantly lower levels of fear of the coronavirus than those with other education levels. Fear of the coronavirus did not differ according to the age range, income level, and marital status of the participants. According to the results of the correlation analysis, a negative correlation between the fear of coronavirus and spiritual well-being and sub-dimension of spiritual well-being "transcendence" was found; and a positive correlation between the fear of the coranavirus and the sub-dimension of spiritual well-being "anomie" was found. Regression analysis showed that "anomie" positively predicted the fear of coronavirus. The findings of the research were discussed within the scope of the related literature.


Information and Competition Entry This paper studies the influence of information on entry choices in a competition with a controlled laboratory experiment. We investigate whether information provision attracts mainly high productivity individuals and reduces competition failure, where competition failure occurs when a subject loses the competition because the opponent holds a higher productivity. Information on the opponent is a promising nudge to raise individuals' awareness towards the complexity of the decision problem and to update beliefs about success. In the experiment, subjects face the choice between a competition game and a safe outside option. We analyze subjects' entry behavior with a benchmark treatment without information and three treatments, where we exogenously manipulate the information on the opponents. Our results are, (1) information on the productivity distribution of all potential opponents reduces competition failures by more than 50%, (2) information on the distribution is sufficient, i.e. precise information on the matched opponent's type does not further diminish failure rates. JEL Classification: C91, D03, D61, D81, D82, M13, M51


From these lines, situated more or less at the end of the second chapter one can but conclude (or conclude) that to attempt a beginning-middle-to-end analysis would be unhelpful as the middle may indeed be the beginning and the end-beginning the end. The collection is completely avant-garde and the second chapter may as well be the fifth or last chapter! So, perhaps we ought to take the poetry as it comes ('in more than two-directions') and goes (in more than 'few dimensions')... if we are to avoid literary stereotypes.


Considering the drastic changes in primate habitats, we must search for management strategies to maintain primate populations in the wild. In the present study, a group of howler mon- keys Alouatta palliata was followed after being translocated to a 90 ha tropical forest used for under- story palm Chamaedorea elegans cultivation. The group's behavior was recorded in the new environ- ment. There was no evidence of behavioral alterations due to the different habitat conditions, the translocation process or the palm cultivation activities at the release site. These results indicate that reintroduction, even to fragments used for cultivation purposes, is a viable conservation approach for howler monkey conservation in the Los Tuxtlas region of Mexico.


Join the leagues of thousands of programmers and learn C++ from some of the best. The fifth edition of the best seller Sams Teach Yourself C++ in 21 Days, written by Jesse Liberty, a well-known C++ and C# programming manual author and Bradley L. Jones, manager for a number of high profiler developer websites, has been updated to the new ANSI/ISO C++ Standard. This is an excellent hands-on guide for the beginning programmer. Packed with examples of syntax and detailed analysis of code, fundamentals such as managing I/O, loops, arrays and creating C++ applications are all covered in the 21 easy-to-follow lessons. You will also be given access to a website that will provide you will all the source code examples developed in the book as a practice tool. C++ is the preferred language for millions of developers-make Sams Teach Yourself the preferred way to learn it!


Whether you live in the heart of the city, in the suburbs or the deepest countryside, 'The Bumper Book of Nature' is a treasure trove of nature activities, ideas and information to inspire and entertain you wherever you are.
When is the last time you climbed a tree? Went pond-dipping? Picked blackberries? Held a snail race? Or tracked down a badger set? If the answer is 'can't remember', or even 'never', "The Bumper Book Of Nature" will inspire you to change all that for good. Whether you live in the heart of the city, in the suburbs or the deepest countryside, "The Bumper Book Of Nature" is a treasure trove of nature activities, ideas and information, to inspire and entertain you wherever you are.

Go pishing for birds; become a bat detective; take a city safari; find snakes and lizards; identify spiders and their webs; look for owl pellets...Make nettle soup; or itching powder from rosehips; make a bark rubbing; an elder-stem peashooter; or elderflower fritters. Wake up in time to hear the dawn chorus; listen to the heartbeat of a tree; or just stand out in the rain for half an hour...With "The Bumper Book Of Nature" the whole family will want to switch off the television and computer, pull on their wellingtons and get outside to discover the endless bounty, beauty and fascination of nature right on our doorstep. Lavishly designed with over 160 full-colour illustrations of British wildlife and flora, along with gorgeous black-and-white line drawings throughout, this beautiful and timeless book will be treasured for years to come by children and parents alike


Objective:We sought to evaluate differences in guideline concordance between National Cancer Institute (NCI)–designated and other centers and determine whether the level of available evidence influences the degree of variation in concordance. Background:The National Cancer Institute recognizes centers of excellence in the advancement of cancer care. These NCI-designated cancer centers have been shown to have better outcomes for cancer surgery; however, little work has compared surgical process measures. Methods:A retrospective cohort study was conducted using Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results registry linked to Medicare claims data. Fee-for-service Medicare patients with a definitive surgical resection for breast, colon, gastric, rectal, or thyroid cancers diagnosed between 2000 and 2005 were identified. Claims data from 1999 to 2006 were used. Our main outcome measure was guideline concordance at NCI-designated centers compared to other institutions, stratified by level of evidence as graded by National Comprehensive Cancer Network guideline panels. Results:All centers achieved at least 90%, and often 95%, concordance with guidelines based on level 1 evidence. Concordance rates for guidelines with lower-level evidence ranged from 30% to 97% and were higher at NCI-designated centers. The adjusted concordance ratios for category 1 guidelines were between 1.02 and 1.08, whereas concordance ratios for guidelines with lower-level evidence ranged from 0.97 to 2.19, primarily favoring NCI-designated centers. Conclusions:When strong evidence supports a guideline, there is little variation in practice between NCI-designated centers and other hospitals, suggesting that all are providing appropriate care. Variation in care may exist, however, for guidelines that are based on expert consensus rather than strong evidence. This suggests that future efforts to generate needed evidence on the optimal approach to care may also reduce institutional variation.


This thesis has two aims: i) an investigation of the effect of acid treatment on C/N, δ13C and δ15N of organic materials and; ii) the reconstruction of palaeoenvironmental change from a lake sediment sequence from south China, using geochemical proxies. To address these aims, a systematic comparative study was developed to examine the three most common acid treatment methods (capsule method; rinse method; fumigation method) and a range of acid reagents (HCl; H2SO3; H3PO4), on a range of terrestrial and aquatic, modern and geological sample materials. Acid treatment is a necessary step in the analysis of organic matter (OM) due to the distinct δ13C of inorganic carbon (IC) relative to the δ13C of OM; however, there is no consensus on "best practice".

I find that C/N, δ13C and δ15N values of OM are not just dependent upon environmental processes but also on acid treatment method, which adds significant non-linear biasing to the OM signal several orders of magnitude above instrument precision. This biasing is caused by the inefficient removal of IC from sample materials and the alteration of OM by the acid treatment process. Consequently, this can significantly alter the environmental interpretation of these proxies, for example, in determining OM provenance, indicating that the assumption that the effect of acid treatment on sample OM is either negligible or systematic, is flawed, with biasing in C/N ~ 1 – 100; δ13C ~ 0.2 – 7.2 ‰ and; δ15N ~ 0.2 – 1.7 ‰ in my range of samples.

In addition, a long lake sediment sequence was cored from Lake Tianyang, Leizhou Peninsula, south China (20o31'1.11" N, 110o18'43.02" E) to reconstruct palaeoenvironmental variability using a suite of geochemical proxies (δ13C of bulk OM; XRF elemental ratios, magnetic susceptibility). The Tianyang δ13C record and elemental ratios (MIS 9 through MIS 6) show a strong glacial – interglacial imprint, providing evidence for periods of aridity during interglacial/interstadial periods in south China. The elemental ratios lose this imprint during MIS 5, likely due to an increase in catchment erosion (captured in the La, Nb, Ni, Th and Au records). Additionally, I tested the hypothesis that Ti concentrations reflect winter AM variability and showed that, whilst this may be valid, a robust interpretation is not possible due to the dilution of sedimentary Ti concentrations by local sources. A regional comparison of the Tianyang records appears to suggest a change in the strength of the land-sea thermal contrast in south China, implying a shift in mosiutre source region.


Security concerns have mushroomed. Increasingly numerous areas of life are governed by security policies and technologies. Security Unbound argues that when insecurities pervade how we relate to our neighbours, how we perceive international politics, how governments formulate policies, at stake is not our security but our democracy. Security is not in the first instance a right or value but a practice that challenges democratic institutions and actions.

We are familiar with emergency policies in the name of national security challenging parliamentary processes, the space for political dissent, and fundamental rights. Yet, security practice and technology pervade society heavily in very mundane ways without raising national security crises, in particular through surveillance technology and the management of risks and uncertainties in many areas of life. These more diffuse security practices create societies in which suspicion becomes a default way of relating and governing relations, ranging from neighbourhood relations over financial transactions to cross border mobility. Security Unbound demonstrates that governing through suspicion poses serious challenges to democratic practice. Some of these challenges are familiar, such as the erosion of the right to privacy; others are less so, such as the post-human challenge to citizenship.

Security unbound provokes us to see that the democratic political stake today is not our security but preventing insecurity from becoming the organising principle of political and social life.


Nervous systems process information about the environment in order to generate adaptive behavior. Sensory information that is obtained through different modalities, gleaned from different interactions of the animal with its surroundings, generated by different neural algorithms, or used to infer different distal stimulus properties, is often processed by distinct pathways in the brain. The auditory system compares sounds at the two ears in order to derive the location of the source. In the barn owl, Tyto alba, this is accomplished by interaural comparisons of the time that a sound reaches each ear, and of the level (intensity) at each ear. Interaural time differences code for horizontal positions of sound sources while interaural level differences, due to a vertical asymmetry in the owl's ears, can encode the vertical position of a sound. These two cues together can assign unique locations to sound sources in space. The barn owl processes time- and level differences in separate neural channels that converge in the inferior colliculus. This structure is the first site of neurons with spatially restricted auditory receptive fields, and with a neural map of auditory space. Downstream projections from here provide the sensory input for accurate sound localization by saccadic head movements. I report that the owl's two auditory processing streams are also segregated histochemically. The pathway that computes level differences stains especially strongly for the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which may underlay processing of scalar (intensity) information over large dynamic ranges. This staining is complementary to immunohistochemical staining for calbindin, which has been shown previously to stain the pathway that processes interaural time differences. In further hodological and physiological experiments, I describe the algorithms that generate tuned responses in the inferior colliculus that encode vertical sound source position. This study shows that a lemniscal nucleus, nucleus ventralis lemnisci lateralis pars posterior (VLVp), projects bilaterally to a subdivision of the inferior colliculus (the shell of ICc). This projection appears to preserve tonotopy, and to provide inhibition by sounds of large interaural level difference. This probably GABAergic mechanism leads to the synthesis of neuronal responses in the inferior colliculus that are narrowly tuned to interaural level difference. My methodological strategy was to increase or decrease activity in VLVp by injection of blockers or agonists of GABA-A receptors, and then to record downstream in the inferior colliculus any changes in response tuning that resulted. The study suggests that the bilateral inhibition by VLVp is sufficient to explain the peaked responses to level differences of collicular neurons. Excitatory input to the inferior colliculus is conveyed by fibers of the lateral lemniscus, and may arise from a number of stations, including lemniscal and cochlear nuclei. The circuits I describe determine the tuning of cells to interaural level differences, but are independent of and have no effect on the tuning to interaural time differences, and further support that time and level are processed separately in the owl's brainstem.


There has been a renewed interest in impact evaluation and measuring results in recent years amongst development agencies and donors. This paper reviews the case for promoting and formalising qualitative and combined methods for impact evaluation and measuring results, as part of a broader strategy amongst donors and country partners for tackling the evaluation gap. The accompanying workshop report provides a summary of the January 2009 workshop "Make an Impact: Tackling the "I" and the "D" of Making It Happen", which aimed to familiarise DFID staff with the use of qualitative methods in impact evaluation and measuring results.
The case for qualitative and combined methods is strong. Qualitative methods have an equal footing in evaluation of development impacts and can generate sophisticated, robust and timely data and analysis. Combining qualitative research with quantitative instruments that have greater breadth of coverage and generalisability can result in better evaluations that make the most of their respective comparative advantages.


ABSTRACTAn interval programming optimization model was formulated to develop effective and feasible regional economic structure adjustment plan using Tangshan Municipality in China as a case study. The optimization model was coupled with a WRF-CAMx-PSAT air quality simulation system through the estimated industrial emission sensitivity coefficients and equivalent coefficients for PM2.5 concentrations. Seven categories of industries were examined, and the results indicated that industries with higher emission sensitivity coefficients should be given priority for control. The effectiveness of the obtained optimal schemes was further assessed by the air quality simulation system. It indicated that PM2.5 concentrations in Tangshan would decrease by [33.5%, 39.3%] than those in 2013. This study provided an effective method framework for industries to maximize profits while meeting certain air quality constraints under uncertainty through the coupling of air quality simulation and optimization models.


Elemental surface profiling techniques such as Auger electron spectroscopy, secondary ion mass spectroscopy, and ion scattering spectroscopy use about a 1- to 3-keV beam of ions to sputter away the surface as spectra are obtained. For a complete profile of even a thin film, many repetitive runs are necessary. In the standard commercial ion scattering spectrometer (ISS) (3M Company) the voltages to the plates of the spectrometer are increased during a scan by a motor-driven precision potentiometer. After each spectrum the potentiometer must manually be returned to zero or to the selected restart point. This procedure requires a great deal of operator attention and does not lend itself to signal averaging or digital data acquisition.


This article shares the establishment and journey of a Canadian student-driven academic journal. The publication is peer-reviewed and openly accessible, and is delivered online through the Open Journal Systems (OJS) developed by the Public Knowledge Project (PKP). The article outlines the journal's vision, history, processes, performance, challenges, and most important, mentoring practices. Created to connect and support new scholars in the field of education, the foundation of the journal was based entirely on mentoring by volunteer graduate students experienced at composing academic publications. It was thought that if students chose to pursue the onerous task of publishing, they would need support as graduate work by itself is challenging and time consuming; additionally, the publication process was considered daunting (Pasco, 2009).


OBJECTIVE
To update the recommendations for the structural characteristics of general thoracic surgery (GTS) in Europe in order to provide a document that can be used as a guide for harmonizing the general thoracic surgical practice in Europe.

METHODS
A task force was created to set the structural, procedural and qualification characteristics of a European GTS unit. These criteria were endorsed by the Executive Committee of the European Society of Thoracic Surgeons and by the Thoracic Domain of the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery and were validated by the European Board of Thoracic Surgery at European Union of Medical Specialists.

RESULTS
Criteria regarding definition and scope of GTS, structure and qualification of GTS unit, training and education and recommendations for subjects of particular interest (lung transplant, oesophageal surgery, minimally invasive thoracic surgery, quality surveillance) were developed.

CONCLUSIONS
This document will hopefully represent the first step of a process of revision of the modern thoracic surgeons' curricula, which need to be qualitatively rethought in the setting of the qualification process. The structural criteria highlighted in the present document are meant to help and tackle the challenge of cultural and language barriers as well as of widely varying national training programmes.


We describe a system in which autonomous robots assemble two-dimensional structures out of square building blocks. A fixed set of local control rules is sufficient for a group of robots to collectively build arbitrary solid structures. We present and compare four versions in which blocks are (1) inert and indistinguishable, (2) uniquely labeled, (3) able to be relabeled by robots, (4) capable of some computation and local communication. Added block capabilities increase the availability of nonlocal structural knowledge, thereby increasing robustness and significantly speeding construction. In this way we extend the principle of stigmergy (storing information in the environment) used by social insects, by increasing the capabilities of the blocks that represent that environmental information. Finally, we describe hardware experiments using a prototype capable of building arbitrary solid 2-D structures


Acoustic noise analysis of electrical machines is of special interest due to their numerous and miscellaneous applications. The analytical and numerical approaches for prediction and calculation of acoustic noise radiated from electrical machines usually yield considerable errors. Therefore, the accurate investigation of acoustic noise in electrical machines necessitates exact experimental noise measurements. In this paper, an efficient experimental model is developed to analyze the acoustic noise radiated from a synchronous motor, identify the noise sources, and extract the significant natural frequencies. At first, the motor mechanical speed is raised from zero up to a maximum value by use of a Variable Frequency Drive. During the motor acceleration period, its radiated acoustic noise is measured by means of a "measurement microphone" in a standard test condition. The measurement results are then analyzed via developing and utilizing an Image Processing Algorithm, and thereby, the prominent noise sources of the synchronous motor and its significant natural frequencies are finally identified.


T helper 2 (TH2) cells can be induced to adopt both TH1 and TH2 phenotypes in the context of viral infection. The differentiation pathway followed by naïve CD4+ T cells upon stimulation by antigen-presenting cells depends on the cytokine milieu. Naïve CD4+ T cells activated in the presence of interleukin-12 (IL-12) or interferon-γ (IFN-γ) differentiate into T helper 1 (TH1) cells, in a manner dependent on the transcription factor T-bet, whereas cells activated in the presence of IL-4 adopt a TH2 phenotype, which is dependent on the transcription factor GATA-3. These pathways are thought to be mutually exclusive, and TH1 and TH2 lineages are very stable in vivo (see commentary by Zhu and Paul). Furthermore, incubation of stably differentiated TH2 cells with TH1-inducing cytokines in vitro does not change their phenotype. Hegazy et al. generated mouse TH2 cells in vitro from naïve CD4+ T cells that had a T cell receptor (TCR) specific for an antigen from lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). The TH2 cells were transferred into normal mice, which were infected with LCMV 30 days later. Within a week of infection, the majority of the transferred TH2 cells started to produce the TH1-type cytokine IFN-γ, and a subset also produced IL-4, the signature cytokine of TH2 cells. LCMV-induced production of IFN-γ in these "TH1+2" cells depended on the increased abundance of T-bet, while the cells continued to produce GATA-3. In addition to activation of the TCR, induction of TH1+2 cells in LCMV-infected mice depended on IL-12, IFN-γ, and the type I IFNs. These cells had a stable phenotype and persisted long after infection. In addition to establishing the plasticity of TH2 cells, this study also demonstrates the production of T cells with mixed phenotypes, which may lend flexibility to immune responses to viruses. A. N. Hegazy, M. Peine, C. Helmstetter, I. Panse, A. Frohlich, A. Bergthaler, L. Flatz, D. D. Pinschewer, A. Radbruch, M. Lohning, Interferons direct Th2 cell reprogramming to generate a stable GATA-3+T-bet+ cell subset with combined Th2 and Th1 cell functions. Immunity 32, 116–128 (2010). [PubMed] J. Zhu, W. E. Paul, CD4+ T cell plasticity: Th2 cells join the crowd. Immunity 32, 11–13 (2010). [Online Journal]


A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the
Master of Business Administration (MBA-CM) of Mzumbe University
2013


Haas' theorem describes all partchworkings of a given non-singular plane tropical curve $C$ giving rise to a maximal real algebraic curve. The space of such patchworkings is naturally a linear subspace $W_C$ of the $\mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z}$-vector space $\overrightarrow \Pi_C$ generated by the bounded edges of $C$, and whose origin is the Harnack patchworking. The aim of this note is to provide an interpretation of affine subspaces of $\overrightarrow \Pi_C $ parallel to $W_C$. To this purpose, we work in the setting of abstract graphs rather than plane tropical curves. We introduce a topological surface $S_\Gamma$ above a trivalent graph $\Gamma$, and consider a suitable affine space $\Pi_\Gamma$ of real structures on $S_\Gamma$ compatible with $\Gamma$. We characterise $W_\Gamma$ as the vector subspace of $\overrightarrow \Pi_\Gamma$ whose associated involutions induce the same action on $H_1(S_\Gamma,\mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z})$. We then deduce from this statement another proof of Haas' original result.


Abstract Recent technological innovations have had a large impact in the field of medicine, and it would be desirable, for example, in cardiology, neurology and orthopaedics, to simulate treatment using a numerical model personalized for the individual patient before proceeding to actual treatment. Moreover, as the choice of medical treatment often depends more on the rate of progression than on the severity of an anomaly at any particular instant, there is a need for simulation tools that permit observation of the evolution of morphological or functional anomalies. The purpose of the work described here is to study a simulation tool that would permit the clinician to document progression of skeletal deformation in adolescents afflicted with scoliosis, to choose the most appropriate treatment. More particularly, the objective is to provide the mathematical formulation of a model for the deformation of the collection of structures forming the human trunk, so that, as a first step, one could monitor the progression of the deformity while using fewer X-rays. The models are based on thin-plate splines, and have undergone preliminary evaluation using data for real scoliotic patients. The results obtained show that the proposed model should adequately approximate the progression of scoliotic deformities, given observations on the external trunk.


John Marshall remains one of the towering figures in the landscape of American law. From the Revolution to the age of Jackson, he played a critical role in defining the "province of the judiciary" and the constitutional limits of legislative action. In this masterly study, Charles Hobson clarifies the coherence and thrust of Marshall's jurisprudence while keeping in sight the man as well as the jurist. Hobson argues that contrary to his critics, Marshall was no ideologue intent upon appropriating the lawmaking powers of Congress. Rather, he was deeply committed to a principled jurisprudence that was based on a steadfast devotion to a "science of law" richly steeped in the common law tradition. As Hobson shows, such jurisprudence governed every aspect of Marshall's legal philosophy and court opinions, including his understanding of judicial review. The chief justice, Hobson contends, did not invent judicial review (as many have claimed) but consolidated its practice by adapting common law methods to the needs of a new nation. In practice, his use of judicial review was restrained, employed almost exclusively against acts of the state legislatures. Ultimately, he wielded judicial review to prevent the states from undermining the power of a national government still struggling to establish sovereignty at home and respect abroad. No chief justice and only one associate justice (William Douglas) served longer on the Supreme Court. But, as Hobson clearly shows, Marshall's deserved place in the pantheon of great American jurists rests far more upon principles than longevity. This book better than any other tells us why that's true and worthy of our attention.


Corrosion of copper pipes may release high amounts of copper into the water, exceeding the maximum concentration of copper for drinking water standards. Typically, the events with the highest release of copper into drinking water are related to the presence of biofilms. This article reviews this phenomenon, focusing on copper ingestion and its health impacts, the physicochemical mechanisms and the microbial involvement on copper release, the techniques used to describe and understand this phenomenon, and the hydrodynamic effects. A conceptual model is proposed and the mathematical models are reviewed.


Abstract Background Competency-based education and the validity and reliability of workplace-based assessment of postgraduate trainees have received increasing attention worldwide. Family medicine was recognised as a speciality in South Africa six years ago and a satisfactory portfolio of learning is a prerequisite to sit the national exit exam. A massive scaling up of the number of family physicians is needed in order to meet the health needs of the country. Aim The aim of this study was to develop a reliable, robust and feasible portfolio assessment tool (PAT) for South Africa. Methods Six raters each rated nine portfolios from the Stellenbosch University programme, using the PAT, to test for inter-rater reliability. This rating was repeated three months later to determine test–retest reliability. Following initial analysis and feedback the PAT was modified and the inter-rater reliability again assessed on nine new portfolios. An acceptable intra-class correlation was considered to be > 0.80. Results The total score was found to be reliable, with a coefficient of 0.92. For test–retest reliability, the difference in mean total score was 1.7%, which was not statistically significant. Amongst the subsections, only assessment of the educational meetings and the logbook showed reliability coefficients > 0.80. Conclusion This was the first attempt to develop a reliable, robust and feasible national portfolio assessment tool to assess postgraduate family medicine training in the South African context. The tool was reliable for the total score, but the low reliability of several sections in the PAT helped us to develop 12 recommendations regarding the use of the portfolio, the design of the PAT and the training of raters.


Bullet and cartridge case evidence may potentially link weapons and crimes through the comparison of toolmark patterns. This analysis relies on the clarity of the toolmarks and the ability of the examiner to identify patterns on the evidence. These patterns may be distorted by debris such as soil, blood, cyanoacrylate, and construction materials. Despite the potential importance of bullet and cartridge case evidence, few investigations of proper cleaning methods have been conducted. The present study was designed to examine the effects of various cleaning solutions and application methods on copper and brass bullets and cartridge cases. Additionally, this research investigated the efficacy of these cleaning protocols on the common evidence contaminants blood and cyanoacrylate. No cleaning method was found to be universally effective on both contaminant types and nondestructive to the metal surface. Ultrasonication was the most efficient application method employed when used in conjunction with an appropriate cleaning solution. Acetone proved to be safe and successful at removing heavy cyanoacrylate deposits from brass cartridge cases without damaging the metal. Although sulfuric acid removed most of the cyanoacrylate from the brass cartridge case, ultrasonication of the fumed cartridge cases in sulfuric acid caused the nickel-plated primer caps to turn black. Additionally, etching occurred when sulfuric acid was allowed to dry on the cartridge vi case surface. Citric acid, salt-flour-vinegar paste, Tergazyme®, and water did not effectively remove the cyanoacrylate from the cartridge cases, but the solutions were safe to use on the brass and sometimes resulted in a shinier surface. Regardless of the cleaning method employed, the bloodstained bullets retained most or all of the underlying brown tarnish. Ultrasonication with sulfuric acid was successful at removing some blood-initiated tarnishing; however, the removal of residues was not complete, making it difficult to visualize the full striation pattern. Citric Acid, Tergazyme®, and water proved to be safe to use on the copper bullets and capable of removing loose debris, but the cleaning solutions did not effectively remove the brown tarnish. Flitz® Instant Brass and Copper Tarnish Remover caused damage to both sample types by causing etching to occur on the metal surface. Additionally, the Flitz® tarnish remover caused the brass cartridge cases to turn black over time. The use of the Sunshine Polishing Cloths left light scratches on the surface of the samples, demonstrating they are not suitable for cleaning toolmark evidence.