Gene expression is commonly used to study the activation of dendritic cells (DCs) to identify proteins that determine whether these cells induce an immunostimulatory or tolerogenic immune response. RNA expression, however, does not necessarily predict protein abundance and often requires large numbers of experiments for statistical significance. Proteomics provides a direct view on protein expression but is costly and time consuming. Here, we combined a comprehensive quantitative proteome and transcriptome analysis on a single batch of immature and cytokine cocktail matured human DCs and integrated resulting data sets at the pathway level. Although overall correlation between differential mRNA and protein expression was low, correlation between components of DC relevant pathways was significantly higher. Differentially expressed proteins and genes partly mapped to identical but also to different pathway components demonstrating that RNA and protein data not only supported but also complemented each other. We identified 5 dominant pathways, which confirmed the importance of cytokines, cell adhesion, and migration in DC maturation and also indicated a fundamental role for lipid metabolism. From these pathways we extracted novel maturation markers that might improve DC vaccine design. For several of the candidate markers we confirmed widespread significance examining DCs from multiple individuals, underscoring the validity of our approach. We conclude that integration of different but related data sets at the pathway level can significantly increase the predictive power of multi "omics" analyses.


Abstract: Influencers of the nationalist-cultural views of the school teacher Gustav Martinson (1888–1959) in the First World War
The passing of a hundred years since the start of the First World War, a milestone of world history, has also in recent years actualised research in Estonia of the events of that time. One field that has remained unexplored to this day is Estonia's school teachers as a large social group in the World War.
School teachers who participated in the war and survived later helped to defend and build up Estonian independent statehood. The main objective of this article is to elucidate the nationalist-cultural views of the school teacher Gustav Martinson, and the effect of the written word on his views under wartime conditions. Martinson had graduated from the Tartu Teachers' Seminary, was fluent in several languages (Russian, German, French, Latvian), and taught in Sangaste rural municipality. In addition to the press of that time, the primary sources of this study are Martinson's diaries from 1916–17 and 1917–21, and his correspondence (62 letters), all of which have been brought into academic circulation for the first time.
The exact number of Estonian school teachers who were conscripted into the First World War is not known. We know that in 1914, at least 400 teachers were already mobilised from Estonia. Prior to the World War, 2,249 teachers worked in Estonian elementary schools (excluding city schools). Thus in the first year of the war, at least 18% of school teachers were conscripted into the armed forces. Historians of education consider the calling up of Estonian school teachers for military service as one reason for the decline in the number of schools that took place during the First World War. It is quite probable that school teachers were not enthusiastic about fighting in the war and looked forward to returning to their everyday work.
Literate Estonians in the First World War found comfort in the printed word in Estonian, of which the most readily available were newspapers, especially Postimees (Postman) and Sakala. It emerges from several sources that school teachers were active newspaper subscribers since the start of the war. From among the Estonian press, the school teacher Gustav Martinson read the newspapers Postimees and Sotsiaaldemokraat (Social Democrat), and the periodicals Eesti Kirjandus (Estonian Literature) and Vaba Sõna (Free Word). He also had the opportunity to read books sent from home or brought along from when he was on leave, and also books acquired from where he was stationed. Despite of the horrors of war, he was able to think about values that have a constructive effect on life, including the importance of education. Regarding Estonian literature, he held the works of Gustav Suits, Juhan Liiv, Friedebert Tuglas, Ernst Enno and Henrik Visnapuu in particularly high esteem. Optimistic and positive reflections on the future of Estonian culture and the Estonian nationality, inspired by the media and by the books he had read, are the most prominent feature in Gustav Martinson's diaries. As a great booklover, he drew support in the war from the written word, which was also the primary influence on his national self-identity. As a school teacher, he understood the importance of education and erudition for the process of building independent statehood.
Unlike Western Europe, no so-called lost generation emerged in Estonia after the experiences endured in the First World War. Estonian intellectuals, including Gustav Martinson, continued their professional work after they returned from the war and assured the continuity of Estonian cultural traditions in independent Estonia.


The life of the organization is determined by the manners of its members and the quality of its relationships. The organization does not have emotions, but employees being part of the organization express emotions during their life in the workplace. Emotional intelligence that influences human relationships can be interpreted at an organizational level. The emotionally intelligent company acknowledges the emotional nature of interactions with stakeholders and understands that adapting emotional decision making to their daily routine makes a competitive advantage over those companies who might not attach importance to emotional manifestations. This conceptual paper aims to clarify the attributes of an emotionally intelligent company by implementing the model of Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (TEIQue) by K.V. Petrides. The possible outcome of the research is to assess an organization's emotional intelligence level through employees and to determine different organizational profiles with EI.


Abstract New morphometric data gathered from cross-sections of two Lower Devonian land plants (Rhynia gwynne-vaughanii and Asteroxylon mackiei) are interpreted in terms of the evolution of the function of vascular bundles in early land plants. The following conclusions can be drawn from these new data: (1) The ratio of the cross-sectional area of the xylem (representing the conducting volume supplying the axis with water) to the xylem perimeter (representing the "contact area" between xylem and parenchyma through which water leaves the xylem and enters the parenchyma) is not constant for Rhynia axes, almost constant for Asteroxylon axes, and different between Rhynia and Asteroxylon. Thus, Bower´s hypothesis that the ratio of cross-sectional area of the xylem to xylem perimeter is constant during ontogenetic development is true for Asteroxylon. That this ratio is constant during phylogeny, however, is not supported by our data. (2) The ratio between cross-sectional area of xylem to parenchyma is higher in Asteroxylon than in Rhynia. (3) As predicted by previous computer simulations, the ratio of the xylem perimeter to the axis perimeter plays a major role in determining water transport performance of the transpiring axis. This ratio is constant within ontogeny but is different in Asteroxylon and Rhynia. In Asteroxylon axes, this ratio is about twice as large as in Rhynia axes. (4) Contrary to the expectations, the distance between the outermost layer of the xylem and the transpiring surface, which represents the low-conductivity pathway through the parenchyma, appears not to be a limiting factor for the water transport in axes of Rhynia and Asteroxylon. (5) From the analysis of the geometric parameters, it is evident that Rhynia and Asteroxylon with their distinct stelar geometries represent two different constructional types for which no transitional stages are known.


Contentious debates on immigrants in the United States has led to growing interest in their treatment in the criminal justice system. Much of what is known, however, springs from research that treats immigrants as a homogeneous group. The lumping of all immigrants into one category potentially mask variances in sentencing based on national origins. The current study disaggregates federal sentencing data to explore whether length of sentence differs by the defendants' geographical region of citizenship. After controlling for a number of legal and extra-legal factors, sentences imposed upon Mexican citizens were found to be longer than sentences meted out to defendants who are citizens of other countries. Evidence suggesting that national origin has a stronger influence on sentence length than race/ethnicity and legal status was also detected. Implications of the findings and directions for future research are discussed.


Learning management systems are widely used and their adoption and usage is well researched. However, most of the research about learning management systems is based on technology acceptance models which do not include the users appropriation. Appropriation of learning management systems is understood as the combination of functionalities within the learning management system for new purposes. To study which functionalities are perceived as important by the instructors Q-methodology has been applied. The items for the Q-set are the functionalities of the learning management system. The result is that there are three factors. These are the usage of the learning management system for (1) convenience, for (2) tracking the progress of the students and for (3) facilitating student interaction.


This paper investigates the distribution of schwa epenthesis in spoken Irish English based on 35 sociolinguistic interviews with speakers of Galway English. The quantitative analysis with logistic regression models shows that schwa is inserted in 12% of all tokens investigated and that there is change in progress, because the likelihood for epenthetic schwa is significantly lower among younger people. Apart from age, other factors such as formality of speech and coda position also influence the likelihood for schwa insertion. A separate analysis was conducted for the item film . In the case of film only the formality of the setting significantly influences the probability for schwa insertion. Keywords: Galway English; quantitative sociolinguistics; linguistic variation; schwa epenthesis


Are women less competitive than men? Many experimental and nonexperimental studies have documented gender differences in competitiveness. This article presents the results from a study that examines gender differences in competitiveness in the television show Come Dine with Me. It is a cooking show in which amateur chefs compete against each other for a cash prize. The show provides an unusual opportunity to study gender differences in a high-stakes game environment. The results demonstrate that there are no gender differences in competitiveness.


ABSTRACT Body size is a key life history trait, and knowledge of its mechanistic basis is crucial in life history biology. Such knowledge is accumulating for holometabolous insects, whose growth is characterised and body size affected by moulting. According to the oxygen-dependent induction of moulting (ODIM) hypothesis, moult is induced at a critical mass at which oxygen demand of growing tissues overrides the supply from the tracheal respiratory system, which principally grows only at moults. Support for the ODIM hypothesis is controversial, partly because of a lack of proper data to explicitly test the hypothesis. The ODIM hypothesis predicts that the critical mass is positively correlated with oxygen partial pressure (PO2) and negatively with temperature. To resolve the controversy that surrounds the ODIM hypothesis, we rigorously test these predictions by exposing penultimate-instar Orthosia gothica (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae to temperature and moderate PO2 manipulations in a factorial experiment. The relative mass increment in the focal instar increased along with increasing PO2, as predicted, but there was only weak suggestive evidence of the temperature effect. Probably owing to a high measurement error in the trait, the effect of PO2 on the critical mass was sex specific; high PO2 had a positive effect only in females, whereas low PO2 had a negative effect only in males. Critical mass was independent of temperature. Support for the ODIM hypothesis is partial because of only suggestive evidence of a temperature effect on moulting, but the role of oxygen in moult induction seems unambiguous. The ODIM mechanism thus seems worth considering in body size analyses. Summary: During a single larval instar, moths accumulated less and more mass before moulting under experimentally decreased and increased oxygen partial pressure, respectively, emphasising the role of oxygen in moult induction.


"Legal interoperability" could be defined as the possibility of legally mixing data coming from different sources (including governmental data, data generated by online communities and data held by private parties). Legal interoperability is similar to technical interoperability, since it is a prerequisite for mixing data and create new knowledge or services. But it also has its own peculiarities, for instance because it could be achieved simply choosing the appropriate licensing scheme, but also because self-help mechanisms which could - at a certain price - guarantee technical interoperability to third parties cannot (lawfully) solve legal interoperability issues. In the mid/long run, legal interoperability could be achieved thorough the evolution of legal frameworks in order to harmonize the landscape of Government Data. In the short term, the shortcomings generated by diversified legal frameworks may be alleviated through the careful choice of copyright licenses. The presentation will focus on the latter aspects, discussing existing public licenses (such as the Creative Commons and Open Data Commons ones), representing a de facto standard in this domain, and the main open data licenses developed by European governments (e.g. the Open Government Licenses in the UK, the French License Ouverte or the Italian Open Data License).


In this paper, the penetration of water and black liquor into overthick and pre-treated overthick chips (cracked and re-chipped according to thickness) was studied with a laboratory impregnator to investigate ways to improve penetration. Overthick chips were divided in three categories: knot-containing chips, chips without knots and original overthick chips. The results of the penetration experiments were evaluated in terms of the penetration degree and liquor uptake. The results showed that cracking and re-chipping with a sizer are very effective ways to improve penetration in overthick chips. These pre-treatments gave higher and faster penetration than that achieved with normal pulpwood chips. With knot and original overthick chips, penetration degree values were at a lower level compared to normal pulpwood, but still over 92-97.5% depending on penetration conditions. Liquor uptake and penetrated chemical charge were almost 50% lower with overthick, knot and sizer chips compared to normal, knot free and cracked chips, the main reasons being high basic density and in the case of sizer chips high initial moisture content. Cracking decreased initial chip moisture content and therefore liquor uptake was about 60% higher with these cracked chips than with sizer chips. Although a high penetration degree (> 95%) was achieved quite quickly (within 20 min) with all chip grades, penetrated EA-charge was very low. In normal cooking conditions penetration is much less effective way to transport chemicals into chips than diffusion, but a high penextration degree is a prerequisite for fast diffusion. Therefore chips should be impregnated with conditions preferable to a fast diffusion of cooking chemicals. The penetration method user proved to be suitable only for water penetration studies. If liquors other than water are used then diffusion of chemicals and dissolution of wood material are involved in the mass transfer process at the same time as penextration. This means that some changes to the calculations and additional information about impregnation are needed if penextration of liquors alone is to be studied.


Deoxyfluorination is a primary method for the formation of C-F bonds. Bespoke reagents are commonly used due to issues associated with the low reactivity of metal fluorides. Here, we report the development of a simple strategy for deoxyfluorination using first-row transition metal fluorides that overcomes these limitations. Using CuF 2 as an exemplar, activation of an O -alkylisourea adduct formed in situ allows effective nucleophilic fluoride transfer to a range of primary and secondary alcohols. Spectroscopic investigations have been used to probe the origin of the enhanced reactivity of CuF 2 . The utility of the process towards enabling 18 F-radiolabeling is also presented.


We propose a new perspective on representation learning in reinforcement learning based on geometric properties of the space of value functions. We leverage this perspective to provide formal evidence regarding the usefulness of value functions as auxiliary tasks. Our formulation considers adapting the representation to minimize the (linear) approximation of the value function of all stationary policies for a given environment. We show that this optimization reduces to making accurate predictions regarding a special class of value functions which we call adversarial value functions (AVFs). We demonstrate that using value functions as auxiliary tasks corresponds to an expected-error relaxation of our formulation, with AVFs a natural candidate, and identify a close relationship with proto-value functions (Mahadevan, 2005). We highlight characteristics of AVFs and their usefulness as auxiliary tasks in a series of experiments on the four-room domain.


The present study discusses the trends and patterns in agricultural growth at the national and sub-national levels in India. Data on important variables like area, production, input use and value of output were compiled for the period 1967-68 to 2007-08 from various published sources. The analysis of data reveals that the cropping pattern in India has undergone significant changes over time. There is a marked shift from the cultivation of food grains to commercial crops. Among food grains, the area under coarse cereals declined by 13.3 per cent between 1970-71 and 2007-08. Similarly, the performance of pulses in terms of area and output was not impressive during the study period. The use of technological inventions in the cultivation of other crops was also not so conspicuous in pulses. Nevertheless, the increase in crop yield has been a major factor for accelerating production in the country since the late 1960s. The use of modern varieties, irrigation and fertilisers were important factors that ensured higher growth in crop production. However, technological and institutional support for a few crops like rice and wheat brought significant changes in crop area and output composition in some regions. The results of crop output growth model indicate that the enhanced capital formation, better irrigation facilities, normal rainfall and improved fertiliser consumption helped to improve crop output in the country.


To survive in a complex environment, nature has produced efficient and versatile resource-rich structures. One of the novel drag reduction designs comes from the efficient movement of sharks through microscope riblets aligned along the flow direction. In this paper, the effectiveness of sharkskin-inspired riblets in reducing the aerodynamic loss of compressor cascade flow was investigated using the high-fidelity numerical simulation method. Two key normalized parameters, i.e., s+ and h+, were selected to parameterize various riblet designs, and the corresponding relative change in cascade performance was first investigated based on the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (uRANS) simulations with/without a transition model. Then, the large eddy simulations in conjunction with the wall-adapted local eddy viscosity model were conducted to investigate the cascade flow with the selected riblet design cases. By comparing the flow resistance, transition positions, vortex formations, and turbulence fluctuations of the boundary flow, the flow control mechanisms of the riblets were finally studied. Simulation results show that compared with the prototype case, the total pressure loss can be reduced by up to 20.5% in the fully turbulent environment. This is because the spanwise fluctuation of the turbulent vortices is impeded inside the boundary layer, and the turbulent vortices are lifted above the riblet tip. Low-speed streaks inside the riblet valleys generate relatively low shear stresses, while the high-shear stresses occur only at the riblet tips. However, when considering the transition from laminar to turbulent boundary flow, the aerodynamic performance of compressor cascade strongly depends on the riblet position relative to the transition region on cascade suction side (SS). The total pressure loss can only be reduced by up to 8.1%, and even most riblet designs degrade the cascade performance. The major reason is that the riblets are located upstream of the transition zone, especially at the small incidence angles. Due to the installation of riblets, the contact area between the laminar flow and the wall surface is increased, and the downstream laminar-to-turbulent transition is promoted.


The Columbia and Cornell University Libraries' partnership (2CUL) is now in its fifth year. Its composite acronym (2CUL), which condenses a doubling of the two participating libraries' initial letters, summarizes both vision and mission: a broad integration of library activities in a number of areas – including collection development, acquisitions and cataloging, e-resources and digital management, and digital preservation, and reciprocal onsite use of collections. A key component of the partnership is 2CUL Technical Services Integration (TSI), an initiative funded by a generous three-year grant from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation to plan for the merger of technical services operations. The authors reported on the first phase of this project last year in this forum (Kate Harcourt and Jim LeBlanc, "Planning from the Middle Out: Phase 1 of 2CUL Technical Services Integration," Collaborative Librarianship 6:1 (2014)). In this paper, they draw on the existing literature on collaboration, both within libraries and beyond, to report and reflect on the second phase of the TSI project and, in particular, the decision to reconceive TSI as an evolving set of mutually beneficial initiatives rather than a more comprehensive administrative integration of technical services operations. The period covered in this article is December 2013-December 2014.


Although rooted in a similar ideal, human rights (IHRL), international criminal law (ICL) and international humanitarian law (IHL) are separate fields of law, best represented as circles, each of which overlaps with the other two. However human rights often seems to absorb the other two, while in other situations, the lines between human rights law and its next door neighbours are blurred or contested. This volume consists of three main parts. The first main part explores the convergences and divergences between IHL and/or IHRL on the one hand, and ICL stricto sensu on the other hand. The second part investigates the convergences and divergences between IHRL and transnational crimes, or ICL in the broader sense, which suppresses crimes such as drug trafficking, trafficking in human beings and corruption through international treaties providing for domestic enforcement. The last main part of this volume provides the reader with novel and original insights as to how IHRL and IHL converge and diverge by considering if and how the norms of other branches of international law come into play and how the European Court of Human Rights has engaged with the sometimes contradicting norms of IHL. It furthermore analyses the relationship between the specific IHL and IHRL norms which prohibit arbitrary displacement and maps their interaction. Finally, the effectiveness of States' investigations of war crimes committed by their armed forces is evaluated by emphasising attention to the relevant standards developed within IHRL, since IHL does not indicate specific criteria to evaluate the effectiveness of an investigation.


Malicious software (malware) has a wide variety of analysis avoidance techniques that it can employ to hinder forensic analysis. Although legitimate software can incorporate the same analysis avoidance techniques to provide a measure of protection against reverse engineering and to protect intellectual property, malware invariably makes much greater use of such techniques to make detailed analysis labour intensive and very time consuming. Analysis avoidance techniques are so heavily used by malware that the detection of the use of analysis avoidance techniques could be a very good indicator of the presence of malicious intent. However, there is a tendency for analysis tools to focus on hiding the presence of the tool itself from being detected by the malware, and not on recording the detection and recording of analysis avoidance techniques. In addition, the coverage of anti-anti-analysis techniques in common tools and plugins is much less than the number of analysis avoidance techniques that exist. The purpose of this paper is to suggest that the discovery of the intent of deception may be a very good indicator of an underlying malicious objective of the software under investigation.


This article examines how project networks may be viewed as either a single interorganizational project or as a series of projects that are interconnected by interorganizational relationships. The article then discusses some core theoretic assumptions about project networks as more than temporary systems in comparison with the extant empirical research. Next, the article presents four types of mechanisms for governing and coordinating not only projects but also project networks: responsibilities, routines, roles, and relationships. Finally, the article unearths five types of paradoxes (the distance paradox, the learning paradox, the identity paradox, the difference paradox, and the temporal paradox) impacting project networks and offers insights into the governance-based choices available for coping with these paradoxical tensions.


Abstract Using administrative tax records for U.K. businesses, we document both bunching in annual turnover below the VAT registration threshold and persistent voluntary registration by almost half of the firms below the threshold. We develop a conceptual framework that can simultaneously explain these two apparently conflicting facts. The framework also predicts that higher intermediate input shares, lower product-market competition, and a lower share of business to consumer sales lead to voluntary registration. The predictions are exactly the opposite for bunching. We test the theory using linked VAT and corporation tax records from 2004 to 2014, finding empirical support for these predictions.


"Lavoro" e "progresso" nella Costituzione - The essay is devoted to the meaning of the concepts of "work" and "progress" as contained in the Italian Constitution, and to the connection of "work" with "democracy" established by Article 1. To this end, the Author examines first some crucial aspects of the debates which took place in the 1946-47 Constituent Assembly at this respect, and draws then attention to the diverse meanings given to these concepts during the experience of the Republic. Finally, the Author attempts to demonstrate that the crisis currently affecting concepts such as those of "work" and "progress" needs to be comprehended against the background of the choices and conceptions prevailing in the past decades, rather then being referred to the constitutional text as such.


A wide variety of machine learning tasks such as knowledge base completion, ontology alignment, and multi-label classification can benefit from incorporating into learning differentiable representations of graphs or taxonomies. While vectors in Euclidean space can theoretically represent any graph, much recent work shows that alternatives such as complex, hyperbolic, order, or box embeddings have geometric properties better suited to modeling real-world graphs. Experimentally these gains are seen only in lower dimensions, however, with performance benefits diminishing in higher dimensions. In this work, we introduce a novel variant of box embeddings that uses a learned smoothing parameter to achieve better representational capacity than vector models in low dimensions, while also avoiding performance saturation common to other geometric models in high dimensions. Further, we present theoretical results that prove box embeddings can represent any DAG. We perform rigorous empirical evaluations of vector, hyperbolic, and region-based geometric representations on several families of synthetic and real-world directed graphs. Analysis of these results exposes correlations between different families of graphs, graph characteristics, model size, and embedding geometries, providing useful insights into inductive biases of various differentiable graph representations.


ABSTRACT The global land grab has played out vividly in Cambodia, giving rise to rural upheaval and new political dynamics. This article explores how the Cambodian government has dealt with the social and political consequences of this land grabbing, with the aim of exploring state formation in the context of socio-environmental disruption and dispossession. When a moratorium was declared in 2012, the ruling Cambodian People's Party faced one of its strongest political challenges, fuelled in part by land and resource conflicts. In this article, the focus is on the responses to this challenge, noting the recursive relationship between land administration and state formation. The analysis shows three tactics of land control used by the regime to ensure its survival after the grab: reform, repression and re-territorialisation. These tactics operate in parallel and sometimes contradictory ways, being highly performative in nature. We reveal a regime that uses political theatre to construct legitimacy and authority on the one hand, while deploying coercion and violence on the other. These observations complement typical diagnoses of Cambodia's politics as neo-patrimonial, highlighting the performative and symbolic nature of government actions, particularly in the land sector.


In randomized clinical trials where the effects of post-randomization factors are of interest, the standard regression analyses are biased due to unmeasured confounding. The instrumental variables (IV; Angrist et al., 1996) and G-estimation procedures under structural nested mean models (SNMMs; Robins, 1994) allow one to make valid inference even if unmeasured confounding is present. Two IV approaches, the two-stage predictor substitution (2SPS) and two-stage residual inclusion (2SRI), are typically applied in analysis assuming the exclusion restriction. However, the exclusion restriction may be violated in clinical applications when the mechanism of treatment is assessed under mediation analyses. Accordingly, we focus on estimating the direct effect of the randomized treatment adjusting for a post-randomization mediator. We extend the two IV approaches to estimate the direct effect, and evaluate the corresponding theoretical properties under the linear SNMM. Under certain assumptions, we have shown that the two IV approaches are equivalent to the linear SNMM. We further extend and investigate the validity of these IV methods for estimation under a loglinear SNMM. The results show that the IV estimators are biased in the presence of unmeasured confounding. Therefore, we consider the G-estimation approach as an alternative solution to remove bias under the loglinear SNMM. The method was previously developed under either the exclusion restriction assumption or the sequential ignorability assumption. We present a general framework where these two assumptions are relaxed. In contrast to the IV log-linear regression methods, we have shown that the proposed G-estimators are unbiased in the presence of unmeasured confounding. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Epidemiology & Biostatistics First Advisor Thomas R. Ten Have Second Advisor Marshall M. Joffe


Case reports and clinical trials conducted in various countries show, more and more frequently, a positive correlation between the presence of original teeth and prevalence of root caries in older age. Because this is a global trend, it is likely that the predicted increase in the worldwide elderly population may soon cause a significant increase in the number of people requiring effective means of preventing and treating root surface caries. In response to this development, a team of outstanding contributors has reviewed the most important aspects of root caries. This new volume presents their findings along with discussions of how to deal with this health issue that progressively affects oral health balance. The chapters in this book are divided in four core parts: Epidemiology, Biological Determinants, Lesion Assessment and Features, and Preventive and Operative Therapies. The collection of state-of-the-art articles provides a broad overview and will serve as a reference for clinicians as well as scientists and, hopefully, will encourage new research.


We propose an efficient method for approximating natural gradient descent in neural networks which we call Kronecker-Factored Approximate Curvature (K-FAC). K-FAC is based on an efficiently invertible approximation of a neural network's Fisher information matrix which is neither diagonal nor low-rank, and in some cases is completely non-sparse. It is derived by approximating various large blocks of the Fisher (corresponding to entire layers) as being the Kronecker product of two much smaller matrices. While only several times more expensive to compute than the plain stochastic gradient, the updates produced by K-FAC make much more progress optimizing the objective, which results in an algorithm that can be much faster than stochastic gradient descent with momentum in practice. And unlike some previously proposed approximate natural-gradient/Newton methods which use high-quality non-diagonal curvature matrices (such as Hessian-free optimization), K-FAC works very well in highly stochastic optimization regimes. This is because the cost of storing and inverting K-FAC's approximation to the curvature matrix does not depend on the amount of data used to estimate it, which is a feature typically associated only with diagonal or low-rank approximations to the curvature matrix.


This thesis analyses and investigates the issue of vulnerability among Australian Aboriginal people, as exemplified through the Nyoongar Shaw family and in particular myself. The Shaw family is from southwest Western Australia, more specifically the area belonging to the Yued nation. This thesis examines events in the lives of ancestors and descendants of the Nyoongar Shaw family. It specifically reconstructs the personal stories of our Aboriginal great-grandmother, Mary Ann Chuberan, our Aboriginal great-grandfather (in law), Frederick John Blurton, our Aboriginal grandfather George Shaw, Charles Fitzgerald (our Aboriginal grandfather in law), our Aboriginal aunties, Lilly, Jane and Margaret Shaw, and our Aboriginal mother, Ruby Shaw. By examining these lives, this thesis offers a way of understanding past Indigenous and non-Indigenous relationships in a West Australian context. It does this by drawing on government records, personal interviews, and the telling of my story as a member of the 'Stolen Generations'. Using the post-modern concept of auto-ethnography as a literary tool, it combines the genres of biography and autobiography. Through the telling of my story, I explicate my experience of being raised to be vulnerable, manifesting itself through inadequate emotional care in childhood, thereby setting me up for failure in dealing appropriately with relationships in adult life. This provides a personal account of the effects of removal. Through recording the stories of both ancestors and descendants, I demonstrate the vulnerability of Aboriginal people, the result of living under government legislation during the years 1920-1959. These stories will show how, over time, this legislation disempowered and dispossessed them, and are intended to facilitate further discussion on what the effects of vulnerability mean for the lives of Aboriginal people and the community more broadly.


Background Fomitopsis pinicola (Sw. Ex Fr.m) Karst (FPK) which belongs to the Basidiomycota fungal class is one of the most popular medical fungi in China. It has been used for many diseases: cancer, heart diseases, diabetes and so on. However, little study on the pro-apoptotic effect and migration inhibition of FPK chloroform extract (FPKc) has been reported and the possible involved mechanism has not been illuminated. Methodology/Principal Findings Chemical analysis was performed by HPLC which showed ergosterol (ES) concentration was 105 µg/mg. MTT assay revealed that FPKc could selectively inhibit SW-480 cells viability with the IC50 of 190.28 µg/ml. Wound healing and transwell assay indicated that FPKc could inhibit the migration of SW-480 cells obviously, FPKc could also dramatically decreased the matrix metalloproteinases-2, 9 (MMP-2 and MMP-9) expression. Annexin V–FITC/PI staining, nuclear Hoechst 33342 staining and DNA fragmentation analysis revealed that FPKc and ES could induce SW-480 cells apoptosis. The apoptosis process closely involved in ROS accumulation and depletion of GSH, activation of caspase 3, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) degradation. FPKc could also up-regulate P53 expression and thus lead to G1 phase arrest. When SW-480 cells were pretreated with N-acetylcysteine (NAC), the ROS generation, cell viability and apoptotic ratio were partially declined, which indicated that ROS was vertical in the pro-apoptosis process induced by FPKc. Moreover, in the whole process, ES which has been previously found in FPKc had the similar effect to FPKc. Thus we could conclude that ES, as one of the highest abundant components in FPKc, might also be one of the active constituents. Conclusion/Significance FPKc could inhibit the migration of SW-480 cells, induce SW-480 cells G1 phase arrest and cause ROS-mediated apoptosis effect. And ES might be one of the effective constituents in the whole process.


Spina bifida (SB) patients afflicted with myelomeningocele typically possess a neurogenic urinary bladder and exhibit varying degrees of bladder dysfunction. Although surgical intervention in the form of enterocystoplasty is the current standard of care in which to remedy the neurogenic bladder, it is still a stop-gap measure and is associated with many complications due to the use of bowel as a source of replacement tissue. Contemporary bladder tissue engineering strategies lack the ability to reform bladder smooth muscle, vasculature, and promote peripheral nerve tissue growth when using autologous populations of cells. Within the context of this study, we demonstrate the role of two specific populations of bone marrow (BM) stem/progenitor cells used in combination with a synthetic elastomeric scaffold that provides a unique and alternative means to current bladder regeneration approaches. In vitro differentiation, gene expression, and proliferation are similar among donor mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), whereas poly(1,8-octanediol-cocitrate) scaffolds seeded with SB BM MSCs perform analogously to control counterparts with regard to bladder smooth muscle wall formation in vivo. SB CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells cotransplanted with donor-matched MSCs cause a dramatic increase in tissue vascularization as well as an induction of peripheral nerve growth in grafted areas compared with samples not seeded with hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Finally, MSC/CD34+ grafts provided the impetus for rapid urothelium regeneration. Data suggest that autologous BM stem/progenitor cells may be used as alternate, nonpathogenic cell sources for SB patient-specific bladder tissue regeneration in lieu of current enterocystoplasty procedures and have implications for other bladder regenerative therapies.


A basic tenet of folkloristics is that the folk group is the centre for the creation, adaptation and dissemination of folklore. Analysis of different kinds of folk groups yields a deeper understanding of the processes and patterns of folklore. Although the friendship-based group is one of the most pervasive and highly valued groups in our society today, folklorists have neglected it. A search of the literature reveals that anthropologists, sociologists and psychologists, but not folklorists, have written extensively about friendship. Yet our discipline could certainly enhance understanding of the friendship bond, friendship groups, and their expressive behaviour with its own perspective and approach. This thesis is intended to show that traditional and conventional expressive behaviour is vital to the identity of the friendship group, and that the friendship group is a significant source of folklore. -- This study has four research objectives. The formation of the identity of the study group, which is the focus of the first objective, is analysed not only from the perspective of the folklore of the group but also with consideration of its history and the relationships amongst its members. The two main themes of this friendship group's folklore are fantasy and competition. The second purpose is to discover how a friendship group established its identity. In the case of the group under consideration, the creation and maintenance of a distinctive folklore, particularly humour, is the central means to this end. This folklore is concentrated in four areas: conversational genres, including personal experience narratives, wordplay, quotations, boasts and taunts set in the context of various conversational styles; humour, in the form of situational joking and in-jokes; the
transformation of mass-mediated culture into small group folklore, most notably recorded music, paperback science fiction and fantasy novels, and movies and television; and games, being war-games and fantasy role-playing games. The third research objective is to determine how the factor of all-male membership influences group folklore and identity. Masculine culture has been so taken for granted by most scholars that it has seldom been the focus for study, and even then the approach has rarely been satisfactorily rigorous. Competitiveness, as mentioned above, is the element of male culture most strongly evidenced in this group, but other elements such as an orientation to success and avoidance of emotional expressiveness, are also to be found, always in distinctive folkloric patterns. The final research objective concerns the manner in which a group transforms the products of mass-mediated culture into items of in-group folklore. No modern, urban folk group is unaffected by the mass media, but this does not destroy its folklore; rather, the content of such media is incorporated into the group's folklore and transformed in the process. This group, as indicated above, chooses certain areas of popular culture appropriate to its' members age and leisure orientation.


Thermal decomposition of 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCE) has been studied in the temperature range of 10501175 K behind reflected shock waves in a single pulse shock tube. The unimolecular elimination of HCl is found to be the major channel through which 1,2-DCE decomposes under these conditions. The rate constant for the unimolecular elimination of HCl from 1,2-dichloroethane is found to be 10(13.98+/-0.80) exp(-57.8+/-2.0/RT) s(-1), where the activation energy is given in kcal mol(-1) and is very close to that value for CH3CH2Cl (EC). Ab initio (HF and MP2) and DFT calculations have been carried out to find the activation barrier and the structure of the transition state for this reaction channel from both EC and 1,2-DCE. The preexponential factors calculated at various levels of theory (BF/6-311++G**, MP2/6-311++G**, and B3LYP/6-311++G**) are (approximate to10(15) s(-1)) significantly larger than the experimental results. If the torsional mode in the ground state is treated as free internal rotation the preexponential factors reduce significantly, giving excellent agreement with experimental values. The DFT results are in excellent (fortuitous?) agreement with the experimental value for activation energy for 1,2-DCE while the MP2 and HF results seem to overestimate the barrier. However, DFT results for EC is 4.5 kcal mol(-1) less than the previously reported experimental values. At all levels, theory predicts an increase in HCI elimination barrier on beta-Cl substitution on EC.


Preparations of erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase from normal individuals show similar degrees of inhibition by neutral salts. Preparations from Caucasian subjects with different hereditary deficiency syndromes differ from each other and from normal subjects, indicating a qualitative difference in these specific "deficient" enzymes. Sensitivity to neutral salts may be a means of detecting an amino acid substitution.


Many of the recent reforms in public serviced in the UK have been driven by the image of the 'responsible citizen' – the service user who does not only have rights to receive services but also has responsibilities for the delivery of policy outcomes. In this way, citizens' everyday conduct is shaped by governmental action, yet there is much evidence that both front line staff in public services and the people who sue them can sometimes act in ways that modify, disrupt or negate intended policy outcomes. This book presents a highly original examination of how official policy objectives can be 'subverted' through the actions of staff and users. It examines the role of public policy in the creation of 'good citizenship' and how theories of power and agency are useful in analyzing the engagement between public policies (and those employed to deliver them) and the citizens at whom they are targeted. The idea of subversive citizenship is explored through theoretical and empirical analyses by a range of prominent social researchers.


Global terrorist activities require financial economic support and a way to combat terrorism is to limit access to such funding. Terrorist financing is a global problem which is closely linked to money laundering and requires a well-co-ordinated, multilateral response through international bodies, such as the United Nations Security Council, the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) of the OECD, as well as the use of civil litigation by victims against terrorist groups and their sponsors. The proactive role of corporations, such as banks (cf. the US Arab Bank case) and other entities (cf. SNCB Securities), as well as individuals play as aiders and abettors in financing international terrorism is well known and documented.1 This article aims to outline the evolving notion of corporate responsibility for human rights violations and acts of terrorism as a legal option for the individual victim of terrorism to achieve some form of justice. This article provides an overview of the current anti terrorism litigation under international and US law and introduces the idea of a new international court for the adjudication of such international torts.


Provides useful resources for First Generation Students and best practices for those who seek to support this group of students.


The problem of HIV internationally has many wide ranging impacts on people, communities and countries' development. In the last decade antiretroviral (ARV) treatment has emerged as the major scientific-technical solution, albeit a costly one. Access to ARV treatment is of vital importance across Africa and around the world. Resources for HIV treatment, care and support are transferred globally on a massive scale. However, how such programmes operate 'on the ground' in different contexts is still unclear. This research contributes to understanding the experience of the people who access such treatment programmes in different contexts. This research focuses on this gap, exploring how treatment programmes are experienced, how the availability of treatment impacts both on people's experience of being HIV+ and how the availability of treatment may also change perceptions of what it means to be HIV+, both individually and at a societal level.

This research focuses on the lives and experiences, particularly the treatment experiences, of people living with HIV in peri-urban Gambia. Low prevalence countries such as The Gambia can provide a compelling example of the ways in which meanings and understandings of HIV are created. Here, entering a field of health pluralism and fluid knowledge creation around HIV-infection, came large scale actors providing a high-profile ARV treatment programme through clinic-based medicine, and an effective de-pluralisation of the medical field in relation to HIV, inviting scrutiny of how such knowledge relations and differences are experienced. Although not anticipated at the outset of the research, in parallel the Gambia has become the locus of a major, politically-backed, 'alternative' AIDS treatment programme. This has thrown the personal and societal meanings of HIV into a new and sensitive context, compelling research attention into how knowledge, status and meanings around HIV are negotiated, and how people make choices amongst different treatment options.


"The Second Edition of the Encyclopedia of Spectroscopy and Spectrometry" pulls key information into a single source for quick access to answers and/or in-depth examination of topics. "SPEC-2" covers theory, methods, and applications for researchers, students, and professionals - combining proven techniques and new insights for comprehensive coverage of the field. The content is available in print and online via ScienceDirect, the latter of which offers optimal flexibility, accessibility, and usability through anytime, anywhere access for multiple users and superior search functionality. No other work gives analytical and physical (bio)chemists such unprecedented access to the literature. With 30% new content, "SPEC-2" maintains the 'authoritative, balanced coverage' of the original work while also breaking new ground in spectroscopic research. The key features of the book include: incorporates more than 150 color figures, 5,000 references, and 300 articles (30% of which are new), for a thorough examination of the field; highlights new research and promotes innovation in applied areas ranging from food science and forensics to biomedicine and health; and features a new co-editor: David Koppenaal of Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Washington, USA, whose work in atomic mass spectrometry has been recognized internationally.


A recent multi-machine experimental campaign initiated by the ITER Organization concluded that inner-wall limited (IWL) plasmas have a near scrape-off layer (SOL) heat-flux decay length of a few mm's, while the far SOL can have a width of several cm's. The ITER inner-wall design was revised last year in order to accommodate for the effects of this narrow feature. In the present talk, we address the physics behind the development of the narrow heat-flux feature in the near SOL of IWL discharges. Our investigations are aided by 3D flux-driven simulations of the SOL plasma dynamics carried out with GBS, a rigorously verified and validated turbulence code based on the drift-reduced Braginskii equations. Indeed, GBS simulations of IWL plasmas reveal the presence of steep gradients just outside the last closed flux surface. The analysis of the simulation results points out a clear distinction between the near SOL, where transport is diffusive, and the far SOL, where transport is convective and the fluctuation PDFs are skewed. In particular, we find that SOL plasma profile formation is strongly influenced by radially-sheared poloidal ExB flows. Non-local analysis of the linear mode structure reveals that the sheared flows modify the ``meso-scale'' correlation length, which in turn mitigates transport in the near SOL. A simplified transport equation using the new correlation length yields gyroBohm-like transport in the near SOL, leading to a two decay-length profile structure similar to what is observed in experiments.


When the fledgling U.N. negotiated a treaty to protect refugees after the Second World War, member states focused on Europe as well as on events causing forced migration that occurred prior to 1951. No one imagined that cross-border escape from persecution would become a global phenomenon and remain one more than sixty years later, or that this human rights treaty would be needed in the twenty-first century. In fact, as increased numbers of asylum seekers from developing countries reached the most developed regions of the world during the last thirty years, critics have questioned the merits of this treaty and argued that the Refugee Convention has become outmoded and obsolete. This Article considers how well-suited this treaty is for the protection of refugees fleeing persecution in today's world. The author first looks at how the nature of the state itself has evolved and finds that too many governments today fail at providing significant portions of their citizenry with the most basic level of human security. A new cast of persecutors apart from the state now exerts authority and power in such societies, targeting particular societal groups using new forms of persecution. Examining how states have adapted this multilateral agreement to these changing circumstances, the author finds that this treaty continues to be vital in protecting the human rights of refugees thanks to two important treaty elements: a clear and fundamental purpose to protect individuals whose governments have been unwilling or unable to do so, and flexible terms that have enabled jurists and government officials to adapt the refugee definition to the changing nature of forced migration. Accordingly, the author's analysis confirms the conclusion of the International Law Commission Special Rapporteur on Treaties over Time that "subsequent practice by the parties may guide an evolutive interpretation of a treaty."


We develop a novel computationally efficient and general framework for robust hypothesis testing. The new framework features a new way to construct uncertainty sets under the null and the alternative distributions, which are sets centered around the empirical distribution defined via Wasserstein metric, thus our approach is data-driven and free of distributional assumptions. We develop a convex safe approximation of the minimax formulation and show that such approximation renders a nearly-optimal detector among the family of all possible tests. By exploiting the structure of the least favorable distribution, we also develop a tractable reformulation of such approximation, with complexity independent of the dimension of observation space and can be nearly sample-size-independent in general. Real-data example using human activity data demonstrated the excellent performance of the new robust detector.


Background. In pre-hospital situations, delay in resuscitation might carry extra risks for patients, so resuscitative measures should be rapid, easy-to use, and effective. A laryngeal mask airway (LMA) is a quickly placed supraglottic airway that may be used as a route for drug administration. Vasopressin is a vasopressor and might be absorbed well via the mucosa of the airways and alveoli. We conducted this animal study to verify the feasibility of administering vasopressin via a LMA.Methods. Twenty-four Yorkshire pigs were anesthetized and randomly divided into four groups. The pigs in Groups Placebo and tracheal tube (TT) were intubated with a cuffed tracheal tube, and those in Groups LMA and laryngeal mask airway and a catheter (LMAC) underwent a size 4 LMA insertion. In the LMAC group, an aerosolized catheter was placed into the trachea through a LMA to deliver the drug. All pigs were able to breathe spontaneously without the assistance of a ventilator. The placebo group received 5 ml of distilled water via a tracheal tube. The other groups received 1 U/kg vasopressin, which was diluted to a total volume of 5 ml with distilled water via the varied routes. The heart rates and arterial pressures were recorded before and after drug administration.Results. The mean arterial pressure (MAP) and diastolic arterial pressure (DAP) increased significantly and maintained a plateau from 3 to 7 min in Group TT and 2 to 29 min in Group LMAC. Group LMA and Group Placebo demonstrated only one occasional elevation in MAP and no changes in DAP. Furthermore, the heart rate decreased significantly from 2 to 29 min in Group LMAC.Conclusions. In this porcine model, vasopressin administered via an aerosolized catheter and ventilated with a LMA demonstrated a positive and prolonged pressor effect. The results suggest that an aerosolized catheter placed through a LMA, may be a practical alternative route for vasopressin administration, and that the effective duration of vasopressin is long enough to cover the period of pre-hospital management.


The U.S. Supreme Court took a heady plunge into molecular biology on 15 April as it tried to determine whether patents on the cancer-linked genes BRCA1and BRCA2 are legitimate. The debate turns on whether DNA sequences patented by Myriad Genetics Inc. of Salt Lake City are human inventions, as Myriad claims. If not, the court could rule that they are "products of nature" and void the patents. A decision is expected before the end of June.


The quest for vaccine development against Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), the leading cause of bacterial sexually transmitted diseases worldwide, has escalated to reduce its occurrence and global economic burden. Recently, nanovaccines have emerged as attractive candidates due to flexibility in their formulation, biodegradability, biocompatibility and adjuvant properties. Nanovaccines applicability depends on their physical properties for their immunogenicity, which is vital for biosafety and therapeutic efficacy studies. We have developed a nanovaccine against CT employing its recombinant MOMP (major outer membrane protein) by encapsulating it within PLGA [poly (D, L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) 85/15 nanoparticles. Physiostructural characterizations included Zeta-sizing, Zetapotential, DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry), UV spectroscopy and in vitro release of rMOMP. Encapsulated rMOMP nanoparticles were small (~200 nm), thermally stable (90oC) and negatively charged (-13 mV). UV spectroscopy showed minimal presence of rMOMP on the outer surface of encapsulated nanoparticles, indicating its successful encapsulation. Moreover, rMOMP was slowly released from within PLGA nanoparticles over a 31-day period, suggesting its attractiveness as a vaccine candidate. Encapsulated rMOMP was devoid of endotoxin contamination as assessed by the Polymyxin B inhibition assay using mouse J774 macrophages. Of significance was the observation that encapsulated rMOMP activated mouse dendritic cells (DCs), the major antigen presenting cells, for induction of Th1 immune responses, which are critical for protection against CT. Exposure of mouse DCs to encapsulated rMOMP at different concentrations revealed marked increase in the production of the Th1 cytokines, IL6 and IL-12p40. Our data warrants efficacy studies in mouse for assessing the overall potential of our nanovaccine as a candidate against CT.


The aim of the present paper is to evaluate the German National Programme for Sustainable Consumption, to identify key challenges and suggest further development of its scope, content, focus and processes. Germany has implemented a unique tool of SCP policy: the National Programme for Sustainable Consumption. Embedding this Programme in a theoretical frame of behavior-change mechanisms, the article first sketches current sustainable consumption and production policies. The hard and soft policies included in the Programme are outlined, and strengths and weaknesses and their suitability regarding the Programme's mission are discussed. Four overarching recommendations are offered to fully develop the Programme's potential: identify and prioritize the main policy problems along impact; implement a strategic approach and raise relevance; create effective bundles of hard and soft policy tools; and strengthen governance structures for more effective institutions. The paper closes by sketching upcoming challenges and next steps.


James and William Roycroft commenced their mining careers at Thames, where they were notable athletes, especially James. But James also became notable for being accused of theft, violence, and excessive drinking. Both men moved to Waiorongomai in 1882, but as their involvement in mining continued to be mostly unprofitable they were also carters, contractors, and timber cutters and merchants. Their financial struggles never ceased, and William was forced into bankruptcy. James continued to drink to excess, and when his wife attempted to use legal means to stop this he used violence against her. Two brothers-in-law also mined at Waiorongomai for a time. Axel Leonard Forsman became a struggling farmer instead of a miner. When in Thames, he had been involved in petty squabbles and minor offences. His son Robert, a carpenter as well as a miner, imagined he had found oil near Waiorongomai. The most that was recorded about his children's lives was his daughter's 'wonderful egg' trick on her parents. John Henry Emett also had a variety of occupations and struggled financially; his mining at Waiorongomai in the 1890s was no more successful than the others'. After leaving Waiorongomai, the families settled elsewhere, especially at Waihi, without achieving prosperity. James continued to drink to excess and to ill treat his wife, and was again accused of being a thief. His widow would struggle to cope with her large family after his death. In all these cases, their lives had features typical of many other working class people of the time.


Thermal effects inside the vibration elastomeric isolators have usually been neglected and this aspect can leads to certain differences between simulations and experiments. Continuous damping during the working cycle leads to an internal transfer of energy from mechanical movement to virtually infinitesimal punctual heating sources distributed into the entire isolator volume. This continuous tuning between the dynamics and the damping component can lead both to a stable and to an unstable behaviour in respect with the ratio between the external excitation frequency and the system natural frequency. These phenomena can be dignified through an additional terms added to the governing equations of the vibration isolation system. This paper deals with passive vibration isolation area and presents a set of nonlinear approaches regarding the mechanical and thermal phenomenon inside the elastomeric isolators during the exploitation time. The main idea consists in the continuous functional correlations between thermal and mechanical phenomena, and their influences upon the global dynamic characteristics of vibration isolators. Parametrical expressions were assumed from real experiments, directly or by means of computational techniques. Both lumped parameters model and finite element method simulations were performed in order to validate practical models.


Nonlinear independent component analysis (ICA) provides an appealing framework for unsupervised feature learning, but the models proposed so far are not identifiable. Here, we first propose a new intuitive principle of unsupervised deep learning from time series which uses the nonstationary structure of the data. Our learning principle, time-contrastive learning (TCL), finds a representation which allows optimal discrimination of time segments (windows). Surprisingly, we show how TCL can be related to a nonlinear ICA model, when ICA is redefined to include temporal nonstationarities. In particular, we show that TCL combined with linear ICA estimates the nonlinear ICA model up to point-wise transformations of the sources, and this solution is unique --- thus providing the first identifiability result for nonlinear ICA which is rigorous, constructive, as well as very general.


This paper provides a logical framework for complexity economics. Complexity economics builds from the proposition that the economy is not necessarily in equilibrium: economic agents (firms, consumers, investors) constantly change their actions and strategies in response to the outcome they mutually create. This further changes the outcome, which requires them to adjust afresh. Agents thus live in a world where their beliefs and strategies are constantly being "tested" for survival within an outcome or "ecology" these beliefs and strategies together create. Economics has largely avoided this nonequilibrium view in the past, but if we allow it, we see patterns or phenomena not visible to equilibrium analysis. These emerge probabilistically, last for some time and dissipate, and they correspond to complex structures in other fields. We also see the economy not as something given and existing but forming from a constantly developing set of technological innovations, institutions, and arrangements that draw forth further innovations, institutions and arrangements. Complexity economics sees the economy as in motion, perpetually "computing" itself— perpetually constructing itself anew. Where equilibrium economics emphasizes order, determinacy, deduction, and stasis, complexity economics emphasizes contingency, indeterminacy, sense-making, and openness to change. In this framework time, in the sense of real historical time, becomes important, and a solution is no longer necessarily a set of mathematical conditions but a pattern, a set of emergent phenomena, a set of changes that may induce further changes, a set of existing entities creating novel entities. Equilibrium economics is a special case of nonequilibrium and hence complexity economics, therefore complexity economics is economics done in a more general way. It shows us an economy perpetually inventing itself, creating novel structures and possibilities for exploitation, and perpetually open to response.


The United States Supreme Court considered seventeen cases raising issues related to the role of attorneys and the practice of law during the 2009 Term. This body of cases represents a substantial departure from dockets in recent history, where typically the Court took up less than a handful of cases involving regulation of the legal profession. While some might consider the increased number of cases addressing the law of lawyering a mere coincidence, this article contends that something more is occurring. The Court's decision to devote so much of its limited time to these matters is noteworthy not only for the individual issues resolved, but also for the cases' existence, indeed dominance, on the docket. This article is the first to present a comprehensive overview of the Supreme Court's newest lawyering cases. Broadly speaking, the cases fall into two categories: access to sound lawyering and protection from bad lawyering. The first group of cases addresses access to legal advice, questioning First Amendment protection of attorney advice and advertising, the application of fee-shifting statutes to encourage legal representation for meritorious cases, and the availability of an immediate appeal to preserve attorney-client privilege in the face of a court order to disclose protected materials. The second group of cases involves harms caused by lawyers. These cases include prosecutorial misconduct and ineffective assistance of counsel claims where a criminal defense attorney lacks the requisite experience, offers insufficient mitigation evidence during sentencing, delivers a poor closing argument, gives faulty advice, misses an essential filing deadline, or fails to request a limiting instruction. Part I of this article examines the cases individually and highlights the ways each case presents critical issues related to the practice of law and the regulation of lawyers. Part II turns to a collective reading of the cases, reflecting on the Court's heightened interest in affairs of the legal profession, and suggesting insights that might be drawn by viewing these cases as part of a larger picture, rather than standing alone. Though the full measure of these cases' impact on professional responsibility jurisprudence will be realized only with the passing of time, this article offers three preliminary observations. First, when read together, the cases reveal a troubling pattern of limits on access to legal advice as well as harms caused by bad lawyering. Second, the cases offer fundamental lessons for those involved in future regulation of the legal profession. Third, the cases illustrate the importance of constitutional considerations to the field of lawyer ethics.


The permanent meadows in our country have a spread of about 4.9 million hectares, Romania occupying the fifth place in Europe after France, Great Britain, Spain and Germany. The meadows in our country, which represent 33% of the agricultural area, constitute a part of the national wealth, which is of major importance for the size of the foraging resources and their quality, as well as for the other functions having a beneficial effect on the protection and the beauty of the environment. Meadows are an essential element of sustainable farming systems, whichmeet the demands of healthy and high-quality food. In addition to the decisive role of providingfeed foranimal feed, meadows have an important role in rural development and the reflected environment through: conservation of biodiversity, improvement of soil fertility, symbiotic fixation nitrogen, hydrological balance, prevention of floods and landslides, carbon sequestration, landscape quality and important cultural heritage. Sustainable development is a complex process that runs through and below human intervention, aimed at the development of society, its materialization being based on the fact that the sustainable development of the whole is ensured by the sustainable development of to each part of human activity. Management of the meadow belonging to a locality is the way in which the management of a meadow is ensured, and the organization and exploitation of the permanent meadows (according to Government Emergency Ordinance – OUG No. 34/2013), respectively ( O.U.G. no. 34/2013). The guidelines for optimal management of different types of pastures are also dependent on the specific objectives and their main points are: timing and cutting technique, number of grazing animal feed per hectare in different types of meadows, chemical impurities depending on the type of soil , the presence of weeds or invasive species.


The Google Book Search settlement has prompted a flurry of attention from commentators, including a number of respected scholars who have worried that the settlement makes Google an 'orphan works monopoly.' In this paper I evaluate these claims and find them generally unpersuasive. The Google Book Search settlement expands, rather than diminishes, access to books of all sorts, and that is particularly true of orphan works.


Across Europe, public attitudes towards lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) individuals range from broad tolerance to widespread rejection. Attitudes towards homosexuality are more than mere individual opinions, but form part of the social and political structures which foster or hinder the equality and emancipation of LGB citizens. This report addresses the issues behind today's differences in tolerance. Have attitudes towards homosexuality changed over the past 30 years? Are there European countries where tolerance is increasing, decreasing, or not changing at all? What explains differences in attitudes? Can differences be attributed to levels of income or education, and does religion play a major role? Are tolerant attitudes found in countries with high levels of gender equality?This report shows that Europe is moving towards more tolerance. However, different countries are moving at a very different pace and from very different starting positions. In addition, the biggest changes seem to have taken place between 1990 and 1999 and did not persist into the new millennium. Differences are related to other values, levels of income and income inequality, educational attainment, religious factors, degree of urbanization, EU membership and political systems, and to links with civil society and LGB movements.


Owing to the flexibility of coupling structure, low standing losses and low Electromagnetic Interference (EMI), capacitive power transfer (CPT) has drawn much attention as one of the new wireless power transfer (WPT) technologies. However, to date, the load effect on the system performance has not been analyzed comprehensively, and the CPT system is usually fully tuned (tank network resonant frequency fully tuned to the fundamental components of the nominal switching frequency), which is challenging to maintain practically. Based on these considerations, this paper first provides a detailed analysis of how the load can affect the performance of a CPT system. An optimal load resistance is shown to exist for a CPT system with a non-fully/partially tuned LCC tank (tank network resonant frequency is designed to be lower than the fundamental components of the switching frequency). By dynamically transforming the load to its optimal value, the system can transfer maximum power to the load while maintaining zero voltage switching (ZVS) operation. Then, a controlled buck-boost converter based on perturbation and observation algorithm is introduced to the system to obtain the optimal equivalent resistance against the actual load variations via tracking the maximum power transfer point. The final prototype has demonstrated that a maximum power of 10 W is obtained, with an end-to-end power efficiency of about 70% over a wide range of load variations from $5~\Omega $ to 1 $\text{k}\Omega $ .


The early Cold War history (1948-1955) of cybernetics, or the study of information control and communication, offers an instructive footnote to 20th century history of media and communication. While also relevant to those interested in the international history of science and computing, this article treats the academic and ideological accommodation of Norbert Wiener's early seminal work on cybernetics into the Soviet academy primarily as an literary act historicized within the circumstances of Cold War politics. The first two articles in the Soviet press (1955) to translate Weiner's work favorably bear many ironies specific to the negotiated compromises of Cold War politics and cybernetics. To name two such ironies with contemporary relevance: the similarity between cooperation and cooptaton in military industrial support of scientific aids to peace and the ambiguity of the accommodationist character of cybernetics as an information system prelude to modern-day computing. Throughout, Peters argues that cybernetics, or communication history more generally, can be best understood through an international lens of analysis.


Ruyi-Jinhuang Gao (RJG) is an ointment prepared from Ruyi-Jinhuang San (RJS), a traditional formula of powder-type Chinese medicine, usually used in anti-inflammatory analgesic care in China. The present study is aimed to detect the anti-inflammatory signaling of RJG exposed by an experimental model of lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced pro-inflammatory expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase (PGH synthase-2, COX-2). LPS-induced activation of iNOS and COX-2 has been recognized to increase cytokines and nitric oxide (NO), which play predominant roles in inflammation. In the culture of RAW264.7 cells, RJG concentration-dependently inhibited LPS-induced iNOS and COX-2 expression. However, the herbal components of RJG displayed different results, including increase and decrease of both protein expressions. Among them, inhibition by Curcuma Zedorarica Rhizoma (Cu), Atractylodis Lancea Rhizoma (At), and Glycyrrhizae Radix (Gl) are more potent than that by others. Inhibition by Cu and At are associated with their cytotoxicity. Glycyrrhizae Radix (Gl), with lower cytotoxicity in comparison with Cu and At, is the most potent component of RJG on inhibiting LPS-induced iNOS and COX-2 expression. In comparison with LPS-induced tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), croton oil-induced formation of TNF-α and interleukin-4 (IL4), RJG did not increase the pro-inflammatory cytokines. These facts indicated that RJG could not significantly sensitize an immunologic response during the treatment of non-wounded inflammation on body surface. Ruyi-Jinhuang Patch (RJP), a pharmaceutical preparation of RJG, has proven to have significant relief of cutaneous inflammation-associated somatic pain in clinical use.


Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) are known to be very susceptible to various malicious attacks. To detect and mitigate these malicious attacks, many security mechanisms have been studied for VANETs. In this paper, we propose a context aware security framework for VANETs that uses the Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm to automatically determine the boundary between malicious nodes and normal ones. Compared to the existing security solutions for VANETs, The proposed framework is more resilient to context changes that are common in VANETs, such as those due to malicious nodes altering their attack patterns over time or rapid changes in environmental factors, such as the motion speed and transmission range. We compare our framework to existing approaches and present evaluation results obtained from simulation studies.


Abstract Helium effects are among the most critical subjects in fusion materials research. A major task in the study of He effects is to understand how He interacts with irradiation-induced and/or inherent defects and how the interactions govern the subsequent microstructural evolution. Thermal desorption spectrometry (TDS) provides an appropriate platform for both experimentally probing the kinetics and energetics of He-defect interactions and computationally validating the parameterization of rate theory models. In this paper we present preliminary results on the spatially dependent rate theory modeling of TDS of He-implanted single crystalline iron under the same conditions as explored in our recent experiments. Included in the present model are previously reported migration energies for self-interstitial-atom (SIA), di-SIA and interstitial He from ab initio calculations, and binding energies of HexVy, Vm and In clusters from thermodynamic calculations or ab initio based extrapolations. With a small amount of parameter optimization, several major features observed in the experimental TDS spectra have been reasonably reproduced by the model, while further and more complete validation through both experiments and computation remains to be carried out.


This paper analyzes the relationship between growth, poverty and income distribution using household data for Colombia for the years 1996 to 2004. We study the relationship between growth, inequality and poverty by following the Poverty Equivalent Growth Rate (PEGR) methodology developed by Kakwani and Khandker, which considers both the magnitude of growth and the degree to which the poor benefit from the growth process. We also carry out a decomposition of the changes in poverty to better understand the effects of growth, distribution and migration on poverty. Once we have explored pro-poor growth, we move on to study the pro-poorness of Colombia´s main social programs using Kakwani and Son´s Pro-Poor Policy" index. The results show that growth in Colombia has generally been anti-poor, a consequence of high inequality in the urban sector and of low growth rates in the rural sector. Moreover, more than half of Colombia´s social programs are also anti-poor, benefiting the non-poor to a larger extent than the poor"


The purpose of our research was to find out what influence climatic variability in the growing season has on the berry and wine composition in two white grape varieties grown in the vineyard of Banat University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine from Timisoara, located in the western area of Romania.  The quality and characteristics of the wines produced in a limited area is essentially due to the environment, including natural and human factors. Two white cool-intermediate climate grape varieties - Sauvignon Blanc and Pinot Gris were chosen to study the impact of climate change on the main characteristics of juice and wine. A number of 40 berries from each variety was chosen for phenol extraction, total soluble solids (sugar content), titratable acidity and pH determinations. Wine samples were analysed after one year of ageing in the bottle. Alcohol concentration was not majorly influenced by temperature and rainfall over the years. Some experimental years with hot weather were favourable for sugar accumulation in berries and wine respectively;therefore, potential alcohol also increased. In the last decade, annual and monthly variability of rainfall and temperature influenced the phenological cycle of grapevines most, delaying or accelerating the developing of foliar area, as well as the ripening and harvesting time, which has a direct influence on grapes and wine products.


Proteins evolve not only through point mutations but also by insertion and deletion events, which affect the length of the protein. It is well known that such indel events most frequently occur in surface-exposed loops. However, detailed analysis of indel events in distantly related and fast-evolving proteins is hampered by the difficulty involved in correctly aligning such sequences. Here, we circumvent this problem by first only analyzing homologous proteins based on length variation rather than pairwise alignments. Using this approach, we find a surprisingly strong relationship between difference in length and difference in the number of intrinsically disordered residues, where up to three quarters of the length variation can be explained by changes in the number of intrinsically disordered residues. Further, we find that disorder is common in both insertions and deletions. A more detailed analysis reveals that indel events do not induce disorder but rather that already disordered regions accrue indels, suggesting that there is a lowered selective pressure for indels to occur within intrinsically disordered regions.


The recent debate on active citizenship and adult education has been strongly underpinned by the discussion on how active citizenship could be exercised in a way that would promote inclusion and participation. The paper focuses on the role of adult educators in encouraging young adults in vulnerable life situations to become active citizens specifically through two empirical cases, from Finland and England (UK). The central questions the paper seeks to answer are: how do adult educators conceptualise vulnerability, and how do they see their role as facilitating young adults' active citizenship through their teaching? The consideration of socio-cultural, socio-economic and political dimensions of active participatory citizenship provides the conceptual lens to explore young adults' participation in different social contexts. The analysis of the case studies supports the argument that active participatory citizenship is indirectly rather than directly included in the education and training of vulnerable young adults. This leads the article to highlight the adult educators' mediation work in facilitating the socio-economic and political dimensions of active participatory citizenship in interaction with the students. Their mediator role is broadly invisible and in contrast with the ideal of adult education as the straightforward path to socio-economic citizenship and employability.


Modern European literature has traditionally been seen as a series of attempts to assert successive styles of writing as 'new'. In this groundbreaking study, Ben Hutchinson argues that literary modernity can in fact be understood not as that which is new, but as that which is 'late'. Exploring the ways in which European literature repeatedly defines itself through a sense of senescence or epigonality, Hutchinson shows that the shifting manifestations of lateness since romanticism express modernity's continuing quest for legitimacy. With reference to a wide range of authors—from Mary Shelley, Chateaubriand, and Immermann, via Baudelaire, Henry James, and Nietzsche, to Valery, Djuna Barnes, and Adorno— he combines close readings of canonical texts with historical and theoretical comparisons of numerous national contexts. Out of this broad comparative sweep emerges a taxonomy of lateness, of the diverse ways in which modern writers can be understood, in the words of Nietzsche, as 'creatures facing backwards'. Ambitious and original, Lateness and Modern European Literature offers a significant new model for understanding literary modernity.


Besides their strong contribution to weather forecast improvement through data assimilation, thermal infrared sounders onboard polar-orbiting platforms are now playing a key role for monitoring atmospheric composition changes. The Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) instrument developed by the French space agency (CNES) and launched by Eumetsat onboard the Metop satellite series is providing essential inputs for weather forecasting and pollution/climate monitoring owing to its smart combination of large horizontal swath, good spectral resolution and high radiometric performance. EUMETSAT is currently preparing the next polar-orbiting program (EPS-SG) with the Metop-SG satellite series that should be launched around 2020. In this framework, CNES is studying the concept of a new instrument, the IASI-New Generation (IASI-NG), characterized by an improvement of both spectral and radiometric characteristics as compared to IASI, with three objectives: (i) continuity of the IASI/Metop series; (ii) improvement of vertical resolution; (iii) improvement of the accuracy and detection threshold for atmospheric and surface components. In this paper, we show that an improvement of spectral resolution and radiometric noise fulfill these objectives by leading to (i) a better vertical coverage in the lower part of the troposphere, thanks to the increase in spectral resolution; (ii) an increase in the accuracy of the retrieval of several thermodynamic, climate and chemistry variables, thanks to the improved signal-to-noise ratio as well as less interferences between the signatures of the absorbing species in the measured radiances. The detection limit of several atmospheric species is also improved. We conclude that IASI-NG has the potential for strongly benefiting the numerical weather prediction, chemistry and climate communities now connected through the European GMES/Copernicus initiative.


Findings on the relationship between engagement in lifestyle and cognitive functioning are not consistent; some authors report that engagement in lifestyle predicts an individual's cognitive functioning; while other report that an individual's cognitive functioning predicts the type and level of engagement an individual participates in. The current study will use longitudinal data (N = 235) to investigate the bidirectional relationship between engagement (engaged lifestyle activities) and cognition (crystallized & fluid intelligence). Despite inconsistent findings it is proposed that cognitive functioning may be better understood when examining how stimulation of activity, need for cognition, and openness to experience affect engagement in an active lifestyle. As such the current study will investigate if stimulation of activity, need for cognition, and openness to experience moderate the relationship between engaged lifestyles and cognitive functioning. The results, limitations and implications are discussed.


Two novel techniques for eliminating deterministic noise from a page-oriented memory are presented. The first technique equalizes the output response of ON pixels by adjustment of the exposure of each pixel during the recording of each data page. A test image transmitted through the system measures the spatial nonuniformities, and the appropriate inverse filter is imposed upon the data page and recorded in the storage material. On readout, the output signal values are then spatially uniform, perturbed only by random noise sources. Experimental results of using this predistortion technique in a pixel-matched holographic storage system are shown. Under conditions of high volumetric density, raw bit-error-rate (BER) improvements of 6-8 orders of magnitude are obtained (from 10(-4) to <10(-10)). The second technique uses a phase shift during holographic storage to subtract from bright OFF pixels. Under conditions of low spatial light modulator contrast, BER improvements of 6 orders of magnitude (from 10(-2) to 10(-8)) are demonstrated.


In 1809 when Coleridge was prompted to write about his time in Malta by the death of Sir Alexander Ball, the late Civil Commissioner whom he so much admired, he recorded that he regarded his stay on the Island as "in many respects the most memorable and instructive period of my life". As those familiar with Coleridge's history recall, Coleridge had arrived on Malta in May 1804 predominantly to liberate himself from opium dependency.

Coleridge impressed Ball, whom he met shortly after his arrival. Given the staffing problems confronting him, Ball eventually made Coleridge the offer of Edmund Chapman's post as under-secretary during the latter's absence from Malta on the speculative corn mission, about which more will be ventured below. After an assurance that the work would be "nominal" Coleridge accepted the post because the salary would defray the expenses of his planned journey to Sicily.

Coleridge thus began his official tasks as under-secretary to Ball. However, following the death of the Public Secretary and Treasurer, Alexander Macaulay, on 18th January 1805, Coleridge was appointed as a temporary replacement pending Chapman's return to the Island, albeit that he declined to act as Treasurer. As Acting Public Secretary he assumed a post second in civil dignity to that of the Civil Commissioner, and found himself at the heart of government.

The purpose of this article is to outline the legal, political, administrative and economic challenges encountered by the British administration in the period 1800-1809 in which Coleridge had assumed an important role, as well as to venture some comments about the coherence of British policy. Some limited observations on Coleridge's contribution to the success of British rule at this time will also be advanced.


Alive! Global Network [1] A coalition of many of the best web sites around the world, celebrating both cultural diversity and common interests and values Asia-Net Selling the Asia/Pacific Rim Community [2] Providing career information to professionals. Join their Mailing List to receive information on the latest job openings. Bilingual Jobs [3] Job postings for diverse language careers. Council on International Education Exchange (CIEE) [4] Information on exchange, travel, and international study programs. Escape Artist for Overseas Jobseekers [5] Everything you need to know about living and working overseas. Europages: The European Business Directory [6] 500,000 companies selected in 30 European countries. Foreign Service Careers [7] – Hires Foreign Service, Civil Service and Student Employees to work at offices in the US and over 265 posts abroad. H1VisaJobs.com [8] Your one stop site for all your H-1B Visa/ Employment needs. Jobsite United Kingdom [9] Search Europe's leading jobs, or register now to receive the latest Jobs-by-Email and Jobsite's other award winning services. Marjorie Chan's Chinese Resources [10] Information regarding job search options dealing with the Chinese culture, language, and linguistics. Monster Work Abroad [11] Answers to questions about relocating as well as a search engine to research companies. NetJobs.com [12] Canada's premier employment site. OverseasJobs.com [13] The Web's #1 resources for international employment and work abroad. Smith College of International Resources [14] Multiple links to job opportunities in Africa, Europe, Asia, and Australia. Teaching Jobs Overseas [15] An excellent page for rules and restrictions for applying for an overseas job. The Riley Guide: Resources for International Jobs [14] A good research site with over one hundred links to international jobs. Top International Jobs on the Net [16] Find out about companies, register for future opportunities, and read more about careers and recruitment in your selected country. United Nations Employment Opportunities [17] Useful information on employment opportunities with the UN Secretariat in general, as well as openings in other organizations of the UN family. Wellgot [18] This site includes lessons on Chinese as well as Mandarin Phonetic Symbols


The ability to cooperate in collective action problems - such as those relating to the use of common property resources or the provision of local public goods - is a key determinant of economic performance. In this paper we discuss two aspects of collective action problems in developing countries. First, which institutions discourage opportunistic behaviour and promote cooperation? Second, what are the characteristics of the individuals involved that determine the degree to which they cooperate? We first review the evidence from field studies, laboratory experiments, and cross community studies. We then present new results from an individual level panel dataset of rural workers.


Bone is a unique organ able to regenerate itself after injuries. This regeneration requires the local interplay between different biological systems such as inflammation and matrix formation. Structural reconstitution is initiated by an inflammatory response orchestrated by the host immune system. However, the individual role of T cells and B cells in regeneration and their relationship to bone tissue reconstitution remain unknown. Comparing bone and fracture healing in animals with and without mature T and B cells revealed the essential role of these immune cells in determining the tissue mineralization and thus the bone quality. Bone without mature T and B cells is stiffer when compared to wild-type bone thus lacking the elasticity that helps to absorb forces, thus preventing fractures. In-depth analysis showed dysregulations in collagen deposition and osteoblast distribution upon lack of mature T and B cells. These changes in matrix deposition have been correlated with T cells rather than B cells within this study. This work presents, for the first time, a direct link between immune cells and matrix formation during bone healing after fracture. It illustrates specifically the role of T cells in the collagen organization process and the lack thereof in the absence of T cells.


Many coral reef fishes migrate to form short-lived aggregations at predictable sites and times in order to spawn. For the purposes of this review, such spawning aggregations are defined as any temporary aggregations formed by fishes that have migrated for the specific purpose of spawning. Spawning aggregations are known to be formed by 164 species from 26 families of coral reef fishes, but the actual number is likely to be much higher. Aggregative spawners share a number of common features. (1) All except one species release pelagic eggs. (2) They tend to have large body sizes. (3) They are more abundant in some phylogenetic groups, such as the Labridae, Scaridae, Serranidae, Acanthuridae, and Lutjanidae, although they are relatively uncommon in all but the least speciose families of Albulidae, Chanidae, Gerreidae, and Scombridae. (4) They are more likely to come from large populations with high densities. However, these features are not independent and their relative importance is not easily assessed. Known spawning aggregations form at the same sites over successive, predictable spawning seasons. However, from the limited data presently available, spawning aggregations do not appear to form consistently on predictable reef structures. The periodicity of spawning aggregations can differ greatly for the same species with relatively small degrees of spatial separation. A number of hypotheses have been proposed to explain why, when, and where spawning aggregations are formed. These include those that predict that the phenomenon of aggregative spawning (1) reduces predation on spawning adults and their eggs (the predator satiation hypothesis), (2) increases the degree of mate selectivity, and (3) allows individuals to assess sex ratios of populations and make decisions on sex change accordingly. Other hypotheses predict that the location and timing of spawning aggregations (1) reduce predation on both eggs (the egg predation hypothesis) and spawning adults (the predator evasion hypothesis), (2) increase the probability that larvae will settle on reefs (the egg dispersal hypothesis and the larval retention hypothesis), and (3) enhance the survival of larvae during their pelagic phase (the pelagic survival hypothesis). However, very little quantitative research addressed at an appropriate scale has been conducted to distinguish among these hypotheses, many of which make common predictions. Spawning aggregations of commercially important coral reef fishes have been lost in many locations throughout the tropics because unsustainable fishing targets the spawning aggregations themselves. The live reef food-fish trade has proven to be unsustainable in almost all locations in which it has operated, leading to widespread impoverishment and eradication of spawning aggregations. Appropriate management, legislation, and enforcement are essential to protect the stocks of commercially important aggregative spawners, as is a more comprehensive understanding of the
dynamics of spawning aggregations.