The "Nadir and Occultation for MArs Discovery" (NOMAD) instrument on ESA and NASA's ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (EMTGO) will conduct a spectroscopic survey of the Martian atmosphere in the infrared (IR) and UV/visible spectral regions, both in solar occultation and nadir looking modes (see: Vandaele, A.C., same session). In the IR wavelength domain, the spectral resolution (~0.15 cm-1) surpasses those of previous surveys of Mars by more than an order of magnitude, this channel's heritage derives from the SOIR instrument with proven success on ESA's Venus Express mission [1]. An additional light-weight channel UVIS extends the survey to UV and visible wavelengths with a 1-2 nm resolution. NOMAD will search for active geology, volcanism and life by looking for the atmospheric markers of these processes on Mars, confining the source regions, and providing crucial information on the nature of the processes involved. NOMAD will also extend the survey of major climatology cycles of Mars.


The purpose of the current investigation was to examine the role of youth anger regulation and reactivity in the link between parenting and social adjustment among a sample of 84 youth residing in disadvantaged neighborhoods in a mid-southwestern city. Using path analysis, findings indicate that parents' responsive and discipline-related behaviors were associated with antisocial and prosocial behaviors in different ways. Parental support was positively associated with prosocial behavior (directly and indirectly through anger regulation), while permissive discipline was positively associated with antisocial behavior directly and indirectly through anger reactivity. The patterns of associations in the model remained significant even after youth age and sex were entered as covariates. Implications of the study for intervention programs targeting anger regulation and parenting in youth and families in high-risk settings are discussed.


The use of teams or quality circles is a relatively new approach to quality improvement in higher education in South Africa. This article describes some of the advantages in using the approach and some of the pitfalls that need to be considered. The debate of the "quality circle life cycle", which culminates in the demise of the tool is addressed. While quality circles in the traditional production environment are likely to self destruct in the long term, by modifying their nature, function and form in an academic environment they can still make a valuable contribution not only to quality improvement, but also staff moral and job satisfaction. South African Journal of Higher Education Vol.15(1) 2001: 197-204


Absence and presence have generally been discussed as two aspects of either a temporal or a spatial relationship. With an Arendtian notion of presence as the capacity to define space and to appear in front of others, this article explores undocumentedness as a condition of simultaneous presence and absence. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork and interviews with undocumented persons in Sweden, it is argued that the undocumented spatiality is paradoxical and Möbius. This article shows how concealment, disguise, diffusion and appearance are key to the different manifestations of presence and absence in undocumented people's lives. It also shows how undocumented persons, by using their politically absent yet physically present bodies as vehicles for practicing dissensus, can find possibilities for recognition and action in public space.


About 50 Gt of carbon is fixed photosynthetically by surface ocean phytoplankton communities every year. Part of this organic matter is reprocessed within the plankton community to form aggregates which eventually sink and export carbon into the deep ocean. The fraction of organic matter leaving the surface ocean is partly dependent on aggregate sinking velocity which accelerates with increasing aggregate size and density, where the latter is controlled by ballast load and aggregate porosity. In May 2011, we moored nine 25 m deep mesocosms in a Norwegian fjord to assess on a daily basis how plankton community structure affects material properties and sinking velocities of aggregates (Ø 80–400 µm) collected in the mesocosms' sediment traps. We noted that sinking velocity was not necessarily accelerated by opal ballast during diatom blooms, which could be due to relatively high porosity of these rather fresh aggregates. Furthermore, estimated aggregate porosity (Pestimated) decreased as the picoautotroph (0.2–2 µm) fraction of the phytoplankton biomass increased. Thus, picoautotroph‐dominated communities may be indicative for food webs promoting a high degree of aggregate repackaging with potential for accelerated sinking. Blooms of the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi revealed that cell concentrations of ~1500 cells/mL accelerate sinking by about 35–40%, which we estimate (by one‐dimensional modeling) to elevate organic matter transfer efficiency through the mesopelagic from 14 to 24%. Our results indicate that sinking velocities are influenced by the complex interplay between the availability of ballast minerals and aggregate packaging; both of which are controlled by plankton community structure.


Periapical lesions are characterized by the destruction of periapical bone, and occur as a result of local inflammatory responses to root canal infection by microorganisms including Porphyromonas endodontalis (P. endodontalis). P. endodontalis and its primary virulence factor, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), are associated with the development of periapical lesions and alveolar bone loss. Interleukin-23 (IL-23) is critical in the initiation and progression of periodontal disease via effects on peripheral bone metabolism. The present study investigated the expression of IL-23 in tissue where a periapical lesion was present, and the effect of P. endodontalis LPS on the expression of IL-23 in periodontal ligament (PDL) cells. Reverse transcription- quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry revealed increased levels of IL-23 expression in tissue with periapical lesions compared with healthy PDL tissue. Treatment with P. endodontalis LPS increased the expression of IL-23 in the SH-9 human PDL cell line. BAY11-7082, a nuclear factor κB inhibitor, suppressed P. endodontalis LPS-induced IL-23 expression in SH-9 cells. Treatment of RAW264.7 cells with conditioned medium from P. endodontalis LPS-treated SH-9 cells promoted osteoclastogenesis. By contrast, RAW264.7 cells treated with conditioned medium from IL-23-knockdown SH-9 cells underwent reduced levels of osteoclastogenesis. The results of the present study indicated that the expression of IL-23 in PDL cells induced by P. endodontalis LPS treatment may be involved in the progression of periapical lesions via stimulation of the osteoclastogenesis process.


We prove the correctness of the concurrent deque component of a recent implementation of the work-stealing algorithm. Specifically, we prove that this concurrent deque implementation is synchronizable. Synchronizability is a weaker condition than the more traditional notion of serializability. Our concurrent deque implementation is not serializable, but its synchronizability makes it sufficient for use in the work-stealing algorithm. Whereas serializability requires that concurrent method invocations appear as if they are executed atomically in some serial order, synchronizability allows some invocations to appear as if they are executed atomically at exactly the same time.


The preferred location of boron in oxidized free‐standing Si nanoparticles was investigated using a first‐principles density functional approach. The nanoparticles were modeled by a silicon core about 1.5 nm in diameter surrounded by an outer shell of SiO2 with a thickness of about 0.5 nm, and considered negatively charged. The calculated formation energies indicate that B is equally stable in the Si core and in the SiO2 shell, showing preference for interface sites. This indicates that, in contrast with phosphorus, the ratio of the boron concentration in the silicon core to that of the silicon shell will not be improved over one upon thermal annealing.


Algorithmic genies built from growing computational capabilities bring risks like automating well-paying jobs, yet we suggest that if supplied with suitable goals and supporting infrastructure they can help in meeting many human needs. We argue that algorithmic genies can be harnessed to raise the baseline experience of people worldwide ( raising the floor ), especially if such harnessing is informed by wide consensus and deep evidence. Examples show how algorithmic genies could raise the floor for widely agreed human needs like health, education, and other components of the Social Progress Index. Ensuring that both the least well off and the majority share in the benefits of progress can help to ensure the floor is raised for all ( floored progress ). Floored progress can apply beyond basic human needs to problems that people across the economic spectrum struggle with ( shared floors ). We include three tables with illustrative opportunities, and conclude by summarizing the value of raising floors individually and in concert.


AIMS
This study examines differences in the determinants of intention to stay (Time 1) and actual retention behavior at follow-up (Time 2) between younger and older nursing assistants in long-term care facilities.

BACKGROUND
The shortage of nursing assistants (NAs) in long-term care is increasing, and the NA workforce is also ageing.

METHODS
Data were obtained from a stratified equal probability sample of 595 NAs from 137 institutions over a two-year period in Taiwan. Multilevel modeling was utilized for analyses.

RESULTS
High organizational support and low burnout were associated with high intention to stay at Time 1 for both older and younger NAs. However, the retention of older NAs at Time 2 was more strongly influenced by high work latitude, the use of an optimization strategy, and less burnout at Time 1; while the retention of younger NAs at Time 2 was more likely to be affected by personal factor such as gender and marital status at Time 1.

CONCLUSION
Organizational factors, the use of selection, optimization, and compensation strategies, and burnout were more strongly associated with retention of older NAs than of younger NAs.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT
NA managers should recognize the needs of NAs vary by age and stage of life. Retention programs that are designed to account for age differences will be more effective at retaining NAs.


Over recent years academia and industry have engaged with the challenge of model testing deepwater structures at conventional scales. One approach to the limited depth problem has been to truncate the lines. This concept will be introduced, highlighting the need to better understand line dynamic processes. The type of line truncation developed here models the upper sections of each line in detail, capturing wave action and all coupling effects with the vessel, terminating to an approximate analytical model that aims to simulate the remainder of the line. A rationale for this is that in deep water transverse elastic waves of a line are likely to decay before they are reflected at the seabed because of nonlinear hydrodynamic drag forces. The first part of this paper is centered on verification of this rationale. A simplified model of a mooring line that describes the transverse dynamics in wave frequency is used, adopting the equation of motion of an inextensible taut string. The line is submerged in still water, one end fixed at the bottom the other assumed to follow the vessel response, which can be harmonic or random. A dimensional analysis, supported by exact benchmark numerical solutions, has shown that it is possible to produce a universal curve for the decay of transverse vibrations along the line, which is suitable for any kind of line with any top motion. This has a significant engineering benefit, allowing for a rapid assessment of line dynamics - it can be useful in deciding whether a truncated line model is appropriate, and if so, at which point truncation might be applied. This is followed by developing a truncation mechanism, formulating an end approximation that can reproduce the correct impedance, had the line been continuous to full depth. It has been found that below a certain length criterion, which is also universal, the transverse vibrational characteristics for each line are inertia driven. As such the truncated model can assume a linear damper whose coefficient depends on the line properties and frequency of vibration. Copyright © 2011 by the International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers (ISOPE).


OBJECTIVE
Supracostal access is avoided for fear of potential intrathoracic complications and subcostal approach is favored as it carries minimal or no risk of intrathoracic complication. The aim of this study was to evaluate safety and efficacy of supracostal approach for percutaneous renal surgery.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
A total of 60 cases were enrolled and studied prospectively in this study. The patients had upper (n=10), and lower (n=12) calyceal, pelvic (n=12), proximal ureteral (n=14) stones, and pelviureteric junction obstruction (n=12). All the punctures were made by urologist under fluoroscopy.

RESULTS
All the punctures were made between 11th and 12th ribs (supra-12th); none of the punctures was made above 11th rib. The overall complication rate in our study was 26.7%. Four patients (6.7%) had pleural rupture and all the four presented with hydrothorax. The other complications included intraoperative hemorrhage in 1 (1.7%), and pelvic perforation in 1 patient (1.7%), Amplatz sheath migration/loss of tract was detected in 1 (1.7%), postoperative fever in 2 (3.3%), prolonged hematuria in 3 (5%) and residual disease in 4 (6.7%) patients CONCLUSION: Supracostal approach should be used whenever indicated which was found to be both effective and safe as far as intrathoracic and other complications are concerned.


In this paper, we exploit the nonlinear property of the SiC multilayer devices to design an optical processor for error detection that enables reliable delivery of spectral data of four-wave mixing over unreliable communication channels. The SiC optical processor is realized by using double pi'n/pin a-SiC:H photodetector with front and back biased optical gating elements. Visible pulsed signals are transmitted together at different bit sequences. The combined optical signal is analyzed. Data show that the background act as selector that pick one or more states by splitting portions of the input multi optical signals across the front and back photodiodes. Boolean operations such as EXOR and three bit addition are demonstrated optically, showing that when one or all of the inputs are present, the system will behave as an XOR gate representing the SUM. When two or three inputs are on, the system acts as AND gate indicating the present of the CARRY bit. Additional parity logic operations are performed using four incoming pulsed communication channels that are transmitted and checked for errors together. As a simple example of this approach, we describe an all-optical processor for error detection and then provide an experimental demonstration of this idea. KeywordsOptical processor, Integrated optical filter, Boolean operations, Coder/decoder device


Abstract. Boreal soils play a critical role in the global carbon (C) cycle; therefore, it is important to understand the mechanisms that control soil C accumulation and loss for this region. Examining C & nitrogen (N) accumulation rates over decades to centuries may provide additional understanding of the dominant mechanisms for their storage, which can be masked by seasonal and interannual variability when investigated over the short term. We examined longer-term accumulation rates, using 210Pb and 14C to date soil layers, for a wide variety of boreal ecosystems: a black spruce forest, a shrub ecosystem, a tussock grass ecosystem, a sedge-dominated ecosystem, and a rich fen. All ecosystems had similar decadal C accumulation rates, averaging 84 ± 42 gC m−2 yr−1. Long-term (century) C accumulation rates were slower than decadal rates, averaging 14 ± 5 gC m−2 yr−1 for all ecosystems except the rich fen, for which the long-term C accumulation rates was more similar to decadal rates (44 ± 5 and 76 ± 9 gC m−2 yr−1, respectively). The rich fen also had the highest long-term N accumulation rates (2.7 gN m−2 yr−1). The lowest N accumulation rate, on both a decadal and long-term basis, was found in the black spruce forest (0.2 and 1.4 gN m−2 yr−1, respectively). Our results suggest that the controls on long-term C and N cycling at the rich fen is fundamentally different from the other ecosystems, likely due to differences in the predominant drivers of nutrient cycling (oxygen availability, for C) and reduced amounts of disturbance by fire (for C and N). This result implies that most shifts in ecosystem vegetation across the boreal region, driven by either climate or succession, will not significantly impact regional C or N dynamics over years to decades. However, ecosystem transitions to or from a rich fen will promote significant shifts in soil C and N storage.


ABSTRACT Background: The extent to which care home residents with severe dementia show awareness is influenced by the extent to which the environment provides opportunities for engagement and by the way in which care staff interact with them. We aimed to establish whether training care staff to observe and identify signs of awareness in residents with severe dementia resulted in improved quality of life for residents. Methods: In this pilot cluster randomized trial, care staff in four homes (n = 32) received training and supervision and carried out structured observations of residents using the AwareCare measure (n = 32) over an eight-week period, while staff in four control homes (n = 33) had no training with regard to their residents (n = 33) and no contact with the research team. The primary outcome was resident quality of life. Secondary outcomes were resident well-being, behavior and cognition, staff attitudes and well-being, and care practices in the home. Results: Following intervention, residents in the intervention group had significantly better quality of life as rated by family members than those in the control group, but care staff ratings of quality of life did not differ. There were no other significant between-group differences. Staff participating in the intervention identified benefits in terms of their understanding of residents' needs. Conclusions: Staff were able to use the observational measure effectively and relatives of residents in the intervention homes perceived an improvement in their quality of life.


OF DISSERTATION RANDOMNESS, UNCERTAINTY, AND ECONOMIC BEHAVIOR: THE LIFE OF MONEY IN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY FICTION My dissertation argues that fiction produced in England during the frequent financial crises and political volatility experienced between 1770 and 1820 both reflected and shaped the cultural anxiety occasioned by a seemingly random and increasingly uncertain world. The project begins within the historical framework of the multiple financial crises that occurred in the late eighteenth century: seven crises took place between 1760 and 1797 alone, appearing seemingly out of nowhere and creating a climate of financial meltdown. But how did the awareness of economic turbulence filter into the creative consciousness? Through an interdisciplinary focus on cultural studies and behavioral economics, the dissertation posits that in spite of their conventional, status quo affirming endings (opportunists are punished, lovers are married), novels and plays written between 1770 and 1820 contemplated models of behavior that were newly opportunistic, echoing the reluctant realization that irrationality had become the norm rather than a rare aberration. By analyzing concrete narrative strategies used by writers such as Frances Burney, Georgiana Cavendish, Hannah Cowley, and Thomas Holcroft, I demonstrate that late eighteenth-century fiction both articulates and elides the awareness of randomness and uncertainty in its depiction of plot, character, and narrative.


Few challenges to the modern dream of democratic citizenship appear greater than the presence of severe ethnic, religious, and linguistic divisions in society. With their diverse religions and ethnic communities, the Southeast Asian countries of Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia have grappled with this problem since achieving independence after World War II. Each country has on occasion been torn by violence over the proper terms for accommodating pluralism. Until the Asian economic crisis of 1997, however, these nations also enjoyed one of the most sustained economic expansions the non-Western world has ever seen. This volume brings together 15 leading specialists of the region to consider the impact of two generations of nation-building and market-making on pluralism and citizenship in these deeply divided Asian societies. Examining the new face of pluralism from the perspective of markets, politics, gender, and religion, the studies show that each country has developed a strikingly different response to the challenges of citizenship and diversity. The contributors, most of whom come Southeast Asia, pay particular attention to the tension between state and societal approaches to citizenship. They suggest that the achievement of an effectively participatory public sphere in these countries will depend not only on the presence of an independent "civil society," but on a synergy of state and society that nurtures a public culture capable of mediating ethnic, religious, and gender divides. "The Politics of Multiculturalism" should be of special interest to students of Southeast Asian history and society, anthropologists grappling with questions of citizenship and culture, political scientists studying democracy across cultures, and all readers concerned with the prospects for civility and tolerance in a multicultural world.


The paper represents a first attempt to apply Bourdieu's theory of linguistic markets to the practice of intercultural communication within multilingual organisations. The background to the discussion is the extensive internationalisation of business and higher education, which over the past ten years has established English as an official corporate and teaching medium in Denmark. This has inspired a lively debate amongst intellectuals and politicians, who are concerned about the future balance between the national language of Danish and English as the global lingua franca. Yet few have addressed the topic from the perspective of individual language users, which is the motivation behind the current inquiry. Drawing on data collected within Danish business and education organisations, I compare the trends towards a normalisation of standard British and American within the areas of linguistics, language education and business studies to the communicative behaviours encountered among non-professional users of English. The three practices of language clustering, localisation and dilute communication reveal intercultural communication to be a heavily localised activity, which suggests that language producers are ultimately responsible for the evaluation of linguistic performances. This calls into question the normative principles of language management and policy-making, asking whether indeed there is such a thing as "global" English.


We describe the temporal evolution of the electric field of few-cycle optical pulses with arbitrary, time-varying polarization states by means of the instantaneous polarization ellipse and phase, whose physical meanings for few-cycle pulses are clarified. A physically meaningful definition of carrier–envelope phase (CEP) for arbitrarily polarized pulses is introduced. This description is used to study the changes in the temporal evolution of the electric field of a few-cycle pulsed beam. Propagation is found to result in significant changes in the polarization state, phase, and CEP. Approximate analytical formulas for these effects are provided.


This chapter discusses the historical development, current practice and future prospects of the self-archiving of research papers in open-access repositories (socalled 'e-print archives'). It describes how the development of interoperable e-print repositories in a number of subject communities has shown that self-archiving can benefit academic researchers (and potentially others) by enabling quick and easy access to the research literature and therefore maximising the impact potential of papers. Realising that the possible benefits are high and the technical entry barriers low, many organisations such as universities have recently tried to encourage widespread self-archiving by setting up institutional repositories. However, major barriers to self-archiving remain – most of them cultural and managerial. There are concerns about quality control, intellectual property rights, disturbing the publishing status quo, and workload. Ways in which these issues are currently being addressed are discussed in this chapter. A number of self-archiving initiatives in different countries have been set up to address the concerns and to kick-start e-print repository use. However, issues remain which require further investigation; those discussed in this chapter include discipline differences, definitions of 'publication', versioning problems, digital preservation, costing and funding models, and metadata standards. The ways in which these issues are resolved will be important in determining the future of self-archiving. Possible futures are discussed with particular reference to journal publishing and quality control. If widely adopted, self-archiving might come to assume a central place in the scholarly communication process, but a great deal of restructuring of the process needs to take place before this potential can be realised.


Cooling tower inlet losses are the flow losses or viscous dissipation of mechanical energy affected directly by the cooling tower inlet design, which according to the counterflow natural draft wet-cooling tower performance analysis example given in Kroger (Kroger, 2004, Air-Cooled Heat Exchangers and Cooling Towers: Thermal-Flow Performance Evaluation, Pennwell Corp., Tulsa, OK), can be more than 20% of the total cooling tower flow losses. Flow separation at the lower edge of the shell results in a vena contracta with a distorted inlet velocity distribution that causes a reduction in effective fill or heat exchanger flow area. In this paper, a two-dimensional (axi-symmetric) computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model is developed using the commercial CFD code ANSYS FLUENT, to simulate the flow patterns, loss coefficients and effective flow diameter of circular natural draft cooling tower inlets under windless conditions. The CFD results are compared with axial velocity profile data, tower inlet loss coefficients and effective diameters determined experimentally by Terblanche (Terblanche, 1993, "Inlaatverliese by Koeltorings," M. Sc. Eng. thesis, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa) on a cylindrical scale sector model as well as applicable empirical relations found in Kroger, determined using the same experimental apparatus as Terblanche. The validated CFD model is used to investigate the effects of Reynolds number, shell-wall thickness, shell wall inclination angle, fill loss coefficient, fill type, inlet diameter to inlet height ratio and inlet geometry on the flow patterns, inlet loss coefficient and effective diameter of full-scale cooling towers. Ultimately, simple correlations are proposed for determining the cooling tower inlet loss coefficient and inlet effective flow diameter ratio of full-scale cooling towers excluding the effect of rain zones and the structural supports around the cooling tower entrance.


By obfuscation we mean any efficient semantic-preserving transformation of computer programs aimed at bringing a program into such a form, which impedes the understanding of its algorithm and data structures or prevents the extracting of some valuable information from the plaintext of a program. Some results obtained recently testify that it is very much uneasy to develop a provably secure program obfuscator unless a capability of an adversary is restricted weakly. But in many practical cases when program re-engineering activity is restricted only to the application of available static analysis algorithms an acceptable security of obfuscation can be achieved by guaranteeing the obfuscated programs to obstruct completely some definite static analysis technique. This approach to designing program obfuscators is commonly used now though no rigorous study of its efficiency and security is made so far. In this paper we give a preliminary framework for studying formally program obfuscators as tools for the obstruction of program static analysis. We present a criterion which provides a way of estimating the actual efficiency of static analysis obstruction and demonstrate with example of two typical static analysis algorithms (Andersen's points-to analysis algorithm and Binkley-Horwitz-Reps slicing algorithm) how to use our approach in practice.


A structural scheme of a typical precast multistory RC building incorporating flat-slab and braced frame systems is presented. The building has been designed for seismic zones. First its dynamic parameters have been determined experimentally. Than the structure has been subjected to resonance vibration and impulse loads in order to yield cracking and other damage in the load-bearing elements and their joints. The obtained experimental results have been interpreted from the seismic-resistance viewpoint. The dynamic parameters and the structural elements damage nature for that building were the main subject of the experiments. Further theoretical investigation has been focused on examining the response of the building to real earthquakes. The experimentally obtained building response to vibration loading and the numerically calculated structural behavior under real earthquakes have been compared. It was concluded, that the building satisfies the seismic code requirements for zones with peak ground accelerations (PGA) less than 0.3g. In order to adapt the building to seismic zones with higher PGA without any changes in the load-bearing elements and their joints, it was proposed to use a base isolation system. Numerical simulation show, that the base isolated building represents safe response to real earthquake records with PGA equal to 0.3g. Hence the structure can be recommended for seismic zones with that PGA.


Economies, societies, and many natural systems evolve and change, sometimes dramatically, so good models and accurate forecasts are vital for policymakers to prepare for and navigate these changes successfully. Yet history is littered with forecasts that went badly wrong, sharply illustrated during the recent recession. A glance at most economic and related time series, such as greenhouse gases, reveals the invalidity of an assumption of stationarity, whereby the mean and variance are constant over time. Nevertheless, many models used in empirical research, forecasting or for guiding policy have been predicated on treating observed data as stationary, when in fact such analysis must take non-stationarity into account if it is to deliver useful outcomes. The problem for policymakers is not a plethora of excellent models from which to choose, but to find stable relationships that survive long enough to be useful. This paper offers guidance for policymakers and researchers on identifying what forms of non-stationarity are prevalent, what hazards each form implies for empirical modelling and forecasting, and for any resulting policy decisions, and what tools are available to overcome such hazards.


Dr. W. Frank Peacock from the Cleveland Clinic moderated the topic "Emergency Department Risk Stratification of Suspected Acute Heart Failure" with Drs. Deborah Diercks from the University of California Davis Medical Center, J. Douglas Kirk from the University of California Davis Medical Center, Phillip Levy from Wayne State University, Peter S. Pang from the Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, and Alan Storrow from Vanderbilt University participating. The discussion focused primarily on: (1) risk stratification on presentation to the emergency department for patient care and disposition (2) new tools including biomarkers, physiologic responses and better descriptions of the initial presentation, (3) the complexities of using blood pressures as an approach for risk stratification, (4) the use of naturietic peptides in the risk stratification process, (5) the role of troponin elevation and disposition of the ED patient, (6) issues surrounding the patient with cardio-renal problems, including neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin (NGAL) as a biomarker for renal injury, (7) using procalcitonin to diagnose heart failure and pneumonia, (8) research regarding the potential for novel biomarkers, including MR-proADM and copeptin, (9) the use of lactate as a surrogate for identifying sepsis patients and (10) the evolving use of echocardiography in the ED. (Med Roundtable Cardiovasc Ed. 2010;1(4):220-259) ©2010 FoxP2 Media, LLC


We studied the naupliar development of the calanoid copepod Calanus glacialis, a key herbivore in the Arctic marine ecosystem. Eggs obtained from females collected at 78° N in Svalbard, Norway, in May 2008 were reared at -1.2°C in a temperature-controlled room. Stage-specific nau- pliar development time, survival and naupliar size were studied in response to different food quali- ties, i.e. low versus high proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and low versus high ele- ment molar ratios (C:N and C:P). Length measurements of consecutive naupliar stages were obtained from image analysis of digital photos taken every second day. A length-frequency analysis revealed distinct size classes for each stage. Stage duration of the 6 naupliar stages varied between 6 and 27 d. The longest stage duration was measured for Stage NIII. Development time from hatching to Stage NVI was shortest (41.9 d) for nauplii reared under high algal bloom chlorophyll a (chl a) concentra- tions (~20 µg chl a l -1 ) with algae of high food quality (control). Starved nauplii developed the slow- est and showed highest mortality. High mortality was also recorded for nauplii fed with algae grown under a phosphorous limitation that were offered at the same chl a concentrations as the control treatment. These algae had lower PUFA concentrations and higher element molar ratios and were, thus, of lower food quality than the control algae. However, comparable development times and nau- pliar sizes were found for nauplii fed with algae of high or low food quality. This is the first study that successfully follows the entire naupliar development of Calanus glacialis at subzero temperatures.


Summaries Pakistan provides an interesting challenge to poverty analysts and policy makers concerned with urban poverty because urban poverty is neither as extensive nor as visible as in rural areas of the country, or as in the cities of other South Asian countries such as India. Urban poverty does exist, however, and is bound to increase. The challenge is to make it visible, which requires looking for it in different ways. The article draws on micro studies conducted in Rawalpindi and Karachi during 1993 as part of a study towards the Pakistan Poverty Assessment (World Bank 1995). It demonstrates the value of a participatory assessment approach to the study of poverty and as a supplement to rather than substitute for conventional measurements of poverty which focus on income and consumption poverty or on human development indicators. It does so by revealing processes which influence the ways in which low income groups in cities can escape from or fall into poverty. An argument is made for understanding urban poverty as a multidimensional process which needs to be understood in relational and spatial terms and which is closely related to processes which foster insecurity and social exclusion. In policy terms, anti‐poverty strategies which address the issue of secure livelihoods and liveable environments are recommended as indispensable components of broader poverty reduction strategies which address income and consumption poverty and basic needs. Thus a multi‐dimensional approach is advocated, not only in terms of analysis but policy action as well, and one which addresses institutions and social relations, particularly those operating at or on the metropolitan level. It is argued that this multidimensional and interdisciplinary approach is particularly important in the urban context, where it is possible for policy to build on the resources of low income people themselves. However, by the same token, cities are also sites of extreme vulnerability and insecurity and policy needs to address causal factors here too, including social institutions built on asymmetrical power relations.


ABSTRACT Motivated by the problem of inferring the molecular dynamics of DNA in solution, and linking them with its base-pair composition, we consider the problem of comparing the dynamics of functional time series (FTS), and of localizing any inferred differences in frequency and along curvelength. The approach we take is one of Fourier analysis, where the complete second-order structure of the FTS is encoded by its spectral density operator, indexed by frequency and curvelength. The comparison is broken down to a hierarchy of stages: at a global level, we compare the spectral density operators of the two FTS, across frequencies and curvelength, based on a Hilbert–Schmidt criterion; then, we localize any differences to specific frequencies; and, finally, we further localize any differences along the length of the random curves, that is, in physical space. A hierarchical multiple testing approach guarantees control of the averaged false discovery rate over the selected frequencies. In this sense, we are able to attribute any differences to distinct dynamic (frequency) and spatial (curvelength) contributions. Our approach is presented and illustrated by means of a case study in molecular biophysics: how can one use molecular dynamics simulations of short strands of DNA to infer their temporal dynamics at the scaling limit, and probe whether these depend on the sequence encoded in these strands? Supplementary materials for this article are available online.


This article, published in the Times Higher in response to a critique of cultural studies work on consumption, makes the case that the topic was for many years ignored or trivialised by social and political theorists because of the privileging of production and the neglect of demand; because of an elitist disdain for mass culture and the world of commerce, and because of its association with the labour and imagined pleasures of women. It goes on to describe the multi-pronged recovery of the subject and its centrality to feminist theory, to citizenship and to political activism.


The STELLAR European network of Excellence (NoE) (http://www.stellarnet.eu) represents the effort of leading European institutions and projects in Technology Enhanced Learning (TEL) to unify their diverse and sometimes fragmented community. The Network is executed via a series of integration instruments designed to increase the research capacity of European TEL at all levels. One level is that of early career researchers, and in particular doctoral candidates, who are seen as key in establishing sustainable research capacity in TEL. This paper focuses on the ways in which STELLAR supports doctoral candidates through the establishment of a Doctoral Community of Practice (CoP) in Technology Enhanced Learning as a STELLAR doctoral integration instrument for the doctoral stakeholder community. This TEL Doctoral CoP (DoCoP), officially established in Autumn 2009, is also instrumental in bringing together actors of engineering education research in academic institutions, as proposed in the USA by Streveler [1]. The paper discusses possible ways in which the DoCoP could be developed through the innovative use of Web 2.0 technologies, by outlining the characteristics of one such technology and describing the ways in which an imaginary PhD candidate might use the technology in their PhD journey.


During the requirements process, it is of key importance that all representations used are clearly understood by those who must use them. Therefore it is essential to ensure that those representations are presented as effectively as possible. User preference is one area that may influence the effectiveness of the representations presented. This paper describes a study that was carried out to explore the relationship between user preference for UML sequence and collaboration diagrams. Results show that participants who preferred sequence diagrams showed improved performance when using sequence diagrams. This was true for preferences expressed both before and after the task. However, participants who did not prefer sequence diagrams showed an overall improved performance for both types of diagram over the group that preferred sequence diagrams


Binary codes over 2D arrays are very useful in data storage, where each array column represents a storage device or unit that may suffer failure. In this paper, we propose a new framework for probabilistic construction of codes on 2D arrays. Instead of a pure combinatorial erasure model used in traditional array codes, we propose a mixed combinatorial-probabilistic model of limiting the number of column failures, and assuming a binary erasure channel in each failing column. For this model, we give code constructions and detailed analysis that allow sustaining a large number of column failures with graceful degradation in the fraction of erasures correctable in failing columns. Another advantage of the new framework is that it uses low-complexity iterative decoding. The key component in the analysis of the new codes is to analyze the decoding graphs induced by the failed columns, and infer the decoding performance as a function of the code design parameters, as well as the array size and failure parameters. A particularly interesting class of codes, called probabilistically maximum distance separable (MDS) array codes, gives fault-tolerance that is equivalent to traditional MDS array codes. The results also include a proof that the 2D codes outperform standard 1D low-density parity-check codes.


Convex regression is concerned with computing the best fit of a convex function to a data set of n observations in which the independent variable is (possibly) multi–dimensional. Such regression problems arise in operations research, economics, and other disciplines in which imposing a convexity constraint on the regression function is natural. This paper studies a least squares estimator that is computable as the solution of a quadratic program and establishes that it converges almost surely to the "true" function as n→∞ under modest technical assumptions. In addition to this multi–dimensional consistency result, we identify the behavior of the estimator when the model is mis–specified (so that the "true" function is non–convex) and extend the consistency result to settings in which the function must be both convex and non–decreasing (as is needed for consumer preference utility functions).


IaaS datacenters offer virtual machines (VMs) to their clients, who in turn sometimes deploy their own virtualized environments, thereby running a VM inside a VM. This is known as nested virtualization. VMs are intrinsically slower than bare-metal execution, as they often trap into their hypervisor to perform tasks like operating virtual I/O devices. Each VM trap requires loading and storing dozens of registers to switch between the VM and hypervisor contexts, thereby incurring costly runtime overheads. Nested virtualization further magnifies these overheads, as every VM trap in a traditional virtualized environment triggers at least twice as many traps. We propose to leverage the replicated thread execution resources in simultaneous multithreaded (SMT) cores to alleviate the overheads of VM traps in nested virtualization. Our proposed architecture introduces a simple mechanism to colocate different VMs and hypervisors on separate hardware threads of a core, and replaces the costly context switches of VM traps with simple thread stall and resume events. More concretely, as each thread in an SMT core has its own register set, trapping between VMs and hypervisors does not involve costly context switches, but simply requires the core to fetch instructions from a different hardware thread. Furthermore, our inter-thread communication mechanism allows a hypervisor to directly access and manipulate the registers of its subordinate VMs, given that they both share the same in-core physical register file. A model of our architecture shows up to 2.3x and 2.6x better I/O latency and bandwidth, respectively. We also show a software-only prototype of the system using existing SMT architectures, with up to 1.3x and 1.5x better I/O latency and bandwidth, respectively, and 1.2-2.2x speedups on various real-world applications.


We have analyzed 43 ventral intermediate thalamotomies performed in our center for treatment of medically intractable essential tremor (ET) in 37 patients. The mean age of patients was 70.9 years (range 42–84), duration of symptoms 33.3 years (1–65). The surgery in all cases was performed with stereotactic technique using MRI or CT localization. Intraoperative neurophysiological confirmation of the target location was obtained using a macrostimulation technique. All patients experienced either complete abolition of the contralateral tremor or significant improvement in tremor intensity immediately after the surgery. At follow-up examination 1–13 months after the operation, 60.5% of patients had no tremor, and 13.9% had mild residual tremor without interference with daily life. Tremor recurrence was observed in 5 patients, all of whom underwent repeat ventral intermedial (VIM) thalamotomy with excellent results. Transient problems with speech and motor functions were observed after 15 thalamotomies, permanent hemiparesis and speech difficulties were seen in 6 patients. We conclude that VIM thalamotomy is a highly effective procedure for medically intractable ET and may be performed with no mortality and low morbidity rate.


Amidst international tensions and military posturing, the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) separating North and South Korea has, for 45 years, provided sanctuary to endangered and threatened animals and plants. The DMZ has been rigidly enforced: It is uninhabited by humans, and its inaccessibility has allowed damaged forests to rehabilitate and farmlands that are thousands of years old to return to a natural state. The DMZ has, in fact, become a unique nature reserve containing the last vestiges of Korea9s natural heritage. The Korean Peace Bioreserves System provides a strategy to preserve the rich biodiversity of the DMZ. Joint development of the Korean Peace Bioreserves System will foster trust, understanding, and respect between the Democratic People9s Republic of Korea in the north and the Republic of Korea in the south.


Cell migration is a core process to preserve homeostasis. Release of chemotactic signals induces changes in cell cytoskeleton to facilitate migration. This includes the rearrangement of cytoskeleton, genomic reprogramming and the modification of the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM) to allow the motion of cells through. In the special case of repair after acute lung injury, cells must migrate while exposed to an increased mechanical stretch caused either by an increased work of breathing or positive-pressure ventilation. Interestingly, the cell response to this increased mechanical load can modify virtually all the mechanisms involved in cell migration. In this review we explore the interplay between stretch and the machinery responsible for cell migration. A translational approach to find new therapies in acute lung injury must take into account these interactions in order to develop effective treatments that promote lung repair.


Background Propess is a controlled release pessary which releases 0.3 mg of Dinoprostone per hour. As there is constant release rate, this would ensure steady Progesterone concentration and reduce the risk of hyperstimulation. Also, the need for one vaginal examination as opposed to one every 6 hrs improves patient acceptability. Aim The aim of the audit was to look at the practise of using the first Propess on an out-patient basis with informed consent. We looked at the pregnancy outcomes after the Outpatient use of first Propess. Method Prospective audit was done looking at the practise of using the first Propess. Only low risk patients were given an option for Out-patient Propess. Informed verbal consent was obtained and open access to ward was given after Propess insertion. If anyone needed any further Propess, this was carried out as an in-patient. Initial proforma was filled in by the midwife and the notes were reviewed after delivery. 67% of women who laboured with Propess alone were Nulliparous There were no adverse outcomes. APGARs at 5 min were >9 for all babies No admissions to neonatal unit Avg. blood loss at delivery 388 ml Results We looked the patients between the time period of 15/5/10 to 31/12/10. 57 women opted for Out-patient management. Conclusion Outpatient use of first Propess does not alter pregnancy outcomes and does not increase the risks to baby. When used selectively, the out-patient IOL is safe and effective alternative to patient admission. Out patient use of Propess has decreased hospital stay. 20/57 women did not need a review prior to 24 hrs equalling 480 hours of saved in-patient care.


From the Publisher:
Organizations enjoy two kinds of strategic advantages. One is transitory: being in the right place with the right products at the right time. The other comes from having first class management and instituting processes that mobilize an organization, keeping in ahead of the competition. Which would you like to count on for your organization's success?Integrating ERP, CRM, Supply Chain Management, and Smart Materials explores how to create business opportunities and reap savings by:oRestructuring and updating of ERP and CRM software as it integrates supply chain management and delivers new killer applicationsoEvolving opportunities that will develop from the implementation of smart materials, automatic identification, classification systems, and quality assurance projectsoAuditing the implementation, operation, and maintenance of ERP and CRM software as well as the corrective action taken on the basis of results Internet commerce, online supply chain, and advances in technology - all available at increasingly lower costs - make systems of the past obsolete. However, just as new technology creates new opportunities, it can also create unforeseen consequences. By binding a wealth of interdependent issues between the covers of one book, Integrating ERP, CRM, Supply Chain Management, and Smart Materials gives you the tools you need to create proprietary, high value-added solutions.


Abstract The degree to which the original community composition of the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale was altered through transport and decay and how taphonomic conditions varied through time and across taxa is poorly understood. To address these issues, variation in fossil preservation was analyzed through a vertical succession of 26 bed assemblages, each representing a single obrution event, within the 7-m-thick Greater Phyllopod Bed of the Walcott Quarry. More than 50,000 specimens belonging to 158 genera—mostly benthic, monospecific and nonbiomineralized—were included in this analysis. The decay gradient of the polychaete Burgessochaeta setigera was used as a taphonomic threshold to estimate how far decay had proceeded in each bed assemblage. Qualitative comparisons of the degree of preservation of 15 species, representing an array of different body plans, demonstrate that all bed assemblages contain a mix of articulated and in situ dissociated or completely dissociated organisms interpreted respectively as census- and time-averaged assemblages. Furthermore: (1) most organisms studied were preserved within their habitat and only slightly disturbed during burial; (2) most decay processes took place prior to burial and resulted in disarticulation of organisms at the time of burial; (3) the degree of disarticulation was variable within individuals of the same population and between populations; and (4) early mineralization of tissues across all body plans occurred soon after burial. Canonical correspondence analysis summarizes the apparent variations in the amount of preburial decay, or time averaging, across species, individuals, and bed assemblages. The effect of time averaging, however, must have been limited because rarefaction curves reveal no link between decay and species richness. This suggests that decay is not an important community controlling factor. Overall, our data suggest that transport was trivial and the traditional distinction between a pre- and postslide environment is unnecessary. It is likely that all specimens present at the time of burial would have been preserved independent of their original tissue composition and degree of preburial decay. The presence of extensive sheets of Morania confluens, a putative benthic cyanobacterium, in most bed assemblages suggests that it: (1) provided a stable substrate and food source for a number of benthic metazoans, and (2) played a possible role in the preservation of nonbiomineralized animals, acting as a barrier in maintaining local anoxic pore-water conditions.


Existing approaches for droplet generation with an ultra-low interfacial tension using aqueous two-phase systems, ATPS, are either constricted by a narrow range of flow conditions using passive methods or subjected to complex chip fabrication with the integration of external components using active actuation. To address these issues, we present a simple approach to produce uniform ATPS droplets facilitated by oil-droplet choppers in microfluidics. Our solution counts on the synchronized formation of high-interfacial-tension oil-in-water and low-interfacial-tension water-in-water droplets, where the ATPS interface is distorted by oil droplets and decays into water-in-water droplets. In the synchronization regime, the size and generation frequency of ATPS droplets can be controlled independently by tuning the flow rates of the dispersed aqueous and oil phases, respectively. Our method demonstrates high uniformity of droplets (coefficient of variation between 0.75% and 2.45%), a wide range of available droplet size (droplet radius from 5 μm to 180 μm), and a maximum generation frequency of about 2.1 kHz that is nearly two orders of magnitude faster than that in existing methods. We develop theoretical models to precisely predict the minimum and maximum frequencies of droplet generation and the droplet size. The produced ATPS droplets and oil choppers are separated in the channel using density difference. Our method would boost emulsion-based biological applications such as cell encapsulation, biomolecule delivery, bioreactors, and biomaterials synthesis with ATPS droplets.


Objective: To explore disadvantaged former miners' perspectives in north Derbyshire, United Kingdom (UK) on smoking and smoking cessation. Methods: In-depth, audiotaped interviews with 16 disadvantaged former miners who smoked or had stopped smoking within six months. Results: Perceptions of being able to stop smoking with minimal difficulty and without support appeared common, despite most participants having previously made unsuccessful quit attempts. Smoking was often viewed as being less risky than coal mining. Smoke-free legislation appeared to be perceived as a threat to local social capital. Conclusions: Former miners in disadvantaged communities may attempt to stop smoking in response to illness, but persuading them to stop smoking before they develop ill health perhaps requires health educators to directly engage with significant local factors. These issues may include the benefits and availability of support in quitting, epidemiological concerns in determining smoking-related harm and a perceived threat to local social capital posed by smoke-free legislation.


Abstract The land use and environmental challenges confronting us today have never been more serious, demanding attention at all levels of government. With the upcoming U.S. Presidential election, this is an opportune time to take stock and question what the role of the federal government should be in addressing these challenges. Consider the following events in October 2007. California fires raged across southern California leaving in their wake more than $1 billion in damages in San Diego County alone and more than 1,500 homes destroyed; Georgia Gov. Sonny Perdue asked President Bush to declare the northern part of the state a major disaster area because there's only enough water to serve three million residents for 90 days; and Kansas became the first state on October 18 to reject a coal-fired power plant because of its global warming impacts. Let's not forget the Katrina catastrophe in New Orleans and the Gulf communities two years ago. Those communities and families are still struggling. The intersection between local, state, and federal responsibilities for protecting our citizens, building sustainable communities, and planning for the future requires our leaders at all levels to think outside of the box. We asked four prominent land use law professors to write a letter to the next President of the United States, providing some guidance and ideas about what he or she might do upon assuming office in January 2009. Perhaps these suggestions will stimulate some discussion from the candidates themselves; even better, they might spur some much-needed action.


Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is a major form of chronic liver disease in the general population in relation to its high prevalence among overweight/obese individuals and patients with diabetes type II or metabolic syndrome. NAFLD can progress to steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis and cirrhosis and end-stage of liver disease but mechanisms involved are still incompletely characterized. Within the mechanisms proposed to mediate the progression of NAFLD, lipotoxicity is believed to play a major role. In the present study we provide data suggesting that microvesicles (MVs) released by fat-laden cells undergoing lipotoxicity can activate NLRP3 inflammasome following internalization by either cells of hepatocellular origin or macrophages. Inflammasome activation involves NF-kB-mediated up-regulation of NLRP3, pro-caspase-1 and pro-Interleukin-1, then inflammasome complex formation and Caspase-1 activation leading finally to an increased release of IL-1β. Since the release of MVs from lipotoxic cells and the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome have been reported to occur in vivo in either clinical or experimental NASH, these data suggest a novel rational link between lipotoxicity and increased inflammatory response.


Abstract In landscape studies, at the turn of the twenty-first century, the concept of representation has been high on the agenda. Representation has often been understood as the expression of particular cultural politics of landscape, accentuating the socially biased and incomplete nature of textual and visual mediations of the world. In more recent work, it is possible to discern a shift from this emphasis on cultural representation to a fuller engagement with political representation. The concern here, crucially, is to understand representation as a core concept of justice, entwined with the social and material struggle over the right to landscape. In effect, to understand how landscapes materialise struggles over justice, an engagement with political representation is indispensable. As this paper elucidates, one potential consequence of the rediscovery of the political logic of representation is a rapprochement of landscape studies with environmental justice.


Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) must often self-adapt to respond to changes in their operating environment. However, using formal verification techniques to provide assurances that critical requirements are satisfied can be computationally intractable due to the large state space of self-adaptive CPSs. In this paper we propose a novel language, Adaptive CSP, to model self-adaptive CPSs modularly and provide a technique to support compositional verification of such systems. Our technique allows system designers to identify (a subset of) the CPS components that can affect satisfaction of given requirements, and define adaptation procedures of these components to preserve the requirements in the face of changes to the system's operating environment. System designers can then use Adaptive CSP to represent the system including potential self-adaptation procedures. The requirements can then be verified only against relevant components, independently from the rest of the system, thus enabling computationally tractable verification. Our technique enables the use of existing formal verification technology to check requirement satisfaction. We illustrate this through the use of FDR, a refinement checking tool. To achieve this, we provide an adequate translation from a subset of Adaptive CSP to the language of FDR. Our technique allows system designers to identify alternative adaptation procedures, potentially affecting different sets of CPS components, for each requirement, and compare them based on correctness and optimality. We demonstrate the feasibility of our approach using a substantive example of a smart art gallery. Our results show that our technique reduces the computational complexity of verifying self-adaptive CPSs and can support the design of adaptation procedures.


To effectively design daylight in buildings, daylight availability data are necessary. Although there is a great potential for daylight energy in Iran, its use has been hampered by the absence of measured data. In this paper the illuminance data on the vertical south facing surfaces of Tehran were estimated using the IESNA model. For this propose an illuminance measuring set was used in order to measure the vertical illuminance for standard times over 17 days at one minute intervals from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. Then, the measured data were compared with the IESNA model calculated data. A regression model between measured and calculated data was developed, which showed an acceptable linear correlation (r 2 =0.9535). Also mean hourly and monthly vertical illuminance was obtained from the new equation between measured and calculated data for a whole working year. To estimate daylight availability, Iso- Klx lines for working hours and frequency curves for vertical illuminance on south facing surfaces were produced.


Humans are experts at high-fidelity imitation -- closely mimicking a demonstration, often in one attempt. Humans use this ability to quickly solve a task instance, and to bootstrap learning of new tasks. Achieving these abilities in autonomous agents is an open problem. In this paper, we introduce an off-policy RL algorithm (MetaMimic) to narrow this gap. MetaMimic can learn both (i) policies for high-fidelity one-shot imitation of diverse novel skills, and (ii) policies that enable the agent to solve tasks more efficiently than the demonstrators. MetaMimic relies on the principle of storing all experiences in a memory and replaying these to learn massive deep neural network policies by off-policy RL. This paper introduces, to the best of our knowledge, the largest existing neural networks for deep RL and shows that larger networks with normalization are needed to achieve one-shot high-fidelity imitation on a challenging manipulation task. The results also show that both types of policy can be learned from vision, in spite of the task rewards being sparse, and without access to demonstrator actions.


This semiannual column presents reviews of significant video releases of interest to the field of music and to music libraries, as well as occasionally briefly noting other interesting titles. All genres of music in all video formats will be covered, with a preference given to those in DVD. All Web sites accessed 28 May 2009. No film director has made as many films about classical music as Britain's Ken Russell. After joining BBC's arts program Monitor in 1959, replacing John Schlesinger, who left to make feature films, Russell went on to make groundbreaking, often controversial short films about composers and other musical topics, as well as art and literary topics, before launching a long and even more controversial career in feature films, which includes Women in Love (1969), The Devils (1971), Altered States (1980), Crimes of Passion (1984), and Gothic (1986). A true auteur he also writes or co-writes most of his films. The DVD release of four early music-related films as part of the six-film Ken Russell at the BBC (BBC Video 3000017038 [2008]; DVD) provides an opportunity to witness the development of this distinctive artist. Considering these early efforts more than forty years after they were first televised also sheds new light upon Russell's subsequent work. Filmmakers, especially in Hollywood, have always been fascinated by the romance of classical music composers. But until Russell came along, these biopics were too worshipful, often whitewashing their subjects, as with such examples as The Great Waltz (1938), with Fernand Gravey as Johann Strauss; A Song to Remember (1945), with Cornel Wilde as Frederic Chopin and Merle Oberon as George Sand; Song of Love (1947), with Paul Henreid and Katharine Hepburn as Robert and Clara Schumann, and Robert Walker as Johannes Brahms; and Song without End (1960), with Dirk Bogarde as Franz Liszt. Anyone familiar with the subjects, these performers, and the lavish production values of the time can imagine almost blow-by-blow accounts of the films without seeing them, though Wilde actually looks more like Beethoven. Some European efforts, as with Abel Gance's Un grand amour de Beethoven (1937), while romanticized, were at least less predictable. Taking slow steps at first and tackling subjects about whom he had passionate interests, Russell broke away from this reverential, gauzy approach with a vengeance, offering warts-and-all portraits, though some have complained he has provided too many warts. In Composers in the Movies: Studies in Musical Biography, John C. Tibbetts does not exaggerate when he claims that Russell made the first adult musical biopics. (1) According to Joseph Horowitz, "only Stanley Kubrick, among major contemporary filmmakers, treats music with something like the respect and understanding Russell accords it." (2) Russell's contributions are significant because over the past half century he has given thousands of viewers their first exposure to Debussy, Delius, Elgar, Liszt, Mahler, Tchaikovsky, and others. It is also interesting to contemplate the similarities between his treatments of these composers and his occasional forays into popular music. The BBC hired Russell on the basis of three amateur films he made while working as a photojournalist--one of which used a score by Benjamin Britten. His first significant BBC film about a musician was the forty-five-minute Prokofiev: Portrait of a Soviet Composer (1961). Other music-related television films, ranging from fifteen minutes to an hour, not included in Ken Russell at the BBC are Variations on a Mechanical Theme (1959), about musical instruments; Guitar Craze (1959), about folk musician Davy Graham; Gordon Jacob (1959); Marie Rambert Remembers (1960), about the ballet star; The Miners' Picnic (1960), about brass bands; Cranko at Work (1960), about choreographer John Cranko; The Light Fantastic (1960), a look at dance in England; Lotte Lenya Sings Kurt Weill (1962); Bartok (1964); Don't Shoot the Composer (1966), about film composer Georges Delerue; The Dance of the Seven Veils (1970), about Richard Strauss; The Planets (1983), a look at the solar system inspired by Gustav Hoist; Portrait of a Composer: Ralph Vaughan Williams (1986); Ken Russell's ABC of British Music (1988); Mephistopheles (1989), the Arrigo Boito work by the Geneose Opera; The Strange Affliction of Anton Bruckner (1990); The Secret Life of Arnold Bax (1992), with Russell himself as the composer; The Mystery of Dr. …


RATIONALE
Asthma is a variable condition with an apparent tendency for a natural decline in asthma symptoms and health care use occurring as children age. As a result, asthma interventions using a pre-post design may overestimate the intervention effect when no proper control group is available.

OBJECTIVES
Investigate patterns of natural decline over time with increasing age in asthma symptoms and health care use of children. Develop a statistical procedure that enables adjustment that accounts for expected declines in these outcomes and is useable when intervention evaluations must rely solely on pre-post data.

METHODS
Mixed-effects models with mixture distributions were used to describe the pattern of symptoms and health care use in 3,021 children aged 2 to 15 years in a combined sample from three controlled trials. An adaptive least squares estimation was used to account for overestimation of intervention effects and make adjustments for pre-post only data. Termed "Adjustment for Natural Declines in Asthma Outcomes (ANDAO)," the adjustment method uses bootstrap sampling to create control cohorts comparable to subjects in the intervention study from existing control subjects. ANDAO accounts for expected declines in outcomes and is beneficial when intervention evaluations must rely solely on pre-post data.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS
Children under 10 years of age experienced 18% (95% confidence interval, 15-21%) fewer symptom days and 28% (95% confidence interval, 24-32%) fewer symptom nights with each additional year of age. The decline was less than 10% after age 10 years, depending on baseline asthma severity. Emergency department visits declined regardless of baseline symptom frequency (P = 0.02). The adjustment method corrected estimates to within 2.4% of true effects through simulations using control cohorts.

CONCLUSIONS
Because of the declines in symptoms and health care use expected with increasing age of children with asthma, pre-post comparisons will greatly overestimate intervention effects. The ANDAO provides means to adequately estimate treatment effects when a control group design is not possible.


3D scene understanding is of importance since it is a reflection about the real-world scenario.
 The goal of our work is to complete the 3d semantic scene from an RGB-D image. The state-ofthe-art methods have poor accuracy in the face of complex scenes. In addition, other existing
 3D reconstruction methods use depth as the sole input, which causes performance bottlenecks.
 We introduce a two-stream approach that uses RGB and depth as input channels to a novel
 GAN architecture to solve this problem. Our method demonstrates excellent performance on
 both synthetic SUNCG and real NYU dataset. Compared with the latest method SSCNet, we
 achieve 4.3% gains in Scene Completion (SC) and 2.5% gains in Semantic Scene Completion
 (SSC) on NYU dataset.


Investigations of rapidly evolving sex- and reproduction-related genes are expected to reveal important information about the process of speciation and species divergence. We screened testis, ovary, and head tissues to identify and characterize rapidly evolving genes (REGs) between closely related species. The results show differential patterns of evolution of genes expressed in reproductive and nonreproductive tissues. (1) There is a differential distribution of REGs in the Drosophila genome, with most REGs localized in the testis, followed by ovary, and then head. (2) Sequence analysis indicates that differential selective pressures are driving the rapid evolution of genes expressed in sex and nonsex tissues. Testis REGs from our data, on average, yielded higher rates of nonsynonymous substitutions relative to transcripts in ovary and head, indicating stronger selective pressures on the male reproductive system. (3) We identified REGs in the testis, ovary, as well as in head tissue that show evidence of evolving under positive selection. Identification of rapidly evolving sex genes is important for detailed investigations of cryptic female choice, sexual conflict, and faster male evolution and is pertinent to our understanding of the process of species divergence and speciation.


Gastric cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide, both in men and women. A genomewide gene expression analysis was carried out to identify differentially expressed genes in gastric adenocarcinoma tissues as compared to adjacent normal tissues. We used Agilent's whole human genome oligonucleotide microarray platform representing ~41,000 genes to carry out gene expression analysis. Two-color microarray analysis was employed to directly compare the expression of genes between tumor and normal tissues. Through this approach, we identified several previously known candidate genes along with a number of novel candidate genes in gastric cancer. Testican-1 (SPOCK1) was one of the novel molecules that was 10-fold upregulated in tumors. Using tissue microarrays, we validated the expression of testican-1 by immunohistochemical staining. It was overexpressed in 56% (160/282) of the cases tested. Pathway analysis led to the identification of several networks in which SPOCK1 was among the topmost networks of interacting genes. By gene enrichment analysis, we identified several genes involved in cell adhesion and cell proliferation to be significantly upregulated while those corresponding to metabolic pathways were significantly downregulated. The differentially expressed genes identified in this study are candidate biomarkers for gastric adenoacarcinoma.


I rish English, as the oldest overseas variety of English, displays a number features which are unique to Ireland or which show characteristic patterns in the use of variation within English more generally. Many of these features reflect the interacting infl uences of settlement from England and Scotland, bringing with it elements from British dialects as well as elements now considered obsolete in British English, and transfer (via intergenerational bilingualism and language shift) of elements from the Irish language. Some features of this mix have continued from early times to the present, others have died out with the increasing homogenisation of Irish English, and still new elements, from internal change and other linguistic infl uences, continue to develop the language.


This study is focused on intraand inter-organizational communication managed by client organizations in outsourced information system development (ISD) projects. Previous research shows the importance of internal communication in an organization when it adopts an integrated IS. Outsourcing literature also notes the importance of managing communication and knowledge exchange with the vendor. However, these two types of communication have not been studied together, and their conceptual commonalities have been overlooked. The proposed research makes a unique contribution to the literature by studying the connection between internal and external communication in the same organization, and assessing the impact of yet third communication type, client's routine internal communication, on client's behavior during an outsourced project. I show why different types of communication in an outsourcing organization may require different approaches to knowledge and to the process of its exchange, and explain why building successful communication practices in an outsourced project is more challenging for some organizations than to others. This is an original theoretical contribution of this study to outsourcing research. Quantitative analysis of data collected through a survey instrument will make a sound methodological contribution to boundary spanning theoretical reasoning which has been supported so far by interpretive qualitative research alone.


The main aim of this thesis is to increase knowledge of what characterizes club sport participation during childhood and youth, and what distinguishes young participators who continue club sport in their late teens and to understand why they continue.An important premise for this thesis is that sport is one of the most widespread leisure activities among youth. Many young people in Sweden stop participating in club sport during their teens, but some continue. Rather than concentrating on those who drop out of club sports the focus of this thesis is on the ones who continue with club sports during teenager years. Aaron Antonovsky's salutogenic theory and sense of coherence model (SOC) has inspired the analysis of what it is that seems to be comprehensible, manageable and meaningful when participating in club sport. Furthermore, Pierre Bourdieu's key concept habitus and capital have been used as research tools when analyzing the relationship between sports participation and social position among teenagers.This thesis is based on four studies and, empirically, it is partly longitudinal where the same 585 pupils born 1991 have answered a questionnaire at 10, 13, 16 and 19 years of age. The study is also based on 18 in-depth interviews with teenagers 15 to 19 years of age.The results of this thesis show that club sports are successful in getting large numbers of children to attend and participate, but there seem to be many who just participate for a short time and only about one third stay on in their late teens. Very few start after the age of 13. Teenagers who are active participants appear to have started early, have taken part in different sports and do not mind taking part in competitions. Furthermore, they seem to possess specific dispositions (and certain assets) in terms of a habitus with a taste for sport and a specific cultural capital in terms of academic success. Moreover, it looks as if doing club sport is a social space where the teenagers can experience meaningfulness based on learning, developing physical ability, experiencing a feeling of belonging, and being challenged but few had elite ambitions.The conclusion is that sports clubs should try to organize activities emphasizing development with numerous opportunities and challenges for motor and social learning with less focus on competitions as the only focal point. By asking questions about and taking into account what teens need to understand, cope with, and what they perceive as meaningful in sports, it is possible that more young people want to participate longer.


Argonaute proteins (AGOs) are evolutionarily conserved and ubiquitously expressed in all higher eukaryotes. They participate in cell differentiation, transposon silencing, and other important functions. AGOs play key roles in the gene- silencing pathways guided by small RNAs. There are many human AGOs. However, redundancy and the distinctive roles of different AGOs have not been well characterized. Previously, we demonstrated that AGO2 down-regulates the expression of genes containing hypomethylated long interspersed nuclear elements (LINE-1s). Here, we evaluate the expression of genes containing LINE-1 in AGO1-4-knocked down HEK293 cells. Furthermore, we measured the methylation levels of AGO1-4-bound LINE-1s. Genes containing LINE-1s in AGO1, -2, -3 or -4-knocked down HEK293 cells showed prevented up-regulation, increased up-regulation, unchanged regulation and prevented up-regulation, respectively. Interestingly, AGO1-4 bound to LINE-1 differently in terms of the methylation level. Although the methylation level of AGO1 and -4-bound LINE-1s was not different from that of the genome, AGO2- and AGO3-bound LINE-1s were hypomethylated. Our experiments demonstrate the distinctive epigenetic roles of AGO1-4 in regulating genes containing LINE-1s.


Currently, Chinese medicine practitioners who develop a special interest in a particular health condition such as insomnia have to consult a variety of sources to further their knowledge. Typically, they use the contemporary clinical literature to understand the theory, aetiology, pathogenesis and obtain expert opinions on the Chinese medicine management of insomnia. They search the electronic literature to identify systematic reviews of clinical trials, if any exist, to obtain assessments of the current state of the clinical evidence for particular interventions. If they have the skills and resources, they may search the classical Chinese medicine literature for an historical perspective on treatments that have stood the test of time.


In recent years, video surveillance systems have been playing a significantly important role in the human safety and security field by monitoring public or private areas. In this chapter, we have discussed the development of an intelligent surveillance system to detect, track and identify potentially hazardous events that may occur at level crossings (LC). This system starts by detecting and tracking objects on the level crossing. Then, a danger evaluation method is built using hidden Markov model in order to predict trajectories of the detected objects. The trajectories are analyzed with a credibility model to evaluate dangerous situations at level crossings. Synthetics and real data are used to test the effectiveness and the robustness of the proposed algorithms and the whole approach by considering various scenarios within several situations.


After the fall of the Iron Curtain in 1989, millions of Romanians emigrated in search of work and new experiences; they became engaged in an interrogation of what it meant to be Romanian in a united Europe and the globalized world. Their thoughts, feelings and hopes soon began to populate the virtual world of digital and mobile technologies. This book chronicles the online cultural and political expressions of the Romanian diaspora using websites based in Europe and North America. Through online exchanges, Romanians perform new types of citizenship, articulated from the margins of the political field. The politicization of their diasporic condition is manifested through written and public protests against discriminatory work legislation, mobilization, lobbying, cultural promotion and setting up associations and political parties that are proof of the gradual institutionalization of informal communications. Online discourse analysis, supplemented by interviews with migrants, poets and politicians involved in the process of defining new diasporic identities, provide the basis of this book, which defines the new cultural and political practices of the Romanian diaspora.

Diaspora Online had an official launch at the Romanian Cultural Institute in London on 21 October 2013. The event opened a new partnership between ICR and Goldsmiths' Centre for the Study of the Balkans that encourages creative research and significant thinking relevant to the study of Romanian topics and the Balkans. The same day, the Romanian daily broadsheet Cotidianul published an article about the book (http://www.cotidianul.ro/literatura-romana-la-londra-si-poznan-224869/). I was interviewed by Radio România Cultural (the Romanian equivalent of Radio 4). The ten-minute interview about the relationship between disaporic culture and national culture was broadcast on 6 November 2013. On 5 December, the book was presented in ActualITAtea Magazin, an Italian language online publication of the Romanian diaspora in Italy. On 6 December, the president of the Romanian Party in Italy talked about the book on Romit TV and discussed the importance of political action on the part of disaporic groups.


The aim of the study was to investigate the occurrence and severity of biotic stress factors, quality and agronomic parameters and its effect on yield and quality character of wheat genotypes. The experiment was conducted at Trakia Agricultural Research Institute, Edirne experimental area, during 2013-2015 cropping years. Grain yield, days of heading, plant height, 1000-kernel weight, test weight, protein ratio, leaf rust, stripe rust, Septoria leaf spot and relationship among these parameters were investigated. Based on a two years data, apart from protein content, other parameters showed significant difference (p<0.05). When compared to the mean yields in both cropping years, the genotypes Gelibolu and BBVD-3, BBVD-4, BBVD-9 genotypes were determined the better-adapted genotypes under target environment. Cultivar Aldane and TCI011322-8 line was detected as very tolerant to leaf rust and stripe rust in both years under the infection of field condition. Aldane had higher protein ratio, 1000-kernel weight and test weight. Grain yield was positively correlated with test weight and negatively correlated with foliar diseases. A highly significant negative correlation was determined between grain yield and plant height in both growing years. Leaf rust and Septoria tritici leaf disease had negative effect on protein ratio in both years. There was a significant positive relation between 1000-kernel weight and test weight. Results of the study indicated that based on biotic stress factors BBVD-6, BBVD-7 and TCI011322-8 are promising lines that need to be improved a bit further.


Although many m-valued circuits have been presented, very few have been successful. We first examine the technical and economical reasons that prevent the success of m-valued circuits. We show that these circuits implemented with voltage mode, current mode and charge-mode circuits are generally less efficient than the corresponding binary circuits according to VLSI criteria (speed, chip area, power dissipation). When slower access time are allowed, m-valued DRAM can provided a significant reduction in chip area: this is the case for flash memories. M-valued circuits are thus restricted to small niches in the binary world. We also examine if m-valued circuits can solve the interconnection issues.


Rural regeneration is usually accompanied by diversifi cation of the economy and creation of new employment opportunities. The cluster concept, introduced by Michael Porter at the beginning of the 1990s, and cluster initiatives are generally and uncritically offered as an adequate tool for the fulfi lment of these objectives. This study describes the functioning of four tourism cluster initiatives from rural areas of Slovakia using the experience and knowledge from fi eld work (supported by content analysis of newspapers and the Internet) and their (in)direct impact on selected regional indicators (net migration of population, number of tourists, overnight stays and unemployed persons). The data indicate the efforts of the tourism cluster founders in the initial years of activity are not automatically associated with broadly interpreted local and regional success. This result shows that cluster initiatives in tourism are not appropriate for all rural areas, economies and/or communities.


The objective of this work is to identify ethical and social aspects related to the introduction of the vaccine against the human papillomavirus (HPV) in Mexico for an informed and just decision that considers not only financial aspects. According to information about the efficiency and cost of the vaccine, its introduction to the public health system of Mexico can lead to unforeseen consequences for the participants and for society as a whole. The introduction of the vaccine should examine the Mexican context, recognizing its risks without overestimating potential or proven results derived from diverse vaccine policies. Exposing scientific evidence and the motives for decision making is essential. Also, it is essential to take a responsible stand toward political decisions on the implementation of vaccine programs, screening and treatment for cervical cancer based on the potential for new technologies to save lives, always with respect for the rights, opinions and preoccupations of women, the recipients of the HPV vaccine, and that represent an added value for Mexican


It may come as a surprise to these who grew up under the shadow of organizations like Students for a Democratic Society, which flourished on New York City college campuses, to learn that the original city colleges of New York and the city university system which they spawned were not characterized by relatively enlightened administrations—a belief to which naive regional outsiders like the current reviewer subscribed in the mid 1960s. As Segal makes patently clear in her organizational history of The Library Association of the City Colleges of New York (LACCNY), the city colleges (and their libraries) were encumbered with an exceedingly complex political and financial structure. Although this administrative structure ultimately served for more than 20 years to keep the campuses among the most competitive, heterogeneous, and intellectually stimulating ones in the nation, it also subjected them to archetypical bureaucratic protocols, and city campus personnel were exploited shamelessly.


Urban air pollution is a major environmental problem in all World countries. Air pollution in urban areas may be caused by human activities such as mobility behavior, waste management, industrial development (brick industry, cement industry), production and use of energy (for processing, heating and cooking), and activities which produce dust and suspended particles. The effects of urban air pollution on public health are being felt worldwide. There are a number of factors that influence urban air quality including geographical location, climatological and meteorological factors (temperature, humidity, wind speed and direction), city planning and design, and finally human activities in such areas. The aim of this study was to measure certain important pollutants (VOCs, SO 2 , H 2 S, NO 2 ), and assessing the effect of fuel burning that use in the brick factories. Geographic Information System (GIS) was utilized to map urban air pollution dispersion in AL-Nahrawan suburban – Baghdad city -Iraq. From GIS distribution maps for SO 2 , NO 2 , H 2 S and VOCs pollutants , it was found that the value of these gasses were changed from one location to another according to the quantity and quality of fuel used and wind direction. Generally it can concluded that the concentration of measured all examined gasses in the study area was exceeding the WHO and national standards.


The analysis of trajectories has become an important field in geographic visualization, as cheap GPS sensors have become commonplace and, in many cases, valuable information can be derived either from the data themselves or their metadata if processed and visualized in the right way. However, showing the "right" information to highlight dependencies or correlations between different measurements remains a challenge, because the technical intricacies of applying a combination of automatic and visual analysis methods prevents the majority of domain experts from analyzing and exploring the full wealth of their movement data. This paper presents an exploration through enrichment approach, which enables iterative generation of metadata based on exploratory findings and is aimed at enabling domain experts to explore their data beyond traditional means.


The covenant of good faith and fair dealing ("the covenant" or "Good Faith") is now an accepted feature of contractual relations in the United States. Essentially undeveloped until the 1960s, the obligation to act in good faith during contract performance and enforcement gained traction once it was written into the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) and adopted by state legislatures. The covenant achieved broader recognition when included in 1981 as a new section in the Restatement (Second) of Contracts ("Restatement"). In the employment setting, however, the covenant has not fared nearly so well. The majority of states have declined to apply Good Faith at all when reviewing disputes between employers and individual employees. Moreover, although state courts have embraced an assortment of other contract-based or tort-based theories as departures from the basic American rule of employment-at-will, a mere handful of jurisdictions have accepted the covenant in at-will settings. Such judicial reluctance contrasts notably with the position of labor arbitrators, who regularly incorporate the covenant when construing the disputed terms of collective bargaining agreements. Even among states that have applied Good Faith to individual employment disputes, several have circumscribed the covenant's impact in what amount to expressions of judicial remorse. This article examines the limited reach of the covenant in American employment law. Section II begins with a brief overview of how Good Faith has operated in the general contract setting. It then relies on judicial examples to discuss in detail how the covenant is defined and applied in the employment context by states that recognize its validity, as well as why so many states resist its application. Section II also describes a diminished commitment to Good Faith following the set of initial decisions that applied the doctrine to employment contracts. Finally, Section II discusses cases alleging employer deceit or misrepresentation at the hiring stage. State courts are considerably more likely to enforce norms of good faith and fair treatment during this contract-formation period than they have been to impose the covenant as an implied condition of contract performance. Section III maintains that the courts' reserved stance toward Good Faith is grounded in the robust persistence of the employment-at-will doctrine. The concept of employment-at-will emerged in the United States as a complement to laissez-faire capitalism. During the nineteenth century, an increase in nonagricultural work and transient employment relationships was accompanied by a shift away from master-servant legal norms toward more open-textured contractual relations. By the late 1800s, at-will had replaced the traditional presumption-that hirings for an indefinite term were meant to last a full year-with the individualist conception that indefinite hirings are terminable at the discretion of either party.'o The enduring common law presumption that employment contracts involve parties with equal information and bargaining power contrasts markedly with the recognition in other legal systems that the employment relationship is essentially one of subordination. Section III observes that Congress and the Supreme Court have imposed significant federal regulatory limits on the reach of employmentat-will by prohibiting firings based on a range of specific employer motivations. Still, neither Congress nor forty-nine of the fifty states require that decisions to terminate individual employees be justified based on good cause or any comparable grounds. Absent affirmative statutory protection for job security, employment-at-will remains the pervasive default rule. Moreover, this default rule continues to exert a subtle yet significant constraining influence on the development of major federal statutes regulating the workplace.13 It is not surprising that state courts are reluctant to impose norms of fairness on job security arrangements when employers' residual authority to act in summary, arbitrary, or malicious fashion toward their employees remains legislatively undisturbed.


Abstract. In Turkey, rapid population growth, informal settlements, and buildings and infrastructures vulnerable to natural hazards are seen as the most important problems of cities. Particularly disaster risk cannot be disregarded, as large parts of various cities are facing risks from earthquakes, floods and landslides and have experienced loss of lives in the recent past. Urban regeneration is an important planning tool implemented by local and central governments in order to reduce to disaster risk and to design livable environments for the citizens. The Law on the Regeneration of Areas under Disaster Risk, commonly known as the Urban Regeneration Law, was enacted in 2012 (Law No.6306, May 2012). The regulation on Implementation of Law No. 6306 explains the fundamental steps of the urban regeneration process. The relevant institutions furnished with various authorities such as expropriation, confiscation and changing the type and place of your property which makes urban regeneration projects very important in terms of property rights. Therefore, urban regeneration projects have to be transparent, comprehensible and acceptable for all actors in the projects. In order to understand the urban regeneration process, the legislation and projects of different municipalities in Istanbul have been analyzed. While some steps of it are spatial data demanding, others relate to land values. In this paper an overview of the urban regeneration history and activities in Turkey is given. Fundamental steps of the urban regeneration process are defined, and particularly spatial-data demanding steps are identified.


This chapter summarizes and compares the findings of the studies of five major emigration countries – India, Mexico, Morocco, the Philippines, and Turkey – presented in this issue. It discusses the extent to which the five countries share significant common characteristics, so that a comparative analysis may provide useful insights into migratory processes. The chapter takes up the debate on migration and development that has become so prominent in international policy circles. An attempt is made to examine the extent to which migration has actually contributed to development in the five countries of origin. The general conclusion is that migration is itself a result of processes of social transformation linked to globalization and the post-colonial re-ordering of economic and political relationships. In turn, migration becomes a factor in further processes of transformation. Thus migration should be included in strategies for achieving change, but the conditions for realizing positive results are complex and difficult. Strategies of "remittance-led development" seem simplistic and naive. Migration alone cannot remove structural constraints to sustainable economic growth. There is a need for broadly-based long-term approaches that links the potential benefits of migration with more general strategies to reduce inequality and to improve economic infrastructure, social welfare, and political governance.