Holistic energy management system business practices, such as the framework detailed in ISO 50001 – Energy management system, requirements and guidance for use , are centrally based upon the concept of energy performance improvement. For the purposes of ISO 50001, energy performance improvement can be determined for boundaries 1 and following a process that is best suited for the implementing organization. Many organization and government ISO 50001 based programs, including the United States Department of Energy Superior Energy Performance (SEP) program, find value in demonstrating organizational energy performance improvement as the difference in energy consumption between two time periods within physically defined facility-boundaries. To make the difference in energy consumption for the two time periods meaningful, the amount of energy consumed must be adjusted to account for relevant variables. Relevant variables, such as metrics of production and weather conditions, affect directly the amount of energy consumed but are independent of the facility's energy performance. Therefore, it is crucial to adjust the observed energy consumption by the relevant variables identified by the facility, so that the energy savings resulted from the energy performance improvement actions can be isolated and determined, which is the purpose of this program. To tackle this adjustment issue, the SEP measurement and verification (M&V) protocol specifies four energy consumption adjustment modeling methods for use; forecast, backcast, standard conditions, and chaining. Application of a single set of energy consumption and relevant variable data from a manufacturing facility to the four different energy consumption adjustment modeling methods produces four different energy savings values. Variation in the energy savings values is the result of inevitable changes in operation and conditions between the baseline and reporting periods, which affects the evaluation results significantly. The lack of agreement in the calculated energy savings values, while all meeting the requirements of the SEP M&V Protocol, indicates that additional context and analysis is required to understand which modeling method, and subsequent result, best represents the actual energy performance improvement of an organization. This report describes how each adjustment model method can be implemented and provides guidelines of how to choose an appropriate adjustment method. A variety of statistical tests were made use to reveal which of the four methods best reflects the energy performance improvement of a given organization. In the study case of this paper, all of the four adjustment methods were applied. The resulting four savings estimates ranging from -1091.4 to 142,248.0 MMBtu, and the four SEP Energy Performance Indicator (


A fundamental challenge in data centers is how to design networking structures for efficiently interconnecting a large number of servers. Several server-centric structures have been proposed, but are not truly expansible and suffer low degree of regularity and symmetry. To address this issue, we propose two novel structures called HCN and BCN, which utilize hierarchical compound graphs to interconnect large population of servers each with two ports only. They own two topological advantages, i.e., the expansibility and equal degree. In addition, HCN offers high degree of regularity, scalability and symmetry, which well conform to the modular design of data centers. Moreover, a BCN of level one in each dimension involves more servers than FiConn with server degree 2 and diameter 7, and is large enough for a single data center. Mathematical analysis and comprehensive simulations show that BCN possesses excellent topology properties and is a viable network structure for data centers.


Introduction Provide an insight into the on-going work in the Barcelona Demonstration Site of the European 6th framework EMILIA project (Empowerment of mental illness service users: Lifelong learning, integration and empowerment). Determine how this work bridges the gap between mental health users and the mental health institution. Aim To demonstrate how the methodology of life long learning is used to train a group of mental health service users to become Experts by Experience (EbE). The EbE is a new professionally recognised working profile within the psychiatric hospital which aims to offer a better understanding of the mental health institution to mental health service users; informing them about hospital layout and procedures; strengthening the relationship between service users and professionals; stimulating the relationships between the service user and their social network friends and family. This act of sharing experience and knowledge, and passing it on from one user to another is vital to give continuity to the lifelong learning process. Methodology The EbE completes a dynamic, interactive training programme where personal strengths, recovery, people skills, learning more about the workings of the mental health institutions and how to encourage others to work towards empowerment. All users complete an average of 36 h of preparative training before embarking on the 20 h EbE training course. Conclusion The traditional line of sanitary care in mental health institutions has sometimes ignored the importance of recording the knowledge that users can give. By creating the profile of EbE within the mental hospital, this knowledge is guaranteed to transcend from one user to another and hence, not only benefiting the recovery process for the users involved, but also improving the care given by the institutions.


AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
I will argue that overseas nurse recruitment is the consequence of a care gap, which arose from several policy shifts in the 1990s and in part from the rhetoric of a normative moral discourse in the UK which claims that caring is the moral essence of nursing. I will suggest that this discourse has masked the uncoupling of caring from nursing practice and that this uncoupling places the overseas nurses in a contradictory position.

BACKGROUND
In an increasingly competitive global labour market, the UK is faced with a nursing shortage and has been recruiting trained nurses from abroad (NMC 1993-2002).

DESIGN AND METHODS
This paper is based on two related, qualitative studies using semi-structured focus groups and individual interviews. The first explored the experiences of overseas nurses in the UK and the second investigated the equal opportunities and career progression of overseas nurses in the UK.

RESULTS
The data from these studies challenge the normative UK value that caring is at the heart of nursing. These data are the lens through which we see this contradiction explicitly played out. Overseas nurses observe that caring (as undertaken by health care assistants in care homes) is not nursing yet caring is being passed down the line as a process that marginalizes the overseas nurses and at the same time devalues their skills. I do not argue that overseas nurses care at a higher standard (although this may be the case) just that they care differently, that they expected UK nurses to deliver basic care and, instead, experience UK nursing practice as less autonomous and of a lower standard than they expected.

CONCLUSIONS
I argue that the overseas nurses' views help us understand the processes by which the uncoupling of caring from nursing has come about.

RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE
This paper discusses a workforce issue which is directly relevant to clinical practice because it focuses on the meaning of care; what is caring, what are caring activities and how are these represented in the discourse on caring in the literature? This paper also reveals significant worries among nursing managers about how to staff the nursing workforce and what nurses should be doing in the clinical areas.


In classic auction theory, reserve prices are known to be effective for improving revenue for the auctioneer against quasi-linear utility maximizing bidders. The introduction of reserve prices, however, usually do not help improve total welfare of the auctioneer and the bidders. In this paper, we focus on value maximizing bidders with return on spend constraints -- a paradigm that has drawn considerable attention recently as more advertisers adopt auto-bidding algorithms in advertising platforms -- and show that the introduction of reserve prices has a novel impact on the market. Namely, by choosing reserve prices appropriately the auctioneer can improve not only the total revenue but also the total welfare. Our results also demonstrate that reserve prices are robust to bidder types, i.e., reserve prices work well for different bidder types, such as value maximizers and utility maximizers, without using bidder type information. We generalize these results for a variety of auction mechanisms such as VCG, GSP, and first-price auctions. Moreover, we show how to combine these results with additive boosts to improve the welfare of the outcomes of the auction further. Finally, we complement our theoretical observations with an empirical study confirming the effectiveness of these ideas using data from online advertising auctions.


This research focuses on the preparation of polymer matrix composite material by (hand lay – up) method, where the material (rectangular beam) was prepared from unsaturated polyester resin as a matrix reinforced by natural jute fiber with different volume fraction (3%, 4%, 5%, 6%). Numerical studies by using finite element method (Ansys 11 package) to study the effect of selected volume fractions of jute fibers on the bending properties. Results of this experimental research indicate that increasing the volume fraction of jute fibers lead to increase bending modulus of elasticity. The values of flexural strength and shear stress increase with the increase of jute fibers volume fraction while the values of deflection and maximum strain decreases for both experimental and numerical studies.


In 2012, the number of consumer payments did not change significantly from 2010 as the economy settled into steady expansion following the financial crisis and recession. After increasing by 28 percent from 2008 to 2010, cash payments by consumers fell back by 10 percent from 2010 to 2012, while the share of cash payments dropped for a third straight year to 26.8 percent. However, the number and dollar value of cash withdrawals and the dollar value of cash holdings by consumers increased in 2012. Credit and charge card payments by consumers, which declined in 2009, rebounded further, increasing by 14 percent from 2010 to 2012. The steady trend decline in paper check payments by consumers continued. Debit cards and cash continued to account for the two largest shares of consumer payments in 2012 (29.9 and 26.8 percent, respectively), but the credit share reached 21.6 percent — surpassing its highest level recorded in the SCPC in 2008. The 2011 and 2012 SCPC include methodological improvements to the measurement of prepaid cards and mobile banking and payments. In 2012, 52 percent of consumers had at least one type of prepaid card, up slightly from 2011; also in 2012, 36 percent of consumers used mobile banking and 18 percent made a mobile payment. The 2008-2012 SCPC contains results that may help researchers and policymakers identify potential indirect effects of Regulation II (the Durbin Amendment) on consumers and may help to inform the Federal Reserve's new strategic plan for the payment system.


This article analyses how in the main political talk show on television in Spain, La Sexta Noche, the main themes of the European agenda were silenced or conditioned by the themes of the national, regional and local agenda during the last European elections. The media debate was oriented towards an analysis of the results of national elections and the campaign for regional and local elections that allowed for a greater spectacle, thanks to the shock effect of such polarized ideologies and the trivialization of national politics. This research has studied all the shows of the programme broadcast as of the national elections on 28th April 2019 up until the European elections held on 26th May 2019, analysing the main topics covered and the kind and tone of discourses made. Due to the fact that controversial political issues are preferred to more relevant ones in order to generate a spectacle and bigger audiences, the results indicate that the political talk show analysed contributes to the trivialization of debates and the impoverishment of public space, aided by formal elements inherent in the infotainment genre.


Microorganisms attach to surfaces and develop biofilms. Biofilm-associated cells can be differentiated from their suspended counterparts by generation of an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix, reduced growth rates, and the up- and down- regulation of specific genes. Attachment is a complex process regulated by diverse characteristics of the growth medium, substratum, and cell surface. An established biofilm structure comprises microbial cells and EPS, has a defined architecture, and provides an optimal environment for the exchange of genetic material between cells. Cells may also communicate via quorum sensing, which may in turn affect biofilm processes such as detachment. Biofilms have great importance for public health because of their role in certain infectious diseases and importance in a variety of device-related infections. A greater understanding of biofilm processes should lead to novel, effective control strategies for biofilm control and a resulting improvement in patient management.


An important class of detectors for the submillimeter and far-infrared uses a multimode horn to couple incident radiation into an absorbing film made from a thin conductor. We consider how to model the full, partially coherent, optical behavior of these multimode detectors using extensions of mode-matching techniques. We validate modeling the absorber as a resistive sheet, and demonstrate the equivalence of mode-matching and Green's function methods for calculating the scattering matrix representation of the film. Finally, we show how the scattering matrix of the film can be cascaded with those of the other components, as determined by mode matching, so as to calculate the overall optical response of the detector. Simulations are presented of the optical behavior of a square absorbing film in a circular waveguide.


In today's increasingly diverse society, clinicians must provide appropriate and effective services when working with multicultural clients. Examining the role of context on our clients, ourselves, and our world is critical. In this book, Lillian Comas-Diaz offers a comprehensive, practical approach for enhancing your understanding of clients' contexts, developing a multicultural therapeutic relationship, and adapting your healing approach to your clients' needs. Each chapter demonstrates the application of cultural competence to a different aspect of clinical practice: self-awareness, assessment, engagement, treatment, psychopharmacology and testing, folk healing, and general multicultural consciousness. Ample clinical vignettes are provided, along with clear, easy-to-remember tools for integrating multicultural sensitivity into clinical practice. Importantly, the book draws on research and the APA Multicultural Guidelines to support the models and principles, which are illustrated with clinical material. This book is a must-read for all clinicians.


Articles published in law reviews and major legal journals are retrievable on line through searchable subscription databases. But articles of general interest in "second tier" legal periodicals would be lost if not for Google-searchable open-access repositories such as the Social Science Research Network (SSRN). This article describes SSRN's various archiving and research functions. It explains step-by-step how to abstract and upload working papers and published articles. The primary emphasis is on how legal authors can use SSRN as a digital archive of their publications. "Green publishing" - using SSRN's abstracting eJournals to disseminate and self-publish articles in electronic form - is also described. A bibliography of source materials is provided.


The opposing flow in a porous medium refers to a condition when the forcing velocity flows in opposite direction to thermal buoyancy obstructing the buoyant force. The present research refers to the effect of opposing flow in a vertical porous annulus embedded with fluid saturated porous medium. The thermal non-equilibrium approach with Darcy modal is considered. The boundary conditions are such that the inner radius is heated with constant temperature Tw the outer radius is maintained at constant temperature Tc. The coupled nonlinear partial differential equations such as momentum equation, energy equation for fluid and energy equation for solid are solved using the finite element method. The opposing flow variation of average Nusselt number with respect to radius ratio Rr, Aspect ratioAr and Radiation parameter Rd for different values of Peclet number Pe are investigated. It is found that the flow behavior is quite different from that of aiding flow.


Copyright lawyers talk and write a lot about the uncertainties of fair use and the deterrent effects of a clearance culture on publishers, teachers, filmmakers, and the like, but we know less about the choices people make about copyright on a daily basis, especially when they are not at work. Thus, this article examines one subcultural group that engages in a variety of practices, from pure copying and distribution of others' works to creation of new stories, art, and audiovisual works: the media-fan community. Fans justify their unauthorized derivative works as legitimate, no matter what formal copyright law says, with theories that draw on factors similar to those employed by fair use doctrine, but fan practices differ in significant ways from copyright law's assumptions, especially in their treatment of attribution as a substitute for compensation and control. The article concludes by discussing the rise of hybrid forms of partially or incompletely commodified, unauthorized but tolerated, creative production; these new forms challenge both conventional production models and traditionally noncommercial fan practices.


ABI-007, an albumin-bound, 130-nm particle form of paclitaxel, was developed to avoid Cremophor/ethanol-associated toxicities in Cremophor-based paclitaxel (Taxol) and to exploit albumin receptor-mediated endothelial transport. We studied the antitumor activity, intratumoral paclitaxel accumulation, and endothelial transport for ABI-007 and Cremophor-based paclitaxel. Antitumor activity and mortality were assessed in nude mice bearing human tumor xenografts [lung (H522), breast (MX-1), ovarian (SK-OV-3), prostate (PC-3), and colon (HT29)] treated with ABI-007 or Cremophor-based paclitaxel. Intratumoral paclitaxel concentrations (MX-1-tumored mice) were compared for radiolabeled ABI-007 and Cremophor-based paclitaxel. In vitro endothelial transcytosis and Cremophor inhibition of paclitaxel binding to cells and albumin was compared for ABI-007 and Cremophor-based paclitaxel. Both ABI-007 and Cremophor-based paclitaxel caused tumor regression and prolonged survival; the order of sensitivity was lung > breast congruent with ovary > prostate > colon. The LD(50) and maximum tolerated dose for ABI-007 and Cremophor-based paclitaxel were 47 and 30 mg/kg/d and 30 and 13.4 mg/kg/d, respectively. At equitoxic dose, the ABI-007-treated groups showed more complete regressions, longer time to recurrence, longer doubling time, and prolonged survival. At equal dose, tumor paclitaxel area under the curve was 33% higher for ABI-007 versus Cremophor-based paclitaxel, indicating more effective intratumoral accumulation of ABI-007. Endothelial binding and transcytosis of paclitaxel were markedly higher for ABI-007 versus Cremophor-based paclitaxel, and this difference was abrogated by a known inhibitor of endothelial gp60 receptor/caveolar transport. In addition, Cremophor was found to inhibit binding of paclitaxel to endothelial cells and albumin. Enhanced endothelial cell binding and transcytosis for ABI-007 and inhibition by Cremophor in Cremophor-based paclitaxel may account in part for the greater efficacy and intratumor delivery of ABI-007.


Diamond and cubic boron nitride surfaces have extreme properties that can be exploited in novel tribological, electrochemical and electronic applications. Normally insulating diamond surfaces can exhibit high surface conductivities due to hydrogen termination and the nature of the surrounding atmosphere. Successful growth of cubic boron nitride thin films is hindered when harsh synthesis methods are used.Three significant surface-related properties are addressed in this thesis using computational methods: (1) the structure, energy stability and reactivity of clean and differently terminated diamond surfaces, (2) the high surface conductivity of diamond, and (3) the adsorption-induced stability, reactivity and reconstruction of the cubic boron nitride (100) surface. Density Functional Theory (DFT) has been used at the GGA level under periodic boundary conditions to simulate the diamond and cubic boron nitride surfaces. The diamond surface structures are shown to be insensitive to hydrogen desorption. Oxygen atoms bind in different positions and with different bond strengths. Hydroxyl groups experience both attractive hydrogen bonding and steric repulsions within the adsorbed species. The reconstruction of diamond (111)-1x1 is strongly dependent on the species adsorbed onto the surface. Electron transfer was observed from a diamond surface into a water-based adlayer, yielding a p-type doped surface, depending on the nature of the surface and the adlayer. The cubic boron nitride (100)-1x1 surface was shown to reconstruct into a 2x1 configuration on both the boron- and nitrogen-rich side through the formation of B-B bonds, as well as N–N dimer-induced surface relaxation. Hydrogen stabilized the (100)-1x1 surface, but the partial removal of hydrogen yielded non-reactive dimer formation on the surface.


Speculative inlining in just-in-time compilers enables many performance optimizations. However, it also introduces significant complexity. The compiler optimizations themselves, as well as the deoptimization mechanism are complex and error prone. To stabilize our bytecode to bytecode just-in-time compiler, we designed a new approach to validate the correctness of dynamic deoptimization. The approach consists of the symbolic execution of an optimized and an unop-timized bytecode compiled method side by side, deoptimizing the abstract stack at each deoptimization point (where dynamic deoptimization is possible) and comparing the deoptimized and unoptimized abstract stack to detect bugs. The implementation of our approach generated tests for several hundred thousands of methods, which are now available to be run automatically after each commit.


Steady-state quartz formation in geological environment is an important phenomenon that can address the global environmental issues as diagenetic evolution, biogeochemical cycling, and reservoir formation, but the mechanism is not fully understood. Here, we discuss the steady-state quartz formation on the basis of water migration through nano-scale pores (nanopores) together with the results of x-ray diffraction (XRD) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). XRD and XPS revealed structural evolution toward crystalline quartz with increasing the synthesised time. Water molecules diffuse through 2 A nanopores in amorphous silica with an activation energy of 2.3 eV. They react with highly reactive nanopore surfaces involving an energy cost of 1.9 eV triggering off the quartz formation. We show experimentally that diffusion and reactions of water molecules in nanopores underlie the formation mechanism of silica quartz.


A growing body of research indicates that consumers often wash raw poultry. We describe the development and piloting of food safety education materials to raise awareness and influence consumers to stop washing raw poultry, including four fotonovela/recipe brochures; eight YouTube videos; an animated visualization of cross-contamination/ aerosolization; pens; and a Web site. The study used a posttest-only design consisting of four control and four intervention sites where surveys were completed following the 4-week intervention. The intervention group improved (P < 0.05) participants' behavior toward not washing raw chicken, their knowledge that washing chicken would not lessen their chances of becoming ill, and their self-efficacy regarding ceasing to wash whole raw chicken. Despite this change, many in both groups remained unaware of the proper way to handle raw poultry and still reported washing it. Although this pilot intervention demonstrates the effectiveness of educational materials to address this practice, it also reconfirms results of emerging research that many consumers are not aware of the proper way to handle raw poultry and suggests a need to disseminate the message more broadly and consistently. Substantial interest in the educational materials, post-intervention, by local and national media suggests continued interest in food safety recommendations on this topic among journalists and the general public.


A radical rethink of how the UK's response to drug problems is structured has been proposed in a report by the independent body UK Drug Policy Commission (UKDPC). The report provides an analysis of the evidence for how policies and interventions could be improved, with recommendations for policymakers and practitioners to address the new and established challenges associated with drug use. 'Many members of the public, and many politicians, believe that our drug policies are not working. But the debate about how we address the challenges of mind-altering drugs is polarised, with an added emotional and moral aspect that is not seen in most other policy areas', says the UKDPC.

The report, entitled A Fresh Approach to Drugs: The Final Report of the UK Drug Policy Commission 1 says that Britain spends at least £3 billion on tackling the problems caused by use of illicit drugs, and much more on addressing indirect costs, including family breakdown and wider health problems. Although some of Britain's drug policies are supported by evidence (eg, reducing HIV …


We present a system that measures the full-field amplitude and phase distributions of objects that vibrate with small amplitudes. The system is based on TV–holography combined with sinusoidal phase modulation, discrete vibration-phase shifts, and digital image processing. Different new algorithms, based on a linear approximation of the fringe function, are discussed. Averaging techniques, used to reduce the effects of noise sources and to increase the resolution of the system, are also introduced. For one of the algorithms, tested in combination with the averaging techniques, the amplitude threshold was approximately 1/3000 of the wavelength of the applied laser light. The amplitude resolution was of the same magnitude. The phase accuracy is amplitude dependent and was about 3° for amplitudes greater than 5 nm.


The article is the revised version of an inaugural lecture given at the University of Lucerne on 8 November 2001. In part I, I give an interpretation of the first sentence of the Aristotelian Metaphysics: 'All men desire by nature to know'. In part II, I show how, for Aristotle, this desire to know constitutes a continuum from knowledge given by sense perception to knowledge of the first principles. In part III, I compare this Aristotelian conception to Plato's more 'existentialist' approach, which implies the turning of a 'whole soul' rather than a continuum. Preferring the latter conception, I conclude with some hints of what I plan to do in the next years and give a short overview of the history of universities in Europe and Switzerland, ending with the University of Lucerne.


The American carceral condition has waged a 200-year-old struggle where the lives of the guilty, the innocent, and the victimized have taken center stage in a debate centered on rehabilitation, reformation, and revenge. The drama has undergone a number of revisions from great scholarly authors, multidisciplinary intellectuals, and literary muses. Despite a number of new renderings, the central themes of the American prison have remained constant, and just as there have been builders of prisons, there have been forces intent on their destruction. The current state of the American carceral condition has burgeoned since the neoliberal political and economic shift began in 1980. The State of California enjoys a political reputation as a socially liberal blue state, yet it is one of the national leaders in prison expansion, penal conservatism, and punitive excess. In 2011, California began the prison realignment system that includes sentencing restructuring and housing longterm felons in local county jails, thus shifting the financial burden and supervised release of inmates to local county Sheriff 's offices. The realignment is but one layer of the state's response to the U.S. Supreme Court's decision that California prisons violated the Eighth Amendment, in part, to overcrowding. The system is too young to reach definitive conclusions, but is at a crossroads. Either realignment will serve as another model for prison reformation and possibly prison abolition, or it will extend the carceral reach of the state into "free" space, essentially eliminating the wall, both literally and figuratively, that separates free souls from those held captive.


The study attempted to determine the hydraulic retention time (HRT) required for soil aquifer treatment (SAT) to reclaim water as potable water in an aspect of controlling disinfection byproduct (DBP) precursors. In order to evaluate the removal of DBP precursors, the uniform formation condition was used to estimate the formations of trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs). Effluent water from anaerobic-anoxic-oxic processes (A2O water) was fed through soil columns at different HRTs. Sand with low organic content and less specific surface area was selected to represent the 'worst available case' of subsurface environment in Japan. Overall, annual data ( n ≥ 14) indicated that the average concentrations of THMs and HAAs for water passed through SAT with HRT less than 7 days were below the standard of drinking water. However, risks of exposure to THMs and HAAs were observed. Increasing HRT to 30 days resulted in the concentrations of regulated THMs and HAAs species lower than the 10% of the drinking water standard values, except for dichlorobromoform. Therefore, a treatment unit for bromide ion removals (e.g., anion exchanger) prior to chlorination is recommended to lower the risk levels of exposure to dichlorobromoform.


This dissertation seeks to explore how the techniques used in Human Resource Management [HRM] have changed in recent years. It will review the changes that have happened in HRM over the last 10 years. It will review the theory as put forward by the acknowledged experts in the field and will review how the theory has been implemented over time and compare it with the organisation I am studying with particular emphasis on resolving the objectives I have set out in this chapter. It will look at the development of HRM within a large manufacturing organisation, the role devolution has played in that development and what benefits it can bring to the organisation.

1.1 My objectives
1. To determine what has been the driving force behind HRM change.
2. To investigate the effect HRM change has had on the organisation [HR department, management of employees and on the employees].

Chapter 2 will explore the theories put forward by the acknowledged experts in the field. There is an abundance of theory on this subject and I propose to show how this theory has developed over time. I will talk about the strength of competition in the organisation's industry. This will allow a sense of the unique competitive pressures that are present in the environment it operates in.

Chapter 3 will outline the methodology I followed in completing my research. I will give an outline and explanation of the research methods I used including Qualitive and Quantitive sampling and explain why I chose them. I will provide a profile of the respondents to my surveys and the reasons why I chose them.

Chapter 4 analyses the results of my research. Here I will be looking for trends and patterns to emerge so I can gauge what stage the organisation is at in the HRM change process. This data will form an important part of developing my hypotheses and will help link the different strands of the dissertation together.

Chapter 5 consists of my conclusions based on the information I have gathered and how it ties in with the theory. I will put forward some recommendations that may benefit the organisation. I would hope to be able to make recommendations to any organisation that is contemplating streamlining it's HR function. I will also outline what areas I would concentrate more on if completing a similar dissertation in the future.


Correlation dimension analysis of EEG signals is widely used to access sleep stages. However, the standard Grassberger-Procaccia (GP) algorithm used to calculate the correlation dimension is very time consuming. To overcome this problem, an algorithm that combines the grey model and GP algorithm (GM-GP) is proposed. The results show that the correlation dimensions computed from GP and GM-GP are highly correlated, and the significance between the CDs in different stages of GM-GP is similar to GP. Furthermore, the computation time of the proposed method is at most 5% of that of the GP. The proposed algorithm is suitable for the real-time monitoring of sleep stages, which can provide a deeper understanding of brain function.


The objective of the article is to determine the synovial fluid concentrations of amikacin sulfate (AS) after performing an intravenous regional limb perfusion (IVRLP) with the tourniquet in place for 10 minutes and compare this with 30 minutes. This is a randomised crossover experimental design. Animals were seven healthy adult horses. Horses underwent two IVRLP procedures in a randomised, crossover design. The horses received IVRLP with 2 g AS diluted to 60 ml using 0.9% saline in the cephalic vein of alternate limbs with the tourniquet in place for either 10 or 30 minutes, with a washout period between procedures. Movement of the horses was recorded. Synovial fluid was collected from the radiocarpal and metacarpophalangeal joints at five minutes and 24 hours after IVRLP, and amikacin concentration was compared between groups. Amikacin was quantified by a fluorescence polarisation immunoassay. There was no significant difference between the synovial amikacin concentrations noted between 10 minute and 30 minute IVRLP. Horses in the 30 minute tourniquet application group demonstrated more movement than the 10 minute tourniquet group. There was a significant difference between groups with regard to the systemic venous blood concentration of amikacin one minute after tourniquet release with mean systemic venous blood concentrations of AS being higher (P=0.001) in the 10 minute group. Ten minute application of a wide elastic tourniquet may be sufficient when performing IVRLP in standing sedated horses.


Data analysts. Professional storytellers. Libraries are using a variety of methods to help demonstrate the value and impact of the programs and services they offer. But it's still garbage in, garbage out isn't it? When should we evaluate, what should we evaluate, and how do we get optimal data? With limited resources, how can we do, and evaluate and communicate what we do, in the best possible way? This presentation will review the current status of evaluation in libraries, the drivers that influence our choices, and some emerging innovations in the pursuit of evidence. We will then focus specifically on ways to capture the impact of information literacy services, programs and resources through discussion of evaluation practices at Monash University Library. These include automated analytics for online content, survey tools to capture curriculum engagement and impact, and an evaluation framework that challenges us to embed more creative evaluation methods into program design to provide better evidence of success. With these as stimuli, we will open to the audience for discussion on the existing challenges in evaluation of library information literacy programs, and potential solutions.


Coherent and incoherent transmittance values of a monolayer of particles are considered. Such a monolayer is a set of particles whose centers are located in the same plane. We set forth the conditions for the effect of coherent-transmittance quenching, which takes place as a result of the interference between incident and forward-scattered waves. Using the single-scattering approximation we determined size parameters and particle refractive indexes for this interference effect in the case of identical isotropic spherical particles. The influence of polydispersity and the fine structure of light-scattering characteristics on the quenching effect has been estimated. It is shown that the polydispersity destroys this interference effect only at large widths of particle-size distribution functions. The influence of multiple scattering on this effect is considered in the quasi-crystalline approximation. Multiple scattering results in increasing size parameters and decreasing particle concentration at which coherent transmittance quenching takes place in comparison with the case of single scattering. Our theoretical results for suspensions of latex particles in water are in fairly good agreement with the experimental results.


This paper is based on slide talks presented to the general public. Those talks and this paper present a way of accessing life, living, and who one is for oneself, based on studying masters (e.g., master athletes, master physicists, master educators, master physicians, and master artists).
Like masters of any specialized area, while masters of life are innately ordinary people, they do perceive and comprehend life (experience life) – the world, others, and themselves – differently than most of us do. As a result, they interact with the world, others, and themselves differently than most of us do. And, it is the way in which they interact with life and with themselves that makes them extraordinarily effective in dealing with life while enjoying an exceptionally high quality of life.
This paper spells out the way masters of life access life, living, and themselves, and does so in words that make mastery of life accessible to the rest of us ordinary people.


This paper considers a distributed beamforming and resource allocation technique for a radar system in the presence of multiple targets. The primary objective of each radar is to minimize its transmission power while attaining an optimal beamforming strategy and satisfying a certain detection criterion for each of the targets. Therefore, we use convex optimization methods together with noncooperative and partially cooperative game theoretic approaches. Initially, we consider a strategic noncooperative game (SNG), where there is no communication between the various radars of the system. Hence each radar selfishly determines its optimal beamforming and power allocation. Subsequently, we assume a more coordinated game theoretic approach incorporating a pricing mechanism. Introducing a price in the utility function of each radar/player enforces beamformers to minimize the interference induced to other radars and to increase the social fairness of the system. Furthermore, we formulate a Stackelberg game by adding a surveillance radar to the system model, which will play the role of the leader, and hence the remaining radars will be the followers. The leader applies a pricing policy of interference charged to the followers aiming at maximizing his profit while keeping the incoming interference under a certain threshold.We also present a proof of the existence and uniqueness of the Nash equilibrium (NE) in both the partially cooperative and non cooperative games. Finally, the simulation results confirm the convergence of the algorithm in all three cases.


H emorrhagic transformation (HT) is the main complication of intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) after ischemic stroke. Previous studies have demonstrated that low serum calcium level is associated with poor outcome, extensive infarction in patients with ischemic stroke, and large hema-toma volumes in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. 4–7 As an essential cofactor in the coagulation cascade, calcium ion plays an important role in the conversion of prothrom-bin to thrombin. The association of decreased calcium levels with prolonged clotting time and bleeding tendency has been shown in rodent models. 8 We, therefore, hypothesized that patients with lower serum calcium levels may be more likely to experience HT after IVT. August 2014 were prospectively considered. The inclusion criteria for enrollment were (1) age ≥18 years; (2) diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke and treatment with IV recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator within 6 hours of symptom onset; (3) serum calcium level collected on admission; and (4) computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging performed 24 hours after IVT. Patients were excluded if endovascular interventions were performed. IV recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (alteplase, 0.9 mg/kg up to a maximum of 90 mg/kg) was used with 10% of the total dosage as a bolus and the rest >1 hour. We used DWI lesion volume on magnetic resonance imaging or the volume of the brain tissue with a relative cerebral blood flow <30% on perfusion computed tomography together as the volume of the infarct core. 9 We divided HT within 24 hours after thrombolysis into hemorrhagic infarction (HI) and parenchymal hemorrhage (PH) on the basis of imaging characteristics, referring to the European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study II (ECASS II) definition. 10 Fisher exact test was used to compare the dichotomous variables between groups, whereas t test, or Mann–Whitney U test was used for the continuous variables. One-way ANOVA or Kruskal–Wallis test was used between multiple groups. For multivariate analysis, the pool of covariates were determined based on univariate analysis at P<0.1 level and previous literature. All statistical analyses were performed by SPSS 19.0. Results A total of 362 patients met the study criteria, HT was evaluated on magnetic resonance imaging (n=259) and computed tomographic scan (n=103) within 24 hours after IVT, affecting Background and Purpose—We aim to investigate whether lower admission serum calcium levels are associated with hemorrhagic transformation (HT) after intravenous thrombolysis (IVT). Methods—A total of 362 patients treated with IVT was divided into 4 quartiles based on admission serum calcium …


Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) mediates acute ischemic and toxic kidney injury, but whether this can be used as a biomarker of acute kidney injury (AKI) is unknown. We obtained kidney and urine samples from mice with intrarenal (maleate), prerenal (endotoxemia), or postrenal (ureteral obstruction) injury. We also studied the independent effects of uremia without concomitant kidney injury by performing bilateral ureteral transection in mice. Additionally, we obtained urine samples from APACHE II-matched critically ill patients with or without advancing azotemia (n = 10 in each group). We assayed selected samples for MCP-1, MCP-1 mRNA, and for an activating histone mark (H3K4m3) at urinary fragments of the MCP-1 gene and contrasted the results with those obtained for neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), a comparator "AKI biomarker" gene. Maleate increased urinary MCP-1 protein and mRNA more than the corresponding increases in NGAL. Endotoxemia and ureteral obstruction also increased NGAL and MCP-1 gene expression. Uremia, in the absence of renal injury, induced the NGAL gene, but not MCP-1, suggesting the possibility of better specificity of MCP-1 for AKI. Clinical assessments supported the utility of MCP-1 as a biomarker (e.g., nonoverlapping concentrations of urinary MCP-1 in patients with and without AKI). Elevated levels of urinary MCP-1 mRNA and levels of H3K4m3 at the MCP-1 gene supported MCP-1 gene activation in patients with renal injury. In conclusion, these data suggest that MCP-1 has potential as a biomarker of AKI and provide "proof of concept" that urinary histone assessments provide mechanistic insight among patients with kidney disease.


The term Minimalist is often applied colloquially to designate or suggest anything which is spare or stripped to its absolute essentials. It has its origins with an art critic seeking to describe what he saw, but has also been used to describe such diverse genres as plays by authors such as Samuel Beckett, films by director Robert Bresson (the narratives of Raymond Carver), the simple musical works of composer Philip Glass (the art installations of Sol LeWitt), the German Bauhaus art movement and even the cars designed by Colin Chapman and the educational principles of John Carroll among others. This paper considers why understanding of the concept is not only necessary but also useful. The principle of Minimalism is proposed as being a useful theoretical tool which supports a more differentiated understanding of reduction, and thus creates a standpoint that allows the definition of simplicity in its various aspects.

 Key words: Minimalist, simplicity, theoritical tool.


This paper presents a comprehensive study on resume classification to reduce the time and labor needed to screen an overwhelming number of applications significantly, while improving the selection of suitable candidates. A total of 6,492 resumes are extracted from 24,933 job applications for 252 positions designated into four levels of experience for Clinical Research Coordinators (CRC). Each resume is manually annotated to its most appropriate CRC position by experts through several rounds of triple annotation to establish guidelines. As a result, a high Kappa score of 61% is achieved for inter-annotator agreement. Given this dataset, novel transformer-based classification models are developed for two tasks: the first task takes a resume and classifies it to a CRC level (T1), and the second task takes both a resume and a job description to apply and predicts if the application is suited to the job T2. Our best models using section encoding and multi-head attention decoding give results of 73.3% to T1 and 79.2% to T2. Our analysis shows that the prediction errors are mostly made among adjacent CRC levels, which are hard for even experts to distinguish, implying the practical value of our models in real HR platforms.


We show that a characteristic two-photon lineshape asymmetry arises in coherent population trapping (CPT) and three-photon (N) resonances, because both resonances are simultaneously induced by modulation sidebands in the interrogating laser light. The N resonance is a three-photon resonance in which a two-photon Raman excitation is combined with a resonant optical pumping field. This joint CPT and N resonance can be the dominant source of lineshape distortion, with direct relevance for the operation of miniaturized atomic frequency standards. We present the results of both an experimental study and theoretical treatment of the asymmetry of the joint CPT and N resonance under conditions typical to the operation of an N resonance clock.


The characteristics of the activation of methoxychlor by the hepatic microsomal monooxygenases and its covalent binding to microsomal proteins in human and untreated rat were compared. The Vmax of covalent binding is similar in both species, being 21 and 11 pmol/min/mg protein in human and rat, respectively. However, their Kmapp values show marked differences: 146 versus 5 microM for human and rat, respectively. These differences in Km values seem to reflect the affinities of the respective P-450s for methoxychlor in catalyzing the formation of the reactive intermediate (M*) and not the availability of acceptor binding sites. The observations that alternate substrates and inhibitors of P-450 monooxygenases inhibit covalent binding of methoxychlor to human liver microsomes, demonstrate that covalent binding is catalyzed by typical monooxygenases. Antioxidants/free radical scavengers, and sulfhydryl-containing compounds inhibit covalent binding in human liver microsomes, suggesting that the reactive intermediate is a free radical. A similar finding in phenobarbital (Pb)-treated rats (Bulger, Temple and Kupfer, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 68:367, 1983) indicates that the mechanism of covalent binding in the two species is similar. Of interest is the observation with human liver samples that, despite differences in age, sex, and, probably, in diet among individuals, their rates of covalent binding of methoxychlor were similar. By contrast, there is a much higher covalent binding in the mature male rat than in the mature female or immature male or female rat, suggesting that developmentally controlled male-specific P-450s contribute to covalent binding in the adult male.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)


The identification and the classification of discourse genres have been one of the important concerns in linguistics studies. Particularly, since genres are analysed as complex objects and multi-dimensional approaches have been employed in order to capture their dynamic nature, more precise distinctive features have been determined. This chapter identifies, defines, classifies and exemplifies discourse genres emerging from the 491 texts forming the PUCV-2006 Academic and Professional Corpus of Spanish. In order to accomplish these objectives, we executed a complementary methodology of deductive and inductive nature. After analysing all the texts of the corpus, twenty-nine genres were identified and grouped. Interesting clusterings emerged reflecting cognitive, social, functional/communicative and linguistic variations.


Making inferences about the 3-dimensional spatial structure of natural scenes is a critical visual function. While spatial discrimination both in depth and on the image plane has been well characterized for simple stimuli, little is known about our ability to discriminate depth in natural scenes, particularly at far distances. To begin filling in this gap we: (i) developed a database of 80 stereoscopic images paired with the corresponding measured distance information, (ii) used these scenes as psychophysical stimuli and measured near-far discrimination acuity in 4 observers as a function of distance and the visual angle separating the targets, (iii) made additional measurements under patched-eye (monocular) viewing conditions to evaluate the importance of binocular vision in depth discrimination as a function of viewing geometries. We find that binocular thresholds are roughly a constant Weber fraction of the distance for distances ranging from 4 to 28 meters. Further, measured thresholds were around 1% for small separations, and increased to 4% for stimuli separated by 10 deg. Thus, the ability to discriminate depth in natural scenes is very good out to considerable distances. To investigate the basis of this discrimination ability, monocular thresholds were measured. We found that monocular thresholds were elevated for distances less than 15 meters, but were comparable to binocular thresholds for greater distances. Accurate depth perception depends on combining (fusing) multiple sources of sensory information. Thus binocular thresholds probably involve fusing separate monocular and disparity-derived estimates. Under the assumption of Gaussian distributed independent estimates, Bayes rule provides a simple reliability-weighted summation model of cue combination. Using disparity threshold measurements by Blakemore (1970), and the current monocular thresholds, parameter-free predictions were generated for the current binocular thresholds. These predictions largely matched the data, suggesting that the disparity and monocular cues are separable and combined optimally in natural scenes. Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2015.


This text offers a perspicuous, empirically-informed theoretical overview of the prospects for citizenship in the light of its current political context. The authorial team comprises leading names from across the field, offering a cutting edge analysis of the problems and pressures of citizenship in the twenty-first century. The authors focus in particular on the apparent decline of traditional forms of civic engagement, the emergence of new forms of participation and the relationship between citizenship and globalization.


We report on the low-temperature growth of heavily Si-doped (>1020 cm−3) n+-type GaN by N-rich ammonia molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) with very low bulk resistivity (<4 × 10−4 Ω·cm). This is applied to the realization of regrown ohmic contacts on InAlN/GaN high electron mobility transistors. A low n+-GaN/2 dimensional electron gas contact resistivity of 0.11 Ω·mm is measured, provided an optimized surface preparation procedure, which is shown to be critical. This proves the great potentials of ammonia MBE for the realization of high performance electronic devices.


The distribution of the larvae of benthic invertebrates was investigated relative to hydrographic structures as a test of the hypothesis that larvae behave as if they are passive particles. Observations of larval and oceanographic distributions were made off Duck, North. Carolina, USA in August 1994. Conditions were characterized by wind-driven coastal upwelling; flow was generally offshore near the surface and onshore below the pycnocline. Within 5 km of the shore the pycnocline was bent upward by the upwelling and it intersected the surface along most of the transects. In zooplankton samples, 20 taxa of larvae were counted (10 bivalve veligers nine gastropod veligers and one polychaete larvae). Using cluster analysis, larvae were separated into groups with similar patterns of distribution and similar affinities to water properties. The larvae in Cluster 3 did not display a consistent distribution pattern beyond that they tended to be found in warmer surface waters. An earlier paper described the distribution of larvae in the same location during a downwelling event [A. Shanks et al. (2002) J. Plankton Res., 24, 391-416]. Two of the clusters identified during this previous study were quite similar in composition to Clusters I and 2 in this study. In both studies, Cluster I larvae were found below the pycnocline, but during the upwelling event they were transported shoreward with the advection of the subpycnocline waters by the upwelling circulation. Within 5 km of the shore Cluster 1 larvae were found at depths shallower than the base of the pycnocline and were often found in patches of high larval concentration. The patches were located where the waters were upwelling. Cluster 2 larvae were found within 5 km of the shore in both studies and tended to be highly concentrated in convergences or divergences, Larvae, in Cluster I generally appeared to be dispersing as passive particles, except within the zone of upwelling where they may have been swimming against the upwelling flow leading to higher larval concentrations, Cluster 2 larvae appeared to be consistently concentrated in areas of vertical currents, suggesting that they may be attempting to maintain a preferred depth in the face of the vertical flow which would lead to high larval concentration and nearshore larval distributions despite extensive cross-shelf movement of water. Despite their slow swimming speeds, the larvae in Clusters 1 and 2 were not swept offshore by the upwelling event.


This paper distinguishes among various types of capital and examines their effect on system-wide fragility. The analysis finds that higher quality forms of capital reduce the systemic risk contribution of banks, whereas lower quality forms can have a destabilizing impact, particularly during crisis periods. The impact of capital on systemic risk is less pronounced for smaller banks, for banks located in countries with more generous safety nets, and in countries with institutions that allow for better public and private monitoring of financial institutions. The results show that regulatory capital is effective in reducing systemic risk and that regulatory risk weights are correlated with higher future asset volatility, but this relationship is significantly weaker for larger banks. The paper also finds that increased regulatory risk-weights not correlated with future asset volatility increase systemic fragility. Overall, the results are consistent with the theoretical literature that emphasizes capital as a potential buffer in absorbing liquidity, information, and economic shocks reducing contagious defaults.


The "network neutrality bot" (Neubot) is an evolving software architecture for distributed Internet access quality and network neutrality measurements. The core of this architecture is an open-source agent that ordinary users may install on their computers to gain a deeper understanding of their Internet connections. The agent periodically monitors the quality of service provided to the user, running background active transmission tests that emulate different application-level protocols. The results are then collected on a central server and made publicly available to allow constant monitoring of the state of the Internet by interested parties. In this article we describe how we enhanced Neubot architecture both to deploy a distributed broadband speed test and to allow the development of plug-in transmission tests. In addition, we start a preliminary discussion on the results we have collected in the first three months after the first public release of the software.


Relative economic, political, and military power is undoubtedly shifting away from the West, most notably to Asia, but also to other world regions. Moreover, non-state actors and cross-border flows increasingly pose challenges to Western states' capacity for crisis management. Consequently, the liberal world order and its governance structures have come under pressure. Even more fundamental is the emerging challenge to the notion of the 'West' as a group of countries led by the United States and unified around core values and principles. The 2016 US election results raise serious doubts about the future US administration's resolve to abide by liberal democratic norms both internally and in their international relations. Whether deliberately or indirectly in the pursuit of other goals, the US may undermine the already weakened rules-based international system and thereby accelerate the decline of the West's material and ideological hegemony. In light of these potential conflicts, European governments must take immediate action to prepare for a new global order. They must first strengthen their own countries and enhance the internal coherence of the Union. Second, they must improve the crisis management facilities and strategic capacities within their borders as well as within the euro area and the EU.


This study describes the oral health status of the inhabitants of, and reflects on possible trends in oral diseases in South Africa. During the past 20 years, three national oral health surveys were conducted in South Africa, the most recent, a national Children's Oral Health Survey, was conducted between 1999 and 2002. The results of this study show that 39.7% of the 6-year-old children were caries free, which is below the goal of 50% set by the Department of Health (DoH) for the year 2000. The DMFT of 1.1 for the 12-year-old group, however, was below the 1.5 set by the DoH for this group for the year 2000. Based on the Unmet Treatment Need Index more than 80% of caries in children is not treated. The greatest need for the treatment of dental caries in South African children was for preventive services, restorations and extractions. The DMFT for the 12 year-old-group in South Africa decreased from 2.5 in 1982 to 1.1 for the current survey. Of the same group, 20.2% of the children presented with definite signs of dental fluorosis. The Dental Aesthetic Index was used to assess the prevalence of malocclusion and 32.3% of 12-year-old children needed definitive orthodontic treatment. The results of national surveys showed a reduction in dental caries severity of the permanent dentition of 12-year-old South African children.


When choosing between options, such as food items presented in plain view, people tend to choose the option they spend longer looking at. The prevailing interpretation is that visual attention increases value. However, in previous studies, 'value' was coupled to a behavioural goal, since subjects had to choose the item they preferred. This makes it impossible to discern if visual attention has an effect on value, or, instead, if attention modulates the information most relevant for the goal of the decision-maker. Here we present the results of two independent studies—a perceptual and a value-based task—that allow us to decouple value from goal-relevant information using specific task-framing. Combining psychophysics with computational modelling, we show that, contrary to the current interpretation, attention does not boost value, but instead it modulates goal-relevant information. This work provides a novel and more general mechanism by which attention interacts with choice.


English is an international language; it means that it is used for communication among people in the world. Meanwhile, vocabulary is one of the fundamental factors that make it possible for a person to speak the language in a communicative way. Thus, vocabulary is an important aspect needed in studying the foreign language. There are some techniques that must be considered by the teacher in teaching English vocabulary.
This study aims to know the techniques that are used by the teacher to teach English vocabulary at Out of School Education Kejar Paket B Dau Malang, and to know the students' responses toward the techniques used by the teacher to teach English vocabulary at Out of School Kejar Paket B Dau Malang.
This study is descriptive qualitative research design because the writer wants to present the facts related to the techniques used and the students' responses toward those techniques. The data of this study were collected by distributing the questionnaire, interviewing the teacher, and observing the class. The subjects of this study are an English teacher and students of the second year of Out of School Education Kejar Paket B Dau Malang.
The result of this study shows that the techniques used by the teacher to teach English vocabulary were synonymy and definition, contrasts and opposites, translation, asking others, visuals, and the use of illustrative situation. The technique often used by the teacher to teach English vocabulary was translation technique because the students were interested in this technique and it is easier than others technique. Students' responses toward those techniques were almost similar. Most of them gave positive response to those techniques. It could be seen that all of the respondents (9 respondents or 100%) were interested in synonymy and definition, translation, and asking others. While, 1 respondent who was not interested in contrast and opposites technique and the others (8 respondents) were interested in this technique. The data from class observation also showed that the students were interested in visual and illustrative situation. It can be identified from the students' participation in the class. They were very enthusiastic and active in the class when the teacher used those techniques. Finally, the writer suggested that the teacher must be creative in using techniques of teaching, creating the teaching media, and choosing the materials that are familiar with the students. It is also suggested to UPT of Out of School Education Kejar Paket B to provide teaching media.


BACKGROUND
This study investigated parental and peer influences on physical activity, examining gender and developmental differences during early-mid adolescence.

METHODS
A 5-year longitudinal study tracking physical activity (measured by PAQ-C) among adolescents (n = 641) from final year of primary (P7) to fourth year of secondary school (S4). Peer support, peer socializing, parental support, and independent play were assessed. Logistic regression predicted physical activity, by year and gender, in relation to social influences.

RESULTS
Boys reported higher physical activity, peer support, paternal support, and independent play than girls. Among both genders, peer, paternal, and maternal support decreased with age, whereas independent play increased. Time with friends was particularly important. Among high socializers (P7), odds of being active were over 3 times those of low socializers [boys: 3.53 (95% CI 1.77, 7.04), girls: 3.27 (95% CI 1.80, 5.92)]. Baseline physical activity was also a strong predictor among early secondary boys (OR 3.90 95% CI 2.10, 7.24) and girls (OR 4.15, 95% CI 2.00, 8.62). Parental support was less important than peer influences; only same-sex parental support remained significant in multivariables models.

CONCLUSIONS
Parents and peers have important influences on adolescent physical activity. Significant gender and developmental effects are apparent through early-mid adolescence.


Remote Sensing of Impervious Surfaces in Tropical and Subtropical Areas offers a complete and thorough system for using optical and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) remote sensing data for improving impervious surface estimation (ISE). Highlighting tropical and subtropical areas where there is significant cloud occurrence and varying phenology, the book addresses the challenges impacting impervious surfaces in tropical and subtropical zones. It examines the potential for estimating urban impervious surfaces in a rainy and cloudy environment, considers the difficulties encountered when using optical remote sensing in this type of climate, and assesses existing methods employing remote sensing data for accurate ISE in tropical and subtropical regions. Using the results of comparative studies conducted during the four seasons and in six different cities (Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Hong Kong, Mumbai, Sao Paulo, and Cape Town), the authors develop a framework for ISE using optical and SAR image data. They address the advantages and disadvantages of optical and SAR data, consider fusion strategies for combining optical and SAR data, and examine different feature extractions for optical and SAR data. They also detail the limitations of the research, suggest possible topics for future analysis, and cover previous findings on the synergistic use of optical and SAR data. Concentrates on the effect a tropical and subtropical urban climate can have on impervious surface estimation (ISE) Reviews literature on the significance of ISE and the phonological and climatic characteristics of tropical and subtropical regions Describes datasets including satellite data, digital orthophoto data, in situ data, and more Remote Sensing of Impervious Surfaces in Tropical and Subtropical Areas investigates the state of the art in creating new algorithms for digital images processing and remotely sensed images classification, as well as in developing the meteorological modeling of urban heat islands, and the hydrological modeling of surface run-off and urban floods.


Gene therapy and cell therapy have followed similar roller coaster paths of rising public expectations and disappointment over the past two decades. There is now reason to believe that momentum in the field has reached the point where the successes will be more frequent. The use of gene-modified cells has opened new avenues for engineering desired cell properties, for the use of cells as vehicles for gene delivery, and for tracking cells and controlling cell persistence after transplantation. Some notable recent clinical developments in cellular engineering by gene transfer offer lessons on how the field has emerged, and hint at additional future clinical applications.


Research question What is the prevalence of RTIs/STDs among women of reproductive age group in a district of Kinnaur Himachal Pradesh Objectives (1) To estimate the prevalence of RTI/STI among women of reproductive age by using the syndromic case definition. (2) To identify the common signs and symptoms ofRTI/STI among women (3) To find out other socio-demographic variables associated with causation of RTI/STI in women. Study design Exploratory in nature with application of quantitative and qualitative research methodology. Setting 60 clusters, comprising of villages in rural area and localities in urban area of district Kinnaur Himachal Pradesh North India. Participants 600 ever married women in the reproductive age group (i.e. 15–45 years). Study period One year (Feb, 2011- Jan, 2012). Study variables Age, literacy status, number of live children, symptoms (accrding to the syndromic approach). Statistical analysis Percentages, Chi square test. Results Prevalence of RTI/STI came out to be 39.2% with a higher rural (44%) than urban (32%). Almost half of the symptom-positive women were of 25–34 years of age. Prevalence of RTI/STI was found to be highest among women with 1 or 2 live children (26.7% and 30.00%) in rural and urban areas respectively. The commonest symptom of RTI/STD was vaginal discharge (91%) followed by lower abdominal pain (64%). Other common associated symptoms were backache (76%), vulval itching (51%) and burning during urination (34%). Conclusion In view of the higher prevalence of RTI/STD among rural and illiterate women primary health care level needs to be strengthened in respect of reproductive health, and awareness about reproductive health issues should be raised through suitable communication in order to bring about a positive behaviour change.


Although the transition to adulthood for youth with special health care needs (YSHCN) has been gathering attention, the impact of racial and ethnic disparities on this process has been relatively unexamined. In this review, we explore evidence of disparities in the transition to adulthood for YSHCN, which is important because the problems that YSHCN face in transitioning to adulthood are, in large part, caused by interrupted access to high-quality health care and minority YSHCN and adults have many well-described gaps in access to quality care. Understanding the disparities in the transition process is essential to ensure that interventions designed to improve this transition will meet the needs of this high-risk population. We reviewed research on transition preparation and outcomes for YSHCN to find evidence of racial and ethnic disparities. The results of our review indicate that few YSHCN are receiving adequate transition preparation, and some evidence indicates that this situation is worse for racial and ethnic minorities. Furthermore, young adults, including YSHCN, have poorer access to care than children. Moreover, at some ages, this age-related decline in access is worse for Hispanic and black young adults than for others. Finally, low-income YSHCN are at higher risk than other YSHCN of experiencing gaps in access to care as they age into adulthood. Possible causes of racial and ethnic disparities in health care transitions are related to insurance, living in low-income communities, and sociocultural factors. Significant efforts in research, policy change, advocacy, and education of providers and families are needed to ensure optimal transition preparation and adult outcomes for YSHCN from all racial and ethnic backgrounds.


Background: Adolescent pregnancy is frequent in Chile, and their infants could present an increased risk of inadequate breast feeding and weight gain. Objectives: To assess the early weight gain in infants born to Chilean adolescent mothers and their association with breast feeding, risk of jaundice and hospitalization. Subjects and methods: Forty full-term and adequate for gestational age newborns (SG; M/F: 27/13), born to healthy adolescent mothers (less than < 19 y at delivery) (SG) from low socioeconomic groups, were recruited in a public hospital in Santiago, Chile. They were paired with 36 born to healthy primiparous adult mothers (control group CG; M/F:19/17); those born with low birth weight or congenital malformations were excluded. They were assessed at well baby clinics in primary care centers for weight, length, (median age: 8 and 30 d.; breast feeding, jaundice and hospitalization were registered). Results: No significant differences were found in weight gain at 8th day of age (SG: -1,5 g/d (-107 to +36); CG -5,7 g/d (-59 to +39) (NS), both lower than the weight increments of WHO standards (14-21 g/d); birth weight recovery was found in SG: 52%% and CG: 44% (NS). Neither a difference was found at 30 days (SG: 31g/d (-1.7 to +79), CG: 28 g/d (-3 to63); (NS), comparable to WHO standards (males: 34 g/d; females: 29 g/d). However, the sub-group of infants born to adolescent mothers 15-16 y. presented a greater weight gain than those to adolescents mothers 16-17 y. (38 g/d (9 to 79 vs 25 g/d ,-1,7 to + 57) than the CG (p<0.02). Formula breast feeding was provided to 8/40 in SG and 10/36 in CG (NS). No differences in jaundice was found at the 3rd day, but an increased rate was observed at the 8th day (SG 13/40 vs CG2/36) (OR 8.2; CI: 1.7-39; p=0.003), without an increased risk of hospitalization. Conclusions: Infants born to Chilean adolescent mothers have a comparable weight gain to infants born to adult mothers, with a comparable time of birth weight recovery. Those born to mothers 15-16 years of age had a greater weight gain than those born to mothers 17-18 years or adult mothers. Jaundice to the 8o day was greater in the SG with no increased rate of hospitalization.


This article presents development of Solow model of macroeconomic growth by replacing the original type population growth by a more innovative population growth. Instead continuous time the problem will be studied for the case of discrete time. These changes bring some better properties in terms of quantitative of the obtained models.


The electron temperature, pressure and density profiles from an extreme variety of shaped Ohmically heated sawtoothing plasmas in TCV (Tokamak a Configuration Variable, BT < 1.5 T, R0 = 0.88 m, a < 0.25 m) are compared to model predictions drawing from two bodies of theory. One of these is based on the assumption of stationary magnetic entropy and predicts stiff toroidal current, and consequently Ohmically relaxed electron temperature profiles. The second theory is based on the assumption of approximate conservation of the first and second adiabatic invariants during particle transport and predicts density profiles closely related to the safety factor. The robustness of these predictions in Ohmically heated plasmas is confirmed by systematic observations in TCV.


We adapt the alternating linearization method for proximal decomposition to structured regularization problems, in particular, to the generalized lasso problems. The method is related to two well-known operator splitting methods, the Douglas-Rachford and the Peaceman-Rachford method, but it has descent properties with respect to the objective function. This is achieved by employing a special update test, which decides whether it is beneficial to make a Peaceman-Rachford step, any of the two possible Douglas-Rachford steps, or none. The convergence mechanism of the method is related to that of bundle methods of nonsmooth optimization. We also discuss implementation for very large problems, with the use of specialized algorithms and sparse data structures. Finally, we present numerical results for several synthetic and real-world examples, including a three-dimensional fused lasso problem, which illustrate the scalability, efficacy, and accuracy of the method.


This article sets out a political ecology approach to thinking about security. It draws together conceptual debates from IR, green criminology and political ecology in order to develop new ways of thinking about and analyzing the political ecologies of security. To date political ecologists have focused on conflicts and struggles, but have not fully engaged with thinking about security. In this article we examine the ways that responses to the illegal wildlife trade have encouraged and supported greater integration between conservation and security. We use the example of the deployment of private military companies for anti poaching training and operations to tease out the key features of a political ecology approach to security; this focuses on excavating the relations between capital, nature and security, being attentive to the dynamics of race and gender, and taking an ethically engaged positionality to highlight the voices of marginalized communities. In so doing, the purpose of this article is to act as a starting point for developing a much clearer and stronger conceptual basis for political ecologists to engage with questions of security.


For the coupled system of classical Maxwell-Lorentz equations we show that the quantities \begin{equation*}
\mathfrak{F}(\hat x, t)=\lim_{|x|\to \infty} |x|^2 F(x,t), \quad \mathcal{F}(\hat k, t)=\lim_{|k|\to 0} |k| \widehat{F}(k,t), \end{equation*} where $F$ is the Faraday tensor, $\hat{F}$ its Fourier transform in space and $\hat{x}:=\frac{x}{|x|}$, are independent of $t$. We combine this observation with the scattering theory for the Maxwell-Lorentz system due to Komech and Spohn, which gives the asymptotic decoupling of $F$ into the scattered radiation $F_{\mathrm{sc},\pm}$ and the soliton field $F_{v_{\pm\infty}}$ depending on the asymptotic velocity $v_{\pm\infty}$ of the electron at large positive (+), resp. negative (-) times. This gives a soft-photon theorem of the form \begin{equation*} \mathcal{F}_{\text{sc},+}(\hat{k}) - \mathcal{F}_{\text{sc},-}(\hat{k})= -( \mathcal{F}_{v_{+\infty}}(\hat{k})-\mathcal{F}_{v_{-\infty}}(\hat{k})), \end{equation*} and analogously for $\mathfrak{F}$, which links the low-frequency part of the scattered radiation to the change of the electron's velocity. Implications for the infrared problem in QED are discussed in the Conclusions.


Objectives To analyse the long-term relationship between disease activity and radiographic damage in the spine in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Methods Patients from the Outcome in AS International Study (OASIS) were followed up for 12 years, with 2-yearly clinical and radiographic assessments. Two readers independently scored the X-rays according to the modified Stoke Ankylosing Spondylitis Spine Score (mSASSS). Disease activity measures include the Bath AS Disease Activity Index (BASDAI), AS Disease Activity Index (ASDAS)-C-reactive protein (CRP), CRP, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), patient's global assessment and spinal pain. The relationship between disease activity measures and radiographic damage was investigated using longitudinal, autoregressive models with 2-year time lags. Results 184 patients were included (70% males, 83% HLA-B27 positive, mean (SD) age 43 (12) years, 20 (12) years symptom duration). Disease activity measures were significantly longitudinally associated with radiographic progression. Neither medication nor the presence of extra-articular manifestations confounded this relationship. The models with ASDAS as disease activity measure fitted the data better than models with BASDAI, CRP or BASDAI+CRP. An increase of one ASDAS unit led to an increase of 0.72 mSASSS units/2 years. A 'very high disease activity state' (ie, ASDAS >3.5) compared with 'inactive disease' (ie, ASDAS <1.3) resulted in an additional 2-year progression of 2.31 mSASSS units. The effect of ASDAS on mSASSS was higher in males versus females (0.98 vs −0.06 mSASSS units per ASDAS unit) and in patients with <18 years vs ≥18 years symptom duration (0.84 vs 0.16 mSASSS units per ASDAS unit). Conclusions This is the first study showing that disease activity contributes longitudinally to radiographic progression in the spine in AS. This effect is more pronounced in men and in the earlier phases of the disease.


Wetlands are highly productive ecosystems that support abundant native fauna and flora and provide many essential functions and services, for example water purification, erosion stabilisation, floodwater storage, groundwater recharge, peat accumulation and biogeochemical cycling. Despite the vast benefits they provide, worldwide loss and degradation of wetlands still continues, mainly due to agriculture, urban development, population growth and exploitation. Wetland disturbance can cause altered hydrological regimes, invasive species introduction, soil and water eutrophication, habitat fragmentation, and reductions in native fauna and flora leading to an overall reduced functionality. Ecological restoration is an active practice commonly undertaken in degraded wetlands to re-establish ecosystem functioning, and most commonly includes revegetation, reconstruction of hydrology, weed control, pest management, and native species reintroductions. Wairio Wetland located on the eastern shores of Lake Wairarapa forms a part of Wairarapa-Moana, the largest wetland complex in the lower North Island of New Zealand. Wairio Wetland was historically an abundant kahikatea swamp forest, with a diverse range of waterfowl, waders and freshwater fish. However, the wetland was adversely affected by draining from the Lower Wairarapa Valley Development Scheme (LWVDS) during the 1960's and 1970's, the construction of Parera Road, and invasion of willow tree seeds planted in the Wairarapa Valley for erosion control. Draining of the wetland, division from nearby lagoons and ponds, nitrogen and phosphorus build-up in waterways and exotic weed invasion all contributed to the poor state of the wetland. In 2005, Ducks Unlimited (DU) in conjunction with the Department of Conservation (DOC) and various members of the local community formed the Wairio Wetland Restoration Committee, with aims to manage and restore the wetland to its natural pre-settlement state. Restoration activities undertaken at the site that have included native tree planting, earthworks, weed control, pest management and fencing sections of the site to exclude cattle, have been met with mixed success over the years. This thesis reports on two studies undertaken at Wairio Wetland with aims to inform future restoration efforts at the site. The committee have proposed to divert nutrient rich water through Wairio Wetland to increase filtration and improve the water quality of Lake Wairarapa. However, the effects of nutrient loading on established plant communities at the site are unknown. Therefore the first study, conducted between December 2012 and May 2013 in Stage 2 of the wetland, examined the effects of fertiliser addition on biomass, structure and diversity of a wetland plant community. Different levels of phosphate and nitrate fertiliser were applied to 50 plots (4m2) of vegetation at the site with percent cover, and average height of respective species recorded every four to five weeks. Results showed that the addition of phosphorous and/or nitrogen had neither a positive nor negative effect on the plant community at Wairio with no significant changes in the 15 species recorded at the site. These results contrast other studies that have reported increases in biomass, reductions in biodiversity and common/introduced species outcompeting rare/native species. The short duration of the experiment and summer drought conditions may have obscured the above-ground visual responses of the plant community to nutrient addition; therefore further continuation of this experiment is advised. Previous low success rates of native tree plantings at Wairio Wetland have significantly hindered revegetation efforts at the site. Therefore the second study, conducted between July 2011 and January 2014 in Stage 3 of the wetland, further investigates the effects of various management treatments on establishment of native woody vegetation. The study involved monitoring 2,368 planted trees of eight native wetland tree/shrub species, including; Cordyline australis, Dacrycarpus dacridioides, Olearia virgata, Podocarpus totara, Coprosma robusta, Coprosma propinqua, Leptospermum scoparium, and Pittosporum tenuifolium. The trees were subjected to various planting treatments including the excavation or retention of topsoil, presence or absence of weedmats and presence or absence of nurse trees with spacing of 0.75m or 1.5m. Survival and growth of each tree was measured every six months over the 30 month experimental period. Results showed that interspecific competition and hydrology appeared to be the main processes influencing the establishment of native plantings at Wairio Wetland, with plant mortality greatest in the first year after planting. Waterlogging, in particular, was detrimental to establishment of all species at the site except D. dacridioides. Topsoil excavation and the planting of nurse trees at 1.5 m spacing was the most effective management treatment combination promoting survival of plantings at Wairio. However, the success of management treatments varied greatly between species at the site and had different impacts on plant growth. Topsoil excavation was beneficial to survival of D. dacridioides and C. robusta but detrimental to growth of C. australis, O. virgata, C. propinqua, P. tenuifolium and L. scoparium. The concurrent planting of nurse trees with focal trees was beneficial to the survival of D. dacridioides, growth of P. totara, and survival and growth of C. australis. The planting of nurse trees further apart at 1.5 m compared to 0.75 m had a positive effect on the survival of C. propinqua and P. tenuifolium, and survival and growth of L. scoparium. Weedmats were beneficial to survival of O. virgata and growth of L. scoparium but detrimental to growth of D. dacridioides. These management treatments can be used in future revegetation efforts at Wairio Wetland, and potentially in other wetland restoration projects throughout New Zealand.


How ecological interaction networks emerge on evolutionary time scales remains unclear. Here we build an individual-based eco-evolutionary model for the emergence of mutualistic, antagonistic and neutral bipartite interaction networks. Exploring networks evolved under these scenarios, we find three main results. First, antagonistic interactions tend to foster species and trait diversity, while mutualistic interactions reduce diversity. Second, antagonistic interactors evolve higher specialisation, which results in networks that are often more modular than neutral ones; resource species in these networks often display phylogenetic conservatism in interaction partners. Third, mutualistic interactions lead to networks that are more nested than neutral ones, with low phylogenetic conservatism in interaction partners. These results tend to match overall empirical trends, demonstrating that structures of empirical networks that have most often been explained by ecological processes can result from an evolutionary emergence. Our model contributes to the ongoing effort of better integrating ecological interactions and macroevolution.


The classical Multinomial Logit (MNL) is a be-havioral model for user choice. In this model, a user is offered a slate of choices (a subset of a fi-nite universe of n items), and selects exactly one item from the slate, each with probability proportional to its (positive) weight. Given a set of observed slates and choices, the likelihood-maximizing item weights are easy to learn at scale, and easy to interpret. However, the model fails to represent common real-world behavior. As a result, researchers in user choice often turn to mixtures of MNLs, which are known to approximate a large class of models of rational user behavior. Unfortunately, the only known algorithms for this problem have been heuristic in na-ture. In this paper we give the first polynomial-time algorithms for exact learning of uniform mixtures of two MNLs. Interestingly, the parameters of the model can be learned for any n by sampling the behavior of random users only on slates of sizes 2 and 3; in contrast, we show that slates of size 2 are insufficient by themselves.


The modern commercial systems and software industry in the United States have grown up in a snake-oil salesman's paradise. The largest sector of this industry by far is composed of standard commercial systems that are marketed to provide specified functionality (e.g. Internet web server, firewall, router, etc.). Such products are generally provided with a blanket disclaimer stating that the purchaser must evaluate the suitability of the product for use, and that the user assumes all liability for product behavior. In general, users cannot evaluate and cannot be expected to evaluate the security claims of a product. The ability to analyze security claims is important because a consumer may place unwarranted trust in the security abilities of a web server (or other computer device) to perform its stated purpose, thereby putting his own organization at risk, as well as third parties (consumers, business partners, etc.). All but the largest and most capable organizations lack the resources or expertise to evaluate the security claims of a product. More importantly, no reasonable and knowledgeable person would expect them to be able to do so. The normal legal presumptions of approximate equality of bargaining power and comparable sophistication in evaluating benefits and risks are grievously unjust in the context of software security. In these transactions, it is far wiser to view the general purchaser, even if that purchaser is a sizable corporation, as an ignorant consumer.Hence, often purchasers accept what appear to be either implied merchantability claims of the vendor or claims of salespersons' made outside of the context of a written document. These claims frequently have little, if any, basis in fact. These standard commercial systems form the bulk of the critical infrastructure of existing Internet functionality and ecommerce systems. Often, these systems are not trustworthy, yet the use of these systems by misinformed purchasers created massive vulnerability for both purchasers and third parties (including a substantial fraction of both U.S. and international citizens). The frequent disclosure of individual credit card information from supposedly secure commercial systems illustrates an aspect of this vulnerability and raises serious questions concerning the merchantability of these systems. While it is impossible to avoid all risks, they can be reduced to a very small fraction of their current level. Vendors have willfully taken approaches and used processes that do not allow assurance of appropriate security properties, while simultaneously and recklessly misrepresenting the security properties of their products to their customers.


Objective: To create awareness of the possibility of this uncommon cause of infertility among caregivers and Teachers in Gynecology and Ultrasonography and to also emphasize the need for proper evaluation of patients with secondary infertility. Clinical Presentation and Intervention: 37-year old P 0+1 with 7 years secondary infertility and history of induced mid-trimester abortion 20 years previously. Vaginal ultrasound scan and saline infusion sonohysterography suggested retained foetal bones, which were confirmed by histology. Retained foetal bones acting like an intrauterine contraceptive device, may cause secondary infertility. Conclusion: Prolonged retained foetal bones in a case of secondary infertility. When there is a history of mid-trimester abortion, the possibility of retained foetal bones should be borne in mind.


In model networks of E-cells and I-cells (excitatory and inhibitory neurons, respectively), synchronous rhythmic spiking often comes about from the interplay between the two cell groups: the E-cells synchronize the I-cells and vice versa. Under ideal conditionshomogeneity in relevant network parameters and all-to-all connectivity, for instancethis mechanism can yield perfect synchronization. We find that approximate, imperfect synchronization is possible even with very sparse, random connectivity. The crucial quantity is the expected number of inputs per cell. As long as it is large enough (more precisely, as long as the variance of the total number of synaptic inputs per cell is small enough), tight synchronization is possible. The desynchronizing effect of random connectivity can be reduced by strengthening the EI synapses. More surprising, it cannot be reduced by strengthening the IE synapses. However, the decay time constant of inhibition plays an important role. Faster decay yields tighter synchrony. In particular, in models in which the inhibitory synapses are assumed to be instantaneous, the effects of sparse, random connectivity cannot be seen.


The north-trending, 550-km-long Nevada segment of the Devonian carbonate-shelf margin, which fringed western North America, evidences the complex interaction of paleotectonics, eustasy, biotic changes, and bolide impact–related influences. Margin reconstruction is complicated by mid-Paleozoic to Paleogene compressional tectonics and younger extensional and strike-slip faulting. Reports published during the past three decades identify 12 important events that influenced development of shelf-margin settings; in chronological order, these are: (1) Early Devonian inheritance of Silurian stable shelf margin, (2) formation of Early to early Middle Devonian shelf-margin basins, (3) progradation of later Middle Devonian shelf margin, (4) late Middle Devonian Taghanic onlap and continuing long-term Frasnian transgression, (5) initiation of latest Middle Devonian to early Frasnian proto-Antler orogenic forebulge, (6) mid-Frasnian Alamo Impact, (7) accelerated development of proto-Antler forebulge and backbulge Pilot basin, (8) global late Frasnian semichatovae sea-level rise, (9) end-Frasnian sea-level fluctuations and ensuing mass extinction, (10) long-term Famennian regression and continent-wide erosion, (11) late Famennian emergence of Antler orogenic highlands, and (12) end-Devonian eustatic sea-level fall. Although of considerable value for understanding facies relationships and geometries, existing standard carbonate platform-margin models developed for passive settings elsewhere do not adequately describe the diverse depositional and structural settings along the Nevada Devonian platform margin. Recent structural and geochemical studies suggest that the Early to Middle Devonian shelf-margin basins may have been fault bound and controlled by inherited Precambrian structure. Subsequently, the migrating latest Middle to Late Devonian Antler orogenic forebulge exerted a dominant control on shelf-margin position, morphology, and sedimentation.


ABSTRACT Conventional understandings of protracted displacement are limited by a number of shortcomings. They imply the stasis of protracted situations; the passivity and disconnection of vulnerable groups who need external support; and immobility of people 'stuck' in places. Moreover, solutions to protracted displacement are based on the priorities of states and defined by the perspectives of humanitarian organisations. In contrast, this special issue seeks to advance scholarly and policy debates in order to advocate for more nuanced understandings and genuinely supportive practices of refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs). This is realised through the framework of social figurations of displacement, documenting how these evolve over time, and highlighting the structural forces that perpetuate conditions of displacement. Articles in this special issue demonstrate the agency, resilience and transformative power that lies in displaced persons' everyday practices. They foreground the role of multiple mobilities in displacement situations, unsettling the politicised concept of protracted displacement as an example of governance techniques that are geared towards locking the lives of forcibly displaced people in space and in time, rendering the displaced populations controllable. Recognising their mobility and connectivity can become a basis to continuously circumventing and challenging these.