Abstract. Current methods to identify coseismic landslides immediately after an earthquake using optical imagery are too slow to effectively inform emergency response activities. Issues with cloud cover, data collection and processing, and manual landslide identification mean even the most rapid mapping exercises are often incomplete when the emergency response ends. In this study, we demonstrate how traditional empirical methods for modelling the total distribution and relative intensity (in terms of point density) of coseismic landsliding can be successfully undertaken in the hours and days immediately after an earthquake, allowing the results to effectively inform stakeholders during the response. The method uses fuzzy logic in a GIS (Geographic Information Systems) to quickly assess and identify the location-specific relationships between predisposing factors and landslide occurrence during the earthquake, based on small initial samples of identified landslides. We show that this approach can accurately model both the spatial pattern and the number density of landsliding from the event based on just several hundred mapped landslides, provided they have sufficiently wide spatial coverage, improving upon previous methods. This suggests that systematic high-fidelity mapping of landslides following an earthquake is not necessary for informing rapid modelling attempts. Instead, mapping should focus on rapid sampling from the entire affected area to generate results that can inform the modelling. This method is therefore suited to conditions in which imagery is affected by partial cloud cover or in which the total number of landslides is so large that mapping requires significant time to complete. The method therefore has the potential to provide a quick assessment of landslide hazard after an earthquake and may therefore inform emergency operations more effectively compared to current practice.


We report herein the first visible light optical coherence tomography angiography (vis-OCTA) for human retinal imaging. Compared to the existing vis-OCT systems, we devised a spectrometer with a narrower bandwidth to increase the spectral power density for OCTA imaging, while retaining the major spectral contrast in the blood. We achieved a 100 kHz A-line rate, the fastest acquisition speed reported so far for human retinal vis-OCT. We rigorously optimized the imaging protocol such that a single acquisition takes <6 seconds with a field of view (FOV) of 3×7.8 mm2. The angiography enables accurate localization of microvasculature down to the capillary level and thus enables oximetry at vessels < 100 μm in diameter. We demonstrated microvascular hemoglobin oxygen saturation (sO2) at the feeding and draining vessels at the perifoveal region. The longitudinal repeatability was assessed by <5% coefficient of variation (CV). The unique capabilities of our vis-OCTA system may allow studies on the role of microvascular oxygen in various retinal pathologies.


Marine evaporites such as the Zechstein (Permian, NW Europe) consist of thinning-upward sulphate–halite–potash cycles whose origin is poorly understood. An intra-basinal mechanism presented here explains well their mineral composition and cycle development. It involves the progressive obstruction of ocean connections by sulphate-platform progradation, causing a chain reaction of outflow reduction and subsequent accelerated sulphate precipitation. Numerical modelling shows this to be a self-accelerating process that ultimately triggers halite and potash precipitation. Isostatic compensation of the salt load explains the formation of accommodation space for subsequent cycles, each about half the thickness of the previous cycle.


The ISM frequency band at 60 GHz (57-64 GHz) has attracted much attention for its large frequency bandwidth (7 GHz). This band enables multi Gb/s data rate transmission and enhanced immunity as well as frequency re-use. However, due to the atmospheric absorption loss at this band the propagated signal degrades considerably. This issue can
be compensated by using high-gain antennas. Beam alignment is another challenge for high gain antennas where the location of transmitter or receiver is not fixed. This is due to narrow beamwidth of such antennas. The solution to resolve this issue is using beam switching or beam scanning networks such as phased antenna arrays. Existing beamforming systems based on phased antenna array incur large loss and are complex to implement in practice rendering them high-cost solution. An alternate solution proposed in this thesis is to realize beam tilting using metamaterials to minimize the loss and cost issues as well as obtain a low-profile structure.
In this dissertation, first and foremost, an array of meander line H-shaped resonators, which operate as an anisotropic metasurface at C-band, were integrated in front of a standard bow-tie antenna in order to tilt the direction of the antenna's main beam in the azimuth plane. In order to tilt the antenna's radiation beam in the elevation plane an array of inhomogeneous split-ring resonators are embedded in the H-plane of end-fire bow-tie antenna. The proposed designs are shown to provide a viable solution for next generation of base-station antennas that need to be capable of tilting the direction of the main beam under the horizon. This particularly includes 5G wireless cellular networks envisaged to operate at millimeter-waves. The proposed technique is also applicable at C-band (7-8 GHz) and WiMAX band (3.4-3.6 GHz).
The high-gain antenna proposed here for operation at millimeter-wave (57-64 GHz) is based on a bow-tie configuration which is fed by surface integrated waveguide (SIW). The technique proposed here to increase the antenna gain involves (i) embedding a split-ring resonator at the back side of bow-tie antenna, (ii) tilting the bow-tie radiators with respect to the end-fire direction, and (iii) integrating an array of folded H-shaped resonators to create a region of low refractive index in front of the bow-tie radiator in order to convert the antenna's spherical waves into planar waves. The measured results indicate that the antenna gain improves to 12 dBi over 57-64 GHz.
Another technique demonstrated here to deflect the main beam of a standard dipole antenna involves incorporating in the azimuth plane of the antenna a media with gradient index of refraction. This technique enables beam switching from -58 to +58 degrees over 57-64 GHz with maximum gain of 9.5 dBi at 60 GHz.
In order to obtain beam steering in the Elevation plane, the proposed folded H-shaped resonators are loaded in the E and H-plane of dipole. This arrangement is shown to provide two-dimensional beam tilting or beam switching at 60 GHz. However with this approach, the antenna gain is limited to 10 dBi and the beam deflection is limited to 17 degrees in both planes.
To achieve a higher gain and tilt angle an array of split-ring resonators (SRR) were integrated in front of a quasi TE-source generated by a dipole antenna at 60 GHz. The magnetic resonance of the SRRs result in a tilt angle of 34 degrees in both the azimuth and elevation planes with maximum peak realized gain of 14 dBi over 57-64 GHz.
Finally, to achieve a dual beam and broad beamwidth radiation in the azimuth plane of end-fire bow-tie antenna an array of stub-loaded H-shape resonators were integrated in front of the antenna. The measured results show beam deflection at +30 and -30 degrees with respect to the end-fire direction with the maximum peak realized gain of 9 dBi at 60 GHz.


Few studies have examined the inheritance and interrelationships of both grain yield and the underlying physiological processes in maize (Zea mays L.). The objective of this study was to establish genetic relationships between the physiological components of grain yield and to examine the inheritance of grain yield and its component processes (i.e., additive and the nonadditive genetic effects). Twelve F 1 hybrids, obtained by mating three male and four female inbred lines using a North Carolina Design II, were evaluated in trials conducted in Ontario from 2000 to 2002. Dry matter accumulation (DMA) at four stages of development, harvest index, leaf area index (LAI), stay green, and grain yield were measured. Variation among the 12 hybrids was significant for all traits evaluated, and the range in mean grain yield was 28% of the mean. Using the genetic effects partitioned by a Design II analysis, we dissected the physiological mechanisms that influenced favorable or unfavorable contributions to grain yield. Using the highest- and lowest-yielding hybrids in the study (i.e., maximum genetic variation), we attempted to dissect the physiological reasons for the difference in grain yield. This analysis, however, was unsuccessful in dissecting grain yield in terms of physiological mechanisms using a quantitative genetic model. Reasons for this failure may be, in part, (i) the relatively low contribution of statistically significant genetic effects to the differences between the hybrids; and (ii) partitioning of the difference between hybrids in four general combining ability (GCA) estimates and two specific combining ability (SCA) estimates results in small estimates relative to the grand mean.


The Ministry of Transport of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is in the process of developing a methodology for the prioritization of proposed primary and secondary road projects in the Kingdom. This process was carried out using a multi-criteria analysis model. The model, called the Saudi Road Prioritization model (SaRoP model), consists of a linear additive model where the overall performance of a proposed road project is measured by the sum of its weighted performance on a set of criteria. With such a model, a low performance of the project on one criterion may be offset by a high performance on another. The degree of compensation between the criteria is determined by the relative weights. These weights are derived using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) developed by Saaty. Ministry experts and KSA academics, as well as international consultants, were asked to fill out a questionnaire, which consists of providing their pair-wise comparisons of all criteria within a certain level of the hierarchy. The results indicated the importance that decision-makers and experts place on socio-economic development and the improvement of the transportation network over other criteria. In order to reach these results the data was organized according to consistency and homogeneity and a set of weights was derived by checking the results from several different computational models. This paper describes the research and weighting methodology of the decision-making model. It is concluded that AHP is a useful and efficient tool for organizing priorities and aggregating decisions.


This literature review article is dedicated to the issues and notion of multilingualism, particularly in Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan is a multiethnic country where more than 130 different ethnic groups reside. At present, a fast multilingual advancement is taking place in Kazakhstan. The study explores the origins and definitions of multilingualism, the role of multilingualism in the development of the Kazakhstani education system, and the models of multilingual education in Kazakhstan. Different approaches and definitions in terms of multilingualism and the performance and implementation of multilingual education are presented. The development of multilingual education in the Kazakhstani educational system plays a pivotal role and it is rapidly developing. The implementation of multilingual education in this country aims at integrating and internationalization of Kazakhstan to the world's educational and scientific societies. Multilingualism is also widespread in some of the European countries. Several approaches related to the multilingualism and multilingual education are indicated in this article. This paper introduces the challenges and suggestions of diverse alternatives of multilingual education in Kazakhstani higher education institutions.


The women living in IDP camps face various problems including lack of privacy during urinating, defecation and menstruation.
Concern World Wide and UNICEF worked together to promote hygiene education among women to enable them
manage their personal hygiene relating to menstruation. A total of 35,000 women living in 7 IDP camps participated in the
project. Hygiene education was carried out and backed with hygiene supplies that included pieces of cotton cloth to use
as sanitary pads, 3 pairs of underwear, soap, basin and construction of 96 bathing shelters. A monitoring visit revealed
some major achievements of the project that included improved management of personal hygiene with dignity and privacy,
addressing the reproductive health issues and sexual gender-based violence and improved classroom attendance among
the girls. The project had some constraints mainly brought about by age differences, movements of IDPs and using some
of the items for other pressing needs. The project recommends similar efforts to be replicated in other IDP situations.
UNICEF and partners adopted the approach for the IDPs in Northern Uganda.


This thesis examines a previously neglected aspect of agrarian social and economic history: the work of rural labouring women in nineteenth-century England. The subject is approached firstly through a thorough investigation of a variety of contemporary printed sources: parliamentary papers, census figures, journal articles, books and pamphlet literature. The general pattern of female employment emanating from this analysis suggests a continuity and in some sectors, an increase in rural women's work opportunities and wages until the 1840s. Thereafter, the sense of decline in women's economic participation is shown to pervade the printed literature.
This 'official' model of change forms the background to an in-depth analysis of women's work at a local level. A three county inquiry - in the East Riding of Yorkshire, Norfolk and Bedfordshire - constitutes the main body of the thesis. These counties all lay in arable-dominated eastern England, but the types and amount of work available to women varied significantly. The sexual division of work and wages, the importance of the family economy, the role of ideology and the significance of the lifecycle are all considered using farm and estate accounts, local newspapers, census enumerators books and autobiographical material. The concepts of work and earnings are used throughout in a broad sense to encompass the whole range of tasks women undertook in the formal and informal economies of the nineteenth-century countryside. However the nature of the surviving sources means that women's paid employment in the formal economy of nineteenth-century rural England forms the main focus of the thesis.
Women's employment patterns are shown to differ according to the nature of the agricultural system, the method of hiring labour, the crops grown, and the proximity to industry in the three counties. Contrasts in female employment patterns, both between different counties and within the same county are uncovered. In conclusion, it is argued that archival sources also indicate continuity and perhaps a rise in women's work and earnings opportunities in the period c.1790-1840. In the mid Victorian era the general pattern of women's work shows a considerable decline from the early nineteenth century trend, and in the period c. 1870-1900, this decline continues. However archival research shows this pattern was not universal and the contradictions and complexities in women's employment over the nineteenth century are discussed


This paper provides new perspective on the poor performance of exchange rate models by focusing on the information structure of FX trading. I present a new theoretical model of FX trading that emphasizes the role of incomplete and heterogeneous information. The model shows how an equilibrium distribution of FX transaction prices and orders can arise at each point in time from the optimal trading decisions of dealers. This result motivates an empirical investigation of how the equilibrium distribution of FX prices behaves using a new data set that details trading activity in the FX market. This analysis produces two striking results: (i) Much of the observed short-term volatility in exchange rates comes from sampling the heterogeneous trading decisions of dealers in an equilibrium distribution that, under normal market conditions, changes comparatively slowly. (ii) In contrast to the assumptions of traditional macro models, public news is rarely the predominant source of exchange rate movements over any horizon.


Summary
We hypothesized that tropical plant species with different mycorrhizal associations reduce competition for soil phosphorus (P) by specializing to exploit different soil organic P compounds.
We assayed the activity of root/mycorrhizal phosphatase enzymes of four tree species with contrasting root symbiotic relationships – arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) (angiosperm and conifer), ectomycorrhizal (EM) and non-mycorrhizal – collected from one of three soil sites within a montane tropical forest. We also measured growth and foliar P of these seedlings in an experiment with P provided exclusively as inorganic orthophosphate, a simple phosphomonoester (glucose phosphate), a phosphodiester (RNA), phytate (the sodium salt of myo-inositol hexakisphosphate) or a no-P control.
The EM tree species expressed twice the phosphomonoesterase activity as the AM tree species, but had similar phosphodiesterase activity. The non-mycorrhizal Proteaceae tree had markedly greater activity of both enzymes than the mycorrhizal tree species, with root clusters expressing greater phosphomonoesterase activity than fine roots.
Both the mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal tree species contained significantly greater foliar P than in no-P controls when limited to inorganic phosphate, glucose phosphate and RNA. The EM species did not perform better than the AM tree species when limited to organic P in any form. In contrast, the non-mycorrhizal Proteaceae tree was the only species capable of exploiting phytate, with nearly three times the leaf area and more than twice the foliar P of the no-P control.
Our results suggest that AM and EM tree species exploit similar forms of P, despite differences in phosphomonoesterase activity. In contrast, the mycorrhizal tree species and non-mycorrhizal Proteaceae appear to differ in their ability to exploit phytate. We conclude that resource partitioning of soil P plays a coarse but potentially ecologically important role in fostering the coexistence of tree species in tropical montane forests.


We used a rat model to study adoptive immune transfer by liver transplantation. Animals' humoral response to HBsAg was chosen as the parameter to judge the efficacy of the immune transfer. Three strains of donor rats (LEW, BN and ACI) were vaccinated with recombinant HBV vaccine twice. After seroconversion to HBsAg 6 weeks later, they donated their livers to naive LEW rats. Anti-HBs antibody titers were detected in 85% (34/40) of liver recipients, irrespective of strain combination and immunosuppressive treatment. Effective antibody titer was measured for up to 10 weeks after transplantation, with a mean duration of 3 to 6 weeks in the different groups. Alloreactivity limited the antibody development in the liver recipients, whereas Immunosuppression by cyclosporine A enhanced this immune transfer, probably by protection of donor lymphocytes from rejection. Simultaneous bone marrow transplantation, possibly by increasing the number of antibody secreting cells transferred, raised the seroconversion rate of anti-HBs in liver recipients, especially when the donor titer was relatively low (from 1000 to 15000 mIU/ml). Restimulation by post-transplant vaccination led to a better response rate in bone marrow augmented liver recipients, which could be taken as argument for cell engraftment. Two potential mechanisms may contribute to this antibody transfer. One is passive antibody transfer due to the antibodies washed out from the liver graft, another is the migration of donor derived immune cells into the recipients, which can keep on secreting antibodies. Although donor derived immunity was only transiently detectable, adoptive immune transfer could be a potential strategy to reduce hepatitis B reinfection rate after liver transplantation and therefore should be evaluated clinically.


This article attempt to narrate the condition of providing education in Manipur which is far behind to get into the loop of practicing global educational technology that leads to socio-economic development, but instead, the state witnessed the high rate of educated unemployed youths due to indifferent skills attained by the educated youths which is not relevant in modern economical development. The educated unemployed youths among the two major sections in the state that has unequal opportunity where the dominant Manipuri (Meiteis) group had the advanced scope while the minorities (tribals) are struggling to get their share with special reference to the root causes from numerous directions will discussed. Politically, socially and economically dominant group handled most of the state administrations and divert minimally to the tribals. This article acknowledges the system of providing education, procedure for the recruitment of employee and its allied sectors that have been polluted by power, corruption, and bribe, while transparent, fairness and merits are fog in the activities of the state departments. Besides, competition and development through the techniques of educational technology is unfamiliar in the state.


Electro-optic modulation is achieved in devices consisting of single-crystalline thin films of N-benzyl-2-methyl-4-nitroaniline grown from the melt in the slots of phase modulators based on horizontally slotted silicon waveguides. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first experimental realization of an electro-optically active horizontally slotted silicon waveguide and also the first demonstration of organic crystalline materials being implemented into the slotted silicon photonics technology. The experimentally determined half-wave voltage times length product and the losses are estimated to be Vπ×L=14.7±2 V·cm and 10±2.4 dB/cm, respectively. The fabrication concept employed here circumvents technological issues present in the context of conventional vertically slotted waveguide structures, since the slots with cross-sectional dimensions of about 1000 nm×160 nm have been patterned with standard optical photolithography into thermally grown oxide sandwiched between two fusion bonded device silicon layers. In contrast to previously reported vertically slotted silicon waveguides with polymeric slot materials, organic crystalline based devices do not require high-electric-field poling prior to operation and feature an excellent long-term stability of dipole orientation in addition to superior photochemical stability.


Local binary pattern (LBP) is widely adopted for efficient image feature description and simplicity. To describe the color images, it is required to combine the LBPs from each channel of the image. The traditional way of binary combination is to simply concatenate the LBPs from each channel, but it increases the dimensionality of the pattern. In order to cope with this problem, this paper proposes a novel method for image description with multichannel decoded LBPs. We introduce adder- and decoder-based two schemas for the combination of the LBPs from more than one channel. Image retrieval experiments are performed to observe the effectiveness of the proposed approaches and compared with the existing ways of multichannel techniques. The experiments are performed over 12 benchmark natural scene and color texture image databases, such as Corel-1k, MIT-VisTex, USPTex, Colored Brodatz, and so on. It is observed that the introduced multichannel adder- and decoder-based LBPs significantly improve the retrieval performance over each database and outperform the other multichannel-based approaches in terms of the average retrieval precision and average retrieval rate.


Objective: Leukoaraiosis (LA) (white matter changes) is frequently observed on computed tomographic scans of the brain of elderly patients at risk of stroke. A localized vascular-ischemic cause has been suggested for its underlying mechanism. Our aim was to assess whether high-grade carotid stenosis is associated with LA. Design/Setting: Patients enrolled in the North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial (also known as NASCET) were evaluated for LA using a recently proposed grading scale. Ordinal regression analysis was used to assess the association between the severity of carotid artery stenosis and the extent of LA observed on computed tomographic scans. The patients' brain hemisphere was selected as the unit of analysis. Results: Of the 2394 brain hemispheres contributed to the analyses, 352 (14.7%) had signs of LA. After controlling for known stroke risk factors in the ordinal regression analysis, only the history of stroke and increasing age were significantly related to LA. Severity of stenosis was observed to be unrelated (odds ratio [severe vs mild stenosis] = 1.08; 95% confidence interval, 0.73-1.62; P =.952) as were a history of hypertension and a history of myocardial infarction. Conclusion: Leukoaraiosis is not associated with severe carotid artery stenosis.


Abstract. Kelvin waves excited by tropospheric convection are considered to be one of the main drivers of the stratospheric quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO). In this paper we combine several measured data sets with the Gravity wave Regional Or Global RAy Tracer (GROGRAT) in order to study the forcing and vertical propagation of Kelvin waves. Launch distributions for the ray tracer at tropospheric altitudes are deduced from space-time spectra of European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) operational analyses, as well as outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) and rainfall data measured by the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite. The resulting stratospheric Kelvin wave spectra are compared to ECMWF operational analyses and temperature measurements of the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) satellite instrument. Questions addressed are: the relative importance of source variability versus wind modulation, the relative importance of radiative and turbulent damping versus wave breaking, and the minimum altitude where freely propagating waves dominate the spectrum.


Experimental efforts to determine how insects influence terrestrial wood decomposition are few, especially in temperate regions. To address this need, a five-year exclusion study was conducted in northern Mississippi, U.S.A., to quantify insect contributions to wood decay using one-meter loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) bolts. The study included three treatments: (1) "partially protected" bolts that were placed on cypermethrin-treated soil to exclude subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae: Reticulitermes spp.) while permitting colonization by beetles (Coleoptera) and other saproxylic taxa, (2) "fully protected" bolts that were placed on cypermethrin-treated soil and enclosed within screen cages to protect against all insects and (3) "unprotected" bolts that were not subjected to either exclusion treatment. The full insect community consumed approximately 15–20% of wood volume in unprotected bolts, about six times more than in partially protected bolts from which termites were excluded. There were no differences in specific gravity (based on initial wood volume) or mass loss among treatments, however. It is not clear whether these findings are due to an inhibition of microbial decomposers by insects (e.g., antimicrobial compounds secreted by termites or ants), a stimulatory effect of the exclusion treatments (e.g., cypermethrin stimulating fungal growth or cages favorably altering wood moisture), or some combination of both. When based on final water-displaced volume, specific gravity was significantly higher for unprotected bolts than for those fully protected, probably because termites selectively consume the least dense wood. By the end of the study, about 20% of the final dry weight of unprotected bolts consisted of termite-imported soil. Wood volume consumed and soil content decreased with distance from the ends of the bolts whereas water content exhibited the opposite pattern. We detected a significant negative relationship between water content and volume consumed by termites, possibly because water content decreases with increasing wood density and termites tend to avoid high density wood. While insects clearly consume large volumes of wood in southeastern U.S. forests, our results suggest they do not act to accelerate mass loss beyond what is achieved by microbial decomposers. More research is needed to confirm this, however—especially given the uncertainties inherent to exclusion studies.


Abstract A critical question in radiometric dating of metamorphic rocks is whether minerals used to define internal isochrons have achieved isotopic equilibrium during a given metamorphic event, followed by preservation of the equilibrium afterward. A garnet peridotite at Zhimafang in the Sulu terrane of eastern China shows incongruent U-Pb, Rb-Sr, and Sm-Nd ages. Zircon SHRIMP U-Pb dating yielded an isochron age of 224 ± 8 Ma, pointing to zircon growth during Triassic UHP metamorphism. Two mineral assemblages gave consistent Rb-Sr internal isochron ages of 201 ± 4 and 205 ± 4 Ma, but much older Sm-Nd internal isochron ages of 376 ± 16 and 378 ± 24 Ma. Apparently, the Sm-Nd radiometric system fails to reequilibrate among the dated minerals during the Triassic UHP metamorphic event for the garnet peridotite. This result is confirmed by the state of oxygen isotope equilibrium (or disequilibrium) among the constituent minerals in the garnet peridotite. In particular, garnet is not in oxygen isotope equilibrium with any other of the analyzed minerals. The degree of oxygen isotope disequilibria among the other minerals varies from pair to pair. Oxygen isotope equilibrium is observed only between orthopyroxene and olivine for both samples and between phlogopite and clinopyroxene for one sample. It appears that the U-Pb, Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd, and O isotope systems in minerals of the garnet peridotite are in partial equilibrium during UHP metamorphism, i.e., equilibrium with respect to some isotopes and minerals, but not all. Based on available experimental diffusion data, our study of the combined U-Pb, Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd, and O isotope systems in the garnet peridotite demonstrates that the time scale for the UHP metamorphism and subsequent HP eclogite-facies recrystallization is possibly in the range of about 12 to 26 Ma, which was not long enough for the reequilibration of the Sm-Nd and O isotope systems, but just long enough for the reequilibration of the Rb-Sr isotope systems. Therefore, the rate of Sr diffusion in phlogopite (thus Sr isotope reequilibration between the mafic minerals) is constrained to be faster than rates of Nd and O diffusion in garnet (thus Sm-Nd and O isotope reequilibration between the same minerals) under conditions of subduction zone metamorphism.


Does becoming aware of a change to a purely visual stimulus necessarily cause the observer to be able to identify or localise the change or can change detection occur in the absence of identification or localisation? Several theories of visual awareness stress that we are aware of more than just the few objects to which we attend. In particular, it is clear that to some extent we are also aware of the global properties of the scene, such as the mean luminance or the distribution of spatial frequencies. It follows that we may be able to detect a change to a visual scene by detecting a change to one or more of these global properties. However, detecting a change to global property may not supply us with enough information to accurately identify or localise which object in the scene has been changed. Thus, it may be possible to reliably detect the occurrence of changes without being able to identify or localise what has changed. Previous attempts to show that this can occur with natural images have produced mixed results. Here we use a novel analysis technique to provide additional evidence that changes can be detected in natural images without also being identified or localised. It is likely that this occurs by the observers monitoring the global properties of the scene.


In this widely acclaimed study, Alwyn and Brinley Ress reinterpret Celtic tradition in the light of advances made in the comparative study of religion, mythology and anthropology. Part One considers the distinguishing features of the various Cycle of tales and the personages who figure most prominently in them. Part Two reveals the cosmological framework within which the action of the tales takes place. Part Three consists of a discussion of the themes of certain classes of stories which tell of Conceptions and Births, Supernatural Adventures, Courtships and Marriages, Violent Deaths and Voyages to the Other World, and an attempt is made to understand their religious function and glimpse their transcendent meaning.


Today, there are millions of third-party Android applications. Some of them are buggy or even malicious. To identify such applications, novel frameworks for automated black-box testing and dynamic analysis are being developed by the Android community. Code coverage is one of the most common metrics for evaluating effectiveness of these frameworks. Furthermore, code coverage is used as a fitness function for guiding evolutionary and fuzzy testing techniques. However, there are no reliable tools for measuring fine-grained code coverage in black-box Android app testing. We present the Android Code coVerage Tool, ACVTool for short, that instruments Android apps and measures code coverage in the black-box setting at class, method and instruction granularity. ACVTool has successfully instrumented 96.9% of apps in our experiments. It introduces a negligible instrumentation time overhead, and its runtime overhead is acceptable for automated testing tools. We demonstrate practical value of ACVTool in a large-scale experiment with Sapienz, a state-of-the-art automated testing tool. Using ACVTool on the same cohort of apps, we have compared different coverage granularities applied by Sapienz in terms of the found amount of crashes. Our results show that none of the applied coverage granularities clearly outperforms others in this aspect.


"The exploration of the social conditions that facilitate or retard the search for scientific knowledge has been the major theme of Robert K. Merton's work for forty years. This collection of papers [is] a fascinating overview of this sustained inquiry. . . . There are very few other books in sociology . . . with such meticulous scholarship, or so elegant a style. This collection of papers is, and is likely to remain for a long time, one of the most important books in sociology." Joseph Ben-David, "New York Times Book Review" "The novelty of the approach, the erudition and elegance, and the unusual breadth of vision make this volume one of the most important contributions to sociology in general and to the sociology of science in particular. . . . Merton's Sociology of Science is a magisterial summary of the field." Yehuda Elkana, "American Journal of Sociology" "Merton's work provides a rich feast for any scientist concerned for a genuine understanding of his own professional self. And Merton's industry, integrity, and humility are permanent witnesses to that ethos which he has done so much to define and support." J. R. Ravetz, "American Scientist" "The essays not only exhibit a diverse and penetrating analysis and a deal of historical and contemporary examples, with concrete numerical data, but also make genuinely good reading because of the wit, the liveliness and the rich learning with which Merton writes." Philip Morrison, "Scientific American" "Merton's impact on sociology as a whole has been large, and his impact on the sociology of science has been so momentous that the title of the book is apt, because Merton's writings represent modern sociology of science more than any other single writer." Richard McClintock, "Contemporary Sociology""


Processor-based artefacts are often created following conventions inherited from analogue media forms, allowing the development of experiences that, in spite of the new platforms, are not fundamentally different from those that were already possible in the previous contexts. But contemporary media and arts often use processor-based artefacts focusing on conceptual and mechanical principles that do not attempt to simulate earlier forms but rather explore their computational nature. These systems bring about new modes of reading and new challenges, to both readers and artists or designers. In order to optimize the usage of processor-based media, creators need to understand how these artefacts are interpreted and how readers develop processes of creation of meaning in procedural contexts. This will allow authors to ground their practices on procedurality rather than only on surface con-tents, and to make a constructive use of contingent behaviour, learning, adaptation, selection, and other traits of these systems, not being limited to the emulation of well-established media forms. This paper outlines some of these challenges and proposes designing for the meaningful interpretation of computational artefacts.


It is often very difficult for the patient to tell the difference between angina symptoms and heart attack symptoms, so it is very important to recognize the signs of heart attack and immediately seek medical attention. A practical case of this type of remote consultation is examined in this paper. To deal with the huge amount of electrocardiogram (ECG) data for analysis, storage and transmission; an efficient ECG compression technique is needed to reduce the amount of data as much as possible while preserving the clinical significant signal for cardiac diagnosis. Here the ECG signal is analyzed for various parameters such as heart rate, QRS-width, etc. Then the various parameters and the compressed signal can be transmitted with less channel capacity. Comparison of various ECG compression techniques like TURNING POINT, AZTEC, CORTES, FFT and DCT it was found that DCT is the best suitable compression technique with compression ratio of about 100:1. In addition, different techniques are available for implementation of hardware components for signal pickup the virtual implementation with labview is also used for analysis of various cardiac parameters and to identify the abnormalities like Tachycardia, Bradycardia, AV Block, etc. Both hardware and virtual implementation are also detailed in this context.


Claiming to be doing feminist research invariably
raises many issues for both the researcher and
the audience of the academic and professional
nursing community. Such issues may relate to the
epistemological and ethical subject positions being
taken, but also important are the responses of the
listener – whether this is a colleague or a student
in an informal setting, or the more public arena
of the conference paper or written publication.
This paper develops and explores the identity of
'feminist researcher' and, drawing upon auto-ethnographic reflexive narratives, considers assumptions about what this might mean. Uses of feminist
theory within nursing research will be considered,
along with an analysis of how such theory may be
located within the postmodern. The paper will draw
upon my recent post doctoral experiences of being
required to disseminate 'findings' from an experimental ethnographic PhD thesis which purports
to be a 'feminist' study. This study was concerned
with women's narratives of heroin use /abuse, and
drew upon feminist and critical discourses.
The paper presented here will explore the tensions
inherent in representing women's stories, some
of the difficulties in 'doing feminist research' –
along with a consideration of the implications of
the identity of 'feminist researcher'. In developing
an exposition of such implications, the paper will
endeavour to address some of the assumptions
which are invariably made when the 'F' word is
mentioned.


Children ages 5 and 8 dropped a marble into a box and made predictions about which of two doors the marble would exit. Participants provided explanations and certainty ratings for each of their predictions. A lucky charm was used in a second round of the game, in which half of participants experienced an increase in success and half did not. Results indicated that older children were more cognizant of the chance nature of the game, however both age groups exhibited misconceptions about the predictability of chance outcomes. When asked to explain their overall success in Round 2, only 8 year-olds who experienced an increase in success and a perfect success rate reliably endorsed the lucky charm. Results are discussed with reference to literature on children's and adults' understanding of chance. We also discuss developmental patterns in the use of luck as an explanatory tool.


Abstract Instrumentation of the urban environment is not by itself sufficient to have a meaningful impact on the quality, sustainability, and resilience of cities – or more broadly on urban policy and planning. Understanding the social, economic, and cultural dynamics of urban life requires both an appreciation of the social sciences and a substantive engagement with communities across neighborhoods. The "Smart City" messaging is replete with claims of the potential for sensors and information and communication technologies (ICT) to re-shape urban life, although such rhetoric ignores the practical realities and constraints of urban decision-making and the social and distributional concerns of policy outcomes. Rather, significant progress could be achieved at the neighborhood scale by focusing diverse, intensive, and persistent real-time data collection and analysis on a "Quantified Community" (QC). The QC—a long-term neighborhood informatics research initiative—is a network of instrumented urban neighborhoods that collect, measure, and analyze data on physical and environmental conditions and human behavior to provide a rich resource to better understand how neighborhoods and the built environment affect individual and social well-being. The resulting unique experimental environment provides a testing ground for new physical and informatics technologies, policies, and behavioral interventions, allowing for unprecedented studies in urban planning and design, urban systems engineering and management, and the social sciences. Focusing on the neighborhood scale also allows for meaningful interaction with, and participation by, the people who live, work, and play in that space and shifts the emphasis of data-driven design away from top-down routinization to a human-centric problem-solving. This paper presents the conceptual framework and justification for the QC, built on the lessons learned from three initial deployments in New York City, and a networked experimental environment of neighborhood labs.


The family Plasmaviridae includes bacterial viruses with slightly pleomorphic, enveloped virions with a diameter of 50– 125 nm. Virions contain infectious, circular, supercoiled dsDNA molecule(s) of approximately 12 kbp. Plasmaviruses infect Acholeplasma species, wall-less bacteria of the class Mollicutes, and are released by budding through the cell membrane without causing host cell lysis. Although the temperate bacteriophage Acholeplasma virus L2 of Acholeplasma laidlawii is currently the only classified plasmavirus, related prophages reside in the genomes of different Acholeplasma species, where they are integrated into tRNA genes. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the taxonomy of the Plasmaviridae, which is available at www.ictv.global/report/plasmaviridae.


What does it mean that we have an anthropocene problem in the world?. It means that the value of "Conservation of Nature" or the "ecological problem", is underperformed in relation with other goals of society. But the real problem is that an adequate conservation of nature depend of the rest of the universal human values that inevitable are associated with it. Which are these values?. According with a certain Reference Pattern of Universal Values (RPUV) are the following nine: Health, Wealth, Security, Knowledge, Freedom, Distributive Justice, Conservation of Nature; Quality of Activities, and Moral Prestige. Among these goals of society there is always a dialectical relationship where a better performance of the value "Conservation of Nature" may lead to a decrease of Freedom, Wealth and other values. That is why to imagine any kind of solution for the anthropocene problem can be only seen as related to the other values. Normal 0 21 false false false ES X-NONE X-NONE


A method is provided for decompressing an image originally compressed using a known compression technique. An original compressed image file is defined by a plurality of locations that correspond to image data. A set of smooth test images is created by iteratively applying a plurality of different size PIXON® kernels to each location of a starting image beginning with a smallest size kernel. Each smooth test image is compressed using the known compression technique, then compared against the original compressed image at each location of the image to determine a goodness-of-fit of the compressed smooth test image to each location of the original compressed image file. For each location, the smooth test image that has the largest size kernel that passes a pre-determined goodness-of-fit criterion is selected for a given location of the decompressed image. A compression method utilizes the PIXON® method for optimization of knot points within an image. The optimized knot points are used to interpolate image intensity between the knot points.


SABIR, F. K., A. SABIR and Z. KARA, 2010. Effects of modified atmosphere packing and ethanol treatment on quality of minimally processed table grapes during cold storage. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 16: 678-686 During the past few years, minimally processing industry worldwide has grown rapidly. So far, a number of studies were conducted on extending the postharvest quality of processed commodities. However, literature investigations on minimally processed grapes revealed that limited publications is available. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) and ethanol treatments on quality maintenance of stemless grapes cv. 'Muskule' (V. vinifera L.). The grape berries were stored at 0±1oC for 4 weeks and assessed weekly intervals to determine the changes in quality characteristics. All the treatments helped to minimize the quality loss of berries in varying degrees, while untreated berries lost their marketable quality around the 3 rd week. The taste of the berries was not impaired by applications during storage. MAP was superior in most cases such as restriction of weight loss, and maintenance of berry appearance in comparison with ethanol. Ethanol also helped to preserve the overall quality of stemless berries during storage, although it was ineffective in prohibiting the loss in weight. On the other hand, the use of MAP together with ethanol exhibited the best results in maintenance of overall quality parameters. Therefore, the use such combination shows promise to extend the quality of minimally processed grapes in cold storage.


Researchers continuously look for possible relations between relevant quantities, e.g., relations which may help in preventing and curing diseases. Once a hypothesis is made about such a relation, it is necessary to test whether it is confirmed by the data. For such hypothesis testing, t-tests are most widely used. For example, a t-test can check, based on two samples, whether it is possible that they come from distributions with the same mean- e.g., whether the average blood pressure after a proposed treatment is the same as before or it is provably smaller- meaning that the tested treatment works. In traditional statistics, we assume that we know the exact values of the corresponding quantities. In biomedical research, however, it is important to preserve patients' privacy and confidentiality- and, knowing the exact values of all relevant parameters, one can uniquely identify the patient. One of the most efficient ways to preserve privacy is thus to replace the exact values with intervals containing such values. For example, instead of the exact age- which can uniquely identify the patient- we only store an interval containing this age: between 20 and 30, or between 30 and 40, etc. Different values from the corresponding intervals lead, in general, to different values of the corresponding statistic. In such situations, to make sure that the data confirms the given hypothesis, we need to check that the corresponding statistic is within the desired interval for all possible values of the input quantities. In other words, we need to make sure that the whole range of possible values of the corresponding statistic is inside the desired interval. Computing this interval is, in general, NP-hard. In this talk, we provide eff icient algorithms for computing t-tests under privacy-motivated interval uncertainty.


The descriptions of Secretum manuscripts in England, France, the German area – including Bohemia – and Spain are examined in this article to get clues about the audience of the work. It is shown that it is not possible to distinguish (as it has been occasionally done) between a monastic and a humanistic audience of Petrarch's Latin oeuvre. The Secretum was often read in the cloister and the author asks for the cause of this interest. She argues that Petrarch evokes in this work conventions of monastic literature to subvert them and present a new model of spiritual life.


MODELING AND VALIDATION OF A FAULT MITIGATION METHOD IN INDUCTION MOTOR-DRIVE SYSTEMS USING MAGNETIC EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS Shaohua Suo, B.S. Marquette University, 2011 In this thesis, a fault mitigation method for delta-connected induction motor-drive systems under a two-phase open-delta faulty operating condition is analyzed and verified. More specifically, this fault mitigation technique can provide a set of almost balanced motor line currents, and significantly reduce torque ripples, even when the machine runs under the aforementioned two-phase open-delta faulty operating condition. This condition is analyzed using a Magnetic Equivalent Circuit (MEC) model. This model is developed for a deltaconnected induction motor which is coupled to its drive system, including the fault mitigation controller. That is, the MEC model is linked to its associated PWM inverter to include the electronic switching effects. This global motor-inverter model was simulated in a MatlabSimulink environment, under both healthy and faulty operating conditions, while the inverter is operated in both the open-loop scalar control and closed-loop vector control modes. The results obtained from the global model are compared in this thesis to the results obtained from the corresponding Time-Stepping Finite Element (TSFE) simulation and experimental motor-drive test data. A comparative analysis of the motor performance obtained from these results, under the two-phase open-delta faulty operating case, is presented in this work. The simulation and experimental data show that the delta-connected MEC model can provide reasonably accurate results. Thus, the validity and applicability of the fault mitigation technique is thereby verified.


Discussion of market pull versus technology push approaches in the field of busi-ness innovation research has followed a certain trend. The empirical research under-taken until now has been concerned in particular with the question of how each of these approaches differently influence the subsequent success of the innovation. We do not wish to continue this discussion in our paper, rather we assume that both ap-proaches are justified depending upon the importance of the relevant innovation source, the desired degree of innovation and the respective characteristics of the industry in question. We concern ourselves with the characteristics that result in the technology push for the management of innovation projects and what implications can be derived from practical project management organization. In doing so, we concentrate upon all market-related activities, in particular the identification and verification of application areas for new technology. After contrasting the various characteristics of the technology push and market pull approaches, the market-related characteristics of technology push projects are outlined. In this context, current instruments and methods of qualitative market re-search are introduced and their usefulness discussed. In addition, organizational-structural aspects as well as strategic and operative aspects of technology push pro-ject management will be highlighted.


"There is a kind of academic critic who considers it his duty to approve of everything, however inferior, provided it was produced in the past, and who will spend much patient labor editing and historically justifying a bad eighteenth century versifier whereas he would turn with contempt from his modern equivalent." This description by David Daiches (266) suits the prevalent practice in the scholarship of Mediaeval Hebrew Poetry exceptionally well. The rules of the game are something like this: one may praise an outstanding poet as superior to others, but may not mention that the other poets were inferior. The following paragraph by the greatest scholar of the field Yefim Schirmann is an exquisite example of this attitude: Actually, Ibn Gabirol was the first to develop the unique Spanish style of liturgical poetry. And one must add: though he was the first one, in certain liturgical genres he was superior to those who came after him. It would not be an exaggeration to say that by these poems he gave our literature works that are peerless after the Biblical era. I mean, first of all, the Rashuyot--short poetic preludes to certain prayers. Their poetic form requires succinct thought and expression at the same time, because they usually contain only four-five verse lines. (181) Thus Schirmann inadvertently provides us with a powerful tool for comparing poems of the period regarding their value--supported by rigorous descriptive statements. One can argue for or against succinctness. One must find sufficiently similar poems to compare and describe the relative informativeness of their expressions. It is not particularly difficult to find such pairs of "sufficiently similar" poems. There was a convention that poets payed homage to some great poet by writing a poem similar to one of his poems, in the same metre, using the same monorhyme, and adopting some of its key expressions. In what follows I will violate the above taboo by comparing such a "minimal pair" of poems. [TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII.] [??]ehartikha bekhol [??]ahri veni[??]pi lekha [??]hm [??]belev same e [??]dm[??] meromot lo jekhilukha le[??]ivtakh halo [??]spon belibi [??]em kevodkha ani al ken ahod[??][??]em adonaj ufarasti lekha kapaj ve api ledal [??]od el alej pithi vesipi ve ulam je[??] mekomkha tokh seipi vegavar hi[??]kekha ad ja avor pi be od ni[??]mat [??]lohim haj be api I seek Thee in all my dawns and evenings and I spread to thee my palms and nose (face) I sigh [yearn] for Thee with a thirsty heart and am like a pauper begging at my doorway and threshold Heaven cannot contain Thee to sit there but there is room for Thee in my thought Why, I would place [conceal, withhold] thy name of honour in my heart and my desire for Thee grows so strong as to run over my mouth [brim] I therefore thank the name of the Lord as long as God's soul [breath] lives in my nostrils [as long as the living God's soul [breath] is in my nostrils] [TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII.] [??]e|halelkha bekhol [??]ahri veni[??]pi ve akuma le[??]aherkha besihi jehidati lekha ta tof veti[??]al hamol alaj vehon malki kedo[??]i keratikha uvoker lakh asap[??] le[??]oni jidre[??]a tamid vegam pi ve[??] naf[??]i lekha asim bekhapi seliha mike[??]i libi veorpi a[??]orer lakh be ugavi vetupi be odi haj veni[??]mati be dapi To praise Thee in all my dawns and evenings my tongue demands always and also my mouth And I wake up to seek Thee with my words and I will put my soul for Thee in my palm My only (soul) faints for you and begs forgiveness for my hard heart and stubbornness (hard nape) Pardon and have mercy on me my King my Saint I will sing to Thee with my pipe and my timbrel I call Thee and in the morning look for Thee as long as I live and my soul [breath] is in my nostrils The second poem (by Levy Ibn Altaban) is written in homage of Shlomo Ibn Gabirol, the author of the first poem. …


A detailed understanding of the solar wind interaction with lunar magnetic anomalies (LMAs) is essential to identify its implications for lunar exploration and to enhance our physical understanding of the particle dynamics in a magnetized plasma. We present the first three‐dimensional full‐kinetic electromagnetic simulation case study of the solar wind interaction with a vertical dipole, resembling a medium‐size LMA. In contrast to a horizontal dipole, we show that a vertical dipole twists its field lines and cannot form a minimagnetosphere. Instead, it creates a ring‐shaped weathering pattern and reflects up to 21% (four times more as compared to the horizontal case) of the incoming solar wind ions electrostatically through the normal electric field formed above the electron shielding region surrounding the cusp. This work delivers a vital piece to fully comprehend and interpret lunar observations, as we find the amount of reflected ions to be a tracer for the underlying field structure.


Introduction Two million women worldwide are living with genital fistula with an annual incidence of 50,000–100,000 women. Risk factors for obstetric fistula are context bound. Studies from other countries show variation in the risk factors for obstetric fistula. This study was conducted to identify risk factors for obstetric fistula in western Ugandan context. Methods A case control study comparing background factors of women with obstetric fistula (cases) and women without fistula (controls) was conducted in western Uganda. Data was collected using face-to-face interviews. Univariate, bivariate and multivariate analysis was conducted using Stata 12. Results Altogether, 420 respondents (140 cases and 280 controls) participated in the study. Duration of labour was used to form the product terms when assessing for interaction and confounding since it was one the most significant factors at bivariate level with a narrow confidence interval and was hence considered the main predictor. After adjusting for interaction and confounding, significant risk factors associated with development of obstetric fistula in western Uganda were: Caesarean section (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]  = 13.30, 95% CI  = 6.74–26.39), respondent height of 150 cm or less (AOR  = 2.63, 95% CI  = 1.35–5.26), baby weight of 3.5 kg or more (AOR  = 1.52, 95% CI  = 1.15–1.99), prolonged labour (AOR  = 1.06, 95% CI  = 1.04–1.08. A quarter of the fistulas had resulted from iatrogenic complication during caesarean section. Compared to no education, post primary level of education was protective against obstetric fistula (AOR  = 0.31, 95% CI  = 0.13–0.72) and there was no difference between respondents without education and those with primary level education. Conclusions Surgeons contribute to a big proportion (25%) of fistula cases hence caesarean section being a risk factor in this region. Other risk factors include; prolonged labour, weight of the baby of 3.5 kg or more, respondent height of 150 cm or less (short stature), and low or no education are risk factors for obstetric fistula in western Ugandan.


The new era of school reform initiatives by federal and legislative mandates at the state level has ushered in a level of increased importance being placed on the evaluation of principals. The purpose of this research study specifically was to explore elementary principals' perceptions of the usefulness of the Texas Principal Evaluation Support System (TPESS) evaluation process in enhancing their leadership capacity and growth. Criterion sampling was used in this research study. Afast-growth North Texas school district was selected for this study based on the assumption that the principals within that district possess knowledge and experience with the phenomenon of interest (i.e., the implementation of T-PESS) and thus wereable to provide information that is both detailed and broad in perspective. From the perspective of qualitative research methodology, the district selected is representative of the larger population because it meets the same criteria, which, in this case, performs an explicit role in the implementation of the T-PESS evaluation process. The study participants werecomprised of 10 elementary campus principals, with each participant in the study meeting the following criteria: (a) has a minimum 2 years of experience as a principal, (b) works on a campus that has been established for at least 3 years, and (c) is currently participating in the T-PESS evaluation systems in the state of Texas. The data for this qualitative study were collected from questionnaire responses and semi-structured interviews.


Purpose

The purpose of this study was to investigate and document existing lighting systems and lighting levels, to compare findings to the Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) lighting standards (Rodgers, 1998) and to make lighting recommendation for energy and cost savings.

Design/methodology/approach

Lighting examinations and field measurements were conducted at a large, existing Midwestern institutional food-service facility that has been continuously operational since 1976. Lighting levels of the dining room, checkout line, buffet, kitchen, storage room and conference room were measured and then compared to the IES lighting standards. Recommendations were then made for energy and cost savings.

Findings

The average light levels in the dining room, checkout line, buffet, storage room and conference room exceeded the industry-recommended light levels. The energy and cost savings were calculated for this study, and the energy- and cost-saving strategies recommended included delamping, replacing lamps and luminaires and installing occupancy sensors. If existing lighting can be updated in an energy- and cost-saving manner, institutional food-service facilities might be made appropriate through renovation, thus extending the life of these facilities.

Practical implications

This study has practical implications for the many existing institutional food service facilities in workplaces across the USA that could save energy and costs through renovated lighting systems.

Originality/value

This research constitutes an in situ case study, which gathered empirical lighting data at an existing institutional food-service facility and made recommendations for lighting renovations. Although lighting systems influence dining and kitchen environments, lighting has not always been fully considered in institutional food-service facilities.


The Supreme Court's patentable subject matter jurisprudence from 2011 to 2014 has raised significant policy concerns within the patent community. Prominent groups within the IP community and academia, and commentators to the 2017 USPTO Patentable Subject Matter report have called for an overhaul of the Supreme Court's "two-step test." Based on an analysis of 4.4 million office actions mailed from 2008 through mid-July 2017 covering 2.2 million unique patent applications, this article uses a novel technology identification strategy and a differences-in-differences approach to document a spike in 101 rejections among select medical diagnostics and software/business method applications following the Alice and Mayo decisions. Within impacted classes of TC3600 ("36BM"), the 101 rejection rate grew from 25% to 81% in the month after the Alice decision, and has remained above 75% almost every month through the last month of available data (2/2017); among abandoned applications, the prevalence of 101 rejection subject matter rejections in the last office action was around 85%. Among medical diagnostic ("MedDx") applications, the 101 rejection rate grew from 7% to 32% in the month after the Mayo decision and continued to climb to a high of 64% and to 78% among final office actions just prior to abandonment. In the month of the last available data (from early 2017), the prevalence of subject matter 101 rejections among all office actions in applications in this field was 52% and among office actions before abandonment, was 62%. However outside of impacted areas, the footprint of 101 remained small, appearing in under 15% of all office actions. A subsequent piece will consider additional data and implications for policy.
This article is the first in a series of pieces appearing in Patently-O based on insights gleaned from the release of the treasure trove of open patent data starting the USPTO from 2012.


From September 1991 through January 1995, partial drawdown of a 1,130-ha U.S. Department of Energy reactor cooling reservoir (Par Pond) in South Carolina exposed sediments contaminated by low-level radiocesium ( 137 Cs). These exposed sediments were designated as a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) superfund site. Whole-body and muscle concentrations of 137 Cs in mourning doves (Zenaida macroura) collected from Par Pond in 1992 and 1993 were 2-3 orders of magnitude higher than in doves from nearby public dove-hunting fields located 12 and 32 km away. Only 1 of 102 Par Pond doves exceeded the European Economic Community limit of 0.60 Becquerels (Bq) 137 Cs/g for fresh meat. A human risk analysis based on consumption of doves at the observed maximum of muscle 137 Cs concentration (0.82 Bq/g wet mass) indicated no more than 41 doves could be consumed by an individual per year at that level before the EPA threshold for action on a superfund site would be exceeded (i.e., further site characterization, possible remedial action). Levels of whole-body 137 Cs in doves from Par Pond declined by >75% from 1992 through 1994. Pokeweed (Phytolacca americana) seeds, the dominant food of doves foraging on the exposed lake bed, likewise declined (>90%) in 137 Cs content over the period. We noted subtle annual changes in the diets of doves that likely contributed to reduced rates of 137 Cs ingestion as the drawdown progressed. Doves differed by age class in their food intake and selection, and immature doves showed higher levels of ingesta 137 Cs. However, age classes did not differ in whole-body 137 Cs (P = 0.156) or muscle 137 Cs (P = 0.181). Dove whole-body 137 cs was a good predictor (r2 = 0.94) of muscle 137 Cs, and thus provides the opportunity to estimate levels of 137 Cs in edible muscle without destructive sampling by simply subjecting live-captured birds to whole-body determination of 137 Cs content. The radiological consequences of a long-term drawdown or complete draining of such a reservoir are not clear.


Lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration is related to progressive alterations in the disc tissue composition and morphology, such as disc dehydration, decreased disc height, osteophyte formation and endplate calcification. These changes are related to aging and usually precede facet joint osteoarthritis. The grade of disc degeneration is related to segmental instability. The morphology of lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration may be potential cause for instability. This work aimed to describe the potential instability associated with the conical degenerated lumbar disc which is wide anteriorly-and narrow posteriorly in comparison to adjacent disc level. Radiological studies and intraoperative notice include, degenerative spondylolithesis, fracture pars, spondylolithsis, facet opening with abnormal ballooned and lose facet joint capsule, and loose lamina. This technical note highlights the importance of morphology of the degenerated lumbar disc which assume conical shape on Sagittal MRI which may indicate instability and required careful investigation before surgery


Abstract Phytoremediation is a plant based environmental cleanup technology to contain (rendering less toxic), sequester and degrade contaminated susbtrates. As can be seen from data metrics, it is gaining cosiderable importance globally. Phytoremediation approach is being applied for cleanup of inorganic (potentially toxic metals), organic (persistent, emergent, poly-acromatic hydrocarbons and crude oil etc.) and co-contaminated (mixture of inorganic and organic) and/or polluted sites globally. Recently new approaches of utilizing abundantly available natural organic amendments have yielded significant results. Ricinus communis L. (Castor bean) is an important multipurpose crop viz., Agricultural, Energy, Environmental and Industrial crop. The current status of knowledge is abundant but scattered which need to be exploited for sustainable development. This review collates and evaluates all the scattered information and provides a critical view on the possible options for exploiting its potential as follows: 1. Origin and distribution, 2. Lead toxicity bioassays, 3. Progress in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi-assisted phytoremediation, 4. Promising bioenergy crop that can be linked to pytoremediation, 5. A renewable source for many bioproducts with rich chemical diversity, 6. It is a good biomonitor and bioindicator of atmospheric pollution in urban areas, 7. Enhanced chelate aided remediation, 8. Its rhizospheric processes accelerate natural attenuation, 9. It is suitable for remediation of crude oil contaminated soil, 10. It is an ideal candidate for aided phytostabilization, 11. Castor bean is a wizard for phytoremediation and 12. Its use in combined phytoextraction and ecocatalysis. Further, the knowledge gaps and scope for future research on sustainable co-generation of value chain and value addition biobased products for sustainable circular economy and environmental security are described in this paper.


Abstract A model is developed to explore the potential responses of paleocommunities to disruptions of primary production during times of mass extinction and ecological crisis. Disruptions of primary production are expected to generate bottom-up cascades of secondary extinction, and these are predictable given species richnesses, functional diversity, and trophic link distributions. If, however, consumers are permitted to compensate for the loss of trophic resources by increasing the intensities of their remaining biotic interactions, top-down driven catastrophic increases of secondary extinction emerge from the model. Both bottom-up and top-down effects are themselves controlled by the geometry of the food webs. The general Phanerozoic trends of increasing taxonomic and ecological diversities, as well as the varying strengths of biotic interactions, have led to food webs of increasing complexity. The frequency of catastrophic secondary extinction increases as food web complexity increases, but increased complexity also serves to dampen the magnitude of the secondary extinctions. When intraguild competitive interactions are included in the model, competitively inferior taxa are observed to possess greater probabilities of survival if the guilds are embedded in simple subnetworks of the overall food web. The result is the emergence of postextinction guilds dominated by those inferior taxa. These results are congruent with empirical observations of "disaster taxa" dominance after some mass extinction events, and provide a mechanism for the reorganization of ecosystems that is observed after those events. The model makes the testable prediction that dominance by disaster taxa, however, should be observed only when bottom-up disruptions have caused ecosystems to collapse catastrophically.


Mental models of nature provide orientation both for the executors of development projects as well as for the local participants. The dominating models are ones that draw a sharp line between nature and culture. We examine the foundations of these models, and propose that when encountering different kinds of models, precautions must be taken in order to enable negotiated sustainable development projects. We draw on our fieldwork in the Peruvian Amazon in order to illustrate the difference between distinct models of nature. We propose that sustainable development practices require negotiation processes, where different models of nature are fused into shared knowledge.


Most recent results in matrix completion assume that the matrix under consideration is low-rank or that the columns are in a union of low-rank subspaces. In real-world settings, however, the linear structure underlying these models is distorted by a (typically unknown) nonlinear transformation. This paper addresses the challenge of matrix completion in the face of such nonlinearities. Given a few observations of a matrix that are obtained by applying a Lipschitz, monotonic function to a low rank matrix, our task is to estimate the remaining unobserved entries. We propose a novel matrix completion method that alternates between low-rank matrix estimation and monotonic function estimation to estimate the missing matrix elements. Mean squared error bounds provide insight into how well the matrix can be estimated based on the size, rank of the matrix and properties of the nonlinear transformation. Empirical results on synthetic and real-world datasets demonstrate the competitiveness of the proposed approach.


We overview the existing OCT work, especially the practical aspects of it. We create a novel algorithm for 3D OCT segmentation with the goals of speed and/or accuracy while remaining flexible in the design and implementation for future extensions and improvements. The document at this point is a running draft being iteratively "developed" as a progress report as the work and survey advance. It contains the review and summarization of select OCT works, the design and implementation of the OCTMARF experimentation application and some results.


Through the example of the Japanese new religious movements (NRMs), this essay argues that studies of NRMs must move beyond their current Western-oriented framework if they are to have any validity in a global context. It argues that neither the perspective of Eileen Barker, in focusing on chronological newness, nor of J. Gordon Melton, in centering on outsider status, alone suffices to provide a framing definition of NRMs in Japan. One needs to combine the concept of newness (which should not be limited to mere first-generation notions) with the idea of being alternative. There is much value in extending a definition of NRMs to movements several generations old, for this enables the development of more nuanced understandings of NRM processes. The Japanese example indicates that one can identify a number of shared characteristics that enable discussion of a coherent category of movements known as NRMs. Such shared characteristics are more important than any links NRMs might have to older traditions with which they identify. NRMs are associated not only with newness, but also can be seen as possessing enduring themes shared by movements a century or more old and those of very recent origin.


Tramadol has recently fallen under the same scrutiny as codeine because both drugs have an active metabolite formed by the hepatic liver enzyme cytochrome P450 (CYP)-2D6 that is subject to genetic polymorphism.1 This article considers the important differences between these two drugs. We discuss why tramadol should not have the same contraindication applied to it as codeine in the settings of breastfeeding mothers (with subsequent low newborn or infant exposure) or hospitalised neonates.

A publication in 2006 reported a death of a breastfed neonate whose mother was taking codeine in the puerperium.2 The mother was a CYP2D6 ultrarapid metaboliser, which resulted in documented high morphine (codeine's active metabolite) transferral through the breast milk. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the European Medicines Agency, and the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency subsequently published advisories. In 2012–2013, these bodies warned that codeine use was contraindicated in breastfeeding mothers. The FDA report provides references of several reports of respiratory depression in neonates as further basis for this warning.3 In 2016, the National Library of Medicine created a Drugs and Lactation metadata base (LactMed) as a subset of the Toxicology Data Network. For codeine, this cites articles and scientific meeting abstracts about plasma concentrations in a small number of breastfeeding mothers, from the same author group that reported the neonatal death.4 LactMed also references a scientific poster, where breastfeeding women who reported central nervous system depression were more likely to have CYP2D6 gene duplication.4

During the same period, deaths were reported in toddlers, and obese older children, who were using codeine as a cough suppressant or for analgesia after tonsillectomy. This led to a 2012 FDA investigation documenting 13 paediatric cases of mortality or serious morbidity.5 Some of these children were ultrarapid metabolisers, while others were extensive (normal) metabolisers, with higher …


Why do public-sector workers receive so much of their compensation in the form of pensions and other benefits? This paper presents a political economy model in which politicians compete for taxpayers' 'and government employees' votes by promising compensation packages, but some voters cannot evaluate every aspect of promised compensation. If pension packages are "shrouded," so that public-sector workers better understand their value than ordinary taxpayers, then compensation will be highly back-loaded. In equilibrium, the welfare of public-sector workers could be improved, holding total public-sector costs constant, if they received higher wages and lower pensions. Centralizing pension determination has two off-setting effects on generosity: more state-level media attention helps taxpayers better understand pension costs, and that reduces pension generosity; but a larger share of public-sector workers will vote within the jurisdiction, which increases pension generosity. A short discussion of pensions in two decentralized states (California and Pennsylvania) and two centralized states (Massachusetts and Ohio) suggests that centralization appears to have modestly reduced pensions, but, as the model suggests, this is unlikely to be universal.


Recent events have brought South Africa's relationship with the International Criminal Court (ICC) into sharp focus. The events arise principally from a decision by the ICC on 4 March 2009 to issue an international arrest warrant for President Omar al-Bashir of Sudan for grave crimes committed by his government's officers and soldiers. That warrant was issued after the Security Council of the United Nations in 2005 decided to refer the crimes committed in Sudan to the ICC for investigation and possible prosecution.


Using a large sample of Chapter 11 filings from 1996 to 2007 we find that the endogenously determined expected recovery derived from Leland and Toft (1996) has strong explanatory power on debt recovery observed in the market. Our results hold after firm characteristics, industry distress, and macroeconomic conditions are accounted for. In addition, we find that agency conflicts and ex post bankruptcy costs both contribute to the explanatory power of expected recovery on market recovery.


The present paper presents a corpus-driven study of aspect in the imperative across Slavic, drawing on 13 versions of Bulgakov's Master i Margarita in 11 languages as included in the ParaSol corpus (Waldenfels 2006). Taking departure from imperative contexts in the Russian original, it is shown that differences in aspect use follow an areal pattern. The results are largely consistent with theories such as forwarded by Barentsen (1998) and Dickey (2000) that emphasize the existence of two focal groups of aspect use in the East and the West and the results of the questionaire-based study reported in Benacchio (2010).


Metabolism is the major force that maintains the most rudimentary of functions, and, therefore, maintains life in every organism. Because of the immense effect metabolism can have on an individual's life history, it is key that the factors influencing metabolic rate are investigated. This study was designed to investigate the influential factors affecting Tree swallow, Tachycineta bicolor, nestling resting metabolic rates by observing maternal effects, early developmental conditions, age, and body mass in Tree swallow nestlings within collection sites at the Saint John's Abbey Arboretum and Kraemer Lake-Wildwood County Park in Stearns County, Minnesota. Due to the fact that there is little research on the resting metabolic rate of Tree swallows, this study contributes to the fields of ecology and organismal biology in allowing for greater knowledge on the resting metabolic rates of Tree swallows and, potentially, other small, short-lived animals. For this study, two predictions were made: the first being that the male Tree Swallow nestlings would have a higher resting metabolic rate than their female nestling counterparts. In the second prediction, it was anticipated that the resting metabolic rates of Tree Swallow nestlings from one nest box would differ significantly from the rates of nestlings within another nest box, as it was expected that their environmental influences would differ. After data analysis was completed, it was concluded that our first hypothesis, which states that males would have a higher resting metabolic rate than their female counterpart, was not supported, and that our second hypothesis that each nest box would have an average nestling resting metabolic rate different than the other nest boxes was supported.


Tech companies have gradually and informally assumed the role of international
lawmakers on global cybersecurity issues. But while it might seem as if the international
community and Internet users are the direct beneficiaries of private tech industries' involvement
in making law, there are many questions about this endeavor that require a thorough
examination. The end goal and risks associated with such ventures are largely obscure
and unexplored.

This Article provides an analysis of how tech companies are effectively becoming
regulators on global cybersecurity, based on states' inability to overcome geopolitical divides on
how cyberspace ought to be regulated globally. This Article looks primarily at three separate
proposals representing the larger trend of the privatization of cybersecurity law: the Digital
Geneva Convention, the Cyber Red Cross, and the Cybersecurity Tech Accord. These, as well
as other initiatives, reflect the gradual and uncontested assimilation of private tech companies
into the machinery of international lawmaking.

This Article argues that state governments, civil society organizations, Internet users,
and other stakeholders need to step back and carefully evaluate the dangers of ceding too much
lawmaking control and authority to the private tech sector. These private actors, while not yet
on an equal footing to states, are increasingly displacing states as they seek to create their own
privatized and unaccountable version of cybersecurity law.


Electricity network pricing approaches play a fundamental role in establishing whether providing the network service function is economically beneficial to both the network operators and other stakeholders, namely, network users. Many pricing methodologies have been developed since the late 80"s. The earlier approaches were not based on economic principle while the latest are directed to being more based on economic principle as the shift is towards deregulated and privatized electric power industry as opposed to the earlier vertically regulated regime. As a result, many such methodologies based on economic principle have emerged and these reflect the investment cost incurred in circuits and transformers to support real and reactive power flow. However, to reflect investment cost incurred for maintaining network voltages in network charges has received very little attention in network charges. Therefore, this research work is aimed to create a charging approach to recover investment cost, by the network operator, for maintaining the network voltages. This thesis presents a new long-run incremental cost (LRIC) pricing approach for distribution networks and demonstrates the course of action of evaluating and allocating the network asset cost in the context of maintaining network voltages. Also, it should be noted that this approach can be used for transmission networks. Firstly, the LRIC-voltage network pricing approach for reflecting the future network VAr compensation assets is proposed. Then, this approach is extended to consider n-1 contingency situation as per statutory requirement that the network should be able to withstand such contingencies in order to enhance reasonable security and reliability in its network. Lastly, this LRIC-voltage network charging methodology is again extended to reflect the charges for existing network VAr compensation assets. In addition, this LRIC-voltage network pricing approach is improved to reflect better the nodal charges as the respective nodal voltage degradation rates, given corresponding load growth rate, are determined based on the P-V curve concept. The advantages of all these incorporate the ability to reflect correct forward-looking charges, to recognize both real and reactive powers, to provide locational charges and to provide charges for both generation and demand customers. In addition, two fundamental studies were conducted to demonstrate the trend in which the LRIC-voltage network charges would follow given different networks and different load growth rates. What set apart the LRIC-voltage network charges are those two parameters. Moreover, with regard to different networks, this was a defining moment as to how the aforementioned charges should be sought given transmission and distribution networks. A pricing software package utilizing load-flow has been developed implementing the proposed LRIC-voltage network pricing methodology and, its extensions. This software can well be utilized by transmission and distribution companies for analyzing their cost. The LRIC-voltage network pricing methodology and its extensions, are all demonstrated on the IEEE 14-bus test system and a practical distribution test network in the South Wales area of England, UK.


Previous empirical studies examining the determinants of re‐enlistment probabilities have generally employed a univariate approach and have suggested that expected further education increases the likelihood of joining the army. However, the re‐enlistment and further education decisions can be interdependent. Accordingly, this study employs a seemingly unrelated bivariate probit model to jointly estimate the factors that influence both further education and re‐enlistment decisions. Empirical analysis indicates that there is a correlation between the re‐enlistment and further education decisions, revealing that previous single equation models might be misspecified. Moreover the geographical background, education level of the conscript, intention of further education and previous unemployment duration are influential in the re‐enlistment decision. Additionally, the further education decision appears to be determined by family and sibship characteristics, education level and age.


Background: Ovarian tumors are considered rare both in dogs and cats. Germ cell neoplasms correspond to approximately 15% of the cases and can be classified into dysgerminomas, teratomas and teratocarcinomas. Reports of bilateral dysgerminoma in dogs and cats are rare. The aim of this work was to describe a case of bilateral dysgerminoma and cystic endometrial hyperplasia with pyometra in a bitch by presenting the clinical, surgical, pathological and immunohistochemical findings. Case: A 10-year-old female crossbred dog was presented with a history of vomiting, apathy and purulent vulvar discharge. Physical examination revealed hyperthermia and pain was observed on abdominal palpation. Ultrasound examination revealed cystic formation and increased echogenicity inside the uterus. The animal underwent ovariohysterectomy (OHE). Macroscopically, the ovaries were multinodular, spherical to ovoid in shape, measuring 6 cm in diameter, and with a dark red color; they exhibited a firm consistency and a hemorrhagic cut surface with cystic areas and foci of necrotic tissue. At microscopic evaluation of both ovaries, the neoplasm consisted of large and polyhedral cells with amphophilic cytoplasm which were arranged in cords separated by connective tissue. The cells exhibited an anaplastic appearance, with central nuclei, large amounts of granular chromatin and one or more evident nucleoli. Several mitotic figures, often incomplete and with consequent formation of multinucleated cells similar to giant cells, were observed. Immunohistochemical detection of cytokeratin and vimentin was performed for further examination. The ovarian tumor exhibited positive staining for cytokeratin and negative staining for vimentin. Discussion: Most ovarian tumors are asymptomatic and many times are considered incidental findings during spaying surgeries. On physical examination, affected animals may show palpable abdominal masses, ascites and systemic signs caused by hormonal disturbances. The macroscopic and microscopic findings seen in this case are in accordance with those found in the literature and confirm the diagnosis of bilateral dysgerminoma and cystic endometrial hyperplasia-pyometra. Dysgerminoma should be differentiated from other neoplasias as lymphosarcoma, solid adenocarcinoma, solid granulosa cell tumor, theca cell tumor and teratoma. Diagnosis is performed by histopathological analysis. Immunohistochemistry can be performed to identify the origin of tumoral cells in order to assist the differential diagnosis for other neoplasias. Even though the immunohistochemical result can be positive for cytokeratin, this is not considered usual for dysgerminomas. The positive result for cytokeratin is related to the anaplastic characteristic of the tumor. Most cases of dysgerminomas are described in older dogs and cats, yet it can develop in younger animals. Dysgerminoma is a tumor that is typically unilateral and is hardly ever found in both ovaries. The rarity with which this neoplasia is observed in bitches can be related to the premature age at which OHE is performed.


The degree of lymphocytic infiltration in and around breast tumours together with sinus histiocytosis and follicular hyperplasia in regional lymph nodes has been studied in 310 cases of breast cancer treated with standard radical mastectomy. The presence of these features was regarded as evidence of host resistance against the tumour and made possible the division of patients into three classes—no or poor reaction, good reaction, and strong reaction. The grading was shown to have a close correlation with prognosis. The relationship between host defensive factor grading and malignancy, nodal metastases, and survival was also examined. The results support the hypothesis that prognosis in breast cancer is closely related to a histological picture of cell-mediated immunity against the tumour.


Divided government occurs when the executive fails to enjoy majority support in at least one working house of the legislature. To date, the study of divided government has focused almost exclusively on the United States. However, divided government occurs much more widely. It occurs in other presidential systems. Moreover, it is also the equivalent of minority government in parliamentary regimes and cohabitation in French-style semi-presidential systems. This book examines the frequency, causes and management of divided government in comparative context, identifying the similarities and differences between the various experiences of this increasingly frequent form of government. The countries studied include Denmark, Ecuador, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Mexico, Poland, and the US.


- A Three-chambers MDC was made using three identical cubical plexi-glass sections. Each chamber has an effective volume of 35 cm3. An anion exchange membrane (AEM) was used to separate the anode from the desalination chambers while a cation exchange membrane (CEM) was used to separate the cathode from the desalination chambers. Two graphite sheets were used as anode and cathode electrodes. Biotic experiments have included air-cathode MDC fed with synthetic municipal wastewater, Bio-cathode MDC in which the cathode chamber was inoculated with microalgae as an oxygen source and air-cathode MDC was fed with floated oil layer in the anode chamber as an organic source. Maximum power density obtained from the MDC was 121 mW/m2. The corresponding current density was 410 mA/m2. Maximum power density obtained in this study was in consistency with that presented in previous studies. Maximum coulombic efficiency and charge efficiency achieved were 9% and 165% respectively. The results of this study confirmed the validity of using MDC technology to treat municipal wastewater as well as oil, desalinate brackish water and generate electric power simultaneously. Moreover, the results revealed the possibility of using mixed culture algae, available in the Iraqi environment, in the cathode chamber as an oxygen source to develop more energy efficient MDC. Further study deals with different system configurations and different operating conditions are needed.


This paper presents measurements of charged-particle distributions sensitive to the properties of the underlying event in events containing a Z boson decaying into a muon pair. The data were obtained using the ATLAS detector at the LHC in proton–proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV with an integrated luminosity of 3.2 fb-1. Distributions of the charged-particle multiplicity and of the charged-particle transverse momentum are measured in regions of the azimuth defined relative to the Z boson direction. The measured distributions are compared with the predictions of various Monte Carlo generators which implement different underyling event models. The Monte Carlo model predictions qualitatively describe the data well, but with some significant discrepancies.


Set on an island in the South Pacific during the final days of World War II, when the tide has turned against Japan and the war has unmistakably become one of attrition, The Breaking Jewel offers a rare depiction of the Pacific War from the Japanese side and captures the essence of Japan's doomed imperial aims. The novel opens as a small force of Japanese soldiers prepares to defend a tiny and ultimately insignificant island from a full-scale assault by American forces. Its story centers on squad leader Nakamura, who resists the Americans to the end, as he and his comrades grapple with the idea of gyokusai (translated as "the breaking jewel" or the "pulverization of the gem"), the patriotic act of mass suicide in defense of the homeland. Well known for his antiestablishment and antiwar sentiments, Makuto Oda gradually and subtly develops a powerful critique of the war and the racialist imperial aims that proved Japan's undoing.


A useful analytic distinction between structural and policy differences was made by Henry Kissinger; the former must be accommodated while the latter may be resolved. There is no shortage of tensions and disagreements between the United States and the nations of Europe. Likewise, the bilateral alliance between Britain and the US has been defined in part by disagreements. Even during the Second World War, when the relationship was redefined in modern terms, there were strong conflicts despite the extraordinary incentives for cooperation.

From the start, a key strength of the Anglo-American alliance was emphasis on institutional structures for the long term, viewed as a complement to the essential immediate cooperation in fighting and ultimately defeating the Axis powers. The insight of Jean Monnet and others in employing economic tools for political and diplomatic ends has proven essential. The fortieth anniversary of Britain's entry into the European Community is a useful benchmark for retrospective analysis. For the US, the twin commitments of an active international role and unification of Europe around economic matters has been remarkably consistent. As John Mearsheimer has argued, the end of the Cold War removed fundamental incentives for cooperation. Nonetheless, institutional structures of both the EU and NATO have survived.

Britain traditionally has been reluctant to engage in continuous institutional engagement with Europe, beyond the requirements of military alliances helpful or essential to national security. The lengthy uneven character of the road to membership in Europe's economic institutions reflects this fundamental attitude. Currently, Britain's ambiguous role of participation in European institutions but not in the euro may in fact facilitate transatlantic cooperation, and illustrates the usefulness of Kissinger's point. The fading of militarism in Europe since 1945 is a fundamental accomplishment, often overlooked in contemporary economic debate.