Using the 1929 Midwives Ordinance as an analytical lens, this article argues that the Mandate government's treatment of Palestinian midwives reflected Britain's broader aims to control colonial subjects and to institutionalize health care, perpetuating British constructs of gender and class in the process. It claims that in restricting midwives' autonomy, the administration not only infringed on their livelihoods but curtailed Palestinian women's economic opportunities. While Palestinian midwives successfully used a number of creative tactics to resist government attempts to control them, the restrictions placed on them limited general access to health care, especially in rural areas of Palestine. In an era of unprecedented state reach, however, officials were far more concerned with monitoring midwives than with expanding Palestinians' access to much-needed health care, ultimately privileging the Yishuv in this sphere, as in so many others.


Comparative feeding ecology of African apes has recently been intensively in- vestigated principally for testing the THV (terrestrial herbaceous vegetation) hypothesis. The hypothesis argues that peaceful behavioral nature observed in bonobo (Pan paniscus) com- pared to chimpanzee (P. troglodytes) is derived from presence of suffi cient THV as fallback foods during lean periods, resulting from habitat segregation from more herbivorous gorillas. There was some supportive evidence for the hypothesis such as presence of feeding competi- tion for fi brous foods between chimpanzees and gorillas in sympatry. However, many cast doubt on the function of THV to maintain female cohesiveness. Overall, the ecological and social causality theorized in the THV hypothesis appears sound, but THV itself unlikely plays a major role, although critical data, bonobo ecology in particular, are still missing. Observed behavioral variation among chimpanzee subspecies suggests that West African chimpanzees are behaviorally more peaceful than East African subspecies. Intensive comparison of some socio-ecological parameters between Bossou and Kibale chimpanzees supported this idea. Data suggested that, also in this case, THV consumption is unlikely a key factor. Because West African chimpanzees, like bonobos, have probably been segregated from gorilla habi- tat for considerable amount of time in their evolutionary history, collective infl uence from coexisting with gorillas, not a competition over a single food source, must be responsible for socio-ecological differentiation observed among bonobo, Western chimpanzees, and Eastern chimpanzees.


Background and Objective : The aim of present study was to assess environmental inequality in long-term exposure to outdoor air pollution in 22 districts of Tehran in 2012. Materials and Methods : The present study is an ecological study and concentration index was used for assessment of inequality. In this study the amounts of pollutant concentrations (PM 10 , NO 2 , SO 2 ) obtained were based on land use regression (LUR) for exposure assessment. Variables that their effects have been studied on the distribution of exposure to pollutants included: education level, employment status and car ownership, which were obtained from census demographic and Tehran Municipality's dataset. Results: The concentration index for PM 10 in the case of illiteracy, people with higher education and private car owners was 0.059 (0.004-0.113), -0.056 (-0.001- -0.110) and -0.079 (-0.031- -0.127), respectively. These relationships were statistically significant. Concentration index for PM 10 was 0.016 for the workers population, which was not statistically significant. For NO 2 and SO 2 , no inequality was found in illiterate people, people with higher education, employees and car owners. Conclusion: This study showed that there was significant inequality in terms of exposure to PM 10 between different regions of Tehran in the illiterate, people with higher education and car owners. Considering these subgroups of population can be helpful in policy-making process.


We use electron spin resonance in the far infrared to probe the Landau-level spin splitting in symmetric and asymmetric InSb quantum wells. The asymmetric wells exhibit a strong deviation in behavior from the symmetric wells at low magnetic fields with apparent g factors far in excess of the bulk g factor of InSb. These asymmetry-induced shifts in the spin resonance depend on Landau-level index as predicted by the BychkovRashba model. We analyze the shifts to extract values for the Rashba parameter.


[World War One letters in Irish by Father Padraig Mac Giolla Cheara] This article comprises an introduction and edited text of letters written by a Donegal chaplain of the First World War, an tAthair Padraig Mac Giolla Cheara. The letters first appeared in three isues of a short-lived Donegal periodical, An Crann, of which very few copies have survived. The purpose of the article was to bring to the attention of scholars, and others with an interest in Irish writing, the text and context of the only known Irish-language record of events at the front. The public interest in the story of Irish soldiers in the First World War has increased considerably in recent years, due in part to the influence of Frank McGuinness' play, Observe the Sons of Ulster Marching Towards the Somme from the late 1980s onwards. In 2004 a landmark RTE television documentary dealt specifically with the subject of Donegal soldiers of the war whose memory was almost entirely eclipsed by the 1916 Easter Rising and War of Independence (1919-21). The introduction to the Mac Giolla Cheara's letters provides a summary of biographical information on the author as well as essential contextual explanation of some of the letters' themes. These include Mac Giolla Chearas's criticism of the anti-clericalist tradition in France and the eventual separation of church and state which issued from this in 1905. The text of the letters was reproduced in standardised form in this article, following the method of Mac Giolla Domhnaigh and Stockman in Athchlo Uladh (Belfast 1991), in order to increase their accessibility to students and general readers alike.


Nigeria is faced with the problems and challenges of pluralism in respect of its ethnic, social, political and religious diversity. This thesis argues that in order to reconcile the conflicting interests and tendencies in the country, an integrated approach to moral education is required.
The first chapter clarifies the current situation in Nigeria by showing historically the roots of the present diversity. The second chapter is an introduction to some concepts -- of morality, education, moral education and moral development — which are essential to the later discussion.
The third chapter describes and analyses approaches to moral education in traditional Nigerian society, including both content and methods. The fourth chapter is premised on the argument that moral education for national cohesion in Nigeria needs to take account of features of Nigerian society which, while being aspects of the problem, also contain the resources through which a solution can be approached. More is said on the current diversity, including its political and religious aspects, and it is pointed out that both Nigeria's political ideals, as enshrined in its constitution, and the predominantly religious orientation of its people, are resources on which moral education can build.
The fifth chapter asks how far theoretical approaches developed in the West can be adapted to Nigeria's situation. Consideration is given to major political, especially democratic, theories; to ethical theories, especially where they focus on virtue; to conceptions of the nature of religion; and to psychological developmental theories. In each case it is argued that there are valuable features in such theories but they cannot be transferred wholesale to the Nigerian situation.
The sixth chapter, accordingly, seeks to show how a distinctively Nigerian approach might be developed. This will allow for the possibility of a non-Western form of democracy; for a form of moral education which incorporates what is most valuable in traditional Nigerian practices; and for a religious education which takes account of common factors within a situation of diversity.
Finally, an attempt is made in the seventh chapter to sketch a model of an effective and integrated moral education for Nigeria, in terms of the role of the school; the qualities required on the part of the teacher; the qualities of the student; the content of what is taught; and the methods to be used.


This study focuses on the development of efficient surrogate models by polynomial chaos expansion (PCE) for the prediction of the long-term extreme surge motion of a moored floating offshore structure. The structure is subjected to first-order and second-order (difference-frequency) wave loading. Uncertainty in the long-term response arises from contrasting sea state conditions, characterized by significant wave height, Hs, and spectral peak period, Tp, and their relative likelihood of occurrence; these two variables are explicitly included in the PCE-based uncertainty quantification (UQ). In a given sea state, however, response simulations must be run for the associated Hs and Tp; in such simulations, typically, a set of random amplitudes and phases define an irregular wave train consistent with that sea state. These random amplitudes and phases for all the frequency components in the wave train introduce additional uncertainty in the simulated waves and in the response. The UQ framework treats these two sources of uncertainty—from Hs and Tp on the one hand, and the amplitude and phase vectors on the other—in a manner that efficiently yields long-term surge motion extreme predictions consistent with more expensive Monte Carlo simulations (MCS) that serve as the "truth" system. To reduce uncertainty in response extremes that result from sea states with a low likelihood of occurrence, importance sampling is employed with both MCS- and PCE-based extreme response predictions. Satisfactory performance with such efficient surrogate models can help in assessing the long-term response of various offshore structures.


In this conversation, professor and leading scholar on global social movements and contemporary protest Geoffrey Pleyers maps and critically reflects on the main battlefields of Latin American struggles, from resistance over land dispossession and extractivism to conflicts over information control and the quality of democracy, from the battle against the neoliberal privatization of public education to the struggles for justice against impunity and violence. He then situates the role of digital media within a multifaceted scenario where powerful mainstream media and political elites are colluded, independent journalists are threatened and struggle to get their voice heard, and governments invest immense resources to spy on citizens and to influence public opinion. While recognizing the importance of the Internet to pursue social change in the Latin American context, Pleyers urges us to look at the broader social, political, and economic picture in order to understand the extent of the transformations on the continent.


Starting in 1965 the Santa Clara Valley Water District began importing about 100,000 acre-feet per year of northern California water. About one-half of this water was used to artificially recharge the Upper Penitencia Creek alluvi 3 "1 fan in Santa Clara Valley. In order to determine the rea.^ tive amounts of local ground water and recharged imported water being pumped from the wells, stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen were used to trace the movement of the imported water in the alluvial fan. To trace the movement of imported water in the Upper Penitencia Creek alluvial fan, well samples were selected to give areal and depth coverage for the whole fan. The stable isotopes of oxygen-16, oxygen-18, and deuterium were measured in the water samples of imported water and from the wells and streams in the Santa Clara Valley. The 6 180 and 6D compositions of the local runoff were about -6.00 o/oo (parts per thousand) and -40 o/oo, respectively; the average compositions for the local native ground-water samples were about -6.1 o/oo and -41 o/oo, respectively; and the average compositions of the imported water samples were -10.2 o/oo and -74 o/oo, respectively. (The oxygen isotopic composition of water samples is reported relative to Standard Mean Ocean Water, in parts per thousand.) The difference between local ground water and recharged imported water was about 4.1 o/oo in 6 1 0 and 33 o/oo in 6L The isotopic data indicate dilution of northern California water with local ground water in a downgradient direction. Two wells contain approximately 74 percent northern California water, six wells more than 50 percent. Data indicate that there may be a correlation between the percentage of northern California water and the depth or length of perforated intervals in wells. 2 TRACING GROUND-WATER MOVEMENT USING STABLE ISOTOPES


Trajectory optimization algorithms are a core technology behind many modern nonlinear control applications. However, with increasing system complexity, the computation of dynamics derivatives during optimization creates a computational bottleneck, particularly in second-order methods. In this paper, we present a modification of the classical Differential Dynamic Programming (DDP) algorithm that eliminates the computation of dynamics derivatives while maintaining similar convergence properties. Rather than relying on naive finite difference calculations, we propose a deterministic sampling scheme inspired by the Unscented Kalman Filter that propagates a quadratic approximation of the cost-to-go function through the nonlinear dynamics at each time step. Our algorithm takes larger steps than Iterative LQR-a DDP variant that approximates the cost-to-go Hessian using only first derivatives-while maintaining the same computational cost. We present results demonstrating its numerical performance in simulated balancing and aerobatic flight experiments.


Tourism is regarded by many countries, particularly resource-poor countries, as a potential stimulus to the economy. Yet tourism, by the nature of the activities involved, is constrained by the natural resource base and infrastructure, and by the pollution and other environmental and social impacts of tourist numbers. Tourism development strategies of national governments have been diverse in the face of this complex relationship between the economic costs and benefits of tourism. This paper examines tourist development based on concepts of open access and renewable natural resources. The experiences of two economies highly dependent on tourism, the Maldives and Nepal, are compared and contrasted. Although these countries offer very different attractions to tourists, they are faced with similar problems in terms of adverse environmental impacts of tourism. The dominant impacts in both areas are those associated with solid waste disposal and water resources, compounded by the depletion of natural resources. Both countries are currently employing 'dispersal' techniques to overcome the adverse impacts of tourism, but such strategies do not address the fundamental problem of maintaining tourism revenues whilst minimizing environmental damage. Even if an ecological carrying capacity can be defined, the experiences of these two countries indicate that impacts on local communities may well exceed so-called cultural carrying capacity.


Rozelle chronicles the life and times of the architect of the modern National Football League, Pete Rozelle, who transformed football into arguably the most successful sports league in the world. While he was never considered a serious candidate for the job of NFL commissioner early on, the position ultimately catapulted Rozelle into the role through which he transformed the NFL and became a trailblazer for all sports in the second half of the twentieth century. When he became commissioner in 1960, the league had twelve teams playing to half-empty stadiums and was mired in an outdated business model. Rozelle introduced revenue and television profit sharing to guarantee the success of small-market teams and brought every NFL game to national television. Rozelle's monumental achievements include the introduction of the Super Bowl in the '60s followed by the NFL's most rapid expansion and the establishment of Monday Night Football. The '80s saw Rozelle presiding over drug scandals, labor struggles, and the league's legal battles with team owners such as Oakland's Al Davis, who famously won a lawsuit to move his Raiders to Los Angeles. Jerry Izenberg chronicles the iconic life of Rozelle, who revolutionized the culture of sports in America and is responsible for turning the NFL into the preeminent sports league in the world.


My goal in this symposium is not to disrespect the Warren Court Revolution. The Court's constitutionalization of the rules of criminal procedure during the 1960s were quite clearly necessary at the time they were imposed, in large measure to end the miserably unjust treatment of African Americans living in the South, and in part to foster the values of privacy, autonomy, fairness, and protection of the innocent enshrined in the Bill of Rights but ignored by many state criminal justice actors. The three most famous and important decisions by the Warren Court were vital to the health of the criminal justice system when they were rendered. The exclusionary remedy incorporated in Mapp v. Ohio was critical in persuading peace officers to learn about and then protect Fourth Amendment values; the Miranda v. Arizona warnings seemed the only way to limit abusive police behavior at the stationhouse while still encouraging uncompelled confessions, and the right to counsel offered in Gideon v. Wainwright was essential to separating guilty from innocent defendants. Unfortunately, and perhaps somewhat ironically, doctrine concerning the Fourth and Fifth Amendments have been contorted in their definitions and subject to a constant stream of exceptions by the Burger, Rehnquist, and Roberts Courts. They have come to contribute to and in fact embody the now unnecessarily adversarial and deceptive nature of many citizen-peace officer encounters.
The upshot of our last fifty years of constitutional criminal procedure rules combined with certain historical events I describe below is that some citizens and law enforcement may view each other as the enemy. This is not useful to law enforcement's primary purpose of protecting us from harm and separating the innocent from the guilty. What are we to do with such a messy and quite frankly depressing state of affairs? At this juncture, it might be preferable to shape rules that are less adversarial and more inquisitorial. It certainly would be an improvement to announce transparent rules. Rather than having decision rules for cases and conduct rules for officers, we need one set of clear and well publicized rules that everyone knows and follows. And that set of rules need not be the same in every jurisdiction, so long as what officers tell citizens is the truth.
Confining my remaining comments to the fifth amendment context, in Part II, I argue that the Miranda warnings, regardless of their intent and effect at the time, have become perverse and ought to be retired for five reasons. (1) They are false and deceptive. (2) They assist primarily guilty recividists and the wealthy, all other suspects waive their rights. (3) They fail to achieve either of their stated goals of "adequately and effectively" apprising suspects of their rights and regulating police conduct. Instead, suspects are confused and deceived, and the fact that the Miranda warnings were read essentially guarantees that any subsequent statements are admissible, regardless of whether they are "voluntary" within the meaning of the due process "totality of circumstances" test. (4) They fail to identify and exclude false confessions. The innocence movement has demonstrated that the majority of false confessions are from juveniles and those with mental disabilities, and the Miranda warnings are ineffective on these groups. (5) They are incompatible with historical practice and our current shared moral values. In Part III, I recommend that jurisdictions begin replacing Miranda warnings with more effective and transparent alternatives, a move I believe is permissible under current Supreme Court doctrine. I propose that mid-sized to large police departments add a new "magistrate" position, appointed through the judicial branch, to their police station staff, and supplement or replace custodial interrogation by the police with more civilized recorded questioning of felony suspects by these magistrates. Arrestees would be informed that they have no right to avoid custodial interrogation of some kind, and offered accurate descriptions of their actual options. I further suggest that the practice of producing false evidence to encourage suspects to confess be strictly prohibited, and the use of deceit during custodial interrogation be discussed and limited NY public officials and reduced to writing. Transparency in the interrogation process would be a civilizing influence and would lead to more accurate information. Allowing local legislatures to create the rules regulating interrogations would shift blame for any deceit permitted away from police officers, fostering improved relationship between law enforcement personnel and the citizens they serve.
Finally, in Part IV, I begin to imagine a world in which police official used deception only when absolutely necessary, and only with the advance agreement of local public officials. Not only would any warnings given be accurate ones, but perhaps some of the most egregious deceptive practices during interrogation would be limited. This might bleed over into undercover sting operations, as many courts are already finding ways to expand the entrapment defense. The use of predictive and community policing and other evidence-based law enforcement tools might be possible if the relationship between officers and citizens improves, especially in minority communities. Numerous practices that might be effective in ferreting out the guilty and preventing crime in the first place rely on cooperation with the community. Such cooperation is almost impossible without some transparency and trust as foundations of the relationship. Amending Miranda would be a start.


Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses have devastated the poultry industry in many countries of the eastern hemisphere. Occasionally H5N1 viruses cross the species barrier and infect humans, sometimes with a severe clinical outcome. When this happens, there is a chance of reassortment between H5N1 and human influenza viruses. To assess the potential of H5N1 viruses to reassort with contemporary human influenza viruses (H1N1, H3N2 and pandemic H1N1), we used an in vitro selection method to generate reassortant viruses, that contained the H5 hemagglutinin gene, and that have a replication advantage in vitro. We found that the neuraminidase and matrix gene segments of human influenza viruses were preferentially selected by H5 viruses. However, these H5 reassortant viruses did not show a marked increase in replication in MDCK cells and human bronchial epithelial cells. In ferrets, inoculation with a mixture of H5N1-pandemic H1N1 reassortant viruses resulted in outgrowth of reassortant H5 viruses that had incorporated the neuraminidase and matrix gene segment of pandemic 2009 H1N1. This virus was not transmitted via aerosols or respiratory droplets to naïve recipient ferrets. Altogether, these data emphasize the potential of avian H5N1 viruses to reassort with contemporary human influenza viruses. The neuraminidase and matrix gene segments of human influenza viruses showed the highest genetic compatibility with HPAI H5N1 virus.


IMPORTANCE
Clinical practice guidelines state there is insufficient evidence to support advising patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) to participate in a home-based walking exercise program.

OBJECTIVE
To determine whether a home-based walking exercise program that uses a group-mediated cognitive behavioral intervention, incorporating both group support and self-regulatory skills, can improve functional performance compared with a health education control group in patients with PAD with and without intermittent claudication.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS
Randomized controlled clinical trial of 194 patients with PAD, including 72.2% without classic symptoms of intermittent claudication, performed in Chicago, Illinois between July 22, 2008, and December 14, 2012.

INTERVENTIONS
Participants were randomized to 1 of 2 parallel groups: a home-based group-mediated cognitive behavioral walking intervention or an attention control condition.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
The primary outcome was 6-month change in 6-minute walk performance. Secondary outcomes included 6-month change in treadmill walking, physical activity, the Walking Impairment Questionnaire (WIQ), and Physical and Mental Health Composite Scores from the 12-item Short-Form Health Survey.

RESULTS
Participants randomized to the intervention group significantly increased their 6-minute walk distance ([reported in meters] 357.4 to 399.8 vs 353.3 to 342.2 for those in the control group; mean difference, 53.5 [95% CI, 33.2 to 73.8]; P < .001), maximal treadmill walking time (intervention, 7.91 to 9.44 minutes vs control, 7.56 to 8.09; mean difference, 1.01 minutes [95% CI, 0.07 to 1.95]; P = .04), accelerometer-measured physical activity over 7 days (intervention, 778.0 to 866.1 vs control, 671.6 to 645.0; mean difference, 114.7 activity units [95% CI, 12.82 to 216.5]; P = .03), WIQ distance score (intervention, 35.3 to 47.4 vs control, 33.3 to 34.4; mean difference, 11.1 [95% CI, 3.9 to 18.1]; P = .003), and WIQ speed score (intervention, 36.1 to 47.7 vs control, 35.3-36.6; mean difference, 10.4 [95% CI, 3.4 to 17.4]; P = .004).

CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE
A home-based walking exercise program significantly improved walking endurance, physical activity, and patient-perceived walking endurance and speed in PAD participants with and without classic claudication symptoms. These findings have implications for the large number of patients with PAD who are unable or unwilling to participate in supervised exercise programs.

TRIAL REGISTRATION
clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00693940.


The purpose of this study was to assess the validity of the measurement values obtained from "Power Measure", a simple muscular strength measuring instrument that we have developed. This instrument consists of two acrylic outer and inner cylinders with internal diameters of 9.5 cm and 8.5 cm, respectively, and one of three kinds of compression coil spring. To assess the validity of the measurement values, a weight was loaded on the instrument perpendicularly, and the compression distance of the spring corresponding to the load of the weight was defined as the actual measurement value, while the value obtained by dividing the loaded weight by the spring constant was defined as the reference value for the measurement. Although there were some issues regarding the measurement values, the relationship between the weight load and compression distance was strongly correlated with the reference values whichever spring was used. This indicates that the principle of this measuring instrument, estimation of muscular strength from the distance of spring compression in relation to the spring constant, is consistent with physical principles, and that the measurement values obtained from this instrument are highly valid.


The work is divided into three independent papers: PAPER I: Thermal evolution models are presented for Ganymede, assuming a mostly differentiated initial state of a water ocean overlying a rock layer. The only heat sources are assumed to be primordial heat (provided by accretion) and the long-lived radiogenic heat sources in the rock component. As Ganymede cools, the ocean thins, and two ice layers develop, one above composed of ice I, and the other below composed of high-pressure polymorphs of ice. Subsolidus convection proceeds separately in each ice layer, its transport of heat calculated using a simple parameterized convection scheme and the most recent data on ice rheology. The model requires that the average entropy of the deep ice layer exceed that of the ice I layer. If the residual ocean separating these layers becomes thin enough, then a Rayleigh-Taylor-like ("diapiric") instability may ensue, driven by the greater entropy of the deeper ice and merging the two ice mantles into a single convective layer. This instability is not predicted by linear analysis but occurs for plausible finite amplitude perturbations associated with large Rayleigh number convection. The resulting warm ice diapirs may lead to a dramatic "heat pulse" at the surface and to fracturing of the lithosphere, and may be directly or indirectly responsible for resurfacing and grooved terrain formation on Ganymede. The timing of this event depends rather sensitively on poorly known rheological parameters but could be consistent with chronologies deduced from estimated cratering rates. Irrespective of the occurrence or importance of the heat pulse, we find that lithospheric fracturing requires rapid stress loading (on a timescale ≾ 104) years). Such a timescale can be realized by warm ice diapirism, but not directly by gradual global expansion. In the absence of any quantitative and self-consistent model for the resurfacing of Ganymede by liquid water, we favor resurfacing by warm ice flows,which we demonstrate to be physically possible, a plausible consequence of our models, compatible with existing observations, and a hypothesis testable by Galileo. We discuss core formation as an alternative driver for resurfacing, and conclude that it is less attractive. We also consider anew the puzzle of why Callisto differs so greatly from Ganymede, offering several possible explanations. The models presented do not provide a compelling explanation for all aspects of Ganymedean geological evolution, since we have identified several potential problems, most notably the apparently extended period of grooved terrain formation (several hundred million years), which is difficult to reconcile with the heat pulse phenomenon. PAPER II: The observed zonal flows of the giant planets will, if they penetrate below the visible atmosphere, interact significantly with the planetary magnetic field outside the metalized core. The appropriate measure of this interaction is the Chandrasekhar number Q = (H2)/(4πρνα2λ) (where H = radial component of the magnetic field, ν = eddy viscosity, λ = magnetic diffusivity, α-1 = lengthscale on which λ varies); at depths where Q ≳ 1 the velocity will be forced to oscillate on a small lengthscale or decay to zero. We estimate the conductivity due to semiconduction in H2 (Jupiter, Saturn) and ionization in H2O (Uranus, Neptune) as a function of depth; the value λ ≃ 1010 cm2s-1 needed for Q = 1 is readily obtained well outside the metallic core (where λ ≃ 102 cm2s-1). These assertions are quantified by a simple model of the equatorial zonal jet in which the flow is assumed uniform on cylinders concentric with the spin axis, and the viscous and magnetic torques on each cylinder are balanced. We solve this "Taylor constraint" simultaneously with the dynamo equation to obtain the velocity and magnetic field in the equatorial plane. With this model we reproduce the widely differing jet widths of Jupiter and Saturn (though not the flow at very high or low latitudes) using ν = 2500 cm2s-1, consistent with the requirement that viscous dissipation not exceed the specific luminosity. A model Uranian jet consistent with the limited Voyager data can also be constructed, with appropriately smaller ν, but only if one assumes a two-layer interior. We tentatively predict a wide Neptunian jet. For Saturn (but not Jupiter or Uranus) the model has a large magnetic Reynolds number where Q = 1 and hence exhibits substantial axisymmetrization of the field in the equatorial plane. This effect may or may not persist at higher latitudes. The one-dimensional model presented is only a first step. Variation of the velocity and magnetic field parallel to the spin axis must be modeled in order to answer several important questions, including: 1) What is the behavior of flows at high latitudes, whose Taylor cylinders are interrupted by the region with Q ≳ 1? 2) To what extent is differential rotation in the envelope responsible for the spin-axisymmetry of Saturn's magnetic field? PAPER III: It is shown that the problem of two-dimensional photoclinometry (PC) -- the reconstruction of a surface z(x,y) from a brightness image B(x,y) -- may be formulated in a natural way in terms of finite elements. The resulting system of equations is underdetermined as a consequence of the lack of boundary conditions for z, but a unique solution may be chosen by minimizing a function S expressing the "roughness" of the surface. An efficient PC algorithm based on this formulation is presented, requiring ~ 10.66 (four-byte) memory locations and ~104 floating multiplications/additions per pixel, and incorporating: 1) Minimization of the roughness by the penalty method, which yields the smallest set of equations. 2) Iterative solution of the nonlinear equations by Newton's method. 3) Solution of the linearized equations by an inner iterative cycle of successive over-relaxation, which takes advantage of the extreme sparseness of the system. 4) Multigridding, in which the solutions to the smaller problems obtained by reducing the resolution are used recursively to greatly speed convergence at the higher resolutions, and 5) A rapid noniterative initial estimate of z obtained by exploiting the special symmetry of the equations obtained in the first linearization. The algorithm is extensively demonstrated on 200 by 200 pixel synthetic "images" generated from digital topographic data for northern Utah over a range of phase angles. Rms error in the solution is ~ 22 m, out of ~ 660 m total relief. The error is dominated by "stripes" with the same azimuth as the light source, resulting from use of the roughness criterion in lieu of boundary conditions; the rms error along profiles parallel to the stripes is only ~ 2-8 m, depending on the phase angle. Satisfactory solutions are obtained even in the presence of quantization error, noise, and moderate blur in the image. Applications of the PC algorithm to both remote sensing and photomicrography are sketched; a photoclinometric map of a low-relief Precambrian era fossil is presented as an example of the latter. Prospects for dealing with photometrically inhomogeneous surfaces, and an extension of the method to the analysis of side-looking radar data ("radarclinometry") are also discussed.


Drastic and inclusive technology progress is changing the economy of Russia and foreign countries. This progress significantly impacts production forces. . This paper analyzes theoretical and applied approaches to the investigation of production forces development. I reveal the role and importance of innovations in science and technology as well as their impact on various segments of the economy. I analyze the conceptual framework used for technological shifts. The paper describes the indicators showing the level of scientific and technological potential development in various countries and regions including the Urals. I define growth areas in technology and assess their contribution to gross domestic product (GDP) growth. The administrations and authorities at federal and regional levels impact the development of science, innovations, technologies and breakthrough areas. The development of these spheres leads to the increase in productivity of social activities, production and business activity. The paper reveals the impact of the technological breakthrough in such latest fields as the alternative energy sources, drones, electric car industry, storage and delivery of energy. This fields transform the economy and society. Furthermore, they change theoretical concepts of functional and institutional social structure. The development paradigm is to be modified from fuel and raw model to the innovative and technological one. The economic development and scientific and technological potential are interrelated. I discuss the reason of close attention to the development of science, technologies, innovations in the developed countries. as well as the measures to stimulate their development. The article studies the mechanism and tools of science and education funding in various regions of the world. The results of the research may be used for updating the strategy of scientific and technological development of Russia and its regions in the current situation as well as for choosing necessary conceptual approaches to the development of the economy.


In June we visited the Broughton Hall Game Fair. We met with a number of 'animal oriented' people and conducted some interviews. One man we spoke to runs a green pest control supplies store. He was full of information on how the implications of short term chemical pest control have moved him to go down this route. (see the interview below) We asked him if there was a particular 'pest' he would like to be de-classified. He told us that despite his own work involving their trapping, his would be the mole because the mole is a hard worker and an animal that 'just gets on with it'.


Moving transcatheter valve intervention towards atrioventricular (AV) valves implies increasing complexity. Some of the knowledge that has been generated during the development of mitral devices can be applied to the tricuspid valve (TV). A deep understanding of the peculiar anatomy of the TV and of the right heart chambers, with differences and similarities between the two AV valves, is fundamental to overcoming the specific challenges related to transcatheter TV therapies. The aim of this report is to explore similarities and differences between the mitral and tricuspid valve apparatus, and their interventional implications.


The world is changing rapidly. This paper describes key shifts and it discusses their likely impacts on employment-related aspects. Labor market pressures are felt around the globe, and robots and automation increasingly become reality. However, there will be no "end of work". Rather, it is that work will take on different forms. Important innovations are required nonetheless to carefully and smartly balance the positives and negatives of the changing workforce and workplace. But societies have already shown their ability to cope with great changes in the past.


"Because Crawford and Davis concerned typical witnesses, the Court should have done the sensible thing and limited its holding to witnesses as so defined. Indeed, as Justice Thomas warned in his opinion in Davis, the Court's approach has become 'disconnected from history and unnecessary to prevent abuse.' 547 U.S. at 838, 126 S.Ct. 2266. The Court's reliance on the word 'testimonial' is of little help, of course, for that word does not appear in the text of the Clause." Justice Kennedy, with whom the Chief Justice, Justice Breyer, and Justice Alito join, dissenting in Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts, – U.S – , 129 S.Ct. 2527, 2543-44, 174 L.Ed.2d 314 (2009)."Seven years after its initiation, it bears remembering that the Crawford [testimonial/nontestimonial] approach was not preordained. This Court's missteps have produced an interpretation of the word 'witness' at odds with its meaning elsewhere in the constitution, including elsewhere in the Sixth Amendment, see Amar, Sixth Amendment First Principles, 84 Geo. L.J. 641, 647, 691-696 (1996), and at odds with the sound administration of justice. It is time to return to solid ground." Justice Kennedy, with whom the Chief Justice, Justice Breyer and Justice Alito join, dissenting in Bullcoming v. New Mexico, – U.S. – , 131 S.Ct. 2705, 2723, 180 L.Ed.2d 610 (2011).As is hopefully clear to every reasonable person at all familiar with current confrontation clause jurisprudence, Crawford and its now many progeny collectively comprise an incredibly complex, unworkable, and totally theoretically unsound approach to the Sixth Amendment provision that "[i]n all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right... to be confronted with witnesses against him." Four Justices of the United States Supreme Court have now called for a "return to solid ground." Returning the confrontation clause to solid ground will require a recognition that the Crawford and progeny testimonial approach effectuated by the primary purpose test simply fails to properly reflect the core meaning of the confrontation clause, assuming there is a core meaning and it is worth reflecting. According to Justice Scalia in Crawford, the core meaning of the confrontation clause is abhorrence of the civil law mode of criminal procedure's use of uncross-examined ex parte examinations of nongovernment declarants as evidence against the accused. In place of the testimonial approach effectuated by the primary purpose test, this article suggests that the confrontation clause core meaning is best effectuated by excluding admissibility of solely government "elicited" statements of nongovernment declarants.Returning the confrontation clause to solid ground also requires a return to recognizing that the criminal defendant should not be faced with hearsay statements, absent the opportunity for cross-examination, that have not be subjected to the crucible of indicia of reliability testing as enunciated and developed by the United States Supreme Court in Ohio v. Roberts and its progeny. Forensic experts' records, along with other hearsay statements, should be admitted against the criminal defendant, absent cross-examination, only if the indicia of reliability substitute for cross-examination standard is satisfied.Implementing the core meaning value of the confrontation clause as stated in Crawford in the narrow manner suggested above requires abandonment of the terms "testimonial" as well as "primary purpose" thus effectively overruling both Davis and Bryant. Reintroducing the Roberts indicia of reliability prong of the confrontation clause requires overruling both Melendez-Diaz and Bullcoming as well. In its place this article argues that the "elicited" hearsay statement from a nongovernment declarant implementation of the confrontation clause's core meaning recognizes that introduction of such a noncross-examined statement constitutes structural error – error that "seriously affects the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings" – regardless, as correctly pointed out by Justice Scalia dissenting in Bryant, of the reliability or lack of reliability of the hearsay statement itself. In addition, reintroduction of the indicia of reliability test of Roberts once again recognizes the confrontation clause right of the criminal defendant not to be convicted on the basis of unreliable uncross-examined hearsay statements.As illustrated by the hypothetical contained in this article, current confrontation clause doctrine is in utter shambles. Four Justices of the United States Supreme Court have declared the current confrontation clause doctrine "at odds with sound administration of justice" and have called for a "return to solid ground". The dual approach of "elicited statement" and "indicia of reliability" accomplishes the task and does so without abandoning Crawford's recognition of the core meaning of the confrontation clause. This article asserts that maintaining the Crawford's core meaning, whether meritorious or not, will very much further the effort to obtain a fifth vote to abandon the testimonial approach effectuated by the primary purpose test of Crawford and its progeny.


BACKGROUND
Measurement of salivary cortisol is a useful diagnostic test for hypercortisolism (HC) in humans.

OBJECTIVES
To determine whether measurement of salivary cortisol concentration is a practical alternative to plasma cortisol to diagnose HC, to validate the use of salivary cortisol, and to examine the effect of time of day and sampling location on salivary cortisol.

ANIMALS
Thirty healthy dogs and 6 dogs with HC.

METHODS
Prospective, observational clinical trial including healthy volunteer dogs and dogs newly diagnosed with HC. Salivary and plasma cortisol concentrations were measured with an immunoassay analyzer. Intra- and interassay variability, linearity, and correlation between salivary and plasma cortisol concentrations were determined.

RESULTS
The required 300 microL of saliva could not be obtained in 88/326 samples from healthy dogs and in 15/30 samples from dogs with HC. The intra-assay variability for measurement of salivary cortisol was 5-17.7%, the interassay variability 8.5 and 17.3%, and the observed to expected ratio 89-125%. The correlation (r) between salivary and plasma cortisol was 0.98. The time of day and location of collection did not affect salivary cortisol concentrations. Dogs with HC had significantly higher salivary cortisol values than healthy dogs (10.2 +/- 7.3 nmol/L versus 1.54 +/- 0.97 nmol/L; P < .001).

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE
The ROCHE Elecsys immunoassay analyzer correctly measured salivary cortisol in dogs. However, a broad clinical application of the method seems limited, because of the large sample volume required.


During homeostasis, the colonic epithelium is replenished every 3–5 days by rapidly cycling Lgr5+ stem cells. However, various insults can lead to depletion of Lgr5+ stem cells, and colonic epithelium can be regenerated from Lgr5‐negative cells. While studies in the small intestine have addressed the lineage identity of the Lgr5‐negative regenerative cell population, in the colon this question has remained unanswered. Here, we set out to identify which cell(s) contribute to colonic regeneration by performing genetic fate‐mapping studies of progenitor populations in mice. First, using keratin‐19 (Krt19) to mark a heterogeneous population of cells, we found that Lgr5‐negative cells can regenerate colonic crypts and give rise to Lgr5+ stem cells. Notch1+ absorptive progenitor cells did not contribute to epithelial repair after injury, whereas Atoh1+ secretory progenitors did contribute to this process. Additionally, while colonic Atoh1+ cells contributed minimally to other lineages during homeostasis, they displayed plasticity and contributed to epithelial repair during injury, independent of Lgr5+ cells. Our findings suggest that promotion of secretory progenitor plasticity could enable gut healing in colitis.


This paper examines the role of ownership restrictions in raising capital from niche clienteles. Extant literature suggests that limiting availability of securities to only certain classes of investors constricts demand, and hence decreases prices. We argue that ownership restrictions can have positive implications for prices when viewed in the overall context of security design. We provide empirical evidence through an in-depth analysis of a natural experiment: multiple events of capital raising by an emerging market company with ownership restrictions, namely $4.2 billion and $5.5 billion of bonds offered by India's largest bank, State Bank of India exclusively to Indians living abroad at approximately 150 basis points below comparable benchmarks leading to a bottom line savings of $1.08 billion. This is an intriguing issue because it raises the question, how can an emerging market issuer with junk bond ratings obtain such yields? We argue that ownership restrictions can lead to value enhancement as well as value transfer from holders of other securities. Ownership restrictions can enhance value by circumventing the deadweight costs of prolonged negotiations, particularly when a security is restricted to a homogenous clientele that values the underlying collateral higher than other investors. Restricting the ownership further ensures that investment is limited to a homogenous class of investors that the issuer cares about. It thus serves as a precommitment to ensuring an efficient ex-post renegotiation in the potential default states, resulting in a lower ex-ante offering yield (and a higher offer price). This can result in an implicit seniority of holders of these restricted bonds vis-a-vis holders of unrestricted bonds. We empirically test and find support for both value enhancement as well as for value transfer from ownership restrictions. In particular, we find evidence of a transfer of wealth from existing holders of foreign currency denominated bonds of other Indian firms. However, the implicit seniority accounts for some but not all the difference in yields suggesting that ownership restrictions also enhance value through other avenues such as higher collateral valuation and lower renegotiation costs. Overall, our results suggest that firms with niche clienteles can benefit from designing securities with ownership restrictions, by offering new securities exclusively to investors who value them the most.


One of the most complex eyes in the animal kingdom can be found in species of stomatopod crustaceans (mantis shrimp), some of which have 12 different photoreceptor types, each sampling a narrow set of wavelengths ranging from deep ultraviolet to far red (300 to 720 nanometers) (1–3). Functionally, this chromatic complexity has presented a mystery (3–5). Why use 12 color channels when three or four are sufficient for fine color discrimination? Behavioral wavelength discrimination tests (Δλ functions) in stomatopods revealed a surprisingly poor performance, ruling out color vision that makes use of the conventional color-opponent coding system (6–8). Instead, our experiments suggest that stomatopods use a previously unknown color vision system based on temporal signaling combined with scanning eye movements, enabling a type of color recognition rather than discrimination. Stomatopods use multiple photoreceptors to allow rapid color recognition rather than color discrimination. [Also see Perspective by Land and Osorio] Living Technicolor Color vision is generally carried out through the number of photoreceptor types found in the retina. The mantis shrimps (stomatopods) can have up to 12 photoreceptors, far more than needed for even extreme color acuity. Thoen et al. (p. 411; see the Perspective by Land and Osorio) conducted paired color discrimination tests with stomatopods and found that their ability to discriminate among colors was surprisingly low. Instead, stomatopods appear to use a color identification approach that results from a temporal scan of an object across the 12 photoreceptor sensitivities. This entirely unique form of vision would allow for extremely rapid color recognition without the need to discriminate between wavelengths within a spectrum.


In many parts of the world, and particularly in developed countries, populations are getting older. Of the baby boomers (born between 1945 and 1965), the oldest are now well into their sixties, and in their lifetimes fertility rates have fallen while life expectancies have climbed.

For every four people aged between 15 and 64 in Europe, North America, Australia, New Zealand and Japan, there is now one person over 65. And this proportion is growing – by the end of the century, there will be two over-65s for every five people of working age.

Population ageing will put significant pressure on the fiscal policies of governments around the world. Healthcare and pension systems are expected to bear the brunt, while ageing populations will shrink the labour force, putting downward pressure on economic productivity.

But what if there's an upside for the environment? My recent research has found that, in rich countries at least, ageing populations might help to drive down greenhouse gas emissions.


Software development is becoming a more and more distributed process, which urgently needs supporting tools in the field of configuration management, software process/w orkflow management, communication and problem tracking. In this paper we present a new distributed software configuration management framework COMAND. It offers high availabilit y through replication and a mechanism to easily change and adapt the project structure to new business needs. To better understand and formally prove some properties of COMAND, we have modeled it in a formal technique based on distributed graph transformations. This formalism provides an intuitive rule-based description technique mainly for the dynamic behavior of the system on an abstract level. We use it here to model the replication subsystem.


When night falls in Haiti, it's time for stories. The storyteller says kric, the audience responds krac, and all of the children become very excited. This collection brings you wonderful treasures from a country that is rich in spirit and culture. Through lively tales remembered from childhood, storyteller Liliane Nerette Louis shares with readers and listeners the warmth, fondness, and humor of her beautiful and mysterious homeland. The 28 tales are arranged by subjects and themes-Bouki and Malis (mythical characters in Haitian folklore); stepmothers; animals; kings and princes; ghosts, zonbi, and tonton makout; and love and courtship. Louis also shares a variety of tantalizing, traditional recipes. In addition, a historical background, color and black-and-white photographs, and line drawings are included, making this a valuable resource for educators and students.


Principal coordinates analysis has been proposed as an efficient way of predicting the binding affinity of a transcription factor to different DNA motifs, as it can model complex interactions that are difficult to represent with standard position-weight matrices. Here we evaluate its ability to distinguish the DNA binding properties of two closely related proteins, the homodimeric forms of NF-kappaB p50 and p52. When tested experimentally against 50 different variants of the generalised NF-kappaB motif GGRRNNYYCC, the binding specificities of p50 and p52 were similar but not identical (correlation rho = 0.86). These experimental data can be modelled accurately with six principal coordinates that are similar for p50 and p52, plus one principal coordinate that is significantly stronger for p52 than for p50, relating to the inner positions of the binding site. These findings are compatible with crystallographic data showing that p52 has greater ability than p50 to form water molecule-mediated hydrogen bonds with inner nucleotide positions of the binding site.


The issue of urban road pricing is currently receiving a great deal of attention. The
subject matter has a long history, stretching back to the economic literature of the
mid-19th century with a significant renewal of academic interest during the 1960's.
Whilst the theoretical basis for urban road pricing has been cogently put forward, an
apparent sound economic rationale does not, of itself, ensure political and public
acceptanceH. ow then should decision-makingp roceed if the aim is ultimately one of
implementing an urban road pricing scheme in the UK? As such, the aim of this thesis
is to analyse the process of decision-making with respect to urban road pricing, to
develop a theoretical framework for the subsequent empirical research undertaken on
road pricing, and to suggest policy options, thus informing the development of policy
and furthering the debate among policy-makers. In effect, an incremental approach to
urban road pricing decision-making is proposed, which stresses that decisions are
generally taken in small adjustments from the existing state of affairs and invariably
necessitatet he attainment of agreementb etweent he various stakeholders.
Two empirical methods are used in order to analyse this framework. First, a national
survey of key stakeholder groups (most notably decision-makers), who have an
interest in urban road pricing; and, second, a local case study based on face-to-face
interviews with decision-makers who had first-hand experience of the first ever trial
of an urban road pricing scheme in the UK - namely congestion metering in the city of
Cambridge.
This research finds that an incremental approach to urban road pricing decisionmaking
is the most appropriate. In order to increase the acceptance of urban road
pricing, schemes should be designed so that the various interest groups can gradually
adjust to the changes in an incremental way by starting with policies that are currently
in force and then considering only step-by-step change. It is still possible however, for
change to take place beyond that envisaged by the incremental approach. For this to
occur, it would require factors such as the existence of a policy entrepreneur, in situ,
who is able to drive the process forward.


We consider the problem of learning classifiers for labeled data that has been distributed across several nodes. Our goal is to find a single classifier, with small approximation error, across all datasets while minimizing the communication between nodes. This setting models real-world communication bottlenecks in the processing of massive distributed datasets. We present several very general sampling-based solutions as well as some two-way protocols which have a provable exponential speed-up over any one-way protocol. We focus on core problems for noiseless data distributed across two or more nodes. The techniques we introduce are reminiscent of active learning, but rather than actively probing labels, nodes actively communicate with each other, each node simultaneously learning the important data from another node.


One of the more telling indicators of Luigi Russolo's (1885–1947) Anglo-American reception is his description in Grove as an 'Italian inventor, painter and composer'. Within this lurks the devaluation of his composing efforts in comparison to his work as the maker of intonarumori (noise instruments), his authoring of new aesthetic ideas, and his activities as a painter. There is little, perhaps, to argue with in this assessment, for (somewhat ironically) Russolo's music of the future has been consigned irrevocably to the music of the past; Raymond Fearn has suggested that 'the musical remnants from this period have remained to a large extent in the realm of musical archaeology'. The only material traces available for musical archaeologists are the opening seven bars of the score of Il risveglio di una città (The Awakening of the City; 1913–14): the machines that were to play it were destroyed during the Second World War. The loss of Russolo's compositions has inevitably distorted our understanding of his work and has served to throw attention onto those progressive, and sometimes speculative, theoretical and mechanical aspects of it that have survived in written accounts, at the expense of those elements that are of a more traditional or pragmatic nature. Study of the remaining fragments of Il risveglio di una città, leavened with necessary doses of circumspection and speculation, forms a vital and hitherto under-utilized component to any assessment of Russolo's career.


This study investigated the comorbidity of ADHD in adults with MR. A sample of 57 MR adults, residing at an institutional setting, were screened for ADHD characteristics. The ADHD diagnostic characteristics listed in the DSM-III-R and the DSM-IV were used as the screening criteria. Subjects who met at least two of he three ADHD categories at p Although a great deal of controversy currently exists in the literature regarding the exact nature of Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD), there has been, and continues to be, more emphasis on ADHD research (Goodman & Poillion,1992). While a number of studies have linked ADHD with other conditions, the comorbidity of ADHD with other conditions has not yet been established (Caron & Rutter,1991). In particular, there appears to be a paucity of research regarding ADHD in adults with Mental Retardation (MR). Most of the ADHD research has focused on children and adolescents; there is little research on ADHD in adults (Barkley,1990; Wender, 1990). The few studies that examined ADHD in adults have largely been uncontrolled and have methodological inadequacies (Braswell & Boomquist,1991). There are indications in the literature that some individuals with MR exhibit behaviors that may be characteristic of other mental disorders, including ADHD (Handen, Breaux, Gosling, Ploof, & Feldman, 1990). In most cases, persons with MR might not be assessed in addition to the MR diagnosis for other possible etiologies of their behaviors (Caron & Rutter, 1991). The purpose of this study was to investigate the comorbidity of ADHD characteristics, as defined by DSMIII-R and DSM-IV, in the population of adults with MR. METHOD Procedure Three ADHD categories were recognized in this study. The first ADHD category was identified under the DSM-III-R criteria. The second and third ADHD categories were identified under the DSM-IV criteria. Specifically, the DSM-IV identifies ADHD Predominantly Inattentive Type (PIT), and ADHD Hyperactive-Impulsive Type (HIT) as two separate categories. The ADHD diagnostic characteristics listed in the DSM-III-R and the DSM-IV were used to develop a 20 item survey questionnaire. The survey questionnaire was completed by Stockley Center staff, an Intermediate Care Facility for the Mentally Retarded at Georgetown, Delaware, in order to gather data on the subjects. Subjects were identified as ADHD if they met the diagnostic cutoff score at the p Data Source For each subject in the study (n=57) four staff members were asked to complete a separate survey questionnaire. At least one of the surveying staff was a supervisor. At least two of the surveying staff were direct care workers. Staff members from both the day shift (6:00am2:00pm) and the evening shift (2:00pm-10:00pm) were represented in each subject's surveys. All of the surveying staff had worked with the subjects in question for at least six months. A subject was recorded as exhibiting an ADHD diagnostic characteristic if at least three of the four survey questionnaires had the corresponding questionnaire item marked "yes". The number of diagnostic characteristics exhibited by the subject was then examined to determine if the subjects met the diagnostic cutoff score for ADHD under the DSM-III-R and/or the DSM-IV. …


OBJECTIVE
On August 31, 2017, the state of Ohio implemented legislation limiting the dosage and duration of opioid prescriptions. Despite the widespread adoption of such restrictions, few studies have investigated the effects of these reforms on opioid prescribing and patient outcomes. In the present study, the authors aimed to evaluate the effect of recent state-level reform on opioid prescribing, patient-reported outcomes (PROs), and postoperative emergency department (ED) visits and hospital readmissions after elective lumbar decompression surgery.

METHODS
This study was a retrospective cohort study of patients who underwent elective lumbar laminectomy for degenerative disease at one of 5 hospitals within a single health system in the years prior to and after the implementation of the statewide reform (September 1, 2016-August 31, 2018). Patients were classified according to the timing of their surgery relative to implementation of the prescribing reform: before reform (September 1, 2016-August 31, 2017) or after reform (September 1, 2017- August 31, 2018). The outcomes of interest included total outpatient opioids prescribed in the 90 days following discharge from surgery as measured in morphine-equivalent doses (MEDs), total number of opioid refill prescriptions written, patient-reported pain at the first postoperative outpatient visit as measured by the Numeric Pain Rating Scale, improvement in patient-reported health-related quality of life as measured by the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System-Global Health (PROMIS-GH) questionnaire, and ED visits or hospital readmissions within 90 days of surgery.

RESULTS
A total of 1031 patients met the inclusion criteria for the study, with 469 and 562 in the before- and after-reform groups, respectively. After-reform patients received 26% (95% CI 19%-32%) fewer MEDs in the 90 days following discharge compared with the before-reform patients. No significant differences were observed in the overall number of opioid prescriptions written, PROs, or postoperative ED or hospital readmissions within 90 days in the year after the implementation of the prescribing reform.

CONCLUSIONS
Patients undergoing surgery in the year after the implementation of a state-level opioid prescribing reform received significantly fewer MEDs while reporting no change in the total number of opioid prescriptions, PROs, or postoperative ED visits or hospital readmissions. These results demonstrate that state-level reforms placing reasonable limits on opioid prescriptions written for acute pain may decrease patient opioid exposure without negatively impacting patient outcomes after lumbar decompression surgery.


The susceptibility of tetrahydropterins to oxidation was investigated in vitro and related to in vivo metabolism. At physiological pH, tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) was oxidized, with considerable loss of the biopterin skeleton, by molecular oxygen. The hydroxyl radical (.OH) was found to increase this oxidation and degradation, whilst physiological concentrations of glutathione (GSH) retarded both the dioxygen and .OH mediated oxidation. Nitrite, at acid pH, oxidized BH4 to biopterin and tetrahydrofolates to products devoid of folate structure. Loss of dietary folates, from the stomach, due to nitrite mediated catabolism is suggested. The in vivo response of BH4 metabolism to oxidising conditions was examined in the rat brain and liver. Acute starvation depressed brain biopterins and transiently BH4 biosynthetic and salvage (dihydropteridine reductase, DHPR) pathways. Loss of biopterins, in starvation, is suggested to arise primarily from catabolism, due to oxygen radical formation and GSH depletion. L-cysteine administration to starving rats was found to elevate tissue biopterins, whilst depletion of GSH in feeding rats, by L-buthionine sulfoximine, decreased biopterins. An in vivo role for GSH to protect tetrahydropterins from oxidation is suggested. The in vivo effect of phenelzine dosing was investigated. Administration lowered brain biopterins, in the presence of dietary tyrosine. This loss is considered to arise from p-tyramine generation and subsequent DHPR inhibition. Observed elevations in plasma biopterins were in line with this mechanism. In conditions other than gross inhibition of DHPR or BH4 biosynthesis, plasma total biopterins were seen to be poor indicators of tissue BH4 metabolism. Evidence is presented indicating that the pterin formed in tissue samples by acid iodine oxidation originates from the tetrahydrofolate pool and 7,8-dihydropterin derived from BH4 oxidation. The observed reduction in this pterin by prior in vivo nitrous oxide exposure and elevation by starvation and phenelzine administration is discussed in this light. The biochemical importance of the changes in tetrahydropterin metabolism observed in this thesis are discussed with extrapolation to the situation in man, where appropriate. An additional role for BH4 as a tissue antioxidant and reductant is also considered.


The reaction of [(η5-C5Me5)2Sm(THF)2] with SO2 resulted in four different products. The dimeric samarium complex [{(η5-C5Me5)2Sm(C5Me5SO2)}2] (1) crystallized from the reaction mixture first. The dithionite–sulfinate complex [{(η5-C5Me5)2Sm(S2O4)}2{(η5-C5Me5)Sm(C5Me5SO2)}2] (2), was obtained as the second major product after workup of the filtrate. Additionally, the dithionite complex [{(η5-C5Me5)2Sm}2(S2O4)] (3) and the sulfinate complex [{(η5-C5Me5)Sm}2(C5Me5SO2)4] (4) were isolated as minor products. All compounds were characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. As major reaction pathways, the reductive coupling of two SO2 molecules to form the dithionite anion S2O42− and the nucleophilic attack of one samarocene C5Me5 ligand on the sulfur atom of SO2 were observed.


Abstract Phytophthora ramorum is a pathogenic oomycete that causes sudden oak death in the Western USA and sudden larch death in the UK. Until recently, three genetically divergent clonal lineages of P. ramorum were known (EU1, NA1 and NA2), named according to the continent on which they were first detected. In 2009, a fourth lineage named EU2 was discovered in the UK. Sequencing and microsatellite genotyping revealed that the EU2 lineage is genetically distinct from all other lineages. Allele-specific oligonucleotide-PCR (ASO-PCR) assays using real-time PCR were developed in this study, allowing for the identification of the EU2 lineage. Also, a combination of ASO-PCR assays targeting the cellulose binding elicitor lectin (CBEL) locus was validated to rapidly identify all four lineages. Sequencing of the CBEL locus revealed eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that distinguished EU2 from the other three lineages. Two ASO-PCR assays were developed from these SNPs, providing the ability to rapidly identify EU2 individuals relative to EU1, NA1 and NA2 individuals. These new assays were combined with two existing assays targeting the same locus to allow rapid and simple identification of all four lineages. Blind tests performed on a panel of representative samples revealed diagnostic profiles unique to each lineage. These markers can be used with diseased field samples, making them well suited for routine procedures in diagnostic laboratories to identify P. ramorum.


In this paper, a three-layer framework is proposed for mobile data collection in wireless sensor networks, which includes the sensor layer, cluster head layer, and mobile collector (called SenCar) layer. The framework employs distributed load balanced clustering and dual data uploading, which is referred to as LBC-DDU. The objective is to achieve good scalability, long network lifetime and low data collection latency. At the sensor layer, a distributed load balanced clustering (LBC) algorithm is proposed for sensors to self-organize themselves into clusters. In contrast to existing clustering methods, our scheme generates multiple cluster heads in each cluster to balance the work load and facilitate dual data uploading. At the cluster head layer, the inter-cluster transmission range is carefully chosen to guarantee the connectivity among the clusters. Multiple cluster heads within a cluster cooperate with each other to perform energy-saving inter-cluster communications. Through inter-cluster transmissions, cluster head information is forwarded to SenCar for its moving trajectory planning. At the mobile collector layer, SenCar is equipped with two antennas, which enables two cluster heads to simultaneously upload data to SenCar in each time by utilizing multi-user multiple-input and multiple-output (MU-MIMO) technique. The trajectory planning for SenCar is optimized to fully utilize dual data uploading capability by properly selecting polling points in each cluster. By visiting each selected polling point, SenCar can efficiently gather data from cluster heads and transport the data to the static data sink. Extensive simulations are conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed LBC-DDU scheme. The results show that when each cluster has at most two cluster heads, LBC-DDU achieves over 50 percent energy saving per node and 60 percent energy saving on cluster heads comparing with data collection through multi-hop relay to the static data sink, and 20 percent shorter data collection time compared to traditional mobile data gathering.


The Family Safety Team (FST) is a collaborative intervention developed to address family violence in New Zealand. Interagency collaborations are effective at addressing the social supports for battery, improving the systems and responses of agencies that address battery, and improving cohesion and consistency across agencies. The FST has a particular focus on justice system agencies. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the Hamilton FST. The research was conducted using in-depth interviews with FST members and others directly involved with the project, archival research using police family violence files, observation of FST meetings, and a focus group with battered women. The evaluation was constructed around four aims: to identify any barriers to establishing the FST, to assess the strengths and weaknesses of the Hamilton FST, to determine the adequacy of the FST structure, and to assess the extent to which the FST has improved the ability of agencies to enhance the safety and autonomy of battered women and hold offenders accountable. An overall finding of this evaluation was that people are feeling very positive about the Hamilton FST. The evaluation found that the FST has increased contact and communication between community and government agencies, and there was improvement in each agency's awareness of the policies, processes and protocols of other agencies in the FST. The evaluation found some limitations in the amount of monitoring and measurable outcomes from the FST, but this was understandable considering the infancy of the project and the time taken for members to understand their roles and the function of the FST. However, there were some positive developments in police responsiveness: an improved police attitude towards family violence cases, and an increase in cases coded as family violence. An important finding of this evaluation was that the Hamilton FST is functioning as a genuine collaboration. This seemed to be due to: mutual respect and an equal distribution of power among FST members, trusted working relationships, recognising each member for their area of expertise, and the role of the coordinator. There are, however, some limitations of the FST model that FST members need to acknowledge.


Most functional languages rely on some kind of garbage collection for automatic memory management. They usually eschew reference counting in favor of a tracing garbage collector, which has less bookkeeping overhead at runtime. On the other hand, having an exact reference count of each value can enable optimizations such as destructive updates. We explore these optimization opportunities in the context of an eager, purely functional programming language. We propose a new mechanism for efficiently reclaiming memory used by nonshared values, reducing stress on the global memory allocator. We describe an approach for minimizing the number of reference counts updates using borrowed references and a heuristic for automatically inferring borrow annotations. We implemented all these techniques in a new compiler for an eager and purely functional programming language with support for multi-threading. Our preliminary experimental results demonstrate our approach is competitive and often outperforms state-of-the-art compilers.


In Germany, in August 2016, the first institution in further education in LIS has obtained the ISO 9001:2015 and ISO 29990:2010 certification. ISO 9001 is the most comprehensive ISO norm in scope. It focuses on confirming process conformance from the initial development of a product. And, the ISO certification is expected to help organizations to enhance quality and efficiency, improve communications, achieve competitive advantage and reduce costs. (ISO, 2015) The ISO 29990 standard aims to improve quality of learning services and facilitate comparison on a worldwide basis. Learning services for non-formal education and training, the basic requirements for service providers, will also enhance transparency and allow comparison on a worldwide basis of learning / continuing education services, offering a single alternative backed by international consensus to the huge variety of national service and (management) standards which now exists in the field of non-formal learning (continuing education). (ISO, 2010)


Individuals' preferences underlying most economic behavior are likely to display substantial heterogeneity. This paper reports on direct measures of preference parameters relating to risk tolerance, time preference, and intertemporal substitution. These experimental measures are based on survey respondents' choices in hypothetical situations. The questions are constructed with as little departure from the theorist's concept of the underlying parameter as possible. The individual measures of preference parameters display substantial heterogeneity. The majority of respondents fall into the least risk-tolerant group, but a substantial minority display higher risk tolerance. The individual measures of intertemporal substitution and time preference also display substantial heterogeneity. The mean risk tolerance is 0.25; the mean elasticity of intertemporal substitution is 0.2. Estimated risk tolerance and the elasticity of intertemporal substitution are essentially uncorrelated across individuals. Because the risk tolerance measure is obtained as part of the main questionnaire of a large survey, it can be related to a number of economic behaviors. Measured risk tolerance is positively related to a number of risky behaviors, including smoking, drinking, failing to have insurance, and holding stocks rather than Treasury bills. Although measured risk tolerance explains only a small fraction of the variation of the studied behaviors, these estimates provide evidence about the validity and usefulness of the measures of preference parameters.


The 2000s decade has seen a lot of changes in the northern uplands of Lao PDR that where driven by three main drivers or agents of change: government policies, foreign private investors and development assistance led by bilateral or multilateral organizations or international NGOs. These three spheres of influence are intimately connected and constantly interacting as they depend on each other's to reach their goals or fulfill their mandate. They have brought new rules, opportunities, and also risks to rural populations who had to cope with very rapid changes. This paper explores possible adaptations to existing policies that would facilitate a smoother agrarian transition from subsistence to commercial agriculture; i.e. avoiding external chocks and maintaining the resilience of rural communities. Indeed, farmers' capacity to adapt to changes and to adopt technical and institutional innovations should be harnessed by providing a supportive policy environment. 1 Agriculture and Forestry Policy Research Centre (AFPRC), National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute (NAFRI), Vientiane, Lao PDR 2 Catch-Up Program (Comprehensive Analysis of Trajectories of Change in the Uplands), NAFRI,


The effects of ester plasticizers and copolymers on the mechanical properties of the natural biodegradable polymers, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) [PHB] and poly(lactic acid) [PLA] have been studied after subjecting to melt processing conditions. Ester plasticizers were synthesized from citric, tartaric and maleic acids using various alcohols. A variety of PLA copolymers have also been prepared from poly(ethylene glycol) derivatives using stannous octanoate catalysed ring opening polymerisations of DL-lactide. A novel PLA star copolymer was also prepared from an ethoxylated pentaerythritol. The structures of these copolymers were determined by NMR spectroscopy. The plasticizing effect of the synthesised additives at various concentrations was determined. While certain additives were capable of improving the mechanical properties of PLA, none were effective in PHB. Moreover, it was found that certain combinations of additives exhibited synergistic effects. Possible mechanisms are discussed. Biotic and abiotic degradation studies showed that the plasticizers (esters and copolymers) did not inhibit the biodegradability of PHB or PLA in compost at 60°C. Simple toxicity tests carried out on compost extract and its ability to support the growth of cress seeds was established. PLA was found to be susceptible to limited thermal degradation under melt processing conditions. Conventional phenolic antioxidants showed no significant effect on this process, suggesting that degradation was not predominantly a free radical process. PLA also underwent photo-oxidative degradation with UV light and the process could be accelerated in the presence of a photoactivator such as iron (III) diisononyl dithiocarbamate. The mechanisms for the above processes are discussed. Finally, selected compounds were prepared on a pilot plant scale. Extruded and blown films were prepared containing these additives with conventional polymer processing equipment. The mechanical properties were similar to those obtained with laboratory produced compression moulded films.


We study a family of network formation models to determine how payment rules affect the final network topologies that emerge. In our model a set of nodes starts out without any edges and the nodes must pay for the creation of edges using one of several different payment mechanisms. Example payment mechanisms include one node paying for the whole edge, and the cost being shared equally between the two nodes. We show how the set of networks formed by some payment rules are subsets of those formed by other rules. We also perform extensive empirical tests on networks of up to 10 nodes. These tests reveal some interesting patterns in the connectivity, stability, and fairness of the networks generated by the various payment rules given a fixed link cost.


Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Quitting smoking clearly benefits smokers, including those who quit even after cardiovascular disease has developed. In a meta-analysis of 20 studies, people who stopped smoking after a heart attack or cardiac surgery had a 36% risk reduction for subsequent cardiovascular mortality compared with those who did not stop smoking.1 These data illustrate why addressing the use of tobacco should be a cornerstone of the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Unfortunately, smoking receives far less attention from cardiologists than other cardiovascular risk factors.2,3 In this issue, a study by Smith and Burgess4 provides further evidence that this should change.

This study builds on a classic study from 1990 by Taylor and colleagues5 at Stanford Medical School. Their randomized controlled trial demonstrated the efficacy of a nurse-based counselling program for smoking cessation among patients admitted to hospital for myocardial infarction (MI) and who wanted to stop smoking. A trained nurse provided cognitive-behavioural counselling at the patient's bedside and made up to 6 scheduled telephone calls in the 4 months after discharge. The program nearly doubled the smoking cessation rate at 1 year after hospital discharge, from 32% in the usual care group to 61% in the intervention group.

This landmark study was followed by other trials that collectively established hospital-based interventions for smoking cessation as "best practice" for patients after MI. In a meta-analysis of 18 randomized controlled trials involving smokers admitted to hospital for cardiovascular disease, bedside counselling followed by more than 1 month of supportive contact after discharge, usually by telephone, was associated with an 81% increase in the odds of quitting compared with usual care.6

The counselling protocol in the study by Smith and Burgess consisted of 1 hour of nurse counselling in hospital followed by 7 telephone calls over 2 months after discharge. Their protocol resembled the one used in the original trial by Taylor and colleagues and achieved remarkably similar results. It is reassuring that the counselling intervention is still effective decades after the original trial, even though patients with MI now spend less time in hospital than in the 1980s. Presumably, the intervention is still effective because so much of it occurs after hospital discharge. The importance of the postdischarge component was highlighted by the findings of a recent meta-analysis of in-hospital interventions for smoking cessation.6 In this analysis, counselling that occurred only in the hospital without sustained contact after discharge did not improve long-term smoking cessation rates over usual care.

Despite the similarities between the trials, the new trial by Smith and Burgess differs from the original trial in several ways. First, Smith and Burgess showed that the program was effective not only for patients admitted because of MI but also for smokers who were admitted for coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Second, few patients in the original trial had used smoking-cessation medications, whereas one-third of the patients in the trial by Smith and Burgess used these medications, reflecting the greater use of and expanding options for pharmacotherapy over the intervening decades.

Paradoxically, smokers in both arms of the new trial who used pharmacotherapy had lower cessation rates than those who did not use such medications. This apparent contradiction has been observed in other studies in which smokers choose whether or not to use pharmacotherapy.7 The finding can be explained if smokers who are less likely to succeed in quitting because of stronger nicotine dependence are the same smokers who choose to use cessation medication.7 In the trial by Smith and Burgess, smokers who used pharmacotherapy benefited more from the counselling intervention (an increase in the cessation rate from 22% to 55%) than did smokers who used no medication (an increase in the cessation rate from 60% to 76%). This interaction was not statistically significant, owing in part to the small sample size in the subgroup analysis. However, these results suggest that a combination of pharmacotherapy and counselling may offer hope to some smokers whose efforts otherwise stand a small chance of success.

Thanks to this and previous trials, strong evidence supports the efficacy of smoking interventions for inpatients with cardiovascular disease.

Still, challenges remain. Almost half of the smokers in the current study resumed smoking within 1 year, despite experiencing a serious tobacco-related health consequence, undergoing a period of enforced tobacco abstinence during their stay in hospital and receiving an intensive hospital-initiated intervention. The fact that so many patients resumed smoking is testimony to the addictive nature of tobacco and illustrates the need for more powerful interventions. One strategy would be to add pharmacotherapy to the comprehensive hospital-initiated counselling model. The combination of medication and counselling is synergistic in outpatients and is the current standard of care.8 Whether this holds for smokers while in hospital should be explored.

Another challenge is translating the research evidence base into routine clinical practice. Krumholz and colleagues9 found that the counselling-based intervention used by Taylor and colleagues5 was more cost-effective than other medical therapies considered to be standard care among patients with MI. More recently, a study that followed for 2 years patients with MI found that an intensive intervention reduced readmissions and all-cause mortality.10 The results of these studies suggest that, if widely adopted, interventions for smoking cessation have the potential to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality at the population level. Unfortunately, almost 20 years after the original study, widespread implementation has not occurred. "Best practice" has not yet become "usual care."

A major problem is that the intervention model does not fit neatly into the existing delivery system for health care. Implementing the model requires coordinating care from the inpatient to the outpatient setting. Bridging this gap is a challenge for all chronic diseases. Addiction to tobacco is no exception. Hospitals do not see care after discharge as their responsibility and are not eager to bear the cost. Treatment for dependence on tobacco is not well covered by health insurers and payers, who are not eager to add new benefits in an era of soaring health care costs, even if the therapies are cost-effective.

In the United States, change was stimulated when hospital accrediting organizations adopted new quality-of-care standards in 2004. These organizations measured whether smokers with acute MI were given advice on smoking cessation or assistance during their hospital stay. The results are publicly reported and appear to have stimulated hospital-based counselling efforts. How well these new programs adhere to the evidence-based models that are needed to achieve long-term smoking cessation is uncertain, but it is a promising start. Sixteen years ago, Orleans and Ockene11 called routine hospital-based smoking counselling for patients with MI "an idea whose time has come." It is well overdue.

Key points

Smoking cessation is a critical but often neglected component of the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease.

Smokers who are admitted to hospital for cardiovascular disease benefit from smoking-cessation counselling that begins in hospital and continues for more than 1 month after discharge.

Interventions for smoking cessation initiated in hospital need to be translated from research into routine clinical practice.


February 2017: Publication of documentary on Sky – Shannon Matthews the Disappearance. Output: artefact (completed) examining the narrative arc through first person interview, disseminated digitally to UK and International audience on linear, non-linear platforms and optional device.

The aim was to investigate child kidnap methods through the development of a digital video to be published to a mass audience nationally on television both on Sky and internationally online on Sky's website.

The idea was developed with West Yorkshire Police to interview and digitally record the main officers involved in the case involving the child disappearance of Shannon Matthews.

The information was disseminated to the public through linear and non linear digital methods - on Sky Crime and Investigation Channel and online CrimeandInvestigation.co.uk.

The idea was developed by direct contact with West Yorkshire Police and the local community and by developing and recording public interviews from those affected on the Dewsbury Estate.

The written proposal and idea was developed, pitched orally to A&E Networks, Sky, and interviews produced with SME Title Role Productions where Fiona Graham is credited on screen as the Development Producer.

This examines the UK police operation and the effect on the local community regarding the disappearance of Shannon Matthews.

The impact on the community included Sky TV audience viewing figures with a national and international reach.


textabstractDatabase cracking is a method to create partial indices as a side-effect of processing queries. Cracking efficiently smears out the cost of creating a full index over a stream of queries, creating an index that is overfitted to queried parts of the data. This core characteristic of cracking leads to unpredictable performance and unreliable convergence towards a full index. These problems are aggravated when considering updates and multidimensional queries. We envision a new indexing technique, Progressive Indexing that improves database cracking by strictly limiting perquery indexing cost to a budget (e.g., a user-defined fraction of scan costs), allowing the first and subsequent queries to complete without heavy penalties. At the same time, all indexing effort is spent towards predictable convergence towards a full index. We discuss different algorithms to deal with multidimensional queries and updates while maintaining a robust and convergent index, we then explore the research space and new challenges that arise from this new technique.


The generation of precise alterations to the genome using CRISPR requires the combination of CRISPR and a donor construct containing homology to the target site. A double-strand break is first generated at the target locus using CRISPR. It is then repaired using the endogenous homologous recombination (HR) pathway. When a donor construct is provided, it can be used as a template for HR repair and can therefore be exploited to introduce alterations in the genomic sequence with single base-pair precision. Here we describe a protocol for the generation of donor constructs using Golden Gate assembly and discuss some key considerations for donor construct design for use in Drosophila.


Conflict is a complex phenomenon and a major part of sustainability challenges and therefore requires holistic approach for its prevention. This thesis argues that integrating Strategic Sustainable Development (SSD) at the structural level of conflict prevention can provide long term solutions to conflict escalation around the world. SSD provides a holistic approach for addressing the sustainability challenges and complexity of conflict prevention. Sustainability issues (social and ecological) were identified to be at the heart of many conflicts. Both the social (human needs) and ecological (environmental) dimensions are always violated in each conflict. The mechanisms for these violations are embedded in the structures (Political, Economic, Social and environmental) and institutional arrangements that are inherent in conflict-prone societies. Addressing these structural factors has potentials to provide long term solutions to conflict escalation. The connections between conflict and sustainability might not always be easily seen. Using the FSSD as an analytical tool in conjunction with other conflict analysis tools has greater capacity to bring to limelight previously unrecognized risk factors of conflict escalation while at the same time revealing known factors as sustainability challenges. The thesis described the links between conflict,structural conflict prevention, sustainability and Strategic Sustainable Development. Keywords: Conflict, Conflict Prevention, Conflict prone-societies, Structural Prevention, Sustainability, and Strategic Sustainable Development.


In this article, I will be discussing these different Tilde Fallacy arguments in increasing order of general acceptability. The first argument is, as far as I know, accepted by no one today who has seriously studied the subject. The next is accepted only by a small but vocal cult following. The third is accepted by a very large group probably including the majority of the academically employed. The last of these Tilde Fallacy arguments is acceptable to probably almost everyone except me (and perhaps you, gentle reader, if you find my arguments convincing). The topic of this argument is survival after biological death. The so-called "materialist" position, which I will call mortalism, relies heavily on the Tilde Fallacy. I will argue that once the Tilde Fallacy has been removed from the debate, the most ontologically parsimonious position is belief in reincarnation. I will also argue, at much greater length, that the mortalist position is self-contradictory, but that the contradiction is phenomenological, not logical.


Amphetamine-induced stereotyped behavior in animals and tardive dyskinesias in humans are both related to the activity of dopamine at striatal dopamine receptors. Antichlinergic agents potentiate the stereotyped behavior induced by amphetamines. Anticholinergic agents, as well as prolonged chlorpromazie pretreatment, decrease the threshold for ampheramine-induced stereotyped behavior. These observations have several implications for tardive dydkinesias in man. Anticholinergic medications should worsen tardive dyskinesias. Anticholinergics may also decrease the threshold for tardive dyskinesias, thereby increasing the incidence of the disorder. Patients who have a subclinical abnormality of the dopaminergic receptors may manifest this movement disorder only when given anticholinergic medication. It is suggested that patients on long-term neuroleptic therapy not be routinely given anticholinergic agents, since these drugs worsen tardive duskinesias in patients who have this disorder and may increase the incidence of tardive dyskinesias in patients receiving neuroleptics.


The Numerical INJection Analysis (NINJA) project is a collaborative effort between members of the numerical relativity and gravitational-wave data analysis communities. The purpose of NINJA is to study the sensitivity of existing gravitational-wave search algorithms using numerically generated waveforms and to foster closer collaboration between the numerical relativity and data analysis communities. We describe the results of the first NINJA analysis which focused on gravitational waveforms from binary black hole coalescence. Ten numerical relativity groups contributed numerical data which were used to generate a set of gravitational-wave signals. These signals were injected into a simulated data set, designed to mimic the response of the initial LIGO and Virgo gravitational-wave detectors. Nine groups analysed this data using search and parameter-estimation pipelines. Matched filter algorithms, un-modelled-burst searches and Bayesian parameter estimation and model-selection algorithms were applied to the data. We report the efficiency of these search methods in detecting the numerical waveforms and measuring their parameters. We describe preliminary comparisons between the different search methods and suggest improvements for future NINJA analyses.