Spatially or temporally dense polling remains both difficult and expensive using existing survey methods. In response, there have been increasing efforts to approximate various survey measures using social media, but most of these approaches remain methodologically flawed. To remedy these flaws, this article combines 1,200 state-level polls during the 2012 presidential campaign with over 100 million state-located political tweets; models the polls as a function of the Twitter text using a new linear regularization feature-selection method; and shows via out-of-sample testing that when properly modeled, the Twitter-based measures track and to some degree predict opinion polls, and can be extended to unpolled states and potentially substate regions and subday timescales. An examination of the most predictive textual features reveals the topics and events associated with opinion shifts, sheds light on more general theories of partisan difference in attention and information processing, and may be of use for real-time campaign strategy.


The wave-lengths of 26 visible and ultraviolet radiations from H80198g have been measured to eight figures relative to 5460.7532A, provisionally adopted for the green line. A water-cooled electrodeless lamp containing two milligrams of artificial H80198g served as a light source when excited with radio waves of 100 Mc frequency. This lamp illuminated a Fabry-Perot interferometer and a large quartz spectrograph with which the interference patterns were photographed. Measurements of these patterns yielded relative wave-lengths with probable errors usually less than 0.0001A. In addition to demonstrating that H80198g 5460.7532A provides a practically perfect primary standard of length, this paper presents preliminary values of 27 superior spectroscopic standards which show that differences among vacuum wave numbers recur within the accuracy of the measurements, and that all the existing dispersion curves for air are incorrect.


Abstract Previous studies have shown that secular variation in the Mg/Ca ratio of seawater throughout the Phanerozoic would have subjected the aragonite-producing codiacean algae to at least three transitions between the low-Mg calcite (molar Mg/Ca <2) and aragonite + high-Mg calcite (molar Mg/Ca >2) nucleation fields in the oceans, since their origin in the Ordovician. These studies have asserted that major sediment production by codiacean algae in Recent tropical seas is permitted by the Mg/Ca ratio of modern seawater (molar Mg/Ca ∼5.2) remaining within the aragonitic/high-Mg calcite nucleation field (molar Mg/Ca >2). Here I present the results of experiments conducted to determine the effects of ambient Mg/Ca on the mineralogy, growth rate, primary productivity, calcification rate, and biomechanics of the codiacean alga Penicillus capitatus. P. capitatus specimens were grown in three artificial seawater treatments that mimic ancient seawater of differing Mg/Ca ratios, corresponding to the low-Mg calcite nucleation field (molar Mg/ Ca ∼1.0), a "boundary field" (molar Mg/Ca ∼2.5), and the aragonite + high-Mg calcite nucleation field (molar Mg/Ca ∼5.2). Significantly, P. capitatus specimens maintained a mostly aragonitic mineralogy in all three seawater treatments. However, linear growth rates, primary productivity, calcification, and thallus stiffness decreased with reductions in ambient Mg/Ca. That P. capitatus precipitates approximately three-quarters of its CaCO3 as aragonite in the seawater treatment that favors the inorganic precipitation of low-Mg calcite suggests that the alga dictates the precipitation of that polymorph, either by pumping cations to create an internal aragonite nucleation field (molar Mg/Ca >2) or by employing organic templates that specify the nucleation of the aragonite polymorph (Borowitzka 1984). However, the alga's precipitation of one-quarter of its CaCO3 as low-Mg calcite suggests that its mineralogical control is limited and can be partially overridden by the Mg/ Ca ratio of ambient seawater. The reduced calcification of P. capitatus specimens grown in the low-Mg calcite and boundary nucleation fields is probably due to the inherent difficulty of precipitating aragonite from seawater which does not naturally support its nucleation. The decreased rates of linear growth and primary production are probably caused by reductions in CO2 available for photosynthesis due to the reduction in calcification (Borowitzka and Larkum 1977). The observed decrease in thallus stiffness is probably due to the reductions in calcification and primary productivity observed in P. capitatus specimens grown in the low-Mg calcite and boundary nucleation fields. The present study suggests that aragonitic algae would have been handicapped in oceans characterized by Mg/Ca ratios that did not support their inherent mineralogy. Producing aragonite in seawater outside of the aragonite + high-Mg calcite nucleation field would probably have reduced the competitiveness of these algae, made them more susceptible to predation, and reduced their contribution to carbonate sedimentation. These findings support earlier assertions that the dominant ecological and sedimentological roles of codiacean algae in Recent tropical seas is permitted by a Mg/Ca ratio of seawater that supports the algae's aragonitic mineralogy during this time.


In an interdisciplinary effort to model protein dependency networks, biologists measure signals from certain proteins within cells over a given interval of time. Using this time series data, the goal is to deduce protein dependency relationships. The mathematical challenges is to statistically measure correlations between given proteins over time in order to conjecture probable relationships. Biologists can then consider these relationships with more scrutiny, in order to confirm their conjectures. One algorithm for finding such relationships makes use of interpolation of the data to produce next-state functions for each protein and the Deegan-Packel Index of Power voting method to measure the strength of correlations between pairs of proteins. The algorithm was previously implemented, but limitations associated with the original language required the algorithm to be re-implemented in a more computationally efficient language. Because of the algebraic focus of the Computational Commutative Algebra language, or CoCoA, the algorithm was re-implemented in this language, and results have been produced much more efficiently. In this paper I discuss the algorithm, the CoCoA language, the implementation of the algorithm in CoCoA, and the quality of the results.


In this paper we outline a number of issues and problems which arise duringthe process of contrastive human-coded corpus annotation of certain semanticand discourse categories within the framework of the CONTRANOT project,aimed at the creation and validation of contrastive functional descriptionsthrough corpus analysis and annotation. Human-coded corpus annotation is apreliminary step for the training of computer algorithms which allow the automationof the annotation of large corpora, but it can also serve as a mechanismfor testing aspects of linguistic theories empirically, such as theory formationand theory-redefinition, as well as enriching theories with quantitative information.The work reported in this paper focuses on the annotation of the categoryof Thematisation, on the one hand, and on Modality, on the other, to illustratethe challenges researchers have to face when confronted with the task of developingwell-designed and reliable annotation procedures for complex linguisticphenomena in a contrastive manner. We describe the annotation tasks andprocedures developed so far, which include the design of annotation schemason the basis of available linguistic theories and the testing of their reliabilitythrough agreement studies. We also evaluate and discuss the results of the annotationson the basis of their relevance for the theoretical characterisation of theinvestigated phenomena. We expect that our work will have an impact in thearea of contrastive textual analysis, and that it will pave the way for the developmentof automated annotation systems for computational applications.


Durum wheat ( Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum ) is the most cultivated cereal crop in the Mediterranean basin, traditionally grown under rainfed conditions using con- ventional tillage. Agronomical practices, soil type and climate variables are known to influence crop productivity. Their interaction effect is very complex and the time in which they occur strongly affects yield and quality. The nitrogen supply, in combina tion with climatic conditions, is the main constraint determining the physiological per- formance, grain yield and quality response of wheat. In addition, the N formulation, fertilizer management, crop sequence, seasonal trends, and the supply of residual and mineralized N influence the response of wheat to N fertilizer. N fertilizer management must be optimized to prevent N deficiency in the critical crop growth period, to avoid yield and quality losses and also prevent the excessive application of N fertilizer, thus reducing the environmental impact. The split application of N fertilizer is a promising strategy that satisfies plant needs and reduces N losses through improved nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). Such a strategy can result in a remarkable reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and the carbon footprint of Italian durum wheat, considering that the highest proportion of the total emissions deriving from N fertilizer production and its application.


Early mobilization of patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) is safe, feasible, and beneficial. However, implementation of early mobility as part of routine clinical care can be challenging. The objective of this review is to identify barriers to early mobilization and discuss strategies to overcome such barriers. Based on a literature search, we synthesize data from 40 studies reporting 28 unique barriers to early mobility, of which 14 (50%) were patient-related, 5 (18%) structural, 5 (18%) ICU cultural and 4 (14%) process-related barriers. These barriers were variable across ICUs and within disciplines, depending on the ICU patient population, setting, attitude, and ICU culture. To overcome the identified barriers, >70 strategies were reported and are synthesized herein, including: implementation of safety guidelines; use of mobility protocols; interprofessional training, education, and rounds; and involvement of physician champions. Systematic efforts to change ICU culture to prioritize early mobilization using an interprofessional approach and multiple targeted strategies are important components of successfully implementing early mobility in clinical practice.


This document is a revision to [RFC 1632]: A Revised Catalog of
Available X.500 Implementations and is based on the results of data
collection via a WWW home page that enabled implementors to submit new
or updated descriptions of currently available implementations of
X.500, including commercial products and openly available offerings.
[RFC 1632] is a revision of [RFC 1292]. This document contains
detailed description of 31 X.500 implementations - DSAs, DUAs, and DUA
interfaces. This memo provides information for the Internet community.
This memo does not specify an Internet standard of any kind.


Synaptic dysfunction is a manifestation of several neurobehavioral and neurological disorders. A major therapeutic challenge lies in uncovering the upstream regulatory factors controlling synaptic processes. Plant homeodomain (PHD) finger proteins are epigenetic readers whose dysfunctions are implicated in neurological disorders. However, the molecular mechanisms linking PHD protein deficits to disease remain unclear. Here, we generated a PHD finger protein 21B–depleted (Phf21b-depleted) mutant CRISPR mouse model (hereafter called Phf21bΔ4/Δ4) to examine Phf21b's roles in the brain. Phf21bΔ4/Δ4 animals exhibited impaired social memory. In addition, reduced expression of synaptic proteins and impaired long-term potentiation were observed in the Phf21bΔ4/Δ4 hippocampi. Transcriptome profiling revealed differential expression of genes involved in synaptic plasticity processes. Furthermore, we characterized a potentially novel interaction of PHF21B with histone H3 trimethylated lysine 36 (H3K36me3), a histone modification associated with transcriptional activation, and the transcriptional factor CREB. These results establish PHF21B as an important upstream regulator of synaptic plasticity–related genes and a candidate therapeutic target for neurobehavioral dysfunction in mice, with potential applications in human neurological and psychiatric disorders.


Introduction: Ear flappy is a congenital deformity most common of external ear, is transmitted by dominant form and occurs in 5% of general population. There are three main ways to do the modern surgery: the shaving, exision and fixation for stitchs of ear gristle. The technique of Mestardé, in 1963, do a new antihelice was supported in permanent sutures for posterior way and the stitchs takes until anterior perichondrium, without takes the skin. Furnas (1968) done suture with unabsorbed thread in conchal gristle, transfixing until anterior perichondrium and sutures in mastoid fascia. The otoplasty can be done with local anesthesia associated or not with sedation or with general anesthesia. The aim of the study is to evaluate the intensity of pain of patients submited to otoplasty with local anesthesia with sedation and without sedation, comparing two techniques. Method: There was separated 2 groups: Group 1: 12 patients operates with local anesthesia and sedation in surgery center; group 2: 26 patients operated with local surgery in clinic of small surgeries. The study was done in one year (2011 to 2012 May). It was done a lot of questions with these patients to evaluate the level of pain during the surgery and post-surgery. Results: There was not significant diference between two groups. Conclusion: It is possible to do this surgery with less hospital cost and the use the rooms in surgery center for more complex surgeries.


This paper focuses on multi-professional teams (MPT) as a potential post New Public Management (NPM) control regime in order to develop individualistic and holistic care in healthcare in the context of two competing logics: managerialism and professionalism. In a qualitative case study, three outpatient Child and Adolescent Psychiatric (CAP) care units are investigated using interviews, observations and shadowing. The study shows that the MPT has an integrative effect on the two logics when informal alliances are formed between psychologists/psychiatrists and unit managers. We conclude that the MPT may achieve patient care in a resource-effective and professional way but not individualistic and holistic care. An explanation may be that individualistic and holistic care is neither measurable/quantifiable as required by the resource-effectiveness goal nor in focus as a consequence of the logic of professionalism. A theoretical implication is that the negative effect of NPM on the professionals' autonomy is mitigated by the MPT. Earlier studies may have underestimated the importance of "hard facts" introduced by a strong control regime, in this case, the NPM context. The control regime may take over and create collaboration; nonetheless, the outcome is not entirely the desired one.


This work, which presents an early psychoanalyst's session-by-session notes on a case of hysteria caused by severe sexual trauma and incest, offers a vivid portrait of psychoanalytic practice in the second decade of the 20th century. Accompanying these notes are commentaries by Elizabeth Lunbeck and Bennett Simon that situate the case historically and throw light on the many difficulties that both analyst and patient encountered in the treatment. The book should be of interest to students of the history of psychoanalysis and other psychological therapies, to those interested in the history of women and gender, and to clinicians struggling with the treatment of severely traumatised patients.


Federal and state prosecutors have increasingly resorted to using forensic expert testimony against defendants in white collar criminal cases. Forensic accountants testify in cases involving financial fraud, including securities, tax and money laundering violations. In environmental prosecutions, the government engages geologists, chemists, and microscopists to gather and analyze evidence of spills and releases of hazardous pollutants and chemicals. Prosecutors use forensic computer experts to prove a host of computerrelated crimes, such as Internet fraud, unlawful access, and identity theft. They also recover electronic data and testify on spoliation of evidence in obstruction of justice cases. In both white and blue collar cases, however, the prosecution has sought to admit evidence from nontestifying forensic experts through surrogate witnesses, summary witnesses, other experts, and even documents to prevent the defense from cross-examining the experts.Beginning in 2009, the Supreme Court issued a trilogy of opinions examining the reach of the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment in cases in which the prosecution sought to admit evidence and opinions of nontestifying forensic experts to prove essential elements of the crimes charged. The rulings in two of the cases - Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts and Bullcoming v. New Mexico1 - have paved a new path for the defense to challenge the admission of evidence and opinions of nontestifying forensic experts. The third case, Williams v. Illinois,2 resulted in a plurality opinion favoring the prosecution, but has limited precedential impact because a sharply divided Court could not agree on the basis for the result. As a result, the ruling in Williams may be limited to bench trials. While the trilogy of cases involved traditional blue collar crimes, white collar practitioners may rely on the holdings of Melendez-Diaz and Bullcoming in cases when the prosecution attempts to admit expert testimony through the back door.This article examines the trilogy of Confrontation Clause cases in detail by discussing similar Confrontation Clause issues that arose in two recent white collar prosecutions and considering how they were addressed at trial. The first case, United States v. W.R. Grace, was a high-profile environmental prosecution charging the company and several Grace executives with violating the knowing endangerment provision of the Clean Air Act and defrauding the United States. The Grace verdict, an across-the-board acquittal of all defendants, occurred less than two months before the Court decided Melendez-Diaz, the first case of the trilogy. The second case, United States v. Ignasiak, was a health care fraud prosecution in which a physician was charged with illegally dispensing controlled substances to patients. The Eleventh Circuit's opinion in Ignasiak, reversing the defendant's convictions, was issued shortly after the Court decided Bullcoming, the second case in the trilogy. Through the framework of these cases, the article provides practical suggestions on how white collar practitioners may rely on the reinvigorated Confrontation Clause to preclude the admission of certain forensic evidence of nontestifying witnesses at trial.I. The Supreme Court's Current Formulation of the Confrontation ClauseThe Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment provides that "[i]n all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right... to be confronted with the witnesses against him."3 It guarantees a defendant's right to confront those who bear testimony against him.4 This "bedrock procedural guarantee" applies to federal and state prosecutions.5 While the text of the Confrontation Clause could plausibly be read to apply only to "witnesses against" the defendant who testify at trial, the Court has rejected that limitation, and held that the Confrontation Clause also applies to certain out-of-court statements offered at trial.6 However, "not all hearsay implicates the Sixth Amendment's core concerns. …


Pipe dreams represent permutations pictorially as a series of crossing pipes. Recent applications of pipe dreams include the calculation of Schubert polynomials, fillings of moon polyominoes, and in the combinatorics of antidiagonal simplicial complexes. These applications associate pipe dreams to words of elementary symmetric transpositions via a canonical mapping. However, this canonical mapping is by no means the only way of mapping pipe dreams to permutation words. We define sensical mappings from pipe dreams to words and prove sensical mappings are in bijection with standard shifted tableaux of triangular shape. We characterize the set of pipe dreams associated to a given word (under any sensical map) using step ladder moves. These moves induce a partial order on the set of pipe dreams mapping to a given word, yielding a distributive lattice.


Salted fish products produced by processors in Muara Angke and Cilincing are very diverse on size and type. Choosing of types of salted fish to be produced by processors depends on some factors. The purpose of this study was to identify the factors which related with processors attitude on choosing salted fish product. The research design was exploratory research. The population were all of the salted fish processors in Muara Angke and Cilincing, North Jakarta. Respondences were choosen randomly to get 73 salted fish processors, 55 persons of them were located at Muara Angke and another 18 were from Cilincing.  Data collected consist of primary data which used survey methods. Then data were analysed using descriptive-analysis and Rank Spearman correlation. The results indicated that the most preferred salted fish product by processors were small fish types, i.e fringerscales sardinella, anchovy and squid, because of of raw materials. Processors' continuity of raw materials. attitude on choosing of salted fish product was significantly corrrelated with processors' obedience to the rule of processing norms/customs regulations. Key words: access of processing technology, salted fish products, processors' attitude


The nature of the Verwey transition in magnetite (Fe3O4) remains an unsolved puzzle after more than 60 years. Impurities and dopants present in magnetite can alter the Verwey transition temperature T-v as well as other physical characteristics of magnetite. We present the results from Raman studies of Mn-, Ni-, and Al-doped magnetites with Verwey transition temperatures ranging from 115 to 123 K. Mn and Ni substitute only in the octahedral sites of magnetite's spinel structure, while Al has been shown to occupy both octahedral and tetrahedral sites. We analyze the shifts in the Raman spectra of our samples relative to stoichiometric and oxygen deficient magnetite. Substitution sites and concentration of dopants will be discussed. In particular we discuss changes in the A(1g) 668 cm(-1) and T-2g 538 cm(-1) modes due to doping. (C) 2009 American Institute of Physics. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3067858]


With growing environmental and occupational safety concerns over the use of cyanide in gold processing, more acceptable alternatives are receiving increased interest. The most promising of the possible alternatives is thiosulfate. However, as activated carbon is not an effective substrate for the adsorption of the gold thiosulfate complex, the thiosulfate process lacks a proven in-pulp method for recovering dissolved gold. Anion exchange resins offer a possible route for in-pulp recovery. This thesis describes work aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of commercially available anion exchange resins for the recovery of gold from thiosulfate leach liquors and pulps.

It was found that Strong-base resins are superior at accommodating the gold thiosulfate complex compared to Weak-base resins, which means Strong-base resins have a greater capacity to compete with other anions in leach solutions. Strong-base resins were therefore the preferred choice of resin for recovery of gold from thiosulfate leach solutions and pulps. Work with a selected commercial Strong-base resin showed that competing polythionates (particularly tri- and tetrathionate) lower the maximum possible loading of gold but that gold is selectively recovered over other base-metal anions in typical leach solutions. From kinetic experiments, it was found that competing polythionates did not affect the initial rate of loading of gold but displaced the loaded gold at long times. Thus it would be important to minimise the contact time of the resin with the pulp.

Equilibrium loading isotherms of gold in the presence of competing anions could be analysed by treating the ion exchange reaction as a simple chemical reaction. However, a stoichiometry and equilibrium quotient which does not follow that normally used for anion exchange, was required to describe the experimental data. A single value for the equilibrium constant also cannot be used to describe the data over the range of concentrations for a given competing anion. The order of selectivity of the anions for the anion exchange resin could be explained by the difference in structure and the charge of each anion.

The rate of loading of gold is controlled by mass transport in the aqueous phase in the presence of weakly competing anions such as sulfate and thiosulfate. An attempt was made to describe the more complex loading curves obtained in the presence of stronger competing anions such as sulfite, trithionate and tetrathionate in which it was found that the loading of gold increased to a maximum before declining to a lower equilibrium value. The difference in the rate of loading between the macroporous and gel anion exchange resins was explained by the difference in the location of their functional groups.

Operation of a small-scale resin-in-pulp plant showed that gold could be recovered from a leach pulp to yield loadings of gold of up to 6000 mg L-1 and loadings of copper below 100 mg L-1. Under ideal conditions, the gold concentration in the barren pulp could contain less than 0.01 mg L-1. Throughout the trial it was shown that loaded copper would be displaced by gold which would result in the loading of copper falling from 2000 mg L-1 in the last stage to lower than 100 mg L-1 on the resin in the first stage. It was observed that some of the dissolved gold precipitated or adsorbed on the solids during leaching. Some of this adsorbed gold was found to be recovered by the anion exchange resins that would have reported to the tails if a solid/liquid separation method was employed.

Gold was efficiently eluted with a nitrate solution and the two-step elution process using aerated ammonia followed by nitrate effectively stripped all the copper and gold from the resin. This process was found not to materially affect the equilibrium gold concentration on the resin after eight cycles, thus allowing the resin to be recycled without the need for regeneration. Electrochemical studies showed that the gold thiosulfate complex was reduced on stainless steel from a nitrate solution. Conventional electrowinning could therefore be used to recover the gold from the eluant.


With the un-abating global population increase our natural resources are stressed as never before, and the global day/night monitoring of the terrestrial covers from the mesosphere to the litho-sphere becomes all the more urgent. Microwave radar sensors are ideally suited for space imaging because those are almost weather independent, and microwaves propagate through the atmosphere with little deteriorating effects due to clouds, storms, rain, fog and haze. Globally humidity, haze and cloudiness are increasing at a rather rapid pace, whereas only 20 years ago all of those covered only 48% of the globe, today those have increased to about 62% and within another 20 years may exceed 80% for irreversible reasons. Thus, optical remote sensing from space especially in the tropical and sub-tropical vegetated belts will become rather ineffective, and microwave remote sensing technology must now be advanced strongly and most rapidly hand in hand with digital communications technology because operationally it is more rapidly available especially for disaster mitigation assistance.


The substitution of Ge4+ for Sn4+ in Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTSSe) kesterite-type absorber layers for thin film solar cells has been proven to enhance the opto-electronic properties of the material. By cationic substitution, in general, the optical bandgap can be more readily designed for the purpose of bandgap engineering, and the substitution of Sn4+ by Ge4+, in particular, widens the optical bandgap such that it can be employed for both photovoltaics and solar fuel quarrying by photocatalytic water splitting. This work is an experimental study of intrinsic point defects in off-stoichiometric kesterite-type Cu2ZnGeSe4 (CZGSe) by means of neutron powder diffraction. We revealed the existence of copper vacancies (VCu), various cation antisite defects (CuZn, ZnCu, ZnGe, CuGe) as well as interstitials (Cui, Zni) in a wide range of off-stoichiometric polycrystalline materials synthesized by solid state reaction. In addition to the off-stoichiometry-type specific defects, Cu/Zn disorder is always present in the kesterite-type CZGSe phase. While compositional changes are clearly reflected by the tetragonal deformation c/2a, the lattice parameters a and c seem differently responding to point defect types and concentration variations, respectively. The CuGe antisite defect which is known to greatly deteriorate the opto-electronic properties exists only in Cu-rich CZGSe, but appears already in CZGSe with Cu/(Zn + Ge) ≈ 1. Furthermore, we showed by diffuse reflectance hyperspectral imaging a widening of the energy bandgap in off-stoichiometric kesterite-type CZGSe with decreasing Cu/(Zn + Ge).


A single-beam pulse-shaper-based sonogram technique for spectrometer-free measurement and compensation of laser pulse phase distortions is demonstrated. Phase and amplitude shaping is used to both generate an internal reference and scan the time delay between waveforms corresponding to isolated spectral bands of the input spectrum, thereby directly reconstructing the first derivative of the spectral phase. The accuracy and precision of the approach are evaluated by measuring the group delay introduced by transmission through water or reflection from a broadband dielectric mirror.


English has a rich supply of grammatical devices used to express "stance": epistemic or attitudinal comments on propositional information. The present paper explores historical change in the preferred devices used to mark stance. By examining the entire system of stance devices, the study attempts to investigate the underlying patterns of change. Three major patterns are possible: 1) changes in social norms could result in speakers and writers expressing stance meanings to differing extents in different periods; 2) the grammatical system for the expression of stance could undergo change, showing an overall decline in the use of some grammatical devices, replaced by an increase in the use of other devices; 3) the patterns of use could undergo sharper register diversification over time, with particular stance devices taking on more specialized uses in particular registers. These possibilities are explored through corpus-based analysis of the written and speech-based registers in the ARCHER corpus, tracking the patterns of change across the past three centuries.


We present UV-extended E-MILES stellar population synthesis models covering the spectral range.. 1680-50 000 angstrom at moderately high resolution. We employ the NGSL space-based stellar library to compute spectra of single-age, single-metallicity stellar populations in the wavelength range from 1680 to 3540 angstrom. These models represent a significant improvement in resolution and age/metallicity coverage over previous studies based on earlier space-based libraries. These model spectra were joined with those we computed in the visible using MILES, and other empirical libraries for redder wavelengths. The models span the metallicity range -1.79 <= [M/H] <= +0.26 and ages above 30 Myr, for a suite of initial mass function types with varying slopes. We focus on the behaviour of colours, spectra and line-strength indices in the UV range as a function of relevant stellar population parameters. Whereas some indices strengthen with increasing age and metallicity, as most metallicity indicators in the visible, other indices peak around 3 Gyr for metal-rich stellar populations, such as Mg at 2800 angstrom. Our models provide reasonably good fits to the integrated colours and most line strengths of the stellar clusters of the Milky Way and Large Magellanic Cloud. Our full spectrum fits in the UV range for a representative set of early-type galaxies (ETGs) of varying mass yield age and metallicity estimates in very good agreement with those obtained in the optical range. The comparison of UV colours and line strengths of massive ETGs with our models reveals the presence of young stellar components, with ages in the range 0.1-0.5 Gyr and mass fractions 0.1-0.5 per cent, on the top of an old stellar population.


Currently there appears to be a lack of research in the area of developing tools, testing methodologies, and creating standards for ADSL router forensics. The paper examines a wide range of literature and introduces the concept of ADSL router forensics as a new and potential field of research for digital forensics investigators. It begins by examining why there is a need for router forensics by detailing some of the more common threats which consumers may experience while online. An outline will be provided discussing the feasibility, limitations and potential risks of router forensics. The paper will then examine one possible avenue for undertaking router forensics and how this applies to the Linksys WRT54g and finally portrays where the research will continue to hereafter.


The map of Mythical Creatures of Europe represents information on 213 mythical creatures of 68 types that are described in folk-lore of European countries. It is compiled from data collected by MSc students in Cartography at Vilnius University in Lithuania in 2011, totalling approximately 1200 man hours. Among numerous sources of information on mythical creatures, this map and database are unique as they contain geographic references and information on the living environment of so many creatures. Only the most reliable information has been included in the informative and visually attractive wall map. The project included planning, analysis of feasibility, data collection, verification, generalisation and filtering, classification of information on mythical creatures, building the GIS database, analysis of data, and cartographic visualisation. The map described in this paper was finalised in 2012 and designed with special focus on attractiveness for the user. The reference scale of the printed map is 1:7,200,000 and contains an inset of Greece at scale 1:4,000,000. The size of the map image is 62.5 × 83 cm. It is complemented by textual descriptions of each of 213 creatures. The relational database and exhaustive project documentation are available for further updates and development.


The aims of this study were to document the levels of cobalamin, folate, methylmalonic acid (MMA) and total homocysteine (tHcy) in serum and their relations to symptoms, clinical findings, and other factors in order to improve the possibilities of detecting early deficiency of vitamin B12 or folate, and to study the effects of cobalamin and folic acid treatment over a three-year period. The study population consisted of a 20% random sample of persons 70 years or older living in Alvkarleby in mid-Sweden. They were invited to a survey and 224 (88.4%) persons responded. Data were obtained by questionnaire, laboratory investigations and physical examination for the period 1993 – 1999. In a multivariate analysis performed at baseline, serum MMA and tHcy were significantly and independently correlated to age, serum cobalamin, and creatinine levels, and tHcy also to sex and serum folate. Neither serum cobalamin, folate, MMA nor tHcy had any significant correlation to haemoglobin or mean red cell volume. Almost half of the study population had signs of low tissue levels of vitamin B12 or folate. Among those who took multivitamin preparations, the proportion was much lower, 25%. Among traditional symptoms and clinical findings that have been linked to vitamin B12 or folate tissue deficiency, only changes in the tongue mucosa and mouth angle stomatitis were significantly associated with abnormal serum folate and tHcy levels. Traditional symptoms of vitamin deficiency may appear later in the course. 69 persons who had laboratory indications of early or overt tissue deficiency of vitamin B12 or folate and who had no ongoing vitamin treatment were given cobalamin for six months. Those whose MMA or tHcy levels did not normalise were given folic acid in addition to cobalamin. After further treatment for three months, all persons but one had normal levels. The laboratory effect still remained after three years of treatment. There was a tendency towards improvement of vibration sense, especially in the long nerve paths, and improvement of neurological symptoms and oral mucosa findings. Conclusion: A substantial proportion of elderly persons have laboratory signs of incipient tissue deficiency of vitamin B12 and folate. Treatment normalises lab parameters and some symptoms.


We present EMAN (Electron Micrograph ANalysis), a software package for performing semiautomated single-particle reconstructions from transmission electron micrographs. The goal of this project is to provide software capable of performing single-particle reconstructions beyond 10 A as such high-resolution data become available. A complete single-particle reconstruction algorithm is implemented. Options are available to generate an initial model for particles with no symmetry, a single axis of rotational symmetry, or icosahedral symmetry. Model refinement is an iterative process, which utilizes classification by model-based projection matching. CTF (contrast transfer function) parameters are determined using a new paradigm in which data from multiple micrographs are fit simultaneously. Amplitude and phase CTF correction is then performed automatically as part of the refinement loop. A graphical user interface is provided, so even those with little image processing experience will be able to begin performing reconstructions. Advanced users can directly use the lower level shell commands and even expand the package utilizing EMAN's extensive image-processing library. The package was written from scratch in C++ and is provided free of charge on our Web site. We present an overview of the package as well as several conformance tests with simulated data.


Green Chemistry regards the design of products and processes that minimise the use and generation of hazardous substances. Heterogeneous catalysis facilitates such energy and atom efficient processes, affording simple and low cost product isolation methods, and catalytic materials that can be easily recovered and reused. This thesis reports on the selective aerobic oxidation of 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furufural (HMF), a potential platform chemical that may be derived from cellulose, into 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) over noble metal nanoparticles dispersed on a solid base support. FDCA has been touted as a potential replacement for polyethyleneterephtalate (PET) and is also an interesting synthetic building block. Au nanoparticles are extremely active and selective oxidation catalyst for a range of environmental and fine chemical transformations, however they require a homogeneous base, such as NaOH, to work. Au NPs dispersed on hydrotalcites (HT), anionic microporous clays, have shown promise in HMF oxidation to FDCA, hydrotalcite acting as both the support and the source of base. However, key questions remained regarding the nature of active site, potential role of homogeneous contributions and importance of reaction basicity upon activity and selectivity. Kinetic profiling of HMF and its intermediates HMFCA and FFCA over Na-free Au/MgAl HT catalysts highlight the role of base in achieving high FDCA yields. The order of reaction in Au, in oxygen and in HMF were found, determination of the Arrhenius Ea for the R-OH and the R-CHO functions allowed to find the rate-determining step. Ex situ and operando XAS were performed to detect Au oxidation state and Au chemical environment in the catalyst, enlighting the true active site during the selox. Eventual changes in Au oxidation state were investigated to find how the precursor HAuCl4 evolves during the calcination. As the reaction was found to be pH-sensitive and as the calcination of HTs convert them into stronger bases, the impact of calcination temperature was studied; also a comparison between calcination and calcination rehydration protocols was done. The incorporation of Pd into Au catalysts improved activity and lifetime for these AuPd bimetallic formulations. AuPd NPs were prepared via DP method on HT support, varying Au:Pd ratio, then kinetic studies for the selox of HMF to FDCA were carried out, followed by accurate characterisations.


A thorough understanding of the communications channel between vehicles is essential for realistic modeling of Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) and the development of related technology and applications. The impact of vehicles as obstacles on vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication has been largely neglected in VANET research, especially in simulations. Useful models accounting for vehicles as obstacles must satisfy a number of requirements, most notably accurate positioning, realistic mobility patterns, realistic propagation characteristics, and manageable complexity. We present a model that satisfies all of these requirements. Vehicles are modeled as physical obstacles affecting the V2V communication. The proposed model accounts for vehicles as three-dimensional obstacles and takes into account their impact on the LOS obstruction, received signal power, and the packet reception rate. We utilize two real world highway datasets collected via stereoscopic aerial photography to test our proposed model, and we confirm the importance of modeling the effects of obstructing vehicles through experimental measurements. Our results show considerable obstruction of LOS due to vehicles. By obstructing the LOS, vehicles induce significant attenuation and packet loss. The algorithm behind the proposed model allows for computationally efficient implementation in VANET simulators. It is also shown that by modeling the vehicles as obstacles, significant realism can be added to existing simulators with clear implications on the design of upper layer protocols.


The objective of this study was two-fold: (1) to explore the suitability of a novel modified Procrustes fit method to adjust data for head motion during instructed facial movements, and (2) to compare the adjusted data among repaired unilateral (n = 4) and bilateral (n = 5) cleft lip and palate patients and noncleft control subjects (n = 50). Using a video-based tracking system, three-dimensional displacement of 14 well-defined nasolabial landmarks was measured during four set facial animations without controlling for head motion. The modified Procrustes fit method eliminated the contributions of head motion by matching the most stable landmarks of each video-recorded frame of the face during function to frames at rest. Its effectiveness was found to approximate that of a previous method (i.e., use of a maxillary occlusal splint to which stable dentition-based markers were attached). Data from both the unilateral and bilateral cleft lip and palate patients fell outside the normal range of maximum displacements and of asymmetry, and individual patients demonstrated greater right-versus-left asymmetry in maximum displacement than did individual noncleft subjects. It is concluded that the modified Procrustes fit method is fast, is easy to apply, and allows subjects to move the head naturally without the inconvenience of a splint while facial movement data are being collected. Results obtained using this method support the view that facial movements in cleft patients may be severely hampered and that assessment of facial animation should be strongly considered when contemplating surgical lip revisions.


Hidden Markov processes such as the Gilbert-Elliott (1960) channel have an infinite dependency structure. Therefore, entropy and channel capacity calculations require knowledge of the infinite past. In practice, such calculations are often approximated with a finite past. It is commonly assumed that the approximations require an unbounded amount of the past as the memory in the underlying Markov chain increases. We show that this is not necessarily true. We derive an exponentially decreasing upper bound on the accuracy of the finite-past approximation that is much tighter than existing upper hounds when the Markov chain mixes well. We also derive an exponentially decreasing upper bound that applies when the Markov chain does not mix at all. Our methods are demonstrated on the Gilbert-Elliott channel, where we prove that a prescribed finite-past accuracy is quickly reached, independently of the Markovian memory. We conclude that the past can be used either to learn the channel state when the memory is high, or wait until the states mix when the memory is low. Implications fur computing and achieving capacity on the Gilbert-Elliott channel are discussed.


Emily Pointer would rather jog naked through Harvey Nichols' beauty hall than be seen with last season's handbag. A fashion stylist with "Chic" magazine, Emily is a natural blonde, a effortless size 10, travels the world for work and gets 30 per cent discount at Prada. As far as she's concerned, life is perfect. So surely a night of wild sex with a hunky Australian photographer during the fashion show season in Milan will be just another fabulous experience to add to the package. Instead, Emily starts to discover that life can be messy- and the designer clothes in your closet can be squeezed out by the skeletons lurking in there too. From the bestselling author of "Pants on Fire" and a former magazine editor herself, comes the delicious tale of a woman who was kidding herself that another Birkin bag was all she needed to achieve fulfilment.


'British Racial Discourse' is a study of political discourse about race and race-related matters. The explanatory theory is adapted from current sociological studies of ideology with a heavy emphasis on the tradition developed from Marx and Engels's Feuerbach. The empirical data is drawn from the parliamentary debates on immigration and the Race Relations Bills, Conservative and Labour Party Conference Reports, and a set of interviews with Wolverhampton Borough councillors. Although the thesis has broader significance for British political discourse about race, it is particularly concerned with the responses of members of the two main political parties, rather than with the more overt and sensational racism of certain extreme Right-wing groups. Indeed, as the study progresses, it focuses more and more narrowly on the phenomenon of 'deracialised' discourse, and the details of the predominantly class-based justificatory systems of the Conservative and Labour Parties. Of particular interest are the argument forms (used in the debates on immigration and race relations) which manage to obscure the white electorate's responsibility for prejudice and discrimination. Such discoursive forms are of major significance for understanding British race relations, and their detailed examination provides an insight into the way in which 'ideological facades' are created and maintained.


Pharmacist refusals to dispense--and in some cases to refer or transfer--prescriptions for contraception threaten women9s access to basic health care both in the United States and around the world. In the United States, this problem appears to be growing; increasing reports of pharmacist refusals have surfaced in the media, and numerous states have introduced bills that would amend pharmacy codes to permit pharmacists to refuse to dispense contraception. This
 Policy Forum
 reviews current legal standards and professional ethics that govern the practice of pharmacy; this review, together with an assessment of the harm to women9s health, dictates that women must have access to contraception at the pharmacy without delay, harassment, or other interference.


Groundwater depletion threatens long-term food security in developing countries. Moreover, groundwater pumping contributes to climate change. We evaluate the effect of targeted subsidies for technology to use groundwater more efficiently in agri-culture. Using a randomized controlled trial across 360 villages in Bangladesh, we show that subsidies reduce electricity used for pumping by 38 percent, but only when targeted to water sellers. Subsidizing technology to individual farmers has smaller effects. Features of the groundwater market can explain this result. Natural monopolist water sellers charge fixed fees to farmers, but maintain a role in irrigation planning, incentivizing them to adopt conservation practices.


This study presents a new method for deriving the breakthrough curve (BTC) of Br− tracer by measurements in the laboratory. In this method, the breakthrough is recorded by an ion selective electrode placed in a flow cell into which a peristaltic pump redirects part of the effluent. Special care was taken to make the measurements insensitive to variations in ionic strength in the effluent by mixing in the ionic strength adjuster. To evaluate this newly proposed method, BTCs of Br− and 2H were measured for two saturated columns during steady‐state flow under ponding boundary conditions. A concentration pulse was generated by the newly developed infiltration head with two independent sets of injection capillaries, which dosed water or tracer solution into the ponding water while keeping the ponding height constant. In addition to the continuous automatic method, discrete samples of effluent were analyzed for Br− by ion chromatography and for 2H using laser spectroscopy. Experiments were conducted on packed sand and on an undisturbed sample of coarse sandy loam soil. In both cases, the results showed good agreement between BTCs of Br− and 2H measured using the proposed method and those derived using traditional methods on effluent samples collected during the same experiment. Additional experiments showed good reproducibility of the BTC measurement during replicated experiments.


Background Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent of Chagas Disease, is a major vector borne health problem in Latin America and an emerging infectious disease in the United States. Methods We tested the efficacy of a multi-component DNA-prime/DNA-boost vaccine (TcVac1) against experimental T. cruzi infection in a canine model. Dogs were immunized with antigen-encoding plasmids and cytokine adjuvants, and two weeks after the last immunization, challenged with T. cruzi trypomastigotes. We measured antibody responses by ELISA and haemagglutination assay, parasitemia and infectivity to triatomines by xenodiagnosis, and performed electrocardiography and histology to assess myocardial damage and tissue pathology. Results Vaccination with TcVac1 elicited parasite-and antigen-specific IgM and IgG (IgG2>IgG1) responses. Upon challenge infection, TcVac1-vaccinated dogs, as compared to non-vaccinated controls dogs, responded to T. cruzi with a rapid expansion of antibody response, moderately enhanced CD8+ T cell proliferation and IFN-γ production, and suppression of phagocytes' activity evidenced by decreased myeloperoxidase and nitrite levels. Subsequently, vaccinated dogs controlled the acute parasitemia by day 37 pi (44 dpi in non-vaccinated dogs), and exhibited a moderate decline in infectivity to triatomines. TcVac1-immunized dogs did not control the myocardial parasite burden and electrocardiographic and histopatholgic cardiac alterations that are the hallmarks of acute Chagas disease. During the chronic stage, TcVac1-vaccinated dogs exhibited a moderate decline in cardiac alterations determined by EKG and anatomo-/histo-pathological analysis while chronically-infected/non-vaccinated dogs continued to exhibit severe EKG alterations. Conclusions Overall, these results demonstrated that TcVac1 provided a partial resistance to T. cruzi infection and Chagas disease, and provide an impetus to improve the vaccination strategy against Chagas disease.


Models relating wind forcing to resulting sand transport flux have been at the core of the discipline from its conception and remain an important central focus. The desired capability to accurately predict the amounts of sand that are moved in response to any given wind regime is one of the key practical applications of our scientific efforts. A plethora of predictive equations have been developed and tested over the course of many decades, with a great variety of parameter values and options, and in recent years the ever-advancing progress in deploying high-frequency wind and sand transport sensors in high-density measurement arrays has yielded a deeper understanding of the strong spatio-temporal variability in windblown sand transport. Most field experiments involve measuring time-series of wind forcing and the accompanying sand transport flux in one location or along one compact array, to then analyse for statistical relationships. In this contribution we present both an alternative measurement strategy as well as sophisticated (and unusual) statistical data analyses techniques that have not been applied to this research problem before. A field experiment on a wide sandy beach involved the deployment of 20 pairs of 50Hz sonic anemometer and 25Hz electronic sand trap over a grid network covering a distance of 90m alongshore and 30m cross-shore. Data were collected during an event where sand transport was driven by wind blowing roughly parallel to the beach, with well-developed and typical boundary layer flow conditions. Each station of co-located sonic and sand trap thus provides the opportunity to measure and develop a transport relationship that can be independently tested on the other stations in the grid. The grid as a whole, meanwhile, provides the opportunity to quantify spatio-temporal variability in a variety of ways. In addition to this alternative measurement strategy, a taught MSc course for physics and maths students was used to elicit the application of advanced and unusual statistical techniques to the analysis of potential relationships between the synchronous time-series from these stations. Techniques that students applied included sophisticated data-cleaning and detrending methods, stationarity testing, autoregressive-moving-average models, various types of non-linear regression, Gaussian process learning, stochastic models, k-means clustering, and Bayesian modelling. While these unusual statistical techniques by no means yield any specific superior transport model, they do introduce some interesting and useful new perspectives on our traditional lines of inquiry.


Eating Disorders Awareness, Prevention, and Education Act of 2003 - Amends the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 to authorize the use of innovative assistance funds for programs to: (1) improve identification of students with eating disorders; (2) increase awareness of such disorders among parents and students; and (3) train educators with respect to effective eating disorder prevention and assistance methods.Directs the Secretary of Education to carry out a program to broadcast public service announcements to improve public awareness, and to promote the identification and prevention, of eating disorders.Requires the National Center for Education Statistics and the National Center for Health Statistics to: (1) study the impact eating disorders have on educational advancement and achievement; (2) report on current State and local programs to educate youth on the dangers of eating disorders; and (3) recommend Federal, State, and local measures that could be undertaken.


Background: Congested-fixture championships are common during the selection of the athletes and teams participating in the Olympic Games. Throughout these tournaments, it is fundamental to perform optimally, rest well, and recover between competitions. This study aimed to (a) explore the effectiveness of the use of intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) and cold water immersion (CWI) to recover muscle mechanical function (MuscleMechFx), hydration status (HydS), pain perception (PainPercep), rate of perceived exertion (RPE), sleep hours, and sleep quality (SleepQual) during a regional multi-sports international championship and (b) compare these results by sex. Methods: A total of 52 basketball and handball players were exposed to a recovery protocol after the competition as follows: IPC, sequential 20 min at 200 mmHg, and CWI, continuous 12 min at 12 °C. Results: MuscleMechFx presented differences by match and sex (p = 0.058) in time of contraction of biceps femoris; SleepQual and sleep hours were different between matches (<0.01). Conclusions: IPC + CWI seems to be effective to maintain some MuscleMechFx, HydS, and recovery and pain perception during a congested multi-sport tournament.


GIS integrated 3D modelling is crucial for the city planning and design processes because urban modelling is a tool used in virtual environments, and provides convenience to work. Although, the creation and display of 3D city models for large regions is difficult it is vital for planning and designing safer cities, as well as public places. Today, crime is a significant problem in Turkey. When it was compared by years of crime rates, population growth and urbanization rate, an increasing more than in parallel has been observed. This paper aims to discuss GIS integrated 3D modelling affects in urban planning and design, explaining Turkish planning processes with GIS and 3D modelling. To do that, it presents a case study for Izmir Konak Municipality about GIS integrated crime analysis and 3D models of the crime scenes. Izmir crime records has been obtained from Izmir Police Department belonging to 2003-2004 and 2005 (D. Deniz, 2007) are used for districts' crime map. In the light of these data, the highest rate crime district, Konak, is analyzed between 2001 and 2005 data.


This paper develops and applies tools to assess multivariate aspects of Bayesian Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model forecasts and their ability to predict comovements among key macroeconomic variables. The authors construct posterior predictive checks to evaluate the calibration of conditional and unconditional density forecasts, in addition to checks for root-mean-squared errors and event probabilities associated with these forecasts. The checks are implemented on a three-equation DSGE model as well as the Smets and Wouters (2007) model using real-time data. They find that the additional features incorporated into the Smets-Wouters model do not lead to a uniform improvement in the quality of density forecasts and prediction of comovements of output, inflation, and interest rates.


Nasal eosinophils are often observed in allergic rhinitis, nasal polyposis, allergic fungal sinusitis, and non-allergic rhinitis with eosinophilia syndrome(NARES). Determinations of nasal eosinophils quantities are performed by most clinical laboratories and are often viewed as an adjunct to diagnosing upper airway inflammatory disease(1). Although increasing nasal eosinophils have been observed during seasonal allergen exposure(2), the role of monitoring nasal eosinophils has not been defined in the context of clinical practice. The purpose of this paper is to describe serial nasal eosinophil quantities in 3 patients treated over time in a single allergy practice and to discuss the relevant recent literature regarding nasal eosinophil quantification techniques and their utility.


The strong inward rectification of Kir2.1 currents is reportedly due to blockade of the outward current by cytoplasmic magnesium (Mg2+ i) and polyamines, and is known to be determined in part by three negatively charged amino acid residues: Asp172, Glu224, and Glu299 (D172, E224, E299). Our aim was to identify additional sites contributing to the inward rectification of Kir2.1 currents. To accomplish this, we introduced into wild-type Kir2.1 and its D172N and D172N & E224G & E299S mutants various point mutations selected on the basis of a comparison of the sequences of Kir2.1 and the weak rectifier sWIRK. By analyzing macroscopic currents recorded from Xenopus oocytes using two-electrode voltage clamp, we determined that S165L mutation decreases inward rectification, especially with the triple mutant. The susceptibility to blockade by intracellular blockers was examined using HEK293 transfectants and the inside-out patch clamp configuration. The sensitivity to spermine was significantly diminished in the D172N and triple mutant, but not the S165L mutant. Both the S165L and D172N mutants were less susceptible to blockade by Mg2+ i than the wild-type channel, and the susceptibility was still lower in the D172N & S165L double mutant. These results suggest that S165 is situated deeper into the pore from inside than D172, where it is accessible to Mg2+ i but not to spermine. The single channel conductance of the D172N mutant was similar to that of the wild-type Kir2.1, whereas the conductance of the S165L mutant was significantly lower. Permeation by extracellular Rb+ (Rb+ o) was dramatically increased by S165L mutation, but was increased only slightly by D172N mutation. By contrast, the Rb+/K+ permeability ratio was increased equally by D172N and S165L mutation. We therefore propose that S165 forms the narrowest part of the Kir2.1 pore, where both extracellular and intracellular blockers plug the permeation pathway.


This thesis examines management and organization theories and their relevance to the Museum and gallery context. In Part One management theories are examined to ascertain the development of management thinking and to establish the principles under which museums and galleries operate. This theme is developed to extend the concept of management expertise in museums and galleries to enable due consideration to be given to applications of management theory which are seen to be under-utilized yet appropriate to the changing environment in which museums and galleries currently operate. Thought is given to the attitudes and antecedents of the museum profession and their seeming reluctance to develop new management skills. The complexities of subject-specialists occupying key management positions within museums and galleries is discussed and the move to a more consultative approach to management is recommended. Part Two explores Organization Theory, its historical and contemporary view and its relevance to the museum and gallery context. An analysis of organizational structure questions the understanding by museum managers of the importance of appropriate structures to the successful and effective control of' museums and galleries. Following on from this is a detailed look at structural patterns and how best to understand and design appropriate structures within the environment of change currently affecting museums. To give guidance to this line of thought Organization Culture, Conflict and Change is examined to point out the importance of a cognizant approach to these subjects by senior museum professionals in order to provide the most appropriate structure within institutions which are required to function with historic collections in a competitive environment that has seen fundamental changes, generally, over the past twenty 11 years.
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Contemporary French thought provides an especially instructive 'laboratory' for examination of the meaning and present-day relevance of Hannah Arendt's famous chapter 'The Decline of the Nation-State and the End of the Rights of Man' (1951). The polarised interpretations the piece has elicited (and continues to) in France raise issues that also form the core of contemporary debates about the possibility and meaning of cosmopolitan citizenship. This paper shows that Arendt's article furnishes two distinct interpretations in Francophone analysis that correspond respectively with two contemporary critiques of cosmopolitanism. According to the first, Arendt's meaning was that human rights can only be realised within a determined national collectivity. The second interpretation reads Arendt's text as an invitation to pronounce human rights obsolete, on the grounds that they are inextricably linked to an assertion of the sovereign violence of the nation-state. In counterpoise to these two interpretations, this paper foregrounds alternative readings by Miguel Abensour, Etienne Balibar and Etienne Tassin, suggesting that Arendt's work in fact embodies a 'political' conception of human rights that neither devalue abstract humanism, nor launch an assault on hypocrisy in human rights rhetoric, nor restrict human rights to the framework of a national collectivity. Finally, the paper explores Arendt's positions further with an examination of the European 'case', which provides a contemporary illustration of the real achievements – yet also the limits – of this embryonic form of cosmopolitan citizenship.


A system to automatically reduce and analyze the data on a spectrogram is in current use. The techniques used and the system are described. The system's principal components consist of a scanning densitometer with a built-on linear encoder, a 16-kc word rate analog-to-digital converter, and an IBM 1800 process computer with magnetic disk memory. The photomultiplier signal, which is proportional to the relative transmissivity of the spectrogram, is sampled at intervals of 2 or 4 μ. For a typical dispersion, this corresponds to approximately 0.025 Å. The sampled data are permanently stored on the disk memory. Typical processing time to scan one 12-cm spectrogram is 3 to 5 min. The stored data are further processed to locate all significant lines, to assign wavelengths to each line, and to determine relative intensities of the lines. The spectrum is plotted for visual interpretation and further analysis.


Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) have rightfully received a great deal of research and authorship in the past decade or so. The editors have approached sexually transmitted diseases as clinical syndromes, emphasizing differential diagnosis and giving less space to treatment. Thus, after appropriate introductory chapters on anatomy, physiology, and epidemiology, separate chapters are devoted to urethritis syndromes, cervicitis syndromes, vaginal syndromes, genital ulcer syndromes, the urethral syndrome, "gay bowel" syndrome, and pelvic inflammatory disease. Several chapters have algorithms, and tables are abundant. The microbial pathogens responsible for each syndrome are discussed in each chapter; thus there is some redundancy. Additional chapters cover epidemiology, a variety of nonsyndrome STDs, and final chapters cover outpatient approaches to STDs. The text is well written and each chapter is extensively referenced. David Eschenbach's chapter on vaginal syndromes is particularly good. The volume is directed to primary care physicians and public health workers, but will appeal to other specialists as well.


Using daily data on vaccinations, disease spread and measures of social interaction from Google Mobility reports aggregated at the country level for 112 countries, we present estimates of behavioural responses to the global rollout of COVID-19 vaccines. We first estimate correlates of the timing and intensity of the vaccination rollout, finding that countries which vaccinated more of their population earlier strongly tended to be richer, whereas measures of the state of pandemic or its death toll up to the time of the initial vaccine rollout had little predictive ability after controlling for income. Estimates of models of social distancing and disease spread suggest that countries which vaccinated more quickly also experienced decreases in some measures of social distancing, yet also lower incidence of disease, and in these countries, policy-makers relaxed social distancing measures relative to countries which rolled out vaccinations more slowly.


Objectives To (i) identify predictors of outcome for the physiotherapy management of shoulder pain and (ii) enable clinicians to subgroup people into risk groups for persistent shoulder pain and disability. Methods 1030 people aged ≥18 years, referred to physiotherapy for the management of musculoskeletal shoulder pain were recruited. 810 provided data at 6 months for 4 outcomes: Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI) (total score, pain subscale, disability subscale) and Quick Disability of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (QuickDASH). 34 potential prognostic factors were used in this analysis. Results Four classification trees (prognostic pathways or decision trees) were created, one for each outcome. The most important predictor was baseline pain and/or disability: higher or lower baseline levels were associated with higher or lower levels at follow-up for all outcomes. One additional baseline factor split participants into four subgroups. For the SPADI trees, high pain self-efficacy reduced the likelihood of continued pain and disability. Notably, participants with low baseline pain but concomitant low pain self-efficacy had similar outcomes to patients with high baseline pain and high pain self-efficacy. Cut-off points for defining high and low pain self-efficacy differed according to baseline pain and disability. In the QuickDASH tree, the association between moderate baseline pain and disability with outcome was influenced by patient expectation: participants who expected to recover because of physiotherapy did better than those who expected no benefit. Conclusions Patient expectation and pain self-efficacy are associated with clinical outcome. These clinical elements should be included at the first assessment and a low pain self-efficacy response considered as a target for treatment intervention.


Membrane failures are often caused by poor pre-treatment design and/or poor operation. Systems are frequently designed and built without a clear understanding of the chemistry of the feed water to be treated and the physical characteristics of the particulate matter it contains. The larger the system the more likely is some incident of pre-treatment failure, often at a high financial cost to the operator. Such problems are common with medium and large surface water systems, particularly those using sea, lake, river and recycled effluent waters. It is standard practice to carry out pre-treatment chemical trials (coagulation and flocculation) on-site. However, new techniques such as on-line particle counting and the examination and analysis of SDI papers allow more comprehensive scientific investigation to be made under laboratory conditions. Results from laboratory studies mean that it is often possible to improve pre-treatment operation, even on a well run system. This paper considers traditional membrane autopsy techniques and looks at some of the new laboratory tools available to improve pre-treatment system performance. The authors discuss some of the laboratory techniques involved such as the use of 'particle counting' and the chemical examination of SDI papers and show how they can help pre-treatment systems operate more effectively without the need for costly re-engineering. Real case experiences are used to illustrate this discussion.


A series of uniformly tilted fault-bounded blocks is a common feature in actively extending regions, such as the Basin and Range province. If the tilted blocks were produced by rigid "domino-style" rotation, one would predict large voids at either end of a series of these blocks. Using tilt data and a simple flexural calculation, we suggest that much of the apparent rigid behavior could also be produced by internal block deformation. In our model of normal fault growth, isostatic/elastic uplift of the footwall is coupled with hanging wall downdrop within the region between faults, resulting in the appearance of a tilted rigid block. We present tilt data sampled at varying distances from several block-defining faults within the northeast Basin and Range province. Tilt measurements between a series of 30-km spaced block-defining faults are found to be uniform, while tilts between more widely spaced faults exhibit a pattern of tilt that diminishes to zero in less than 30 km. Using a simple flexural calculation for internal block deformation, we show that for this region the patterns of tilt are consistent with a flexural length scale of ∼8–12 km and deflections of 2–4 km. These estimates are compatible with both the lower limit to seismicity and basin depth determined from earthquake and seismic reflection studies.


Background We test the reversal hypothesis, which suggests that the relationship between obesity and education depends on the economic development in the country; in poor countries, obesity is more prevalent in the higher educated groups, while in rich countries the association is reversed—higher prevalence in the lower educated. Methods We assembled a data set on obesity and education including 412 921 individuals from 70 countries in the period 2002–2013. Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita was used as a measure of economic development. We assessed the association between obesity and GDP by education using a two-stage mixed effects model. Country-specific educational inequalities in obesity were investigated using regression-based inequality indices. Results The reversal hypothesis was supported by our results in men and women. Obesity was positively associated with country GDP only among individuals with lower levels of education, while this association was absent or reduced in those with higher levels of education. This pattern was more pronounced in women than in men. Furthermore, educational inequalities in obesity were reversed with GDP; in low-income countries, obesity was more prevalent in individuals with higher education, in medium-income and high-income countries, obesity shifts to be more prevalent among those with lower levels of education. Conclusions Obesity and economic development were positively associated. Our findings suggest that education might mitigate this effect. Global and national action aimed at the obesity epidemic should take this into account.


Over the past 30 years, gangs have moved from large cities to suburban communities and small cities. Their presence has also been observed in public institutions such as secondary schools and the military. This study examines the presence of gang-involved individuals in another public institution, college athletics. While there are popular media reports of college athletes involved in gang activity, there has been no empirical research on the topic. The present study reports on the results from a national survey of athletic directors and campus police chiefs at universities with high-profile athletics programs, and interviews with student-athletes enrolled in two of these universities. The findings show the large majority of all three groups believe athletes affiliated with gangs are participating in college athletics. However, few athletic directors and campus police chiefs report the presence of gang-involved athletes on their own campus, and only a small number of athletes report that their teammates were also gang members. More research is needed to understand the scope and impact of this presence.


Experimental conditions for obtaining high quality core-shell ionization edges in reflection electron energy-loss spectroscopy (REELS) are investigated. Under the (600) specular- "mirror" reflection conditions and using the relative ionization cross-section measured from a MgO thin foil in the transmission geometry for collection semi-angle 03B2 = 1.2mrad, the chemical composition of MgO (100) surfaces is determined to be NO/NMg = 1.5 ± 0.15. This value is not significantly affected by varying the resonance diffraction conditions near the [001] zone axis, under which the spectra were acquired. An incorrect apparent composition will result if channeling effects along the [011] zone axis are not considered properly. Surface microanalysis is limited by the accuracy of the core-shell effective ionization cross-section (EICS), which depends not only on the property of a single atom but also on the dynamical elastic and inelastic scattering and channeling processes of electrons. An experimental method is outlined by which to measure the relative EICS from a thin foil specimen in the transmission case under the equivalent resonance conditions as in reflection geometry.


Abstract. To test the current-generation model of subauroral polarization stream (SAPS), we have investigated the relative positions of field-aligned currents (FACs) with respect to SAPS in a statistical way by using CHAMP (CHAllenging Minisatellite Payload) and DMSP (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program) satellite observations as well as model simulations. Comparative studies have been performed for consecutive CHAMP observations in different magnetic local time (MLT) sectors with respect to SAPS. The latitude of the peak westward zonal wind deduced from CHAMP measurements has been used to represent the location of the SAPS peak. Both the density and the sheet current strength of R2 (region 2) FACs are enhanced when SAPS occur. Subsequently R2 FACs decay in intensity and correspondingly the centers retreat poleward. The latitudes of the center of the R2 FAC, small- and medium-scale FACs, and SAPS shift equatorward with increasing MLT. The SAPS peaks are located between R2 and R1 (region 1) FAC peaks in all MLT bins under study. The SAPS peaks are closer to R2 centers in the later MLT sectors. The peaks of small- and medium-scale FACs are located poleward of SAPS, mainly in the upward R1 FACs region. The upward R1 FACs are partly closed by the downward R1 FACs in the dawn–morning sector. Based on model simulation, when R2 shifts equatorward to the subauroral region, the plasma flow also shifts equatorward with its peak located poleward of that of R2 FACs. Both the model and observations provide evidence that SAPS behave as caused by a magnetospheric current source.


Research articles represent a major form of academic discourse and are known to vary based on genre and discipline. Although numerous studies have been conducted to describe and explain these variations, few of them have used quantitative methods. However, text statistics is particularly well developed in France, and the methods and tools developed would be very useful for ESP and EAP teachers and corpus linguists. The present chapter offers an overview of the main methods that have been developed, and combines qualitative and text-statistics approaches to examine variation between the academic fields of biology and linguistics, two disciplines that differ widely with respect to their experimental approaches, methodology, and intellectual communities and history. Keywords: academic genres; corpus linguistics; text statistics


Title of Dissertation: Information, Consumer Choice, and Firm Strategy in an Experience Good Market Yan Chen, Doctor of Philosophy, 2008 Directed By: Professor Ginger Jin, Department of Economics This paper models how consumers make brand choice when they have limited information. In an experience good market with frequent product entry and exit, consumers face two types of information problems: first, they have limited information about product existence; second, even if they know a product exists, they do not have full information about its quality until they purchase and consume the product. In this paper, I incorporate purchase experience and brand advertising as two sources of information, and examine how consumers utilize them in a dynamic process. Specifically, to address the awareness problem, I model the consumer choice set as a function of experience and advertising, which varies across consumers and evolves over time. In terms of quality, I allow a first-time consumer to infer product quality from advertising. Once she buys the product, she learns the quality perfectly. To better capture the dynamics, I incorporate habit formation conditional on each consumer's purchase history. The model is estimated using the AC Nielsen homescan data in Los Angeles, which records grocery shopping histories for 1,402 households over six years. Taking ready-to-eat cereal as an example, I find that consumers learn about new products quickly and form strong habits. More specifically, advertising has a significant effect informing consumers of product existence and signaling product quality. However, advertising's prestige effect is not significant. I also find that incorporating limited information about product existence leads to larger estimates of the price elasticity. Then I use instrument variables based on differentiated-products firm competition models to address the endogeneity problem of price and advertising with unobserved brand characteristics. Based on the IV estimates, I summarize the substitution pattern and simulate consumer choices under counterfactual experiments to evaluate a number of brand marketing strategies and a policy on banning children-oriented cereal advertising. Information, Consumer Choice, and Firm Strategy in an Experience Good Market


In this treatise, we design Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) aided MIMO transceivers. The employment of multiple antennas leads to the concept of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, which constitute an effective way of achieving an increased capacity. When multiple antennas are employed at the Base Station (BS), it is possible to employ Multiuser Detection (MUD) in the uplink. However, in the downlink (DL), due to the size as well as power consumption constraints of mobile devices, so-called Multiuser Transmission (MUT) techniques may be employed at the BS for suppressing the multiuser interference before transmissions, provided that the DL channel to be encountered may be accurately predicted. The MUT scheme using the classic MMSE criterion is popular owing to its simplicity. However, since the BER is the ultimate system performance indicator, in this treatise we are more interested in the Minimum BER MUT (MBER-MUT) design. Unlike the MBER-MUD, the MBER-MUT design encounters a constrained nonlinear optimization problem due to the associated total transmit power constraint. Sequential Quadratic Programming (SQP) algorithms may be used to obtain the precoder's coefficients. However, the computational complexity of the SQP based MBER-MUT solution may be excessive for high-rate systems. Hence, as an attractive design alternative, continuous-valued PSO was invoked to find the MBER-MUT's precoder matrix in order to reduce its computational complexity. Two PSO aided MBER-MUTs were designed and explained. The first one may be referred to as a symbol-specific MBER-MUT, while the other one may be termed as the average MBER-MUT. Our simulation results showed that both of our designs achieve an improvement in comparison to conventional linear MUT schemes, while providing a reduced complexity compared to the state-of-art SQP based MBER-MUT. Later, we introduced discrete multi-valued PSO into the context of MMSE Vector Precoding (MMSEVP) to find the optimal perturbation vector. As a nonlinearMUT scheme, the VP provides an attractive BER performance. However, the computational complexity imposed during the search for optimal perturbation vector may be deemed excessive, hence it becomes necessary to find reduced-complexity algorithms while maintaining a reasonable BER performance. Lattice-Reduction-aied (LRA) VP is the most popular approach to reduce the complexity imposed. However, the LRA VP is only capable of achieving a suboptimum BER performance, although its complexity is reduced. Another drawback of LRA VP is that its complexity is fixed, which is beneficial for real-time implenebtations, but it is unable to strike a trade-off between the target BER and its required complexity. Therefore, we developed a discrete multi-valued PSO aided MMSE-VP design, which has a flexible complexity and it is capable of iteratively improving the achievable. In Chapter 5, our contributions in the field of Minimum Bit Error Rate Vector Precoding (MBER-VP) are unveiled. Zero-Forcing Vector Precoding (ZF-VP) and MMSE Vector Precoding (MMSE-VP) had already been proposed in the literature. However, to the best of our knowledge, no VP algorithm was proposed to date based on the direct minimisation of the BER. Our improved MMSE-VP design based on the MBER criterion first invokes a regularised channel inversion technique and then superimposes a discrete-valued perturbation vector for minimising the BER of the system. To further improve the system's BER performance, an MBER-based generalised continuous-valued VP algorithm was also proposed. Assuming the knowledge of the information symbol vector and the CIR matrix, we consider the generation of the effective symbol vector to be transmitted by directly minimising the BER of the system. Our simulation results show the advantage of these two VP schemes based on the MBER criterion, especially for rank-deficient systems, where the number of BS transmit antennas is lower than the number of MSs supported. The robustness of these two designs to the CIR estimation error are also investigated. Finally, the computational complexity imposed is also quantified in this chapter. With the understanding of the BER criterion of VP schemes, we then considered a new transceiver design by combing uniform channel decomposition and MBER vector precoding, which leads to a joint transmitter and receiver design referred as the UCD-MBER-VP scheme. In our proposed UCD-MBER-VP scheme, the precoding and equalisation matrices are calculated by the UCD method, while the perturbation vector is directly chosen based on the MBER criterion. We demonstrated that the proposed algorithm outperforms the existing benchmark schemes, especially for rank-deficient systems, where the number of users supported is more than the number of transmit antennas employed. Moreover, our proposed joint design approach imposes a similar computational complexity as the existing benchmark schemes.


Salt lakes have a signi�cant effect on the regional climate, environment, and ecology in semi-arid regions characterized by lower rainfall and high evaporation. However, under the stresses of global change and human disturbance, anthropogenic pollution is the main factor threatening the lake ecological environment. Surface sediment samples collected from four salt lakes in the Ordos Plateau were used to investigate the salinity, concentration, pollution status, potential sources of heavy metals, and in�uencing factors. The surface sediments of Beida Pond and Gouchi Pond were weakly alkaline (pH < 9) owing to Na 2 SO 4 , whereas those of Chaigannaoer and Hongjiannao were strongly alkaline (pH > 9) owing to Na 2 CO 3 . The concentration range of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb in the sediment samples collected from the salt lake in the Ordos followed the order of Cr > Zn > Ni > Pb > Cu > As > Cd. The Cr values were higher in Chagannaoer and Hongjiannao, but the Ni, Cu, and Zn values were higher in Beida Pond and Gouchi Pond. The geoaccumulation index (I geo ) and enrichment factor (EF) consistently indicated that Cr posed the greatest potential ecological risk and that Ni, Cu, and Zn pollution was more severe in Beida Pond and Gouchi Pond than in Chagannaoer or Hongjiannao. However, Er and RI indicated these heavy metals were a low risk to the environment. Risk assessment code (RAC) revealed that Pb and Cr exhibited no mobility and had low potential bioavailability risk, although Zn, Ni, and As were categorized as medium risk. Cu had the highest mobility and high risk. Principal component analysis for Beida Pond and Gouchi Pond revealed that the source of Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb might be associated with water - soluble elements in aqueous migration. For Cr, Pb, and As, it was indicated that the source of these heavy metals might be lithospheric minerals carried by dust storms. Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Cr, and Pb in Chagannaoer and Hongjiannao may be derived from surface runoff, and chemicals from these sources may eventually accumulate in sediments. Pearson's correlation analysis indicated that pH was the main environmental factor controlling the distribution of heavy metals in Chagannaoer and Hongjiannao.