Translating multiword expressions from a language to another needs to recognize them as such. Bilingual multiword expressions are an issue when they are not the exact word-to-word translation of each other. The following examples are provided for a French-English translation task: (1) Phrasal verbs such as « to call in on » becoming « rendre visite », (2) « sorry to hear that », that a human translator translates into the simple 'desole que" (3) most of adverbial locutions like « such as », equivalent to « de telle facon que », or « de maniere a », etc.Thus, Machine Translation (MT) either requires a rich multiword bilingual database, or tends to create or enrich a first set of associated multiword expressions. Most of the time, existing resources are incomplete, and an interesting way to enhance covering is to provide a tool detecting 'associable' multiword expressions in parallel corpora. The latter are sets of texts that are translations of each others. There is an extensive literature in alignment techniques trying to link sentences from a text in a language, named the source, to one or many in the other language, seen as target. Sentence alignment is the basic preliminary task that underlies all others, more fine-grained. Word-to-word alignment has largely been dealt with by statistical systems. Multiword expressions have a granularity that lies between word and sentence. They are mostly phrasal, and sometimes with a rather strong syntactical and lexical divergence. With the improvement of parsers, alignment methods using syntax have emerged. Syntax allows the translation task, among others, to focus on relevant phrase fragments and to link multiword units together. For instance, Ozdowska's AliBi system is based on dependencies structures. The Groves', Hearnes' and Way's system uses syntactic trees with internal node alignments. Bilingual terminology, consisting in recognizing equivalent groups of words, also relies on syntax to extract patterns, such as Noun-Verb, Adjective-Noun, Prepositional Noun Phrase, etc...(e.g. Claveau, 2009). Most of these multiword expressions could be reduced down to collocations. A collocation is a multiword expression, naturally translated with quite strong constraints (e.g., « to show respect »-» faire preuve de respect »). Seretan's method [Seretan, V. (1999)] recognizes numerous equivalent pairs of collocations throught bilingual alignments which POS-tags are equivalents or close (even with distant words). But it only retrieves two-words collocations. Thus, there is a need for systems that might detect longer collocations, and more divergent ones. The method proposed in this article is an alignment process between pairs of sentences, strongly based on syntax. It relies on is a rule-based system combining partial alignments from a database through a non-iterative graph-theory based process. Multiword expressions patterns built on examples help providing alignments with a good coverage, which in turn detect new multiword expressions, and enrich the database. The article sketches the state-of-the art in alignment, focusing on syntactic oriented systems, describes the designed system as well a corpus run experiment with promising results.


On the Swedish market for single-family houses, wood traditionally dominates with around 90 % market share. Due to the economic crisis, the number of prefabricated wooden single-family houses decreased from about 12 100 units in 2007 to 4 800 units in 2012. Firms in the industry struggled with a 60 % decrease of order intake. These firms compete with relatively low margins, and many faced economic losses. Such losses negatively affect the firms' equity ratio, describing the share of assets that are financed by own capital. This negative effect defines the firms' long-term ability to pay its depths. The longer such an effect lasts, the more it threatens the firms' future, potentially leading to bankruptcy.This study is aiming at describing the development of the equity ratio from 2010 to 2014 for 52 Swedish firms producing wooden single-family houses. This will be done by collecting and analyzing those firms' annual reports and the required financial numbers.The results show on the one hand how an average equity ratio for the whole industry developed within the chosen five-year period. On the other hand, the development of each firm's equity ratio within that period is mapped, indicating, which firms potentially might face problems if no appropriate actions will be taken.


Camera sensors can only capture a limited range of luminance simultaneously, and in order to create high dynamic range (HDR) images a set of different exposures are typically combined. In this paper we address the problem of predicting information that have been lost in saturated image areas, in order to enable HDR reconstruction from a single exposure. We show that this problem is well-suited for deep learning algorithms, and propose a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) that is specifically designed taking into account the challenges in predicting HDR values. To train the CNN we gather a large dataset of HDR images, which we augment by simulating sensor saturation for a range of cameras. To further boost robustness, we pre-train the CNN on a simulated HDR dataset created from a subset of the MIT Places database. We demonstrate that our approach can reconstruct high-resolution visually convincing HDR results in a wide range of situations, and that it generalizes well to reconstruction of images captured with arbitrary and low-end cameras that use unknown camera response functions and post-processing. Furthermore, we compare to existing methods for HDR expansion, and show high quality results also for image based lighting. Finally, we evaluate the results in a subjective experiment performed on an HDR display. This shows that the reconstructed HDR images are visually convincing, with large improvements as compared to existing methods.


Pythium species incite crown and root rot and can be highly destructive to floriculture crops in greenhouses, especially when irrigation water is recycled. This study assessed the performance of rapid filtration of recycled irrigation water for controlling pythium root rot of poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima) in greenhouses. Two greenhouse experiments investigated the effect of filter media type (sand and activated carbon), fungicide application (etridiazole), and pathogen inoculum source (infested growing media and infested irrigation water). Rapid sand filtration consistently controlled pythium root rot of poinsettia. Significant improvements in height, weight, root rot severity, and horticultural quality were observed for the plants in the sand filter treatment, compared with the inoculated control plants. However, the activated carbon filter removed essential nutrients from the irrigation water, resulting in plant nutrient deficiency and consequently leaf chlorosis, thus reducing plant weight, height, and horticultural quality. The etridiazole application did not completely prevent root infection by Pythium aphanidermatum, but plant weight, height, and horticultural quality were not negatively affected. P. aphanidermatum spread from infested growing media to healthy plants when irrigation water was recycled without filtration. Rapid sand filtration appears to have the potential to limit the spread of P. aphanidermatum that causes root rot of greenhouse floriculture crops.


Understanding multithreaded software systems is typically a tedious task: Due to parallel execution and interactions between multiple threads, such a system's runtime behavior is often much more complex than the behavior of a single-threaded system. For many maintenance activities, system understanding is a prerequisite. Hence, tasks such as bug fixing or performance optimization are highly demanding in the case of multithreaded systems. Unfortunately, state-of-the-art tools for system understanding and debuggers provide only limited support for these systems. We present a dynamic analysis and visualization technique that helps developers in understanding multithreaded software systems in general and in identifying performance bottlenecks in particular. The technique first performs method boundary tracing. Second, developers perform a post-mortem analysis of a system's behavior using visualization optimized for trace data of multithreaded software systems. The technique enables developers to understand how multiple threads collaborate at runtime. The technique is integrated into a professional and scalable tool for visualizing the behavior of complex software systems. In case studies, we have tested the technique with industrially developed, multithreaded software systems to understand system behavior and to identify multithreading-related performance bottlenecks.


Vision is not required in order for fish to school. Five individual saithe, Pollachius virens, were able to join schools of 25 normal saithe swimming in an annular tank, while blinded with opaque eye covers. Test fish maintained position within the school indefinitely and responded to short-term movements of individuals within the school, although quantitative differences in reaction time and schooling behavior were noted. Five fish with lateral lines cut at the opercula were unable to school when wearing opaque eye covers. Although it is unlikely that blind saithe could school in the wild, the constraints of the apparatus permitted a demonstration of a role of the lateral line organ in schooling.


Software packaging is indispensable part of build and prerequisite for deployment processes. Full ATLAS software stack consists of TDAQ, HLT, and Offline software. These software groups depend on some 80 external software packages. We present tools, package PackDist, developed and used to package all this software except for TDAQ project. PackDist is based on and driven by CMT, ATLAS software configuration and build tool, and consists of shell and Python scripts. The packaging unit used is CMT project. Each CMT project is packaged as several packages—platform dependent (one per platform available), source code excluding header files, other platform independent files, documentation, and debug information packages (the last two being built optionally). Packaging can be done recursively to package all the dependencies. The whole set of packages for one software release, distribution kit, also includes configuration packages and contains some 120 packages for one platform. Also packaged are physics analysis projects (currently 6) used by particular physics groups on top of the full release. The tools provide an installation test for the full distribution kit. Packaging is done in two formats for use with the Pacman and RPM package managers. The tools are functional on the platforms supported by ATLAS—GNU/Linux and Mac OS X. The packaged software is used for software deployment on all ATLAS computing resources from the detector and trigger computing farms, collaboration laboratories computing centres, grid sites, to physicist laptops, and CERN VMFS and covers the use cases of running all applications as well as of software development.


This research was conducted to find out the effect of fermentation of rice bran by Aspergillus niger in term of nutrient content. Rice bran was incubated with different length of time period of incubation; 0, 24, 48 and 72h. Parameter observed included the content of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, soluble protein, NPN (non protein nitrogen), reducing sugar and nitrogen retention. Data obtained were subjected into analysis of variance of the completely randomized design. The result showed that incubation period gave the different significant effect (p 0.05) on the crude protein. By 72h incubation time, the fermented rice bran containing the highest nutritive value.


This chapter analyzes variables in the rebuilding program resulting in Legionella in the domestic hot water system (DHWS), legionella monitoring of water and air-conditioning systems, and systems implemented to control contamination. Standard methods for Legionella culture of environmental samples and identification of isolates were followed for both water samples and swabs from showerheads. The Infection Control Committee advised the clinical staff to test patients with possible nosocomial pneumonia for Legionella pneumophila sg 1 infection by urine antigen tests. Environmental culture found many sites positive for L. pneumophila sg 1 including feed water to the calorifiers and a sample taken just after tempering of the water exiting the calorifier. The peripheral contamination with L. pneumophila sg 1 was discovered within months, but when a patient was recognized as possibly being infected, extensive changes to the DHWS were carried out. A UV irradiation plant was installed near the exit of the cold water tanks to reduce further colonization.


High-performance centrifugal compressors presently favor pocket damper seals (PDSs) as a choice of secondary flow control element offering a large effective damping coefficient to mitigate rotor subsynchronous whirl motions. Current and upcoming multiple-phase compression systems in subsea production facilities must demonstrate long-term operation and continuous availability, free of harmful rotor instabilities. Plain annular seals and labyrinth (LABY) seals are notoriously bad choices, whereas a PDS, by stopping the circulation of trapped liquid, operates stably. This paper presents experimental and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) results for the leakage and dynamic force coefficients obtained in a dedicated test facility hosting a fully partitioned PDS (FPPDS), four ribbed and with eight pockets per cavity. The test PDS, operating at a rotor speed 5250 rpm (surface speed 35 m/s) and under a supply pressure/discharge pressure ratio up to 3.2, is supplied with a mixture of air and ISO VG 10 oil whose maximum liquid volume fraction (LVF) is 2.2%, equivalent to a liquid mass fraction of 84%. When supplied with just air (dry condition), the measured leakage increases nonlinearly with supply pressure. Under a wet gas condition, the recorded mass flow increases on account of the large difference in density between the liquid and the gas. CFD-derived mass flow rates for both dry and wet gas conditions agree with the measured ones. The test dry gas PDS produces a direct dynamic stiffness (HR) increasing with frequency, whereas the direct damping (C) and cross-coupled dynamic stiffness (hR) coefficients remain relatively constant. The CFD-predicted damping agrees best with the test C albeit overpredicting HR at low excitation frequencies and hR at all frequencies (<175 Hz ∼ twice rotor speed). Under a wet gas condition with LVF  =  0.4%, the test force coefficients show great variability over the excitation frequency range; in particular, HR < 0, though growing with frequency due to the large liquid mass fraction. The CFD predictions, on the other hand, produce a dynamic direct stiffness HR > 0 for all frequencies. Both experimental hR and C for the wet gas PDS are larger than their counterparts for the dry gas seal. The CFD-predicted C and hR, wet versus dry, show a modest growth, yet remaining lower than the test data. The CFD-derived flow field for a wet gas condition shows that the seal radial partition walls (ridges) reduce the circumferential flow velocity and liquid accumulation within a pocket. Both the test data and the CFD prediction show that the magnitude of the flexibility function for the PDS test system reduces when the two-component mixture flows through the seal, hence revealing the additional effective damping, more pronounced for the test data rather than that from the predictions. Further work, experimental and CFD based, will continue to advance the technology of wet gas seals while bridging the gap between test data and computational physics model simulations.


The National Compensation Survey is conducted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics to compute measures of the pay and benefits for America's workers. Since the early 1990's, the survey design used a three-stage sample design to select samples of areas, establishments, and jobs for which wage and benefit data are collected periodically over a five-year rotation. In 2011, we presented a new two-stage sample design for private industry establishments that introduces a three-year rotation of establishment samples. This new design is a national design without any area sampling under which we select samples of establishments and jobs in the two stages of selection. This paper will explore design alternatives for selection of establishments in the State and local government sectors of the economy that are more consistent with the new private industry design. Design topics that are being studied and will be presented include sample rotation, allocation, sample frame preparation, establishment selection, and sample initiation scheduling. Recommendations for the design to be used when selecting future public sector samples will be presented.


Introduction: Sidra Medicine provides children and women with outstanding tertiary healthcare services in an innovative and ultramodern facility especially designed to promote healing. This high-tech facility located in Doha boasts world-class patient scientific expertise and educational resources. In addition, being academic in nature, actively teaching the next generation of physicians and clinicians in partnership with degree granting local institutions. This content illustrates initiatives to achieve JCI accreditation in 2019. Undertaken as a Green Belt initiative, the aim of this project was to determine current status of compliance of Life Support certifications, specifically as a minimum, BLS certifications for all Nurses and Midwives. The objective was to identify with stakeholders available repository options which are cost-effective but suitable for on-going monitoring and auditing purposes


Automatic facial animation is a research topic of broad and current interest with widespread impact on various applications. In this paper, we present a novel joint audio-video driven facial animation system. Unlike traditional methods, we incorporate a large vocabulary continuous speech recognition (LVCSR) system to obtain phoneme alignments. The use of LVCSR reduces the high error rate associated with the traditional phoneme recognizer. We also introduce a knowledge guided 3D blendshapes modeling for each phoneme to avoid collecting training data and introducing bias from computer vision generated targets. To further improve the quality, we adopt video tracking and jointly optimize the facial animation by combining both sources. In the evaluations, we present both objective study and several subjective studies on three settings: audio-driven, video-driven, and joint audio-video driven. We find that the quality of our proposed system's facial animation generation surpasses that of the recent state-of-the-art systems.


This Article argues that courts have created a de facto extra-statutory condition of patentability, herein termed the "completeness" requirement. This requirement bars patents on certain inventions whose chief value lies in their function as inputs into downstream research. The Article contends that the notion of completeness explains doctrinal innovations that are difficult to rationalize any other way. Although it reflects an important policy of limiting unduly preemptive patent claims on foundational, building-block inventions, the completeness requirement in its current form fails to implement this policy in a way that is coherent and consistent with patent law's utilitarian goals. In addition, courts' attempts to develop the completeness requirement based on existing statutory provisions have resulted in controversial interpretations of the Patent Act, generating legitimacy costs. The Article argues that these problems are best addressed by explicitly recognizing completeness as a separate requirement of patentability and modifying the doctrinal tools used to enforce this requirement. To determine whether a patent claim passes completeness, the Article proposes a new test that focuses on the generality and unpredictability of a claimed invention's applications. Further, it argues that an amendment to the Patent Act codifying the requirement of completeness is the most effective way to implement the proposal. Finally, the Article explores the possibility of awarding a limited patent right, which it terms "Research Patent," to claims that satisfy existing requirements of pa-tentability, but fail completeness. This right would provide the intellectual property incentives that are likely needed to develop and commercialize foundational inventions, and also help decrease the potential for stifling downstream innovation created by granting full patent protection to such inventions.


An integrated organic farming system applies the concept of "Low External Input
Sustainable Agriculture" (LEISA) and this system develops the livestock business
and the crop business in one location or area using local resources to optimize inputs.
This study is an attempt to analyze the management and economic characteristics of
the integrated organic faming system in the Gunungkidul, Indonesia. The specific
objectives of this study were: (i) to examine the socio-economic profile of farmers
that practiced the integrated organic farming system, (ii) to evaluate the farm
management practices, (iii) to determine the optimal allocation resources used in the
integrated organic farming system.
The study comprises three components. The first was a study on the social economic
profile of the respondents. The second was a study on the farmers' management
capability, based on the management functions of setting objectives, planning,
controlling and decision-making. The third was a study on the optimal allocation of
resources used in the integrated organic farming system. The Likert Scale was used to measure the fanners' management capability. The
Linear Programming method was used to determine the optimal allocation of
resources. Descriptive analysis was also used to explain the integrated organic
fanning system that had been practiced in the study area. Primary data were
collected from a fann survey and secondary data were obtained from relevant
agencies.
The study found that the integrated organic fanning system practiced is combination
between integrated fanning and organic farming. Organic fertilizers and bio
pesticides were the organic materials always used in the farming practice. The
fanners made a special bio pesticide from local materials.
The Gunungkidul fanners had applied the rotation system based on seasons in their
farming practice. Paddy was planted in the rainy season, corn and peanut in the flfSt
dry season and in the second dry season, the farmers planted watermelons and inter
cropped between com and peanut. In the study area, the supply of organic fertilizer
was from chickens, goats and cows. The supply of livestock fodder was from crop
waste especially from paddy straw. Grass was also fed to cows and goats, especially
to cows. Farmers also gave mineral concentrates that contained corn, waste from
tofu and rice siftings.
The results of the analysis on management capability show that the farmers had a
low level of management capability in setting objective and controlling but they had
a middle level of management capability in planning and decision-making.


We are told by rules such as Federal Rule of Evidence 102 that one official ends of the trial system, from first investigation to last post-trial proceeding, is the determination of truth. After examining the relevant history, this piece comes to the conclusion that there was a general if unspoken agreement on the notion of truth that was being invoked in Rule 102. The shared assumptions of the standard rationalist model of the law allowed (and continue to allow) both those involved in the practice of law and the vast majority of those involved in describing it, to skip over many issues that might interest some professional philosophers, and to enter the discourse concerning truth at a point where those issues are resolved by assumption, since controversies about them are rightly considered of no importance to the law as a practical discipline. We assume the reality of an exterior material world; arguing either radical skepticism or the primacy of some form of philosophical idealism will not cut any ice in a courtroom. In addition we assume that something that can count as knowledge can be arrived at about such past events, even if it is not perfect. Platonic arguments about how perfection is necessary to the concept of true knowledge are beside the point. We assume that at least part of this knowledge will meet certain criteria of correspondence to the actual state of an exterior world. Objections that such correspondence theories inevitably imply "naive realism," and are therefore to be shunned, won't get very far in the legal context (although an important reason they won't is that not all correspondence theories are naive, and many can both comfortably and practically accommodate other notions of epistemic strength, such as coherence). We assume that the path to the factual truth we desire is through information (evidence) processed in a rational manner (although what we mean by "rationality" is sometimes difficult to say, and assuming we can come up with a defensible notion of rationality, our particular arrangements may not always bear scrutiny when put to that test). The vision of rationality implied here, whatever else it may be, entails a method of inquiry about a factual question, one founded on two central pillars — the primacy of evidence publicly available to the senses, and the strength of critical common sense. In this way the rationality assumed by the law is empirical and the method of inquiry is one which is in principle available to everyone of normal intelligence.The issues about which the law seeks truth in any given litigated controversy are the ones that constitute (or correspond to) the ultimate material issues under the applicable substantive law. The factual nature of some of these issues is easily dealt with by a correspondence notion, but this is not true in regard to others. More importantly, some of them are not, in their ultimate determination, facts at all, but particularized value judgments, even though the tradition of the law is to call them all "facts" since they are determinations delegated to juries ("factfinders"). So if the truth the law seeks is truth about what the law treats as facts, there are still plenty of remaining mysteries. This is in large part because the concept of fact has not been properly developed in most of the legal literature. In the second part of the article I make an attempt at such a taxonomic development. The contents of that inquiry are suggested by the following headings: Facts, Facticity, and Facts of Another Color: A. Brute Facts, Primary Type; B. Facts of Another Color; C. Facts Relying Entirely on Inferences from Formal Data; D. Non-Binary Magnitude Judgment Issues; E. Issues of "Fact" That Are Really Value Judgments Officially Delegated to the Jury Under a "Normative Warrant;" States of Mind — Facts of yet Another Color, Value Judgments, or Both?


Fieldstone has been used as a building material for many centuries. In Estonia, two large groups of stone suitable for building can be distinguished in terms of architectural outcome and construction technique: calcareous stones (mostly carbonate flagstone and dolomite) and granite boulders, or field stones. The latter cover a broad spectrum of natural igneous and metamorphic rocks (rapakivi granite, diabases, gneiss etc.). In this article, we focus on natural stone belonging to the second group: in particular how it can be processed – split with wedges or a sledgehammer – and historical means of transporting stones. We also take a look at the ethical, aesthetic and cultural aspects of fieldstone use.Field stones were carried to Estonia by the continental glacier. In general, it can be said that fieldstone is a hard and strong stone suitable for use as a building material, which due to its density and low porosity can be used in underground and other supporting structures. These properties mean that fieldstone's thermal conductivity is high, which is why it is not suitable for building dwellings. It has most commonly been used to build stables, cellars, barns and, to a lesser extent, taverns and other public buildings.Fieldstone is a material with a small ecological footprint which does not participate directly in the carbon cycle, as does timber. Fieldstone processing and transport is relatively energy-intensive, but this is compensated for by the longevity of the structures made. Visually, fieldstone is a very strong and eye-catching material. The surface of each stone is different, making each structure unique. The strong visual message and the long tradition of using fieldstone as a building material are the main factors that guarantee that there are people in Estonia who still commission fieldstone buildings and smaller items.


The ancient Egyptian temple of Kalabsha dates back to 30 BC. In 1963 the temple was dismantled and moved to a new site in order to save it from the rising waters of the Lake Nasser. Computer graphics in collaboration with Egyptologists makes it possible to recreate the temple on a computer, place it back to its original location and orientation, and illuminate it, as it may have appeared some 2000 years ago. Accuracy is of the highest importance in such archaeological reconstructions when investigating how a site might have appeared in the past. Failure to use the highest fidelity means there is a very real danger of misrepresenting the past.
 This paper describes the practical methodology that should be undertaken in order to create a high fidelity reconstruction and realistic lighting simulation of an ancient Egyptian temple.


BACKGROUND
Training partner forces in battlefield first-responder medical skills is an important component of US military advise-and-assist operations. We designed and executed a training curriculum focused on high-yield-based medical skills to prevent death on the battlefield for non-English speaking members of the Turkish, Azerbaijani, and Albanian militaries deployed to Afghanistan.

METHODS
We designed a 2-hour training curriculum focusing on four basic medical skills: (1) assessment of scene safety; (2) limb tourniquet application; (3) wound bandaging; and (4) patient transportation via litter. Our combat medics delivered standardized training using both didactic and practicum components. Instructors made beforeand- after assessments of the proficiency of each participant for each skill in accordance with the Dreyfus model of skill acquisition. We also administered before-and-after, Likertscale- based surveys for training participants to report their self-assessed comfort level with each of the four skills.

RESULTS
We delivered training to 187 participants over five classes. All 28 participants in the final teaching class completed the study. Instructors categorized each participant's skill level as novice before training for all four skills. After the training curriculum, all participants achieved a skill level consistent with advanced beginner for all four skills. Participants reported significant improvements in self-reported comfort levels for all taught procedures (ρ < .001 by Wilcoxon signed-rank test for all four skills). The largest reported increase in median comfort level was for tourniquet application: median pretraining comfort level, 4 (interquartile range [IQR], 0-6.25) versus 9.5 (IQR, 9-10) posttraining.

CONCLUSION
Our curriculum resulted in significant improvements in instructor-assessed proficiency and self-reported comfort level for all four basic medical skills. Although our outcome measures have important limitations, this curriculum may be useful framework for future medics and physicians designing battlefield first-responder training curricula for members of foreign militaries.


Many species exhibit widespread spatial synchrony in population fluctuations. This pattern is of great ecological interest and can be a source of concern when the species is rare or endangered. Both dispersal and spatial correlations in the environment have been implicated as possible causes of this pattern, but these two factors have rarely been studied in combination. We develop a spatially structured population model, simple enough to obtain analytic solutions for the population correlation, that incorporates both dispersal and environmental correlation. We ask whether these two synchronizing factors contribute additively to the total spatial population covariance. We find that there is always an interaction between these two factors and that this interaction is small only when one or both of the environmental correlation and the dispersal rate are small. The interaction is opposite in sign to the environmental correlation; so, in the normal case of positive environmental correlation across sites, the population synchrony will be lower than predicted by simply adding the effects of dispersal and environmental correlation. We also find that population synchrony declines as the strength of population regulation increases. These results indicate that dispersal and environmental correlation need to be considered in combination as explanations for observed patterns of population synchrony.


Frisk Dubsky, B. 2018. Structure and representations of certain classes of infinite-dimensional algebras. Uppsala Dissertations in Mathematics 110. 32 pp. Uppsala: Department of Mathematics. ISBN 978-91-506-2728-2. We study several infinite-dimensional algebras and their representation theory. In Paper I, we study the category O for the (centrally extended) Schrödinger Lie algebra, which is an analogue of the classical BGG category O. We decompose the category into a direct sum of "blocks", and describe Gabriel quivers of these blocks. For the case of non-zero central charge, we in addition find the relations of these quivers. Also for the finite-dimensional part of O do we find the Gabriel quiver with relations. These results are then used to determine the center of the universal enveloping algebra, the annihilators of Verma modules, and primitive ideals of the universal enveloping algebra which intersect the center of the Schrödinger algebra trivially. In Paper II, we construct a family of path categories which may be viewed as locally quadratic dual to preprojective algebras. We prove that these path categories are Koszul. This is done by constructing resolutions of simple modules, that are projective and linear up to arbitrary position. This is done by using the mapping cone to piece together certain short exact sequences which are chosen so as to fall into three managable families. In Paper III, we consider the category of injections between finite sets, and also the path category of the Young lattice subject to the relations that two boxes added to the same column in a Young diagram yields zero. We construct a new and direct proof of the Morita equivalence of the linearizations of these categories. We also construct linear resolutions of simple modules of the latter category, and show that it is quadratic dual to its opposite. In Paper IV, we define a family of algebras using the induction and restriction functors on modules over the dihedral groups. For a wide subfamily, we decompose the algebras into indecomposable subalgebras, find a basis and relations for each algebra, as well as explicitly describe each center.


Significance The Middle East was a gateway for early human migration out of Africa, and it is likely that the region's climate played an important role in this anthropogenic transition. This study is motivated by conflicting interpretations of rainfall seasonality from regional paleoenvironmental records. Specifically, we address whether summer monsoon rainfall may have expanded northward into the Middle East in the past. Today, the region has dry summers and relatively wet winters; the northern limit of the modern monsoon is far to the south. Here, we combine climate modeling with seasonal-resolution geochemical analysis of cave carbonates from Israel and find evidence for summer monsoon rainfall during recurrent intervals of the last interglacial period, which overlaps with archeological indicators of human migration. Paleorainfall proxy records from the Middle East have revealed remarkable patterns of variability since the penultimate glacial period (140 ka), but the seasonality of this signal has been unresolvable. Here, seasonal-resolution oxygen isotope data from Soreq Cave speleothems suggest that summer monsoon rainfall periodically reaches as far north as Israel—well removed from the modern monsoon—at times (∼125, 105 ka) that overlap with evidence for some of the earliest modern human migrations out of Africa. These seasonal proxy data are corroborated by seasonal-resolution model output of the amount and oxygen-isotope ratio of rainfall from an isotope-enabled climate model. In contrast to the modern regional climate where rainfall is delivered predominantly in winter months along westerly storm tracks, the model suggests that during extreme peaks of summer insolation—as occurs during the last interglacial (e.g., 125, 105 ka)—regional rainfall increases due to both wetter winters and the incursion of summer monsoons. This interpretation brings clarity to regional paleoproxy records and provides important environmental context along one potential pathway of early modern human migration.


Background— Studies evaluating predictors of tPA-associated symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (SICH) have typically focused on clinical and CT-based variables. MRI-based variables have generally not been included in predictive models, and little is known about the influence of reperfusion on SICH risk. Methods— Seventy-four patients were prospectively enrolled in an open-label study of intravenous tPA administered between 3 and 6 hours after symptom onset. An MRI was obtained before and 3 to 6 hours after tPA administration. The association between several clinical and MRI-based variables and tPA-associated SICH was determined using multivariate logistic regression analysis. SICH was defined as a ≥2 point change in National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale Score (NIHSSS) associated with any degree of hemorrhage on CT or MRI. Reperfusion was defined as a decrease in PWI lesion volume of at least 30% between baseline and the early follow-up MRI. Results— SICH occurred in 7 of 74 (9.5%) patients. In univariate analysis, NIHSSS, DWI lesion volume, PWI lesion volume, and reperfusion status were associated with an increased risk of SICH (P<0.05). In multivariate analysis, DWI lesion volume was the single independent baseline predictor of SICH (odds ratio 1.42; 95% CI 1.13 to 1.78 per 10 mL increase in DWI lesion volume). When early reperfusion status was included in the predictive model, the interaction between DWI lesion volume and reperfusion status was the only independent predictor of SICH (odds ratio 1.77; 95% CI 1.25 to 2.50 per 10 mL increase in DWI lesion volume). Conclusion— Patients with large baseline DWI lesion volumes who achieve early reperfusion appear to be at greatest risk of SICH after tPA therapy.


Research summary: Executives in declining firms may engage in ship-jumping behavior (i.e., voluntarily move to new employers before the failure occurs) to avoid the stigma of failure. However, it is unclear how executives decide whether or not to jump ship. Building on a network embeddedness perspective, we highlight how three network-based indicators (i.e., executive social capital, the social capital of other peers in the declining firm, and the declining firm's alliance network) influence the executive-level ship-jumping decision by shaping its benefits and opportunity costs. Using data from executives at failing firms in China, we find support for our hypothesized relationships. Our research provides important insight into the network mechanisms driving the ship-jumping decision.

Managerial summary: Executives at failing firms have a choice: stay and attempt to rescue the firm from failure or exit and avoid the stigma of the failure (i.e., jump ship). Yet, little is known about what factors affect this choice. We propose that social capital plays an important role in the decision. Our evidence from specially treated (*ST) public firms in China finds that ship jumping is lowest at low and high values of social capital, and highest at moderate levels of social capital (an inverted U-shaped relationship). In addition, higher levels of peer social capital (in the declining firm) as well as a well-established firm-level alliance network discourage the ship-jumping choice. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Many techniques for speedup learning and knowledge compilation focus on the learning and optimization of macro-operators or control rules in task domains that can be characterized using a problem-space search paradigm. However, such a characterization does not fit well the class of task domains in which the problem solver is required to perform in a continuous manner. For example, in many robotic domains, the problem solver is required to monitor real-valued perceptual inputs and vary its motor control parameters in a continuous, on-line manner to successfully accomplish its task. In such domains, discrete symbolic states and operators are difficultto define. To improve its performance in continuous problem domains, a problem solver must learn, modify, and use "continuous operators" that continuously map input sensory information to appropriate control outputs. Additionally, the problem solver must learn the contexts in which those continuous operators are applicable. We propose a learning method that can compile sensorimotor experiences into continuous operators, which can then be used to improve performance of the problem solver. The method speeds up the task performance as well as results in improvements in the quality of the resulting solutions. The method is implemented in a robotic navigation system, which is evaluated through extensive experimentation.


Abstract Radial profiles of the rotational transform are measured with the motional Stark effect spectroscopy in the Large Helical Device. They are derived from the radial profiles of the polarization angle of the σ and π components in the Hα line emitted from high-energy hydrogen atoms of beams with four sets of linear polarizers, spectrometers, and charge-coupled device detectors. Changes in the rotational transform due to the neutral beam current drive (NBCD) and the electron cyclotron current drive are measured. When NBCD is in the direction counter to the equivalent plasma current, the central rotational transform increases because of the inductive current while the edge rotational transform decreases, as is expected. Therefore, the magnetic shear becomes weak with NBCD in the counterdirection, whereas it becomes strong with NBCD in the codirection. NBCD that drives toroidal current, typically <10% of the equivalent toroidal current determined by the external current in the helical coils, can change the rotational transform and magnetic shear significantly enough to change magnetohydrodynamic stability.


We compare the properties of galaxies that form in a cosmological simulation without strong feedback to observations of the z = 0 galaxy population. We confirm previous findings that models without strong feedback overproduce the observed galaxy baryonic mass function, especially at the low- and high-mass extremes. Through post-processing we investigate what kinds of feedback would be required to reproduce the statistics of observed galaxy masses and star formation rates. To mimic an extreme form of 'preventive' feedback, such as a highly efficient active galactic nucleus 'radio mode', we remove all baryonic mass that was originally accreted from shock-heated gas ('hot-mode' accretion). This removal does not bring the highmass end of the galaxy mass function into agreement with observations because much of the stellar mass in these systems formed at high redshift from baryons that originally accreted via 'cold mode' on to lower mass progenitors. An efficient 'ejective' feedback mechanism, such as supernova-driven galactic winds, must reduce the masses of these progenitors before they merge to form today's massive galaxies. Feedback must also reduce the masses of lower mass z = 0 galaxies, which assemble at lower redshifts and have much lower star formation rates. If we monotonically remap galaxy masses to reproduce the observed mass function, but retain the simulation-predicted star formation rates, we obtain fairly good agreement with the observed sequence of star-forming galaxies. However, we fail to recover the observed population of passive, low star formation rate galaxies, especially at the high-mass end. Suppressing all hotmode accretion improves the agreement for high-mass galaxies, but it worsens the agreement at intermediate masses. Reproducing these z = 0 observations requires a feedback mechanism that dramatically suppresses star formation in a fraction of galaxies, increasing with mass, while leaving star formation rates of other galaxies essentially unchanged.


In the spring and early summer of 2008, the temperature of the rhetoric in the food-versus-fuel debate was skyrocketing right along with the prices of corn, soybeans and crude oil. Farm Foundation is not about heat or fueling fires. Our mission is to be a catalyst for sound public policy by providing objective information to foster deeper understanding of the complex issues before the food system today. We commissioned Purdue University economists Wallace Tyner, Philip Abbott and Christopher Hurt to provide a comprehensive, objective assessment of the forces driving food prices. Released in July 2008, What's Driving Food Prices? identified three major drivers of prices—depreciation of the U.S. dollar, changes in production and consumption, and growth in biofuels production. The three economists also reviewed more than two dozen reports and studies in the academic and popular press about commodity prices, biofuels and food prices, summarizing them in light of their own examination of the facts. Today, just eight months later, the landscape is remarkably different. The 2008/2009 crop production was higher than forecast, quieting talk of inadequate supplies. Significant declines have occurred in crude oil, grain and oilseed crop prices. Biofuel production has slowed. The value of the U.S. dollar has appreciated. A global financial crisis and recession now dominate the news. Given this remarkable reversal of conditions, we asked Tyner, Abbott and Hurt to reexamine the drivers of food prices. Their analysis indicates that now, as eight months ago, the answers are not simple. While the level of food prices has dropped, the forces driving those prices remain the same today as in July 2008, as does the need to understand how those forces work and interact. As did the July 2008 report, this update reinforces the fact that food prices are influenced by diverse and multiple factors generated by complex global economic issues. It is the intent of Farm Foundation that the objective information provided in this report will help public and private leaders better understand the functions of these driving forces as they make business and public policy decisions for the future.


Most popular Web applications rely on persistent databases based on languages like SQL for declarative specification of data models and the operations that read and modify them. As applications scale up in user base, they often face challenges responding quickly enough to the high volume of requests. A common aid is caching of database results in the application's memory space, taking advantage of program-specific knowledge of which caching schemes are sound and useful, embodied in handwritten modifications that make the program less maintainable. These modifications also require nontrivial reasoning about the read-write dependencies across operations. In this paper, we present a compiler optimization that automatically adds sound SQL caching to Web applications coded in the Ur/Web domain-specific functional language, with no modifications required to source code. We use a custom cache implementation that supports concurrent operations without compromising the transactional semantics of the database abstraction. Through experiments with microbenchmarks and production Ur/Web applications, we show that our optimization in many cases enables an easy doubling or more of an application's throughput, requiring nothing more than passing an extra command-line flag to the compiler.


Searchable symmetric encryption (SSE) enables us to search encrypted data with an arbitrarily chosen keyword without leaking information on the data and keyword. SSE is expected to be used in, for example, cloud computing and genome analyses. In particular, privacy of genome data must be guaranteed for long periods, and therefore unconditionally secure cryptographic protocols, rather than computationally secure ones, should be used for protecting genome data. For this reason, we propose new constructions of unconditionally secure SSE schemes in this paper. Specifically, we define a model and security of unconditionally secure SSE, and we show a lower bound on secret-key sizes. We propose two kinds of constructions of unconditionally secure SSE schemes: One is asymptotically optimal in the sense of the secret-key size with some restriction on the security definition; and the other achieves full security at the sacrifice of the secret-key size.


Background/Aims:
According to the United Kingdom (UK) census statistics (ONS, 2011), Islam represents the second largest religion after Christianity, and the largest group of Muslims in the UK has a Pakistani heritage. Analysis of the existing research suggests that Pakistani Muslim men with psychological difficulties under-utilise mental health services in the UK. Several studies (mainly quantitative in nature) have reported that CBT can be an appropriate treatment for Pakistani Muslims, but some authors argue that there are fundamental philosophical conflicts between Islam and CBT. However, there has been no research to date on how CBT is actually experienced by Pakistani Muslim men, and the needs of this under-represented group remain unexplored. In response to this dearth of research, particularly in Counselling Psychology, this study investigated the experiences of Pakistani men who had completed CBT treatment within the last 18 months.

Design/Method:
Verbatim accounts of semi-structured interviews were analysed employing Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. The participants were six Second-Generation Pakistani Muslim men (SGPMM) aged between 20 and 43 who had received individual CBT.

Findings:
In the process of analysis three superordinate themes were generated: 'Pre-CBT difficulties' (which refers to the thoughts, feelings and challenges that the participants had encountered prior to CBT), 'the process of CBT for Muslim men' (which discusses what CBT means and how helpful and/or unhelpful the participants found CBT), 'the interaction between CBT and Islam (which explores the significance of religion, and how CBT and Islam complement and/or clash with each other).

Conclusions:
The participants emphasised the difficulties and concerns that SGPMM can encounter in therapy as a result of religious and cultural pressures: namely in adhering to collectivist and individualist values, in meeting family and community expectations, and in reconciling differing aspects of Islam and CBT. It is therefore suggested that training programmes and practitioners should consider developing more targeted interventions to better address this group of clients' religious and cultural needs.


How do the transaction costs of office holding affect congressional careers? These costs may influence the kinds of people who select into public office and therefore the representativeness of democratic institutions. Gaining causal leverage on this question has been difficult given that many costs associated with office holding are endogenous to characteristics of legislators. We examine the effect of exogenous changes in transaction costs in the U.S. Congress caused by changes in the availability of direct flights from home districts to Washington, D.C. We find that the elimination of an airport that provides a round-trip direct flight to Washington, D.C. is associated with a 0.92 percentage point decrease in the probability that a member runs for reelection. One implication of these results is that members more sensitive to office holdings costs---such as moderates or members of underrepresented groups---may be less likely to seek and maintain political careers.


The polarization of light scattered into directions out of the plane of incidence for 532-nm light incident at 45° with p polarization was measured from rough silicon, rough titanium nitride, polished fused silica and glass ceramic, and ground and incompletely polished black glass. Models for polarized light scattering from microroughness, subsurface defects, and facets are reviewed. The measurements demonstrate the validity of the models and the utility of polarized light scattering measurements for distinguishing between roughness and defects.


Coffee ( Coffea arabica L.) is an economically and socially important crop. In Puerto Rico, the harvest of 2012 was the lowest in the history of the island, mainly because of the economic crisis and phytosanitary problems. The main production problems are of biotic origin. Coffee Leaf Scorch (CLS) also known as 'crespera' caused by the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa (Xf), results in significant economic losses in many countries. In the Caribbean Basin, Xf causes disease in coffee trees in Costa Rica, and in South America it causes epidemics in Brazil. To determine the presence of Xf in Puerto Rico, coffee trees showing CLS disease symptoms were tested with a double antibody sandwich enzyme linked immune absorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) specific for Xf. Spatial cluster analysis using SAT Scan was carried out on data from potentially symptomatic trees. Few trees (< 5%) had absorbance levels within the range of positive values (a 0.7) for Xf. There were significant differences (p<0.0001, x2) in the percentage of trees suspected of infection with Xf in the dry versus the rainy season. Also, the percentage of suspected trees was variable among localities (p<0.05, x2). Spatial clustering showed more than 14 times greater relative risk of encountering infected coffee trees with Xf at higher altitudes such as in Adjuntas, Jayuya and Yauco (p<0.001), which was related to higher numbers of potential vectors at those localities.


We examine the similarities and differences of specific deltaic areas in parallel, under the project DEltas, vulnerability and Climate Change: Migration and Adaptation (DECCMA). The main reason for studying Deltas is their potential vulnerability to climate change and sea level rise, which generates important challenges for livelihoods. We provide insights into the current socioeconomic and biophysical states of the Volta Delta (Ghana), Mahanadi Delta (India) and Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna (India and Bangladesh). Hybrid methods of input-output (IO) construction are used to develop environmentally extended IO models for comparing the economic characteristics of these delta regions with the rest of the country. The main sources of data for regionalization were country level census data, statistics and economic surveys and data on consumption, trade, agricultural production and fishing harvests. The Leontief demand-driven model is used to analyze land use in the agricultural sector of the Delta and to track the links with final demand. In addition, the Hypothetical Extraction Method is used to evaluate the importance of the hypothetical disappearance of a sector (e.g., agriculture). The results show that, in the case of the Indian deltas, more than 60% of the cropland and pasture land is devoted to satisfying demands from regions outside the delta. While in the case of the Bangladeshi and Ghanaian deltas, close to 70% of the area harvested is linked to internal demand. The results also indicate that the services, trade and transportation sectors represent 50% of the GDP in the deltas. Still, agriculture, an activity directly exposed to climate change, plays a relevant role in the deltas' economies—we have estimated that the complete disappearance of this activity would entail GDP losses ranging from 18 to 32%.


Importance The rate of obesity among US women has been increasing, and obesity is associated with increased risk of surgical site infection (SSI) following cesarean delivery. The optimal perioperative antibiotic prophylactic regimen in this high-risk population undergoing cesarean delivery is unknown. Objective To determine rates of SSI among obese women who receive prophylactic oral cephalexin and metronidazole vs placebo for 48 hours following cesarean delivery. Design, Setting, and Participants Randomized, double-blind clinical trial comparing oral cephalexin and metronidazole vs placebo for 48 hours following cesarean delivery for the prevention of SSI in obese women (prepregnancy BMI ≥30) who had received standard intravenous preoperative cephalosporin prophylaxis. Randomization was stratified by intact vs rupture of membranes prior to delivery. The study was conducted at the University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, an academic and urban setting, between October 2010 and December 2015, with final follow-up through February 2016. Interventions Participants were randomly assigned to receive oral cephalexin, 500 mg, and metronidazole, 500 mg (n = 202 participants), vs identical-appearing placebo (n = 201 participants) every 8 hours for a total of 48 hours following cesarean delivery. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was SSI, defined as any superficial incisional, deep incisional, or organ/space infections within 30 days after cesarean delivery. Results Among 403 randomized participants who were included (mean age, 28 [SD, 6] years; mean BMI, 39.7 [SD, 7.8]), 382 (94.6%) completed the trial. The overall rate of SSI was 10.9% (95% CI, 7.9%-14.0%). Surgical site infection was diagnosed in 13 women (6.4%) in the cephalexin-metronidazole group vs 31 women (15.4%) in the placebo group (difference, 9.0% [95% CI, 2.9%-15.0%]; relative risk, 0.41 [95% CI, 0.22-0.77]; P = .01). There were no serious adverse events, including allergic reaction, reported in either the antibiotic group or the placebo group. Conclusions and Relevance Among obese women undergoing cesarean delivery who received the standard preoperative cephalosporin prophylaxis, a postoperative 48-hour course of oral cephalexin and metronidazole, compared with placebo, reduced the rate of SSI within 30 days after delivery. For prevention of SSI among obese women after cesarean delivery, prophylactic oral cephalexin and metronidazole may be warranted. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01194115


This essay explores the television comedy Fleabag (BBC 2016-2019) which was adapted from a theatrical monologue and owes its mode of direct address to this dramatic past. The original one-woman show, written by and starring Phoebe Waller-Bridge, was first performed at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival in 2013, and, like the BBC Three television adaptation that followed in 2016, follows the story of a sexually promiscuous young woman, known to the audience only as 'Fleabag,' struggling with the death of her closest friend. The essay is concerned with the application of auteur theory, which becomes relevant to a discussion of the use of direct address, and particularly interesting in the context of the perceived difficulty in resolving auteur theory and feminist content.


Although a growing body of literature has provided important insight into the conceptualization and consequences of mis- and disinformation, we know little about the construction of communicative (un)truthfulness online. Because (partisan) attributions of dishonesty and inaccuracy may influence citizens' political opinions, and because accusations of fake news can be used to delegitimize political opponents and the media, it is important to understand how politicians and citizens construct different versions of (un)truthfulness. We specifically look at how (radical) right-wing populist politicians and citizens attribute antimedia and anti-elite sentiments in digital media settings. Against this backdrop, this article relies on two qualitative content analyses in the United States and The Netherlands to understand how discourses around (1) the epistemic status of facts and (2) inaccurate and (3) dishonest information are constructed by (radical) right-wing populists and citizens participating in Facebook discussions. The results provide important insights into the resonance of the expression of (un)truthfulness with perceptual screens and hostile media perceptions.


Our longitudinal study of the entire population of internal corporate ventures within a large European electronics manufacturer finds that the conventional focus in the corporate venturing literature to evaluate ventures based on business growth and financial performance may be misguided. Instead, we found that ventures are temporary conduits for capability development and play a primary role in launching the founding stage of new capability life cycles. Ventures' main contribution was often to transfer valuable capabilities to other ventures or the firm's existing business units. The benefit from investing in ventures was therefore largely independent of their commercial success. Furthermore, estimation of success rates proved highly sensitive to the stage of the ventures at which sampling began. These findings suggest the need to reconceptualize the notion of early stage ventures and their success. We further found that the venturing process can be conceptualized as a nested system of simultaneous selection at both the venture and the capability level. We show that these selection processes are distinct yet operate in a coevolutionary way and are amenable to proactive management.


Problem-oriented justice seeks to incorporate innovative court practices to tackle offenders' behaviour and problems associated with offending. Over the last decade, the primary means of implementing such practices has been through the development of specialty courts. This paper presents an overview of the challenges associated with implementing aspects of specialty courts in the mainstream criminal justice system. The key issues explored are the need to promote equity of access, resourcing and the role of the judicial officer. Generic court intervention orders, such as the Victorian Court Integrated Services Program, are reviewed and the advantages of such approaches discussed. The paper also explores the means of promoting more cost-effective delivery of justice; the issues that can arise when judicial officers adopt a more therapeutic role in the administration of justice; and the need for comprehensive evaluation of court innovations. Finally, the need for cohesive policies on the development of problem-oriented justice, whether in the mainstream criminal justice system or specialty courts, is examined.


Vast libraries of oligonucleotide sequences can be made. Such libraries have been screened and/or selected to identify individual molecules showing various properties, including high affinity/high specificity binding (to something) or new enzymatic activity. The SELEX protocol is used to identify these interesting oligonucleotides; two recent reviews of the SELEX protocol and its power have appeared recently. Oligonucleotides derived through the SELEX process have applications in diagnostics and therapeutics, and have additional value as research reagents and compounds that provide chemical plausibility to some ideas about evolution of the biosphere. Oligonucleotide conformations are shockingly robust and potent.


Development of the DeCoM comes from the requirement of analyzing the performance of a condenser. A component of a loop heat pipe (LHP), the condenser, is interfaced with the radiator in order to reject heat. DeCoM simulates the condenser, with certain input parameters. Systems Improved Numerical Differencing Analyzer (SINDA), a thermal analysis software, calculates the adjoining component temperatures, based on the DeCoM parameters and interface temperatures to the radiator. Application of DeCoM is (at the time of this reporting) restricted to small-scale analysis, without the need for in-depth LHP component integrations. To efficiently develop a model to simulate the LHP condenser, DeCoM was developed to meet this purpose with least complexity. DeCoM is a single-condenser, single-pass simulator for analyzing its behavior. The analysis is done based on the interactions between condenser fluid, the wall, and the interface between the wall and the radiator. DeCoM is based on conservation of energy, two-phase equations, and flow equations. For two-phase, the Lockhart- Martinelli correlation has been used in order to calculate the convection value between fluid and wall. Software such as SINDA (for thermal analysis analysis) and Thermal Desktop (for modeling) are required. DeCoM also includes the ability to implement a condenser into a thermal model with the capability of understanding the code process and being edited to user-specific needs. DeCoM requires no license, and is an open-source code. Advantages to DeCoM include time dependency, reliability, and the ability for the user to view the code process and edit to their needs.


Binding to the high- or low-affinity site of erythropoietin does not affect the ability of its receptor to initiate intracellular signaling cascades. Binding of erythropoietin (Epo) to the erythropoietin receptor (EpoR) homodimer activates Janus kinase 2 (Jak2), which phosphorylates several tyrosine residues in EpoR. Phosphorylation of Tyr343 in EpoR recruits Stat5 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 5), which is phosphorylated by Jak2 and translocates to the nucleus to initiate gene expression. Because Epo is monomeric and asymmetrical, it binds to the two identical receptors in the EpoR homodimer using structurally distinct surfaces. Site 1 on Epo exhibits nanomolar affinity for EpoR, whereas site 2 displays micromolar affinity. To investigate whether binding of EpoR to the overlapping high- and low-affinity sites on Epo contributes equally to the initiation of downstream signaling, Zheng et al. designed and generated mutant EpoRs that could not bind site 1 (S1– EpoR) or site 2 (S2– EpoR) on Epo. As expected, cells expressing both mutated receptors, but not cells expressing only one mutant receptor, proliferated in response to Epo treatment, presumably because heterodimers of S1– EpoR and S2– EpoR were formed that could bind to both sites on Epo and initiate downstream signaling. The authors then introduced mutations that prevented binding of Jak2 or Stat5 to the receptor homodimer and expressed S1– and S2– EpoR heterodimers bearing these mutations in only one of the EpoR monomers. Epo-induced growth responses occurred when the mutations that abolished Jak2 binding to EpoR were present in only S1– EpoR or S2– EpoR, but not both. Similarly, heterodimers of S1– EpoR and S2– EpoR could support Epo-dependent cell proliferation and Stat5 activation, as long as there was one Tyr343 residue on an EpoR monomer. Thus, Zheng et al. propose that either monomer of the EpoR homodimer is capable of initiating downstream signaling, regardless of whether it binds to the high- or low-affinity site of Epo. Y. L. Zhang, M. L. Radhakrishnan, X. Lu, A. W. Gross, B. Tidor, H. F. Lodish, Symmetric signaling by an asymmetric 1 erythropoietin: 2 erythropoietin receptor complex. Mol. Cell 33, 266–274 (2009). [Online Journal]


Persistence of hepatitis B virus-DNA in the sera, peripheral blood mononuclear cells or in the liver of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-negative patients with or without serological markers of previous exposure (antibodies to HBsAg and/or to HB-core antigen) defines the entity called occult hepatitis B infection (OBI). Co-infection with hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses is frequent in highly endemic areas. While this co-infection increases the risk of liver disease progression, development of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma and also increases the rate of therapeutic failure to interferon-based treatments than either virus alone, a potentially negative effect of OBI on clinical outcomes and of therapeutic response to current antiviral regimes of patients with chronic hepatitis C remains inconclusive.


This study investigates the impact of corruption on public and private investment in African countries as a way of exploring one channel through which corruption undermines growth. The empirical results indicate that corruption affects economic growth directly and through its impact on investment. We find that corruption has a negative and significant effect on domestic investment and that corruption affects public and private investment differently. The results indicate that corruption has a positive effect on public investment while it has a negative effect on private investment. The positive association between public investment and corruption supports the view that corrupt bureaucrats seek to increase capital expenditure (over maintenance expenditures) to maximize private gains (rent-seeking). In contrast, the results confirm that corruption discourages private investment, suggesting that corruption increases the costs of doing business while raising uncertainty over expected returns to capital. The results support the view that corruption hampers growth and call for institutional reforms to improve the quality of governance as a prerequisite for achieving investment-led growth. The authors appreciate constructive comments from the discussant of the paper and the participants. Opinions expressed in this paper are responsibility of the authors and do not reflect the views of their institutions of affiliation.


BACKGROUND
the risk factors for and frequency of antibiotic prescription and antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (AAD) among care home residents are unknown.

AIM
to prospectively study frequency and risks for antibiotic prescribing and AAD for care home residents.

DESIGN AND SETTING
a 12-month prospective cohort study in care homes across South Wales.

METHOD
antibiotic prescriptions and the development of AAD were recorded on case report forms. We defined AAD as three or more loose stools in a 24-h period occurring within 8 weeks of exposure to an antibiotic.

RESULTS
we recruited 279 residents from 10 care homes. The incidence of antibiotic prescriptions was 2.16 prescriptions per resident year (95% CI: 1.90-2.46). Antibiotics were less likely to be prescribed to residents from dual-registered homes (OR compared with nursing homes: 0.38, 95% CI: 0.18-0.79). For those who were prescribed antibiotics, the incidence of AAD was 0.57 episodes per resident year (95% CI: 0.41-0.81 episodes). AAD was more likely in residents who were prescribed co-amoxiclav (hazards ratio, HR = 2.08, 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.18-3.66) or routinely used incontinence pads (HR = 2.54, 95% CI: 1.26-5.13) and less likely in residents from residential homes (HR compared with nursing homes: 0.14, 95% CI: 0.06-0.32).

CONCLUSION
residents of care homes, particularly of nursing homes, are frequently prescribed antibiotics and often experience diarrhoea following such prescriptions. Co-amoxiclav is associated with greater risk of AAD.


Many of the papers in this topical issue concern earthquake simulators and their results. The goals and history of the project leading to this work are described in the preface to this topical issue. Earthquake simulators are computer programs that use physics of stress transfer and frictional resistance to describe earthquake sequences. Some are capable of generating long earthquake histories on many faults. They necessarily adopt a variety of simplifications to make computation feasible. The amount of detail computed within individual earthquakes depends on the simulator. None of those capable of generating long histories includes elastodynamics, but some make approximations of it. Nevertheless, seismic waves are not computed in any of the many‐fault simulators focused on here. The faults are typically approximated by many rectangular elements, although the future use of triangles would allow more accurate representation of curved fault surfaces.

This paper briefly describes the features that are common to all of the earthquake simulators discussed in this topical issue of SRL . Following it are four papers (Pollitz, 2012; Richards‐Dinger and Dieterich, 2012; Sachs et al. , 2012; Ward, 2012) authored by each of the groups, which present features of their simulator that go beyond this generic description. Results from using these simulators are not presented in those papers but are contained within a subsequent paper (Tullis et al. , 2012) that compares the results of using these five simulators on an all‐California fault model, allcal2. A detailed description of this fault model can be found at http://scec.usc.edu/research/eqsims/, and the formats used for input and output by our group are described by Barall (2012).

### Fault Geometry and Slip Rates

UCERF …


This thesis investigates the performance of high-level hybrid dynamic positioning (DP) algorithms in extreme environmental conditions. A vessel in DP uses the thrusters as the sole means of keeping position in wind, waves and current, giving both flexible and accurate position keeping. Therefore vessels with DP capabilities are high in demand in industries like for instance the offshore, aquaculture, renewable energy industries and emerging fields like offshore mining. Due to high day rates the focus today is on developing DP systems for extending the operational window to even harsher environments, while keeping the solutions safe and environmentally friendly. When a sea state transitions from calm to extreme, the wind velocities increase generating higher and longer incident waves. This makes both horizontal and vertical relative motions of the vessel larger with longer periods of oscillation, which has consequences for the DP system onboard. Given the nature of a transitioning sea state, hybrid design methods are used to design a controller and an observer concept. A hybrid controller, for a vessel in a varying sea state is designed, and global asymptotic stability is established. Simulations in a sea state varying from calm to extreme are conducted with the hybrid controller, consisting of four candidate controllers, and a single controller with adaptive wave filtering for comparison. The single controller becomes unstable in extreme seas whereas the hybrid controller shows good performance. Candidate controllers are selected based on spectral analysis of the vessel wave frequency motions. A simplified sensor-based hybrid observer concept is investigated for noise robust position estimation. The concept assumes that acceleration measurements are readily available, and can be integrated to obtain position estimates. Position measurements are taken occasionally, and at these instances the position estimate is updated. Stability of the concept is analyzed giving uniform global asymptotic stability, and the simulation of two one degree of freedom sensor-based hybrid observers which rely on acceleration, velocity and position measurements is conducted.


Earlier studies showed that PGD2 produced both increases and decreases in short-circuit current across the canine proximal colon. PGD2 metabolites had opposing effects: 11 beta-PGF2 alpha elicited only increases in Isc, and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGD2 elicited only decreases. The stimulant effects involved FP receptors, but the receptors involved in mediating the inhibitory effects remained undefined. Here we show that the tissue, although it is capable of producing both PGD2 and PGE2, did not produce 11 beta-PGF2 alpha in measurable amounts. The selective DP receptor agonist BW 245C did not mimic the inhibitory effects of PGD2, producing only dose-dependent increases in short-circuit current. Further, these responses were not significantly inhibited by BW A868C. Cross-desensitization experiments suggested that the stimulant effects of BW 245C involved the EP receptor. However, on a standard preparation (rabbit platelets), both PGD2 and BW 245C inhibited ADP-induced aggregation and were antagonized by BW A868C. 11 beta-PGF2 alpha had no effects. The decreases in short-circuit current across the canine colonic epithelium elicited by PGD2 and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto PGD2 are not mimicked by other prostanoids, nor by the selective agonist BW 245C, and thus appear to involve receptors other than the classical DP receptor.


The kinetic energy stored in the rotating mass of wind turbine generators can provide the effective power quality solution to the inertia-free stand-alone (IFSA) microgrid by improving its stability. In conventional power systems, the power released from the inertia of synchronous generators regulates the system frequency. However, the frequency does not vary much even when the large disturbance or load change occurs in the IFSA microgrid with the only converter-based-generators (CBGs). This paper proposes the new inertia control method of type-4 permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) wind turbine system in the IFSA microgrid by utilizing the measurement of DC-link voltage of converter and its derivatives, not by system frequency. Several case studies are carried out to evaluate the performance of proposed inertia control in the IFSA microgrid with the electromagnetic transients program (EMTP) based simulation. Also, its effectiveness is verified with the experimental results from the hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) test implemented by the controller interface with the digital signal processor (DSP), which is connected to the real-time digital simulator (RTDS).


We are at the dawn of an era in networking that has the potential to define a new phase of human existence. This era will be shaped by the digitization and connection of everything and everyone with the goal of automating much of life, effectively creating time by maximizing the efficiency of everything we do and augmenting our intelligence with knowledge that expedites and optimizes decision-making and everyday routines and processes. The Future X Network: A Bell Labs Perspective outlines how Bell Labs sees this future unfolding and the key technological breakthroughs needed at both the architectural and systems levels. Each chapter of the book is dedicated to a major area of change and the network and systems innovation required to realize the technological revolution that will be the essential product of this new digital future.


Ilex paraguariensis is a dioecious, Neotropical tree endemic to South America with wide cultural, economic and ecological signi cance. However, due to extensive fragmentation and deforestation throughout its natural area of occurrence, studies on gene ow and genetic diversity are needed to drive genetic conservation and improvement strategies. Based on the sampling of all adult and juvenile trees in two I. paraguariensis populations, we investigate the reali ed pollen and seed ow and dispersal distance, spatial genetic structure (SGS) and genetic diversity using microsatellite markers. We found limited genetic di erentiation between populations (G' st = 0.033), but signi cant di erences in terms of genetic diversity (R: 4.7 vs 3.9, H 0 : 0.495 vs 0.371, H e : 0.445 vs 0.375), pollen (10 vs. 23.3%) and seed immigration (0 vs. 3.3%), mating among relatives (t r : 16 vs 30%) and biparental inbreeding (F r : 0.253 vs. 0.345). Within populations, the genetic diversity was similar between adults and juveniles, but adults presented signi cantly lower xation index than juveniles, suggesting selection against inbred individuals between juvenile and adult life stages. We also found similar mean pollen (255 vs. 293 m) and seed (385 vs. 323 m) dispersal distances within populations. Our results show that the studied populations are not genetically isolated and some mating occurs among related trees due to SGS; however, the frequency of biparental inbred individuals decrease over the life course due to inbreeding depression. These results contribute directly to species management and seed collection and inform in situ and ex situ conservation programs.


Through the data from the Ministry of Health / SVS - Notification of Injury Information System (SINAN), the positive cases reported from January 2001 to December 2014 were identified with the objective of obtaining a quantitative description of cases by Federal Unit ) And Region of the country. The analysis of the data resulted in the largest number of cases in the Northeast Region, with a percentage of 42.5% of the cases, out of a total of 3,827 cases reported in Brazil over a period of 14 years. It was possible to visualize an advance in the fight against Chagas' disease in the country, with a significant decrease in the number of annual cases of the regions, except for the North region that presented an increase in the annual incidence of cases.


Abstract Objective.—To test the hypothesis that acclimatization to high altitude results in an improvement of the ventilatory threshold (VT). Methods.—Eight lowlanders underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing with a cycle ergometer to determine VT and peak oxygen uptake (Vo2peak) in Coventry, United Kingdom (altitude: 80 m), on arrival in Leh, India (altitude: 3500 m), and after 12 days of acclimatization that included a 5-day high altitude trek up to 4770 m. Results.—Vo2peak fell on arrival at 3500 m and remained depressed at 12 days. VT was depressed on arrival at high altitude and was further depressed at 12 days. VT as a proportion of the Vo2peak was decreased on arrival at high altitude, and after acclimatization, this relationship was further decreased. Conclusions.—Individuals who are sedentary or not participating in regular physical training appear to require a longer period of acclimatization than trained athletes. With the increasing numbers participating in high-altitude trekking and charity climbs of peaks, such as Mt. Kilimanjaro, this information has clinically significant practical implications for those leading or acting as medical advisors.


Ion exchange resin has been used to recover value metal in the uranium and gold industry through resin-in-pulp/leach and similar carbon-in-leach/pulp processes for decades. More recently, resin-in-pulp processes have gained attention as a potential method to improve the efficiency of nickel operations. While every nickel laterite operation is unique, many involve an acid leach, neutralization and oxidative precipitation of impurities followed by counter current decantation to separate valuable liquor from the unwanted metal residue and precipitate. Counter current decantation (CCD) of this material is challenging at best, with large CCD tanks having a large plant footprint and requiring high capital investment. Depending on the settling characteristics of the precipitate, 5% or more of the leached nickel and cobalt can be lost to the slurry underflow through solution entrainment, co-precipitation, and sorption processes on the high surface area solids. For a site producing 40,000 tonnes per annum nickel and 2,500 tonnes per annum cobalt this represents yearly losses of approximately $40 million USD, given current LME spot prices (as of March 2012).

The tremendous waste of value that these high losses of nickel and cobalt represent are the primary driving force behind the development of resin-in-pulp (RIP) scavenging from laterite tailings. RIP scavenging involves contacting ion exchange resin with nickel laterite tailings at conditions where the valuable metals load onto the resin. As the resin beads are larger than the slurry particles, they can be separated from the slurry using vibrating sieving. Following this, the resin is washed to remove residual slurry and solution, and then eluted to recover metal value. While exact values vary, typical caron process tails contain roughly 300 mg/L nickel and 50 mg/L cobalt in slurry. High pressure acid leach tailings may contain 200 mg/L nickel and 35 mg/L cobalt in slurry. With efficient resin-in-pulp contact, upwards of 90% of this otherwise lost metal value can be recovered.

Although the chelating ion exchange resins proposed for use in nickel laterite RIP are selective for nickel and cobalt over other unwanted metals, laterite tailings solutions contain a relatively small amount of these metals of interest. Depending on the composition of the original ore and the method of leaching, the neutralized slurry can contain large amounts of solution phase magnesium and manganese (in the case of acid leaching) and vast amounts of ferric iron, silica, aluminium, and chromium in the solid phase. The presence of other cations that compete with nickel and cobalt for resin loading sites complicates resin-slurry equilibria. In general, there is a trade off between recovery of nickel and cobalt and purity of loaded resin. To recover a high amount of the nickel and cobalt value, one must accept the presence of impurity metals on the resin. When resin is eluted, these impurity metals can follow value metals into the eluate.

To date, the majority of resin elution work has focused on metal recovery via acid contact (usually H2SO4). When one has produced a resin loaded with a high fraction of value metals, quantitative elution in this fashion is attractive. Using strong acid, metal is recovered in a small volume of eluent with rapid kinetics. However, as more impurities are loaded onto a resin, strong acid elution becomes less attractive as quantitative elution of a low purity resin produces a low purity eluate. In such a case, a method of selectively recovering value metal from resin is desirable.

One selective elution method involves two stages – dilute acid to remove weakly bound impurity metals, followed by strong acid to recover the remaining metals[3]. For the iminodiacetic acid resins most commonly investigated for nickel RIP, this method achieves selectivity of nickel and cobalt over magnesium, calcium, and manganese, but does not separate nickel and cobalt from ferric iron or chromium. Another option is the use of ammoniacal elution[8]. Nickel and cobalt readily form stable amine complexes and have high solubility in strong ammonia solutions, unlike the majority of other metals present in nickel laterite processing. By taking advantage of this chemistry, nickel and cobalt can be effectively eluted separate from impurity metals.

The value of selective elution depends on the purity of the loaded resin. With less impurities, the additional expense of a second stage of elution or the higher cost of ammonia reagents relative to sulphuric acid make selective elution less attractive. In order to better determine the performance of different elution methods, a resin produced through scavenging RIP of plant tails from Queensland Nickel was treated using three elution strategies – single stage strong acid, two stage weak acidstrong acid, and single stage ammoniacal elution.


Abstract. During the period 2017-2018, the feed quality and productivity of three Sudan grass varieties – Endje 1, Vercors and Super Sweet, one stabilized Sudan grass population – SWT, local sweet sorghum – "Zaharna metla" population and the sweet sorghum cultivar "Shumensko sladko" were researched in Agricultural Institute – Shumen. Green mass (t/ha), dry matter (%) and dry mass production (%) as well as basic nutritional characteristics by the two swaths of the tested cultivars in brooming phase were controlled. It was found that the sweet sorghum cultivar "Shumensko sladko" gave the highest amount of green mass – 59.5 t/ha by two swaths, and the dry mass yield was the highest from the cultivar Endje 1 – 20.8 t/ha. In terms of chemical composition, the greatest variation was demonstrated in phosphorus content (0.369-0.696%, CV=27.3%), followed by crude fat (1.28-2.39%, CV=26.8%), Ca (0.889-1.572%, CV=21.8%), crude protein (6.05-9.00%, CV=14.6%), nitrogen free extracts (42.05-51.20%, CV=7.6%), crude fiber (32.64-39.26%, CV=6.1%) and mineral substances (8.17-9.61%, CV=5.9%). It can be summarized that all hybrids provide quality hay, however the Bulgarian cultivars Endje 1 and "Shumensko sladko" showed the best nutritional value – compared to Super Sweet, Vercors, SWT and "Zaharna metla".


2011 Hours Against Hate is a campaign to stop bigotry and promote respect across lines of culture, religion, tradition, class, and gender. Launched by Special Representative to Muslim Communities Farah Pandith, and Special Envoy to Monitor and Combat Anti-Semitism Hannah Rosenthal, the State Department is asking young people around the world to pledge their time to stop hate—to do something for someone who doesn't look like you, pray like you, or live like you. We are asking the next generation to work together to build a stronger, more prosperous world. No one group can do it alone Special Representative Pandith and Special Envoy Rosenthal officially launched "2011 Hours Against Hate" at the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) in Vienna, Austria on February 17, 2011.


Incorporation of therapeutics in the form of growth factors within biomaterials can enhance their biofunctionality. Two methods of incorporating transforming growth factor-beta 3 within collagen-hyaluronic acid scaffolds are described, markedly improving mesenchymal stem cell-mediated chondrogenic differentiation and matrix production. Such scaffolds offer control over the release of therapeutics, demonstrating their potential for repair of complex chondral defects requiring additional stimuli.


This paper highlights some effects of an asymmetrical design on three phase multilevel inverters from a supply network point of view. The investigated topology is based on a series connection of single-phase inverters (partial cell) in each phase. Each partial cell is fed through a three-phase diode rectifier for a unidirectional power flow, fed itself through the secondary of the power transformer (PT). From analytical relationships in continuous and discontinuous current conduction mode, it's shown that a symmetrical multilevel inverter has a smaller total harmonic distortion than an asymmetrical multilevel inverter (AMI) with the same number of partial cells per phase. An AMI is not more interesting than a classical three-phase inverter. The total harmonic distortion of an AMI is compatible to the recommended IEEE std 519-1992 for all feeding possibilities for a given number of partial cells per phase. In order to exploit the main advantages of an asymmetrical design from a load point of view (generation of a high resolution voltage phasor, reduction of the number of power devices for the same resolution, flexibility for the de-voltage feeding choice), a new solution is investigated: A symmetrical PTfeeds an AMI.


The board of directors at a company usually comprises both executive and non-executive directors. Their role is to run and direct the company for its benefit since it is incapable of acting by itself. Where there is a separation of ownership and control it is recognised that there is a risk that those in control may use their power for self-interested means. Attention is often focused on the executive directors and how legal controls and governance mechanisms can reduce the possibility of self-interest in the performance of their functions. However, seldom are non-executives the focus of this problem yet they are playing an increasingly important role in the running and governance of the company.
This thesis is an investigation in to whether the legal rules and governance mechanisms are suitable in reducing the possibility of self-interest amongst non-executive directors. The study uses multiple directorships as a proxy for non-executive self-interest to demonstrate whether the controls and incentives are suitable. It begins by examining the nature of a nonexecutive's fiduciary liability to the company focusing on the nature and purpose of the duty to identify when and why the duty is owed. Identifying the nature and purpose of the duty will allow the thesis to demonstrate that existing authority and academic literature on the scope of a non-executive's fiduciary duty is an unsuitable interpretation based on the company's current objects and reanalyses it from the perspective of the non-executive's undertaking on the board. Whilst the analysis concludes that this interpretation would offer a suitable scope in deterring self-interest the thesis continues by examining the enforcement of fiduciary duties by considering the new statutory derivative claim. This analysis reveals that enforcement is low and may reduce the deterrence the fiduciary duties themselves might have. With low levels of enforcement the thesis turns its attention to ex ante incentives, particularly corporate governance mechanisms, which can "nudge" the non-executive in to acting for the benefit of the firm. This analysis contains a review of the corporate governance theories and an empirical study to identify the ways non-executive self-interest may be reduced. The theoretical analysis considers the ways boards may be structured to reduce the potential for self-interested behaviour. Using multiple directorships as a proxy for self-interest the empirical analysis provides evidence as to whether they are in fact perquisite consumption and identifies possible means of control. It is considered herein that there are insufficient controls and incentives on non-executive behaviour, which may lead to increased self-interest to the detriment of the company.


We analyzed the patterns of cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning flashes around Atlanta, Georgia (USA), a region that has undergone an intense conversion from natural to anthropogenic land uses. For the 12 yr period from 1992 to 2003, annual average CG flash densities of 6 to 8 flashes km -2 emerged around Atlanta. These values are 50 to 75% higher than in the surrounding rural areas, and comparable to flash densities along the Atlantic coast of Georgia. High flash densities extended over a large swath of Atlanta, and into Gwinnett County, a heavily suburbanized, rapidly growing county to the northeast. Urban flash production peaked during the summer (May through June) and exhibited more night and early morning activity (18:00 to 06:00 h) than in surrounding rural areas. Atlanta's higher flash densities do not result from isolated flash production over the city; rather they develop when the large scale atmospheric setting favors widespread lightning throughout the region. Maps of flash counts by interval classes also revealed where flash density maxima emerge in different county regions around the city. A large area of reduced positive polarity flashes developed along the arc of At- lanta's loop highway, Interstate 285. This area also trended south along the corridor of Interstate High- way 75 into central Georgia. This pattern suggests that automobiles may be a source of particulate matter, which is hypothesized to reduce the percentage of positive flashes.


Others have reported that soup preloads can reduce total energy intake. This
pilot study investigates this phenomenon outside the laboratory within an overweight/
obese population. Subjects were used as their own control and divided into three
groups: under-/normal weight (n=7), overweight (n=8) and obese (n=8). The subjects
consumed three different preloads (no preload, 300 ml of water or 300 g of soup) prior
to consuming an identical meal on three separate occasions. Visual analogue scales
(VAS) were used to assess hunger ratings before the test, then hunger and satiety ratings
were assessed both immediately after and one hour after eating. Any extra energy consumed
before their next meal was also documented. The soup preload did not reduce
total calorific intake. Satiety one hour after eating was significantly increased following
the soup preload compared to no preload particularly in the obese. This could aid adherence
to an energy restricted diet.


In this paper, we argue that networks should be able to explain to their operators why they are in a certain state, even if – and particularly if – they have been compromised by an attacker. Such a capability would be useful in forensic investigations, where an operator observes an unexpected state and must decide whether it is benign or an indication that the system has been compromised. Using a very pessimistic threat model in which a malicious adversary can completely compromise an arbitrary subset of the nodes in the network, we argue that we cannot expect to get a complete and correct explanation in all possible cases. However, we also show that, based on recent advances in the systems and the database communities, it seems possible to get a slightly weaker guarantee: for any state change that directly or indirectly affects a correct node, we can either obtain a correct explanation or eventually identify at least one compromised node. We discuss the challenges involved in building systems that provide this property, and we report initial results from an early prototype.