491 Background: Skin toxicity is a frequent adverse event of EGFR targeting agents. The role of cetuximab induced skin toxicity (Cet-ST), for the most acneiform skin rash, as a prognostic or a predictive factor of treatment efficacy is currently under discussion.

METHODS
The prognostic and predictive value of Cet-ST in relation to treatment response and survival of patients of a randomized trial investigating CAPIRI plus cetuximab versus CAPOX plus cetuximab as first-line treatment of mCRC was analyzed. Cet-ST was grouped into clinically relevant (grade 2-3) and non relevant (grade 0-1) toxicity (NCI-CTCAE 3.0). KRAS mutations in codons 12 and 13, EGFR-FISH, EGFR-IHC and EGFR intron-1 polymorphism were evaluated in tumor specimens.

RESULTS
A total of 149 patients got cetuximab until the first tumor assessment (6 weeks) and were used for this analysis. Overall response rate was higher in patients with grade 2-3 Cet-ST when compared to grade 0-1 (62.1% vs. 41.3%). Patients without Cet-ST (grade 0) had a short PFS (1.9 months) and OS (11.0 months). PFS (7.8 months vs. 5.2 months) and OS (30.3 months vs. 18.0 months) were longer in patients with Cet-ST grade 2-3 than in patients with grade 0-1 Cet-ST. Almost 90% of Cet-ST occurred during the first two cycles of treatment. When only KRAS codon-12 mutated tumors which are thought not to be sensitive to cetuximab were investigated, Kaplan-Meier differences in PFS and OS times between patients with grade 0-1 Cet-ST and grade 2-3 Cet-ST became statistically significant. In a multivariate analysis, male gender, age and EGFR intron-1 polymorphism were significantly correlated with Cet-ST.

CONCLUSIONS
Cetuximab related skin toxicity is a strong predictor of outcome. It is proposed that Cet-ST is rather a prognostic than a predictive factor since this effect is most evident in patients with KRAS codon-12 mutated tumors. EGFR intron-1 polymorphism appears to be a predictor of Cet-ST.


Calabi-Yau spaces are complex spaces with a vanishing first Chern class, or equivalently, with trivial canonical bundle (canonical class). They are used to construct possibly realistic (super)string models and are thus being studied vigorously in the recent physics literature.In the main part of the Book, collected and reviewed are relevant results on (1) several major techniques of constructing such spaces and (2) computation of physically relevant quantities such as massless field spectra and their Yukawa interactions. Issues of (3) stringy corrections and (4) moduli space and its geometry are still in the stage of rapid and continuing development, whence there is more emphasis on open problems here. Also is included a preliminary discussion of the conjectured universal moduli space and related open problems. Finally, several detailed models and sample computations are included throughout the Book to exemplify the techniques and the general discussion.The Book also contains a Lexicon (28 pages) of 150 assorted terms, key-words and main results and theorems, well suited for a handy reference. Although cross-referenced with the main part of the Book, the Lexicon can also be used independently.The level of mathematics is guided and developed between that of the popular Physics Reports of Eguchi, Gilkey and Hanson and the book Superstrings (Vol. 2) by Green, Schwarz and Witten on one end and Principles of Algebraic Geometry of Griffiths and Harris on the other.This is the first systematic exposition in book form of the material on Calabi-Yau spaces, related mathematics and the physics application, otherwise scattered through research articles in journals and conference proceedings.


After multiple headwinds dampened growth in 2017, a nascent rebound in economic activity in Kenya is gaining momentum. Notwithstanding the projected rebound in economic activity risks are tilted to the downside. The Government of Kenya has outlined four big priority areas for the next five years. These are agricultural and food security, affordable housing, increased share of manufacturing, and universal health coverage. Support from the public and more importantly the private sector will be required to achieve the big 4. Specific measures to create fiscal room to support the big 4 can include: enhancing domestic revenue mobilization through the rationalization of tax exemptions; slowing the pace of expansion of recurrent spending; and improving the efficiency of spending. Boosting agricultural productivity and food security will require re-allocating more resources to agriculture and improving the efficiency of current spending in the sector. To eradicate poverty by 2030, Kenya will need a combination of higher growth, more inclusive growth, and growth that is increasingly driven by the private sector and translates into more rapid poverty reduction.


CONTEXT
Clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) have been developed to improve the quality of health care for many chronic conditions. Pay-for-performance initiatives assess physician adherence to interventions that may reflect CPG recommendations.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the applicability of CPGs to the care of older individuals with several comorbid diseases.

DATA SOURCES
The National Health Interview Survey and a nationally representative sample of Medicare beneficiaries (to identify the most prevalent chronic diseases in this population); the National Guideline Clearinghouse (for locating evidence-based CPGs for each chronic disease).

STUDY SELECTION
Of the 15 most common chronic diseases, we selected hypertension, chronic heart failure, stable angina, atrial fibrillation, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, osteoarthritis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and osteoporosis, which are usually managed in primary care, choosing CPGs promulgated by national and international medical organizations for each.

DATA EXTRACTION
Two investigators independently assessed whether each CPG addressed older patients with multiple comorbid diseases, goals of treatment, interactions between recommendations, burden to patients and caregivers, patient preferences, life expectancy, and quality of life. Differences were resolved by consensus. For a hypothetical 79-year-old woman with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, type 2 diabetes, osteoporosis, hypertension, and osteoarthritis, we aggregated the recommendations from the relevant CPGs.

DATA SYNTHESIS
Most CPGs did not modify or discuss the applicability of their recommendations for older patients with multiple comorbidities. Most also did not comment on burden, short- and long-term goals, and the quality of the underlying scientific evidence, nor give guidance for incorporating patient preferences into treatment plans. If the relevant CPGs were followed, the hypothetical patient would be prescribed 12 medications (costing her 406 dollars per month) and a complicated nonpharmacological regimen. Adverse interactions between drugs and diseases could result.

CONCLUSIONS
This review suggests that adhering to current CPGs in caring for an older person with several comorbidities may have undesirable effects. Basing standards for quality of care and pay for performance on existing CPGs could lead to inappropriate judgment of the care provided to older individuals with complex comorbidities and could create perverse incentives that emphasize the wrong aspects of care for this population and diminish the quality of their care. Developing measures of the quality of the care needed by older patients with complex comorbidities is critical to improving their care.


In brain oncology, it is routine to evaluate the progress or remission of the disease based on the differences between a pre-treatment and a post-treatment Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan. Background adjustment is necessary to reduce confounding by tissue-dependent changes not related to the disease. When modeling the voxel intensities for the two scans as a bivariate Gaussian mixture, background adjustment translates into standardizing the mixture at each voxel, while tumor lesions present themselves as outliers to be detected. In this paper, we address the question of how to standardize the mixture to a standard multivariate normal distribution, so that the outliers (i.e., tumor lesions) can be detected using a statistical test. We show theoretically and numerically that the tail distribution of the standardized scores is favorably close to standard normal in a wide range of scenarios while being conservative at the tails, validating voxelwise hypothesis testing based on standardized scores. To address standardization in spatially heterogeneous image data, we propose a spatial and robust multivariate expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm, where prior class membership probabilities are provided by transformation of spatial probability template maps and the estimation of the class mean and covariances are robust to outliers. Simulations in both univariate and bivariate cases suggest that standardized scores with soft assignment have tail probabilities that are either very close to or more conservative than standard normal. The proposed methods are applied to a real data set from a PET phantom experiment, yet they are generic and can be used in other contexts.


The hills and ravines of Good Earth State Park, located in southeastern South Dakota, currently support extensive woodlands interspersed with small upland prairies. Analysis of stable carbon isotopes from soil cores suggests that the prairies were much more extensive in the past and that the woodlands have expanded in recent years. Soil carbon isotope values (δC) from forested ravines and upland prairie sites show a strong C4 native grass signature, around -16‰ at the deeper depths, suggesting widespread prairie dominance throughout the park in the past. At the forested sites, δC values decreased significantly towards the soil surface reaching average values from -23 to -25‰. Such values are characteristic of C3 woody plants, providing evidence that over time, woodlands have replaced the native prairies. By contrast, soil cores from the few remaining upland prairie sites showed consistent δC values from top to bottom, around -16‰, suggesting these sites have remained dominated by prairies for many years. Tree core samples taken from the larger bur oaks (Quercus macrocarpa) at Good Earth yielded maximum ages of approximately 125 years. The apparent absence of older trees in the park is consistent with the stable isotope analysis suggesting that the woodlands at Good Earth have appeared rather recently. The expansive prairies of the past were reliant upon frequent wildfires which, coupled with tree harvest by Native Americans, likely prevented forest encroachment. Following abandonment of the Blood Run site around 1700, the settlement by European immigrants throughout the region and subsequent suppression of prairie fires, the woodlands have expanded considerably. If recent trends continue, the few remaining tracts of native prairie at Good Earth will disappear within a few decades. We applaud recent efforts by park management to begin restoring some of the lost prairie habitat. 228 Proceedings of the South Dakota Academy of Science, Vol. 94 (2015)


Gaseous neurotransmitters such as nitric oxide (NO) provide a unique and often overlooked mechanism for neurons to communicate through diffusion within a network, independent of synaptic connectivity. NO provides homeostatic control of intrinsic excitability. Here we conduct a theoretical investigation of the distinguishing roles of NO-mediated diffusive homeostasis in comparison with canonical non-diffusive homeostasis in cortical networks. We find that both forms of homeostasis provide a robust mechanism for maintaining stable activity following perturbations. However, the resulting networks differ, with diffusive homeostasis maintaining substantial heterogeneity in activity levels of individual neurons, a feature disrupted in networks with non-diffusive homeostasis. This results in networks capable of representing input heterogeneity, and linearly responding over a broader range of inputs than those undergoing non-diffusive homeostasis. We further show that these properties are preserved when homeostatic and Hebbian plasticity are combined. These results suggest a mechanism for dynamically maintaining neural heterogeneity, and expose computational advantages of non-local homeostatic processes.


In Demore v. Kim, the Supreme Court rejected a due process challenge to a statute mandating detention without bond for virtually all noncitizen offenders facing deportation. Demore is the Court's most recent foray into constitutional immigration law. It is also among the most disturbing of the Court's immigration cases, because it seems to signal a shift away from greater constitutional protection of noncitizens and toward unquestioning reaffirmation of the so-called plenary power doctrine. This chapter from the forthcoming book Immigration Stories delves into the history of the challenged statute and the record of the case to develop an account that contradicts in many respects the Demore majority's analysis of the statute and its application to the respondent, Hyung Joon Kim. The statute at issue in Demore was enacted, as the Supreme Court noted, to redress serious inadequacies in the system for removing deportable criminal offenders. Nevertheless, the sweeping detention mandate was not the product of careful deliberation, as depicted by the Demore majority, but rather was an overreaction, prompted by election year politics and inserted without study into omnibus legislation that Congress was in a hurry to pass. In addition to developing this legislative history, the chapter details the considerable costs that mandatory detention imposes on noncitizen offenders, who must relinquish their freedom as the price for contesting deportation, and on the government, which must devote scarce resources to detain individuals who do not present a risk of flight or danger to the community. It also tells of the rehabilitated life of Hyung Joon Kim, whose fight to remain in the United States continues to this day. Finally, the chapter analyzes the majority's unconvincing explanation for upholding mandatory detention. I conclude that Demore is best understood as a post-9/11 decision, rendered at a time when a majority of the Court was reluctant to scrutinize the political branches' claimed authority to detain non-citizens who are perceived as a threat. It is the historical context of Demore, rather than the Court's analysis of precedent, that explains the outcome of the decision. This legal realist interpretation has important implications for the stability of Demore as precedent and for the future of the plenary power doctrine.


Background: The emphasis in health care in South Africa is gradually shifting to acknowledge the different roles patients have regarding their own care. There is, however, very little evidence of this practice and of related practical outcomes. Methods: In the North West province, empowerment evaluation was used as the vehicle for patient engagement in integrating and improving services for chronically ill patients, namely those with non-communicable diseases (NCDs), HIV and mental illnesses at primary health care (PHC) clinics. This research was designed as an additional intervention in an ongoing quality improvement (QI) cycle, which had started in 2007. Empowerment evaluation shares many participatory action research qualities with an emphasis on collaboration, emancipation and the creation of new knowledge but with the additional aspect of evaluating and monitoring the processes that have been co-developed. Results: After 62 visits to 9 facilities over a year and after capturing 332 patient and health worker opinions and ideas, many interventions were implemented leading to improved flow at clinics, a heightened awareness of good services, interesting performance-measuring tools and patient/staff teams that acknowledged their symbiotic strength. Objective measurements comparing clinics that had been exposed to the Integrated Chronic Disease Model (ICDM, which is explained in the article) and those with the collaborative patient/staff groups showed no significant difference in clinical outcomes or waiting times. However, waiting time had improved across one sub-district. This may be because the ICDM clinics have been functioning for four years and the research clinics for only one year. There have also been many external influences on the project, such as a number of new doctors appointed at clinics, under the National Health Insurance pilot project, a high turnover of staff, a new chronic drug policy, stable patients being able to access their medication at external 'pick-up points' and others. Conclusions: It was found that the potential of patients and patient–staff collaboration are being under-utilised in a resource-strained sector where the harnessing of this potential might contribute positively towards QI in health.


We report helium isotope data collected in the central Indian Ocean, from the Arabian Sea to the Southern Ocean, during a Japanese GEOTRACES cruise in 2009 2010. We found hydrothermal helium-3 plumes and confirmed that 3He/4He ratio anomalies were almost the same as those observed in WOCE cruises conducted in 1990s, which indicates the hydrothermal activity and abyssal currents have not changed largely for the last few decades. Maximum δ3He value over 14% was observed at mid-depth (2000 3000 m) in the northern part (north of 30°S) in the central Indian Ocean, whereas lower δ3He was found in the southern part at the same depth, where δ3He is defined as the percent deviation of the helium isotopic ratio relative to the atmospheric standard. The vertical distribution of δ3He shows a similar trend with dissolved iron and manganese distributions in the hydrothermal plume. Lateral δ3He distribution at mid-depth using our GEOTRACES data together with WOCE data suggest that the helium-3 plume in the central Indian Ocean derived from the Central Indian Ridge around 20°S. It does not flow northward along the ridge but flows eastward as previously reported. The source of the helium-3 plume observed in the region adjacent to the Indian subcontinent might be in the Gulf of Aden as inferred from water properties. The δ3He distribution could reveal clockwise deepwater circulation in the Arabian Sea. Article history: Received 7 October 2016 Revised 21 September 2017 Accepted 21 October 2017


Mobile enabled devices are ubiquitous in modern society. The information gathered by
their normal service operations has become one of the primary data sources used in the
understanding of human mobility, social connection and information transfer. This thesis
investigates techniques that can extract useful information from anonymised call detail records
(CDR). CDR consist of mobile subscriber data related to people in connection with the network
operators, the nature of their communication activity (voice, SMS, data, etc.), duration of the
activity and starting time of the activity and servicing cell identification numbers of both the
sender and the receiver when available.
The main contributions of the research are a methodology for distance measurements
which enables the identification of mobile subscriber travel paths and a methodology for
population density estimation based on significant mobile subscriber regions of interest. In
addition, insights are given into how a mobile network operator may use geographically located
subscriber data to create new revenue streams and improved network performance. A range of
novel algorithms and techniques underpin the development of these methodologies. These
include, among others, techniques for CDR feature extraction, data visualisation and CDR data
cleansing.
The primary data source used in this body of work was the CDR of Meteor, a mobile
network operator in the Republic of Ireland. The Meteor network under investigation has just
over 1 million customers, which represents approximately a quarter of the country's 4.6 million
inhabitants, and operates using both 2G and 3G cellular telephony technologies.
Results show that the steady state vector analysis of modified Markov chain mobility
models can return population density estimates comparable to population estimates obtained
through a census. Evaluated using a test dataset, results of travel path identification showed
that developed distance measurements achieved greater accuracy when classifying the routes
CDR journey trajectories took compared to traditional trajectory distance measurements.
Results from subscriber segmentation indicate that subscribers who have perceived similar
relationships to geographical features can be grouped based on weighted steady state mobility
vectors. Overall, this thesis proposes novel algorithms and techniques for the estimation of
movement from mobile telephony data addressing practical issues related to sampling, privacy
and spatial uncertainty.


In 2013, an international group of jurists gathered in London to mark the 40th anniversary of the publication of James Boyd White's The Legal Imagination, the book that is widely credited with instigating and inspiring the modern "law and literature" and "law and humanities" movements in university teaching and research. The authors of each of the twelve essays in this collection offer a personal reflection on teaching, researching, and practicing law in the light of White's invitation to reimagine the law and our own relationship with it. Each is therefore a personal response to the challenge of bringing legal work to life and life to legal work. Topics covered range from rhetoric to human rights, from silence to slow reading, from film to material culture, and from the natural world to the realm of religious experience. This book hopes to make life in the law more meaningful for the scholar, the judge, the attorney, and the student, following the sometimes hard path that James Boyd White set himself to follow.


This paper addresses the challenging problem of automating the human's intelligent ability to evaluate output from machine translation (MT) systems, which are subsystems of Speech-to-Speech MT (SSMT) systems. Conventional automatic MT evaluation methods include BLEU, which MT researchers have frequently used. BLEU is unsuitable for SSMT evaluation for two reasons. First, BLEU assesses errors lightly at the beginning or ending of translations and heavily in the middle, although the assessments should be independent from the positions. Second, BLEU lacks tolerance in accepting colloquial sentences with small errors, although such errors do not prevent us from continuing conversation. In this paper, the authors report a new evaluation method called RED that automatically grades each MT output by using a decision tree (DT). The DT is learned from training examples that are encoded by using multiple edit distances and their grades. The multiple edit distances are normal edit distance (ED) defined by insertion, deletion, and replacement, as well as extensions of ED. The use of multiple edit distances allows more tolerance than either ED or BLEU. Each evaluated MT output is assigned a grade by using the DT. RED and BLEU were compared for the task of evaluating SSMT systems, which have various performances, on a spoken language corpus, ATR's Basic Travel Expression Corpus (BTEC). Experimental results showed that RED significantly outperformed BLEU.


The stochastic block model (SBM) has long been studied in machine learning and network science as a canonical model for clustering and community detection. In the recent years, new developments have demonstrated the presence of threshold phenomena for this model, which have set new challenges for algorithms. For the {\it detection} problem in symmetric SBMs, Decelle et al.\ conjectured that the so-called Kesten-Stigum (KS) threshold can be achieved efficiently. This was proved for two communities, but remained open from three communities. We prove this conjecture here, obtaining a more general result that applies to arbitrary SBMs with linear size communities. The developed algorithm is a linearized acyclic belief propagation (ABP) algorithm, which mitigates the effects of cycles while provably achieving the KS threshold in $O(n \ln n)$ time. This extends prior methods by achieving universally the KS threshold while reducing or preserving the computational complexity. ABP is also connected to a power iteration method on a generalized nonbacktracking operator, formalizing the spectral-message passing interplay described in Krzakala et al., and extending results from Bordenave et al.


Melasma is a common hyperpigmentation of the face or neck that can have severe adverse psychological and emotional effects on affected individuals. Although a variety of treatments have been used over the years, results have typically been less than satisfactory. An open-label, community-based trial was undertaken at 393 centers in the United States, enrolling 1290 patients representing a broad range of races/ethnicities and all Fitzpatrick skin types, to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a new melasma treatment that combines fluocinolone acetonide 0.01%, hydroquinone 4.0%, and tretinoin 0.05% (FA+HQ+RA) in a hydrophilic cream formulation. An additional objective of the study was to assess the impact of this therapy on the quality of life. Efficacy and safety were evaluated at 4 and 8 weeks, and changes in a variety of quality of life parameters were analyzed at the conclusion of the study. All measures of efficacy showed that FA+HQ+RA significantly (p<0.0001) improved melasma at 4 weeks with further improvement at 8 weeks across all races/ethnicities and Fitzpatrick skin types. The treatment was safe and well tolerated. After 8 weeks of therapy, patients reported that FA+HQ+RA had provided a variety of benefits that had enhanced their quality of life.


This paper studies the reconfiguration design and migration from an old path set to a new path set in multifiber wavelength-division-multiplexing networks. For the reconfiguration design phase, we introduce the functions of wavelength fragmentation cost and reconfiguration cost, and we propose a reconfiguration design that minimizes both wavelength fragmentation and the number of changed wavelengths. For the migration phase, we propose a migrating sequence algorithm that uses spare wavelengths to break the dependency cycle between before and after reconfiguration design sets and thus prevent service disruption. A numerical evaluation shows that the number of fibers is suppressed 4%-15% compared to the design without employing fragmentation cost and that the number of changed wavelengths is reduced by approximately 50%-90%.


Aging variation poses a serious problem to automatic face recognition systems. Most of the face recognition studies that have addressed the aging problem are focused on age estimation or aging simulation. Designing an appropriate feature representation and an effective matching framework for age invariant face recognition remains an open problem. In this paper, we propose a discriminative model to address face matching in the presence of age variation. In this framework, we first represent each face by designing a densely sampled local feature description scheme, in which scale invariant feature transform (SIFT) and multi-scale local binary patterns (MLBP) serve as the local descriptors. By densely sampling the two kinds of local descriptors from the entire facial image, sufficient discriminatory information, including the distribution of the edge direction in the face image (that is expected to be age invariant) can be extracted for further analysis. Since both SIFT-based local features and MLBP-based local features span a high-dimensional feature space, to avoid the overfitting problem, we develop an algorithm, called multi-feature discriminant analysis (MFDA) to process these two local feature spaces in a unified framework. The MFDA is an extension and improvement of the LDA using multiple features combined with two different random sampling methods in feature and sample space. By random sampling the training set as well as the feature space, multiple LDA-based classifiers are constructed and then combined to generate a robust decision via a fusion rule. Experimental results show that our approach outperforms a state-of-the-art commercial face recognition engine on two public domain face aging data sets: MORPH and FG-NET. We also compare the performance of the proposed discriminative model with a generative aging model. A fusion of discriminative and generative models further improves the face matching accuracy in the presence of aging.


Part of the activities of the ICT EU Network of Excellence "Building the future Optical Network in Europe" (BONE) project is the development of the European Roadmap on Optical Networking in the context of the "Network of the Future". This paper presents a summary of the views of the BONE consortium as they were developed in the framework of the Roadmap activity. The methodology followed in the development of the BONE Roadmap was firstly to identify and analyse the status of broadband access penetration as well as the availability of specific network and IT technologies in various European countries. The data collected were then processed and translated into the traffic volume (distributed across different European countries) that a Pan-European network would need to support. This information is then used as the basis of a WDM optical network dimensioning exercise performed with the aim of identifying the scale of the required optical network. In addition, based on estimations regarding the evolution of broadband access technologies and the degree of broadband penetration and network services and applications, extrapolations regarding the growth of traffic to be supported by the European Network of the Future were made in a systematic manner. These were also used to dimension and understand the requirements of the European Network of the Future. This paper presents the relevant results and also provides a discussion on the BONE consortium views on the Network of the Future from an architectural and technology perspective and an outlook of the relevant key research challenges and possible solutions.


You had to live—did live, from habit that became instinct—in the assumption that every sound you made was overheard, and…every movement scrutinized. (George Orwell, 1984) Recent reports from the European Parliament Technology Assessment unit and the UK Information Commissioner's Office have highlighted the need for debate on how society should balance the convenience that new technology affords with the need to preserve privacy. To date, most of the debate has addressed the more visible aspects of technology and privacy such as surveillance cameras, identity/loyalty cards, internet search engines and radio frequency identification (RFID) tags. In this article we seek to use our experience as computer scientists to advance this debate by considering issues arising from our research related to intelligent buildings and environments, such as the deployment of autonomous intelligent agents. Intelligent buildings and environments are based on the use of numerous 'invisible', omnipresent, always-on, communicating computers embedded in everyday artefacts and environments. While most current intelligent building technology is based around automated reactive systems, research is under way that uses technology to gather personal information from people and use this information to deliver personalized services to them. While promising great benefits, this technology, by being invisible and autonomous, raises significant new dangers for individuals and society as a whole. Perhaps the most significant issue is privacy—an individual's right to control the collection and use of personal information. Rather than focusing on the 'here and now', this article looks forward to where this research could lead, exploring the issues it might involve. It does this by presenting descriptions of current work, interleaved with a set of short vignettes that are intended to provoke thought so that developers and the population at large might consider the personal and regulatory needs involved. We end this article by offering a conceptual framework for situating multidisciplinary socio-technical research in intelligent buildings.


OBJECTIVE
To determine the adherence to hematologic chemotherapy hold parameters for the carboplatin and dose-dense paclitaxel chemotherapy regimen in patients with ovarian, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal cancers.

METHODS
This is a quality assessment survey study. All 26 NCCN Member Institutions were contacted electronically. Hematologic chemotherapy hold parameter values (absolute neutrophil count [ANC] and platelet count) on days 1, 8, and 15 of each cycle were queried. These hold parameters were compared with published data supporting the use of dose-dense chemotherapy regimens in ovarian cancer.

RESULTS
The overall survey response rate was 85% (22/26 sites). Of responders, 27% (6 sites) were fully adherent with all hematologic hold parameters and 64% (14 sites) used hold parameters that differed from the published protocol. Specifically, all of these sites use hold parameters higher than those recommended in the literature. Two centers did not have center-specific hold parameters.

CONCLUSIONS
Carboplatin and dose-dense paclitaxel chemotherapy has been shown to increase progression-free survival and overall survival in patients with stage II-IV ovarian, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal cancers. However, our study found that two-thirds of queried sites had hold parameters higher than those in the published protocol. Using more stringent hold parameters may lead to compromised clinical outcomes. Further research is necessary to determine the optimal strategy to increase individual site adherence to chemotherapy hematologic hold parameters as specified in published trials.


In the original definition by A. Weil, an infinitely near point
on a smooth manifold M is introduced as a homomorphisms of the
algebra of smooth functions C^\infty on M into a local (=Weil)
algebra A. This point of view is close to algebraic geometry.
On the other hand, there is the idea of (k; r)-velocity based
on the concept of jet by C. Ehresmann, that seems to be more
appropriate for differential geometry. The author introduces an
original concept of A-velocity, that unifies both points of
view. Beside the geometry of Weil bundles, some further
jet-like functors are studied. The last Chapter 8 is devoted to
nonholonomic jets, non-holonomic contact elemets and their
applications to the submanifolds of Cartan spaces.


Background: The role of diagnostic pathology has become more prominent. This study aimed to compare the accuracy of frozen section compared with permanent section in the morning and afternoon working hours. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 99 patients with stage 1 and 2 breast cancer who underwent sentinel and non-sentinel lymph node biopsy between 2013 and 2015 were included. The results of frozen section and permanent pathology of the lymph nodes were compared with one another. The time of pathologic evaluation including morning (before 2pm) and afternoon (after 2 pm) was also considered in the comparative analysis. Results: The mean age of the patients was 48.58±8.96 years. The accuracy of frozen section biopsy of the sentinel lymph node was 79.80%, 81.0%, and 78.0% in general, before 2 pm, and after 2 pm, respectively. The accuracy of frozen section biopsy of the non-sentinel lymph node was 62.32%, 65.1%, and 57.7% in general, before 2 pm, and after 2 pm, respectively. Conclusions: There was no difference in the accuracy of the frozen section biopsy before and after 2 pm for the sentinel or non-sentinel lymph node biopsy.


This article introduces an analytical framework for two small-world network models and studies the delay of targeted social search by considering messages traveling between source and target individuals in these networks. In particular, by considering graphs constructed on different network domains, such as rectangular, circular, and spherical network domains, analytical solutions for the average social search delay and the delay distribution are obtained as functions of source–target separation, distribution of the number of long-range connections and geometrical properties of network domains. Derived analytical formulas are first verified by agent-based simulations and then compared with empirical observations in small-world experiments. These formulas indicate that individuals tend to communicate with one another only through their short-range contacts and the average social search delay rises linearly, when the separation between the source and target is small. As this separation increases long-range connections are more commonly used, and the average social search delay rapidly saturates to a constant value and stays almost the same for all large values of the separation. These results do not require the dimensionality of the social space to be identical to the decay exponent of long-range social connections and are qualitatively consistent with experimental observations made by Travers and Milgram in 1969 as well as by others. Moreover, analytical distributions for the delay of social search predicted by the models introduced in this article are also compared with corresponding empirical distributions, and good statistical matches between them are observed. Other somewhat surprising conclusions of the article are that hubs have limited effect in reducing the delay of social search and variation in node degree distribution adversely affects this delay.


Background:Men who have sex with men are at high risk for HIV infection. Here we report the results of the first assessment of HIV prevalence and risk behaviour in this group in Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic. Methods:Between August and September 2007, 540 men were enrolled from venues around Vientiane, using venue-day-time sampling. Men of Lao nationality, 15 years and over, reporting oral or anal sex with a man in the previous 6 months were eligible for participation. Demographic and socio-behavioural information was self-collected using hand-held computers. Oral fluid was tested for HIV infection. Logistic regression was used to evaluate risk factors for prevalent HIV infection. Results:The median age of participants was 21 years; the HIV prevalence was 5.6%. Of participants, 39.6% reported exclusive attraction to men and 57.6% reported sex with women. Of those who reported having regular and nonregular sexual partner(s) in the past 3 months, consistent condom use with these partners was 14.4 and 24.2%, respectively. A total of 42.2% self-reported any sexually transmitted infection symptoms and 6.3% had previously been tested for HIV. Suicidal ideation was reported by 17.0%, which was the only variable significantly and independently associated with HIV infection in multivariate analysis. Conclusion:Although the HIV prevalence is low compared with neighbouring countries in the region, men who have sex with men in Lao People's Democratic Republic are at high behavioural risk for HIV infection. To prevent a larger HIV epidemic occurrence and transmission into the broader community, higher coverage of HIV prevention interventions is required.


In the standard scenario of multiuser detection, the maximum-likelihood (ML) detector is optimum in the sense of minimum error probability. Unfortunately, ML detection requires the solution of a difficult optimization problem for which it is unlikely that the optimal solution can be efficiently found. We consider an accurate and efficient quasi-ML detector which uses semi-definite relaxation (SDR) to approximate the ML detector. This SDR-ML detector was recently shown to be capable of achieving a bit error rate (BER) close to that of the true ML detector. Here, we show that several existing suboptimal detectors, such as the decorrelator, can be viewed as degenerate versions of the SDR-ML detector. Hence, it is expected that the SDR-ML detector should perform better than those detectors. This expectation is confirmed by simulations, where the BER performance of the SDR-ML detector is significantly better than that of other suboptimal detectors including the decorrelator and the linear-minimum-mean-square-error detector.


Permafrost is an Essential Climate Variable (ECV) within the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS), which is characterized by subsurface temperatures and the depth of the seasonal thaw layer. Complementing ground-based monitoring networks, the Permafrost CCI project funded by the European Space Agency (ESA) 2018-2021 will establish Earth Observation (EO) based products for the permafrost ECV spanning the last two decades. Since ground temperature and thaw depth cannot be directly observed from space-borne sensors, we will ingest a variety of satellite and reanalysis data in a ground thermal model, which allows to quantitatively characterize the changing permafrost systems in Arctic and High-Mountain areas. As recently demonstrated for the Lena River Delta in Northern Siberia, the algorithm uses remotely sensed data sets of Land Surface Temperature (LST), Snow Water Equivalent (SWE) and landcover to drive the transient permafrost model CryoGrid 2, which yields ground temperature at various depths, in addition to thaw depth. For the circumpolar CCI product, we aim for a spatial resolution of 1km, and ensemble runs will be performed for each pixel to represent the subgrid variability of
snow and land cover. The performance of the transient algorithm crucially depends on the correct representation of ground properties, in particular ice and organic contents. Therefore, the project will compile a new subsurface stratigraphy product which also holds great potential for improving Earth System Model results in permafrost environments.
We present simulation runs for various permafrost regions and characterize the accuracy and ability to reproduce trends against ground-based data. Finally, we evaluate the feasibility of future "permafrost reanalysis" products, exploiting the information content of various satellite products to deliver the best possible estimate for the permafrost thermal state over a range of spatial scales.


Changes that occur in society caused by the entry of industrialization in the midst of society and will cause a shift of liver values and norms that exist in society. Industrialization automatically assigns a state of society that used to come from a traditional society into modern society. For this reason the authors are interested in researching on Industrialization and Rural Community Change Behavior Pattern (Behavioral Pattern Study of Social Change and Economic Behavior Pattern Changes occurring at side: Village, District Geneng, Ngawi District.) Village side: side: the Village is one of the villages situated in District Geneng. Ngawi District, Village Timur.Penduduk Java side: the majority is the livelihood of farmers and laborers tani.Namun after the entry of industries such as sugar mill industry, the tobacco industry, small industry tempeh crisps, small industries chopsticks, indirectly changing the livelihoods of working in the sector industries such as the industrial workers and entrepreneurs. The research method used is descriptive qualitative. In this study sample of 20 people by not distinguishing sex and using purposive sampling technique .. In establishing a model analysis, the researchers used interactively by Miles and Huberman. Interactive model of data analysis. Later on in the study of theory, the author refers to the theory of mind development by Auguste Comte who reveals that the theory of mind development, there are three main stages in which the society develops. This stage is determined according to the dominant way of thinking: (1) Theological (2) Metaphysical (3) Positive And Theory of Structural Functionalism by Tallcot Parsons who expressed the community is a social system which consists of the parts or elements are inter-related. Changes that occur in a section will also bring changes to another section or in other words that social change with all the consequences and impact. From the research data that has been gained, through the presentation of data, researchers found that the process of behavioral change on the village side: is preceded by the entry of industrialization in their midst which later resulted in changing their lives for the better. After entry of the industry indirectly livelihood changes to the industrial sector, the economic life of society increases, changes in economic behavior patterns tend consumptive society. Incomes rise. Consumptive patterns become more varied society, society needs to shift to a demand that symbolizes social statuis and prestige. Social behavior villagers no longer care about the environment, individualistic. Routines side: Village community centered on the industrial sector, so that a sense of togetherness, solidarity, kinship as a characteristic of rural communities fade.


The UMLtoSBVR tool facilitates the interaction between designers and business people in order to refine and validate the information modeled in a UML conceptual schema (CS) to make sure that the CS is correct before starting the implementation phase. To this end, the tool is able to paraphrase the CS, i.e. to describe the CS elements using natural language expressions that can be understood by the business people lacking of the technical background to directly understand the UML notation. As an intermediate step, the tool transforms the UML CS into a SBVR (Semantics of Business Vocabulary and Business Rules) specification. The SBVR standard facilitates the expression of the CS in different natural language styles (as Structured English or Rule Speak).


Government and military personnel in positions of trust are required to obtain and retain security clearances as part of conducting their duties within those positions. Part of obtaining a clearance requires personnel to report on any foreign contacts or business interests they may have. During the time that they hold such a position, personnel must report any significant contact with citizens of various countries to ensure they have not been targeted as part of a foreign intelligence collection effort. As more cleared personnel begin actively participating in virtual worlds, and as more personnel already active in virtual worlds begin applying for positions of trust, how will vetting agencies reconcile the borderless nature of virtual worlds with the requirements set forth for establishing and maintaining security clearances? Legislation has historically not kept pace with rapidly developing community technologies, and bureaucracies may make a choice between taking online relationships too seriously, and not taking them seriously enough. In the past, foreign relationships were easily defined, with physical travel, face-to-face contact, phone, and postal connections being the norm. Today, the global nature of online gaming and virtual environments make these definitions less clear. In order to ensure personnel continue to be effectively screened, virtual worlds and relationships, however benign, may need to be taken into account as part of the vetting process. If so, they will need to be properly understood by the investigating agencies. This paper proposes to outline some of the relevant issues involved in a rapidly evolving online community.


Conformity is thought to be an important force in human evolution because it has the potential to stabilize cultural homogeneity within groups and cultural diversity between groups. However, the effects of such conformity on cultural and biological evolution will depend much on the particular way in which individuals are influenced by the frequency of alternative behavioral options they witness. In a previous study we found that in a natural situation people displayed a tendency to be 'linear-conformist'. When visitors to a Zoo exhibit were invited to write or draw answers to questions on cards to win a small prize and we manipulated the proportion of text versus drawings on display, we found a strong and significant effect of the proportion of text displayed on the proportion of text in the answers, a conformist effect that was largely linear with a small non-linear component. However, although this overall effect is important to understand cultural evolution, it might mask a greater diversity of behavioral responses shaped by variables such as age, sex, social environment and attention of the participants. Accordingly we performed a further study explicitly to analyze the effects of these variables, together with the quality of the information participants' responses made available to further visitors. Results again showed a largely linear conformity effect that varied little with the variables analyzed.


Early in July of 2015, tennis will celebrate the 40th anniversary of what might be the greatest upset in the annals of tennis. There have been other key matches in which the disparity between the favourite and the victorious underdog may have been more pronounced by standards of the sport. But none has been more resonant, or flush with meaning and contrasts. For this was not just a contest between a mercurial, seemingly unstoppable prodigy and an undemonstrative veteran, it also embodied a clash of values in a rapidly changing world, and in the sport itself. This is the story of two tennis greats lives, from the local park courts of their boyhood to the summer of 1975 an this most resonant of Wimbledon finals, which Ashe won to become the first black male Champion. However, like the best sports books written, this is much more than a just a story about one match, but a metaphor for a changing world, the end of an era and a last triumph for the passing guard.


This paper examines how the Affordable Care Act, passed into law in 2010, will affect individuals and businesses in regards to taxes. There are many different tax implications resulting from the Affordable Care Act. For individuals, these include the premium assistance credit, the net investment income tax, the increase in the medical expenses deduction threshold, the additional hospital insurance for highincome tax payers, and the individual mandate. For small businesses, these include the small business tax credit, the excise tax, and the new SIMPLE cafeteria plans which are now available. After discussing these new taxes and tax credits, several cases are presented to show how these changes will affect the individual and small business. As shown in these examples, individuals with low income and small businesses will be benefitted, while high-income individuals pay more tax. However, there are many other considerations that will affect whether an individual or small business will be helped or harmed. TAX EFFECTS OF THE AFFORDABLE CARE ACT ON INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL BUSINESSES 3


Modern JavaScript applications extensively depend on third-party libraries. Especially for the Node.js platform, vulnerabilities can have severe consequences to the security of applications, resulting in, e.g., cross-site scripting and command injection attacks. Existing static analysis tools that have been developed to automatically detect such issues are either too coarse-grained, looking only at package dependency structure while ignoring dataflow, or rely on manually written taint specifications for the most popular libraries to ensure analysis scalability. In this work, we propose a technique for automatically extracting taint specifications for JavaScript libraries, based on a dynamic analysis that leverages the existing test suites of the libraries and their available clients in the npm repository. Due to the dynamic nature of JavaScript, mapping observations from dynamic analysis to taint specifications that fit into a static analysis is non-trivial. Our main insight is that this challenge can be addressed by a combination of an access path mechanism that identifies entry and exit points, and the use of membranes around the libraries of interest. We show that our approach is effective at inferring useful taint specifications at scale. Our prototype tool automatically extracts 146 additional taint sinks and 7 840 propagation summaries spanning 1 393 npm modules. By integrating the extracted specifications into a commercial, state-of-the-art static analysis, 136 new alerts are produced, many of which correspond to likely security vulnerabilities. Moreover, many important specifications that were originally manually written are among the ones that our tool can now extract automatically.


This thesis proposes an interrelationship between the creative processes of the recording studio and the concert stage in the fusion jazz of Miles Davis. Recent scholarship highlights the importance of the recording studio to fusion jazz musicians as they developed unique approaches to composition and improvisation. While providing valuable insight into the studio-derived creative processes distinctive of fusion jazz, this scholarship inadvertently obscures some of the live performance practices of fusion jazz musicians. Turning attention towards live performance, yet without neglecting the insights of this recent scholarship, I consider how the creative processes forged by Davis in the recording studio manifested in his activities as a concert artist. Combining commentary on Davis's formative fusion jazz studio recordings (produced between 1969 and 1972) with analyses of the live album Dark Magus (exemplary of his mid-1970s concert performances), this thesis suggests a reorientation in Davis's conceptions of improvisation and composition during this period by highlighting some of the creative processes he engaged in, both in the recording studio and on the concert stage.  Drawing on the accounts of several musicians who worked with Davis in the recording studio during the late-1960s and early-1970s, I consider how post production tape editing allowed Davis and his band a new means for composing and improvising in the studio. Then, to demonstrate what I have termed a studio-to-stage creative trajectory, I analyse two creative processes common to Davis's mid-1970s concerts as evidenced in Dark Magus: Davis's on-stage direction of sudden, rhythm section cuts in the midst of lead instrumentalists' improvisations; and the featured use of two accompanimental instruments unusual to jazz performance—a YC45 electric organ (played by Davis ) and a drum machine (played by percussionist James Mtume). Finally, framing this studio-to-stage creative trajectory in terms of performance theorist Philip Auslander's concept of liveness, I claim that Davis's fusion jazz stands as an example of mediatization rich in human agency. I then suggest that the work of other fusion jazz musicians and musicians associated with other jazz styles could be usefully reappraised using a similar methodology that explores the role of record production in creative process


Seafood represents a very broad category of food and is a major source of protein in the human diet. The increase of its consumption and the epidemiological data confirm the role of seafood (especially shellfish) as a carrier of foodborne toxinfections and has brought the need for a higher monitoring level and an increase of the studies of their microbiological characteristics. Edible Lamellibranch Molluscs (M.E.L) are frequently involved in food poisoning outbreaks of outstanding severity, due to the fact that they are filter-feeding animals which tend to accumulate
any toxic substances or microorganisms already present in their environment. In the context of food security, the main target is to ensure food health by fulfilling specific
hygiene requirements and by means of monitoring activities on shellfish conducted on the production chain of mussels and within their own environment. Microbiological eligibility for human consumption (Reg CE 1441/2007) is based on only two fecal contamination bacteriological parameters (Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp) and does not provide the identification of other microorganisms which are naturally present within the marine environment and potentially pathogenic such as those belonging to the genus Vibrio. In accordance with the data provided by the Centre of Disease Control (USA), food poisoning linked to the consumption of shellfish is mainly related to (20%) enteric viruses (Corraine et al., 2007), hepatitis A virus (HAV), norovirus (NV), and marine environment pathogens, such as Vibrio spp, whereas faecal bacteria (Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli) account just for 4% of the total (Serracca et al., 2007) (Lipp EK, Rose JB, 1997). In order to assess the hygienic quality and health of M.E.L (mussels, clams and oysters) bred in Sardinia, both parameters required by law (Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp) and Vibrios of major public health interest have been investigated in this study. Within the 440 examined samples, 40% contained potentially harmful Vibrios species to human being, while only in 6.4% of the samples, the levels of Escherichia coli were above the Italian legal limit and only within one sample, Salmonella spp was isolated. An interconnection between the presence of micro-organisms of fecal origin and potentially harmful Vibrios to human health was not detected. Vibrio bacterial strains have been identified by means of biochemical techniques. Vibrio cholerae strains have been processed through the use of serological and molecular identification techniques and their toxigenic properties have been evaluated by PCR assay (search for the toxin CT and gene for the toxin NAG-ST). Overall, 14 strains of Vibrio cholerae were isolated which were found to be non-O1 and non-O139 Vibrio cholerae (NCVs) and therefore unable to give epidemic cholera. No strain was found to be producing CT and NAG-ST toxins.


A search for narrow, low-mass, scalar and pseudoscalar resonances decaying to bottom quark-antiquark pairs is presented. The search is based on events recorded in $\sqrt{s} =$ 13 TeV proton-proton collisions with the CMS detector at the LHC, collected in 2016, and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb$^{-1}$. The search selects events in which the resonance would be produced with high transverse momentum because of the presence of initial- or final-state radiation. In such events, the decay products of the resonance would be reconstructed as a single large-radius jet with high mass and two-prong substructure. A potential signal would be identified as a narrow excess in the jet invariant mass spectrum. No evidence for such a resonance is observed within the mass range from 50 to 350 GeV, and upper limits at 95% confidence level are set on the product of the cross section and branching fraction to a bottom quark-antiquark pair. These constitute the first constraints from the LHC on exotic bottom quark-antiquark resonances with masses below 325 GeV.


Does leave-taking matter for young workers' careers? If so, why? We propose the competition effect—relative leave status of workers affecting their relative standing inside the firm—as a new explanation. Exploiting a policy reform that exogenously assigned four-week paid paternity leave to some new fathers, we find evidence consistent with the competition effect: A worker enjoys a better post-child earnings trajectory when a larger share of his colleagues take leave because of the policy. In contrast, we find no direct earnings effect resulting from the worker's own leave when controlling for their relative leave eligibility status within the firm.


This policy brief forms part of the Recovering Markets study in Southern Africa. It has endeavoured to analyse market concentration in the food processing and retail sectors, as well as to predict future dynamics in the sectors which have emerged as a result of the restructuring of the food market and the rapid changes taking place in the structure and governance of local, national and regional agri-food markets and the implications of the changes for small/medium producers in the restructuring of the food industry, together with the implications for policies and programmes within the context of the agri-food market.


Novel circulatory and regenerative multiple-beam interferometry methods making use of optical maser oscillations of extreme monochromaticity based on stimulated emission present interesting possibilities for investigating with high-precision various effects of motion and of fields on the propagation of light. These methods inherently permit increasing considerably the accuracy of the historical relativistic experiments of Michelson, Sagnac, and others, and have also potential applications to studies of other radiation propagation effects in magnetic, electric, and gravitational fields, and in moving refractive media, and to the modulation of coherent radiation. These propagation effects can produce frequency splits of the optical-maser oscillations, and the frequencies of the resulting optical beats are a measure for those effects; frequency measurements can be accomplished with high accuracy by using primary frequency standards, e.g., atomic clocks. Contrary to the many proposed applications of optical masers which are directed towards utilizing the high-spatial coherence of the wave fields, the present subject is thus primarily concerned with the narrow-frequency bandwidths possible with these novel radiation sources. The high accuracies possible with the new interferometric methods described should lead to quantitative results which up to now were either impossible to achieve, or only by experiments on very large scales.


BACKGROUND
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends treating all school children at regular intervals with deworming drugs in areas where helminth infection is common. The WHO state this will improve nutritional status, haemoglobin, and cognition and thus will improve health, intellect, and school attendance. Consequently, it is claimed that school performance will improve, child mortality will decline, and economic productivity will increase. Given the important health and societal benefits attributed to this intervention, we sought to determine whether they are based on reliable evidence.

OBJECTIVES
To summarize the effects of giving deworming drugs to children to treat soil-transmitted intestinal worms (nematode geohelminths) on weight, haemoglobin, and cognition; and the evidence of impact on physical well being, school attendance, school performance, and mortality.

SEARCH METHODS
In February 2012, we searched the Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group Specialized Register, MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, mRCT, and reference lists, and registers of ongoing and completed trials.

SELECTION CRITERIA
We selected randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs comparing deworming drugs for geohelminth worms with placebo or no treatment in children aged 16 years or less, reporting on weight, haemoglobin, and formal test of intellectual development. In cluster-RCTs treating communities or schools, we also sought data on school attendance, school performance, and mortality. We included trials that included health education with deworming.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
At least two authors independently assessed the trials, evaluated risk of bias, and extracted data. Continuous data were analysed using the mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Where data were missing, we contacted trial authors. We used GRADE to assess evidence quality, and this is reflected in the wording we used: high quality ("deworming improves...."); moderate quality ("deworming probably improves..."); low quality ("deworming may improve...."); and very low quality ("we don't know if deworming improves....").

MAIN RESULTS
We identified 42 trials, including eight cluster trials, that met the inclusion criteria. Excluding one trial where data are awaited, the 41 trials include 65,168 participants.Screening then treatingFor children known to be infected with worms (by screening), a single dose of deworming drugs may increase weight (0.58 kg, 95% CI 0.40 to 0.76, three trials, 139 participants; low quality evidence) and may increase haemoglobin (0.37 g/dL, 95% CI 0.1 to 0.64, two trials, 108 participants; low quality evidence), but we do not know if there is an effect on cognitive functioning (two trials, very low quality evidence).Single dose deworming for all childrenIn trials treating all children, a single dose of deworming drugs gave mixed effects on weight, with no effects evident in seven trials, but large effects in two (nine trials, 3058 participants, very low quality evidence). The two trials with a positive effect were from the same very high prevalence setting and may not be easily generalised elsewhere. Single dose deworming probably made little or no effect on haemoglobin (mean difference (MD) 0.06 g/dL, 95% CI -0.06 to 0.17, three trials, 1005 participants; moderate evidence), and may have little or no effect on cognition (two trials, low quality evidence).Mulitple dose deworming for all childrenOver the first year of follow up, multiple doses of deworming drugs given to all children may have little or no effect on weight (MD 0.06 kg, 95% CI -0.17 to 0.30; seven trials, 2460 participants; low quality evidence); haemoglobin, (mean 0.01 g/dL lower; 95% CI 0.14 lower to 0.13 higher; four trials, 807 participants; low quality evidence); cognition (three trials, 30,571 participants, low quality evidence); or school attendance (4% higher attendance; 95% CI -6 to 14; two trials, 30,243 participants; low quality evidence);For time periods beyond a year, there were five trials with weight measures. One cluster-RCT of 3712 children in a low prevalence area showed a large effect (average gain of 0.98 kg), whilst the other four trials did not show an effect, including a cluster-RCT of 27,995 children in a moderate prevalence area (five trials, 37,306 participants; low quality evidence). For height, we are uncertain whether there is an effect of deworming (-0.26 cm; 95% CI -0.84 to 0.31, three trials, 6652 participants; very low quality evidence). Deworming may have little or no effect on haemoglobin (0.00 g/dL, 95%CI -0.08 to 0.08, two trials, 1365 participants, low quality evidence); cognition (two trials, 3720 participants; moderate quality evidence). For school attendance, we are uncertain if there is an effect (mean attendance 5% higher, 95% CI -0.5 to 10.5, approximately 20,000 participants, very low quality evidence).Stratified analysis to seek subgroup effects into low, medium and high helminth endemicity areas did not demonstrate any pattern of effect. In a sensitivity analysis that only included trials with adequate allocation concealment, we detected no significant effects for any primary outcomes.One million children were randomized in a deworming trial from India with mortality as the primary outcome. This was completed in 2005 but the authors have not published the results.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
Screening children for intestinal helminths and then treating infected children appears promising, but the evidence base is small. Routine deworming drugs given to school children has been more extensively investigated, and has not shown benefit on weight in most studies, except for substantial weight changes in three trials conducted 15 years ago or more. Two of these trials were carried out in the same high prevalence setting. For haemoglobin and cognition, community deworming seems to have little or no effect, and the evidence in relation to school attendance, and school performance is generally poor, with no obvious or consistent effect. Our interpretation of this data is that it is probably misleading to justify contemporary deworming programmes based on evidence of consistent benefit on nutrition, haemoglobin, school attendance or school performance as there is simply insufficient reliable information to know whether this is so.


This paper reports upon selected key findings from a wider study into the information practices of first-time mothers (n = 22). It highlights how their relationships with healthcare professionals (HCPs) profoundly influenced their information practices, and how these relationships were shaped by wider societal forces.  Traditional networks of parenting information are fragmenting, while greater societal expectations are being placed upon mothers (Drentea and Moren-Cross, 2005). Resourcing issues mean HCPs have to "cram" information into short appointments, leaving little time for discussion or for nurturing trusting relationships (The Royal College of Midwives, 2013). Previous ISB studies provide some insight into mothers' information practices (cf. Berkule-Silberman et al., 2010; Shieh et al., 2009). But the early post-natal period has received limited attention, and there have been calls to investigate how these practices are influenced by issues such as trust and developing identities (cf. McKenzie, 2002, 2003; Fisher and Landry, 2007).New mothers meet types of HCP of whom they have little experience. Research from other disciplines shows how tensions can arise as mothers try to determine an HCP's role, and decide if it concerns supporting or policing them (cf. Peckover, 2002). One of the aims of the wider study was therefore to explore these relationships in the context of ISB. This was a short, exploratory study, but its flexible and adaptable approach led to the collection of rich, narrative data, within the unpredictable environment of a mother and baby group. McKenzie's model of ELIS was the basis of the theoretical structure, as it was derived from pregnant women's accounts of ELIS within new contexts (McKenzie 2002, 2003). Her narrative approach shaped the methodology, as did the feminist perspectives of Urquhart and Yeoman (2010), who particularly emphasise the importance of considering context when choosing methods. Following a period where the researcher acted as a participant observer, group, narrative interviews and participatory methods were used in order to remain sensitive to the usual structure of the group and facilitate engagement. Individual interviews were also conducted with local information gatekeepers (n=5). Many believed HCPs had access to the "right" information, and reported good relationships. However, fear of judgment and a perceived need to present as "good mothers", led many to withhold information needs from HCPs. Some feared being viewed as overprotective if they asked for "too much" information. HCPs were found to be bound by prevailing guidelines and legislation which thwarted mothers' attempts at information seeking, leading to frustration and confusion. By showing that fear of judgment can profoundly influence information practices, the study helps us to understand why some sources of information, although considered important and useful, may be used little. Both mothers and HCPs experienced challenges to their information practices caused by the mandatory nature of health policies and regulations. The study raises the question of how to deal with a clash between a request for informational support and such rules, and highlights the importance of professionals being aware of and remaining sensitive to these pressures.


This paper analyses major social shifts in reading by comparing publishing statistics with results of empirical research on reading. As media statistics suggest, the last five decades have seen two shifts: from textual to visual media, and with the advent of digital screens also from long-form to short-form texts. This was accompanied by new media-adequate reading modes: while long-form content invokes immersed and/or deep reading, we predominantly skim online social media. Empirical research on reading indicates that the reading substrate plays an important role in reading processes. For example, comprehension suffers when complex texts are read from screens. This paper argues that media and reading trends in recent decades indicate broader social and cultural changes in which long-form deep reading traditionally associated with the printed book will be marginalised by prevailing media trends and the reading modes they inspire. As these trends persist, it may be necessary to find new approaches to vocabulary and knowledge building.


This paper explains in detail the external sustainability assessment approach given by the stock-flow relationship between the net external positions, non-income current account plus net capital transfers, and real exchange rate. This approach consists of determining the non-income current account over GDP that would stabilize a benchmark net foreign asset (NFA) position over the medium term, and a "gap" by comparing the NFA-stabilizing non-income current account over GDP with the nonincome current account expected to prevail over the medium term. Additionally, the paper addresses the role of the returns differential in explaining the channels through which the external sustainability adjustment may occur (i. e., trade and financial channels).


Arnold Schoenberg and Thomas Mann, two towering figures of twentieth-century music and literature, both found refuge in the German-exile community in Los Angeles during the Nazi era. This complete edition of their correspondence provides a glimpse inside their private and public lives and culminates in the famous dispute over Mann's novel Doctor Faustus. In the thick of the controversy was Theodor Adorno, then a budding philosopher, whose contribution to the Faustus affair would make him an enemy of both families. Gathered here for the first time in English, the letters are complemented by diary entries, related articles, and other primary source materials, as well as an introduction that contextualizes the impact that these two great artists had on twentieth-century thought and culture.


The Metropolis algorithm is arguably the most fundamental Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method. But the algorithm is not guaranteed to converge to the desired distribution in the case of multivariate binary distributions (e.g., Ising models or stochastic neural networks such as Boltzmann machines) if the variables (sites or neurons) are updated in a fixed order, a setting commonly used in practice. The reason is that the corresponding Markov chain may not be irreducible. We propose a modified Metropolis transition operator that behaves almost always identically to the standard Metropolis operator and prove that it ensures irreducibility and convergence to the limiting distribution in the multivariate binary case with fixed-order updates. The result provides an explanation for the behaviour of Metropolis MCMC in that setting and closes a long-standing theoretical gap. We experimentally studied the standard and modified Metropolis operator for models were they actually behave differently. If the standard algorithm also converges, the modified operator exhibits similar (if not better) performance in terms of convergence speed.


We present the first palynological study of the La Deheza Formation in Paganzo Basin, San Juan Province, Argentina. A total of 18 samples were studied and 116 palynomorph species were recorded. A multivariate statistical (R) analysis confirmed the occurrence of three associations. Assemblages 1 (240 m), 2 (230 m) and 3 (220 m) were referred to biozones already registered in the Paganzo Basin, i.e. Raistrickia densa—Convolutispora muriornata (DM), Pakhapites fusus—Vittatina subsaccata (FS) and Lueckisporites—Weylandites (LW) biozones. These assemblages can be assigned a Pennsylvanian—Cisularian age based on previous stratigraphic records of the identified species.


Monoclonal antibodies and novel antibody formats are currently one of the principal therapeutic in the biopharmaceutical industry worldwide and are widely used in the treatment of autoimmune diseases and cancer. It is for this reason that the productivity and quality of antibody production requires improvement; specifically investigations into the engineering of antibodies and any issues that may arise from the production of these therapeutics. The work presented in this thesis describes an investigation into the folding and assembly of seven antibodies plus the novel antibody format FabFv.
IgG is comprised of two identical HCs and two identical LCs. The folding process of immunoglobulin is controlled by the CH1 domain within the HC. The CH1 domain remains in a disordered state and is sequestered by BiP in the endoplasmic reticulum. Upon the addition of a folded CL domain, BiP is displaced, the CH1 domain is able to fold and the complete IgG protein can then be secreted from the cell. The results presented in this thesis however, have outlined an additional mechanism for the folding of the CH1 domain. We have shown that the CH1 domain is able to fold in the absence of LC resulting in the secretion of HC dimers in a VH dependent manner. The proposed mechanism for the secretion of HC dimers suggests that some VH domains can interact with each other in order to bring the CH1 domains in close proximity to enable folding to occur. As HC dimer secretion is a hindrance in antibody production, this result has highlighted an engineering target to improve antibody yield. Examination of the folding of IgG4 with the variable region A33 has revealed the inability to secrete LC dimers, cleavage of the HC during expression and secretion of HC dimers in the Fab, FabFv and full length forms. The attributes described have also been shown to be variable region dependent. This has introduced a new concept that the variable domain is important in determining the expression and secretion of antibodies and their individual chains.
Pulse chase and 2D gel electrophoresis analysis of the novel antibody format FabFv has revealed that the folding and expression of the LC and HC causes multimeric species of FabFv to be secreted, as opposed to the monomeric form which is the desired therapeutic. Our hypothesis is that this process occurs via a LC dependent mechanism. The proposed hypothesis suggests that further engineering to the LC could diminish the formation and secretion of FabFv multimers. The results from these investigations can be applied to increase the productivity of therapeutics and increase the biological understanding of the domain interactions of IgG during folding, assembly and secretion.


Energy consumption efficiency is one of the most important concerns in urban communities allotted more than 70 percent of Iran's population to itself. Since energy efficiency index that is one of the targeted components in resistance economy policies has been reduces, it is necessary to design and adopt comprehensive, efficient, and integrated policies in order to improve efficiency and productivity of energy consumption in Iran. Energy consumption optimization in urban communities is affected by different factors and components. One of influential components is socio-cultural factors. This is because of an element named consumption attitude and behavior among any household's member that has socio-cultural roots, and consequently only socio-cultural tools are effective on its change and reform, but this type of factors has been less considered by researchers in analysis of consumption behavior. In this research, energy consumption behavior in urban community has been analyzed with socio-economic approach and by using data based on experts' view in this area, factor analysis technique, and LISREL Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), it was analyzed exactly and scientifically. According to the results from the mentioned model, economic policies, whether price ones or non-price ones, do not have acceptable impact to improve and reform energy consumption behavior in urban community. There is a poor relationship between this type of components and energy consumption behavior in urban households. On the contrary, social and national beliefs and norms have significant impact on consumption behavior. Currently, they are main source of forming and directing energy consumption model in Iran's urban communities. However, the potential impact of religious and moral values on social and national beliefs and norms has been proved. Given direct impact of this type of socio-cultural components on energy consumption behavior in urban society, high capacity can be regarded for religious-ethical views and values to improve consumption behavior in urban community.


A case is presented about damages due to leakage and inrushing water that developed in the segmented pre-casted concrete liner of a shield tunnel under the Yangtze River. Various possible causes were considered to explain the damage mechanism. The opening and distribution due to differential settlement caused by the leakage of biogas or water in the shield tunnel were analyzed. The damage mechanism of the aquifuge, which occurred under the tunnel through exertion of a high piezometric head in the lower confined aquifer, was analyzed. The tensile-shear damage mechanism of the aquifuge was studied, and the judgment formulas, which were used to determine whether surface water bursting occurred, were derived. Two dewatering recovery programs were simulated by the finite difference method in conjunction with MODFLOW software. From the simulation results, the hydraulic gradient and settlements caused by decreased pore pressure were calculated. The optimal dewatering scheme and protection measurements are suggested.


Examining the geographical dimensions of environmental management and conservation activities implemented on landscapes worldwide, "Globalization and New Geographies of Conservation" collects case studies to explore the interaction of humans and their environment. The contributors to this volume make four important arguments about the coupling of conservation and globalization. First, it has led to an unprecedented number of spatial arrangements whose environmental management goals and prescribed activities vary along a spectrum from strict biodiversity protection to sustainable utilization. Conservation and globalization are also leading, by necessity, to new scales of environmental management, shifting the spatial patterning of humans and the environment. This interaction results, as well in the unprecedented importance of boundaries and borders; transnational border issues threaten global conservation efforts proposed by organizations and institutions that are themselves international. Finally, "Globalization and New Geographies of Conservation" argues that successful implementation of conservation and management programs must begin at the local level. Bridging the gap between geography and life science, "Globalization and New Geographies of Conservation" will appeal to a broad range of students of the environment.


The hypothesis this thesis tests is that interwar hegemonic discourses of Englishness
located it as originating in the heterosexual bond between a masculine national subject
and a feminine nature/landscape. Discursively, this left little space for women to insert
themselves in to such a cultural formation. However, a paradox of this heterosexualising
cultural matrix may have been to give a voice to lesbian subjectivity, since If 'women'
might not be English, could lesbians be? If national land was figured as feminine, and
women desired identification with their country-as-land, to become English might mean
for some women that they should become lesbian. In order to explore this, three main
questions are examined. Firstly, to what extent did the dominant discourse of the rural
in the interwar period define 'Englishness' as masculine and 'Nature' as feminine?
Secondly, if women were excluded from this discursive heterosexual relationship, can
it be seen paradoxically to have opened up a space for alternative sexualities to emerge?
If lesbianism were an instance of the latter, then what writing strategies were adopted in
order to articulate a relationship between Englishness and lesbianism? Thirdly, what can
censored and other literary texts of the period reveal about the relations between such an
English masculine national subject, the meaning and powers attributed to literature, and
forbidden sexualities and subjectivities?
In its analysis of the relationship between national identity, geographical
location and sexuality, this thesis contributes to studies of England and Englishness
through the addition of the concept of 'sexuality' to an understanding of their
construction. It also contributes to lesbian and gay critical theory by examining the
national processes which impinge of the construction of the homosexual subject.
Beyond that, the importance of the materiality of the locations offered to different subjectivities shows how national identifies are both enabled and limited by these same locations.


Ben Jonson, Volpone and the Gunpowder Plot, by Richard Dutton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008. Pp. xiii + 178. Cloth $95.00. Richard Dutton is editing Jonson' s comedy Volpone for the forthcoming modernized six-volume Cambridge Ben Jonson. In Ben Jonson, Volpone, and the Gunpowder Plot, a by-product of his editing labors, Dutton advances several claims. In keeping with the preference among many Jonson scholars for Jonson's edgier quarto editions over the later versions of the plays published in the monumental first folio of 1616, Dutton favors the 1607 quarto edition of Volpone. He focuses attention on its prefatory poems by John Donne, George Chapman, and Edmund Bolton, among others, and its Epistle addressed to the play's dedicatees, the Universities of Cambridge and Oxford. Jonson scholars have long recognized the aesthetic significance of his Epistle, in which Jonson articulates his humanist credo and defends by means of classical precedents the harsh judgments meted out to the protagonists of his satiric comedy. Dutton, by contrast, reads the Epistle and several of the prefatory poems as coded political responses to the crisis of the Gunpowder Plot. In Volpone, Dutton argues, Jonson uses a beast fable set in Venice to address "the parlous state of England - rather than Venice - at the time it was written, in the wake of the Gunpowder Plot, albeit hiding behind the [plausible] deniability which beast fable, of all forms, traditionally affords" (73). Dutton also reads Volpone' s biting satire of patronage relations, and its subplot starring the inane English diplomat Sir Politic Would-be, as vehicles for Jonson's political and religious estrangement from the government over its repression of religious minorities. One of the key assumptions Dutton makes in his study relates to Jonson's Catholicism. Dutton views Jonson's conversion to "Roman Catholicism as an act of symbolic resistance to the overweening state" (25-26) that had branded and imprisoned him in the years immediately prior to the Gunpowder Plot. In 1605, Jonson was a recusant, with peripheral social ties to some of the plotters. Dutton is right to insist that Jonson responded intensely to the discovery of the Plot; his "protestations of loyalty" in his letter to Robert Cecil, earl of Salisbury, are, however, discounted by Dutton, who construes them as "prudential gestures" (23). Dutton ignores Jonson's epigrams to Lord Mounteagle and King James, poems that elaborate the government's story of the miraculous discovery of the Plot and act as further confirmation of Jonson's claims in his letter to Cecil. There are good reasons to take Jonson at his word here. The first is the unabashed fervor with which he expresses his loyalty to "his Maiesty, and my Country" and "all Christianity" ' in his November 7 letter. The second relates to the king's speech to Parliament just two days later, on November 9, where James distinguished the plotters' monstrous treason from the loyalty shown by the majority of English Catholics, who remained in his words "good and faithful Subiects."2 James's speech cautioned his listeners explicitly and at length against the urge to demonize all Catholics: "I would be sorie that any being innocent of this practise [treason], either domesticali or forraine, should receiue blame or harme for the same. For although it cannot be denied, That it was the onely blinde superstition of their errors in Religion, that led them [the plotters] to this desperate deuice; yet doth it not follow, That all professing that Romish religion were guiltie of the same."3 In light of the hysteria generated by the Plot's discovery, James's speech distinguishing between the plotters and those Catholics who were loyal to his rule and government was an important intervention in the unfolding crisis. James and his ministers were resolved to prosecute the surviving plotters rigorously, but the king's determination not to persecute "innocent" Catholics suggests a temperate and measured response. …


BACKGROUND
In controlled studies of patients with schizophrenia, the atypical antipsychotic olanzapine has been shown to be more effective in the treatment of positive and negative symptoms compared with haloperidol at doses of 10 mg/day. However, little is known about the efficacy of olanzapine in patients with psychotic mood disorders. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of olanzapine in the treatment of these psychotic mood disorders in comparison with nonaffective psychotic disorders and to identify clinical factors associated with olanzapine response.

METHOD
In a naturalistic setting, by reviewing medical records, we assessed response to olanzapine and factors associated with response to olanzapine in 150 consecutive patients newly treated with the drug at a nonprofit academic psychiatric hospital.

RESULTS
Patients displaying a moderate-to-marked response to olanzapine were more likely to be younger; be female; receive a diagnosis of bipolar disorder; and have a shorter duration of illness, shorter length of stay prior to olanzapine, and longer duration of trial.

CONCLUSION
Olanzapine may be a useful alternative or adjunctive treatment for patients with bipolar disorder.


Southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) have recovered slowly from their near extinction a century ago, and their continued recovery has been challenged by multiple natural and anthropogenic factors. Development of an integrated population model (IPM) for southern sea otters has been identified as a management priority, to help in evaluating the relative impacts of known threats and guide best management options for species recovery. An IPM represents an analytical modeling framework where various types of data relevant to animal health, population trends, and survival can be evaluated collectively to project future population dynamics under different resource management scenarios. Here, we describe the development of a spatially explicit IPM for southern sea otters that is fit by using Bayesian methods to multiple datasets including a time series of range-wide survey counts, estimated survival rates of tagged animals from telemetry-based population studies, and cause-of-death data from comprehensive necropsies of beach-cast carcasses. The core of the model is a stage-structured matrix, in which survival rates for a given life history stage, year, and location are computed as the outcome of multiple 'competing risks,' or hazards, allowing for spatiotemporal variation in each hazard, density-dependence, and stochasticity. The parameterized IPM was used to (1) examine how age and sex-specific hazards vary over space and time, (2) gain insights into density-dependent variation in specific hazards, (3) assess population-level effects of known mortality hazards in the past and in future projections, and (4) evaluate the relative benefits of various potential management actions to address these hazards. Our results indicated that different types of hazards have variable impacts at different life history stages of sea otters; for example, shark-bite mortality had a strong impact on mortality of subadult females but relatively low impacts on aged adult female survival, whereas End Lactation Syndrome showed just the opposite age-based pattern. There also was spatial and temporal variation in exposure to different hazards; for example, shark-bite mortality generally was highest at the north and south ends of the sea otter range, End Lactation Syndrome and cardiac disease were highest in the center part of the range, and harmful algal bloom intoxication and protozoal infection mortalities were highest around Morro Bay. The relative impacts of hazards depended on population density; for example, shark-bite mortality had the greatest effect on male survival when population abundance was low, but as densities increased the impacts of cardiac disease (for aged adults) and acanthocephalan peritonitis (for subadults) exceeded the effects of shark-bite mortality. Sensitivity analyses showed that modifying certain hazard rates can have substantial impacts on future population growth; for example, if the shark-bite hazard rate were to decrease by 20 percent, projected abundance after 50 years is predicted to be 18-percent higher, on average, than under baseline conditions. We used the IPM to evaluate the possible impacts of a potential management action: the reintroduction of sea otters to currently unoccupied parts of their historical range. We found that there were large increases in expected growth potential associated with reintroduction programs to various locations to the north and south of the currently occupied range, although a reintroduction to San Francisco Bay was projected to have the greatest potential impacts on future population growth. The IPM for southern sea otters presented here provides resource managers with a useful tool for evaluating the impacts of specific hazards, forecasting future population dynamics and range expansion, and evaluating alternative management scenarios.


Airway epithelial cells (AEC) metabolize arachidonic acid (AA) to biologically active eicosanoids, which contribute to regulation of airway smooth muscle tone and inflammatory responses. Although in vivo the airways undergo cyclical stretching during ventilation, the effect of cyclic stretch on airway epithelial AA metabolism is unknown. In this study, cat and human AEC were grown on flexible membranes and were subjected to cyclic stretch using the Flexercell strain unit. Cyclic stretch downregulated synthesis of prostaglandin (PG) E2, PGI2, and thromboxane A2 by both cell types in a frequency-dependent manner. The percent inhibition of prostanoid synthesis in both cell types ranged from 53 +/- 7 to 75 +/- 8% (SE; n = 4 and 5, respectively). Treatment of cat AEC with exogenous AA (10 micrograms/ml) had no effect on the stretch-induced inhibition of PGE2 synthesis, whereas treatment with exogenous PGH2 (10 micrograms/ml) overcame the stretch-induced decrease in PGE2 production. These results indicate that stretch inhibits prostanoid synthesis by inactivating cyclooxygenase. When cells were pretreated with the antioxidants catalase (100 micrograms/ml, 150 U/ml) and N-acetylcysteine (1 mM), there was a partial recovery of eicosanoid production, suggesting that cyclic stretch-induced inactivation of cyclooxygenase is oxidant mediated. These results may have important implications for inflammatory diseases in which airway mechanics are altered.


Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) have been shown to have a strong ability to solve some hard problems. Learning time for these problems from scratch is typically very long. For supervised learning, several methods have been proposed to reuse existing knowledge in previous similar tasks. However, for unsupervised learning such as Reinforcement Learning (RL), especially for Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes (POMDPs), it is difficult to apply directly these algorithms. This paper presents several methods which have the potential of transferring of knowledge in RL using RNN: Directed Transfer, Cascade-Correlation, Mixture of Expert Systems, and Two-Level Architecture. Preliminary results of experiments in the E maze domain show the potential of these methods. Knowledge based learning time for a new problem is much shorter learning time from scratch even thought the new task looks very different from the previous tasks.


Abstract A natural phengite-2M1 of composition (K0.95Na0.05)(Al0.76Fe0.14Mg0.10)2 (Si3.25Al0.75)O10(OH1.96F0.04) [a = 5.2173(1) Å , b = 9.0493(2) Å , c = 19.989 (1) Å and β = 95.734(4)°] was studied using in situ high-temperature FTIR. Correlations to structural changes were made using previously-reported neutron diffraction data from the same sample. Correlations have been made between the microscopic atomic displacements (arising from thermal effects) and analogous macroscopic properties, such as bond strain and ditrigonal distortions. Spectra were collected in the far-infrared region to study the behaviour of the interlayer (K+) cation and also in the mid-infrared region to distinguish the Si-O stretching modes. We found anisotropic thermal expansion of the interlayer site. The K-O bond length is divided into K-Oouter and K-Oinner, and the K-Oinner bond length is correlated with the far-infrared spectra. The thermal dependence of the correlation between K-O bond length and corresponding far-infrared stretching frequency is different from the effect of the chemical composition. We also found that the K-O bond strain could be successfully resolved into the sum of inner strain and lattice strain. The Si-O stretching mode, obtained from the mid-infrared measurements, showed only weak changes. However, the neutron refinement data showed different thermal behaviour for distinct crystallographic T-sites.