Degree programme in International Business Author Isa Kokoi Group The title of your thesis Female Buying Behaviour Related to Facial Skin Care Products Number of pages and appendices 75 + 33 Supervisors Irma Pulkkinen This study examines the buying behaviour of Finnish women related to facial skin care products. The primary purpose of the study is to discover the similarities and differences in the buying behaviour of young and middle-aged women when purchasing facial skin care products. The objective is to study what kinds of factors affect the buying behaviour of both young (20 to 35 years old) and middle-aged (40 to 60 years old) women and then compare the findings from both groups. Furthermore, the aim is to discover what kind of attitudes Finnish women have towards facial skin care products containing natural ingredients. The objective is to also study the extent to which the using of natural ingredients in facial skin care products affects the buying behaviour of Finnish women. The theoretical framework of this study was based on consumer behaviour theories from various authors. For example according to Kotler and Keller (2009) cultural, social and personal factors affect consumer behaviour and these issues were discussed in the literature review. Theoretical information related to the scope of this thesis was also presented by Solomon, Bamossy, Askegaard and Hogg (2006) as well as Noel (2009) among others. The study was conducted by using quantitative research method. Data was collected through conducting an email survey compiled with Webropol. The questionnaire was sent to 505 women who had joined the cosmetics company Lumene's client club last spring while taking part in a competition. All together, 138 women who fit the two age categories studied in this thesis answered the research questionnaire. The results indicated that 20-35 and 40-60 year-old Finnish women were rather similar in terms of the factors affecting their buying behaviour related to facial skin care products. However, some differences were also found for example in the decision-making process. Regarding the attitudes toward the use of natural ingredients in facial skin care products, differences were found between different demographic groups. For example, women who had children were more favourable toward the use of natural ingredients than women who did not have children. In sum, the objectives of this thesis were met well. Although existing literature suggests that factors such as age have an impact on buying behaviour, the results showed that it does not have that big of an impact on the purchasing behaviour of Finnish women related to facial skin care products. However, the research findings of this study can definitely benefit the case company Lumene in their business actions.


This abstract has been withheld from publication due to its inclusion in the AACR-NCI-EORTC Molecular Targets Conference 2015 Official Press Program. It will be posted online at the time of its presentation in a press conference or in a session. Citation Format: Jason Lickliter, Hui Gan, Tarek Meniawy, Jason Yang, Lai Wang, Lusong Luo, Michael Millward. Phase 1 study of a novel PARP1/2 selective inhibitor, BGB-290. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2015 Nov 5-9; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2015;14(12 Suppl 2):Abstract nr PR11.


According to a previously published linear analysis, the tidal distortion of accretion disks in binary star systems produces a local hydrodynamic instability to m = 1 internal waves, which may have arbitrarily small wavelengths in the absence of viscosity. The instability is three-dimensional and approximately incrompressible. To explore the nonlinear outcome of this instability, we develop a shearing-sheet approximation on scales comparable to the disk thickness. The large-scale azimuthal variation of the disk is represented by varying the local metric with time (local orbital phase). The hydrodynamic equations can then be posed two-dimensionally on local meridional planes. We solve these equations with a second-order gasdynamical code based on the Total-Variation-Diminishing scheme. Our simulations confirm the predicted linear growth rate. The modes saturate chaotically at velocities scaling as the product of the linear growth rate and the wavelength. If the wavelength is small compared with the disk thickness, the modes remain nearly incompressible even when nonlinear. The two-dimensional power spectrum of velocities after saturation is roughly isotropic and extends over a broad range of scales in an approximately power-law fashion. We measure the heating rate associated with the nonlinear dissipation of the modes. The dissipation implies a secular torque on the disk and a return of angular momentum to the secondary star via the tidal potential. The estimated torque is somewhat larger than the tidal torque produced by maximal disk viscosity (alpha approximately 1). At least in these two-dimensional simulations, however, there is no significant angular momentum flux within the disk.


This chapter examines Article 12 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). Article 12 of the CRPD is concerned with how legal systems enable and disable people as legal actors. In the view of the UN Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and many of those involved in negotiating Article 12, it introduces a new paradigm of 'universal legal capacity' that cannot be limited on grounds of disability or mental incapacity. The Committee maintains that this requires the abolition of all forms of substitute decision-making. This interpretation of Article 12 is contested in the literature, but for many involved in the disability movement, ending guardianship and other forms of substitute decision-making is central to wider advocacy goals of ending institutionalization, forced treatment, and loss of fundamental citizenship rights such as the ability to vote, marry, and own property.


OBJECTIVE
This study examined the effect of implementing instructional video in ophthalmic physical examination teaching on chiropractic students' laboratory physical examination skills and written test results.

METHODS
Instructional video clips of ophthalmic physical examination, consisting of both standard procedures and common mistakes, were created and used for laboratory teaching. The video clips were also available for student review after class. Students' laboratory skills and written test results were analyzed and compared using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc multiple comparison tests among three study cohorts: the comparison cohort who did not utilize the instructional videos as a tool, the standard video cohort who viewed only the standard procedure of video clips, and the mistake-referenced video cohort who viewed video clips containing both standard procedure and common mistakes.

RESULTS
One-way ANOVA suggested a significant difference of lab results among the three cohorts. Post hoc multiple comparisons further revealed that the mean scores of both video cohorts were significantly higher than that of the comparison cohort (p < .001). There was, however, no significant difference of the mean scores between the two video cohorts (p > .05). However, the percentage of students having a perfect score was the highest in the mistake-referenced video cohort. There was no significant difference of written test scores among all three cohorts (p > .05).

CONCLUSION
The instructional video of the standard procedure improves chiropractic students' ophthalmic physical examination skills, which may be further enhanced by implementing a mistake-referenced instructional video.


Abstract Pituophis ruthveni (Louisiana Pinesnake) is considered one of the rarest snakes in North America. For that reason, P. ruthveni is not well represented in scientific collections, and each existing specimen is very important. Some museum records for the species are considered questionable or unverified, especially those that represent extralimital records or those from habitats not normally utilized by Louisiana Pinesnake. Clarifying these questionable Louisiana Pinesnake records will ultimately provide a better understanding of its historic and current distribution, which is necessary for listing decisions, critical-habitat designation, and overall conservation efforts for the species. To resolve this uncertainty, we performed a multivariate analysis using 13 morphological characters on 50 specimens representing 3 snake groups: (1) P. ruthveni (n = 23), (2) P. catenifer sayi (Bullsnake; n = 23), and (3) questionable or unverified snakes (n = 4). We included Bullsnake because they are sister to Louisiana Pinesnake genetically and also most morphologically similar. We identified all questionable records of Louisiana Pinesnake examined as Bullsnake. Blotch count, ventral-scale number, and scale-row number at mid-body were the most reliable characters for distinguishing between groups. These results have potential conservation implications for the species. The influence of these erroneous records could be substantial in future research and conservation of the species due to the relatively few known specimens of Louisiana Pinesnake. We recommend that the specimens we identified be annotated and considered erroneous records.


2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) is one of the most toxic polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). The toxic effects of BDE-47 on Chinese cabbage seedlings were analyzed in this study. After a 30-day hydroponic exposure to BDE-47 at different concentrations (25, 50, 75, and 100 µg·L−1), the fresh weight of Chinese cabbage seedlings was significantly decreased, whereas their root:shoot ratio was increased, indicating that BDE-47 inhibited the growth of the plant, especially the overground parts. The water content, chlorophyll content, and protein content of Chinese cabbage leaves also markedly decreased with the increase of the BDE-47 concentration. In addition, BDE-47 weakened the photosynthetic capacity of the leaves, which was supported by the decreased photosynthetic parameters [net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and stomatal conductance (gS)]. Although the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) in the leaves were enhanced after exposure to BDE-47, the increased malondialdehyde (MDA) content attested to the existence of membrane lipid peroxidation. The increased plasma membrane permeability and the decreased chlorophyll fluorescence parameters [the maximum quantum yield of PSII photochemistry at t = 0 (Fv/Fm), photosystem II (PSII) reaction centers (RCs) per cross section (CS) (RC/CS), absorption energy flux per CS (ABS/CS), trapped energy flux per CS (TRo/CS), electron transport flux per CS (ETo/CS), performance index on the absorption basis (PIabs), and driving force for photosynthesis (DF)] further proved that the plasma membrane and photosynthetic membrane were damaged by BDE-47. Our study demonstrated the phytotoxicities of BDE-47 to Chinese cabbage, which can provide valuable information for understanding the toxicity of BDE-47 on vegetables.


ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to explore how caregivers experience collaboration in rural municipalities in northern Norway. We conducted fieldwork with a dementia team in addition to seventeen qualitative in-depth interviews with formal and family caregivers. The caregivers had ethnic Sami and ethnic Norwegian affiliation. The theme 'negotiating ethnic and ethno-political positions' was identified through thematic analysis and developed using positioning theory. Ethnicity involves dynamic and situated personal affiliations, and participants negotiate each other's ethnic positions in practice. Negotiations of ethnic positions hamper collaboration between formal and family caregivers, and ethno-political positions reinforce stereotyped ethnic positions. This study contributes to the understanding of and the debate over positions on ethno-cultural collaboration in health care. In practice, participants negotiate the health policy concept of 'cultural facilitation', which must be broadened to ensure equal healthcare services.


Mill was one of the most important British philosophers of the nineteenth century; his Utilitarianism is a pivotal work in ethical thought. This book, written specifically for students coming to Mill - and perhaps philosophy - for the first time, will be an ideal guide. Mill on Utilitarianism introduces and assesses: * Mill's life and the background of Utilitarianism * the ideas and text of Utilitarianism * the continuing importance of Mill's work to philosophy This is the first book dedicated to Utilitarianism itself. Concisely written and engaging, it is perfect reading for those studying Mill or moral philosophy.


Loss of control events often involve erroneous pilot mental models of the aircraft state and autoflight system modes in the period leading up to the event. These mental models include their immediate situation awareness of the aircraft state, but also often include their knowledge of the autoflight system. Both aspects of these have been modeled computationally in fast-time simulations. The situation awareness of aircraft state is represented as a model-based observer (e.g. Kalman filter). The knowledge of autoflight modes is represented as a finite state machine where each state represents a different control behavior, and transitions between modes are explicitly represented to describe the conditions in which they can be commanded by the pilot and/or commanded automatically. This paper will describe the results of simulations in which the mental model is run dynamically through flight events potentially leading to loss of control.


ABSTRACT The late phase of adenovirus gene expression is controlled by proteins made in the intermediate phase, including L4 proteins of 22,000- and 33,000-Da apparent molecular mass (L4-22K and -33K proteins) that are expressed initially from the L4 promoter (L4P). The L4P is activated by a combination of viral proteins and cellular p53 and is ultimately inhibited again by its own products. Here, we have examined the L4P of human adenovirus type 5 in detail and have defined its transcription start site, which our data suggest is positioned by a weak TATA box. Rather than contributing positively to promoter activity, a putative initiator element at the transcription start site acts as a target for negative regulation imposed on the L4P by cellular TFII-I. We show that this TFII-I inhibition is relieved by one of the previously defined viral activators of the L4P, the E4 Orf3 protein, which alters the pool of TFII-I in the cell. We also explore further the negative regulation of the L4P by its products and show that the L4-33K protein is more significant in this process than L4-22K. It is the combined actions of positive and negative factors that lead to the transient activation of the L4P at the onset of the late phase of adenovirus gene expression. IMPORTANCE The adenovirus replication cycle proceeds through multiple phases of gene expression in which a key step is the activation of late-phase gene expression to produce proteins from which progeny particles can be formed. Working with human adenovirus type 5, we showed previously that two proteins expressed from the L4 region of the viral genome perform essential roles in moving the infection on into the late phase; these two proteins are produced by the action of a dedicated promoter, the L4P, and without them the infection does not proceed successfully to progeny generation. In this new work, we delineate further aspects of L4P activity and regulation. Understanding how the L4P works, and how it contributes to activation of the late phase of infection, is important to our understanding of natural infections by the virus, in which late gene expression can fail to occur, allowing the virus to persist.


Vulture funds, funds that buy up the debt of sovereign countries at a discount in the hope of making significant profits, have caused considerable problems to a number of highly indebted countries. The Commonwealth Secretariat's Legal Debt Clinic advises governments on best practice in negotiating loan agreements, and how to respond to the activities of vulture funds. This handbook distils the key lessons from that work, for the benefit of all government officials who may have to deal with these issues.


Contract law imposes on consumers a "duty to read", shorthand for a set of related doctrines including the statute of frauds, the parol evidence rule, and the reasonable reliance element of fraud as a contractual excuse. Moreover, consumer protection statutes have placed heavy emphasis on information disclosure, usually provided on additional documents, as the preferred method to deter abuses in the marketplace. The duty to read and the myriad of disclosure laws rely on unfounded assumptions about the ability of ordinary consumers to read and use written documents. The National Adult Literacy Survey (NALS) provides sobering data on the document literacy and quantitative skills of the American public. A surprisingly small percentage of the adult population has the ability to extract key information from lengthy and complex consumer contract documents and disclosure forms. Contracts and disclosures for mortgage loans, automobile leases, and other modern transactions are accessible to fewer than 10% of the consumers for whom they are intended. The present state of the law, regarding contract formation and enforceability, and the various disclosure statutes, take no account of the literacy problem. New approaches are needed to protect consumers and police the marketplace, using means other than the doctrines of fraud, unconscionability, and technical disclosure statutes, and based on the reality of the gap between adult literacy and the readability of contract forms.


Synopsis A comprehensive semi-structured questionnaire was administered to 100 psychotic patients who had experienced auditory hallucinations. The aim was to extend the phenomenology of the hallucination into areas of both form and content and also to guide future theoretical development. All subjects heard 'voices' talking to or about them. The location of the voice, its characteristics and the nature of address were described. Precipitants and alleviating factors plus the effect of the hallucinations on the sufferer were identified. Other hallucinatory experiences, thought insertion and insight were examined for their inter-relationships. A pattern emerged of increasing complexity of the auditory–verbal hallucination over time by a process of accretion, with the addition of more voices and extended dialogues, and more intimacy between subject and voice. Such evolution seemed to relate to the lessening of distress and improved coping. These findings should inform both neurological and cognitive accounts of the pathogenesis of auditory hallucinations in psychotic disorders.


Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) has been implicated to play a pathogenic role in diabetic nephropathy (DN) but its source remains unlcear. To elucidate whether mPGES-1, the best characterized PGE2 synthase, was involved in the development of DN, we examined the renal phenotype of mPGES-1 KO mice subjected to STZ-induced type-1 diabetes. After STZ treatment, mPGES-1 WT and KO mice presented the similar onset of diabetes as shown by similar elevation of blood glucose. Meanwhile, both genotypes of mice exhibited similar increases of urinary and renal PGE2 production. In parallel with this comparable diabetic status, the kidney injury indices including the urinary albumin excretion, kidney weight and the kidney histology (PAS staining) did not show any difference between the two genotypes. By Western-blotting and quantitative qRT-PCR, mPGES-1, mPGES-2, cPGES and 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) remain unaltered following six weeks of diabetes. Finally, a selective COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib (50 mg/kg/day) was applied to the STZ-treated KO mice, which resulted in significant reduction of urinary albumin excretion (KO/STZ: 141.5±38.4 vs. KO/STZ + Celebrex: 48.7±20.8 ug/24 h, p<0.05) and the blockade of renal PGE2 induction (kidney: KO/STZ: 588.7±89.2 vs. KO/STZ + Celebrex: 340.8±58.7 ug/24 h, p<0.05; urine: KO/STZ 1667.6±421.4 vs. KO/STZ + Celebrex 813.6±199.9 pg/24 h, p<0.05), without affecting the blood glucose levels and urine volume. Taken together, our data suggests that an as yet unidentified prostaglanind E synthase but not mPGES-1 may couple with COX-2 to mediate increased renal PGE2 sythsesis in DN.


The turbo air classifier is one of the most widely used equipment in powder classification. The complex flow behaviour inside it, however, prevents material experiments from providing information about its internal separation mechanisms. A study of the interaction of structural variables is therefore undertaken examining air flow behaviour, specifically the air flow between the blades of the rotor cage. The investigation of these flow field characteristics made use of the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to simulate the air flow in the classifier. It was found that the inlet velocity of the turbo air classifier and the rotary speed of the rotor cage are two of the dominating, non-structural factors that affect velocity distributions in the region between the rotor cage blades. Once the inlet velocity settles, a critical rotary speed must be present to smoothen the flow field between the blades, resulting in an excellent classification performance. Three-dimensional velocity measurements of the region between the blades by laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) were performed to test the results of the flow field simulation. This revealed that when inlet velocity is invariable, the velocity distributions in the region between the blades are at its most symmetric with the critical rotary speed of the rotor cage making it more favourable for classification. The velocity measurement results are likewise in good agreement with the results of the flow field simulation. Newly structured rotor cages are also simulated and compared with a conventional turbo air classifier, air flow in the newly structured model is smoother. The distributions of radial and tangential velocities are more symmetric and the trend of the rotating vortex between the blades attenuates, particularly when the rotary speed is high. The newly structured rotor cages can therefore achieve higher classification performances.


UNTIL THE ADVENT of Andy Warhol, probably no postwar American artist had captured the popular imagination more than Jackson Pollock. His appearance in a feature article in Life magazine in 1949 thrust him into public prominence beyond the narrower avant-garde circles in which he was already well known. He continued to be featured in the popular media as well as in the art press as somehow emblematic of the new American artist: innovative, fiercely independent, leading rather than following European trends. The recent award-winning film on the artist testifies to his continuing fascination for the American public. Pollock also took on the aura of a pop-existential hero: a lonely, sensitive, misunderstood genius, not unlike contemporaneous movie idols Marion Brando or James Dean. And like James Dean, his untimely and tragic death served as a romantic apotheosis that fixed his mythic stature and assured his continued place as an American icon. In her discussion of Hans Namuth's well-known photographs of Pollock at work in his studio, Barbara Rose attributes the rise of the Pollock legend to the continuing American appetite for heroes, which could no longer be fulfilled by generals or soldiers in a peacetime environment: In the immediate postwar period, the American people were understandably casting about for heroic figures to fill the shoes of those who risked their lives in combat. With no suitable political figure such as de Gaulle to fill the void, the country was ready--for the first time--to acclaim a cultural hero. (112) Although this partially explains the phenomenon, it fails to specify why it was Pollock rather than another artist who rose to this mythic stature. Rose postulates that the photos of Hans Namuth were key to Pollock's impact on the public. Without denying their importance, I want to suggest that the causes are multiple. Actually, a number of factors contributed to the phenomenon of the Pollock myth, the crystallization of which depended on a convergence of unmet needs from various segments of postwar American society which were satisfied or at least represented in aspects of the artist's life and work. An in-depth analysis of the complex matrix of sociological needs out of which the Pollock myth arose is beyond the scope of this essay. I will therefore describe the main components of the myth and suggest possible interpretations for its hold on the various publics to which it appealed. Such a description may shed light on the extra-stylistic factors that contributed to the rise of Abstract Expressionism at mid-century and suggest avenues for further research. An important component of the myth is that Pollock was an avant-garde artist who was every bit as advanced as the Europeans and yet was quintessentially American. Willem de Kooning has been widely quoted for having said "Jackson broke the ice." This has often been interpreted as meaning that Pollock led the way aesthetically, but as Dore Ashton points out in her book, The New York School: A Cultural Reckoning, it is more likely de Kooning meant Pollock was the first American to have gotten the approval of those curators, critics, and other tastemakers who were powerful in the contemporary American art market (153). He was the first American artist to have been invited by collector Peggy Guggenheim to mount a solo exhibition in her gallery, Art of this Century, in 1943. Until this time, the gallery had been mainly a showplace for European emigre artists, particularly the Surrealists. At this first exhibition, Alfred Barr, Director of the Museum of Modern Art, bought Pollock's She Wolf for the collection of New York's premier showcase for contemporary art. It was also at this time that Pollock made the acquaintance of Clement Greenberg, an important critic who would continue to champion the artist's work throughout the rest of his career. Pollock's major stylistic influences at that time were from Europeans: Picasso, Miro, and Masson, rather than from his former teacher, American Regionalist Thomas Hart Benton. …


Erwinia chrysanthemi is a host-promiscuous plant pathogen that possesses a type III secretion system (TTSS) similar to that of the host-specific pathogens E. amylovora and Pseudomonas syringae. The regions flanking the TTSS-encoding hrp/hrc gene clusters in the latter pathogens encode various TTSS-secreted proteins. DNA sequencing of the complete E. chrysanthemi hrp/hrc gene cluster and approximately 12 kb of the flanking regions (beyond the previously characterized hecA adhesin gene in the left flank) revealed that the E. chrysanthemi TTSS genes were syntenic and similar (>50% amino-acid identity) with their E. amylovora orthologs. However, the hrp/hrc cluster was interrupted by a cluster of four genes, only one of which, a homolog of lytic transglycosylases, is implicated in TTSS functions. Furthermore, the regions flanking the hrp/hrc cluster lacked genes that were likely to encode TTSS substrates. Instead, some of the genes in these regions predict ABC transporters and methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins that could have alternative roles in virulence. Mutations affecting all of the genes in the regions flanking or interrupting the hrp/hrc cluster were constructed in E. chrysanthemi CUCPB5047, a mutant whose reduced pectolytic capacity can enhance the phenotype of minor virulence factors. Mutants were screened in witloof chicory leaves and then in potato tubers and Nicotiana clevelandii seedlings. Mu dII1734 insertion in one gene, designated virA, resulted in strongly reduced virulence in all three tests. virA is immediately downstream of hecA, has an unusually low G+C content of 38%, and predicts an unknown protein of 111 amino acids. The E. chrysanthemi TTSS was shown to be active by its ability to translocate AvrPto-Cya (a P. syringae TTSS effector fused to an adenylate cyclase reporter that is active in the presence of eukaryote calmodulin) into N. benthamiana leaf cells. However, VirA(1-61)-Cya was not translocated into plant cells, and virA expression was not affected by mutations in E. chrysanthemi Hrp regulator genes hrpL and hrpS. Thus, the 44-kb region of the E. chrysanthemi EC16 genome that is centered on the hrplhrc cluster encodes a potpourri of virulence factors, but none of these appear to be a TTSS effector.


The thirteen essays that comprise Global Noise explore the hip hop scenes of Europe, Anglophone and Francophone Canada, Japan and Australia within their social, cultural and ethnic contexts. Countering the prevailing colonialist view that global hip hop is an exotic and derivative outgrowth of an African-American-owned idiom subject to assessment in terms of American norms and standards, Global Noise shows how international hip hop scenes, like those in France and Australia, developed by first adopting then adapting US models and establishing an increasing hybridity of local linguistic and musical features. The essays reveal diasporic manifestations of international hip hop that are rarely acknowledged in the growing commentary on the genre in the US. In the voices of rappers from around the globe with divergent backgrounds of race, nationality, class and gender, the authors find a consistent rhetoric of opposition and resistance to institutional forms of repression and the construction of a cohesive, historically-based subculture capable of accommodating regional and national diversities. CONTRIBUTORS: Roger Chamberland, Ian Condry, David Hesmondhalgh, Claire Levy, Ian Maxwell, Caspar Melville, Sarah Morelli, Mark Pennay, Andre J.M. PrEvos, Ted Swedenburg, Jacqueline Urla and Mir Wermuth."


The existence of air leakages in a building has been very clearly stated as an important reason for energy loss. The decrease in the efficiency of the mechanical ventilation has also been clarified. The global demand for achieving nearly zero-energy buildings makes the uncontrolled leakage paths even more undesired. Despite the fact that steady state measurements of inand exfiltration rates offer a simple and easy way of estimating the airtightness level of an eclosure, a supplement to those methods might be imposed. While a significant amount of studies points out the key role of the 'artificial' unsteady conditions to the actual leakage rates of a building, there are only few that discuss the influence of natural unsteady phenomena. In this context, the correlation between the dynamic characteristics of the wind and the leakage numbers of a building, should be more studied. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) could be employed in order to investigate the role of the air flow mechanisms. In the current numerical study, unsteady wind conditions are performed around an one-storey building-model of size 5m x 10m x 3m. Variable leakage areas Aleak around windows are simulated and solved in a transient mode aiming to investigate the role of the distribution of the leakages under natural conditions. A ratio (0 ≤ α ≤ 1) that represents the portion of leakages (distribution) per surface is employed and the infiltration rates respect to this ratio are shown. Different situations of the enclosure volume (from the perspective of internal wall airtightness) are assumed in order to investigate the influence of the latter to the infiltration rate of the building's envelope. The impact of the internal leakages is proven and the importance of controlling them is discussed.


The international scientific community is increasingly recognizing the role of natural systems in climate-change mitigation. While forests have historically been the primary focus of such efforts, coastal wetlands – particularly seagrasses, tidal marshes, and mangroves – are now considered important and effective long-term carbon sinks. However, some members of the coastal and marine policy and management community have been interested in expanding climate mitigation strategies to include other components within coastal and marine systems, such as coral reefs, phytoplankton, kelp forests, and marine fauna. We analyze the scientific evidence regarding whether these marine ecosystems and ecosystem components are viable long-term carbon sinks and whether they can be managed for climate mitigation. Our findings could assist decision makers and conservation practitioners in identifying which components of coastal and marine ecosystems should be prioritized in current climate mitigation strategies and policies.


Purpose: Complete urethral mobilization may endanger the lateral vascularity of the urethra in buccal mucosal graft (BMG) urethroplasty in stricture urethral disease. The present study aimed to evaluate the outcomes of BMG urethroplasty by dorsolateral onlay technique in patients with anterior urethral stricture. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective interventional study conducted at the Department of Urology at PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research between January 2015 and December 2018. Patients diagnosed with anterior urethral stricture who underwent dorsolateral onlay urethroplasty were included in this study. Results were considered satisfactory with the Qmax between 8 mL/s and 15 mL/s. Failed outcome was defined as persistent lower urinary tract symptoms, stricture on retrograde urethrogram, Qmax <8 mL/s, and requiring repeated urethra intervention. Results: A total of 54 patients underwent BMG urethroplasty by dorsolateral onlay graft with a mean age of 47.6 years. The patients with a range of stricture length 3–14 cm were included in this study. Short-term success rate (Qmax >15 mL/s) was achieved in 42 patients, while satisfactory results (Qmax 8–15 mL/s) were observed in nine patients and failure (Qmax <8 mL/s) occurred in three patients. Oral and perineal complications were treated conservatively with oral antibiotics and analgesia. None of the patients in this study had a postoperative perineal hematoma, graft infection, and scrotal swelling. Conclusion: Overall observations suggest that dorsolateral onlay BMG urethroplasty with unilateral urethral mobilization for an anterior urethral stricture is a feasible and effective option with favorable outcomes.


The paper contains an analysis of S-velocity distribution in the crust and upper mantle beneath the Bohemian Massif, which is the second biggest Variscan outcrop in Europe. It occupies mainly the west part of Czech Republic and also part of south-west Poland and south-east Germany. We use data from 10 permanent stations set in the region. Some previous papers relate to the same scope but use linear methods to inverse receiver function. Our new approach involves Monte Carlo techniques for inversion procedure, which is more convenient and robust for such a non-linear task. The result of Monte Carlo inversion is compared with the previously achieved one. The obtained Moho depths vary from 29 km in the north-west part of the Bohemian Massif to 38 km in the south and south-east and are consistent with other papers. Some discrepancies occur in the middle and upper crust.


Abstract The imported longhorned weevil, Calomycterus setarius Roelofs, is an occasional pest of soybean, Glycine max (L.), and can cause substantial defoliation of seedling soybean when the weevil is present in large numbers. Because weevil populations can reach high levels, the potential exists for significant seedling injury, so economic injury levels (EILs) are needed for imported longhorned weevil on seedling soybean. Because the bean leaf beetle, Cerotoma trifurcata (Forster), also is present on seedling soybean, injury by this insect should be included in EIL calculations. This study was conducted to (1) determine daily soybean consumption rates of imported longhorned weevil; (2) compare soybean injury responses between weevil injured and noninjured soybeans; and (3) develop multiple species EILs for imported longhorned weevil and bean leaf beetle. Field and laboratory studies were conducted in 1997 to determine weevil daily consumption rates. Field experiments were conducted in 1998 to examine physiological responses of soybean to weevil injury. Field and laboratory consumption rates were 0.16 and 0.21 cm2 per day, respectively. There were no significant differences in physiological responses (i.e., photosynthetic rates, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rates) between noninjured soybean leaflets (caged) and weevil-injured leaflets. Multiple-species EILs were developed for imported longhorned weevil and bean leaf beetle on VC through V3 soybean.


William Somerset Maugham was one of the most successful and prolific authors of the twentieth century. He excelled in several genres, writing novels, plays, short stories, travel-books, memoir and criticism. His prose style was simple, witty; his world view weary and cynical. His childhood was marred by bereavement, losing both parents before the age of ten years. He spent a lonely adolescence under the guardianship of his uncle, an emotionally distant clergyman. He enrolled as a medical student at St Thomas's Hospital mainly to escape from his uncle and also to live in London. From his teens his sole ambition was to be a writer: medicine did not interest him. Despite his lack of vocation, his five years at medical school proved to be the key experience in his artistic development. He observed and learned about people; he saw poverty, squalor and death. His experience as an Obstetric Clerk in the slums of London inspired his first novel, Liza of Lambeth. He qualified but never practised. In old age he wrote 'I learned pretty well everything I know about human nature in the 5 years I spent at St Thomas's Hospital'. The example of Maugham suggests that medical education may have value other than the training of doctors-to-be.


The level of sedation in patients undergoing medical procedures evolves continuously since the effect
of the anesthetic and analgesic agents is counteracted by noxious stimuli. The monitors of depth of
anesthesia, based on the analysis of the electroencephalogram (EEG), have been progressively
introduced into the daily practice to provide additional information about the state of the patient.
However, the quantification of analgesia still remains an open problem.
In this project, a methodology based on non-linear techniques signal processing algorithms was
developed and applied to the electroencephalogram (EEG) for predicting responses to noxious
stimulation during Sedation-Analgesia. Two types of stimuli were performed by the anesthesiologist
during the surgery sessions, RSS (Ramsay Sedation Scale) and GAG (gag reflex). These sedation
scales are considered gold standard. In this work, the scope of the project includes: EEG
preprocessing, processing and analysis of the mentioned signals.
The methodology included an EEG signal preprocessing, a time-domain and frequency-domain
analysis, the development and application of non-linear techniques, a statistical analysis and finally the
validation of the results. Symbolic dynamics methodology, already applied to other kind of signals,
was used as a non-linear technique. The aim was to extract a set of patterns from the EEG obtained
through two proposed non-linear algorithms.
The symbolic dynamics consists of the transformation of the time signal in a series of symbols by an
algorithm. From these new series, words of three symbols were constructed with one symbol delay and
their occurrence probability was evaluated in the signals variables. Base on this, the Shannon and
Renyi entropies were applied to estimate the complexity of the distribution of the variables. Moreover,
thresholds on probabilities were used to construct new variables. The analysis was applied to the EEG
filtered according to the characteristic frequency bands (EEG rhythms). The parameters involved in the
algorithms were statistically adjusted in order to better characterize the nociceptive response. Variables
obtained from linear and non-linear methodologies were submitted to a statistical analysis using a nonparametric
test and a linear discriminant analyses to assess the quality of the classification. The
leaving-one-out method was used as validation criteria. New defined variables were able to describe the different states with p-value 60%, Sen > 60% and Pk > 0,6. This signal processing methodology technically contributes to the
prediction of anesthesia depth level during Sedation-Analgesia.


Tail biting behaviour is a major animal welfare issue in intense pig production, as well as an economic issue. To prevent the behaviour, tail docking is practised. It is a painful procedure where a part of or the whole tail is cut off.

There is a lot of research on the subject of tail biting, with a big variety of solutions to prevent the behaviour. Scientists are consistent about that the absence of manipulable material increases the risk for tail biting. Manipulable material works as an environmental enrichment and stimulates natural behaviours of the pig, such as investigation and rooting. It helps pigs to cope with the environment and reduces stress and frustration, triggers that can lead to tail biting.

The legal requirement regarding tail docking state that it shall not be practised on a routine and has been in force since the 1st of January 1994. It was strengthened in 2003 and now appears in Council Directive 2008/120/EC which codifies the earlier directives. The legal requirement now states that measures to prevent tail biting shall be taken before practising tail docking, measures such as changing inadequate management systems, changed environment and reduced stock densities.

Pigs shall also have access to a suitable material or object, to be able to perform natural behaviours and prevent tail biting and stereotypies. In the latest version of the directive on pigs this material was defined as straw, hay, wood, sawdust, mushroom compost, peat or a mixture of such.

The aim of this study was to investigate the current situation of compliance with the legal requirements in the directive on pigs, regarding the provision of manipulable material and the routine practice of tail docking. It was also to investigate actions to increase compliance among the Member States in the European Union. A descriptive analysis of available FVO-reports was used, together with written answers from the Competent Authorities and a qualitative interview with people at the Commission and the FVO.

The results of this report showed that 18 out of 28 Member States in the European Union do not comply with the legal requirement regarding the provision of manipulable material, and that 17 of the Member States do not comply with the legal requirement regarding the practice of tail docking. There has not been any actions such as sanctions to increase the compliance among the Member States.

These findings make an overall conclusion about the current issues with the compliance of the directive on pigs. There are no further intrinsic actions to increase compliance, due to a lack of responsibility among the involved parties, such as pig farmers, Competent Authorities and the Commision. Due to the lack of intrinsic action, it is an impossibility to conclude when full compliance will be fulfilled.


IntroductionThere is no power for change greater than a community discovering what it cares about.1
The Health Data Platform (HDP) will democratize British Columbia's (population of approximately 4.6 million) health sector data by creating common enabling infrastructure that supports cross-organization analytics and research used by both decision makers and cademics. HDP will provide streamlined, proportionate processes that provide timelier access to data with increased transparency for the data consumer and provide shared data related services that elevate best practices by enabling consistency across data contributors, while maintaining continued stewardship of their data. HDP will be built in collaboration with Swansea University following an agile pragmatic approach starting with a minimum viable product.
Objectives and ApproachBuild a data sharing environment that harnesses the data and the understanding and expertise about health data across academe, decision makers, and clinicians in the province by:

Enabling a common harmonized approach across the sector on:

Data stewardship
Data access
Data security and privacy
Data management
Data standards

To:

Enhance data consumer data access experience
Increase process consistency and transparency
Reduce burden of liberating data from a data source
Build trust in the data and what it is telling us and therefore the decisions made
Increase data accessibility safely and responsibly

Working within the jurisdiction's existing legislation, the Five Safes Privacy and Security Framework will be implemented, tailored to address the requirements of data contributors.
ResultsThe minimum viable product will provide the necessary enabling infrastructure including governance to enable timelier access, safely to administrative data to a limited set of data consumers. The MVP will be expanded with another release planned for early 2021.
Conclusion / ImplicationsCollaboration with Swansea University has enabled BC to accelerate its journey to increasing timelier access to data, safely and increasing the maturity of analytics by creating the enabling infrastructure that promotes collaboration and sharing of data and data approaches.
1 Margaret Wheatley


John C. Nicolay, who had known Lincoln in Springfield, Illinois, served as chief White House secretary from 1861 to 1865. Trained as a journalist, Nicolay had hoped to write a campaign biography of Lincoln in 1860, a desire that was thwarted when an obscure young writer named William Dean Howells got the job. Years later, however, Nicolay fulfilled his ambition; with John Hay, he spent the years from 1872 to 1890 writing a monumental ten-volume biography of Lincoln.In preparation for this task, Nicolay interviewed men who had known Lincoln both during his years in Springfield and later when he became the president of the United States. "When it came time to write their massive biography, however," Burlingame notes, "he and Hay made sparing use of the interviews" because they had become "skeptical about human memory." Nicolay and Hay also feared that Robert Todd Lincoln might censor material that reflected "poorly on Lincoln or his wife."Nicolay had interviewed such Springfield friends as Lincoln s first two law partners, John Todd Stuart and Stephen T. Logan. At the Illinois capital in June and July 1875, he talked to a number of others including Orville H. Browning, U.S. senator and Lincoln s close friend and adviser for over thirty-five years, and Ozias M. Hatch, Lincoln s political ally and Springfield neighbor. Four years later he returned briefly and spoke with John W. Bunn, a young political "insider" from Springfield at the time Lincoln was elected president, and once again with Hatch.Browning shed new light on Lincoln s courtship and marriage, telling Nicolay that Lincoln often told him "that he was constantly under great apprehension lest his wife should do something which would bring him into disgrace" while in the White House. During their research, Nicolay and Hay also learned of Lincoln s despondency and erratic behavior following his rejection by Matilda Edwards, and they were subsequently criticized by friends for suppressing the information. Burlingame argues that this open discussion of Lincoln s depression of January 1841 is "perhaps the most startling new information in the Springfield interviews."Briefer and more narrowly focused than the Springfield interviews, the Washington interviews deal with the formation of Lincoln s cabinet, his relations with Congress, his behavior during the war, his humor, and his grief. In a reminiscence by Robert Todd Lincoln, for example, we learn of Lincoln s despair at General Lee's escape after the Battle of Gettysburg: "I went into my father s office ... and found him in [much]distress, his head leaning upon the desk in front of him, and when he raised his head there were evidences of tears upon his face. Upon my asking the cause of his distress he told me that he had just received the information that Gen. Lee had succeeded in escaping across the Potomac river. . ."To supplement these interviews, Burlingame has included Nicolay s unpublished essays on Lincoln during the 1860 campaign and on Lincoln s journey from Springfield to Washington in 1861, essay s based on firsthand testimony."


The use of satellite altimeter data for spatial mapping of the wave resource is examined. A new algorithm for estimating wave period from altimeter data is developed and validated, which enables estimates of wave energy converter (WEC) power to be derived. Maps of the long-term mean WEC power from altimeter data are of a higher spatial resolution than is available from global wave model data. They can be used for identifying promising wave energy locations along particular stretches of coastline, before a detailed study using nearshore models is undertaken. The accuracy of estimates of WEC power from wave model data is considered. Without calibration estimates of the mean WEC power from model data can be biased of the order of 10-20%. The calibration of wave model data is complicated by non-linear dependence of model parameters on multiple factors, and seasonal and interannual changes in biases. After calibration the accuracy in the estimate of the historic power production at a site is of the order of 5%, but the changing biases make it difficult to specify the accuracy more precisely. The accuracy of predictions of the future energy yield from a WEC is limited by the accuracy of the historic data and the variability in the resource. The variability in 5, 10 and 20 year mean power levels is studied for an area in the north of Scotland, and shown to be greater than if annual power anomalies were uncorrelated noise. The sensitivity of WEC power production to climate change is also examined, and it is shown that the change in wave climate over the life time of a wave farm is likely to be small in comparison to the natural level of variability. It is shown that despite the uncertainty related to variability in the wave climate, improvements in the accuracy of historic data will improve the accuracy of predictions of future WEC yield. The topic of extreme wave analysis is also considered. A comparison of estimators for the generalised Pareto distribution (GPD) is presented. It is recommended that the Likelihood-Moment estimator should be used in preference to other estimators for the GPD. The use of seasonal models for extremes is also considered. In contrast to assertions made in previous studies, it is demonstrated that non-seasonal models have a lower bias and variance than models which analyse the data in separate seasons.


Geochelone elegans is one of the most heavily traded tortoise species of the world, and confiscated tortoises are frequently released into the wild, without knowledge about their origin. Using for the first time samples from Pakistan and Sri Lanka, we examined phylogeographic differentiation of G. elegans using 2289 bp of mitochondrial DNA. We found weak intraspecific differentiation without a clear geographic pattern. We suggest that natural phylogeographic differentiation may have been already destroyed by massive releases of confiscated non-native tortoises. The presence of two distinct clades on Sri Lanka, however, could also be the result of a natural range expansion of a mainland lineage into the distribution range of a lineage endemic to Sri Lanka during Pleistocene low sea level stands. We propose that a systematic screening of the genetic differentiation of wild G. elegans should be conducted across its entire distribution range to provide a sound basis for the relocation of confiscated tortoises.


Due to the sociocultural changes that society is experiencing, it is necessary to encourage and promote from pre-school education to university, an education focused on the inclusion through the music. Therefore, the main aim of this paper is to highlight the relevance of the music in promoting the inclusion, facilitating the personal and social development of students. Furthermore, we also argue how the music contributes to establish a relationship between the culture and the environment, contextualizing a particular culture and the ethnographic values of each society. This new way of understanding the education, through the inclusion, needs the motivation and interest from teachers, who through a process of analysis and personal and social commitment, can develop a new educational context. This context should base on the participation of all students in the learning process developed in the classroom, assuring the equality of opportunities for all. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new educational practices in order to foster the interaction and the dialogue both in the classroom and in the various learning contexts. Thus, the cooperative learning becomes an excellent tool to develop the social inclusion in learning communities, as well as to generate a more reflexive and critical society. The main conclusion drawn from this paper is that the music can promote the social and school inclusion of the students.


Dyslexic teenagers face special problems - this book will help solve them. Dyslexia, involving problems with reading, writing, spelling, memory, organisation and time management, can affect people of all backgrounds and abilities. But most books on this subject are geared towards young children; advice for teenagers is thin on the ground. Yet dyslexic teenagers face special problems. They need to master complex study skills, deal with large amounts of revision, and cope with the demands of examinations. They may suffer from stress, anxiety and lack of confidence. Dyslexia: A Teenager's Guide helps young adults tackle these problems with strategies uniquely suited to their needs. Clearly and simply written by a leading expert in the field, the book helps with reading, writing, spelling and memory, as well as giving tips on how to take notes, organise study, deal with examinations and use IT. It also shows how to improve confidence, deal with stress, and build on the creative talent that many dyslexics possess.


Cao Zhenglu is a well-known contemporary Chinese realist writer. His stories "Na'er" ("There," about the tragic experience of a union cadre in a state-owned enterprise undergoing "structural reform") and "Nihong" ("Neon," about the life and death of a laid-off woman worker) expose the predicament of Chinese workers in the reform period. His novel Wen cangmang ( Asking the Boundless —an allusion to a line from one of Mao's poems, "I ask, on this boundless land, who rules over man's destiny") has a Taiwanese-owned factory in Shenzhen as the central theater, around which different characters struggle to understand and play their roles in the larger context of "investment." This novel has been celebrated as "the first novel that uses Chinese reality to explain Das Kapital ." His most recent novel, Minzhu ke ( Lessons in Democracy [Taipei: Taiwan shehui yanjiu zazhishe, 2013]), initiates a further reflection on the Cultural Revolution. Cao's novel re-narrates the Cultural Revolution in terms of its historical unfolding—its aims, processes, contradictions, and significance, and links this story with the contemporary problem of China's path today. This article can also be found at the Monthly Review website , where most recent articles are published in full. Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.


All true craftsmen need the best tools to do their finest work, and programmers are no different. Java Power Tools delivers 30 open source tools designed to improve the development practices of Java developers in any size team or organization. Each chapter includes a series of short articles about one particular tool -- whether it's for build systems, version control, or other aspects of the development process -- giving you the equivalent of 30 short reference books in one package. No matter which development method your team chooses, whether it's Agile, RUP, XP, SCRUM, or one of many others available, Java Power Tools provides practical techniques and tools to help you optimize the process. The book discusses key Java development problem areas and best practices, and focuses on open source tools that can help increase productivity in each area of the development cycle, including: Build tools including Ant and Maven 2Version control tools such as CVS and Subversion, the two most prominent open source toolsQuality metrics tools that measure different aspects of code quality, including CheckStyle, PMD, FindBugs and JupiterTechnical documentation tools that can help you generate good technical documentation without spending too much effort writing and maintaining itUnit Testing tools including JUnit 4, TestNG, and the open source coverage tool CoberturaIntegration, Load and Performance Testing to integrate performance tests into unit tests, load-test your application, and automatically test web services, Swing interfaces and web interfacesIssue management tools including Bugzilla and TracContinuous Integration tools such as Continuum, Cruise Control, LuntBuild and Hudson If you are a Java developer, these tools can help improve your development practices, and make your life easier in the process. Lead developers, software architects and people interested in the wider picture will be able to gather from these pages some useful ideas about improving your project infrastructure and best practices.


The breeding behaviour and social dynamics of a free-ranging group of hoary foxes Pseudalopex vetulus were studied in the central cerrado (savannah) region of Brazil. The average adult size was 3.42 kg [95% confidence limits (CL): 2.92–3.91 kg]. The breeding pair occupied overlapping home ranges of 420–456 ha, where they reared a single litter of five offspring (M:F: 3:2) in 12 months. There were no additional adult group members and all offspring dispersed when c. 10 months old, at least three of which (both sexes) established a home range adjacent to the natal territory. The proportion of time invested in rearing offspring by the breeding female declined significantly (33–2%) with increasing offspring age (pre-weaning to offspring independence), in contrast to that of the breeding male, which was relatively constant (17–29%); the male acted as a chaperone to foraging offspring, mostly in the absence of the breeding female. Hoary fox diet comprised predominantly of insects, particularly termites and dung beetles, none of which was sufficiently bulky to make carriage to the cubs energetically efficient.


Oil/water separation is of great importance for the treatment of oily wastewater, including immiscible light/heavy oil-water mixtures, oil-in-water or water-in-oil emulsions. Smart surfaces with responsive wettability have received extensive attention especially for controllable oil/water separation. However, traditional smart membranes with a switchable wettability between superhydrophobicity and superhydrophilicity are limited to certain responsive materials and continuous external stimuli, such as pH, electrical field or light irradiation. Herein, a candle soot coated mesh (CSM) with a larger pore size and a candle soot coated PVDF membrane (CSP) with a smaller pore size with underwater superoleophobicity and underoil superhydrophobicity were successfully fabricated, which can be used for on-demand immiscible oil/water mixtures and surfactants-stabilized oil/water emulsion separation, respectively. Without any continuous external stimulus, the wettability of our membranes could be reversibly switched between underwater superoleophobicity and underoil superhydrophobicity simply by drying and washing alternately, thus achieving effective and switchable oil/water separation with excellent separation efficiency. We believe that such smart materials will be promising candidates for use in the removal of oil pollutants in the future.


Abstract The lichen Xanthoria elegans has been exposed to space conditions and simulated Mars-analogue conditions in the lichen and fungi experiment (LIFE) on the International Space Station (ISS). After several simulations and short space exposure experiments such as BIOPAN, this was the first long-term exposure of eukaryotic organisms to the hostile space conditions of the low Earth orbit (LEO). The biological samples were integrated in the EXPOSE-E facility and exposed for 1.5 years outside the ISS to the combined impact of insolation, ultraviolet (UV)-irradiation, cosmic radiation, temperatures and vacuum conditions of LEO space. Additionally, a subset of X. elegans samples was exposed to simulated Martian environmental conditions by applying Mars-analogue atmosphere and suitable solar radiation filters. After their return to Earth the viability of the lichen samples was ascertained by viability analysis of LIVE/DEAD staining and confocal laser-scanning microscopy, but also by analyses of chlorophyll a fluorescence. According to the LIVE/DEAD staining results, the lichen photobiont showed an average viability rate of 71%, whereas the even more resistant lichen mycobiont showed a rate of 84%. Post-exposure viability rates did not significantly vary among the applied exposure conditions. This remarkable viability is discussed in the context of particular protective mechanisms of lichens such as anhydrobiosis and UV-screening pigments.


There is an increasing importance for the optimal exploitation of conventional hydrocarbon reservoirs to have detailed knowledge of the specific state of stress in a reservoir and to gain clarity on the corresponding geomechanical implications. This knowledge is even becoming mandatory for most unconventional plays. The local stress field directly affects, for instance, wellbore stability, the orientation of hydraulically induced fractures, and – especially in fractured reservoirs – permeability anisotropies. Robust information on the locally prevailing stresses is thus ideally required prior to drilling. Numerical models based on the finite element (FE) method are able to cope with the complexity of real reservoirs. Acting as predictive tools, these models not only provide quantitative information on the stress distribution, but also a process-based understanding of geomechanical reservoir behavior.
This study evaluates the potential of geomechanical FE models for the prediction of local in situ stress distribution and fracture networks in faulted reservoirs. The work of this study was conducted in cooperation with three major operators in the E&P industry and comprises two main parts. In the first methodological part, a generally applicable workflow is developed for building geomechanical FE models and calibrating them to field data. These models focus on spatial variations of in situ stress resulting from faults and contrasts in mechanical rock properties. Special techniques are elaborated regarding the transfer of the reservoir geometry from geological subsurface models to the numerical model and for the most effective application of boundary conditions. Complex fault geometries and the detailed topology of lithostratigraphic horizons can be considered on reservoir scale. In combination with reservoir-specific material parameters the incorporated horizons establish a mechanical stratigraphy inside the model. Faults are implemented as discrete planes by 2D interface elements. This allows fault-specific stresses and corresponding fault behavior to be analyzed. The resulting geomechanical models comprise high spatial resolution and several million elements. They are calculated in time spans of less than 20 hours by using high-performance computing. In addition, submodels resolving a detailed mechanical stratigraphy can be integrated into the reservoir-wide modeling for local focus.
In the second part of the study, the workflow was successfully applied to an intensively faulted gas reservoir in the North German Basin. Comprehensive datasets are provided by the field operators and project partners for building and calibrating a detailed and truly field-scale geomechanical model covering more than 400km². It incorporates a network of 86 faults and a mechanical stratigraphy of three layers comprising reservoir-specific material parameters. For the static modeling approach, the present-day regional stress field is applied as boundary condition. Static modeling results are compared to local stress measurements, e.g. orientations from borehole breakouts and magnitudes from frac data. After iterative calibration, the best-fit model reveals the recent in situ stress distribution and individual fault behavior throughout the reservoir. The results show significant local perturbations of stress magnitudes (max. ±10MPa over 1-2km distance) and only minor deviations in stress orientation from the regional trend (max. ±25°). The strong dependency on the specific fault trace, offset and interactions precludes the derivation of generally valid rules for estimating stress variations and underlines the necessity of numerical modeling. Analysis of fault-specific results indicates that critical stress states occur most likely on NW-SE trending faults in the present-day stress field.
Fracture information is inferred from a (geo-)dynamic model focusing on the major stages in the tectonic history of the reservoir and the respective past in situ stresses. Consequently, paleo-stress fields are applied as boundary condition and material parameters are adjusted. Correlation of fracture orientations and modeled paleo-stresses in the reservoir allows the formation of fracture sets to be assigned to Triassic and Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous times. Increased perturbation intensity in the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous is related to potential reactivation of NW-SE trending faults and explains the variability of the corresponding fracture set. These results elucidate how stress perturbations can explain fracture variability without the need for complex tectonic histories.
Furthermore, the dynamic model sheds light on fault zone permeability. Modeling indicates that if cataclasis is responsible for a reduced fault permeability, then it will most likely occur along E-W and NNE-SSW trending faults due to the high slip tendency values they experienced in the tectonic past. Modeling results show no such increased geomechanical exposure for NW-SE oriented faults. However, high dilation tendencies support the possibility of activity of these faults in Late Jurassic times – as proposed by fracture correlation. Low permeability of NW-SE trending faults is thus most likely the result of fluid entry and illitization, which is also observed at a wellbore close to such a fault set.
The combination of static and dynamic modeling results suggests no significant impact of critically stressed natural fractures on the recent hydraulic behavior of the entire reservoir. Additionally tests of fault block refinements and submodels demonstrate their capability to provide further increased spatial resolution in areas of particular interest. The submodel generated for the northwestern part of the case study underlines the impact of the specific connections of the fault network on the modeling results.
The outcome of this study confirms the high potential of geomechanical FE models to reveal the specific in situ stress and fault behavior, and to infer fracture characteristics from paleo-stresses. Beside the case study specific insights, the successfully applied and approved workflow can be used for future modeling of stress-sensitive reservoirs. Furthermore, the geomechanical models are not limited in application to the hydrocarbon industry. As general tools for stress prediction in undrilled rock formations, they can also be applied to deep geothermal reservoirs and underground engineering, for instance. The possibility of characterizing fault behavior makes the models additionally valuable in the fields of carbon capture and storage (CCS) and nuclear waste disposal.


In this paper, we report an effective graph-theoretic method for generating Japanese and English bilingual keyword clusters using the keyword lists assigned to academic papers by the authors where each of the generated clusters contains keywords with similar meanings from both languages. The advantages of the method are that (i) various domain-dependent keyword pairs useful for IR can be automatically extracted and clustered, (ii) the computation cost is reasonable, and (iii) low-frequency keywords can be properly treated and maintained for later use in IR applications. We apply the method to a set of Japanese and English keywords extracted from academic conference papers in computer science, and show that our method gives a very promising result.


Background: Advanced heart failure, a disease typically resultant to insufficient myocardial contractility, is characterized by reduced cardiac output. Reduced systemic perfusion in patients with advanced heart failure causes end-organ ischemia and dysfunction and ultimately results in loss of functional status. The use of left ventricular assist devices (LVADs), implantable pumps used to supplement cardiac output, has become an increasingly common and effective treatment for advanced heart failure. Although modern continuous flow LVADs improve quality of life and survival over medical management of heart failure, device malfunction remains a common concern. Specifically, thrombus formation within the device, a complication occurring in 8-12% of LVAD patients, is life threatening and often requires prompt surgical intervention. Current imaging modalities cannot penetrate the echo- and radio opaque titanium LVAD housing for clinical detection of LVAD thrombosis. Consequently, indirect markers of hemolysis and heart failure must be used for evaluation of potential LVAD thrombosis. Improved non-invasive methods for assessment of LVAD function are needed to detect device complications.
Methods: Sound produced by LVAD operation was recorded with a hand held microphone and uploaded to a personal computer for analysis. Device operation was studied in 70 patients with both axial flow and centrifugal flow LVADs in the operative, inpatient, and outpatient settings. In the laboratory, an axial flow LVAD was implanted in EcoFlex gel and incorporated into a mock-circulatory flow loop. Sound generation under varied pressure, viscosity, and impeller speed rates was studied. Spectral analysis, including peak localization, was used to evaluate samples and to compare acoustic samples.
Results: Peak frequency values measured in vivo were found to correlate strongly with both predicted values and in vitro measurements (r>0.999). Plots of the area under the acoustic spectrum curve, obtained by integrating over 50 Hz increments, showed strong correlations between in vivo and in vitro measurements (r>0.966). Device acoustics were related to design. Impeller design and the presence of fixed stators in the blood flow field appeared to generate design-specific acoustic signatures. These acoustic signatures were unique to each of 3 different LVAD manufacturers. The presence of simulated thrombus in laboratory experiments caused reductions in spectral amplitude with preservation of curve morphology. This same trend occurred when spectral tracings were compared for single patients with thrombus who had undergone surgical exchange of their LVAD.
Conclusions: This methodology is sensitive to acoustics generated during LVAD operation in the laboratory and clinical environments. Pump acoustics are dependent upon device design and operation parameters. Our results suggest that pump patency may be assessed using serial measurements of a patient's LVAD acoustics.


This article discusses how Russian and Russian-speaking (Ruszabon) inhabitants of Dushanbe, the capital city of Tajikistan, shape and maintain their securityscapes through languages, identities, memories, networks and physical structures of the urban space. Securityscapes are physically built and mentally imagined spaces securing individual or collective life from what people perceive as existential dangers. These dangers reflect both objective and imagined conditions threatening individual and collective extinction. Depending on different existential contexts, securityscapes serve either as distinct or as merged and intertwined spatial categories of individuals and collectives. When the Ruszabon face violence in public due to their ethnic and religious origins, they hide their identities or adapt their lifestyle to the hegemonic demands of the Muslim society. Social networks and the physical structures of urban neighbourhoods shape inner securityscapes, as reflected in the physical isolation of individuals and segregation of families, family friends and religious communities from the public. In particular, the memories of the interethnic clashes in the 1990s in Dushanbe, which are substantially influenced by political interpretations, condition and diminish the everyday practices and future expectations of the Ruszabon.


The assessment of income inequality can be investigated looking at the solution concepts of the cooperative game theory. We propose a multi-factorial decomposition of the Atkinson index by income sources and evaluate it as a cooperative game of the social cost of inequality. This framework extends the distributive and efficient properties of the uniform rule (Sprumont [35]) in a setup with heterogeneous income sources and single-peaked preferences. We provide an axiomatic foundation of this preference-based allocation rule, called weakly uniform rule, with a further comparison with the solution concept of nucleolus. Sufficient conditions for their coincidence are therefore defined. Finally we characterize a welfare loss game expressed as the difference between the sum of inequalities generated by each source and the cost of the entire distribution. We show that income factors' contributions may increase or decrease the income inequality in the society ensuring different perspectives in terms of public policies.


As part of an ongoing comprehensive inventory of the Galapagos lichen flora, all species in the Graphidaceae from the archipelago have been revised using both historic and recent collections. A total of forty-two species is reported here, of which thirty-four were previously unknown from the archipelago and two are described as new to science: Graphis pedunculata, and Phaeographis striata. The new combinations Carbacanthographis saxiseda, Carbacanthographis saxorum and Phaeographis major are made. Four previously reported species are based on misidentifications and thus removed from the checklist. Detailed descriptions are presented that include diagnostic characteristics to distinguish similar species. An identification key to all Galapagos Graphidaceae is provided and a preliminary assessment discusses known distribution and ecology for each of the species. Principal components analysis was used to assess ecology for thirty-nine species.


Over the last years, weather services have developed a new generation of high resolution mesoscale numerical weather prediction (NWP) models with the aim to explicitly predict convection. New methods are required to validate the representation of precipitation processes in these NWP models against observations. Polarimetric radar systems are especially suited for model validation as they provide information on the intensity and the microphysical characteristics of a precipitation event at a high temporal and spatial resolution. However, the observations can not be directly employed for model evaluation as polarimetric radar systems do not explicitly measure the parameters represented in microphysical parameterization schemes.
In order to establish a relationship and allow for a direct comparison between the model parameters and the observations, the polarimetric radar forward operator SynPolRad (Synthetic Polarimetric Radar) has been developed. SynPolRad simulates synthetic polarimetric radar quantities out of model forecasts which permits an evaluation in terms of observed quantities. In a first step, the synthetic reflectivity, LDR, and ZDR are computed from predicted bulk water quantities and in a second step, the beam propagation in the model domain is simulated under consideration of refractivity and attenuation effects. In order to successfully employ SynPolRad for model evaluation purposes, the link between the forward operator and the mesoscale model has to conform as closely as possible to the model assumptions. However, in the case of a polarimetric radar forward operator not all the input parameters are defined by the model. Within this work, these free parameters are derived on theoretical terms accordingly to the model assumptions such that the polarimetric quantities match the thresholds of a hydrometeor classification scheme. Furthermore, special care is given to the representation of brightband signatures.
The application of SynPolRad on two case studies proves the potential of the new method. A stratiform and a convective case study are chosen to assess the ability of mesoscale models to represent precipitation in different dynamical regimes. LMK (Lokal-Modell-Kurzestfrist) and MesoNH (Mesoscale Non-Hydrostatic Model) simulations considering different microphysical parameterization schemes are evaluated. The evaluation concentrates on the representation of life cycle, intensity, and the spatial distribution of synthetic reflectivity, LDR, and ZDR. Furthermore, hydrometeor types derived from the observed and synthetic polarimetric quantities employing a classification scheme are compared. Large discrepancies are found between the model simulations and the observations. However, the consideration of an additional ice hydrometeor category in the 3 component scheme significantly improves the performance of the LMK.


COP 21 has generated renewed interest in eco-feminism in France. This movement, which began in the 1980s in the Anglo-Saxon countries and in the South (India, Africa and Latin America), was initiated by many women who have linked the exploitation of natural resources to exploitation, They suffered as women. This awareness has given rise to actions and texts "ecofeminists".
This anthology proposed by the philosopher Emilie Hache, allows to discover new texts of the main figures of this movement: Vandana Shiva, Starhawk and many others ...


The extensive use of magnesium and its alloys in aircraft has been seriously handicapped by the uncertainties surrounding their resistance to corrosion. This problem has been given intense study by the American Magnesium Corporation and at the request of the Subcommittee on Materials for Aircraft of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics this report was prepared on the corrosion of magnesium. The tentative conclusions drawn from the experimental facts of this investigation are as follows: the overvoltage of pure magnesium is quite high. On immersion in salt water the metal corrodes with the liberation of hydrogen until the film of corrosion product lowers the potential to a critical value. When the potential reaches this value it no longer exceeds the theoretical hydrogen potential plus the overvoltage of the metal. Rapid corrosion consequently ceases. When aluminum is added, especially when in large amounts, the overvoltage is decreased and hydrogen plates out at a much lower potential than with pure magnesium. The addition of small amount of manganese raises the overvoltage back to practically that of pure metal, and the film is again negative.


Recently, research efforts have been focused on developing near-infrared perturbable nanoparticles to sensitize photostimulable molecules for the production of reactive oxygen species. Research in this direction is looking to broaden the use of photodynamic therapy, an indispensable clinical tool for cancer therapeutics, which relies on the photoexcitation of a suitable photosensitizer, to convert light into reactive oxygen species that are toxic to cells. To date most commercially available photosensitizers are excited with high energy light (UV or visible) presenting disadvantages that limit the clinical use of this technique to cancers that are on or near the surface of the skin. Here, we develop a hybrid platform capable of near-infrared triggered generation of reactive oxygen species. This hybrid nanostructure is based on LiYF4:Tm3+,Yb3+ nanoparticles, which are capable of producing strong UV emissions, following excitation at 980 nm, through a multiphoton process known as upconversion. When appropriately surface functionalized with an organoiridium complex, excitation at 980 nm produces a strong UV emission, which is absorbed by the organoiridium molecules on the surface, in turn generating reactive oxygen species. Moreover, the effect of the organoiridium concentration on the surface of the upconverting nanoparticles as well as the nature of the sensitization process is discussed.


A community needs to be partitioned into disjoint groups; each community member has an underlying preference over the groups that they would want to be a member of. We are interested in finding a stable community structure: one where no subset of members S wants to deviate from the current structure. We model this setting as a hedonic game, where players are connected by an underlying interaction network, and can only consider joining groups that are connected subgraphs of the underlying graph. We analyze the relation between network structure, and one's capability to infer statistically stable (also known as PAC stable) player partitions from data. We show that when the interaction network is a forest, one can efficiently infer PAC stable coalition structures. Furthermore, when the underlying interaction graph is not a forest, efficient PAC stabilizability is no longer achievable. Thus, our results completely characterize when one can leverage the underlying graph structure in order to compute PAC stable outcomes for hedonic games. Finally, given an unknown underlying interaction network, we show that it is NP-hard to decide whether there exists a forest consistent with data samples from the network.


The statistical analysis of compositional data is commonly used in geological studies.
As is well-known, compositions should be treated using logratios of parts, which are
difficult to use correctly in standard statistical packages. In this paper we describe the
new features of our freeware package, named CoDaPack, which implements most of the
basic statistical methods suitable for compositional data. An example using real data is
presented to illustrate the use of the package


Abstract: This paper evaluates the distribution of males and females of British, French and "other" ethnic origins among sociology and anthropology professors from 1971 to 1996. The results suggest that there has been a steady increase in the proportion of females compared to males, however, most of the increase has been experienced by women of British and French origins. The British and French females increased their representation both in terms of first time employment into the rank of assistant professor and with respect to promotion to higher ranks. In contrast, females of "other" ethnic origins were less likely to move into the university setting, but, once there, they were more likely to move up into higher ranks. In general, the study suggests that we should not view the category of "woman" as monolithic: British women are more privileged than French and "non-charter" women and men in the academy. Resume: Cet article evalue la distribution des hommes et des femmes d'origine ethnique britannique francaise et celles qui appartiennent a "d'autres ethnies" parmi les professeurs de sociologie et d'anthropologic de 1971 a 1996. Les resultats suggerent qu'ily a eu une augmentation constante dans la proportion des femmes comparees aux hommes mais la plus grande augmentation a eu lieu parmi les femmes d'origine britannique et francaise. Les femmes britanniques et francaises ont augmente leur participation a la fois en termes d'un premier emploi an rang de professeur adjoint et dans le cas de promotions aux rangs superieurs. Par contre, il est moins probable que des femmes d'origine ethnique "autre" trouvent des postes universitaires mais, une fois qu'elles les obtiennent, il est plus probable qu'elles passent a un rang superieur plus rapidement. En general, notre etude indique que nous ne devrions pas interpreter la categorie de "femme" comme etant monolithique: en ce qui concerne les carrieres universitaires l es femmes britanniques sont plus privilegiees que les femmes francaises et que les femmes et les hommes designes comme des "non-membres de la Charte." There is a large body of research on the development of sociology and anthropology in Canada. Some of this research deals only with sociology and anthropology in English-Canada and/or French-Canada. Other research compares the two charter groups. None of this research focuses on the non-charter ethnic groups and/or on their representation in sociology and anthropology. In fact, the most recent attempt to chart and reflect on the history of the discipline totally ignores non-charter ethnic groups. The Fragile Truth: Twenty-five Years of Sociology and Anthropology in Canada (Carroll et al., 1992), might as well have been called Twenty-Five Years of Sociology and Anthropology in English Canada. With the exception of Guy Rocher's article, there was little mention of the non-Anglo groups. Fragile Truth completely ignored the struggle of the third ethnic force in Canada and/or in the discipline. Furthermore, despite the fact that 45 percent of the book is allocated to women's issues (Adair, 1993:15), there is no me ntion of ethnic minority women in sociology and anthropology. The impression one gets from this book is that "other" ethnic groups were/are not a (major) force in this country or were/are non-existent in sociology and anthropology. For example, Margrit Eichler, using first names, showed that, by 1991, 23 percent of all Presidents, 42.3 percent of those who had held the position of secretary/treasurer and 22.4 percent of various editorial positions had been held by females. In addition, 21.1 percent of authors in the CRSA and 19.1 percent in other publications were females (pp. 74-78). Her general message is that the Association has been good to women. Her study does not show whether or not ethno-racial minority women (or men) were equally represented in the Association. More broadly, Irvine evaluates representation of female full-time teachers in Canadian universities for 1990-1991 and compares it with an estimated pool of applicants with PhDs. …


Description Quercetin is widely distributed in the plant kingdom and is the most abundant of the flavonoid molecules. It is found in many often-consumed foods, including apple, onion, tea, berries, and brassica vegetables, as well as many seeds, nuts, flowers, barks, and leaves. It is also found in medicinal botanicals, including Ginkgo biloba, Hypericum perforatum (St. John's Wort), Sambucus canadensis (Elder), and many others. It is often a major component of the medicinal activity of the plant, and has been shown in experimental studies to have numerous effects on the body.


Stabilization of arsenic by precipitation of large crystalline scorodite (FeAsO4·2H2O) particles is considered to be a promising option for treating As(V) contained in industrial by-products. In this study, scorodite synthesis by direct addition of hematite particles as a Fe(III) source to Fe(II) solution containing As(V) was investigated with different initial Fe(II) concentrations. During scorodite formation, the Fe(II) concentration and pH of the reaction solution are almost constant, and the residual arsenic concentration in the solution is low. The initial Fe(II) concentration strongly affects scorodite formation, and larger faceted crystalline scorodite particles are obtained with higher initial Fe(II) concentration. The observed scorodite particle size is larger than that formed by the conventional DMSP method. Coarse faceted scorodite can also be obtained by direct addition of hematite powder to FeSO4 solution with As(V). From the results of environmental leaching tests, O2 gas blowing for a short time to convert the remaining unstable gel-like precursor to crystalline scorodite is very effective to prevent arsenic leaching. Furthermore, for the gel-like precursor formed in the initial stage of the scorodite synthesis process, chemical state analysis by X-ray absorption spectroscopy in the range of the X-ray absorption near-edge structure at the Fe K absorption edge for iron reveals that the precursor contains Fe(II) as well as Fe(III). This indicates that scorodite does not directly form from Fe(III) ions from hematite and arsenate ions from solution, but a gel-like precursor initially forms from Fe(II) ions in solution and is then converted to crystalline scorodite. [doi:10.2320/matertrans.M-M2018809]


Abstract. A test procedure is proposed for identifying numerically significant solution changes in evolution equations used in atmospheric models. The test issues a fail signal when any code modifications or computing environment changes lead to solution differences that exceed the known time step sensitivity of the reference model. Initial evidence is provided using the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) version 5.3 that the proposed procedure can be used to distinguish rounding-level solution changes from impacts of compiler optimization or parameter perturbation, which are known to cause substantial differences in the simulated climate. The test is not exhaustive since it does not detect issues associated with diagnostic calculations that do not feedback to the model state variables. Nevertheless, it provides a practical and objective way to assess the significance of solution changes. The short simulation length implies low computational cost. The independence between ensemble members allows for parallel execution of all simulations, thus facilitating fast turnaround. The new method is simple to implement since it does not require any code modifications. We expect that the same methodology can be used for any geophysical model to which the concept of time step  convergence is applicable.


At the end of 2012, a new international association of literary scholarship was founded in China on the initiative of Chinese scholars, especially Professor Nie Zhenzhao of Wuhan Normal University, editor of the journal Forum for World Literature Studies . The main aim of the new International Association of Ethical Literary Criticism was to initiate a new trend of international literary scholarship that would form a certain counterweight to Western literary studies, which at least since the last quarter of the 20th century have indeed oscillated between two extremes: on the one hand, linguistic-formalistic research (including narratology, cognitivistics, language philosophy applied to literature, etc.) and, on the other hand, sociological approaches (discourses on power relations, postcolonial scholarship, gender studies, etc.). As Nie Zhenzhao puts it in his pivotal speech (largely coinciding with Nie 2010), there was very little hope that big or small "peripheries", if they continued to follow the main fashionable trends proceeding from Western "centers", could ever contribute to universal literary scholarship or world literature studies with their own, original points of view, reflecting realities beyond "centric" Western literary currents and criticism and their faithful imitations in the "periphery". The following is a reflexion about the possible origin of western ethical literary criticism (in the following abbreviated as ELC) in Dante Alighieri's philo sophical treatise Convivio . My main claim is that the formation of a theory / philosophy of ethical literary theory ran in parallel with ethical practice in the first great European literary masterpieces of the budding new era – Dante's own monumental Commedia and the following creation of the early Italian Renaissance writers. On the other hand, I will try to show that ethics in literature in the Western tradition has been from its very beginnings till our days essentially conditioned by the presence in literary works of an aesthetic dimension, sensual beauty and arts.


The results of the foregoing experiments may be briefly summarized as follows: The amount of antitoxic substance obtained by precipitation with magnesium sulphate from the blood-serum of the horse corresponds, as nearly as can be determined by the use of test guinea-pigs, in full to the protective power of the serum from which it is obtained, i. e. the precipitate from 1 cc. of serum will protect against the same amount of toxin as 1 cc. of the serum itself. Equal amounts of the precipitates by magnesium sulphate from immunized and non-immunized horses act differently toward toxin; i. e. the proportion of protective substance to the precipitate from non-immunized serum is exceedingly small as compared with the proportion of antitoxin to the precipitate from sera of immunized horses. The average precipitate from the sera of immunized horses, as obtained by magnesium sulphate, is more abundant than the average precipitate from sera of non-immunized horses. In the case of the same animal before and after immunization, the serum before immunization gives a less abundant precipitate with magnesium sulphate than the serum tested after immunization. The proportion of increase per unit of antitoxic strength for the same or different horses is not constant. This may be due to an increase of inactive substances (in their relation to diphtheric toxin) or to imperfect methods of determination. The precipitates obtained by magnesium sulphate give all the reactions recognized as characteristic of globulins, and as distinguishing them from other albuminous bodies. We are not warranted, then, in the present state of our knowledge, in considering any part of these precipitates as other than globulin. But it does seem warrantable to conclude, from the fact that the globulins of normal serum do not protect, or only in comparatively large amounts, against diphtheric toxin, that new globulins are formed, or rather greatly increased in the serum of immunized horses, and that these globulins protect against the toxin. These increased globulins and the inert globulins (which from obvious causes are a very variable factor) are both precipitated by magnesium sulphate. Every animal has a physiological and pathological history more or less widely diverging from the normal, hence absolute conformity in the results obtained is not to be expected, at least with our present methods of differentiation.


Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) has become a popular dietary supplement used for a variety of purposes, including its most common use as an anti-inflammatory agent. It has been well-investigated in animal models, as well as in human clinical trials and experiments. A variety of health-specific outcome measures are improved with MSM supplementation, including inflammation, joint/muscle pain, oxidative stress, and antioxidant capacity. Initial evidence is available regarding the dose of MSM needed to provide benefit, although additional work is underway to determine the precise dose and time course of treatment needed to provide optimal benefits. As a Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) approved substance, MSM is well-tolerated by most individuals at dosages of up to four grams daily, with few known and mild side effects. This review provides an overview of MSM, with details regarding its common uses and applications as a dietary supplement, as well as its safety for consumption.


Statistical education now takes place in a new social context. It is influenced by a movement to reform the teaching of the mathematical sciences in general. At the same time, the changing nature of our discipline demands revised content for introductory instruction, and technology strongly influences both what we teach and how we teach. The case for substantial change in statistics instruction is built on strong synergies between content, pedagogy, and technology. Statisticians who teach beginners should become more familiar with research on teaching and learning and with changes in educational technology. The spirit of contemporary introductions to statistics should be very different from the traditional emphasis on lectures and on probability and inference.


Throughout history, some books have changed the world. They have transformed the way we see ourselves and each other. They have inspired debate, dissent, war and revolution. They have enlightened, outraged, provoked and comforted. They have enriched lives and destroyed them. Now Penguin brings you the works of the great thinkers, pioneers, radicals and visionaries whose ideas shook civilization, and helped make us who we are. One of the greatest explorations of sin, epiphany and redemption ever written, the "Confessions of Saint Augustine" continue to shape our ideas with their passionate declaration of the life-changing power of faith.