We propose to present a video demonstration of LiveAR at the ARC'16 conference. For this purpose, we have prepared three demo videos, which can be found in the submission files. These video demos show the effectiveness and efficiency of LiveAR running on video streams containing a diverse set of human actions. Additionally, the demo also exhibits important system performance parameters such as latency and resource usage. LiveAR is a novel system for recognizing human actions, such as running and fighting, in a video stream in real time, backed by a massively-parallel processing (MPP) platform. Although action recognition is a well-studied topic in computer vision, so far most attention has been devoted to improving accuracy, rather than efficiency. To our knowledge, LiveAR is the first that achieves real-time efficiency in action recognition, which can be a key enabler in many important applications, e.g., video surveillance and monitoring over critical infrastructure such as water reservoirs. LiveAR is based on a state-of-the-art method for offline action recognition which obtains high accuracy; its main innovation is to adapt this base solution to run on an elastic MPP platform to achieve real-time speed at an affordable cost. The main objectives in the design of LiveAR are to (i) minimize redundant computations, (ii) reduce communication costs between nodes in the cloud, (iii) allow a high degree of parallelism and (iv) enable dynamic node additions and removals to match the current workload. LiveAR is based on an enhanced version of Apache Storm. Each video manipulation operation is implemented as a bolt (i.e., logical operator) executed by multiple nodes, while the input frame arrive at the system via a spout (i.e., streaming source). The output of the system is presented on screen using FFmpeg. Next we briefly explain the main operations in LiveAR. The dense point extraction bolt is a first step for video processing, which has two input streams: the input video frame and the current trajectories. The output of this operator consists of dense points sampled in the video frame that are not already on any of the current trajectories. In particular, LiveAR partitions the frame into different regions, and assigns one region to a dense point evaluator, each running in a separate thread. Then, the sampled coordinates are grouped according to the partitioning, and routed to the corresponding dense point evaluator. Meanwhile, coordinates on current trajectories are similarly grouped by a point dispatcher, and routed accordingly. Such partitioning and routing minimizes network transmissions as each node is only fed the pixels and trajectory points it needs. The optic flow generation operator is executed by multiple nodes in parallel similarly to the dense point extractor. An additional challenge here is that the generation of optic flows involves (i) comparing two frames at consecutive time instances and (ii) multiple pixels in determining the value of the flow in each coordinate. (i) means that the operator is stateful, i.e., each node must store the previous frame and compare with the current one. Hence, node additions and removals (necessary for elasticity) become non-trivial as a new node does not immediately possess the necessary states to work (i.e., pixels on the previous frame) on its inputs. Regarding (ii), each node cannot simply handle a region in the frame, as is the case in the dense point extractor, as the computation at one coordinates relies on the surrounding pixels. Our solution in LiveAR is to split the frame into overlapping patches; each patch contains a partition of the frame, as well as the pixels surrounding the partition. This design effectively reduces the amount of network transmissions, thus improving system scalability. Lastly, the trajectory tracking operator involves three inputs: the current trajectories, the dense points detected from the input frame, and the optic flows of the input frame. The main idea of this operator is to "grow" a trajectory, either an existing one or a new one starting at a dense point, by adding one more coordinate computed from the optic flow. Note that it is possible that the optic flow indicates that there is no more coordinate on this trajectory in the input frame, ending the trajectory. The parallelization of this operator is similar to that of the dense point extractor, except that each node is assigned trajectories rather than pixels and coordinates. Grouping of the trajectories is performed according to their last coordinates (or the newly identified dense points for new trajectories).


This Article reveals the significance of a new and growing minority group within US law schools—international students in the Juris Doctor (JD) program. While international students have received some attention in legal education scholarship, it mostly has been focused on their participation in the context of programs specially designed for this demographic (e.g. postgraduate programs like the LLM and SJD). Drawing from interview data with fifty-eight international JD students across seventeen graduating US law schools, our research reveals the rising importance of international students as actors within a more mainstream institutional context. In examining the ways these students navigate their law school environments, we find that although international status often impacts identity and participation, not all students encounter its impact similarly. Particularly, while some students use the identity to their advantage, others cannot escape negative implications, even with effort. This is consistent with other scholarship on minority students, and adds to a growing literature that uses their socialization experiences to better understand professional stratification. To unpack these different ways of "being international," we borrow from Goffman's theorization of stigma to suggest illustrative variations in the ways international students experience their environments. In doing so, we offer an introductory landscape to better understand this growing population and hope this enables new insights to theorize about other kinds of minority experience.


A quantitative stereochemical analysis of the products generated by recombinant mouse (12S)-lipoxygenase isoenzymes was performed with arachidonic acid and linoleic acid as substrates. The leucocyte-type (12S)-lipoxygenase generated, in addition to 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) as the main product, 15- and 8-HETE from arachidonic acid and 13- and 9-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (13- and 9-HODE) from linoleic acid. The platelet-type enzyme oxygenated arachidonic acid to 12- and 8-HETE and linoleic acid to 13- and 9-HODE, whereas the epidermis-type (12S)-lipoxygenase reaction was essentially mono-specific with arachidonic acid but oxygenated linoleic acid to both 13- and 9-HODE. 12-HETE and 13-HODE were almost exclusively the S enantiomers. 8-HETE was the R enantiomer as a side-product of the platelet-type (12S)-lipoxygenase reaction but the S enantiomer as a side-product of the leucocyte-type reaction. 9-HODE was generated as the R enantiomer by the platelet-type and the epidermis-type isoenzymes and as the S enantiomer by the leucocyte-type (12S)-lipoxygenase. On the basis of published models of lipoxygenase-substrate interaction, the stereochemistry of the products generated by the platelet- and epidermis-type (12S)-lipoxygenases is in agreement with a fixed 'tail-to-head' orientation of the substrate fatty acid in the binding pocket of these enzymes, whereas that of the reaction products of the leucocyte-type (12S)-lipoxygenase can be explained only when the inverse orientation of the substrate or a rotational isomerism along the longitudinal axis of the substrate is allowed. Both the product spectra generated and the sensitivity towards the 12-lipoxygenase selective inhibitors N-benzyl-N-hydroxy-4-phenylpentanamide and cinnamyl-3,4-dihydroxy-alpha-cyanocinnamate indicated the platelet-type and the epidermis-type isoenzymes to be biochemically more related to each other than to the leucocyte-type (12S)-lipoxygenase.


The central government of Indonesia is trying to accommodate demands for greater autonomy from the regions. As a result, provincial and kabupaten/kota level governments will soon have to cope with political, fiscal and administrative decentralization. Article 8 of Law 22/1999 states that decentralization must be accompanied with the hand-over and transfer of financing, facilities and infrastructure as well as resources in accordance with the authority delegated to a region. SMERU has outlined a four to five year study to monitor the process of decentralization and to test the impact of decentralization on the structure of the government and on the government's ability to deliver services in 12 kabupaten/kota.

From April 2000 to April 2001 SMERU proposes to monitor preparations and expectations in provincial, kabupaten/kota, kecamatan and village level administrations as well as prepare a survey instrument for evaluating decentralization in the future. The study will investigate how the sub-national governments are coping with the processes related to their new functions.

In the second year of the study, starting may 2001, the affect of decentralization on the performance of kabupaten/kota governments in service delivery will be measured. In this study a different methodology will be needed to test performance because it will involve a broad household survey, a census of service delivery points and expert interviews at the local level. As previously stated, SMERU plans to develop the survey instruments for this 2001 study using input and key indicators generated from this year's study.

Twelve kabupaten/kota will be surveyed with two villages covered in each kabupaten. Government, universities, NGOs, print media and village level representatives will be surveyed. Reports will be produced on one kabupaten/kota per month for 12 months with working papers comparing results across kabupaten/kota being published in November 2000 and again in May 2001.


There have been two recent strands of argument (one offered by Rob Sparrow and the other offered by Duncan Purves, Ryan Jenkins, and Bradley Strawser) arguing for the pro tanto impermissibility of fully autonomous weapon systems (AWS). On Sparrow's view, AWS are impermissible because they generate a morally problematic 'responsibility gap'. According to Purves et al., AWS are impermissible because moral reasoning is not codifiable and because AWS are incapable of acting for the 'right' reasons. I contend that these arguments are flawed and that AWS are not morally problematic in principle. Specifically, I contend that these arguments presuppose an incoherent conception of an AWS as somehow making genuine decisions but not being morally responsible for those very same decisions. Rather than conceiving of AWS in this way, I argue that an AWS is either a socially-constructed institution that has been physically instantiated or it is a genuine agent. If it is the former, then we should treat AWS as we do any other collective action problem. If it is the latter, then we should treat AWS as responsibility-bearers, but also as bearers of rights and/or interests. To reject this disjunction is not only conceptually incoherent but also potentially morally dangerous.


Abstract. Intelligent urban design is a set of principles for desirable future urban structures. Existing urban structures can be analysed using remotely sensed images. In order to foster this analysis both in speed and objectivity automation is proposed in this work. Automatic Gestalt perception is distinguished from automatic knowledge-based analysis. Both will be required. For the Gestalt side an algebraic approach is utilized. This Gestalt algebra operates on a 6-D domain containing position, orientation, frequency, scale and assessment. It defines how to form aggregates from parts. Any Gestalt can be combined with arbitrary others, but good assessments are only achieved, if the parts are mutually in Gestalt-arrangements. There are operations for mirror-symmetry, good continuation in rows and rotational-symmetry. In this paper experiments are made only with mirror-symmetry and row-continuation. Example images of Thimphu, Bhutan and Phoenix, Arizona are obtained by use of Google Earth. The results are to a large degree in accordance with human perceptual grouping. Some illusory groupings not in accordance with human perception, as well as examples salient to humans which are not instantiated by the system, are discussed as well.


We show that the characteristic polynomial of a hyperplane arrangement can be recovered from the class in the Grothendieck group of varieties of the complement of the arrangement. This gives a quick proof of a theorem of Orlik and Solomon relating the characteristic polynomial with the ranks of the cohomology of the complement of the arrangement.
We also show that the characteristic polynomial can be computed from the total Chern class of the complement of the arrangement; this has also been observed by Huh. In the case of free arrangements, we prove that this Chern class agrees with the Chern class of the dual of a bundle of differential forms with logarithmic poles along the hyperplanes in the arrangement; this follows from work of Mustata and Schenck. We conjecture that this relation holds for all free divisors.
We give an explicit relation between the characteristic polynomial of an arrangement and the Segre class of its singularity (`Jacobian') subscheme. This gives a variant of a recent result of Wakefield and Yoshinaga, and shows that the Segre class of the singularity subscheme of an arrangement together with the degree of the arrangement determine the ranks of the cohomology of its complement.
We also discuss the positivity of the Chern classes of hyperplane arrangements: we give a combinatorial interpretation of this phenomenon, and we discuss the cases of generic and free arrangements.


The study critically reviews the application of the Sharia investment screening process, from both Sharia and practical perspectives. In practice, there appears to be inconsistencies in the Sharia investment screening criteria among Islamic investment institutions, especially in terms of the tolerance level, as well as the changing of the Sharia rules. This certainly affects the confidence in the Sharia screening criteria standards, which might adversely affect the Islamic mutual funds industry. The non-income generating aspects, such as social and environmental concerns, are not incorporated in the contemporary Islamic investment screening process. This seems to be rather paradoxical, since it contradicts the Sharia-embedded ethical values of fairness, justice and equity. The thesis contends that external audits regarding the implementation of Sharia rules should be adopted to ensure the compliance of the investment with Sharia guidelines. Furthermore, it is desirable for Sharia boards to adopt corporate governance practice and take proactive roles, especially in Muslim countries, in order to influence companies to adopt Sharia-compliant investment practices. The tolerance levels of conventional finance activities of companies in Muslim countries should be re-evaluated and lowered in the Islamic investment screening criteria. This is partly due to the popularity and wide availability of Islamic banking and alternative Sharia instruments to interest-based finance, coupled with the fact that Muslim shareholders form the majority and hence, can vote to influence companies to adopt Sharia-compliant financing modes.

In addition, the study provides empirical evidence that the Sharia screening process does not seem to have an adverse impact on either the absolute or the risk-adjusted performance of Islamic equity mutual funds in Saudi Arabia, compared to their conventional counterpart equity mutual funds and also compared to their market benchmarks. This is regardless of the geographical investment focus subgroup examined and the market benchmark used (whether Islamic or conventional). Furthermore, the systematic risk analysis shows that in most cases Islamic equity mutual funds in Saudi Arabia tend to be significantly less exposed to market risk compared to their conventional counterpart equity mutual funds, and compared to their conventional market benchmarks. Thus, the assumption that Sharia investment constraints lead to inferior performance and riskier investment portfolios because of the relatively limited investment universe seems to be rejected. This implies that Muslim investors in Saudi Arabia can choose Islamic investments that are consistent with their beliefs without being forced to either sacrifice performance or expose themselves to higher risk. The investment style analysis also shows that the Sharia screening process does not seem to influence Islamic equity mutual funds in Saudi Arabia towards small or growth companies compared to their conventional counterparts of similar geographical investment focus.

Moreover, the study provides empirical evidence that the performance difference between Islamic and conventional socially responsible indices is insignificant despite applying different sets of screening criteria. However, Islamic indices tend to be associated with relatively lower systematic risk compared to their conventional socially responsible counterparts. Therefore, Islamic investment portfolios can be marketed to socially responsible investors who share similar beliefs in terms of excluding certain industries such as tobacco, alcohol, pornography, defense, etc., in spite of no financial filters being used by conventional socially responsible investors. This finding is especially appealing in Muslim countries where there are usually no mutual funds categorized as socially responsible, but rather Islamic. Moreover, the study also provides empirical evidence that incorporating conventional sustainability criteria into the traditional Sharia screening process does not lead to inferior performance or higher exposure to systematic risk.

The results indicate that regardless of the restriction used - whether Islamic, socially responsible or Islamic socially responsible - restricted investment portfolios do not seem to be associated with inferior performance or higher exposure to risk. This finding opens the door for Sharia scholars and Muslim investors to reconsider broader social and environmental aspects as part of the Sharia investment screening process. With regards to investment style, Islamic and Islamic socially responsible indices seem to be skewed towards growth cap as compared to their conventional and conventional socially responsible indices, while Islamic socially responsible also leans towards a large cap. This implies that despite the performance similarity between, Islamic, conventional and conventional socially responsible indices, the returns driver of each type of investment tends to be different.


The aim of this research is to determine the moral maturity levels of the Imam Hatip High School students. It is also to analyze whether the level of moral maturity differs according to gender, class level and place they stayed. The study was carried out on 220 students of the Imam Hatip High School in the district of Ortakoy in Aksaray in the academic year 2016-2017. The study is a descriptive screening model. The '' Moral Maturity Scale '' developed by Şengun and Kaya (2007) and the '' personal information form '' created by the researcher were used as data collection tools in the study. Scale is a likert type measure of 66 items. The reliability of the scale is 0.89. As a result of the study, it was determined that 55 % of the Imam Hatip High School students had a moral maturity level above the average. In addition, gender, class level, and place they stayed did not make a significant difference on the level of moral maturity.


This is a study of how head teachers, teachers and students have responded to a radical pedagogical change: replacing traditional note-taking and verbal memorization with independent thinking, collaborative learning and computer-based research. This pioneer study is the most detailed investigation to date of the King Abdullah Project, which is being trialled in schools in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The research explored perceptions of participants of the major strengths and weaknesses and ways to improve the King Abdullah Project in four secondary schools.
Mixed approaches, quantitative and qualitative, were used to collect data from 852 students, 105 teachers and 5 head teachers. The study uses descriptive analysis, which is used for quantitative data and using grounded theory techniques (qualitative) approaches for analysis.
My contribution to understanding the issues of managing change in the context of King Abdullah Project is through its focus on the perceptions of the project, rather than on outside measurements of compliance with the new teaching techniques or of educational achievement. The experiences of participants shed light on the dynamics of the successes and failures of the project, as defined by the various groups. This approach is in accord with the value given by organizational change experts to widespread communication and sharing of opinions in a changing organization; as well as to the value given to collaborative learning and planning within the new curriculum.
The study reveals that the Project has been well received and has led to improved student and teacher performance, the participants have also perceived some serious weaknesses. These weaknesses include: training which has been poorly implemented, which leads to a lack of understanding and mastery of Project teaching techniques, among students and teachers; a lack of mastery of the electronic equipment; problems with timely equipment repair, which interferes with the new teaching techniques and leads to a lack of sufficient head teacher and teacher initiative in solving problems locally; and lack of resources. In addition, there were failures of planners and managers to foresee problems leading to difficulty with the new science and mathematics material. There were problems with class size. There was too much work for the time available. There was massive educational change over too short a time. Furthermore, a lack of communication in the educational system may have kept managers and planners from learning enough about the cultures they were attempting to change.
Therefore, open communication and wider distribution of decision making, with a large bottom-up component in both cases, would probably help to solve current problems. Having a project steering committee, including members from all levels of the system will facilitate the voices of those most impacted by the changes so that they could play a larger role in the dialogue. To make the program work better, planning should involve all. By addressing the identified challenges the creativity of planners, managers, head teachers and teachers it is argued, have a better chance in being effective if they share their knowledge and work together.


The Shahira Layered Mafic Intrusion (SLMI), which belongs to the late Neoproterozoic plutonic rocks of the Arabian-Nubian Shield, is the largest layered mafic intrusion in southern Sinai. Field relations indicate that it is younger than the surrounding metamorphic rocks and older han the post-orogenic granites. Based on variation in mineral paragenesis and chemical composition, the SLMI is distinguished into pyroxene-hornblende gabbro, hornblende gabbro and diorite lithologies. The outer zone of the mafic intrusion is characterized by fine-grained rocks (chilled margin gabbroic facies), with typical subophitic and/or microgranular textures. ifferent rock units from the mafic intrusion show gradational boundaries in between. They show some indications of low grade metamorphism, where primary minerals are transformed into secondary ones. Geochemically, the Shahira layered mafic intrusion is characterized by enrichment in LILE relative to HFSE ( e.g. Nb, P, Zr, Ti, Y), and LREE relative to HREE [(La/Lu)n= 4.75–8.58], with subalkaline characters. It has geochemical characteristics of pre-collisional arc-type environment. The geochemical signature of the investigated gabbros indicates partial melting of mantle wedge in a volcanic-arc setting, being followed by fractional crystallization and crustal contamination. Fractional crystallization processes played a vital role during emplacement of the Shahira intrusion and evolution of its mafic and intermediate rock units. The initial magma was evolved through crystallization of ornblende which was caused by slight increasing of H2O in the magma after crystallization of iquidus olivine, pyroxene and Ca-rich plagioclase. The gabbroic rocks crystallized at pressures between 4.5 and 6.9kbar (~15–20km depth). Whereas, the diorites yielded the lowest crystallization pressure between 1.0 to 4.4Kbar (<10km depth). Temperature was estimated by several eothermometers, which yielded crystallization temperatures ranging from 835o to 958oC for the gabbros, and from 665o to 862oC for the diorites. Field, petrological, geochemical and mineralogical characteristics of the SLMI are akin to the Egyptian layered mafic-ultramafic ntrusions of volcanic-arc setting, not ophiolitic rocks.


Wertheimer's theory suggests a general perception law according to which objects having a quality in common get perceptually grouped. The Helmholtz principle is a quantitative version of this general grouping law. It states that a grouping is perceptually "meaningful" if its number of occurrences would be very small in a random situation: geometric structures are then characterized as large deviations from randomness. In two previous works, we have applied this principle to the detection of orientation alignments and boundaries in a digital image. In this paper, we show that the method is fully general and can be extended to a grouping by any quality. We treat as an illustration the alignments of objects, their grouping by color and by size, and the vicinity gestalt (clusters). Collaboration of the gestalt grouping laws and their pyramidal structure are illustrated in a case study.


The active recruitment of health workers from developing countries to developed countries has become a major threat to global health and an obstacle to achieving the human right to health. In an effort to manage this migration, the 63rd World Health Assembly adopted the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Code of Practice on the International Recruitment of Health Personnel in May 2010. While the Code has been lauded as the first globally-applicable regulatory framework for health worker recruitment, its impact as a non-binding declaration has yet to be evaluated. We offer the first empirical evaluation of the Code's impact on national and sub-national actors in Australia, Canada, United Kingdom and United States of America, which are the English-speaking developed countries with the greatest number of migrant health workers. Fourty-two key informants from across government, civil society and private sectors were surveyed to measure their awareness of the Code, knowledge of specific changes resulting from it, overall opinion on the effectiveness of non-binding codes, and suggestions to improve this Code's implementation. Sixty percent of respondents believed their colleagues were not aware of the Code, and 93% reported that no specific changes had been observed in their work as a result of the Code. Eighty-six percent reported that the Code has not had any meaningful impact on policies, practices or regulations in their countries. This highlights a gap between awareness for the Code among stakeholders at global forums and the awareness and behaviour of national and sub-national actors. Advocacy and technical guidance for implementing the Code are needed to improve its impact on national decision-makers. At least in the context of health worker migration, this study suggests that soft law by itself may not be effective in protecting the human right to health unless it is complemented by other efforts.


The Information and Communication technology such as the WWW presents itself as a
medium for channeling creative and collaborative learning. The extraordinary growth of
the WWW necessitates engineering educators to look into their pedagogic approach to
capture the ever-expanding knowledge and technological advancement in their area of
expertise.
This study attempts to look into the various factors related to the adoption of the WWW
and the way the constructivist approach is related to the adoption of the WWW. The
target population for this study are engineering lecturers from Polytechnics in Malaysia.
Stratified sampling is applied to ensure that representative samples from the respective
engineering departments are obtained in this study, namely the Civil Engineering, the
Mechanical Engineering and the Electrical Engineering Department. The sampling size for this study was 500 engineering lecturers and the selection was based on the table of
random numbers. The researcher visited all Polytechnics in Malaysia to conduct the
questionnaire research except Sabah and Sarawak. The response rate for this study was
75.6%.
The findings indicated that the four major factors namely organisational, technological,
human, and training factors were significantly related with the adoption of the WWW.
The human factor had the highest correlation coefficient value with the adoption model (r
= 0.560, Q < 0.05) whereas the organisation factor had the lowest correlation value with
the adoption model (r = 0.469, Q < 0.05) among the variables investigated. The other
factors that had shown significant relationship with the adoption of the WWW were the
technological factor (r = 0.541, Q < 0.05) and training factor (r = 0.511, Q < 0.05).
Further multiple linear regression analysis showed that these four factors contributed
about 50% of the explained variance of the adoption of the WWW.


This book chapter traces the history of the Catholic Church's relationship to the modern state, focusing on the idea of sovereignty and the development of human rights and democracy. It argues that the Catholic Church's relationship to human rights and democracy in the modern world can only be understood as reflective of both a historical convergence and a persistent tension and ambivalence. The first part argues for this dual theme in the development of Catholic doctrine, where today, as over the past several centuries, the Church's conception of the common good yields both an embrace of human rights and democracy and a critique of certain aspects of their secular espousal. The second part illustrates how this parallel acceptance and tension is manifested in practice, showing that the Church's efforts to advance its teachings on human rights and democracy sometimes succeed and sometimes encounter resistance, both on account of conceptual differences with modern states and international organizations as well as because of obstructing institutional realities.


Using a new database of quarterly data for 21 countries of Latin America and the Caribbean for the 1990-2012 period, this document shows that the duration of GDP contractions appears to be a rather robust indicator of real volatility, and is negatively correlated with long run growth in Latin America and the Caribbean during the period. These results are consistent with different theoretical hypotheses in the literature that relate the duration of GDP contractions with economic growth. They also show that the relationship between real volatility and economic growth in the region is robust to the inclusion of external variables that control for external uncertainty and volatility.


The Telescope to Observe Planetary Systems (TOPS) is a proposed space mission to image planetary systems of nearby stars simultaneously in a few wide spectral bands covering the visible light (0.4-0.9 μm). It achieves its power by combining a high accuracy wavefront control system with a highly efficient Phase-Induced Amplitude Apodization (PIAA) coronagraph which provides strong suppression very close to the star (within 2 λ/D). The PIAA coronagraphic technique opens the possibility of imaging Earthlike planets in visible light with a smaller telescope than previously supposed. If sized at 1.2-m, TOPS would image and characterize many Jupiter-sized planets, and discover 2 RE rocky planets within habitable zones of the ≈10 most favorable stars. With a larger 2-m aperture, TOPS would have the sensitivity to reveal Earth-like planets in the habitable zone around ≈20 stars, and to characterize any found with low resolution spectroscopy. Unless the occurrence of Earth-like planets is very low (η⊕ <~ 0.2), a useful fraction of the TPF-C scientific program would be possible with aperture much smaller than the baselined 8 by 3.5m for TPF, with its more conventional coronagraph. An ongoing laboratory experiment has successfully demonstrated high contrast coronagraphic imaging within 2 λ/d with the PIAA coronagraph / focal plane wavefront sensing scheme envisioned for TOPS.


This book presents aspects of research on the archaeological investigations at the multi-period site of Priniatikos Pyrgos and surrounding area. Incorporating the Vrokastro Survey Project, the Istron Geoarchaeological Project, the Priniatikos Pyrgos Excavation Project and other researches, this volume presents interdisciplinary case-studies that deal with domestic, technological and mortuary practices at the site and how these relate to settlement and resource exploitation in the surrounding landscape. This is set within its environmental context at the local and regional levels, assessing both long term processes and shorter term events. The visual representation of materials and settlement complexity are approached using a combination of established and novel digital methods.


ABSTRACT Stability and resistance to dissolution are key features of microbial biofilms. How these macroscopic properties are determined by the physiological state of individual biofilm cells in their local physical-chemical and cellular environment is largely unknown. In order to obtain molecular and energetic insight into biofilm stability, we investigated whether maintenance of biofilm stability is an energy-dependent process and whether transcription and/or translation is required for biofilm dissolution. We found that in 12-hour-old Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 biofilms, a reduction in cellular ATP concentration, induced either by oxygen deprivation or by addition of the inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), dinitrophenol (DNP), or CN−, resulted in massive dissolution. In 60-hour-old biofilms, the extent of uncoupler-induced cell loss was strongly attenuated, indicating that the integrity of older biofilms is maintained by means other than those operating in younger biofilms. In experiments with 12-hour-old biofilms, the transcriptional and translational inhibitors rifampin, tetracycline, and erythromycin were found to be ineffective in preventing energy starvation-induced detachment, suggesting that neither transcription nor translation is required for this process. Biofilms of Vibrio cholerae were also induced to dissolve upon CCCP addition to an extent similar to that in S. oneidensis. However, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and P. putida biofilms remained insensitive to CCCP addition. Collectively, our data show that metabolic energy is directly or indirectly required for maintaining cell attachment, and this may represent a common but not ubiquitous mechanism for stability of microbial biofilms.


Extracted from text ... quality assurance
Quality audits:
why two dimensional auditing?
There has been a long term concern from the Original
Equipment Manufacturers (OEM) in the South African
automotive sector that, despite most suppliers being
certified to some quality management standards, e.g., ISO
9001, QS 9000, VDA 6 or TS 16949, the supplied product
does not always come up to quality expectations.
Following the global alliance between Renault and
Nissan some five years ago, an effort has been made to
correct this situation. The Alliance Quality Charter produced
its ASG or Alliance Supplier Guide. This guide
indicates to the supplier base across the ..


Historical data for the last fifty years shows that there is a surprisingly strong correlation between the growth rate of a nation's GDP per person and its income level. The growth rate declines linearly with income, and this relationship can be used to estimate the future growth rate of a nation's economy. Using the same method it is also possible to forecast the share of GDP in agriculture, industry, and services – and to demonstrate the continuing decline of the share in industry as a nation get very rich. This article concludes with a discussion of the likely impact of robotisation and greening on GDP growth.


BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Cervical epidural steroid injections are approached with trepidation because of concerns over safety, including direct spinal cord injury. CT fluoroscopy is an alternative to conventional fluoroscopy that could potentially help reduce the risk of injury by providing improved localization of the needle tip. We sought to determine rates of technical success and risk of complications in our initial cohort of patients treated with cervical interlaminar ESI performed under CTF guidance. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this retrospective case series, we reviewed procedural details and CTF images of 53 consecutive cervical interlaminar ESIs performed on 50 patients over a period of 8 months. Rates of technical success, incidence of complications, procedure times, and factors that influence radiation exposure were examined. RESULTS: No symptomatic procedural complications were observed. A single case of intrathecal contrast injection was observed, from which the patient was asymptomatic. The remaining injections were all technically successful. Injections were performed at every cervical level, as high as C1-C2. Total procedure times averaged less than 20 minutes. Average CT fluoroscopic time was 24 seconds and median tube current was 70 mA. CONCLUSIONS: CTF-guided cervical interlaminar ESI can be performed at all levels in the cervical spine with a low rate of procedural complications. Short total procedure times, CT-fluoroscopy times, and reduced tube current make this procedure a practical alternative to cervical ESI performed under conventional fluoroscopy.


Brannon D. Ingram's monograph casts fresh light on the global life of the Deoband movement, which is "arguably the most influential Muslim reform and revival movement outside of the Middle East in the last two centuries" (2). The seminary (madrasa) associated with this movement was founded in 1866 in the North Indian town of Deoband by religious scholars (ʿulamāʾ) who were at once Ḥanafī jurists and Chishtī ṣūfīs. They reimagined "Sufism through law, Sufism as ethics, Sufism in politics" (3). The author elucidates this movement's internal differences and uses its complex history, in both South Asia and South Africa, to illuminate broader features of global Islam, including "the place of Sufism in the modern world, the position of the ʿulama in Muslim public life, and the very notion of Islamic tradition" (11). The study is grounded in a range of primary texts authored by and about Deobandī scholars. The book's title, Revival from Below, refers to how the Deobandīs have pursued "a bottom-up reform largely invisible relative to the top-down reform of Islamist political projects" (18). I will return to the limitation of this argument at the end of this review. Here, let us appreciate how the author approaches the binaries that structure his object of study in a dialectical fashion: "Deobandi tradition arises out of a tension—sometimes productive, sometimes strained—between the anthropocentric and the bibliocentric, between the centrifugal force of a global movement and the centripetal force of intimate encounters, between the dispersal of books and the proximity of bodies, between esoteric centers and exoteric peripheries, and above all, between the 'little' tradition of the maslak, to which they adhere as Deobandis, and the 'great' tradition of the Sunna, to which they adhere as Muslims" (23-24).
Download


Objective There is increasing interest in measuring the influence of socioeconomic position (SEP) across the life-course. However, there are few cohorts that encompass the whole life-course, so many studies use data from cross-sectional studies, hence the need for ensuring the accuracy of recall of the SEP measures used. The aim of this study was to investigate the reliability and validity of two measures of SEP: education and longest job. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting Large population survey of older adults from the general population in North Staffordshire, UK. Main Outcome Measures Health Questionnaire (HQ) including a four-part question on education and a five-part question about the longest job. Participant In two pilot studies, random samples of patients aged 50+ registered with different general practices were mailed a HQ (nested test–retest repeatability studies were included; n=500; n=160). In the main study, all patients aged 50+ registered with three different general practices were sent a HQ at baseline. 6 years later, 3410 responders consenting to further contact were mailed a follow-up HQ; a subsample of these participants took part in independent qualitative interviews, which included a reconstruction of critical landmarks in their life-course. Ethical approval was granted for all stages of the study. Analysis Validity was assessed by: percentage completion; internal percentage agreement within each set of questions; percentage agreement of qualitative and quantitative data for age left school and longest job questions; comparing age left school data with historical change in legal school leaving age. Reliability of both questions was calculated from the pilot repeatability studies using ICC and κ, with 95% CI. Results The adjusted response to all stages of the study was good (62–84%). In the main surveys, completion of the age left school and longest job questions was excellent (94–98%). Internal agreement within each set of questions was good (education: 80–97%; longest job: 95–100%). Comparison of survey and interview data showed good agreement for age left school (85%) and longest job (95%). The change in age left school data concurred exactly with the change in legal school leaving age implemented in 1947. Reliability from pilot test–retests was excellent for recalled age left school (ICC=0.95; 95% CI 0.93 to 0.96) and substantial for longest job (κ=0.69; 95% CI 0.55 to 0.83). Conclusion The age left school and longest job questions in this study are valid and reliable measures.


IZA DP No. 14464 JUNE 2021 The Welfare Costs of Job Loss and Decarbonization– Evidence from Germany's Coal Phase Out Decarbonizing economies is an enormous task. Public debate often focuses on the job loss of workers in fossil industries. Why is job loss costly? Who is most affected? Can delaying transition reduce welfare costs? What other policy instruments may be available? We present a simple job search framework that calculates life-time welfare costs of job loss. We apply the model to the archetypical fossil industry coal mining. Based on the universe of German coal employment biographies, we estimate the model and decompose welfare costs. We find that unemployment is a small factor: Higher wages and job security in coal drive welfare costs. We distinguish welfare costs by age, education and business cycle. High-educated workers aged 31-49 face highest losses. Based on a detailed demographic projection, we estimate that advancing coal exit from 2038 to 2030 increases unmitigated welfare costs by one third. Labor market policy promoting career switches rather than retirement can alleviate these welfare costs: A wage insurance scheme is estimated to reduce welfare losses by 80-99% at reasonable costs. JEL Classification: J64, L16, Q54


The system lifetime gains provided by the various power management techniques in embedded sensing systems are a strong function of the active and sleep mode power consumption of the underlying hardware platform. However, power consumption characteristics of hardware platforms exhibit high variability across different instances of the platform, diverse ambient conditions, and over passage of time. The factors underlying this variability include increased manufacturing variations and aging effects due to shrinking transistor geometries, and deployment of embedded devices in extreme environments. Our experimental measurements show that large variability in sleep mode power is already present in commonly used embedded processors, and technology trends suggest that the variability will grow even more over time and affect active mode power as well. Such variability results in suboptimal lifetime and service quality. We therefore argue for energy management approaches that learn and model the power characteristics of the specific instance of the hardware platform, and adapt accordingly.


The goal of the research was to examine the usefulness of formal strategy teaching in the classroom, that is, to explore to what extent the strategy of teaching predetermined L2 vocabulary enhances students' oral communication skills. Two groups of participants were compared, the students of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, and students of Mechanical Engineering. The former attended the course Communication Skills and were already familiar with certain communication models and means of making and maintaining conversation, and delivering presentations. The latter group, the Mechanical Engineering students did not attend such classes, so they represented the comparison class in this research. The results showed that the students who attended the communication skills course showed better presentations skills and the usage of predetermined phrases. Moreover, predetermined vocabulary helps less successful students with the deficit of L2 competencies. This communication strategy helps students with poorer English knowledge acquire the language competences as well as improve their confidence.


Background and Purpose Recurrent embolization is a serious problem in acute cardioembolic stroke. However, the clinical features and predisposing factors of recurrent embolization have not been fully elucidated. Methods Subjects were 227 consecutive patients (128 men and 99 women, aged 68.6 ±13.2 years) with acute cardioembolic stroke who did not receive anticoagulant therapy during the first 14 days after stroke onset. We assigned the subjects to two groups according to the occurrence or nonoccurrence of recurrent attacks within 14 days of the stroke onset. We assessed their clinical features, coagulation study results, and underlying heart disease. Results Recurrent brain or systemic embolization during the first 14 days after onset was noted in 46 patients (20.3%, group A) but not in the other 181 (group B). Recurrent embolization was more frequently noted at an early phase than at a late phase during the initial 14 days. Mortality was higher in group A (19.6%) than in group B (8.8%). The mean plasma level of antithrombin III (77.8±19.5%) at admission in group A patients was significantly lower than that in group B patients (87.9 ±15.5%). After admission, hematocrit decreased in group B patients but slightly increased in group A patients, in whom diuretics were more commonly used. Rheumatic heart disease and prosthetic valves, in addition to the presence of intracardiac thrombi, were seen more commonly in group A patients, whereas atrial fibrillation without organic heart disease and myocardial infarction were more frequent in group B patients. Conclusions Low plasma levels of antithrombin III, dehydration, the use of diuretics, and the presence of rheumatic heart disease, prosthetic valves, and intracardiac thrombi seem to be predisposing factors for recurrent embolization. Immediate anticoagulation may be considered in acute cardioembolic stroke patients if such predisposing factors are demonstrated. (Stroke. 1993;24:1681-1685.)


This paper is based on a study which investigated both existing and new regulatory responses to food emergencies and bigger challenges presented by modern gene-based biotechnologies. In particular, this paper looks at the challenge of cross-national cooperation in regulation of these technologies in southern Africa. One response to this challenge which has dominated policy agendas in the region for a long time, and with more prominence after the 2002-2003 food emergency, is that of harmonisation of national biosafety regulatory systems. Harmonisation is touted by its promoters as one way in which countries can buttress weaker national and sub-national regulatory capacities, and develop synergies that will place them in a strong position to deal with the dynamic challenges presented by modern biotechnologies. The desire for cross-national cooperation in biotechnology management was investigated from the broader perspective of policy convergence, with harmonization being but one of the mechanisms towards the policy convergence. A number of factors facilitating or inhibiting policy convergence were identified, including but not limited to cultural, institutional, socio-economic and policy community attributes. The paper concludes that an understanding of these factors is crucial if grounded empirical and theoretical proposals on cross-national policy convergence are to be advanced.


ABSTRACT We trace the social networks around Chinese entrepreneurs back to their firm's founding to learn about the role early events play in the later success of a business. We use name generator questions paired with career history questions to identify 'event contacts' missed by the usual focus on current business. We draw four conclusions from interviews with a large, stratified random sample of entrepreneurs: (1) Relations with event contacts stand out for guanxi qualities of high trust relatively independent of the surrounding network structure, and are critical to distinguishing more successful entrepreneurs from the less successful. (2) The substance of a significant event matters less than the fact that the entrepreneur deems it significant. (3) When family is turned to for support it is most likely at founding, but family is not the usual source of support at founding. Rather, entrepreneurs turn to people they have known for many years, typically people beyond the entrepreneur's family. (4) The transition from founding to first significant event stands out as distinctly consequential for later success. Entrepreneurs who turn for help on their first significant event to a person separate from, but especially close to, the founding contact are more successful in their business development. That early move is not visible in the later network around the entrepreneur.


SUMMARY Integrated measures of corticosterone (CORT), such as from feathers (CORTf), have intuitive appeal because they incorporate both the duration and amplitude of glucocorticoid secretion. An association between CORTf and plasma CORT has never been shown in wild birds, and it is unclear as to when and whether these measures should be correlated, given that they are fundamentally different yet related measures of physiology. We hypothesized that CORTf should correlate with instantaneous measurements of plasma CORT when the latter reflect sustained changes in the activity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. To test this, we experimentally manipulated levels of plasma CORT in wild nestling tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) using 5 day time-release CORT pellets, and measured plasma CORT and growth parameters before, during and at the end of hormone manipulation (days 7, 9 and 11 post-hatch, respectively). CORTf and plasma CORT were significantly positively related only when the latter was at its highest and most variable among individuals (day 9). A similar relationship was expected at day 11, but plasma CORT had returned to near-original levels. Nestlings with higher CORTf were smaller, lighter and less likely to fledge, but we did not detect seasonal effects on CORTf. Our results clearly demonstrate that CORTf from free-living birds can reflect plasma CORT, but correlations may not always be expected, especially if elevations in plasma CORT are relatively modest and of short duration. Our work suggests that CORTf is best used to study the activity of the HPA axis over relatively long time frames and can be used effectively to advance avian ecology.


Antiracism is a dominant discourse in contemporary societies. The understanding of antiracism, however, varies. Government, through its own textually mediated organization of apparatus, tends to homogenize the discourse. This paper is to demonstrate, by employing institutional ethnography, how a child's act can ignite the socially organized textual engine to include the children's world in the ideological circle of antiracism discourse dominated by the government. Institutional ethnography, as demonstrated in this paper, is a useful tool for social workers to deconstruct the textual condition in which social work practice is embedded. The ideological circle is a powerful concept to help social workers to understand our social location in the ruling relations of the society. Introduction Antiracism is a dominant social discourse in contemporary societies. The state with its control apparatus, a powerful player, tends to homogenize this discourse by containing the politicization of social discontentment rising from racism within a social administration paradigm. The intention is to maintain the existing power balance among different racial groups (Steinberg, 1997). However, as many scholars have pointed out, the understanding of race, racism and antiracism is far from homogenous (e.g. Bulmer & Solomos, 1999; Gilroy, 1999). In fact, different understandings of antiracism are always in competition. For instance, Payne (1997) notices that the pluralists' and radical structuralists' understanding of social work anti-racist practice conflict. Therefore, Gilroy (1999) contends that strategies against racism need not be homogenized either. This paper will not discuss the actual meaning of antiracism nor will it address which strategies are more useful. Instead, the purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how the governmental discourse of antiracism trickles down as a bureaucratic response to a racist incident in the children's world through a textually mediating process, and ultimately how governmental discourse homogenizes the social understanding of antiracism within its administrative parameter. The analytic approach of this paper is based on institutional ethnography developed by Dorothy Smith, a Canadian feminist sociologist. O'Neill (1998) has demonstrated how institutional ethnography can be useful in understanding social work. In O'Neill's (1998) article, he discusses a few major concepts of institutional ethnography, such as texts, ideology, social relations and discourse. Yet the concept of an ideological circle, which is the major analytic tool to be employed in this study, has not been fully explored. Ideological circle is largely a textually coordinated circular process, through which governmental ideology is filtered down to all levels of the society. Social service practitioners, who are a part of the ensemble of the governmentality of the state, i.e., means of control (Johnson, 1993; Popple, 1992), inevitably become actors who (very often unintentionally) help complete the ideological circle. Indeed, the social control function of social service practitioners is always intertwined with the ideological circle embedded in governmental policies. The Case Study The ideological circle of antiracism to be studied in this paper was triggered by an incident in the childcare center (the Center) of a multi-service community agency (the Agency) in a city of southern Ontario, Canada. One day, a girl about eleven to twelve years old came to the center to visit her stepbrother. The girl was black-white bi-racially mixed. A black child about four years old went to her and said, "I don't like your face." The incident was seen by a childcare worker who thought it childish behavior and ignored it. However, the girl shared the remark with her stepmother at home, who felt that it was a racist incident. She came to the childcare center and talked to the workers there. The alarm bell was rung. …


An Ozark hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis bishopi) withmultiple, large, warty skin lesions was collected in the Spring River, Fulton County, Arkansas, in 1994. The specimen was a female, 560 mm in total length, and had a mass of 1,947 g. Tissues were formalin-fixed, and three lesions were processed for histopathology. The normal skin at the tumor margins had a stratified squamous epidermis overlying a loose, well-vascularized, heavily pigmented dermis. Poison glands and mucous glands extended from the epidermis into the dermis. The lesions, in contrast, were masses of epidermal cells up to 100 times thicker than the normal epidermis. They consisted of long, thick, branching epidermal pegs separated by thin fibrovascular papillae. The base of the lesions and all pegs had sharp boundaries bordered by a basement membrane, ruling out invasion. Tumor cells were differentiated into scattered glandular structures suggestive of dermal glands. Cells within the pegs were poorly organized. Nuclei usually contained basophilic granules. Mitotic figures were numerous. By electron microscopy, the cells appeared to be pulling apart except where held together by desmosomes. The sum of the above observations is consistent with a pathological diagnosis of epidermal papilloma.


The original CliffsNotes study guides offer a look into critical elements and ideas within classic works of literature."CliffsNotes on A Doll's House & Hedda Gabler" takes you into Henrick Ibsen's dramatic plays, controversial theater productions that inflamed audience reactions in the nineteenth century."A Doll's House" follows the story of a housewife who emerges from the confinement of her married life to confront the conditions of the outside world. Typical of Ibsen's dramas, "Hedda Gabler" portrays a depraved world in which women in particular submit to unsatisfying socially imposed roles. Summaries and expert commentaries cover each act within both plays; other features that help you figure out these important works includeLife and background of the playwrightSummary of Ibsen's most famous playsAnalysis of the plays' structure, themes, and charactersA complete list of Ibsen's dramaSample exam questions and essay topicsClassic literature or modern-day treasure -- you'll understand it all with expert information and insight from CliffsNotes study guides.


Media cloud has become a promising paradigm for deploying large-scale streaming media applications at a reduced cost. Due to dynamic and diverse demands of users, media cloud presents two crucial characteristics: high resource consumption and dynamic traffic among media servers. Consequently, Virtual Machine (VM) migration in media cloud is highly required to suit varying resource requirements and the dynamic traffic patterns. Moreover, migration of such bandwidth-intensive media applications in media cloud needs cautious handling, especially for the internal traffic of Data Center Networks (DCN). However, existing media cloud resource management schemes or traffic-aware VM deployment approaches are insufficient for media cloud, ignoring the characteristics of either cloud infrastructure or media streaming requirements. In this paper, we propose a cluster-aware VM collaborative migration scheme for media cloud, tightly integrating clustering, placement, and dynamic migration process. The scheme employs a clustering algorithm and a placement algorithm to obtain ideal migration strategies for newly perceived media server clusters, and a migration algorithm to effectively accomplish the migration process of media servers. Evaluation results demonstrate that our scheme can effectively migrate virtual media servers in media cloud, while reducing the total internal traffic in DCN under the resource consumption constraints of media streaming applications.


We use several holographic and interferographic methods for two- and three-dimensional imaging of fingerprints. Holographic phase microscopy is used to produce images of thin-film patterns left by latent fingerprints. Two or more holographic phase images with different wavelengths are combined for optical phase unwrapping of images of thicker patent prints or a plastic print. Digital interference holography uses scanned wavelengths to synthesize short-coherence interference tomographic images of a plastic print. We also demonstrate light-emitting-diode-based low-coherence interferography for imaging plastic as well as latent prints. These demonstrations point to significant contributions to biometry by the emerging technology of digital holography and interferography.


"Rumpole and the Primrose Path" - six hilarious crime capers starring John Mortimer's iconic character. "Rumpole, like Jeeves and Sherlock Holmes, is immortal". (P. D James, "Mail on Sunday"). "I thank heaven for small mercies. The first of these is Rumpole". (Clive James, "Observer"). Rumpole was last seen in his hospital bed after his sudden collapse in court. Now our hero finds himself in the Primrose Path nursing home - or a hospice as he persists in describing it. Things aren't looking good for Rumpole - until suddenly he begins to sense there's something wrong with the place, and all his intelligence and formidable insight into human behaviour come to the fore again. And once he has solved the mystery of the Primrose Path nursing home, Rumpole finds the briefs fly thick and fast again. This delightful collection of six Rumpole stories shows the legendary advocate on top form. Readers of Sherlock Holmes, P.D. James and P.G. Wodehouse will love this book. Sir John Mortimer was a barrister, playwright and novelist. His fictional political trilogy of "Paradise Postponed", "Titmuss Regained" and "The Sound of Trumpets" has recently been republished in "Penguin Classics", together with "Clinging to the Wreckage" and his play "A Voyage round My Father". His most famous creation was the barrister Horace Rumpole, who featured in four novels and around eighty short stories. His books in Penguin include: "The Anti-social Behaviour of Horace Rumpole"; "The Collected Stories of Rumpole"; "The First Rumpole Omnibus"; "Rumpole and the Angel of Death"; "Rumpole and the Penge Bungalow Murders"; "Rumpole and the Primrose Path"; "Rumpole and the Reign of Terror"; "Rumpole and the Younger Generation"; "Rumpole at Christmas"; "Rumpole Rests His Case"; "The Second Rumpole Omnibus"; "Forever Rumpole"; "In Other Words"; "Quite Honestly" and "Summer's Lease".


Non-occupational post-exposure prophylaxis (NPEP) has been recommended to prevent HIV acquisition for nearly 20 years. However, limited behavioral and clinical outcome data exist after men who have sex with men (MSM) present for NPEP. We reviewed the electronic medical records of HIV-uninfected adults who presented for NPEP at a large community health center in Boston between July, 1997 and August, 2013. Data from 894 patients were analyzed, 88.1% of whom were MSM. Consensual unprotected sex was the most common reason for NPEP visits among MSM (64.2%), followed by condom failure (30.6%). The HIV serostatus of the partner was unknown for 64.4% of the MSM, positive with unknown treatment status for 18.1%, positive and not on treatment for 4.1%, and positive and on treatment for 13.4%. Thirty-nine patients subsequently became HIV-infected (4.4%), all of whom were MSM. The MSM-specific HIV incidence after NPEP use was 2.2 cases per 100 person-years. Incident HIV infection was associated with younger age (AHR=0.94; p=0.003), being Latino (AHR=2.44; p=0.044), and/or being African American (AHR=3.43; p=0.046). Repeated NPEP use was not associated with incident HIV infection (AHR=0.67; p=0.26). Younger MSM of color who access NPEP, in particular, may benefit from early HIV risk-reduction and pre-exposure prophylaxis counseling.


This PhD research investigated the literacies of Saudi female undergraduates that emerged as they used English on social media. My research participants were Saudi female users who were studying English Language and Translation at a university in Saudi Arabia. I draw on Literacy Studies (LS), which understands literacies as social practices involving more than technical skills. By means of a connective approach to ethnography, I conducted detailed online observation of these Saudi female undergraduates on social media, had repeated informal conversations, held semi-structured interviews and focus-group interviews, and kept an online log of English usage on social media. This thesis focuses on the conceptualisation of social media by these Saudi female undergraduates, the literacy practices that emerge in English on social media, the reasons for using English, the material resources and concrete activities they employed as they read and wrote, as well as illustrating how they projected their identities in English on social media. The findings indicate that these Saudi female undergraduates' understandings of social media were affected by three factors: the perceived roles of social media, their understanding of the basic components of social media and their personal histories of social media. Social media is defined as Internet-based smartphone apps that perform various roles in the lives of their users, as well as enabling users to post content and interact with large numbers of other users on a regular basis via an account with a unique code. These Saudi female undergraduates had diverse and tangled literacy practices in English on social media that were part of their everyday lives. These undergraduates chose to use English for various reasons and drew on a wide range of approaches as they read and wrote in English on social media. The findings also indicate that these Saudi female undergraduates projected their identities in English by displaying certain character traits on their social media profiles and displaying their current feelings and situations. The findings of this research have implications for language educators and language learners based on the in-depth accounts of the English literacies of these female undergraduates and the approaches they drew on to correct, craft and improve their English. These approaches involved the use of Google app, Google Translate app, Dictionary apps, the COCA website, asking people online or offline, and changing the default settings of their smartphone English keyboards.


AIM
This study explored Taiwan's nurse leaders' reflections and experiences of the difficulties they encountered and survival strategies they employed fighting the severe acute respiratory syndrome epidemic and the background context framing these phenomena.

BACKGROUND
On several continents in 2002-2003, the highly infectious severe acute respiratory syndrome overwhelmed health care systems and health professionals who had to provide care in situations involving high personal risk and stress, some becoming infected and dying. Nurse leaders in Taiwan had to develop new strategies and support systems for nursing care.

DESIGN
A two-step within-method qualitative triangulation research design.

METHODS
Focus group in-depth interviews held with 70 nurse leaders from four Northern Taiwan hospitals involved in the severe acute respiratory syndrome epidemic. Participants then completed an open ended questionnaire. Content analysis was undertaken with data and stages and themes generated. Data were then analysed using Hobfall's concepts of conservation of resources to further discuss participants' reactions and actions in the severe acute respiratory syndrome crisis.

RESULTS
Participants worked under incredible stress to lead the profession through a period of crisis. Five stages arose in the participants' involvement against severe acute respiratory syndrome over 12 weeks: facing shock and chaos; searching for reliable sources to clarify myths; developing and adjusting nursing care; supporting nurses and their clients; and rewarding nurses.

CONCLUSION
Nurse leaders become important executors of intervention in this health disaster, requiring emotional intelligence to manage their internal conflicts and interpersonal relationships effectively. They developed sociopolitical and analytical abilities and crucial requirements for planning and implementing strategies in areas where none previously existed. Building support systems was an important resource for managing conflicts between familial and professional roles. Relevance to clinical practice. Findings will assist nurse leaders to prepare themselves and the profession to better deal with disaster management in similar infectious outbreaks in the future.


As an extension of hierarchical linear models (HLMs), cross-classified random effects models (CCREMs) are used for analyzing multilevel data that do not have strictly hierarchical structures. Proportional reduction in prediction error, a multilevel version of the R 2 in ordinary multiple regression, measures the predictive ability of a model and is useful in model selection. However, such a measure is not yet available for CCREMs. Using a two-level random-intercept CCREM, the authors have investigated how the estimated variance components change when predictors are added and have extended the measures of proportional reduction in prediction error from HLMs to CCREMs. The extended measures are generally unbiased for both balanced and unbalanced designs. An example is provided to illustrate the computation and interpretation of these measures in CCREMs.


This article examines the institutional, political and regulatory dimensions of environmental assessment (EA) processes. While EA is most often conceptualized as a regulatory instrument, this article contends that viewing EA in this narrow fashion obscures the broader implications and significance of EA as a distinct form of governance. When conceived as a mode of governance, EA varies considerably in terms of the key governance characteristics emphasized in this symposium. The empirical evidence rests upon three cases studies looking at very different multi-level governance contexts: the Tamar Valley Pulp Mill in Australia, the Whites Point Quarry in Canada, and the Bystroe Canal Project in the Ukraine. The case study analysis identifies large variations in the institutional, political and regulatory form that EAs take, indicating that approaches identifying EA as a form of 'New Governance' are overly simplistic. The analysis also points to the multi-directional influence of different governance dimensions. The insights derived from the use of the three dimensional framework validate its value as an analytical tool. co-authors: Alastair Neil Craik and Fred Peter Gale


This study examines the net return for airlines before and after joining an alliance. The research database was compiled from ICAOData, and comprised 15 international airlines as subjects and their net financial results for a period of 11 years as primary research variables. Two variables, the averages of five and three years net performance before joining an alliance, were tested against another variable, the average net performance five years after joining the alliance. Results show a deterioration of net profits after joining an alliance, although this trend was only significant when comparing performance over the short-term. However, the performance of American airlines accounted for most of this trend, which may have being partly affected by the consequences of September 11 2001.


This article reconsiders contemporary digital activism in an increasingly pious Indonesia and responds to Eva F. Nisa's 2018 paper on young Muslim women as daʾwa (proselytization) activists published in this journal. This paper asks: How have today's socially mediated publics in Indonesia influenced the figure of the daʾwa activist? How are these daʾwa activists different from those in the past? I argue that the daʾwa activists are the products of a Muslimah intimate public, part of a networked public within which young women discuss, engage with, and express how they 'feel' about issues that interest them, and celebrate self-improvement and self-enterprise, combined with religious self-cultivation. Within this public daʾwa activists have two key characteristics. First, market logics and commercial interests are fundamental to their daʾwa. Second, the daʾwa accounts frame controversial and political issues through specific visual ethics that engender a sense of intimacy with their followers.


To identify novel coding association signals and facilitate characterization of mechanisms influencing glycemic traits and type 2 diabetes risk, we analyzed 109,215 variants derived from exome array genotyping together with an additional 390,225 variants from exome sequence in up to 39,339 normoglycemic individuals from five ancestry groups. We identified a novel association between the coding variant (p.Pro50Thr) in AKT2 and fasting plasma insulin (FI), a gene in which rare fully penetrant mutations are causal for monogenic glycemic disorders. The low-frequency allele is associated with a 12% increase in FI levels. This variant is present at 1.1% frequency in Finns but virtually absent in individuals from other ancestries. Carriers of the FI-increasing allele had increased 2-h insulin values, decreased insulin sensitivity, and increased risk of type 2 diabetes (odds ratio 1.05). In cellular studies, the AKT2-Thr50 protein exhibited a partial loss of function. We extend the allelic spectrum for coding variants in AKT2 associated with disorders of glucose homeostasis and demonstrate bidirectional effects of variants within the pleckstrin homology domain of AKT2.


In the last years the liberalisation of public transport led to extensive efforts of transport companies to improve their economic situation by focusing on revenue management besides cost reductions programs. Important elements are strategies and measures for customer loyalty management. To extend customer relationships fluctuation of customers has to be reduced and new customers have to be acquired. At present, there is a differentiation between strategies and measures of pricing, distribution and communication for regular customers (especially monthly pass subscribers) and for occasional riders. Thus a customer service according to the frequency of use of occasional riders is rarely possible. Due to increasing needs and a higher motorization an intensified use of cars is the consequence. For this purpose successful efforts by the automobile industry concerning young people and women are important factors. In order to tackle these problems, it is indispensable for public transport companies to increase their efforts about occasional riders. These customers must be bound to public transport - surely on a lower usage level than the regular customers - by suitable measures. Thus a further decrease of public transport usage by this important and, if its share of population is considered, largest customer group can be prevented. As it is shown in practice, today customer relationship management (CRM) is implemented only to a very limited extent in the public transport industry. Applications of the so-called analytic CRM are at present not in active use. In many cases the technical facilities for data collection of accurate user behaviour are missing. Furthermore present forms of market surveys and observations give only an insufficient idea about occasional riders. It should be emphasised that CRM does not only stand for the employment of information technology. It is rather a holistic approach for the management and attitude towards customers. In the described project an analysis of occasional rider's user behaviour was accomplished for the first time. This quantitative analysis took advantage of smart card-data of the "GeldKarte" in Hanover. The analysis focuses on methods of analytic CRM in order to identify starting points to increase customer retention of occasional riders. The paper finally recommends a migration path in order to develop today's pricing and distribution systems towards an electronic ticketing. For the covering abstract please see ITRD E135207.


Flow cytometry facilitates the detection of a large spectrum of cellular characteristics on a per cell basis, determination of absolute cell numbers and detection of rare events with high sensitivity and specificity. White blood cell (WBC) counts in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are important for the diagnosis of many neurological disorders. WBC counting and differential can be performed by microscopy, hematology analyzers, or flow cytometry. Flow cytometry of CSF is increasingly being considered as the method of choice in patients suspected of leptomeningeal localization of hematological malignancies. Additionally, in several neuroinflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis and paraneoplastic neurological syndromes, flow cytometry is commonly performed to obtain insight into the immunopathogenesis of these diseases. Technically, the low cellularity of CSF samples, combined with the rapidly declining WBC viability, makes CSF flow cytometry challenging. Comparison of flow cytometry with microscopic and molecular techniques shows that each technique has its own advantages and is ideally combined. We expect that increasing the number of flow cytometric parameters that can be simultaneously studied within one sample, will further refine the information on CSF cell subsets in low‐cellular CSF samples and enable to define cell populations more accurately. © 2011 International Clinical Cytometry Society


The emergence of scientific applications that produce huge volume of data files requires special attention, and leads to the problem of how to manage and share such data files in wide area properly. In large-scale Grid, data replication provides a suitable solution for managing data files where data reliability and data availability are enhanced. Replica selection is one of the major functions of data replication that decides which replica location is the best for Grid users. In this paper, we address the replica selection problem in a Grid environment where the users are competing for the limited data resource. Thus, our aim is to establish fairness among the users in the selection decisions. Since the criteria that play a role in the selection process conflict with each other and produce heterogeneous values, the Analytical Hierarchy Process is used to solve this optimization problem. The proposed system validity and performance are evaluated by using a simulation. The simulation results were produced and discussed in this paper.


This paper presents the dynamics of engineer-to-order (ETO) practice through Integration Definition for Function Modelling (IDEF) practice. The paper describes and defines how an ETO manufacturer utilised IDEF-QA in order to manage project uncertainties within the tendering process. The research is conceptualised through an empirical action research approach, involving an active role in the assessment of the ETO process. The paper revisits the use of IDEF, showcasing an assessment of output quality. It also suggests a road map for resource uncertainty within ETO, specifically when scoping the supply chain for ETO projects. The paper then presents an IDEF Quality Assessment model for improving the tendering process of ETO, and it examines the importance of evaluating project behaviour for supporting new future projects. The principal contribution is in how a structured approach provides IDEF with a quality assessment of resources, thereby consolidating and establishing a relationship for highlighting the uncertainties experienced by ETO manufacturers within the decision-making process.


"Assassin's Creed: The Secret Crusade" is the thrilling novelisation by Oliver Bowden based on the game series. Niccolo Polo, father of Marco, will finally reveal the story he has kept secret all his life - the story of Altair, one of the brotherhood's most extraordinary Assassins. Altair embarks on a formidable mission - one that takes him throughout the Holy Land and shows him the true meaning of the Assassin's Creed. To demonstrate his commitment, Altair must defeat nine deadly enemies, including Templar leader, Robert de Sable. Altair's life story is told here for the first time: a journey that will change the course of history; his ongoing battle with the Templar conspiracy; a family life that is as tragic as it is shocking; and the ultimate betrayal of an old friend. "Assassin's Creed: The Secret Crusade" is based on the phenomenally successful gaming series. Oliver Bowden is the pen-name of an acclaimed novelist.


Valuable data for geotechnical interpretation and integration into effective Australian underground mine planning may often be available, yet is not always fully appreciated or utilised, particularly in the early stages of mine planning or in due diligence studies. There may be considerable benefits associated with early prioritisation of geotechnical evaluation and impact on mine planning. Unidentified, misinterpreted, or ill-defined adverse geological and related geotechnical resource characteristics can pose significant business risk to underground coal projects and operations. Preliminary resource definition in the early conceptual mine planning stages attributes significant focus (entirely warranted) on resource quality and structural geology constraints. Yet detailed geotechnical data analysis and interpretation, which may have a substantial down stream impact and sensitivity with respect to future mine planning strategies, at times is given lower priority, or scoped and resourced in the later stages of a bankable feasibility study. Through extensive mine planning experience and observation of downstream process impacts, it has been found there is often data available for geotechnical analysis that does not readily stand out or is not adequately understood or utilised, available at the early (conceptual) stages of mine planning. Part of the issue may be that exploration geologists are not necessarily experienced geotechnical engineers and do not necessarily recognise or understand all important parameters. Subject to appropriate application of experienced professionals data can be manipulated to provide key geotechnical hazard assessment at minimal cost, and provide a framework for understanding and optimising the mine planning process. Although there is no single prescribed strategy for resource evaluation from a geotechnical perspective, potential business risks and mitigation approaches can and should be adopted at the conceptual mine planning stage. There has been a recent focus in the metals industry to provide a reporting framework for geotechnical classification of mining projects. This paper outlines the strategies and gives examples of key analyses adopted in mine planning and discusses the relative merits of adopting a reporting framework as a tool for geotechnical classification in mine planning.


A generic foresight process framework is outlined, based on prior independent work by Mintzberg, Horton and Slaughter. The framework was developed as part of work carried out by the author during the introduction of foresight into the formal strategic planning of a public‐sector university in Australia. The framework recognises several distinct phases, leading from the initial gathering of information, through to the production of outputs intended as input into the more familiar activities of strategy development and strategic planning. The framework is also useful as a diagnostic tool for examining how foresight work and strategy are undertaken, as well as a design aid for customised foresight projects and processes. Some observations and reflections are made on lessons learned from a two‐and‐a‐half year engagement as an organisationally‐based foresight practitioner.


John 9:6 contains a curious reference to Jesus' use of spittle and clay to heal a man born blind. Beginning with Irenaeus, patristic exegetes saw here an allusion to God's use of dust to create Adam. Modern commentators, however, are generally skeptical of this interpretation and are content to make note of the belief popular in antiquity that saliva held therapeutic properties. After noting the presence of other allusions to creation in John 9 and elsewhere in John's Gospel, this article examines several Dead Sea Scrolls and ancient Near Eastern texts that mention spittle and clay alongside more transparent creation motifs. These texts helpfully illumine the role of spittle and clay in John 9:6 and lend substantial support to Irenaeus's exegesis.


The study area receives a wide variety of wastes generated by municipalities and the industries like paints and pigments, metal processing industries, thermal power plants electroprocessing industries etc. The Physico-chemical and structural investigation of water from river Pandu indicated high level of chlorides and calcium which made the water unsuitable for human use. Algae like Cyclotella fumida, Asterionella Formosa, Cladophora glomerata, Pediastrum simplex, Scenedesmus bijuga, Cladophora glomerata were the dominant pollution tolerant species recorded under these conditions. The sensitive and less abundant species of algae included Spirogyra sps., Merismopedia sps. The predominance colonies of Zygnema sps, Phormidium sps, Mycrocystis aeruginosa, Merismopedia minima, Pandorina morum, seems to correlate with high organic contents of Pandu river water. This study assumes significance as some algae can be used as bioindicators of water pollution and algal floral of a municipal drain carrying waste effluents from industrial area Kanpur and discharge them into the river Pandu flowing onto southern outskirts of Kanpur city. Keywords—Kanpur, North India, Physico-chemical, Pollution, River Pandu.


Parallel supercomputer-based Monte Carlo applications depend on pseudorandom number generators that produce independent pseudorandom streams across many separate processes. We propose a new scalable class of parallel pseudorandom number generators based on Pohlig--Hellman exponentiation ciphers. The method generates uniformly distributed floating point pseudorandom streams by encrypting simple sequences of integer \textit{messages} into \textit{ciphertexts} by exponentiation modulo prime numbers. The advantages of the method are: the method is trivially parallelizable by parameterization with each pseudorandom number generator derived from an independent prime modulus, the method is fully scalable on massively parallel computing clusters due to the large number of primes available for each implementation, the seeding and initialization of the independent streams is simple, the method requires only a few integer multiply--mod operations per pseudorandom number, the state of each instance is defined by only a few integer values, the period of each instance is different, and the method passes a battery of intrastream and interstream correlation tests using up to $10^{13}$ pseudorandom numbers per test. The 32-bit implementation we propose has millions of possible instances, all with periods greater than $10^{18}$. A 64-bit implementation depends on 128-bit arithmetic, but would have more than $10^{15}$ possible instances and periods greater than $10^{37}$.


The objective of this thesis was to investigate what effect the method of preparing a monolayer had on its organization and electrical properties. Gold electrodes were modified with alkanethiols, n - hexadecanethiol (HDM) n-octadecanethiol (ODM), by (i) self-assembly (SA) from a dilute solution of the alkanethiols, and (ii) Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) deposition techniques from Langmuir films at the air-water interface, in order to compare the effects of each film-forming strategy on the resulting Self-Assembled Monolayers (SAMs) and LB films. In addition to the alkanethiol SAMs, self-assembled 11mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) was also studied so as to observe the effect of the terminal group. Prior to LB deposition, Langmuir films of HDM and ODM were studied at the air-water interface on a 0.01M ammonium chloride subphase between 8 and 20°C. The films were found to be more stable at lower temperatures.
The modified electrodes were studied by Alternating Current Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (AC-EIS) and Cyclic Voltammetry
(CV) in 3mM [Fe(CN)6]4-/3- / 0.1M KCI over a temperature range from 15°C to 65°C. A strong temperature dependence of the films' electrical features was observed for each film. Upon heating, all films show markedly different behaviour below and above a transition temperature (Ttr) that is characteristic for each film. From the impedance data, it was possible to model bare gold and the alkanethiol-modified electrodes with the Randles circuit over the whole temperature range examined, but a different equivalent circuit was required to
describe the SAM of MUA-modified electrodes before heating above the Ttr.
The results are interpreted in terms of a phase transition in these monolayers, and the possible nature of this two-dimensional (2D) phase transition is discussed.
CV measurements exhibited the same transition temperatures for a given compound in each type of film (SAM and LB film). However, a comparison of the absolute electrical properties of the LB films and the SAMs suggests that the LB deposition process, in which molecular organization precedes chemisorption, produces films that are less permeable, and therefore more highly organized than those produced by the SA process, in which chemisorption precedes molecular organization. Surprisingly, in the SAMs of HDM, and ODM, there was a second inflexion (transition) at higher temperatures that was not observed in the LB films.
In order to explain this temperature dependant phase transition, gold colloids capped with HDM and ODM, three-dimensional (3D) analogues of SAMs, were synthesized and studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). In general, DSC revealed the same temperature dependant phase behaviour that was observed in the 2D analogues by CV. However, in the 3D systems, the low temperature transition was observed only in the HDM system and not in the ODM system. It was thus concluded that this transition was less pronounced in the longer chain ODM system due to the curvature in the 3D…


Pathologic conditions in the shoulder of a throwing athlete frequently represent a breakdown of multiple elements of the shoulder restraint system, both static and dynamic, and also a breakdown in the kinetic chain. Physical therapy and rehabilitation should be, with only a few exceptions, the primary treatment for throwing athletes before operative treatment is considered. Articular-sided partial rotator cuff tears and superior labral tears are common in throwing athletes. Operative treatment can be successful when nonoperative measures have failed. Throwing athletes who have a glenohumeral internal rotation deficit have a good response, in most cases, to stretching of the posteroinferior aspect of the capsule.


Recent trends in the health care industry suggest that fundamental change is inevitable in the near future. Businesses across America have become aggressive participants in cost containment initiatives (Bergthold, 1990). Additionally, governmental bodies continue to establish rate setting policies as evidenced by the more than thirty states which formed health care cost containment commissions (Eyster, 1984). At the federal level, the presidential administration has proposed a revolutionary restructuring of health care delivery and payment, and the Democratic and Republican caucuses of Congress have proposed rival plans for major change. Calls for cost containment, legislated managed competition plans, and the emergence of purchaser alliances demanding increased financial accountability all suggest a greater need for sound business principles, including strategic planning and resource allocation models, within health care organizations. The current study briefly reviews the literature on strategic planning in health care administration and proposes an external/internal resource reallocation model using Importance-Performance-Awareness (IPA) mapping as a decision aid for hospital managers. The use of an IPA map can provide valuable information to the health care organization executive facing a turbulent and uncertain operating environment. After a review of the literature, the IPA methodology is described along with an example of IPA mapping within the health care industry using responses from 602 individuals in a Midwestern community. The article closes with a discussion of IPA's usefulness in assisting the strategic management and resource allocation tasks of managers in a broad array of industries outside health care. The application of IPA mapping in a hospital situation is meant to illustrate the potential usefulness of the methodology in helping managers efficiently utilize scarce resources and valuable organizational capabilities. STRATEGIC PLANNING IN HEALTH CARE ORGANIZATIONS The most critical problem area facing hospital administrators today is associated with business and financial management, particularly the need to control expenses and conserve resources (Agho, 1992). However, issues labeled as "business and financial problems" were identified as among the most problematic areas in studies conducted in 1961 (Levey and McCarthy, 1962), 1963 (Dolson, 1965), and again in 1978 (Carper, 1982). It would appear that issues of management effectiveness and organizational performance have been considered problems for the last thirty years in health care administration. However, the "business and financial problems" facing health care administrators today are very different from the types of issues confronting health service organizations twenty or thirty years ago. Currently, the health care industry is in the midst of a structural revolution that is reshaping the financing and delivery of health services, driven largely by a shift in market power to external constituencies such as government agencies and large businesses (Bergthold, 1990). Thus, the emphasis on business skills is now centered on external surveillance and internal efficiency assessment along with strategy formation and planning (Hudak et al., 1993). This trend is in contrast to the "business and financial problems" entailing revenue enhancement and domain expansion which were common in the 1960s and 1970s (Bergthold, 1990). Even though external surveillance and internal assessment issues are becoming the predominant concern of health care administrators, the management tools utilized by these professionals have not kept pace. For instance, less than half of the hospitals currently using strategic planning conduct any form of environmental analysis, fewer than one in five do general consumer surveys, and only 27 percent include budget and resource allocation processes in their strategic planning practices (Zallocco and Joseph, 1991). …


A remote atmospheric breakdown is a very rich source of UV and broadband visible light that could provide an early warning of the presence of chemical-biological warfare agents at extended standoff distances. A negatively chirped laser pulse propagating in air compresses in time and focuses transversely, which results in a rapid laser intensity increase and ionization near the focal region that can be located kilometers away from the laser system. Proof-of-principle laboratory experiments are performed on the generation of remote atmospheric breakdown and the spectroscopic detection of mock biological warfare agents. We have generated third harmonics at 267 nm and UV broadband radiation in air from the compression and focusing of femtosecond laser pulses. Fluorescence emission from albumin aerosols as they were illuminated by the femtosecond laser pulse has been observed.


The origins of cancer chemotherapies can be traced back to their roots in the nineteenth century. Historically, the majority of anticancer drugs have been natural products or synthetic agents designed to target a specific function in the cell or nucleus of tumour cells. These conventional agents however typically suffer from side effects as they are administered systemically – that is, they circulate to other organs where they often exert unwanted 'bystander' toxicity. More recent approaches have harnessed the power of monoclonal antibodies, complex proteins which are manufactured from cells. Antibodies accumulate on and around specific cell types (by binding to antigens on the surface of cells), and a number of antibodies which target and kill specific cancer cells have now been developed as therapeutics. A related strategy is to employ the antibody as a 'delivery vehicle' to accumulate a conventional anticancer drug in the cancer cell. Such antibody drug conjugates hold great promise.

Key Concepts:

A number of plants and bacteria produce toxins which have been used successfully as anticancer drugs.

A major limitation of conventional anticancer drugs is that they are also toxic to healthy tissue, and result in many side effects including nausea, hair loss, bone marrow loss and irritation of the gastrointestinal tract.

Proteins known as monoclonal antibodies, which target individual cell types specifically, hold great promise for the treatment of certain cancers.

Future research will focus on personalised cancer therapeutics, where the appropriate drug is selected based on the patients genomic makeup.

Synthetic derivatives and mimics of natural products have become front line therapeutics against a number of cancers.

Keywords:

anticancer drugs;
history;
natural products;
monoclonal antibodies;
antibody drug conjugates