In her 2006 novel, Dreams of Speaking, Australian writer Gail Jones introduces a character, Alice Black, who is planning a book on "the unremarked beauty of modern things, of telephones, aeroplanes, computer screens and electric lights, of television, cars and underground transportation" (18), even as another character reminds her that "the difficulty with celebrating modernity ... is that we live with so many persistently unmodern things. Dreams, love, babies. Illness. Memory. Death" (21). How we negotiate between and across what Alice thinks of as the modes of yesterday and today is the persistent task of the humanities. How we accomplish that task is being revolutionized by the new tools available to us for developing stronger, transnational research communities and for sharing our work in progress across previously closed borders. But as some borders become more porous, others are erected. Our task, as always, is to remain both open and vigilant as we explore the research potential afforded by new social media. Dreams of Speaking is a novel in which words provide an anchor (132) in a continuously "buzzing world" (61, 65), where books provide an ordered refuge from the "galaxies of information" available in an internet cafe (136). Her friend wonders how she could both love technology yet "hate the internet" (138). What is it about the Web, and social media in particular, that makes some humanists cautious about embracing its potential for advancing our research, learning, and teaching? Where is caution justified, and where are opportunities we are missing for advancing our work and extending its reach? The chief worry, I think, is that social media were created neither to facilitate research nor to advance the work of genuine knowledge creation. We make them work for us, at least for now, but they will only serve our needs imperfectly until we get more involved in designing systems better suited to our work. Google and Amazon are not usually seen as "social media," but to the extent that they track preferences and compile customer profiles, I argue that they should be seen as such. Social media are designed to deliver consumers to the businesses that seek their custom. They can be used against the grain, but we need to remember how they work and why. A 2010 ciber Report on "Social Media and Research Workflow" lists fourteen key findings that provide a useful picture of the current state of affairs. Number 8 is important for members of accute in this regard: "The most popular tools used in a professional research context tend to be mainstream anchor technologies or 'household brands,' like Skype, Google Docs, Twitter and YouTube. Researchers seem to be largely appropriating generic tools rather than using specialist or custom-built solutions and both publishers and librarians need to adapt to this reality." They conclude by asking, "Is this a sign, perhaps, that there may be a gap in the market for simple bespoke tools?" (2). Those of you working more centrally in the digital humanities may be best placed to consider this question and meet this challenge, but we all need to think about it more carefully. Susan Brown makes this case well in her chapter in Daniel Coleman and Smaro Kamboureli's 2011 book, Retooling the Humanities. She argues, "What we need is to distinguish our particular user communities and test the tenets of usability studies to figure out how to design systems that will really work for and with us" (223). If your user community values its local perspectives on the world and if it is also transnational, interdisciplinary, multilingual, and intergenerational, then such interactions can create tremendous energy and new ways of thinking about problems old and new. The unesco Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity represents one response to the evolving global information infrastructure. Siva Vaidyanathan, in The Googlization of Everything (And Why We Should Worry), picks up on issues first noted by Jean-Noel Jeanneney (2005; 2007). …


IMPORTANCE
Rates of occupational therapy service utilization among people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or intellectual disability (ID) have not been explored in population-based samples.

OBJECTIVE
To describe occupational therapy services delivered to Medicaid-eligible persons younger than age 65 yr identified as having ASD, ID, or both and to evaluate demographic factors associated with occupational therapy service utilization in this population.

DESIGN
Retrospective, case-control, cohort study using claims records from Medicaid Analytic eXtract files (2009-2012).

SETTING
Data from all 50 states and Washington, DC.

PARTICIPANTS
Beneficiaries identified as having ASD only, ASD+ID, or ID only who were younger than age 18 yr (N = 664,214) and ages 18-64 yr (N = 702,338). Outcomes and Measures: We analyzed Current Procedural Terminology® and Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System procedure codes, Medicaid Statistical Information System type of service codes, and Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services provider specialty codes.

RESULTS
Only 3.7% to 6.3% of eligible adult beneficiaries received occupational therapy; in contrast, 20.5% to 24.2% of children received occupational therapy. Significant predictors of service use varied by group; however, differences by race-ethnicity, eligibility on the basis of poverty, and geographic location were observed. Among children, the most frequent billing code was for "therapeutic activities" (43%-60%); among adults, it was "community/work reintegration training" (29%-39%).

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
Billed procedure code patterns do not consistently reflect the unique occupational focus that occupational therapy providers deliver to people with developmental disabilities. Disparities in occupational therapy receipt warrant further attention to understand the social and structural factors affecting service delivery. What This Article Adds: Occupational therapy services paid for by Medicaid are used more frequently by children with ASD and ID than by adults with these diagnoses. Greater understanding of the intersectional factors that drive service delivery and disparities is needed.


Abstract
It is clear to most observers that China is taking an increasing role in world trade not only through political interventions but as a result of its strategy regarding acquisitions. There have been a significant number of these recently, some of which like the Rover take over in the UK and more recently Geely taking over Volvo, have been high profile. This paper provides a brief overview of these developments. It is then argued that an important issue facing the Chinese companies involved in these take overs is one of brand equity and country of origin effects. This issue is of equal importance to China's global competitors as well. A review of the literature shows that consumer perception constructs, such as perceived quality, have been well researched through numerous country-of-origin papers. A key issue to explore here however, is the extent to which the new nationality of brand ownership will have an impact on consumer perception constructs of brand equity. This paper discusses these two areas and examines their relationship in conceptual terms. A research agenda is then suggested, which forms the basis of a proposed interpretative project aimed at establishing the views of consumers regarding the phenomenon of well known brands being taken over by a new country of origin - evidence from the car industry draws on the progress being made in this area. The research aims to examine the implications for consumer based valuations of brand equity and the types of new strategic thinking this could engender. It is argued that the Chinese brand lacks the main components for global success in several areas though in time these factors will be addressed. .In the short term more focus will be made on supplying the local Chinese market though experienced gained from increased exports of components and collaboration in research from abroad as shown in the examples of the car industry will help strengthen the reputation of Chinese products in the longer term as well as helping to establish more Chinese global brands.


BACKGROUND
New and more consistent biomarkers of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are needed to improve early detection of disease and to monitor successful patient management.

OBJECTIVE
To determine if a new proteomic technology can correctly identify protein expression profiles for cancer in patient serum samples as well as detect the presence of a known tumor marker.

DESIGN
Direct proteomic analysis and comparison.

METHODS
The surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF) ProteinChip system was used to screen for differentially expressed proteins in serum samples from 99 patients with HNSCC, 25 "healthy" smokers, and 102 healthy (normal) controls. Protein peak clustering and classification analyses of the SELDI spectral data were performed.

RESULTS
Several proteins, with masses ranging from 2778 to 20,800 Da, were differentially expressed between patients with HNSCC and the normal controls. The serum protein expression profiles were used to develop a classification tree algorithm, which achieved a sensitivity of 83.3% and a specificity of 90% in discriminating HNSCC from normal and healthy smoker controls. The positive and negative predictive values were 80% and 92%, respectively. A peak with an average mass of 10,068 Da was detected in sera from HNSCC patients and identified as the known biomarker metallopanstimulin-1 (MPS-1), based on mass. Peak relative intensity of the 10,068-Da protein correlated consistently with MPS-1 levels detected by radioimmunoassay in serum samples of HNSCC patients and controls. The 10,068-Da peak was provisionally identified as MPS-1 by SELDI immunoassay.

CONCLUSION
We propose that this technique may allow for the development of a reliable screening test for the early detection and diagnosis of HNSCC, as well as the potential identification of tumor biomarkers.


Integer values used to represent apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) flower bud growth stages in a phenological scale were adjusted by a simple technique based on cumulative counts of bud observations. Adjusted stage values on a new continuous scale were calculated so that differences between consecutive values were proportional to the frequency with which buds were observed in each growth stage class during the entire assessment period. This meant that adjusted scale values were linearly related to bud development rate at 20 °C. The method was applied to a scale describing flower development from budbreak to petal fall for three cultivars of apricot growing under orchard conditions.


Hospital Information System (HIS) has an important role in clinical and administrative services to achieve quality services. However, monitoring and evaluation are necessary to find out how the benefits of HIS in the hospital work unit.This study aimed to evaluate the Hospital Information System using the HOT-Fit method in a hospital in Central Sulawesi Province.This type of research was descriptive quantitative. The sample in this study were all officers who used HIS in Undata Hospital, Central Sulawesi Province, amounting to 171 people. Sampling using a total sampling method. The data was collected using a questionnaire with a Guttman scale. The evaluation data obtained were analyzed statistically by showing the frequency distribution of each variable.The perceptions of HIS officers were as follows: respondents who had good perceptions based on human factors were 64.9%, respondents who had good perceptions based on organizational factors were 88.3%, and respondents who had good perceptions based on technological factors were 86.0%. The human, organizational, and technological factors in the SIRS of Undata Hospital, Central Sulawesi Province, were already good but there were still shortcomings for old users, and the SIRS application suddenly got errors.


The present study was conducted in El- Nour Natural Forest Reserve to assess the effects of lightning, winds, illicit cutting and overgrazing as unfavorable factors affecting the natural regeneration in addition to tree species diversity in El-Nour Natural Forest Reserve. For data collection and depending on species and soil types more than 200 samples (205) were taken covering the whole forest area. In each sample plot, diameters at breast height over bark (dbh) were measured for all mature trees by using tree caliper and diameter tape for large trees (more than 95cm), and total tree height (h) for the largest four trees by using Suunto Clinometer. Damages by man, wind, lightening, domestic animals, insects and diseases were also monitored, counted and recorded in each sample plot. The collected data were analyzed using Computer Packages SPSS 16, past program and Microsoft Excel of Office 2013. Average of diameter at breast height (dbh), height (h), basal area (b) and volume (V) were calculated as well as relative frequency (RF), relative abundance (RA) and relative dominance (RD) for each species. Scattered plots and trend graphs were fitted to examine the effect of different selected agents on the natural regeneration and distribution of tree species in this forest. The occurrence of species within a sampled area shown a considerable variation where relative frequency change in descending order for the following species, Acacia seyal var seyal, Combretum hartmannianum, Terminalia laxiflora, Terminalia brownii, Sterculia setigera, Anogeissus leiocarpus, Sterculia africana and Acacia seyal var fistula respectively. Man represents the most damaging agent for most trees particularly those used for charcoal production as it represent a source of income generation. Lightening and winds damaged mainly Combretum hartmannianum, Anogeissus leiocarpus, Sterculia africana and Sterculia setigera as tallest trees in the forest. The severity of damages caused by animal and insects were less than that of former agent, however, it alter the new regeneration in the forest floor. One of the important new finding of the study was the crown damage (new shoot removal) of Sterculia setigera and Sterculia africana as fodder for domestic animals. This new deviation may referred to the obvious increase in domestic animals around the forest as well as, the considerable numbers of nomads that passing through the forest and sometime camping inside the forest for many days and damaged it stock. The study recommends that, intensive awareness program for local people around the forest is necessary to reduce this increasable pressure on the forest, as well the participation of local people in forest activities. Also some damaged compartments in the forest should be fenced against domestic animals to facilitate the natural regeneration. Key wards: Natural distribution, natural regeneration, and illegal felling.


Diabetes UK's revised nutrition guidelines for the prevention and management of diabetes, published recently, encourage education in self-management and include additional guidance for older people with diabetes. The incidence of diabetes in older people is increasing. Many older people with diabetes are healthy and mobile, and live in the community, but a number are frail and living in care homes. Those who are frail are at increased risk of malnutrition from a range of causes. Older people with diabetes should be assessed for malnutrition risk and referred to a dietitian if required. Management of these patients focuses on foods that are high in protein and energy foods. A case study gives an example of how a community nurse may be involved.


Progeny of Crassostrea virginica oysters, introduced into France in 1992, were reared at 3 different locations. A survey was taken of these young C. virginica oysters during 1993. Histological and electron microscopical examination revealed a parasite interpreted as a Marteilia-like protozoan in 1 oyster. The structure and the initial stages of the developmental cycle of this parasite are described for the first time in American oysters. However, no mature spores were detected. Thus, exact identification of the protozoan is difficult. This study indicates that American oysters could be infected with Marteilia spp. during cohabitation with Marteilia-infected native bivalves in France.


The high latitude ionosphere is a dynamic region that is subject to a variety of disturbed conditions affecting oblique propagation of HF radio signals. Multipath and off great circle propagation resulting from rough ionospheric reflecting surfaces introduce time dispersion, while movements in the ionosphere impose Doppler dispersion. These effects, when combined, result in very complex signal characteristics, which cause degradation to the performance of communication systems if the delay or Doppler dispersion exceeds system dependent bounds. Results are presented based around measurements of signals, produced by the Doppler And Multipath SOunding Network, recorded using a six channel spaced array receiving system, during a 10 day campaign at Kiruna in March 1998. In addition to delay and Doppler processing, the directions of arrival (DOA) of the signal components were estimated using a super resolution direction finding algorithm. Most signals were narrow in delay and Doppler, however a significant statistical spread in their DOA was observed. Statistics on the occurrence and characteristics of the remaining signals revealed that trends in DOA are often associated with complex delay and Doppler propagation. A number of cases had Doppler spread exceeding a specified Doppler boundary of operation, while none exceeded the delay spread boundary. Case studies revealed detailed propagation effects. Of particular interest is the often observed East —> West trend in DOA with Doppler offset. This is attributed to scattering from irregularities embedded in turbulent bulk convection flows. E-region modes with good spectral and geographic distribution of signal energy are often observed in otherwise complex cases. Spatial filtering, using two or three element arrays was investigated and found to be effective at reducing large Doppler spreads to lower values more amenable to high data rate communication systems. Fast solver spatial filtering methods were found to be very robust, effective and a lot quicker.


Economists have long argued that government intervention makes most sense in situations that involve externalities. Externalities are costs or benefits that spill over onto third parties. When individuals bear the full costs and receive the full benefits of their own actions, the justification for government involvement is much weaker. But a new generation of economists contends that paternalistic intervention can be justified to correct problems of self-control. If people don't fully consider the costs their choices impose on their own future selves, the theory goes, those choices impose within-person externalities dubbed "internalities." The internalities approach provides a novel argument in favor of paternalistic government policies such as sin taxes (including fat taxes), marketing restrictions, mandatory savings plans, and so on. The theory of internalities is explicitly modeled on the theory of externalities. However, the former stands about where the latter stood in 1960, just prior to Ronald Coase's seminal work on the subject. Exposing internality theory to Coasean insights reveals serious flaws. Specifically, internality theory in its current form unjustifiably "takes sides" when it chooses to favor some personal interests over others. Furthermore, it ignores the possibility of within-person bargaining and other private solutions to self-control problems. Finally, it gives insufficient attention to the possibility of government failure. Taking those objections into account severely damages the case for paternalistic government intervention to address problems of self-control. Against the New Paternalism Internalities and the Economics of Self-Control


Abstract Although primary source accounts provide students with direct access to the experiences of historical participants, they can reinforce the dominant culture historical narrative if misrepresented by teachers, curriculum publishers, or scholars. The author demonstrates the importance of adhering to guidelines presented by critical Indigenous scholars when evaluating resources that incorporate primary accounts attributed to Native Americans. To illustrate the potential for critical Indigenous theory to inform curricular decision making, the author analyzed three resources that incorporate Chief Joseph's surrender speech according to: (a) their respect of Native peoples, (b) their recognition of discursive positionality, and (c) their honoring of the complexity of Native knowledge systems. Results demonstrate the potential for social studies resources, even those that include accounts from historically marginalized peoples, to reinforce the hidden curriculum, to position peoples using discourse, and to perpetuate the myth of objectivity in historical inquiry. Implications for scholarship and teaching practice are included.


One of the central claims of conceptual metaphor theory is that metaphorical mappings from source to target domains express a rich set of correspondences or entailments. We present the results of a psychological experiment that suggests people can recognize certain metaphorical inferences about a target domain as being appropriate when they read metaphorical statements. Moreover, when people read verbal metaphors about a target domain, they see other metaphorical entailments from different conceptual metaphors as being less appropriate. These data are reasonably consistent with certain claims of conceptual metaphor theory, yet more empirical studies are needed to examine the conditions under which people actually generate entailments motivated by underlying conceptual metaphors during ordinary language use.


In the PINK1 Pathogenic mutations in the kinase PINK1 are causally related to Parkinson's disease (PD). One hypothesis proposes that PINK1 regulates mitophagy—the clearance of dysfunctional mitochondria. A second hypothesis suggests that PINK1 has a direct effect on mitochondrial complex I, affecting the maintenance of the electron transport chain (ETC) resulting in decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and dysfunctional mitochondria. In support of the second hypothesis, Morais et al. (p. 203, published online 20 March) observed a complex I deficit in fibroblasts and neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells from PINK1 patients before any mitophagy was induced. The phosphoproteome of complex I in liver and brain from mice deficient for Pink1, compared to wild-type animals, revealed that Ser250 in complex I subunit NdufA10 was differentially phosphorylated. Ser250 is critically involved in the reduction of ubiquinone by complex I, explaining why Pink1 knockout mice, flies, and patient cell lines show decreased mitochondrial membrane potential. Synaptic defects in pink1 null mutant Drosophila could be rescued using phosphomimetic NdufA10. Mitochondria lacking a Parkinson's disease–associated kinase harbor a functionally important phosphorylation defect. Under resting conditions, Pink1 knockout cells and cells derived from patients with PINK1 mutations display a loss of mitochondrial complex I reductive activity, causing a decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential. Analyzing the phosphoproteome of complex I in liver and brain from Pink1−/− mice, we found specific loss of phosphorylation of serine-250 in complex I subunit NdufA10. Phosphorylation of serine-250 was needed for ubiquinone reduction by complex I. Phosphomimetic NdufA10 reversed Pink1 deficits in mouse knockout cells and rescued mitochondrial depolarization and synaptic transmission defects in pinkB9-null mutant Drosophila. Complex I deficits and adenosine triphosphate synthesis were also rescued in cells derived from PINK1 patients. Thus, this evolutionary conserved pathway may contribute to the pathogenic cascade that eventually leads to Parkinson's disease in patients with PINK1 mutations.


We propose an innovative approach for analysing ground-based FTIR spectra which allows us to detect variabilities of lower and middle/upper tropospheric HDO/H 2 O ratios. We show that the proposed method is superior to common approaches. We estimate that lower tropospheric HDO/H 2 O ratios can be detected with a noise to signal ratio of 15% and middle/upper tropospheric ratios with a noise to signal ratio of 50%. The method requires the inversion to be performed on a logarithmic scale and to introduce an inter-species constraint. While common methods calculate the isotope ratio posterior to an independent, optimal estimation of the HDO and H 2 O profile, the proposed approach is an optimal estimator for the ratio itself. We apply the innovative approach to spectra measured continuously during 15 months and present, for the first time, an annual cycle of tropospheric HDO/H 2 O ratio profiles as detected by ground-based measurements. Outliers in the detected middle/upper tropospheric ratios are interpreted by backward trajectories.


Natural hybridisation and polyploidy are currently recognised as drivers of biodiversity, despite early scepticism about their importance. The Mediterranean region is a biodiversity hotspot where geological and climatic events have created numerous opportunities for speciation through hybridisation and polyploidy. Still, our knowledge on the frequency of these mechanisms in the region is largely limited, despite both phenomena are frequently cited in studies of Mediterranean plants. We reviewed information available from biodiversity and cytogenetic databases to provide the first estimates of hybridisation and polyploidy frequency in the Mediterranean region. We also inspected the most comprehensive modern Mediterranean Flora (Flora iberica) to survey the frequency and taxonomic distribution of hybrids and polyploids in Iberian Peninsula. We found that <6% of Mediterranean plants were hybrids, although a higher frequency was estimated for the Iberian Peninsula (13%). Hybrids were concentrated in few families and in even fewer genera. The overall frequency of polyploidy (36.5%) was comparable with previous estimates in other regions; however our estimates increased when analysing the Iberian Peninsula (48.8%). A surprisingly high incidence of species harbouring two or more ploidy levels was also observed (21.7%). A review of the available literature also showed that the ecological factors driving emergence and establishment of new entities are still poorly studied in the Mediterranean flora, although geographic barriers seem to play a major role in polyploid complexes. Finally, this study reveals several gaps and limitations in our current knowledge about the frequency of hybridisation and polyploidy in the Mediterranean region. The obtained estimates might change in the future with the increasing number of studies; still, rather than setting the complete reality, we hope that this work triggers future studies on hybridisation and polyploidy in the Mediterranean region.


In this gripping, brilliantly reported, and sure to be news-making book, Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Ron Suskind tells the complete story of the nation's financial meltdown and an untested new president charged with commanding Washington, taming "Wall Street", rescuing an economy on the verge of collapse, and restoring the confidence of a shaken nation. Suskind moves from the frenzied trading floors of lower Manhattan to the power corridors inside the Beltway and introduces a larger-than-life cast of politicians and advisors, titans of high finance, reformers, lobbyists, and others who faced a crisis that threatened not only a nation, but the entire world. Based on hundreds of hours of interviews and exhaustive research, filled with piercing insight and startling disclosures, Suskind's eye-opening book goes beyond the headlines and previous accounts, bringing into focus the unprecedented struggle between "Wall Street" and Washington, between hope and fear, that continues to roil the nation.


Abstract In water polo competitions, teams play four periods, each period consisting of eight minutes of actual playing time: a total of 32 minutes (Standard Actual Play Time, SAPT). Substitutions are permitted and a player may be substituted several times. The aim of this article was to provide reference data on played time, taking into consideration the field play position of the players. 352 male water polo players of 18 different nationalities were studied during two consecutive FINA World Championships. 180 games were analyzed and 1980 measurements of the game Measured Actual Play Time (MAPT) were taken. A time density index (DI) was calculated for each athlete using SAPT and MAPT. No statistically significant differences between the field positions were found with regard to age, as was the case in relation to teams between Game MAPT, Tournament MAPT and DI. However, when looking at the diverse field positions (field players, FP; center forward, CF; center back, CB), there were statistically significant differences: Game MAPT FPvsCB p = 0.03 and FPvsCF p = 0.03; Tournament MAPT FPvsCB p = 0.03; DI FPvsCB p = 0.03 and FPvsCF p = 0.04. In these competitions the water polo player had on average a MAPT value of 17.4 ± 6.1 min (54.6 ± 9.5% DI); there were athletes who played 2.3 min (7.1% DI) and others who played up to 31.6 min (95.3% DI). The MAPT in water polo is extremely variable among athletes and must be considered for a correct performance analysis. High-level water polo players require different training strategies depending on their MAPT.


The central issue addressed in this paper concerns the design of an appropriate contextual framework to support a dynamic implementation of FDG. The first part of the paper is concerned with the internal structure of the contextual framework. A particular hierarchical structure for the analysis and description of context, articulated in Connolly (2007a) and termed the Extended Model of Context (EMC), is presented as the starting-point. Alternative frameworks are considered, but all are found to have shortcomings. However, the original version of the EMC has also received some criticism. Consequently, a revised model of the EMC is proposed, in which the treatment of context is enhanced, and which is appropriate to a dynamic implementation of FDG. The application of the revised EMC not only to the grammatical model, but also to a broader discourse model, is also discussed. The next part of the paper is concerned with the interaction between the EMC and the FDG Grammatical and Conceptual Components. It is contended that all of the main types of context recognised within the EMC have a significant effect upon grammar. However, the only way in which contextual factors may directly influence the production and interpretation of discourse is through their presence in the minds of the discourse-participants. Consequently, the Conceptual Component plays a vital, mediating role in the handling of interactions between the EMC and the Grammatical Component. This point is particularly salient when considering a dynamic implementation, in which the flow of information around the model is of crucial importance. It is contended that this flow is essentially cyclic in nature.


Required Courses Why Choose Electrical Power Generation Certificate? On-Site Power Generation is the production of electrical energy at, or close to, the location where it is to be used. The vast majority of On-Site power is produced with generator sets with internal combustion (IC) engines as the prime mover. This certificate is designed to enhance the knowledge and marketability of students with majors in areas such as automotive, heavy equipment, construction, as well as technology, business and communications. Career Opportunities Career opportunities are widely available through heavy equipment dealers, distributors & manufacturers nationwide. Admission Requirements Any students admitted to Ferris and in good standing may enroll for this certificate. Must have successfully completed MATH 110. Graduation Requirements: 50% of the total credit hours must be earned at Ferris State University. Grade of Cor higher in each course. Cumulative GPA must be a 2.0 or higher. More Information Automotive Management and Heavy Equipment Technology Programs 220 Sports Drive, HEC 203 Big Rapids, MI 49307-2280 Phone: 231-591-2810


Over the last decades, there has been an increased interest in sustainability and it has become an important issue in production and manufacturing research. To use the traditional definition provided by the Brundtland Commission, sustainable development is "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs" (Brundtland p.43). This concept of sustainability might be understood intuitively, but to express and assess specific goals poses an important challenge. As a result sustainability assessment is becoming a rapidly developing area with a growing number of frameworks and tools. However, most of the sustainability assessment tools focus on a national, regional or community level. At this point, the company level has not been considered sufficiently and those tools that are actually used within industry focus mainly on a product level within the organization (Labuschagne et al. 2005). Furthermore, the existing tools require a lot of effort and insight data in order to be completed. This study presents a tool that overcomes this issues and aims to fill the gap of a missing factory assessment tool. Based on existing integrated sustainability assessment tools a set of indicators is compiled and integrated into a framework that calculates an overall composite index. The developed tool distinguishes itself from other tools, because it is constructed as a user-friendly software that allows the assessment of a factory's overall sustainability with a minimal time effort. It can be used from an external as well as from an internal perspective and considers the differences between industries. Furthermore, it provides the possibility to compare different alternatives and to assess a factory's development over time.


Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. OBJECTIVES: Host gene expression signatures discriminate bacterial and viral infection but have not been translated to a clinical test platform. This study enrolled an independent cohort of patients to describe and validate a first-in-class host response bacterial/viral test. DESIGN: Subjects were recruited from 2006 to 2016. Enrollment blood samples were collected in an RNA preservative and banked for later testing. The reference standard was an expert panel clinical adjudication, which was blinded to gene expression and procalcitonin results. SETTING: Four U.S. emergency departments. PATIENTS: Six-hundred twenty-three subjects with acute respiratory illness or suspected sepsis. INTERVENTIONS: Forty-five–transcript signature measured on the BioFire FilmArray System (BioFire Diagnostics, Salt Lake City, UT) in ~45 minutes. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Host response bacterial/viral test performance characteristics were evaluated in 623 participants (mean age 46 yr; 45% male) with bacterial infection, viral infection, coinfection, or noninfectious illness. Performance of the host response bacterial/viral test was compared with procalcitonin. The test provided independent probabilities of bacterial and viral infection in ~45 minutes. In the 213-subject training cohort, the host response bacterial/viral test had an area under the curve for bacterial infection of 0.90 (95% CI, 0.84–0.94) and 0.92 (95% CI, 0.87–0.95) for viral infection. Independent validation in 209 subjects revealed similar performance with an area under the curve of 0.85 (95% CI, 0.78–0.90) for bacterial infection and 0.91 (95% CI, 0.85–0.94) for viral infection. The test had 80.1% (95% CI, 73.7–85.4%) average weighted accuracy for bacterial infection and 86.8% (95% CI, 81.8–90.8%) for viral infection in this validation cohort. This was significantly better than 68.7% (95% CI, 62.4–75.4%) observed for procalcitonin (p < 0.001). An additional cohort of 201 subjects with indeterminate phenotypes (coinfection or microbiology-negative infections) revealed similar performance. CONCLUSIONS: The host response bacterial/viral measured using the BioFire System rapidly and accurately discriminated bacterial and viral infection better than procalcitonin, which can help support more appropriate antibiotic use.


Abstract This article reappraises the distinction upon which Robert Pinker has insisted since the 1970s between the heuristic and the normative dimensions of concepts and theories associated with 'welfare' in social policy studies, a distinction prompted by, for instance, the writings of Richard Titmuss. It discusses Pinker's differentiation of forms of study which seek to account for the likenesses and unlikenesses within and between the welfare systems of different countries from forms of study aiming to establish moral criteria by which one system of welfare can be deemed superior to another. In particular, it highlights his emphasis on the need for social policy as a subject to attend to: (a) the reality of everyday ideas of social welfare and 'faring well' in general; (b) how everyday ideas of 'faring well' are exhibited in what he has called 'conditional altruism', whether exercised within families, towards strangers or across nations; (c) the practices undertaken by individuals and families to attain freedom and security as well as to meet those of their needs commonly taken within social policy studies to be the components of 'welfare'; (d) the difficulties, moral, political, social and economic, associated with Titmussian welfare unitarism, in contrast to welfare pluralism. The article thus provides a review of aspects of Pinker's many published papers as well as his influential Social Theory and Social Policy and The Idea of Welfare.


Ume is a Japanese apricot, and Bainiku Ekisu (BE) is concentrated ume juice. Ume has been used as a food and folk remedy for thousands of years in East Asian countries, and BE was created in Japan centuries ago and has been used as a remedy since. In the Western world, the nutritional and medicinal benefits of ume and BE are not popularly known, despite many experimental studies showing their numerous health benefits. There are no known systematic reviews of the health benefits of ume and BE. Therefore, this systematic review describes the last 20 years of quality empirical studies that investigate ume and BE health benefits. It finds 27 quality studies that confirm ume and BE's more than 20 benefits, including anti-cancer, antiinflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-microbial, and anti-viral effects when observed in both laboratory tests and clinical studies. Therefore, individuals, conventional and holistic health professionals should consider ume and BE for their nutritional and medicinal properties. A SYTEMATIC REVIEW OF UME HEALTH BENEFITS iii


"The Miracle of the Golden Arches: Race and Fast Food in Los Angeles" examines the Los Angeles chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and its advocacy on behalf of the city's black McDonald's franchisees. The franchisees believed that McDonald's limited their ability to franchise restaurants outside of predominately black neighborhoods. Analyzing the rhetoric surrounding these disputes, the article argues that despite their economic prosperity as a group, African American McDonald's franchisees often found themselves in an uneasy position as models of racial progress and victims of racial discrimination. The article covers the period between two urban uprisings—the aftermath of Martin Luther King's assassination in 1968 and the days after police officers were acquitted of beating Rodney King in 1992—to expose the relationship between McDonald's and black consumers in moments of economic, social, and racial crisis.


The predominant positive view among philosophers and scientists alike is that consciousness is something realized in brain activity. This view, however, largely fails to capture what consciousness is like according to how it shows itself to conscious beings. What this work proposes instead is that consciousness is a phenomenon that exists in and throughout the body. Apart from whether or not it involves intentionality and apart from whether or not it involves awareness of the self, consciousness is self-intimating, self-revealing, self-disclosing. Self-disclosure is the definitive phenomenological character of consciousness in all its forms. Taking this stance as a point of departure, the book presents a specific account of what bodily field phenomenon consciousness is. In this way, the current stalemate in philosophy over the question of the physical reality of consciousness is broken. Series A


Venom research and technology has advanced greatly, rapidly transforming the area of reptile venom. Research developments-like the development of molecular systematics-provide the framework necessary to reconstruct the evolutionary history of glands and fangs. Such research developments result in a fundamental shift in scientists' understanding of venom's evolution and usefulness in therapeutic development. Startling evolutionary expansion, including the development of new protein functions, enable the development of novel drug therapies and impact the effectiveness of anti-venoms available for the treatment of humans.
Venomous Reptiles And Their Toxins is a comprehensive study of the entire scope of reptile venom, from its evolution to drug design and development. This book devotes a chapter to each toxin class found in reptile venom, detailing the full trajectory of research on the toxin in question. The comprehensive synthesis of research deals with the impact that venom has had on biomedical applications and snake evolution and ecology.


In systems industries, combinations of components are consumed together to generate user benefits. Arrangements among component providers sometimes limit consumers' ability to mix and match components, and such exclusive arrangements have been highly controversial. We examine the competitive and welfare effects of exclusive arrangements among system components in a model of relatively differentiated applications that run on relatively undifferentiated platforms. For a given set of components and prices, exclusive arrangements reduce consumer welfare by limiting consumer choice and raising equilibrium prices. In some cases, however, exclusivity raises consumer welfare by increasing the equilibrium number of platforms, which leads to lower prices relative to the monopoly outcome that would prevail absent exclusivity. We also show that there is no "One-Market-Power-Rent Theorem." That is to say, exclusive deals with providers of differentiated applications can raise platforms' margins without reducing application margins, so that overall industry profits rise.


"I've never known such a bear for smelling things out," said Mrs Bird. Paddington's sharp nose and his talent for getting into difficulties lead him to an orange marmalade tasting party. His enthusiasm lands him in a barrel of marmalade, causing an avalanche in the warehouse. And, one morning, he sniffs out a surprise for himself and discovers that he is about to embark on the greatest adventure of his life.


Industrial ecology provides a rigorous and comprehensive description of human production and consumption processes in the larger context of environmental and socioeconomic change. This volume offers methodologies for such descriptions, with contributions covering both basic and advanced analytical concepts and tools to explore the dynamics of industrial ecosystems, concentrating specifically on regions and networks.


Global health relies on biomedical scientists and public health workers to solve infectious disease and other health problems at a local level. Yet investigators in developing countries face tremendous obstacles; scientific isolation, insufficient technical training and research tools, a lack of up to date scientific information, and limited financial, material, and human resources. To build local scientific capacity to monitor and control disease and to promote health, research on locally relevant issues must be supported and sustainable partnerships built to facilitate these efforts. We discuss key elements for transfer of technologies in health research and present two case studies of such programmes.

#### Summary points

More funding must be made available to scientists in developing countries and to organisations that support in-country training and research

Genuine partnership and mutual trust is a prerequisite for the sustainable transfer of technology from developed to developing countries

Building local scientific capacity and long term North-South and South-South partnerships are important in establishing effective health research programmes

Research topics should have local relevance and priority, and technology transfer should be participatory, equitable, and sustained

Autonomous research centres attract funding and reduce administrative burdens

Though 93% of the world's burden of preventable mortality occurs in developing countries,1 too little research funding is targeted to health problems of developing countries, creating a dangerous funding differential.2 In addition, many modern laboratory technologies remain inaccessible in these nations. Both utilitarian and humanitarian arguments can be made for training scientists and health professionals in developing countries in the use of modern laboratory and epidemiological skills. It takes only a day or two for a pathogen to get from any one place on the planet to any other; thus, building capacity in developing countries is a necessary strategy for preventing the global spread of infectious agents.3 Additionally, as a matter …


Renewable energy is likely to be of great importance in decades to come due to increased energy consumption. Kinetic energy from wind is expected to cover a part of this need, and wind farms are so far built onshore or at shallow water. On the other hand wind turbines are not always wanted close to land due to both the visual aspects and bird life. An alternative may therefore be to place wind turbines offshore. However, large water depths are causing problems for existing bottom fixed structures and floating wind turbines may therefore be a solution. In this thesis feasibility of tension leg anchor systems for floating wind turbines is investigated. A literature study including tension leg principles, relevant load parameters and methods for calculating motions on tension leg structures are looked into. Preliminary calculations of motion based on a one degree of freedom model are coded and executed in Matlab. Finally, a model in scale 1:100 has been built and further exposed to regular waves in a laboratory test. Numerical and experimental results are investigated and compared for different wave parameters in order to reveal potential weaknesses of the concept. Numerical and experimental results coincide quite well for structure motion in the wave direction, and in most cases the structure get small motion amplitudes which generate negligible vertical motions in form of set down. The overturning moment calculations also coincide well, and show that there are limitations in the mooring feasibility when exposed to large waves. The pretension is proven to be a very important parameter for the concept. Measurement of tendon forces from laboratory test show that the model is loaded differently and in larger order of magnitude than expected. For the scaled model a simplified tendon attachment arrangement in form of a steel plate is used. The strange force distribution may therefore represent loading on this plate. The results however show that tension leg anchoring can be a relevant alternative type of anchor system for floating wind turbines if sufficient system pretension is obtained. In addition, if also a reasonable magnitude and distribution of mass are obtained, the structure is expected to handle quite large waves. The design presented in this thesis is far from optimized. For further work it is therefore advised to model the structure in software where structural analysis can be executed in order to decide upon an optimized structural weight, seeing this as an important parameter.


This study attempts to control the temperature peaks due to the operation of the battery itself by examining a two-dimensional model to numerically investigate the thermal control of a lithium battery of a commercial electric car. The battery has the dimensions of 8 cm × 31 cm × 67 cm and its capacity is equal to 232 Ah with 5.3 kWh. Thermal control is achieved by means of an internal layer of copper or aluminum foam and phase change material (paraffin), placed on the top of the battery and the external surfaces are cooled by a convective flow. The governing equations, written assuming the local thermal equilibrium for the metal foam, are solved with the finite volume method using the commercial code Ansys-Fluent. Different cases are simulated for different thicknesses of the thermal control system and external convective heat transfer coefficient. The results are given in terms of temperature fields, liquid fraction, surface temperature profiles as a function of time and temperature distributions along the outer surface of the battery for the different cases. In addition, some comparisons with pure PCM are provided to show the advantages of the composite thermal control system with PCM inside the metal foam.


Testis-specific protein, Y-encoded (TSPY) is a gene found on the Y chromosome that, like many genes on the Y chromosome of mammalian species, has multiple copies. Humans have between 20–60 copies, whereas cattle can have up to 200 copies. Genomic copy number of TSPY is of interest because it has been linked to fertility. In previous studies, enormous bull-to-bull variation in TSPY copy number has been found (Hamilton et al. 2009 Sex. Dev. 3, 205–213). The aims of this study were to a) examine the copy number of TSPY in brother embryos to see if variation exists among embryos of a single generation and b) to determine if TSPY mRNA (mRNA) is expressed in the early bovine embryo since there is evidence from transgenic mice studies that human TSPY may play a role in development. 80 Holstein blastocysts were produced using standard in vitro fertilization techniques with the semen of a single bull. Individual blastocysts (n = 50) were lysed and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to sex the embryos and to measure TSPY copy number in the embryos that were found to be male. The male-specific TSPY and SRY (sex determining region Y) genes were measured in order to sex the embryos along with ZAR1 (zygote arrest protein 1), as an autosomal control. TSPY copy number was measured with a modified 2ΔΔCT method (Hamilton et al. 2009 Sex. Dev. 3, 205–213) and SRY as the single copy reference gene. Messenger RNA was extracted from two pools of blastocysts (n = 20, n = 10) and reverse transcribed into cDNA. The presence of TSPY mRNA in these pools was determined with reverse transcription PCR (RT–PCR) along with the reference gene GAPDH, following standard protocols. Briefly, two sets of TSPY specific primers and one set of GAPDH specific primers were used to amplify the target mRNAs in both pools of embryos using AmpliTaq Gold DNA polymerase (Applied Biosystems) and an annealing temperature of 60°C. PCR products were visualised on a 2% gel using gel electrophoresis and then sequenced to verify specificity of the primers. The results of the embryo sexing experiment showed a 50:50 sex ratio (25 males, 25 females) in the group of individual embryos. TSPY copy number was found to vary significantly (using a one-way ANOVA, P < 0.0001) among brother embryos produced from the semen of the same Hostein bull (n = 25) and ranged from 21.9 ± 7.1 to 159.0 ± 14.0 copies, with an average of 65.9 ± 6.3 copies. Furthermore, the results of the expression experiment showed that TSPY mRNA transcripts were present in both pools of blastocysts. These results provide the first evidence that TSPY is expressed in bovine blastocysts and that copy number can vary within a single generation. This data suggests that the bovine Y chromosome is a dynamic chromosome that is not clonally inherited but can vary its genetic composition within a single generation. The fact that TSPY transcripts were found in the early embryo suggests that it might have another function other than simply a role in spermatogenesis. Supported by National Sciences Engineering and Research Council grant; Canadian Research Chair program; and L'Alliance Boviteq Inc.


This report (RE-287) briefly summarizes the main points arising out of the Office of Evaluation and Oversight's evaluations of Bank actions in private sector development over the past three years. It seeks to pinpoint the principal strategic issues in earlier OVE papers that go beyond assessment of the impact of activities in specific areas. Chapter 1 briefly outlines the private sector context over the past decade and the principal trends observed in each of the different evaluation reports. This is supplemented, in Chapter 2, by a summary of points of agreement found in the aforementioned evaluations. The report concludes with a short review of a number of findings from the study of evaluations and analyses of best practices in strategic planning.


Abstract. We demonstrate that two simple measures of time series analysis are able to capture different dynamical and statistical properties of large-scale atmospheric phenomena. We consider two surface air temperature (SAT) datasets, covering a spatial grid of points over the Earth surface (NCEP CDAS1 and ERA Interim reanalysis). In each location we analyze i) the distance between the lagged SAT time series and the insolation (i.e., the local top-of-atmosphere incoming solar radiation), and ii) the Shannon entropy computed from the probability distribution function (pdf) of SAT values. The distance quantifies the similarity between the lagged SAT waveform and the isolation waveform, while the entropy, as defined in information theory, measures the degree of disorder or uncertainty of each time series, which we refer to as stochasticity: the entropy captures the shape of the SAT pdf and is maximum when the pdf is uniform. With the distance measure we uncover well-defined spatial patterns formed by regions with similar SAT response to solar forcing, while with the entropy measure, we uncover regions that have SAT pdf of similar shape. The entropy analysis also allows identifying the geographical regions in which SAT time series has extreme values (i.e., values which are extreme in the local statistics), because the long-tail shape of the pdf is captured as low entropy values. We uncover significant differences between the NCEP CDAS1 and ERA Interim datasets in specific geographical regions, which are due to the presence of extreme values in one dataset but not in the other. In this way, the entropy maps are a valuable tool for anomaly detection and model inter-comparisons.


Background: Former smokers who currently use e-cigarettes have lower concentrations of biomarkers of tobacco toxicant exposure than current smokers. It is unclear whether tobacco toxicant exposure reductions may lead to health risk reductions. Methods: We compared inflammatory biomarkers (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, IL6, fibrinogen, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1) and an oxidative stress marker (F2-isoprostane) among 3,712 adult participants in Wave 1 (2013–2014) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study by tobacco user groups: dual users of cigarettes and e-cigarettes; former smokers who currently use e-cigarettes-only; current cigarette-only smokers; former smokers who do not currently use any tobacco; and never tobacco users. We calculated geometric means (GM) and estimated adjusted GM ratios (GMR). Results: Dual users experienced greater concentration of F2-isoprostane than current cigarette-only smokers [GMR 1.09 (95% confidence interval, CI, 1.03–1.15)]. Biomarkers were similar between former smokers who currently use e-cigarettes and both former smokers who do not use any tobacco and never tobacco users, but among these groups most biomarkers were lower than those of current cigarette-only smokers. The concentration of F2-isoprostane decreased by time since smoking cessation among both exclusive e-cigarette users (Ptrend = 0.03) and former smokers who do not currently use any tobacco (Ptrend = 0.0001). Conclusions: Dual users have greater concentration of F2-isoprostane than smokers. Exclusive e-cigarette users have biomarker concentrations that are similar to those of former smokers who do not currently use tobacco, and lower than those of exclusive cigarette smokers. Impact: This study contributes to an understanding of the health effects of e-cigarettes.


The ISIS Facility at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in the UK produces intense neutron and muon beams for condensed matter research. It is based on a 50 Hz proton synchrotron which, once the commissioning of a new dual harmonic RF system is complete, will accelerate about 3.5 x 1013 protons per pulse from 70 to 800 MeV, corresponding to mean beam powers of 0.2 MW. The multi-turn charge-exchange injection process strongly affects transverse beam distributions, space charge forces, beam loss and therefore operational intensity. The evolution of longitudinal distributions and subsequent trapping efficiency is also intimately linked with injection. Optimising injection is therefore a key consideration for present and future upgrades. Work is now under way looking at this process in more detail, and relates closely to other transverse space charge studies on the ring. This paper presents work including: space charge simulations of the present machine and comparison with observations; assessment of related loss mechanisms; and study of optimal painting schemes. Plans and preparations for more detailed experimental work are also summarised.


Raw water and filtered effluent of three drinking water treatment plants (WTP) at a town in Minas Gerais State, southeast Brazil, were monitored over a one-year period for Giardia, Cryptosporidium , microbiological and physical-chemical water quality indicators. High densities of Giardia and Cryptosporidium were detected in two source waters, ranging from 2.0–140 cysts/L and 4.0–510 oocysts/L. Giardia and Cryptosporidium (oo)cyst concentration was not consistently associated with most of the parameters analysed, turbidity being the most promising indicator. It also seems that Giardia and Cryptosporidium concentration was influenced by rainfall. Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts were significantly associated in both waters, suggesting a similar pattern of occurrence and common contamination sources. In two of the three water treatment plants analyzed, Giardia and Cryptosporidium were detected in filtered effluents, also in high densities, ranging from 0.066 to 5.5 cysts/L and 0.066 to 13.2 oocysts/L, respectively. Statistical trials to associate protozoa and indicator removal failed in nearly all cases. Nevertheless, the results are interpreted as neither reaffirming nor negating the use of turbidity as a protozoa removal indicator.


Cloud users often motivate their choice of Cloud Service Provider (CSP) based on requirements related with the offered Service Level Agreements (SLA) and costs. Unfortunately, while security has started to play an important role in the decision of using the Cloud, it is quite uncommon for CSPs to specify the security levels associated with their services. This often results in users without the means (i.e., tools and semantics) to negotiate their security requirements with CSPs, in order to choose the one that best suits their needs. However, the recent industrial efforts on specification of Cloud security parameters in SLAs, also known as "Security Level Agreements" or SecLAs is a positive development. In this paper we propose a practical approach to enable the user-centric negotiation and brokering of Cloud resources, based on both the common semantic established by the use of SecLAs and, its quantitative evaluation. The contributed techniques and architecture are the result of jointly applying the security metrology-related techniques being developed by the EU FP7 project ABC4Trust and, the framework for SLA-based negotiation and Cloud resource brokering proposed by the EU FP7 mOSAIC project. The proposed negotiation approach is both feasible and well-suited for Cloud Federations, as demonstrated in this paper with a real-world case study. The presented scenario shows the negotiation of a user's security requirements with respect to a set of CSPs SecLAs, using both the information available in the Cloud Security Alliance's "Security, Trust & Assurance Registry" (CSA STAR) and the WS-Agreement standard.


A number of studies have suggested the possible benefits of using concordancers in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) writing. To date, however, there is still limited understanding of how EFL writers may make use of such tools along with dictionaries when engaging in a writing task. To better understand the question, this study investigated a class of non-English-major college students (N = 14) over a semester. Four online corpus tools, including monolingual and bilingual concordancers and collocation retrieval systems, were provided, along with two online dictionaries. After two tool-training sessions, students performed three timed-writing tasks online during three consecutive months and received individual stimulus recall interviews after each writing task. The recall interviews served as the main source of data; other data included the video clips of the writing process, student writing samples, and the researchers' notes. The result showed that students used corpus tools and the bilingual dictionary for different purposes. They tended to use a bilingual dictionary when information on word form and word meaning was needed. When searching for information related to word usage, collocation information, and grammar patterns, they chose corpus tools more often than a bilingual dictionary. However, they also turned to corpus tools for meaning and form when the bilingual dictionary failed to provide clear word meanings, when they needed to search for word strings, and when they needed to just confirm an intuition regarding either word form or word meaning. This study provides empirical data that help to better understand how corpus tools contribute to EFL writing.


Human heads on animal bodies, people in fanciful landscapes, faces that are deftly morphed into common household objects - these are among the Victorian experiments in photo collage seen and explained in this marvelous book. With sharp wit and dramatic shifts of scale, these images flouted the serious conventions of photography in the 1860s and 1870s. Often made by women for albums, they reveal the educated minds and accomplished hands of their makers, taking on the new theory of evolution, addressing the changing role of photography, and challenging the strict conventions of aristocratic society. Although these photo collages may seem wonderfully odd to us now, the authors argue that they are actually perfectly in keeping with the Victorian sensibility that embraced juxtaposition and variety. This delightful book, the first to examine comprehensively the little-known phenomenon of Victorian photo collage, presents imagery that has rarely - and, in many cases, never - been displayed or reproduced. Illuminating text provides a history of Victorian photo collage albums, identifies the common motifs found in them, and demonstrates the distinctly modern character of the medium, which paved the way for the future avant-garde potential of both photography and collage.


PURPOSE
Controversy exists regarding the optimal urethroplasty technique, particularly for long bulbar urethral strictures requiring buccal mucosal graft (BMG). The aim of our study was to assess the relative outcomes of augmented anastomotic urethroplasty (AAU) versus dorsal onlay (DO) in the setting of bulbar urethroplasty using a dorsal BMG.

METHODS
A retrospective review was performed on all patients who underwent bulbar urethroplasty with dorsal BMG between October 2003 and March 2019. In ∼2011, institutional technique shifted from routinely performing a transecting AAU to a non-transecting DO. Anastomotic urethroplasty without BMG, ventral onlay, staged, flap and circumferential reconstructions were excluded. The primary outcome was stricture recurrence defined as <16Fr on cystoscopy. Secondary outcomes included 90-day complications and de novo erectile dysfunction at 6 months.

RESULTS
Of the 836 patients who underwent bulbar urethroplasty during the study period, 507 met inclusion criteria. Of these, 221 patients received an AAU while 286 underwent DO urethroplasty. Mean patient age and stricture length was 45.4±14.8 years and 4.4±1.5cm, respectively. Overall success rate was 93.9% (476/507) with a mean follow-up of 78.9 months. On multivariate analysis, AAU (H.R. 4.8,p=0.002), increasing stricture length (H.R.1.2,p=0.002) and iatrogenic strictures (H.R.3.2,p=0.03) were independently associated with stricture recurrence, while comorbidity (p=0.06), prior endoscopic treatment (p=0.41), prior urethroplasty (p=0.89) and other etiologies were not. There was no difference between cohorts with respect to Clavien ≥2 complications (3.6% vs 4.2%; p=0.74) or de novo erectile dysfunction (5.9% vs 5.6%; p=0.89).

CONCLUSION
AAU is independently associated with stricture recurrence when compared to a pure DO technique.


Several studies have shown that Marshall Compactor, California Kneading
Compactor and Gyratory Compactor, the most conventional compactors, are not able
to produce laboratory specimens that can truly represent the mixtures compacted in
the field. However gyratory compactor fairly gives good simulation of the field roller
compactor but no universally approved laboratory compactor has been developed to
compact slabs for the wheel tracking and fatigue test. Compacting and preparing
more than one sample at the same time is another matter of concern which these
conventional compactors cannot achieve. Hence, a suitable laboratory compaction
procedure is inevitable. Rotary compactor, a laboratory roller compactor was
developed by researches from Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM). This study was
conducted to evaluate the performance of rotary compactor as a laboratory asphalt
compactor and incorporated three objectives: to establish a laboratory protocol
including procedures and standards for using the UPM rotary compactor, to evaluate
the consistency of SMA slabs in terms of thickness and frictional resistance
properties, and to validate the use of UPM rotary compactor in achieving the SMA mixtures' requirements for bulk specific gravity, voids, Marshall stability and flow,
resilient modulus and resistance to degradation. To compact a rotary slab to the
desired thickness of 65 mm and 4% air voids, the applied pressure was recommended
to start from 0 bar (as pre compaction) and stop at 1.5 bar with intervals of 0.25 bar.
For each value of applied pressure, 6 number of passes (rotations) were needed (3
passes per each direction). The speed of rotation was recommended to be fixed on 10
Hz (3.29 RPM). Based on checking 315 points of three slabs to measure the
thickness and the statistical analysis of these three slabs, the overall thickness of the
slabs was almost uniform along the slabs. According to analyzing the performance of
132 core specimens it was concluded that rotary compactor was able to produce slabs
with uniformly distributed properties such as volumetric properties, Marshall
stability, flow and resilient modulus. Finally a degradation study was carried out to
check and evaluate whether the aggregate structure was changed during the mixing
and compacting. It was found that two aggregate fractions (12.7 mm and 9.5 mm)
were affected and crushed during mixing and compacting procedures. To compensate
the observed loss percentages a value called weight factor was introduced to provide
the loss of materials.


Computational micromagnetics plays an important role in design and control of magnetostrictive actuators. A systematic approach to calculate magnetic dynamics and magnetostriction is presented. A finite difference method is developed to solve the coupled Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert(LLG) equation for dynamics of magnetization and a one dimensional elastic motion equation. The effective field in the LLG equation consists of the external field, the i demagnetizing field, the exchange field, and the anisotropy field. A hierarchical algorithm using multipole approximation speeds up the evaluation of the demagnetizing field, reducing computational cost from O(N2) to O(N1ogN). A hybrid 3D/1D rod model is adopted to compute the magnetostriction: a 3D model is used in solving the LLG equation for the dynamics of magnetization; then assuming that the rod is along z-direction, we take all cells with same i-cordinate as a new cell. The values of the magnetization and the effective field of the new cell are obtained I from averaging those of the original cells that the new cell contains. Each new cell is represented as a mass-spring in 5 solving the motion equation. Numerical results include: 1. domain wa! dynamics, including domain wall formation and motion; 2. effects of physical parameters, grid geometry, grid refinement and field step on H M hysteresis curves; 3. magnecostriction curve.


The article addresses two questions. First, if knowledge is accounted information, how are we supposed (to apply this analysis in order) to understand perceptual knowledge and knowledge by testimony? In the first part of the article, I articulate an answer in terms of a reinterpretation of perception and testimony as data providers rather than full-blown cases of knowledge. Second, if perception and testimony are correctly understood as data providers, how are we supposed (to apply this analysis in order) to understand the semantic value of the data provided by such processes? In the second part of the article, I argue in favour of a constructionist hypothesis about how data may become meaningful for human cognitive agents through a process of repurposing of natural data/signals. The conclusion of the paper is that human agents are natural-born data hackers.


The 2003 war against Iraq was not the first instance of a president taking the nation into foreign conflict assisted by a submissive Congress and national press corps that did not adequately challenge the case for intervention. All foreign U.S. military action since World War II has been undertaken without the constitutionally required declaration of war, and with the support of the national press corps. Factors behind this press complicity - which is at odds with the traditional press role of watchdog over government policies - include political, economic, and national security ideologies the press shares with administration and government officials - the same sources upon whom the press relies for credible information. Sending troops to fight in foreign lands is the most difficult, and most important, decision a president can make. Assisting this decision has been a press that, in failing to meet its watchdog responsibility during this key pre-war period, has instead helped construct and maintain a war agenda. With a comprehensive overview of all conflicts from the Korean War to intervention in Libya, this book examines the supportive relationship of press to power in building a conflict rationale during the vital period leading up to combat.


Although the housebuilding industry is a significant player in the housing supply pipeline, housing experts have paid little attention to this player and have focused more on the other players such as policy makers, financiers, and land developers. Research has tended to focus on house builders and individual housebuilding operations as the constructs of the whole house building industry. However, analysis of the dynamics of the whole industry as a single system has remained unexplored. This research investigates these dynamics in the US housebuilding industry and explores the applicability of Little's law at the national level. The focus of the study is on single unit dwellings and the time span of the study is forty years between 1971 and 2010. Single unit dwellings made up seventy six percent of all dwellings completed in 2010. The analysis commences with the adaptation of the law for the house building industry. The industry's parameters such as number of house starts, completion time, and number of houses under construction are used as the proxies for arrival rate, cycle time, and work in process. A time factor is added, and the average house completion time is predicted using the law. The predictions are compared with the actual data using error metrics and visual comparisons. The result shows that Little's law can predict the dynamics of the industry with 5 percent error. Thus, it is applicable in the house building industry and can be used for the analysis of the industry's dynamics. This research demonstrates that the US house building industry operates similar to a production line, and therefore offers industry practitioners and industry analysts powerful techniques for better understanding housing supply


The character of fog in a region centered at Mexico City International Airport was investigated using 10 years of historical data. Hourly surface observations, synoptic charts, satellite images and twice-a-day radiosondes were used to identify fog events under the influence of various synoptic and mesoscale features. A quantitative assessment on the likelihood of which mechanisms lead to fog formation was obtained. Also, three fog events (radiation, advection and frontal) were simulated with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, and the results were compared to observations. The study included a comparison of the skills of different planetary boundary layer (PBL) and microphysical schemes. A sort of generalization cannot easily be applied, but allows one to determine which parameterizations performed better for each case in a high, tropical region. In general, from the model results for liquid water content, the cloud microphysics WSM3 and PBL Yonsei University schemes reproduced advection and frontal fog events quite well, whereas CAM 5.1 and Quasi-Normal Scale Elimination schemes worked better for radiation fog episodes.


A field study was conducted in order to enquire which languages the teachers and the students were using, both during lessons and on breaks, and if and how several languages were used to instruct. Since colonialism, the Gambia has experienced many European influences, which has led to English as the official language and also the language of instruction. This means that the teachers have to teach in a language which is not their own, nor their students' native language. The phenomenon is called submersion, which has been proved to be a less successive practice. Hence, the government of today is struggling against many obstacles in order to meet the Education for All-policy, and ensure high quality education in the Gambia. However, the low achievements among the students, should not be considered solely an effect of the language of instruction, but also the methods used for teaching.


The exceptional long-term performance of concrete is a primary reason that this material represents a significant portion of the construction industry. However, a portion of this construction material is prone to premature deterioration for multi-physical durability issues such as internal frost damage, restrained shrinkage damage, and aggregate susceptibility to fracture. Since each durability issue is associated with a unique damage mechanism, this study aims at investigating the underlying physical mechanisms individually by characterizing the mechanical and thermal properties development and indicating how each unique damage mechanism may compromise the properties development over the design life of the material.The first contribution of this work is on the characterization of thermal behavior of porous media (e.g., cement-based material) with a complex solid-fluid coupling subject to thermal cycling. By combining Young-Kelvin-Laplace equation with a computational heat transfer approach, we can calculate the contributions of (i) pore pressure development associated with solidification and melting of pore fluid, (ii) pore size distribution, and (iii) equilibrium phase diagram of multiple phase change materials, to the thermal response of porous mortar and concrete during freezing/thawing cycles. Our first finding indicates that the impact of pore size (and curvature) on freezing is relatively insignificant, while the effect of pore size is much more significant during melting. The fluid inside pores smaller than 5 nm (i.e., gel pores) has a relatively small contribution in the macroscopic freeze-thaw behavior of mortar specimens within the temperature range used in this study (i.e., +24 °C to -35 °C). Our second finding shows that porous cementitious composites containing lightweight aggregates (LWAs) impregnated with an organic phase change material (PCM) as thermal energy storage (TES) agents have the significant capability of improving the freeze-thaw performance. We also find that the phase transitions associated with the freezing/melting of PCM occur gradually over a narrow temperature range (rather than an instantaneous event). The pore size effect of LWA on freezing and melting behavior of PCM is found to be relatively small. Through validation of simulation results with lab-scale experimental data, we then employ the model to investigate the effectiveness of PCMs with various transition temperatures on reducing the impact of freeze-thaw cycling within concrete pavements located in different regions of United States.The second contribution of this work is on quantification of mechanical properties development of cementitious composites across multiple length scales, and two damage mechanisms associated with aggregate fracture and restrained shrinkage cracking that lead to compromising the long-term durability of the material. The former issue is addressed by combining finite element method-based numerical tools, computational homogenization techniques, and analytical methods, where we observe a competing fracture mechanism for early- age cracking at two length scales of mortar (meso-level) and concrete (macro-level). When the tensile strength of the cement paste is lower than the tensile strength of the aggregate phase, the crack propagates across the paste. When the tensile strength of the cement paste exceeds that of the aggregate, the cracks begin to deflect and propagate through the aggregates. As such, a critical degree of hydration (associated with a particular time) exists below which the cement paste phase is weaker than the aggregate phase at the onset of hydration. This has implications on the inference of kinetic based parameters from mechanical testing (e.g., activation energy). Next, we focus on digital fabrication of a cement paste structure with controlled architecture to allow for mitigating the intrinsic damage induced by inherent shrinkage behavior followed by extrinsic damage exerted by external loading. Our findings show that the interfaces between the printed filaments tend to behave as the first layer of protection by enabling the structure to accommodate the damage by deflecting the microcrack propagation into the stable configuration of interfaces fabricated between the filaments of first and second layers. This fracture behavior promotes the damage localization within the first layer (i.e., sacrificial layer), without sacrificing the overall strength of specimen by inhibiting the microcrack advancement into the neighboring layers, promoting a novel damage localization mechanism. This study is undertaken to characterize the shrinkage-induced internal damage in 7-day 3D-printed and cast specimens qualitatively using X-ray microtomography (μCT) technique in conjunction with multiple mechanical testing, and finite element numerical modeling. As the final step, the second layer of protection is introduced by offering an enhanced damage resistance property through employing bioinspired Bouligand architectures, promoting a damage delocalization mechanism throughout the specimen. This novel integration of damage localization-delocalization mechanisms allows the material to enhance its flaw tolerant properties and long-term durability characteristics, where the reduction in the modulus of rupture (MOR) of hardened cement paste (hcp) elements with restrained shrinkage racking has been significantly improved by ~ 25% when compared to their conventionally cast hcp counterparts.


Abstract Since 2001, a number of common law jurisdictions have initiated reforms to their charity law and the United Kingdom has taken the lead. This article examines what Hong Kong and Australia can learn from the United Kingdom in reforming their own outdated and fragmented charity laws. It is contended that the lessons and experiences of the United Kingdom provide good insights for Hong Kong and Australia as each jurisdiction anticipates implementing a broadly similar regime to the United Kingdom's to modernize regulation of their charity sectors. This article contends that there is no need to make a choice between retaining judicial decision-making over charities (inconsistent as it is) and establishing a type of charity commission which makes determining charitable status akin to a decision of a government department. Instead, Hong Kong and Australia can have charity commissions with missions that are sensitive to their own legal terrains but which are subject to judicial review.


The time dependent behaviour of the magnetisation of a non interacting ensemble of Stoner-Wohlfarth fine particles has been investigated. The particles typically represent the elongated single domain ferromagnetic particles that have widespread application in the magnetic recording industry. The particle ensemble considered exhibits both orientational texture and a distribution of particle volumes.
The coercivity, (i.e. the magnitude of the field that will just reduce the magnetisation of a saturated system to zero), is an important parameter used for characterising a recording medium, and consequently studies of its time dependence
are of great practical benefit. The work of Flanders et al (1987) and Oseroff et al (1987) considered two types of behaviour; the Rate Dependence due to a dynamic field process and the Time Dependence due to a static field process. Their observations have stimulated the computational and analytical studies described in this thesis.
The general case of the randomly orientated particles has been studied computationaly due to the complexity of the governing equation. The computational results for the static and dynamic field processes give good qualitative agreement with experiment and show a near logarithmic dependence of the coercive force on the field sweep rate. The simplified case in which the particle anisotropy axes are aligned with the applied field has been treated analytically.
This has provided a basis for the understanding of the experimental relationship between the rate-dependent and the time-dependent coercive fields. The parameters employed to study the irreversible changes in the dynamic and static field processes are the irreversible susceptibility Xirr = dli dh and the magnetic viscosity Sv = — dI/ dt. The ratio Sv/ Xirr is known as the fluctuation field H1, after Neel, the behaviour of which is not well understood.
The results from this study suggests that the orientational texture and volume ( or activation volume ) distribution of a material make an important contribution to this behaviour. Both these parameters contribute to a dependence on a distribution of particle energy barriers consistent with the analysis of Gaunt (1976).


A unique project was undertaken by doctoral and postdoctoral students, and their mentor, from diverse backgrounds in health and social sciences to explore their past experiences as participants in a qualitative research training initiative called EQUIPP (Enhancing Qualitative Understanding of Illness Processes and Prevention). The purpose of the project was to create a symbolic representation of the EQUIPP program through the use of projective techniques. The authors examined the meaning of engaging in qualitative research training through images and conceptual metaphors that were subsequently consolidated thematically and then portrayed in the form of a newly constructed logo that was developed with the assistance of a professional graphic designer. Projective techniques proved to be a powerful, evocative tool for eliciting meaning and translating concrete experiences into visual discourse. In this paper, the authors discuss how projective techniques were operationalized and consider their broad implications for qualitative research.


Recent evidence on teacher productivity suggests that teachers meaningfully influence non-test academic student outcomes that are commonly overlooked by narrowly focusing on test scores. Despite a large number of studies investigating the Teach For America (TFA) effect on math and English achievement, little is known about non-tested academic outcomes. Using administrative data from Miami-Dade County Public Schools, we investigate the relationship between being in a TFA classroom and five non-test student outcomes commonly found in administrative datasets: days absent, days suspended, GPA, classes failed, and grade repetition. We validate our use of non-test student academic outcomes to assess differences in teacher productivity using the quasi-experimental teacher switching methods of Chetty, Friedman, and Rockoff (2014) and fail to reject the null hypothesis of unbiasedness in most cases in elementary and middle school, although in some cases standard errors are large. We find suggestive evidence that students taught by TFA teachers in elementary and middle schools were less likely to miss school due to unexcused absences and suspensions compared with students taught by non-TFA teachers in the same school, although point estimates are very small. Other outcomes were found to be forecast-unbiased but showed no evidence of a TFA effect.


We investigate the credibility of nonbinding preplay statements about cooperative behavior, using data from a high-stakes TV game show in which contestants play a variant on the classic Prisoner's Dilemma. We depart from the conventional binary approach of classifying statements as promises or not, and propose a more fine-grained two-by-two typology inspired by the idea that lying aversion leads defectors to prefer statements that are malleable to ex-post interpretation as truths. Our empirical analysis shows that statements that carry an element of conditionality or implicitness are associated with a lower likelihood of cooperation, and confirms that malleability is a good criterion for judging the credibility of cheap talk.


This paper investigates turbulent flows with or without polymer additives in open channels and pipes. Equations of mean velocity, root mean square of velocity fluctuations, and energy spectrum are derived, in which the shear stress deficit model is used and the non-Newtonian properties are represented by the viscoelasticity α*. The obtained results show that, with α* increment, (1) the streamwise velocity fluctuations is increased, (2) the wall-normal velocity fluctuation is attenuated, (3) the Reynolds stress is reduced, and (4) there is a redistribution of energy from high frequencies to the low frequencies for the streamwise component, but dimensionless distribution over all frequencies almost remains the same as that in Newtonian fluid flows. Good agreement between the derived equations and experimental data in small drag-reduction regime is achieved, which indicates that the present model is workable for Newtonian/non-Newtonian fluid turbulent flows.


While the conventional education system with different forms of E-learning and rigid academic instructive curriculum could not bring desired changes in specified timeframe work at rural level in the targeted communities and groups, a multipronged sociological approach with a sociable and flexible curriculum in new E-Learning programs becomes need of hour. The impact of socializing influence of these E-Learning programs should be properly exploited to motivate and inspire the rural target groups. The benefits of Elearning then become extensive and soon integrate with the needs of the lower strata of the society in order for achieving a rapid social transformation in the lives of the farmers, vocational groups, artisans and small income self help groups comprising women, girls and physically challenged. The paper suggests a number of new generation E-Learning programs as strategies of development communication with a promise of high returns for the industry for its investment in these programs with socially relevant messages and media convergence.


Bangladesh has made great improvements in the scale and quality of access to education in recent years and gender equality has almost been achieved in primary education (World Bank, 2008). Evidence from CREATE's nationwide community and school survey (ComSS) confirms results from other research (such as Al-Samarrai, 2009) which suggests that poverty remains a barrier to education for many in Bangladesh, where 40% of the population remain below the poverty line (World Bank, 2009). The ComSS data suggest that policies that have been introduced to enable the poor to attend school such as free schooling; subsidised schoolbooks and stipends are not accurately targeted or having the desired effects. Targeted assistance for sections of society who are denied access to education in what is meant by equity in this paper. This goes beyond equal opportunity and seeks justice for those who have been left out.

In this monograph we describe the influence of poverty (measured by income and food security) on indicators of access to education covered by CREATE's conceptual model, such as children who drop out of school, children who have never enrolled and silent exclusion (measured through poor attendance, poor attainment and repetition). These relationships show a pattern of a series of interrelated links between poverty and exclusion from education.
While the links between physical exclusion from education (never having been to school or dropping out of school) and poverty are relatively easy to understand, it is harder to understand why poor children who are in school do worse and repeat more than their peers from wealthier households. We explore correlations between indicators of silent exclusion from education and health, access to adequate school materials and the type of school attended. What we find is that those who have poor health, lack basic school equipment and live in the catchment areas of non-government schools (who are also often the poor) are more likely to be silently excluded – that is enrolled and overage, attending irregularly or poorly achieving. Using this detailed data we identify policies that will have the greatest effect on improving access to education for those currently out of school and those in school but not learning.


This memo defines a portion of the Management Information Base (MIB) for use with network management protocols in the Internet community. In particular, it describes managed objects used for managing the Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) protocols: PIM-SM (Sparse Mode), BIDIR-PIM (Bidirectional), and PIM-DM (Dense Mode). This document is part of work in progress to obsolete RFC 2934, and is to be preferred where the two documents overlap. This document does not obsolete RFC 2934.


Diversity of the founding population of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) transmissions raises many important biological, clinical, and epidemiological issues. In up to 40% of sexual infections there is clear evidence for multiple founding variants, which can influence the efficacy of putative prevention methods and the reconstruction of epidemiologic histories. To measure the diversity of the founding population and to compute the probability of alternative transmission scenarios, while explicitly taking phylogenetic uncertainty into account, we created an Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) method based on a set of statistics measuring phylogenetic topology, branch lengths, and genetic diversity. We applied our method to a heterosexual transmission pair showing a complex paraphyletic-polyphyletic donor-recipient phylogenetic topology. We found evidence identifying the donor that was consistent with the known facts of the case (Bayes factor >20). We also found that while the evidence for ongoing transmission between the pair was as good or better than the singular transmission event model, it was only viable when the rate of ongoing transmission was implausibly high (~1/day). We concluded that the singular transmission model, which was able to estimate the diversity of the founding population (mean 7% substitutions/site), was more biologically plausible. Our study provides a formal inference framework to investigate HIV-1 direction, diversity, and frequency of transmission. The ability to measure the diversity of founding populations in both simple and complex transmission situations is essential to understanding the relationship between the phylogeny and epidemiology of HIV-1 as well as in efforts developing new prevention technologies.


An effort was initiated by NASA/JSC in 2001 to develop an Extravehicular Activity System Sizing Analysis Tool (EVAS_SAT) for the sizing of Extravehicular Activity System (EVAS) architecture and studies. Its intent was to support space suit development efforts and to aid in conceptual designs for future human exploration missions. Its basis was the Life Support Options Performance Program (LSOPP), a spacesuit and portable life support system (PLSS) sizing program developed for NASA/JSC circa 1990. EVAS_SAT estimates the mass, power, and volume characteristics for user-defined EVAS architectures, including Suit Systems, Airlock Systems, Tools and Translation Aids, and Vehicle Support equipment. The tool has undergone annual changes and has been updated as new data have become available. Certain sizing algorithms have been developed based on industry standards, while others are based on the LSOPP sizing routines. The sizing algorithms used by EVAS_SAT are preliminary. Because EVAS_SAT was designed for use by members of the EVA community, subsystem familiarity on the part of the intended user group and in the analysis of results is assumed. The current EVAS_SAT is operated within Microsoft Excel 2003 using a Visual Basic interface system.


Ocean Drilling Program Leg 125 recovered serpentinized harzburgites and dunites from a total of five sites on the crests and flanks of two serpentinite seamounts, Conical Seamount in the Mariana forearc and Torishima Forearc Seamount in the Izu–Bonin forearc. These are some of the first extant forearc peridotites reported in the literature and they provide a window into oceanic, supra-subduction zone (SSZ) mantle processes. Harzburgites from both seamounts are very refractory with low modal clinopyroxene (<4%), chrome-rich spinels (cr-number = 0.40–0.80), very low incompatible element contents, and (with the exception of amphibole-bearing samples) U-shaped rare earth element (REE) profiles with positive Eu anomalies. Both sets of peridotites have olivine–spinel equilibration temperatures that are low compared with abyssal peridotites, possibly because of water-assisted diffusional equilibration in the SSZ environment. However, other features indicate that the harzburgites from the two seamounts have very different origins. Harzburgites from Conical Seamount are characterized by calculated oxygen fugacities between FMQ (fayalite–magnetite–quartz) – 1.1 (log units) and FMQ + 0.4 which overlap those of mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) peridotites. Dunites from Conical Seamount contain small amounts of clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene and amphibole and are light REE (LREE) enriched. Moreover, they are considerably more oxidized than the harzburgites to which they are spatially related, with calculated oxygen fugacities of FMQ – 0.2 to FMQ + 1.2. Using textural and geochemical evidence, we interpret these harzburgites as residual MORB mantle (from 15 to 20% fractional melting) which has subsequently been modified by interaction with boninitic melt within the mantle wedge, and these dunites as zones of focusing of this melt in which pyroxene has preferentially been dissolved from the harzburgite protolith. In contrast, harzburgites from Torishima Forearc Seamount give calculated oxygen fugacities between FMQ + 0.8 and FMQ + 1.6, similar to those calculated for other subduction-zone related peridotites and similar to those calculated for the dunites (FMQ + 1.2 to FMQ + 1.8) from the same seamount. In this case, we interpret both the harzburgites and dunites as linked to mantle melting (20–25% fractional melting) in a supra-subduction zone environment. The results thus indicate that the forearc is underlain by at least two types of mantle lithosphere, one being trapped or accreted oceanic lithosphere, the other being lithosphere formed by subduction-related melting. They also demonstrate that both types of mantle lithosphere may have undergone extensive interaction with subduction-derived magmas.