The changing ethnic make-up of Irish society has impacted upon schools. Existing, largely qualitative studies have highlighted mixed attitudes towards ethnic minorities. Literature has also focused on the role of the state in articulating a discourse that shapes school-level responses to minorities. This paper critiques the idea of a unitary state discourse and the role of other educational bodies, such as schools, in drawing upon a range of alternate public discourses to shape how they act, is identified. Drawing upon a large quantitative study involving 4970 post-primary pupil respondents, this paper finds that many Irish post-primary students report low levels of social distance from Black African Immigrants, Muslims and Eastern Europeans. Negative attitudes are most prevalent with respect to members of the Travelling community. The potential positive impact of school-level programmes – such as those related to global justice and inequalities – is identified through the lower levels of negative attitudes towards ethnic minorities reported by Transition Year students who have experienced such programmes.


Production landscapes, where activities such as timber harvesting, grazing, and resource extraction take place, have considerably reduced the extent of natural habitats. The ecological restoration of these landscapes is, in many cases, the best remaining option to protect biodiversity. However, it is unclear whether restoration designed to avert biodiversity loss in restored landscapes can also maintain genetic diversity in recolonizing faunal populations. We employed core concepts in the field of population genetics to address questions of genetic diversity and gene flow in recolonizing faunal populations, using a small and vagile marsupial (Antechinus flavipes) inhabiting a mined landscape under restoration. We did not detect a disruption of gene flow that led to genetic substructuring, suggesting adequate levels of gene flow across the landscape. Parameters of neutral genetic diversity were high in groups of individuals sampled in both restored and unmined sites. Our results are encouraging as they indicate that ecological restoration has the potential to not just increase available habitat, but also to maintain genetic diversity. However, there is evidence that past anthropogenic disturbances affected the genetics of the population at the regional level. Although restoration at the local level may seem to be successful, it is necessary to manage populations at larger spatial scales than where restoration is conducted, and over long temporal scales, if genetic diversity is to be maintained in restored landscapes. The field of population genetics is an underused tool in ecological restoration yet can provide important insights into how well restoration achieves its goals.


Middletown is strategically located on the banks of the Connecticut River in the central part of Connecticut. Middletown has a tradition as a maritime center. During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the banks of the Connecticut River in Middletown were lined with working docks and cargo storage warehouses. As commerce and transportation changed, Middletown, not unlike numerous waterfront communities, turned its back on the River. Subsequent development, particularly an adjacent state highway, created barriers to riverfront access and water dependent land uses. Riverfront revitalization began in Middletown during the 1970's. Construction of 1500 feet of new bulkheading and riverfront boardwalks highlight 'Harborpark' which also includes a popular restaurant, waterfront park, and berthing facilities for excursion vessels and rowing crews. The subject of this paper is the conceptual plan which seeks to continue the process of riverfront revitalization in Middletown.


Bali cattle still represents 27% of the total cattle population in Indonesia, and it is considered the pillar breed for small farmers. Moreover, it is a breed of evolutionary importance regarding its direct ancestry from Banteng. However, there is a need for the establishment of a rational system for the evaluation of breeding soundness for indigenous Bali bulls to be used as sires for artificial insemination breeding programmes. Moreover, there is a need for cryobanking of well-identified genetic resources pertaining their use in evolutionary research and application as essential germplasm in breeding programmes.


Objectives: We developed a patient centred approach to chronic disease self management by providing information designed to promote patient choice. We then conducted a randomised controlled trial of the approach in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to assess whether it could alter clinical outcome and affect health service use. Design: A multicentre cluster randomised controlled trial. Setting: The trial was conducted in the outpatient departments of 19 hospitals with randomisation by treatment centre, 10 control sites, and nine intervention sites. For patients at intervention sites, an individual self management plan was negotiated and written information provided. Participants: A total of 700 patients with established inflammatory bowel disease were recruited. Main outcome measures: Main outcome measures recorded at one year were: quality of life, health service resource use, and patient satisfaction. Secondary outcomes included measures of enablement—confidence to cope with the condition. Results: One year following the intervention, self managing patients had made fewer hospital visits (difference −1.04 (95% confidence interval (CI) −1.43 to −0.65); p<0.001) without increase in the number of primary care visits, and quality of life was maintained without evidence of anxiety about the programme. The two groups were similar with respect to satisfaction with consultations. Immediately after the initial consultation, those who had undergone self management training reported greater confidence in being able to cope with their condition (difference 0.90 (95% CI 0.12–1.68); p<0.03). Conclusions: Adoption of this approach for the management of chronic disease such as IBD in the NHS and other managed health care organisations would considerably reduce health provision costs and benefit disease control.


We present a determination of the magnitude of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix element vertical bar V-cb vertical bar using the decay B -> Dl nu(l) (l = e,mu) based on 711 fb(-1) of e(+)e(-) -> Upsilon(4S) data recorded by the Belle detector and containing 772 x 10(6) B (B) over bar pairs. One B meson in the event is fully reconstructed in a hadronic decay mode, while the other, on the signal side, is partially reconstructed from a charged lepton and either a D+ or D-0 meson in a total of 23 hadronic decay modes. The isospin-averaged branching fraction of the decay B -> Dl nu(l) is found to be B(B-0 -> D(-)l(vertical bar)nu(l)) = (2.31 +/- 0.03(stat) +/- 0.11(syst))%. Analyzing the differential decay rate as a function of the hadronic recoil with the parametrization of Caprini, Lellouch, and Neubert and using the form-factor prediction G(1) = 1.0541 +/- 0.0083 calculated by FNAL/MILC, we obtain eta(EW)vertical bar V-cb vertical bar = (40.12 +/- 1.34) x 10(-3), where eta(EW) is the electroweak correction factor. Alternatively, assuming the model-independent form-factor parametrization of Boyd, Grinstein, and Lebed and using lattice QCD data from the FNAL/MILC and HPQCD collaborations, we find eta(EW)vertical bar V-cb vertical bar = (41.10 +/- 1.14) x 10(-3).


The first part of this thesis is dedicated to the development of a new calibration procedure that allows full Stokes measurements with the Effelsberg antenna. After introducing some basic concepts and definitions of polarimetry (Ch. 2), we have studied in detail the instrumental noise that a single-dish radio telescope adds to the polarimetric signal once this has been received (Ch. 3), analysing each part of the receiving chain. Focusing on the aberration introduced by the most common radioastronomical receiver, we have derived the degradation in its mathematical formalism, computing the instrumental Muller matrix of the telescope, in order to derive the corrections to be applied to recover the original information carried out by the signal, along with the treatment of the errors during the process (Ch. 4). The theoretical study of the full Stokes calibration has been followed by a 1-year test phase, carried out with the 5 GHz receiver (one of the most accurate available at Effelsberg). The results of the test phase, along with the comparison of our results with those obtained by the 26-m telescope of the University of Michigan (the only one single-dish telescope that carried out circular polarization measurements, before this PhD work) are presented in Ch. 5. The second part is dedicated to the full polarimetric survey carried out by the Effelsberg and Westerbork telescopes on 257 sources from the 1-Jy catalogue at 5 GHz. The technical characteristics of the survey are presented in Ch. 6. Once we have completed the data calibration for all the measurements (the complete results are listed in Appendix A), we have carried out some statistical tests, aimed to describe the behaviour of circular polarization according to the main source properties (optical classification, redshift, linear polarization, two-point spectral index, see Ch. 7). Finally, we have extended the calibration procedure to more frequencies, acquiring, for the first time at Effelsberg, the full Stokes spectra of a sample of sources, that appeared circularly polarized from the 5 GHz survey. The spectra are included in Appendix B for future reference. Ch. 8 contains the first results obtained from the comparison of the observed spectra with the theoretical ones, giving an outlook of the possible scientific results achievable with this new technique.


We present neutral hydrogen (HI) observations of the Antlia Galaxy Cluster from the Karoo Array Telescope (KAT-7), a MeerKAT/SKA pathfinder array in South Africa, and describe some of the data reduction challenges overcome by the science commissioning team. Antlia is the third most nearby, massive galaxy cluster, yet it is poorly studied because it lies at low Galactic latitude (l=+19'○) in the Southern hemisphere. We combine the KAT-7 HI data with WISE infrared observations to study the gaseous and stellar components of the galaxy population of this dynamically young system. The velocity information from KAT-7 allows us to confirm gas rich cluster members that lack optical spectroscopic redshifts. Antlia is an ideal target for KAT-7 spectral line commissioning because the recessional velocity of cluster members is not confused with Galactic hydrogen, and the telescope resolution is such that we recover the full HI flux of galaxies, while not suffering from source confusion. The WISE observations cut through Galactic extinction to provide a more complete census of cluster member candidates. Blind HI observations have shown that the presence of gas rich objects around the dense environments of clusters and massive groups is an excellent tracer of substructure, highlighting filaments where galaxies are being accreted within the dark matter halo. With two distinct concentrations of galaxies centered on each of two large elliptical galaxies, the cluster is likely still in the process of merging, making it an interesting target for environmentally driven galaxy evolution studies.


Background: Why HIV-infected individuals have poor responses to standard dose and schedule hepatitis B virus immunization is not well understood. Methods: We compared the serologic and cellular immune profiles of treated HIV-infected individuals with similar durations of infection and preserved CD4 counts (> 350 cells/microliter) by hepatitis B vaccine (HBV) response before and after vaccination. Results: Similar levels of immune activation and plasma cytokine profile were found between non-responders and responders. The baseline plasma levels of CXCL-13, a surrogate of germinal center reactivity, were significantly lower in HBV responders compared to HBV non-responders and were a predictor of both vaccine response and titer. Furthermore, response to HBV vaccination was associated with a significantly higher frequency of circulating IgGhigh memory B cells post vaccination and preserved Th1 antigen-specific T-cell responses. Conclusions: Taken together, our data suggest that preserved Th1 responses are associated with hepatitis B vaccine response in treated HIV infection.


highlights the findings and application of Cochrane reviews and other evidence pertinent to the practice of physical therapy. The Cochrane library is a respected source of reliable evidence related to health care. Cochrane systematic reviews explore the evidence for and against the effectiveness and appropriateness of interventions-medications, surgery, education, nutrition, exercise-and the evidence for and against the use of diagnostic tests for specific conditions. Cochrane reviews are designed to facilitate the decisions of clinicians, patients, and others in health care by providing a careful review and interpretation of research studies published in the scientific literature. Each article in this PTJ series summarizes a Cochrane review or other scientific evidence on a single topic and presents clinical scenarios based on real patients or programs to illustrate how the results of the review can be used to directly inform clinical decisions. This article focuses on an older adult with severe knee joint pain. Can aquatic exercise help this patient with knee osteoarthritis?


The study analyzed variation among low income housing tax credit (LIHTC) allocation policies as outlined in state qualified action plans (QAP) and their impacts on the siting patterns of LIHTC properties in proximity to high performing schools. The study was performed nationwide across 37 states and controlled for factors relevant to the development location decision using census-based population characteristics and LIHTC property attributes. The purpose was to determine the effectiveness of LIHTC QAP allocation policies in motivating developers to site their developments near high-performing schools. QAPs typically use points when awarding tax credits competitively, and this study focused on points awarded for (1) access to high quality schools, (2) access to any schools, and (3) location in areas with attributes expected to correlate strongly with high quality schools. Multi-level linear modeling estimated that points for access to any schools had a significant and positive effect on location in a high performing school's catchment area, but other allocation policy variables had no significant effects. The findings inform readers about the ability of current allocation policy to influence developer actions, and discussion centers on policy recommendations and the need for further research.


Rural livelihoods in Ethiopia are vulnerable due to their reliance upon variable rainfall and the lack of access to irrigation. Irrigation coverage in the country is low, as the existing systems tend to cover state-run and commercial operations. There is significant potential for irrigation to play a transformative role in rural lives and livelihoods. Much of the evidence available in Ethiopia focuses upon technical studies of irrigation systems or impacts on households after gaining access to irrigation. This article highlights the causes and pathways of change. We focus on more financially-viable and environmentally-sound smalland medium-scale systems, versus the large-scale operations that have attracted much governmental attention. We draw on two case studies, located in different agro-ecological settings: a cereal-based farming system and a root cropbased farming system. We highlight unintended consequences, such as the spread of malaria and shift away from food crops, creating marketbased vulnerabilities for farmers.


This paper deals with the estimation of linear dynamic models of the ARMA type for the conditional mean for time series with conditionally heteroskedastic innovation process widely used in modelling financial time series. Estimation is performed using subspace methods which are known to have computational advantages as compared to prediction error methods based on criterion minimization. These advantages are especially strong for high dimensional time series. The subspace methods are shown to provide consistent estimators. Moreover asymptotic equivalence to prediction error estimators in terms of the asymptotic variance is proved. Also order estimation techniques are proposed and analyzed. The estimators are not efficient as they do not model the conditional variance. Nevertheless, they can be used to obtain consistent estimators of the innovations. In a second step these estimated residuals can be used in order to levitate the problem of specifying the variance model in particular in the multi-output case. This is demonstrated in an ARCH setting, where it is proved that the estimated innovations can be used in place of the true innovations for testing in a linear least squares context in order to specify the structure of the ARCH model without changing the asymptotic distribution.


The financial labor supply accelerator links hours worked to minimum down payments for durable good purchases. When these constrain a household's debt, a persistent wage increase generates a liquidity shortage. This limits the income effect, so hours worked grow. The mechanism generates a positive comovement of labor supply and household debt, the strength of which depends positively on the minimum down-payment rate. Its potential macroeconomic importance comes from these labor supply fluctuations' procyclicality. This paper examines the comovement of hours worked and debt at the household level with PSID data before and after the financial deregulation of the early 1980s which reduced effective down payments and compares the evidence with results from model-generated data. The household-level data displays positive co-movement between hours worked and debt, which weakens after the financial reforms. An empirically realistic reduction of the model's required down payments generates a quantitatively similar weakening.


We study the relaxations, surface energies, and work functions of low-index metallic surfaces using pseudopotential plane-wave density-functional calculations within the generalized gradient approximation. We study here the (100), (110), and (111) surfaces of Al, Pd, Pt, and Au and the (0001) surface of Ti, chosen for their use as contact or lead materials in nanoscale devices. We consider clean, mostly nonreconstructed surfaces in the slab-supercell approximation. Particular attention is paid to the convergence of these quantities with respect to slab thickness; furthermore, different methodologies for the calculation of work functions and surfaces energies are compared. We find that the use of bulk references for calculations of surface energies and work functions can be detrimental to convergence unless numerical grids are closely matched, especially when surface relaxations are being considered. Our results and comparison show that calculated values often do not quantitatively match experimental values. This may be understandable for the surface relaxations and surface energies, where experimental values can have large error but even for the work functions, neither local nor semilocal functionals emerge as an accurate choice for every case.


Purpose: This paper investigates the selection, design and implementation of a Drum-Buffer-Rope (DBR) type of production pull-system in a panel fabrication plant characterised by extensive shared, batch resource resources within a low volume UK manufacturer of large vehicles. This was the second of a series of two related research projects conducted under the aegis of a Lean initiative at this case firm. Design/methodology/approach: A purposively selected longitudinal case study conducted over 24 months and organised around a two phase research design. The initial body of evidence included a detailed map constructed by a project team of eight managers and accountants during a two day structured workshop; numerous unstructured interviews and observation of shop floor practices; document and archival analysis, and 140 photographs of the focal operation. Supplemented by extensive financial and operational data extracted from the firm's accounting and MRP systems, including all data necessary to construct and implement bespoke capacity planning, work in progress (WIP) monitoring and simulation modelling tools. The case firm is anonymised. Findings: The Lean manufacturing literature ignores the real-world issue of shared resources, and this gap is attributable to the concept of 'rightsizing' tools and equipment that is widely promoted within the Lean community. The case panel plant is characterised by extensive shared resources; many of which are also batch processes. The most appropriate pull-system method for this production environment is DBR. The detailed design of the DBR mechanism required a controlled transfer buffer of overhead conveyance capacity after the Drum because the extent of downstream process variability risked it being unable to offload panels, hence compromising throughput. Research limitations/implications: The study is based upon a single case. This consequently has implications for the ability to generalise from the results. Practical Implications: When the DBR pull-system design was implemented it reduced the number of panels in WIP by 60%. This equated to a 56% (18 days worth) reduction of manufacturing lead time and more than doubled the plant's inventory turns (from 9.1 to 21.2). It also significantly improved delivery schedule adherence, with downstream jig stoppages in the Final Assembly falling from an average of six to less than one per week. The financial benefit was independently audited to equate to an annualised value of $850 K. Consequently, this project was awarded the first prize at its parent enterprise's annual worldwide process improvement competition. Originality/value: This paper details a novel technique that permits the routings of multiple value streams to be mapped and is useful for highlighting the identity and location of shared resources. It also contributes significantly to the literature that is available on the relationship between the Lean paradigm and the management of shared production resources, and adds to the literature on the detailed design and implementation of a DBR pull-system in a jobbing-type of environment.


Device physics and material science meet at the atomic scale of novel nanostructured semiconductors, and the distinction between new device or new material is blurred. Not only the quantum-mechanical effects in the electronic states of the device but also the granular atomistic representation of the underlying material are important. Approaches based on a continuum representation of the underlying material typically used by device engineers and physicists become invalid. Ab initio methods used by material scientists typically do not represent the band gaps and masses precisely enough for device design, or they do not scale to realistically large device sizes. The plethora of geometry, material, and doping configurations in semiconductor devices at the nanoscale suggests that a general nanoelectronic modeling tool is needed. The 3-D NanoElectronic MOdeling (NEMO 3-D) tool has been developed to address these needs. Based on the atomistic valence force field and a variety of nearest neighbor tight-binding models (e.g., s, sp3s*, and sp3d5s*), NEMO 3-D enables the computation of strain and electronic structure for more than 64 and 52 million atoms, corresponding to volumes of (110 nm)3 and (101 nm)3, respectively. The physical problem may involve very large scale computations, and NEMO 3-D has been designed and optimized to be scalable from single central processing units to large numbers of processors on commodity clusters and supercomputers. NEMO 3-D has been released with an open-source license in 2003 and is continually developed by the Network for Computational Nanotechnology (NCN). A web-based online interactive version for educational purposes is freely available on the NCN portal ( http://www.nanoHUB.org). In this paper, theoretical models and essential algorithmic and computational components that have been used in the development and successful deployment of NEMO 3-D are discussed.


This article examines the cultural politics and labor of the 818 Session, a krump and street dancing collective that appropriates and repurposes a North Hollywood parking lot for dance sessions on Wednesday nights. In the face of the general culture of spatial domination and regulation in Los Angeles, most especially regarding the experiences of youth of color, the 818 Session promotes a culture of dance and play that collectively reshapes their environment and challenges much of what constitutes public space in Los Angeles. Here, in an empty Ralphs grocery store parking lot late-at-night, krump dancers interact with space, identifying interstices to produce racial and spatial formations anew.


Do modes of management depend on company ownership? Does macroeconomic performance rely on shareholder value? The contributions collected in this book explore these questions from economic, historical and legal perspectives. They examine company ownership through the study of national institutions, with particular focus on North America and Europe. The twelve economic and legal specialists of this volume seek to explain why firms organized along the shareholder model have not outperformed other forms of ownership. Answers lie in the historical and institutional background of each country.


Mapping cropland areas is of great interest in diverse fields, from crop monitoring to climate change and food security. Recognizing the value of a reliable and harmonized crop mask that entirely covers the African continent, the objectives of this study were to (i) consolidate the best existing land cover/land use datasets, (ii) adapt the Land Cover Classification System (LCCS) for harmonization, (iii) assess the final product, and (iv) compare the final product with two existing datasets. Ten datasets were compared and combined through an expert-based approach in order to create the derived map of cropland areas at 250 m covering the whole of Africa. The resulting cropland mask was compared with two recent cropland extent maps at 1 km: one derived from MODIS and one derived from five existing products. The accuracy of the three products was assessed against a validation sample of 3,591 pixels of 1km regularly distributed over Africa and interpreted using high resolution images, which were collected using the Geo-Wiki tool. The comparison of the resulting crop mask with existing products shows that it has a greater agreement with the expert validation dataset, in particular for places where the cropland represents more than 30% of the area of the validation pixel.


Background: Previous work has demonstrated treatment (tx) heterogeneity in the care of patients with aGC/GEJ. This study was designed to examine heterogeneity temporal trends and OS in patients with aGC/aGEJ in the United States from 2011 to 2018. Methods: The Flatiron Advanced/metastatic gastric/esophageal cohort electronic medical records (EMR) data were used for this study. Eligible patients were adults receiving anticancer therapy for aGC/GEJ during the study period. Tx patterns were summarized by line of therapy. Drugs were grouped by class. Heterogeneity was measured using the Herfindahl-Hirschman index (HHI); HHI scores range from 0.0000 (complete heterogeneity) to 1.0000 (complete homogeneity). A difference of 0.1000 in HHI scores is considered to be practically meaningful. HHI scores were calculated for each clinic with ≥10 patients. OS was estimated using Kaplan-Meier method. Trend analyses were conducted for HHI scores over time using a linear regression model. Results: There were 2,912 patients who met eligibility criteria. The median age of the study cohort was 67 years; majority were male (70.9%) and white (61.1%). aGC patients comprised the majority (n=1,630, 55.9%). Median OS from the start of first-line (1L) therapy was 12.7 months (95% CI: 12.07, 13.6). The most common 1L regimens were fluoropyrimidine + oxaliplatin (n=651, 22.4%), platinum (ie, cisplatin or carboplatin) + taxane (n=511, 17.5%), and single-agent fluoropyrimidine (n=280, 9.6%). 1,230 patients received second line (2L) and the most common regimens were ramucirumab + taxane (n=203, 16.5%), fluoropyrimidine + oxaliplatin (n=155, 12.6%), and platinum + taxane (n=101, 8.2%). Overall median HHI for 1L was 0.1728 (min/max: 0.0926–0.4380). Median 1L HHI for 2011–2012 was 0.21665 (min/max: 0.1626–0.3156) and was 0.2419 (min/max 0.1716–0.4583) for 2017–2018. There were no significant differences in HHI score over time (P=.078). Overall median HHI for 2L was 0.1309 (min/max: 0.0694–0.2400). Due to small number of sites with ≥10 patients, data in 2L were too limited to conduct time trend analyses. Conclusions: Heterogeneity in 1L treatment of gastric/GEJ cancer persists, despite the continued refinement of guidelines and approval of new drugs in subsequent lines of therapy. Further analyses are needed to examine the relationship between heterogeneity, guideline adherence, and patient outcomes. These future data will shed light on the persistence of heterogeneous treatment patterns observed in the United States.


An increasing number of vehicles provide feedback on eco-driving; information whose purpose it is to increase fuel efficiency in driving. The development of this feedback is relatively novel and there are currently no standards or long-term insights into best design strategies (e.g. leading to a permanent improvement in driving style). In this paper, we discuss the unexplored relevance of situation awareness (SA) research for eco-driving feedback, highlighting in particular that eco-driving feedback has to be understood as intricately tied into SA. Specifically, we argue that, for the purpose of promoting eco-friendly driving behaviour, the relevant information needs to be part of a driver SA without interfering with safety-critical aspects. We show that this requires ecofeedback systems to possess, themselves, a SA of the traffic situation. This lends support to arguments that SA in a road traffic context is different from SA in the military or aviation domain and takes on a more distributed nature. We conclude by suggesting that head-up displays are a particularly promising interface technology with which to implement the suggestions provided here.


The Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) accessory protein Nef interacts with a multitude of cellular proteins, manipulating the host membrane trafficking machinery to evade immune surveillance. Nef interactions have been analyzed using various in vitro assays, co-immunoprecipitation studies, and more recently mass spectrometry. However, these methods do not evaluate Nef interactions in the context of viral infection nor do they define the sub-cellular location of these interactions. In this report, we describe a novel bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) lentiviral expression tool, termed viral BiFC, to study Nef interactions with host cellular proteins in the context of viral infection. Using the F2A cleavage site from the foot and mouth disease virus we generated a viral BiFC expression vector capable of concurrent expression of Nef and host cellular proteins; PACS-1, MHC-I and SNX18. Our studies confirmed the interaction between Nef and PACS-1, a host membrane trafficking protein involved in Nef-mediated immune evasion, and demonstrated co-localization of this complex with LAMP-1 positive endolysosomal vesicles. Furthermore, we utilized viral BiFC to localize the Nef/MHC-I interaction to an AP-1 positive endosomal compartment. Finally, viral BiFC was observed between Nef and the membrane trafficking regulator SNX18. This novel demonstration of an association between Nef and SNX18 was localized to AP-1 positive vesicles. In summary, viral BiFC is a unique tool designed to analyze the interaction between Nef and host cellular proteins by mapping the sub-cellular locations of their interactions during viral infection.


The ability to physically interconnect many distributed, autonomous and heterogeneous software systems on a large scale presents new opportunities for sharing and reuse of existing, and for the creataion of new information and new computational services. However, finding and combining information in many such systems is a challenge even for the most advanced computer users. To address this challenge, mediator systems logically integrate many sources to hide their heterogeneity and distribution and give the users the illusion of a single coherent system. Many new areas, such as scientific collaboration, require cooperation between many autonomous groups willing to share their knowledge. These areas require that the data integration process can be distributed among many autonomous parties, so that large integration solutions can be constructed from smaller ones. For this we propose a decentralized mediation architecture, peer mediator systems (PMS), based on the peer-to-peer (P2P) paradigm. In a PMS, reuse of human effort is achieved through logical composability of the mediators in terms of other mediators and sources by defining mediator views in terms of views in other mediators and sources. Our thesis is that logical composability in a P2P mediation architecture is an important requirement and that composable mediators can be implemented efficiently through query processing techniques. In order to compute answers of queries in a PMS, logical mediator compositions must be translated to query execution plans, where mediators and sources cooperate to compute query answers. The focus of this dissertation is on query processing methods to realize composability in a PMS architecture in an efficient way that scales over the number of mediators. Our contributions consist of an investigation of the interfaces and capabilities for peer mediators, and the design, implementation and experimental study of several query processing techniques that realize composability in an efficient and scalable way.


A wide range of Arthurian material is discussed here, reflecting its diversity, and enduring vitality. Geoffrey of Monmouth's best-selling Historia regum Britannie is discussed in the context of Geoffrey's reception in Wales and the relationship between Latin and Welsh literary culture. Two essays deal with the Middle English Ywain and Gawain: the first offers a comparative study of the Middle English poem alongside Chretien's Yvain and the Welsh Owein, while the second considers Ywain and Gawain with the Alliterative Morte Arthure in their northern English cultural and political context, the world of the Percys and the Nevilles. It is followed by a discussion of Edward III's recuperation of his abandoned Order of the Round Table, which offers an intriguing explanation for this reversal in the context of Edward's victory over the French at Poitiers. The final essay is a comparison of fifteenth- and twentieth-century portrayals of Camelot in Malory and T.H. White, as both idea and locale, and a centre of hearsay and gossip. The volume is completed with a unique and little-known medieval Greek Arthurian poem, presented in facing-page edition and modern English translation. Elizabeth Archibald is Professor of English Studies at Durham University, and Principal of St Cuthbert's Society; David F. Johnson is Professor of English at Florida State University, Tallahassee. Contributors: Christopher Berard, Louis J. Boyle, Thomas H. Crofts, Ralph Hanna, Georgia Lynn Henley, Erich Poppe


Post partum anemia needs a major concern not only to ensure healthy puerperum, better mother baby bonding, build up iron reserves in the puerpurae to have a better quality of life but also to ensure minimised incidence of anemia in next pregnancy. The current treatment for postpartum anemia is oral iron supplementation but this has been associated with several gastrointestinal side effects, So Intravenous iron treatments have become more popular. To evaluate the efficacy of oral iron, intravenous Iron sucrose and ferric carboxymaltose for treatment of postpartum anemia. Prospective study conducted at MLN Medical College from 2014 to 2015 in 350 postpartum anemic women given different iron preparation and changes in various haematological parameters compared. Although both forms of iron achieved almost similar increase in Hb level, parenteral Iron preparations had a quicker response with better restoration of iron stores. The rise in all the red cell indices were significantly more in the intravenous group then in oral iron group with no difference between ISR&FCM. The restoration of iron stores were maximum in FCM group. Parenteral iron therapy replenishes iron stores more rapidly and ensures iron therapy in population with poor compliance. Compared to ISR, FCM had advantage of lesser dose requirement and lesser side effects.


This article will address the agency of prototypes as landscape design interventions that trigger other processes and events, through a planning and design methodology developed by Chora. Given that the network city challenges the case for a determinate master planning in favour of an indeterminate approach, I ask why do some projects trigger further reactions and others do not? The answer is in the level of contextual networking in a project. The Chora method describes a way of tapping into the rhizomatic and networked landscape and designing with it. The article describes a test of the Chora methodology, called the 'Urban Gallery' through a graduate level design studio project at Queensland University of Technology, Australia. The case site is the Brisbane suburb of Pinkenba. Prototyping offers an alternative strategy to master planning, but is likely to be more successful when used as a complementary approach.


Background: The purpose of this study was to analyze sphenoid sinus lateral pneumatization (SSLP), especially in Asian populations, and to identify cautionary items when using the endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) for parasellar/lateral lesions. Methods: We analyzed SSLP and the width of SS (SSW) in 121 patients who had undergone EEA from 2008 to 2013 at the Division of Neurosurgery, Keio University Hospital. SSLP was defined as the distance between the SS lateral edge and the medial aspect of the pterygoid process on coronal reconstruction computed tomography. SSW was defined as the distance between the midline and lateral wall. We recorded SSLP and SSW for 242 sides. Further, we present two characteristic cases. Results: The average SSLP and SSW were 7.0 mm (−10.0–25.8 mm) and 21.8 mm (6.0–40.2 mm), respectively. No correlation between pneumatization and age was observed at age 15 or more. Sphenoid pneumatization was significantly wider in male than in female patients. There was no relationship between lateral and sagittal plane pneumatization. In a patient with recurrent chordoma who had an undeveloped SSLP, the tumor was removed via the medial space in the internal carotid artery. In another patient who had a giant pituitary adenoma and average SSLP, the tumor was located in the middle cranial fossa and was removed via the lateral internal carotid space through the left SSLP. Conclusions: Wide variations were observed in SSLP and SSW. For EEA, pneumatization is an instrument corridor. Preoperative assessment of SSLP is important, especially for parasellar lesions.


Objectives Social participation is an important aspect of health in ageing. It is also a part of life and a key element in function that improves physical and psychological health in the elderly. Using assistive mobility devices may influence social participation in this population. Current study aimed to compare social participation in older adults who use assistive mobility devices with those who do not use assistive devices in Tehran. Methods & Materials In this cross-sectional study, older adults with and without assistive mobility de vices were comprised in their social participation. Seventy-nine old age adults (39 women and 40 men) who were 60 years or older were recruited using convenience sampling method. They completed life habit, mini mental state and demographic questionnaires. For analyzing continuous data with normal distribution, t test and ANOVA were used, while Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used for categorical variables or those with non-normal distribution. Results The finding indicates that older adults with assistive mobility devices engage less in social par ticipation than those who do not use these devices (P<0.05). Older adults in age group of 60-74 years had higher social participation in comparison with those in 75-89 age group (P<0.05). There was no significant differences between male and females, and single older adults and married ones in their social participation. Conclusion Type of assistive device affects social participation in older adults. The results suggest that older adults with higher physical ability have higher social participation. Older adults who use assistive devices face with more limitations to participate socially in their community. It is necessary for rehabilitation team to pay attention in improving social participation of older adults. A B S T R A C T


The provision of mental health services for Deaf people in the United Kingdom is mostly from secondary and tertiary health care that caters for the moderate to severe spectrum of mental health issues with little provision from primary care such as psychological therapies. Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) was launched in 2008 and found not to be accessible for Deaf people; this resulted in a new BSL IAPT service being set up in 2011. Deaf people were not able to access the BSL IAPT service because of how each Clinical Commissioning Group (CCG) commission services for their local population. Commissioners do not have evidence to show the impact on Deaf people who access therapy with an interpreter versus with a Deaf therapist, and the literature on Deaf people's experiences in psychological therapies is very limited.

The aim of this study was to investigate the BSL users' relationships with their therapists by exploring their experiences of therapy alliance in Deaf/Deaf therapy and Hearing/Deaf/Interpreter therapy and to identify best practice for BSL users' who require psychological therapy.

This qualitative study uses Smith, Flowers and Larkin's Interpretative Phenomenology Analysis (IPA) approach. Data were collected from 8 participants (7 females and 1 male), who formed two groups: Group 1 had experienced therapy with a Deaf therapist and Group 2 had experienced therapy with a hearing therapist via an interpreter. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with all participants to explore their experiences of psychological therapies. Data were analysed from transcripts and these were coded using NVIVO where themes emerged.

The findings identified 6 broad themes along with 12 overarching sub-themes such as translation problems, the lack of cultural competency, holding back information, issues with there being three people in the room, and feeling safe/unsafe in therapy situations. Some participants reported they use SSE instead of BSL due to the interpreter not capturing the essence of their disclosure. It seems that the client-interpreter-therapist triad and the therapist's lack of cultural competency causes complications such as therapeutic rupture and making clients feel insecure, frustrated and vulnerable. The benefits of having a Deaf therapist were also apparent, their ability to share their similar experiences, making clients feel validated and less isolated. Combining cultural competency with the sharing of experiences appears to promote a strong therapeutic alliance.
Some of the findings suggest that Deaf people receiving therapy from a hearing therapist via an interpreter encounter negative experiences that are minimised or eliminated in the context of receiving therapy directly from a Deaf therapist. These findings are of importance as they contribute to the evidence around issues that can arise from the triad and the benefits of direct therapy for Deaf people.
The study identified four recommendations for further research. (1) perspectives of Deaf people regarding Deaf therapists, (2) to investigate if the interpreters process of strategic omission removes the essence of the Deaf client, (3) look at the cause and effect on having a third person in the room and (4) explore the views of Deaf people who have experienced both hearing and Deaf therapists using the same approach as this study.


For many people attracted to Eastern religions (particularly Zen Buddhism), Asia seems the source of all wisdom. As Bernard Faure examines the study of Chan/Zen from the standpoint of postmodern human sciences and literary criticism, he challenges this inversion of traditional "Orientalist" discourse: whether the Other is caricatured or idealized, ethnocentric premises marginalize important parts of Chan thought. Questioning the assumptions of "Easterners" as well, including those of the charismatic D. T. Suzuki, Faure demonstrates how both West and East have come to overlook significant components of a complex and elusive tradition. Throughout the book Faure reveals surprising hidden agendas in the modern enterprise of Chan studies and in Chan itself. After describing how Jesuit missionaries brought Chan to the West, he shows how the prejudices they engendered were influenced by the sectarian constraints of Sino-Japanese discourse. He then assesses structural, hermeneutical, and performative ways of looking at Chan, analyzes the relationship of Chan and local religion, and discusses Chan concepts of temporality, language, writing, and the self. Read alone or with its companion volume, "The Rhetoric of Immediacy," this work offers a critical introduction not only to Chinese and Japanese Buddhism but also to "theory" in the human sciences.


The chemistry, material processing and fundamental understanding of colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals (quantum dots) are advancing at an astounding rate, bringing the prospects of widespread commercialization of these novel and exciting materials ever closer. Interest in narrow bandgap nanocrystals in particular has intensified in recent years, and the results of research worldwide point to the realistic prospects of applications for these materials in solar cells, infrared optoelectronics (e.g. lasers, optical modulators, photodetectors and photoimaging devices), low cost/large format microelectronics, and in biological imaging and biosensor systems to name only some technologies. Improvements in fundamental understanding and material quality are built on a vast body of experience spread over many different methods of colloidal synthetic growth, each with their own strengths and weaknesses for different materials and sometimes with regard to particular applications. The nanocrystal growth expertise is matched by a rapidly expanding, and highly interdisciplinary, understanding of how best to assemble these materials into films or hybrid composites and thereby into useful devices, and again there are many different strategies that can be adopted. In this review we have attempted to survey and compare the recent work on colloidal synthesis, film and nanocrystal composite material fabrication, concentrating on narrow bandgap chalcogenide materials and some of their topical applications in the solar energy and biological fields. Since these applications are attracting rising interest across a wide range of disciplines, from the biological sciences, device engineering, and materials processing fields as well as the physics and synthetic chemistry communities, we have endeavoured to make the review of these narrow bandgap nanomaterials both comprehensive and accessible to newcomers to the area.


Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) technology is gaining more and more acceptance in world-wide industries as a new innovative approach for providing information regarding the state of health of structural platforms in real-time or ondemand through distributed sensor networks built onto the structures. The main challenge, however, associated with SHM is that sensors used in the process are permanently mounted on the structure; therefore, it is desirable to have the optimal sensor location to provide the highest SHM performance before deploying the SHM system for real time monitoring of the structures. Digital Structural health monitoring (DGSHM) is a new concept which utilizes simulations instead of experimentation to characterize the performance of SHM systems with respect to various parameters that may affect the results of the SHM predictions. Therefore, the implementation of the concept requires the involvement of three components: 1) A physical model that can produce sensor signals from simulating structural responses, 2) An SHM diagnostic system that can take simulated data and predict the performance of the SHM system, and 3) A sensitivity analysis that would optimize the performance of the proposed SHM system. In this study, an acousto-ultrasound based SHM system is considered. The effectiveness of the proposed framework is experimentally assessed via its application to an aluminum coupon, with three distinct sensor network configurations. The diagnostics results for all three cases are extracted and are used to quantify the sensitivity of the sensor network in terms of prediction error.


This report compares the ownership and rental costs in 100 major U.S. metropolitan areas. Extending the work from a previous CEPR/NLIHC paper, "The Cost of Maintaining Ownership in the Current Crisis: Comparisons in 20 Cities," this study, while demonstrating the wide diversity in housing markets across the nation, finds that in many areas, homeownership costs are in line with rental costs. In these areas, it is practical and desirable to focus on policies that keep homeowners in their homes. The report goes on to show that in bubble-inflated markets, however, homeownership is not only a costly and risky proposition, but continuing price declines mean that homeowners will not accrue any equity. The authors suggest that policy makers should be sure to consider affordable rental options as part of the solution when drafting proposals to help households in these markets.


ABSTRACT Accurate estimation of fault slip rate is fundamental to seismic hazard assessment. Previous work suggested a discrepancy between short-term geodetic and long-term geologic slip rates in the Mojave Desert section of the Eastern California Shear Zone (ECSZ). Understanding the origin of this discrepancy can improve understanding of earthquake hazard and fault evolution. We measured offsets in alluvial fans along the Calico Fault near Newberry Springs, California, and used several techniques to date the offset landforms and determine a slip rate. Our preferred slip rate estimate is 3.2 ± 0.4 mm/yr, representing an average over the last few hundred thousand years, faster than previous estimates. Seismic hazard associated with this fault may therefore be higher than previously assumed. We discuss possible biases in the various slip rate estimates and discuss possible reasons for the rate discrepancy. We suggest that the ECSZ discrepancy is an artefact of limited data, and represents a combination of faster slip on the Calico Fault, off-fault deformation, unmapped fault strands, and uncertainties in the geologic rates that have been underestimated. Assuming our new rate estimate is correct and a fair amount (40%) of off-fault deformation occurs on major ECSZ faults, the summed geologic rate estimate across the Mojave section of the ECSZ is 10.5 ± 3.1 mm/yr, which is equivalent within uncertainties to the geodetic rate estimate.


This work comprises several projects that involve optimization of physical systems. By a physical system we understand an object or a process that is governed by physical, mechanical, chemical, biological, etc., laws. Such objects and the related optimization problems are relatively rarely considered in operations research literature, where the traditional subjects of optimization methods are represented by schedules, assignments and allocations, sequences, and queues. The corresponding operations research and management sciences models result in optimization problems of relatively simple structure (for example, linear or quadratic optimization models), but whose difficulty comes from very large number (from hundreds to millions) of optimization variables and constraints. In contrast, in many optimization problems that arise in mechanical engineering, chemical engineering, biomedical engineering, the number of variables or constraints in relatively small (typically, in the range of dozens), but the objective function and constraints have very complex, nonlinear and nonconvex analytical form. In many problems, the analytical expressions for objective function and constraints may not be available, or are obtained as solutions of governing equations (e.g., PDE-onstrained optimization problems), or as results of external simulation runs (black-box optimization). In this dissertation we consider problems of classification of biomedical data, construction of optimal bounds on elastic tensor of composite materials, multiobjective (multi-property) optimization via connection to stochastic orderings, and black-box combinatorial optimization of crystal structures of organic molecules. iii PUBLIC ABSTRACT This work comprises four projects that involve optimization of physical systems, which are governed by physical, mechanical, chemical, biological, etc., laws. The first project is focused on efficient solving of special data classification problems, and the developed methodology was applied to several biomedical data sets in order to improve prediction whether a patient or test subject has a certain type of disease (e.g., diabetes). The second project was concerned with determining and optimizing the ranges of material properties of composite materials. Composite materials typically consist of two or more constituents, which are combined in such a way so as to produce a material whose properties are superior to the properties of the individual constituent materials. The proposed approach was illustrated on nano-composites, or composite materials containing carbon fiber nanotube inclusions. Third part of this research is focused on multiobjective optimization, that can be used, for example, in market portfolio management. The final part discusses the possibility of using heuristic algorithms for crystal structure determination from X-ray diffraction data. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii LIST OF ALGORITHMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x CHAPTER


We study how intermediation and asset prices in over-the-counter markets are affected by illiquidity associated with search and bargaining. We compute explicitly the prices at which investors trade with each other as well as marketmakers' bid and ask prices in a dynamic model with strategic agents. Bid-ask spreads are lower if investors can more easily find other investors, or have easier access to multiple marketmakers. With a monopolistic marketmaker, bid-ask spreads are higher if investors have easier access to the marketmaker. We characterize endogenous search and welfare, and discuss empirical implications.


Research on rail passenger crowding often tacitly subscribes to a measurement of crowding based on density (i.e. physical conditions involving space limitations) and rarely considers the possible role psychological factors may play in measuring this construct. This paper describes the development of an instrument that captures the dimensionality of rail passenger crowding and its relationship to the experience of stress and feelings of exhaustion. The proposed instrument is a 20-item self-rating questionnaire consisting of three sub-scales designed to assess subjective crowding experiences among rail users (n = 525). Findings from the factor analyses generally support the hypothesised three-factor structure of the measurement model (evaluation of the psychosocial aspects of the crowded situation, evaluation of the ambient environment of the crowded situation, and affective reactions to the crowded situation). All sub-scales demonstrate excellent internal consistency and construct validity as well as good convergent and discriminant validity values. The instrument was further tested using structural equation modelling to examine the impact of crowding on commuters' stress and feelings of exhaustion. With the addition of the "passenger density" variable as an indicator of objective measurement of crowding operating in tandem with the crowding sub-scales, the results reveal that: (1) commuters' evaluations of the psychosocial aspects of the crowded situation and of its ambient environment, alongside their rating of passenger density, significantly predict affective reactions to the crowded situation; (2) these affective reactions, in turn, significantly predict stress and feelings of exhaustion; and (3) evaluations of the psychosocial aspects of the crowded situation and of its ambient environment as well as passenger density do not directly predict stress and feelings of exhaustion. The link between rail passenger crowding and the negative outcomes therefore does not appear as a simple, direct relationship, but is mediated by affective feelings of crowdedness. Overall, these results provide satisfactory psychometric properties for the proposed instrument and support its use as an assessment tool for measuring crowding experience in the rail setting.


Cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of death among women from low- to middle-income countries. The most common cardiovascular nursing intervention is that of patient education. However, the applicability of this intervention is questionable, as these educational initiatives are typically designed and evaluated using samples of "white" homogeneous males. Using the social determinants of health framework, this discursive article identifies specific strategies for redesigning existing cardiovascular education interventions to enhance their applicability to immigrant women. The recommendations will allow nurses to enhance the educational support offered resulting in the reduction and/or prevention of cardiovascular-related symptoms and/or complications.


We show that the widely used Kendall tau correlation coefficient, and the related Mallows kernel, are positive definite kernels for permutations. They offer computationally attractive alternatives to more complex kernels on the symmetric group to learn from rankings, or learn to rank. We show how to extend these kernels to partial rankings, multivariate rankings and uncertain rankings. Examples are presented on how to formulate typical problems of learning from rankings such that they can be solved with state-of-the-art kernel algorithms. We demonstrate promising results on clustering heterogeneous rank data and high-dimensional classification problems in biomedical applications.


Over the past seven years and since Archnet-IJAR has published its first issue in March 2007 the journal has managed to position itself on the map of web publishing in architecture and urbanism. Following a comprehensive process of academic review of articles and research work submitted to the journal, it has succeeded to secure its position in various databases. One of the unique features of the Archnet-IJAR was, and still is, the voluntary work nature of its editors and reviewers where no funds are involved at all in managing or reviewing or editing the submissions before publishing. Another unique feature is that the journal since the beginning was, and still is, made available for free without subscription fees or publishing fees. A third feature of Archnet-IJAR is the opportunity it offers to young academics, PhD scholars, reaching across the boundaries of cultures and regions. Key highlights in the past seven years are important to note. In qualitative and quantitative terms the journal has made significant achievements. In terms of quality the journal became part of important data and index bases including Avery index to Architectural Periodicals, EBSCO-Current Abstracts-Art and Architecture, INTUTE, Directory of Open Access Journals, Pro-Quest, Scopus-Elsevier and many university library databases. In terms of quantity 20 issues were published in 7 volumes (Figure 1). The 20 issues combined include 283 papers categorized in two categories: 237 original research articles and 46 book reviews and trigger articles. I should mention here that the issues produced by Archnet-IJAR cover almost every corner of the globe whether in terms of the context that they address or in terms of its authors' affiliations and cultural backgrounds.


[1] One year of instantaneous top-of-atmosphere (TOA) and surface shortwave and longwave irradiances are computed using cloud and aerosol properties derived from instruments on the A-Train Constellation: the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) on the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) satellite, the CloudSat Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR), and the Aqua Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS). When modeled irradiances are compared with those computed with cloud properties derived from MODIS radiances by a Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) cloud algorithm, the global and annual mean of modeled instantaneous TOA irradiances decreases by 12.5 W m−2 (5.0%) for reflected shortwave and 2.5 W m−2 (1.1%) for longwave irradiances. As a result, the global annual mean of instantaneous TOA irradiances agrees better with CERES-derived irradiances to within 0.5W m−2 (out of 237.8 W m−2) for reflected shortwave and 2.6W m−2 (out of 240.1 W m−2) for longwave irradiances. In addition, the global annual mean of instantaneous surface downward longwave irradiances increases by 3.6 W m−2 (1.0%) when CALIOP- and CPR-derived cloud properties are used. The global annual mean of instantaneous surface downward shortwave irradiances also increases by 8.6 W m−2 (1.6%), indicating that the net surface irradiance increases when CALIOP- and CPR-derived cloud properties are used. Increasing the surface downward longwave irradiance is caused by larger cloud fractions (the global annual mean by 0.11, 0.04 excluding clouds with optical thickness less than 0.3) and lower cloud base heights (the global annual mean by 1.6 km). The increase of the surface downward longwave irradiance in the Arctic exceeds 10 W m−2 (∼4%) in winter because CALIOP and CPR detect more clouds in comparison with the cloud detection by the CERES cloud algorithm during polar night. The global annual mean surface downward longwave irradiance of 345.4 W m−2 is estimated by combining the modeled instantaneous surface longwave irradiance computed with CALIOP and CPR cloud profiles with the global annual mean longwave irradiance from the CERES product (AVG), which includes the diurnal variation of the irradiance. The estimated bias error is −1.5 W m−2 and the uncertainty is 6.9 W m−2. The uncertainty is predominately caused by the near-surface temperature and column water vapor amount uncertainties.


Deferasirox is an oral iron chelator used to treat patients with transfusion‐related iron overload. We report, from two institutions, two children with Diamond–Blackfan anemia who developed Fanconi syndrome secondary to deferasirox administration, along with a review of the literature. The current recommendation for the laboratory monitoring of patients receiving deferasirox does not include serum electrolytes or urine analysis. Thus, despite routine clinic visits and bloodwork, these two patients presented with life‐threatening electrolyte abnormalities requiring hospitalization. Hence, we propose the inclusion of serum electrolytes and urine analysis as part of routine monitoring to facilitate the early diagnosis of Fanconi syndrome in the context of high doses of deferasirox therapy.


Many groups make their decisions through some process of deliberation, usually with the belief that deliberation will improve judgments and predictions. But deliberating groups often fail, in the sense that they make judgments that are false or that fail to take advantage of the information that their members have. There are four such failures. (1) Sometimes the predeliberation errors of group members are amplified, not merely propagated, as a result of deliberation. (2) Groups may fall victim to cascade effects, as the judgments of initial speakers or actors are followed by their successors, who do not disclose what they know. Nondisclosure, on the part of those successors, may be a product of either informational or reputational cascades. (3) As a result of group polarization, groups often end up in a more extreme position in line with their predeliberation tendencies. Sometimes group polarization leads in desirable directions, but there is no assurance to this effect. (4) In deliberating groups, shared information often dominates or crowds out unshared information, ensuring that groups do not learn what their members know. All four errors can be explained by reference to informational signals, reputational pressure, or both. A disturbing result is that many deliberating groups do not improve on, and sometimes do worse than, the predeliberation judgments of their average or median member.


The article highlights the leading ideas of Christian pedagogy, which are the upbringing of children and youth of spiritual and moral values. The author stresses that Christian pedagogy serves the effective tool for the formation of the spirituality of the younger generation, the formation of philosophical representations and beliefs, etiquette, spiritual traditions and values of people in the universally accepted commandments of God. Considerable attention is paid to the formation of high morality of the younger generation, etiquette, love of people, religiousness, etc. In the Christian religion the highest value compared to all other virtues is "love". The Christian love is rooted primarily in the commandment of love for God and man, that is why genuine charity comes from the heart full of love. This article presents the teaching of Christ for mercy to others and its practical application in the first Christian Communities. The author described the economic organization and charitable initiatives in the communities of early Christians.


In today's environment, the day to day business operations of organisations heavily rely on the automated business processes from enterprise IT infrastructures. The dynamic
business environment and the problems with the long time implementation, high cost, etc. of process development and maintenance, are pushing organisations as process consumers
to look for ready to use and shared business processes from IT providers for on demand requirements. This is manifest in the rising of Cloud Computing and Business Process
Outsourcing with the development of the new concept of (business) Process as a Service.
Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) is an architectural style commonly adopted for enterprise IT infrastructures and the implementation of service based business processes.
However, the SOA style and current specifications do not intend for the case of business processes sharing with cross organisational consumers, since various requirements or the business policies of different organisations, are unmanageable to meet on a business process
at the same time.

In this thesis, we present an architectural solution to address the above issues for the Process as a Service. It consists of a Service Process Architecture (SPA) architectural style designed to extend the SOA style, and a supported architecture framework designed for
the specific style. The proposed SPA style has a defined principle for the goal of process customizability and adaptability on process design and development with providers. The supported architecture framework consists of three main parts: a policy specification entails
expressing business policies or the requirements of consumers regarding business processes in the cloud; a coordination framework aim to enforce expressed policies on process executions with adaptive business processes for different consumers; finally, an AOP enhanced extension is responsible for the extensibility of the framework to satisfy consumers' possible additional requirements.
Our SPA style could extend the SOA style, and has an impact on the SOA principles.
With the supported architecture framework, we provided a complete architectural solution for the Process as a Service.


This study was aimed at testing whether the Intel Hypercube is suitable for geo physical data processing—i.e., whether the multiprocessing capability of the Hy percube can achieve high performance at low cost in carrying out large-scale geo physical data processing tasks. Two basic migration algorithms—phase shift plus in terpolation migration, and second order in time, fourth order in space, finite differ ence migration—were implemented on the Hypercube. The multiprocessing algo rithm designs were based on the fol lowing issues: control, partitioning, synchronization, scheduling, communica tion, and optimization. The concurrent pro cessing in the d6 Hypercube speeds up the execution by three to four fold over a VAX 11-780. However, the limitations on the size of array by the available memory in the cube manager and the nodes, and the overhead incurred for communication and synchronization, make the present Hypercube system unsuitable for realistic geophysical data processing.


To mark its 125th anniversary, the Newberry has assembled 125 of its most significant objects in one beautifully illustrated volume. Arranged to tell both the story of the library as an institution and its collecting history, "The Newberry 125" covers a great breadth of topics, including American culture throughout the ages, the history of Chicago and the Midwest, maps and exploration, religion, music and dance, medieval and Renaissance studies, and the indigenous peoples of the Americas. Each of the highlighted items has been photographed in stunning full color and is accompanied by a brief description, its call number, and a concise yet informative essay by a local writer or scholar, or a Newberry curator, librarian, or researcher. By describing the unique physical qualities of these items, as well as their great scholarly import, these essays remind us how irreplaceable many of these maps, books, and documents are - and how much they still have to offer us. The pieces themselves show us the amazing power of physical objects, particularly the products of humanists over many centuries. Included are items as varied as a painting by Elbridge Ayer Burbank, the correspondence between Ernest Hemingway and Sherwood Anderson, the earliest print version of Voltaire's Candide, and a copy of Berlinghieri's Geographia that dates from the fifteenth century. "The Newberry 125" is as wide-ranging and impressive as the library itself, and it serves as a wonderful introduction to the collection, as well as a new and fascinating lens through which visitors and fans can view the Newberry.


Background: Onset of wheezing before 3 years of age is concerning due to its potential for the development of asthma. Different risk factors, atopic manifestations, and Vitamin D deficiency are attributed to it. Aims: The aim of this study is to assess the factors influencing the age of wheezing onset among children with early-onset recurrent wheezing and the association of Vitamin D status with different atopic manifestations. Subjects And Methods: This cross-sectional observational study included 141 children aged from 1 month to 14 years with recurrent wheezing. Onset of wheezing after 36 months was excluded from the study. Different risk factors and atopic manifestations were recorded, and Vitamin D levels were measured. Descriptive analysis, independent t-test, analysis of variance, and regression analysis were done using SPSS version 24.0. Results: Of 141 children, 65 (46.0%) had onset of wheezing at <1 year of age. Children with onset of wheezing <1 year had early age of presentation (29.38 ± 29.35 vs. 46.25 ± 27.77 months) were predominately male (52.1% vs. 47.9%) and had a low birth weight (2688.46 ± 608.84 vs. 2904.61 ± 510.96 g) and high Vitamin D level (22.01 ± 12.63 vs. 16.65 ± 9.05 ng/mL; P < 0.05). In the regression analysis, birth weight, family with >1 sibling, and atopic dermatitis had regression coefficients of 0.393 (P < 0.01), 4.525 (P < 0.01), and −2.970, respectively (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Children with onset of wheezing before 1 year were predominantly male and had a lower birth weight. Vitamin D deficiency does not hasten the onset of wheezing; however, a low birth weight and associated atopic dermatitis hasten the onset of wheezing, and being part of a family with >1 sibling delays onset.


Chlorophyll‐based photosynthesis has fuelled the biosphere since at least the early Archean, but it was the ecological takeover of oxygenic cyanobacteria in the early Palaeoproterozoic, and of photosynthetic eukaryotes in the late Neoproterozoic, that gave rise to a recognizably modern ocean–atmosphere system. The fossil record offers a unique view of photosynthesis in deep time, but is deeply compromised by differential preservation and non‐diagnostic morphologies. The pervasively polyphyletic expression of modern cyanobacterial phenotypes means that few Proterozoic fossils are likely to be members of extant clades; rather than billion‐year stasis, their similarity to modern counterparts is better interpreted as a combination of serial convergence and extinction, facilitated by high levels of horizontal gene transfer. There are few grounds for identifying cyanobacterial akinetes or crown‐group Nostocales in the Proterozoic record. Such recognition undermines the results of various ancestral state reconstruction analyses, as well as molecular clock estimates calibrated against demonstrably problematic Proterozoic fossils. Eukaryotic organisms are likely to have acquired their (stem‐group nostocalean) photoendosymbionts/plastids by at least the Palaeoproterozoic, but remained ecologically marginalized by incumbent cyanobacteria until the late Neoproterozoic appearance of suspension‐feeding animals.


The effect of finite aperture of a Fabry Perot interferometer on the fringe intensity distribution in the interferometer pattern is investigated. An equation is derived for a square etalon which illustrates clearly the decrease in fringe intensity for increasing angles of incidence. The computations show that this effect becomes significant only for high reflecting powers and comparatively large plate separations.


This paper discusses some issues related to end-of-life decisions in Italy: in particular, it addresses the question of withdrawal of artificial nutrition and hydration from a patient in a permanent vegetative state, investigated through the examination of the so-called Englaro case. The acknowledgment of the right to withdraw this kind of treatment is analyzed focusing on three issues: the qualification of artificial hydration and nutrition as medical treatment; the maintenance of the right to refuse and stop this treatment as a corollary of the principle of self determination, sealed and implemented by the principle of informed consent; the possibility to claim this right by decisionally incapable individuals. The article has a comparative approach: it compares the Englaro case with the U.S. Terri Schiavo case (sometimes, Eluana Englaro is called the "Italian Terri Schiavo") and examines the influence of U.S. case law on the former. Finally, it expresses some considerations on the criticalities that have arisen in the Italian Parliamentary debate regarding living wills. It also tackles the question of the opportunity to enact a law on advance directives in Italy and of the features of such a regulation.


Flowers of the commercially important tree Eucalyptus nitens (Deane & Maiden) Maiden were visited by a diverse array of insects, but not by birds, in Tasmanian seed orchards. Most species of insects that visited the flowers of E. nitens are likely to be effective pollinators because all common species of visitors carried many grains of Eucalyptus pollen, and the open floral structure facilitates frequent insect contact with stigmas. Seed production also suggested that a wide variety of insects were effective pollinators because flowers were consistently well pollinated, despite differences in flower-visitor communities among orchards and particular branches of flowers. The generalised entomophilous pollination system of E. nitens suggests that effective pollinators should occur in seed orchards of this tree throughout the world, provided that flowering occurs at a time of year conducive to insect activity. Although a wide variety of insects appear to be effective pollinators of E. nitens, introduced honeybees, Apis mellifera L., that are often deployed as pollinators in seed orchards were consistently not attracted to the flowers. The reliance on wild insects as pollinators suggests that seed production in E. nitens may benefit from reduced use of broad-spectrum insecticides in, and near, seed orchards.


Objective: To better delineate the clinical spectrum and the natural history of COL4A1 mutations, a newly defined genetic cause of small vessel disease including the brain and retina. Methods: Clinical and brain MRI follow-up study of a family with COL4A1 mutation. Results: During a 7-year period, two affected members died from intracranial hemorrhage. Four other members had a COL4A1 mutation (age ranges 25 to 74 years). None reported stroke or retinal hemorrhage or hematuria and none had dementia according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV criteria. Follow-up brain MRI showed grade 3 diffuse leukoencephalopathy in three out of four patients. All had dilated perivascular spaces and three out of four had silent microbleeds mainly in the deep white matter. MRI signal abnormalities did not change in severity, number, or location between baseline and follow-up imaging. Conclusions: COL4A1 mutation carriers have great diversity in the clinical expression of the disease within the same family. Some affected family members may remain asymptomatic during several years of follow-up and have no evidence of progression of vascular changes on brain MRI. GLOSSARY: FSE = T2 fast spin echo; GE = gradient echo; PVS = perivascular spaces; TE = echo time; TI = inversion time; TR = repetition time.


Passage of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in the presence of increasing 2'-deoxy-3'-thiacytidine (3TC) concentrations results in high-level (> 100-fold) 3TC-resistant viruses. All 3TC-resistant viruses possess a substitution at the second codon (from a methionine into an isoleucine) at position 184 within the highly conserved motif (YMDD) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase. 3TC-resistant viruses were cross-resistant to the (-) enantiomer of the fluorinated derivative of BCH-189 but remained susceptible to 2',3'-dideoxyinosine and 2',3'-dideoxycytidine. The susceptibilities of the 3TC-resistant viruses to the (+) enantiomers of BCH-189 and the fluorinated derivative of BCH-189 demonstrate an enantiomeric specificity for viruses selected under these conditions. Introduction of an isoleucine substitution at codon 184 into a background of two known 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine resistance mutations (amino acids 41 and 215) restored the susceptibility of this virus to 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine.


Over the past two decades, a substantial number of scholarly studies have examined the confluence of religious and sexual minority identities (Kocet et al., 2011; Love, Bock, Jannarone, & Richardson, 2005; Rodriguez & Ouellete, 2000; Schuck & Liddle, 2001). Religious identity was often framed within a traditional Judeo-Christian context. A major limitation of this body of work is the neglect of spiritual identity as a construct separate from religious identity. Many Protestant, Judaic, Islamic, and Catholic doctrines regard homosexuality and gender nonconformity as deviant and view the expression of same-sex attraction as errant and immoral (Haldeman, 2002). While reconciliation of the conflict between religious identity and sexual orientation identity has been related to a number of psychological challenges (Burgard, Cochran, & Mays, 2005; Drabble, Midanik, & Trocki, 2005; Lease et al., 2005; Schuck & Liddle, 2001) little is known about the convergence of spiritual identity, distinctly defined as separate from religious identity, and sexual orientation identity. This qualitative inquiry, using the in-depth phenomenological interview protocol proposed by Seidman (2006) and a grounded theory data analysis described by Strauss and Corbin (1998), investigated the process by which 9 gay men from a variety of cultural and religious backgrounds constructed spiritual identities outside the realm of institutionalized religion. The findings illustrate a developmental course that led participants from primarily religious identities rooted in a faith of origin to individually constructed spiritual identities that encompass ethical, philosophical, and metaphysical understandings and practices. Results are discussed in terms of potential transferability of the findings with particular attention to expanding the cultural competence of counselors and educators who work with gay men and issues related to religion and spirituality. Limitations of the study and future directions in research are also addressed.


Employment at-will is the default rule of termination for the vast majority of American employment relationships. The rule creates a presumption — a strong one — that the contract for employment allows either party to terminate the contract at any point in time. Since its inception, this bright line rule has given way to carefully curated exceptions, primarily to protect against discrimination and retaliation. This Article proposes that state courts create a new exception to the at-will rule — or, perhaps more accurately, acknowledge an intricacy within the existing default. The personal-autonomy presumption would modify at-will to make clear that employers will not take any action against an employee based on the employee's personal autonomy, so long as that autonomy does not interfere with the employer's business or reputation. Employee personal autonomy would be defined to include political affiliations, religious observance, and recreational activities. The default rule would hold that, as part of the bargain between employer and employee, the employer agrees not to leverage the power that it exercises in the work realm to influence employees improperly in the personal realm. In order to change the default autonomy rule, employers would need to further develop their expectations as to off-duty conduct and communicate those expectations to employees. As a result, the employment contract would provide both employers and employees with a better understanding of performance requirements and of the boundaries of their relationship.


Michael Warner is the Seymour H. Knox Professor of English and American Studies at Yale University, and his career has followed an interesting trajectory, beginning with the study of print and its importance to the emerging American nation and extending into queer theory and contemporary politics. There is an important line of thought that connects three of Michael Warner's books: The Letters of the Republic (1990), Publics and Counterpublics (2002), and The Trouble with Normal (1999). In The Letters of the Republic, Warner begins to outline the way in which publics emerge and are discursively produced. In Publics and Counterpublics, he more thoroughly engages both the production of normative publics and the resistant communities of counterpublics, the latter of which he often illustrates with examples drawn from queer communities. Finally, in The Trouble with Normal, Warner challenges the efforts of gay and lesbian rights advocates to accommodate and assimilate to heteronormative standards in an effort to join the public constituted by the dominant heterosexual society. As he notes, these efforts effectively undermine the transformative qualities that queerness can bring to a society in refiguring the way sex and relationships are regarded. In effect, The Trouble with Normal seems to be a queer, counterpublic polemic, one that mirrors (in purpose, if not in content) the emerging revolutionary discourse in 18th-century America. In addition, Warner provides some valuable perspectives on the development of public discourse in American, and makes several observations that pre-date, yet bring into sharp relief, some of the issues and concerns that have been raised about social media.


Many pharmaceuticals are formulated as powders to aid drug delivery. A major problem is how to produce powders having high purity, controlled morphology, and retained bioactivity. We demonstrate the use of supercritical carbon dioxide as an antisolvent for meeting this need for two model drug systems, quercetin, a sparingly soluble antioxidant, and short interfering RNA (siRNA), which can silence genes. In both cases we achieve retention of bioactivity as well as a narrow particle size distribution in which the particles are free of impurities.


This article will assess the interventionism which the African Union (AU) Peace and Security Council (PSC) has fostered in the Horn of Africa region with particular reference to the Sudan, Somalia, Djibouti, Eritrea, and Kenya. Ten years after the establishment of the AU and eight years after the operationalisation of the PSC, the Union has adopted a stance that can be defined as 'interventionist' as far as peace and security issues in Africa are concerned. This article will assess whether this interventionism has been predicated on a coherent AU policy towards crisis situations, or whether it can be best described as 'reactive interventionism'. This article will thus elaborate on the notion of reactive interventionism. With the onset of more pronounced intra-state conflicts between the period of the 1990s and the present, it has become evident that a policy of intervention is necessary to stem the proliferation of complex emergencies. This is particularly evident in the Horn of Africa. Concomitantly, the PSC has been considerably more engaged with situations in the Horn than in other parts of Africa. This article will argue that while the PSC's interventionism is laudable, the cases of Somalia and Sudan reveal that it has not been backed up by a genuine commitment by AU member states to ensure and conduct robust peace operations. This reveals that the PSC is beset by a 'reactive' form of interventionism which in many respects is a function of the absence of a proactive and preventive culture of crisis prevention within the AU system and its member states. This article will argue that the PSC needs to make the transition from reactive interventionism towards more proactive interventionism. The article will identify some of the obstacles and challenges that need to be overcome at the strategic level of AU decision making and at the tactical and operational level of implementation in order to ensure that proactive interventionism becomes entrenched in the modus operandi of the PSC and other organs of the AU system. African Journal On Conflict Resolution , 12(2) 2012


Numerous methods of measuring lower body power exist but few valid measures of upper body power have been reported. PURPOSE: To compare two novel methods of measuring upper body power to an accepted method. METHODS: Ten female athletes (19.9±1.4 yrs, 72.5±11.7 kg, 163.5±4.2 cm) completed multiple trials of three upper body power tests; Medicine Ball Put (MBP), Supine Medicine Ball Put (SMBP) and Multiple Repetition Bench Press Power Test (BPP). MBP required each participant to throw a 5 kg medicine ball for maximum distance while lying on an inclined bench. Horizontal distance covered by the medicine ball was measured. SMBP required each subject to throw a 5 kg medicine ball for maximum height while lying supine on the ground. Upper body power was computed as the product of the release velocity of throw and the weight of the medicine ball. BPP required each participant to complete in minimum time 10 repetitions of a submaximal bench press exercise using a 245 N bar. Video analysis of each trial was used to determine the average vertical velocity of the bar during the upward portion of each repetition. Upper body power was then computed as the product of bar weight and velocity. Maximum power measures from each test were compared using a nonparametric analysis of variance (Friedman) and association among these measures was assessed using Spearman correlations. Additionally, the reliability of each test was determined using an intraclass r. RESULTS: Based on the Friedman test, there were no significant differences among the measures of power from the tests (χ2 = 0.06, p = 0.97). Power measures from BPP were strongly correlated to those from both SMBP (r = 0.73, p = 0.02) and MBP (r = 0.70, p = 0.03), and SMBP measures were strongly correlated with those from MBP (r = 0.75, p = 0.01). Intraclass r values suggested that each method provided highly reliable measures of power (r = 0.99, r = 0.97, r = 0.90, for BPP, SMBP, and MBP, respectively). CONCLUSION: The novel methods of assessing upper body power, BPP and SMBP, provided measures similar to those provided by the accepted method (MBP). However, the novel methods offer the advantage of providing a measure of power in Watts while the MBP simply provides a means of comparing participants relative to one another.


We address the degradation of continuous variable (CV) entanglement distillation in the presence of thermal environment and nonunity detecting efficiency. We explore the logarithmic negativity as a criteria and compare the output entanglement between the schemes of single-photon subtraction (PS) and two-PS. The probability of success is also investigated. We show that compared with detector efficiency, thermal noise plays a more dominant role in Gaussian entanglement distillation. Our results shed more light on the noise mechanism that influences realistic CV entanglement distillation and is of experimental relevance in developing a more efficient entanglement distillation scheme.


We propose that the new coronavirus which first appeared in the Hubei province of China was probably linked to the arrival of a pure culture of the virus contained in cometary debris that was dispersed over a localised area of the planet namely China. The sighting of a fireball some 2000 kilometers north of Wuhan on 11 October 2019 followed shortly after with the first recorded cases in Hubei is suggestive of a causal link. Gene sequencing data of the virus that show little or no genetic variations between isolates, combined with available epidemiological data point to the predominance of a transmission process directly from an "infected" environment, with person- to-person transmission playing a comparatively weaker secondary role. The facts relating to this epidemic are discussed and placed in the context of other pandemics that have been recorded throughout history.


E‑Learning has become a common way to teach and learn. The number of technologies for a variety of educational purposes is already quite high and constantly rising. Scientific experiments and studies increasingly confirm the usefulness of various technologies for teaching purposes. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of formal training and support of digital skills within faculty training. Studies that report the potential of E‑Learning are matched by those reporting the barriers. Universities throughout Europe have now established Learning Management Systems (LMS); instead of using these to their full potential, lecturers often just upload their syllabus and some reading material. At the same time, higher education institutions all over Europe are expected to implement innovative technologies and scenarios such as Open Educational Resources (OER) or Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs), but only a small number of universities actually do so. What are the reasons for not utilizing the pedagogic potentials of E‑Learning? What findings does the current research provide on this topic? Which barriers can be derived from studies and what can be done to avoid them? What are the individual barriers of one institution or university? This contribution summarizes barriers that were identified in recent studies and discusses possible solutions to finding connections between barriers to mitigate the negative effects. It also describes a data collection method (group concept mapping) suitable for identifying the individual barriers at an institution or university using a study in the European ERASMUS+ project AduLeT (Advanced Use of Technologies in Higher Education) as an example.


Pervasive computing applications typically involve rich interactions and heterogeneous network types; e.g. involving the collation of data from a sensor network into a replicated repository in a fixed network. Although the middleware approach has been highly successful in supporting application development in networked environments, current middleware technologies cannot handle the accelerating complexity in interaction types, and diversity in networks types, seen in pervasive computing environments. Therefore, we propose a middleware solution (called Gridkit), which uniformly supports an extensible set of middleware interaction types (e.g. RPC, publish-subscribe, streaming, etc.), and handles network heterogeneity by layering itself over virtual overlay networks which it manages and transparently instantiates on demand. We focus in this paper on Gridkit's generalized architecture for the transparent deployment and management of overlay networks. We also consider the application of the Gridkit approach in two application scenarios.


In this review of the popular press book Wheat Belly by William Davis, a variety of the positions discussed in the book are analyzed using scientific literature by first stating Davis' point and then providing an analysis of the point. The statements can be divided into four categories: 1) those which are based on good, sound nutrition science; 2) those that are controversial, i.e., there are studies supporting both sides of the issue; 3) those that are theory, i.e., they have no data to support or refute them; and 4) those that run counter to widely supported data reported in the scientific and medical literature.


Formylglycinamide ribonucleotide amidotransferase (FGAR-AT) catalyzes the conversion of formylglycinamide ribonucleotide (FGAR), ATP, and glutamine to formylglycinamidine ribonucleotide (FGAM), ADP, P(i), and glutamate in the fourth step of the purine biosynthetic pathway. PurL exists in two forms: large PurL (lgPurL) is a single chain, multidomain enzyme of about 1300 amino acids, whereas small PurL (smPurL) contains about 800 amino acids but requires two additional gene products, PurS and PurQ, for activity. smPurL contains the ATP and FGAR binding sites, PurQ is a glutaminase, and the function of PurS is just now becoming understood. We determined the structure of Bacillus subtilis PurS in two different crystal forms P2(1) and C2 at 2.5 and 2.0 A resolution, respectively. PurS forms a tight dimer with a central six-stranded beta-sheet flanked by four helices. In both the P2(1) and the C2 crystal forms, the quaternary structure of PurS is a tetramer. The concave faces of the PurS dimers interact via the C-terminal region to form a twelve-stranded beta-barrel with a hydrophilic core. We used the structure of PurS together with the structure of lgPurL from Salmonella typhimurium to construct a model of the PurS/smPurL/PurQ complex. The HisH (glutaminase) domain of imidazole glycerol phosphate synthetase was used as an additional model of PurQ. The model shows stoichiometry of 2PurS/smPurL/PurQ using a PurS dimer or 4PurS/2smPurL/2PurQ using a PurS tetramer. Both models place key conserved residues at the ATP/FGAR binding site and at a structural ADP binding site. The homology model is consistent with biochemical studies on the reconstituted complex.


This document provides an applicability statement (RFC 2026, Section
3.2) that describes how to exchange structured business data securely
using the HTTP transfer protocol, instead of SMTP; the applicability
statement for SMTP is found in RFC 3335. Structured business data may
be XML; Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) in either the American
National Standards Committee (ANSI) X12 format or the UN Electronic
Data Interchange for Administration, Commerce, and Transport
(UN/EDIFACT) format; or other structured data formats. The data is
packaged using standard MIME structures. Authentication and data
confidentiality are obtained by using Cryptographic Message Syntax
with S/MIME security body parts. Authenticated acknowledgements make
use of multipart/signed Message Disposition Notification (MDN)
responses to the original HTTP message. This applicability statement
is informally referred to as "AS2" because it is the second
applicability statement, produced after "AS1", RFC 3335. [STANDARDS-
TRACK]


This document surveys Bank lending operations designed to fight poverty and enhance social equity, with emphasis on recently approved projects with innovative components. It also surveys a broad range of poverty-related non-lending activities carried out by the Bank over the past two years. It includes a general framework for poverty reduction in Latin America and the Caribbean, specifying a number of areas of emphasis: enhancing opportunities for the poor; assets and markets; contributing to human development; improving the quality of life of the poor; social protection; and good governance and social inclusion.