A study by Schoenbaum (2017) found that individuals undergoing first-episode psychosis are 24 times more likely to die within a year of diagnosis than the general population. Recent research has found that dimensional models of psychopathology, as opposed to categorical models, yield better results in terms of research utility, treatment outcomes, degree of pathology, and disease etiology (Kotov et al., 2017). Seretti and Ogliati (2004) explored six competing dimensional models of psychosis and found the best fitting model to have five factors: Activation, Positive Symptoms, Disorganization, Depression, and Negative Symptoms. This model of psychosis closely resembles constructs as measured by the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF; Ben-Porath & Tellegen, 2008/2011), a structured personality test, and directly mirrors the constructs as measured by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS; Kay, Opler, & Fiszbein, 1987), a structured clinical interview. This study used the MMPI-2-RF to elucidate the nature of psychosis, with a focus on a known population, individuals with psychotic disorders, in order to further understand the construct of psychosis.


In view of controlling wall and divertor heat loads in magnetic fusion devices, we investigate the possibility of creating convective cells by means of biased electrodes for turbulence and blob control in the simple magnetized toroidal plasmas of TORPEX. A two-dimensional array of 24 electrodes is installed on a metal limiter to test different biasing schemes. This allows influencing significantly the frequency of the dominant mode as well as radial and vertical velocities of blobs. Detailed measurements along and across the magnetic field provide a rather clear picture of the effect of the biasing. The biased electrodes produce perturbations of the plasma potential and density profiles that are fairly uniform along the magnetic field. Background flows influence the location where potential variations are induced. The magnitude of the achievable potential variations in the plasma is strongly limited by cross-field currents. A quantitative discussion on the origin of these currents is presented.


Purpose: Modern agriculture aims at sustainable management, i.e., stable and, simultaneously, economically viable and socially acceptable production, without endangering the environment. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the ecological awareness and pro-environmental attitudes among farmers managing agricultural holdings located in Wielkopolskie Voivodship. Methodology: The source of empirical material comprised of a pilot survey conducted in 383 agricultural holdings in Wielkopolska. The measuring method consisted in a direct interview, using a standardized questionnaire. The questions were provided using the rank scale method, as well as the Likert scale. The collected information was analysed and subsequently characterised using descriptive statistics methods. The study was conducted from November 2018 to April 2019, both electronically and through direct contact with farmers. Findings: The study concludes that a large number of the surveyed farmers declared knowledge of Good Agricultural Practices (73%) and Principle of Cross-compliance (67%). The majority of agricultural producers in Wielkopolska (56%) were convinced of the negative impact of conventional agriculture and their activities on the environment. The surveyed farmers indicated their willingness to undertake pro-ecological measures in their agricultural holdings. Practical Implications: The farmers' environmental awareness is a key factor in reducing the negative impact of agricultural production on the natural environment. Originality/Value: Understanding farmers' attitudes and behavior in terms of environmental protection is essential to identify and implement effective protection measures.


We re-evaluated findings from Lenarz et al. (2009) that adult moose (Alces alces) survival in northeastern Minnesota was related to high January temperatures and that predation by wolves (Canis lupus) played a minor role. We found significant inverse relationships between annual wolf numbers in part of the moose range and various moose demographics from 2003 to 2013 that suggested a stronger role of wolves than heretofore believed. To re-evaluate the temperature findings, we conducted a simulation study, mimicking the approach taken by Lenarz et al. (2009), to explore the potential for concluding a significant relationship exists between temperature and survival, when no association exists. We found that the high R 2 s and low probabilities associated with the regression models in Lenarz et al. (2009) should be viewed cautiously in light of the large number of fitted models (m ¼45) and few observations (n ¼6 for each of 5 response variables). Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.


The term tipping point has experienced explosive popularity across multiple disciplines over the last decade. Research on social-ecological systems (SES) has contributed to the growth and diversity of the term's use. The diverse uses of the term obscure potential differences between tipping behavior in natural and social systems, and issues of causality across natural and social system components in SES. This paper aims to create the foundation for a discussion within the SES research community about the appropriate use of the term tipping point, especially the relatively novel term 'social tipping point.' We review existing literature on tipping points and similar concepts (e.g. regime shifts, critical transitions) across all spheres of science published between 1960 and 2016 with a special focus on a recent and still small body of work on social tipping points. We combine quantitative and qualitative analyses in a bibliometric approach, rooted in an expert elicitation process. We find that the term tipping point became popular after the year 2000—long after the terms regime shift and critical transition—across all spheres of science. We identify 23 distinct features of tipping point definitions and their prevalence across disciplines, but find no clear taxonomy of discipline-specific definitions. Building on the most frequently used features, we propose definitions for tipping points in general and social tipping points in SES in particular.


Freshwaters are recognized as dynamic systems that may be far-removed from equilibrium. A kinetic approach using the competing ligand exchange method with Chelex 100 as the competing ligand and inductively coupled plasmamass spectrometry to measure the dissociation kinetics was used to investigate the chemical speciation of Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II) in model solutions of a well-characterized fulvic acid (Laurentian fulvic acid) and a freshwater sample collected from the Grand River (Ontario, Canada). The kinetic distribution of the metal species were quantitatively characterized by their first-order dissociation rate constants. This kinetic speciation approach has the advantage of providing an objective method for estimating the dissociation rate constants without any a priori assumptions about the number of kinetically distinguishable components or the shape of the distribution. Three factors were found to influence the kinetics of trace metal competition in the freshwater environment: (i) metal-to-ligand ratio, (ii) ionic potential (z2/r), and (iii) ligand field stabilization energy. The results illustrate the importance of considering the valence-shell electron configuration in predicting the kinetics of trace metal competition in the freshwater environment. The markedly slow dissociation kinetics of Ni(II) and Cu(II) species suggest that the usual equilibrium assumption for freshwaters may not be valid. This study has demonstrated the ability of the kinetic model to correctly predict the relative rates of trace metal reactions, indicating that the kinetic model provides a chemically significant description of the kinetic processes in natural waters.


Protists – all eukaryotes besides fungi, animals, and plants - represent a major part of the taxonomic and functional diversity of eukaryotic life on the planet and drive many ecosystem processes. However, knowledge of protist communities and their diversity lags behind that of most other groups of organisms, largely due to methodological constraints. While protist communities differ markedly between habitats and biomes, they can be studied in very similar ways. Here we provide a guide to current molecular approaches used for studying protist diversity, with a particular focus on amplicon-based high-throughput sequencing (metabarcoding). We highlight that the choice of suitable primers artificially alters community profiles observed in metabarcoding studies. While there are no true 'universal' primers to target all protist taxa as a whole, we identify some primer combinations with a wide taxonomic coverage and provide detailed information on their properties. Although environmental protistan ecological research will probably shift towards PCR-free metagenomics or/and transcriptomic approaches in a near future, metabarcoding will remain the method of choice for in-depth community analyses and taxon inventories in biodiversity surveys and ecological studies, due its great cost-efficiency, sensitivity, and throughput. In this paper we provide a guide for scientists from a broad range of disciplines to implement protists in their ecological analyses.


According to the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), US work zones on freeways account for nearly 24% of nonrecurring freeway delays and 10% of overall congestion. Historically, there have been limited scalable datasets to investigate the specific causes of congestion due to work zones or to improve work zone planning processes to characterize the impact of work zone congestion. In recent years, third-party data vendors have provided scalable speed data from Global Positioning System (GPS) devices and cell phones which can be used to characterize mobility on all roadways. Each work zone has unique characteristics and varying mobility impacts which are predicted during the planning and design phases, but can realistically be quite different from what is ultimately experienced by the traveling public. This paper uses these datasets to introduce a scalable Work Zone Mobility Audit (WZMA) template. Additionally, the paper uses metrics developed for individual work zones to characterize the impact of more than 250 work zones varying in length and duration from Southeast Michigan. The authors make recommendations to work zone engineers on useful data to collect for improving the WZMA. As more systematic work zone data are collected, improved analytical assessment techniques, such as machine learning processes, can be used to identify the factors that will predict future work zone impacts. The paper concludes by demonstrating two machine learning algorithms, Random Forest and XGBoost, which show historical speed variation is a critical component when predicting the mobility impact of work zones.


Migration is the principal component of demographic change in most states and local areas. Consequently, the methods used to estimate and project migration deserve special attention. Conventional estimation and projection procedures focus on individual movement and the number of moves that have already oc curred. Recent research on migrant behavior strongly suggests, however, that the appropriate unit of analysis in the migration decision is the household, not the individual, and that greater attention should be devoted to the study of intentions to migrate, rather than to the fact of migration. This paper presents a multivariate probit model of migrant behavior focusing on household migration plans. Probit analysis permits a more rigorous specification of the relation of demographic, economic, and social factors to the individual migration decision. Empirical findings are presented for an application of the model to a 1976 survey of 3,610 metropolitan Delaware households. Problems and procedures are also discussed surrounding the construction of probit models incorporating aggregate informa tion, an approach to model building considered potentially useful for planning and policy research.


When purchasing indulgent products, the characteristics of the purchase, such as price discounts and redemption windows (the amount of time available to consume the product), can affect the likelihood of purchase. We show how these characteristics jointly influence consumers' likelihood of purchasing indulgent products and identify the consumer lay theories that drive this effect. Although price discounts can alleviate the anticipated guilt associated with indulgent consumption, we propose that consumers believe the guilt-reducing effects of discounts fade over time. In four experiments, we show that, based on this belief, consumers strategically protect their enjoyment of indulgent products by choosing shorter time periods to consume discounted indulgent purchases, and by preferring discounted indulgent products offered with shorter (vs. longer) redemption windows. We find convergent evidence in sales data from a large discount offers website, observing higher purchase rates for discounted products with shorter redemption windows compared with those for longer ones.


Six climate simulations of the Met Office Unified Model Global Atmosphere 6.0 and Global Coupled 2.0 configurations are evaluated against observations and reanalysis data for their ability to simulate the mean state and year-to-year variability of precipitation over China. To analyze the sensitivity to air-sea coupling and horizontal resolution, atmosphere-only and coupled integrations at atmospheric horizontal resolutions of N96, N216 and N512 (corresponding to ~ 200, 90, and 40 km in the zonal direction at the equator, respectively) are analyzed. The mean and interannual variance of seasonal precipitation are too high in all simulations over China, but improve with finer resolution and coupling. Empirical Orthogonal Teleconnection (EOT) analysis is applied to simulated and observed precipitation to identify spatial patterns of temporally coherent interannual variability in seasonal precipitation. To connect these patterns to large-scale atmospheric and coupled air-sea processes, atmospheric and oceanic fields are regressed onto the corresponding seasonal-mean timeseries. All simulations reproduce the observed leading pattern of interannual rainfall variability in winter, spring and autumn; the leading pattern in summer is present in all but one simulation. However, only in two simulations are the four leading patterns associated with the observed physical mechanisms. Coupled simulations capture more observed patterns of variability and associate more of them with the correct physical mechanism, compared to atmosphere-only simulations at the same resolution. However, finer resolution does not improve the fidelity of these patterns or their associated mechanisms. This shows that evaluating climate models by only geographical distribution of mean precipitation and its interannual variance is insufficient. The EOT analysis adds knowledge about coherent variability and associated mechanisms.


Put Unity to use for your video games by creating your own custom tools with editor scriptingAbout This BookAcquire a good understanding of extending Unity's editor capabilities for a platformer game by using Gizmos, custom inspectors, editor windows, scriptable objects, and moreLearn to configure and get control over your asset import pipeline using asset preprocessorsA step-by-step, comprehensible guide to creating and customizing a build pipeline that fits the necessities of your video game development teamWho This Book Is ForThis book is for anyone who has a basic knowledge of Unity programming using C# and wants to learn how to extend and create custom tools using Unity editor scripting to improve the development workflow and make video game development easier.What You Will LearnUse Gizmos to create visual aids for debuggingExtend the editor capabilities using custom inspectors, property and decorator drawers, editor windows, and handlesSave your video game data in a persistent way using scriptable objectsImprove the look and feel of your custom tools using GUIStyles and GUISkinsConfigure and control the asset import pipelineImprove the build creation pipelineDistribute the custom tools in your team or publish them in the Asset StoreIn DetailOne of Unity's most powerful features is the extensible editor it has. With editor scripting, it is possible to extend or create functionalities to make video game development easier. For a Unity developer, this is an important topic to know and understand because adapting Unity editor scripting to video games saves a great deal of time and resources.This book is designed to cover all the basic concepts of Unity editor scripting using a functional platformer video game that requires workflow improvement.You will commence with the basics of editor scripting, exploring its implementation with the help of an example project, a level editor, before moving on to the usage of visual cues for debugging with Gizmos in the scene view. Next, you will learn how to create custom inspectors and editor windows and implement custom GUI. Furthermore, you will discover how to change the look and feel of the editor using editor GUIStyles and editor GUISkins. You will then explore the usage of editor scripting in order to improve the development pipeline of a video game in Unity by designing ad hoc editor tools, customizing the way the editor imports assets, and getting control over the build creation process. Step by step, you will use and learn all the key concepts while creating and developing a pipeline for a simple platform video game. As a bonus, the final chapter will help you to understand how to share content in the Asset Store that shows the creation of custom tools as a possible new business. By the end of the book, you will easily be able to extend all the concepts to other projects.Style and approachThis book uses a step-by-step approach that will help you finish with a level editor tool, a custom configuration for the asset import pipeline, and a build pipeline totally adjusted to the video game.


Service interactions run a gamut from an instrumental self-focus to full social appreciation. Observing another customer's incivility toward a frontline employee can emphasize social concerns as guiding principles for the observer's own service interaction. Five studies test these dynamics; the results reveal that an incivility incident leads observers to prioritize social over market concerns. This reprioritization becomes manifest in a subsequent service interaction through increased feelings of warmth toward the employee who experienced incivility. In turn, feelings of warmth prompt observers to provide emotional support to the affected employee. Yet such prosocial inclinations are less likely when an employee is held responsible for or reciprocates incivility. Finally, this article also examines the effects of different employee reaction strategies on observers' inferences about the employee and the service firm, showing that observers are most positively disposed toward the employee and the firm when the former reacts to incivility with a polite reprimand. Together, the results suggest that, contrary to past theorizing, observing customers may contribute to employee well-being, contingent on appropriate employee responses. Notably, the commonly prescribed polite, submissive employee reaction that requires emotional labor may not be the most desirable reaction—neither for the employee nor for the firm.


Weathering Heights The production of soil is the result of chemical weathering of rocks and minerals. In regions where tectonic uplift brings fresh material to Earth's surface, erosion and weathering can accelerate. Using chemical tracers, Larsen et al. (p. 637, published online 16 January; see the Perspective by Heimsath) measured soil production rates of over 2 millimeters per year in New Zealand's Southern Alps, which are some of the fastest uplifting mountains in the world. Because chemical weathering consumes CO2, these rapid rates may over time influence global climate. Fast weathering rates in the New Zealand Alps point to a strong influence of tectonic processes on global climate. [Also see Perspective by Heimsath] Evaluating conflicting theories about the influence of mountains on carbon dioxide cycling and climate requires understanding weathering fluxes from tectonically uplifting landscapes. The lack of soil production and weathering rate measurements in Earth's most rapidly uplifting mountains has made it difficult to determine whether weathering rates increase or decline in response to rapid erosion. Beryllium-10 concentrations in soils from the western Southern Alps, New Zealand, demonstrate that soil is produced from bedrock more rapidly than previously recognized, at rates up to 2.5 millimeters per year. Weathering intensity data further indicate that soil chemical denudation rates increase proportionally with erosion rates. These high weathering rates support the view that mountains play a key role in global-scale chemical weathering and thus have potentially important implications for the global carbon cycle.


Aims. We determine the effect of an elliptical shape on the period ratio for the standing transversal oscillations of a longitudinally stratified coronal loop throughout its emergence from the low solar atmosphere into the ubiquitously magnetised corona. Methods. Under the assumption that elliptical curvature has a negligible effect on eigenfrequencies, the equation that describes the projection of a density profile onto a magnetic flux tube with elliptical shape is obtained in a gravitationally stratified atmosphere. The effect of the elliptical shape on the period ratio of the fundamental mode to the first harmonic (P1/P2) at various stages of emergence is determined, assuming that the oscillation periods are much shorter than the characteristic time scale of loop emergence. Results. We find that there are two separate cases of elliptical shape that occur, the minor ellipse and the major ellipse. It is then shown how the period ratio P1/P2 is dependent upon the ellipticity (� ), the parameter characterising the stage of emergence (λ )a nd the density scale height (H). Ellipticity is found to make an important contribution to P1/P2 for the minor ellipse when compared to its counterpart of standing oscillations of stratified loops with semi-circle or circle-arc shape. The major ellipse was found to have a lesser effect on the period ratio of standing oscillations. We also find the value of P1/P2 is dependent upon the stage of emergence of the loop, where the greatest contribution from emergence to the ratio of P1/P2 is when the loop is almost fully emerged. The important implication for magneto-seismological interpretations of the observations of oscillating coronal loops is that measurements of ellipticity and stage of emergence should supplement observations of oscillation periods and should be considered when applying observed frequencies of the fundamental mode and first harmonic to determine the diagnostic properties of these oscillating loops, e.g. the density scale height or strength of magnetic field. Neglecting the determination of ellipticity and stage of emergence may result in a 35% error in estimating density scale height.


Currently the FARC and the Colombian Government are negotiating a peace agreement in the city of Havana in Cuba. Although the results of these talks are uncertain and the final goal of the rebels is not observable, it is possible to analyze their strategy under different scenarios and associate the actions undertaken by the insurgents with their real willingness to cease violence. We model the strategy of an insurgent group that follows a pattern of prolonged popular war but negotiates with the government. The main results of the model are the following: (i) If the marginal probability of signing a peace treaty is significantly low when the guerrilla invests little on non-violent strategies, then they will continue to fight and allocate all its resources on military power. (ii) If the guerrillas value political participation as they value a complete revolution, and the depreciation of its military power is higher than the budget they can allocate; then the optimal strategy is to avoid military confrontation and devote all the resources to sign a peace treaty. (iii) By increasing its military power the government can generate a change in the strategy of the rebels and, particularly, a reduction in the budget allocated to military power.


--------------------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT-----------------------------------------------------------------Unified Modeling language (UML) is one of the important modeling languages used for the visual representation of the research problem. In the present paper, UML model has been designed for the compression of any image using transform method because compressed image take a very less transmission time for sending image from one node to another node and at receiving end after decompression re find the original image. The class diagram and sequence diagram for the compression of an image are depicted in this paper. Some run length coding technique is also reported in this paper with activity diagram


When the euro crisis hit Europe, so did recurring claims of an 'unprecedented' politicization of European integration charcterized by increased attention to the EU in the media and claims of rising euroscepticism among EU citizens. These are characteristic of the media-based analyses that dominate politicization research. This dissertation disputes the generalizability of these claims from the media to lay citizens and to other political arenas. It argues than an approach that differentiates between the various dimensions of politicization (i.e. salience, scope and contestation) and between the various arenas on which it plays out (i.e. institutional, intermediary and citizen) is necessary for an accurate understanding of the character and development of politicization. Through a mixed-methods quantitative-qualitative analysis that applies equivalent indicators longitudinally over parallel time periods, it investigates how the politicization of the EU compares between media debates and citizen discourse. It then maps how it evolved comparatively between them over the duration of the crisis.
Politicization in the Irish news media, observed through media content analysis of the Irish Times and the Irish Independent in chapter 4, is then compared with that among Irish citizens, observed through focus group discussions and Eurobarometer surveys in chapter 5. This dissertation finds that contrary to claims of an 'unprecedented' degree of politicization, politicization of the EU in the Irish news media during the crisis can be characterized as a moderately salient, deep, moderately euro-critical polarization that is becoming somewhat wider in scope over time with no consistent trend in either the salience or contestation of EU politics. In contrast, in the citizen arena it was characterized as a week to moderately salient, wide, moderately polarized politicization that is slowly progressing in a wider but not deeper euro-critical direction. It finds that even where the intensity of politicization does not change over time, there can still be significant changes to the character of politicization in any one or more of its three dimensions


We estimate the effect of universal free school meal access through the Community Eligibility Program (CEP) on child BMI. Through the CEP, schools with high percentages of students qualified for free or reduced-priced meals can offer free breakfast and lunch to all students. With administrative data from a large school district in Georgia, we use student-level BMI measures from the FitnessGram to compare within-student outcomes before and after CEP implementation across eligible and non-eligible schools. We find one year of CEP exposure increased expected BMI percentile by about 0.085 standard deviations, equivalent to a nearly 1.88-pound weight increase for a student of average height. We also find that the program led to a small increase in the likelihood of overweight and limited evidence of a small decrease in the likelihood of underweight. We do not find that the program increased student obesity risk. Examining the effects of CEP on child BMI by grade suggests that the overall effect is largely driven by students in middle schools, highlighting potential heterogeneity in the program's impact across grades. The findings of this paper are relevant for researchers and policymakers concerned with the effects of universal free school meals on student health.


This thesis has been focused around the Diels Alder reaction with the goal to design an enzyme catalyzed reaction pathway. To achieve this goal computer aided enzyme design was utilized. Common traditional methods of computational chemistry (B3LYP, MP2) do not do well when calculating reaction barriers or even reaction energies for the Diels Alder reaction. New calcu- lation methods were developed and tested. This was the focus of the first part of the thesis, by choosing a small system, extensive and heavy calculations could be done with CBS-QB3. Then by benchmarking faster methods of calculation (SCS-MP2, M06-2X) against the results, they could be graded by efficiency and cost. This was done anticipating that the same accuracy could be applied to larger systems where CBS-QB3 cannot be used. In the second part activating groups were investigated for both the diene and the dienophile, along with their effects on reaction rates. A qualitative analysis was done. This is important not only for the uncatalyzed reaction, but also interesting when searching for possible substrates for the enzyme reaction. In the last part the thesis presents a designed enzyme that catalyzes Diels Alder in silico using ∆5−3−Keto steroid isomerase. Using empirical calculations, the enzyme was scanned for catalytic activity. The catalytic effect was then showed with ab initio Quantum chemical calculations.


We describe a new solution for recovering the long-wavelength features of a velocity model in gradient-based full-waveform inversion (FWI). The method uses reflected and transmitted wave modes to recover high-resolution velocity models. The new FWI gradient enables reliable velocity updates deeper than the maximum penetration depth of diving waves and reduces the FWI dependency on recording ultralong offsets. We also discuss a new FWI regularization scheme that overcomes the limitations of the inversion in the presence of high-contrast geobodies and cycle skipping. The solution utilizes a priori information about the earth model in the regularization as an extra term in the objective function. The implementation makes use of the split Bregman method, making it efficient and accurate. Results from applying the new FWI gradient to field data show that we can combine both transmitted and reflected energy in a global FWI scheme to obtain high-resolution velocity models without imprint of the reflectivity on t...


The authors apply insights from critical spatial theory to explore how space can be reimagined to be more inclusive. The meaning of spaces includes (1) objective physical space, (2) subjective imagined space, and (3) lived space used by consumers. The authors discuss several cases in which different social actors (i.e., consumers, marketers, businesses, and policy makers) exert various forms of agency to achieve power and control in the social space and maximize different goals. They also highlight how critical spatial theories can be extended by marketing researchers. Businesses sometimes have more diverse interests than merely profit maximization and can consider a wider array of other stakeholders' interests to ensure the long-term survival of the firm. Finally, the authors examine implications for public policy. They point out the usefulness of a critical spatial perspective in such areas as affordable housing, inclusive and democratic retail space development, spatial segregation, and suburban sprawl.


OBJECTIVES
To estimate HIV incidence in the adult population of Peru, 2010, and analyze its distribution based on risk behavior.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The UNAIDS model was applied based on the modes of transmission (MoT). The information was obtained from the review detailed in 59 documents (1984 - 2008). National databases were also analyzed to obtain specific data. Final selection of data was validated by the technical group and a group of experts. After consultation with experts, values were corrected and an uncertainty analysis was conducted. The model was adjusted to 2009 national prevalence (0.45%).

RESULTS
Incidence estimated for 2010 was 0.03%, (4346 new infections). 84% of new infections concentrate on higher risk groups: men who have sex with men (55%) and people who have casual sex with heterosexuals (6.2%). The remaining 16% corresponds to low-risk heterosexual population. Heterosexual transmission accounts for 43% of new cases, 18% of which corresponds to female partners of high risk individuals. Only 2.2% of cases is related to female sexual work and 1.0% to injection drug users.

CONCLUSIONS
The model provides an estimation of the incidence and its distribution among risk groups according to the mode of transmission, consistent with the HIV case reporting. The model creates scenarios to help decision making and policy formulation, as well as surveillance and planning of prevention and control.


And for years, following these tenets, the theory's focus has been on how children develop vis-a-vis the attachments-whether secure or insecure-they form with their caregivers. In the therapy room, this has meant working with individuals one-on-one, with the therapist assuming the role of the attachment figure in order to provide a secure base for treating clients' problems that arose from troubled interpersonal relationships in childhood. Here, Daniel A. Hughes, an eminent clinician and attachment specialist, is the first to expand this traditional model, applying attachment theory to a family therapy setting. Drawing on more than 20 years of clinical experience, Hughes presents his comprehensive, effective, and accessible treatment model for working with all members of a family-not simply the individual in question-to recognize, resolve, and heal personal and family problems using principles from theories of attachment and intersubjectivity. Beginning with an overview of attachment and intersubjectivity-the twin theories from which he forms his treatment plan-Hughes carefully outlines, chapter by chapter, the core principles and strategies of his family-based approach. He elaborates on the need to develop and maintain PACE (playfulness, acceptance, curiosity, and empathy)-the central therapeutic stance of attachment-focused family therapy-and supplies tips and sample dialogues for implementing this position. The importance of fostering affective/reflective (a/r) dialogue is covered in detail, as well as helping families to manage shame, understand and embrace the break-and-repair cycle of their interactions, and explore and resolve childhood trauma. Also discussed are the more procedural issues of how to incorporate parents into therapeutic conversations, when and how to question them on their own attachment histories, and how to "be" with children. Grounded in the fundamental principle of parents facilitating the healthy emotional development of their children, Attachment-Focused Family Therapy is the first book of its kind to offer therapists a complete manual for using attachment therapy with families. Extensive case studies, vignettes, and sample dialogues throughout clearly demonstrate how Hughes's model plays out in the therapy room. By showing therapists how to create a bond of psychological safety and intersubjective discovery with parents and caregivers, Hughes reveals how they, in turn, can bring about similar experiences of safety and discovery for their children.


Normalisation of blood glucose by intensive insulin therapy has beneficial effects on the mortality and morbidity of intensive care patients, but also increases the risk of life threatening hypoglycaemia. Attempts to improve the control of blood glucose with model based systems have shown promising results, but require that the saturation of the effect of insulin on glucose balance at high plasma insulin concentrations is modeled appropriately. This saturation is often ignored in commonly used models of glucose metabolism, such as the minimal model, but may be important in patients with reduced insulin sensitivity.

In this paper three simple models of insulin saturation are explored, all of them ascribing saturation to properties of the binding between insulin and its receptor. The models can be fitted to data from patients with normal or near normal insulin sensitivity, and they all predict that the plasma concentration at which half-insulin effect is reached is about 50 mU/l, also in patients with reduced insulin sensitivity. This prediction can be tested against clinical data, and if true will lead to advice on insulin therapy that avoids infusions that exceed 8 U/hour, in order to avoid saturation and the associated risk of hypoglycaemia.


The Gender, Violence, and Health Centre (GVHC) at the London School of Hygiene
and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM) has launched a learning and reflection group on
social norms and gender-based violence (GBV). There is increasing interest among
donors and practitioners to harness insights from social norms theory to catalyse
change around gender inequity and harmful gender-related practices. Little guidance
is available, however, to help practitioners integrate simple norms measures and
change strategies within field-based programming. As theory-based insights open
promising avenues for achieving change, a gap emerged between theory and its
application within development practice.

The mission of this group is thus:
To translate and adapt insights and methods from social norm theory and research
into practical guidance for development practitioners seeking to transform harmful
gender-related practices in low and middle-income countries.
Participants share and discuss individual solutions to common dilemmas around
measurement and practice. Together, we are working on a programme of research
and practice to test strategies that can help people negotiate new positive norms,
and/or dismantle norms that keep harmful practices in place. Our collective
experience will inform the next wave of intervention evaluation and norms
measurement.
As part of the learning initiative, LSHTM convened an expert group meeting in July
2016 on the measurement of social norms sustaining GBV. The meeting focused
on identifying best-practice strategies to diagnose and measure social norms.
Participants were drawn from groups that already had data and research experience
attempting to capture gender-related norms and practices in the field. The meeting
was kept relatively small to ensure productive exchange among the few teams that
have experimented with different strategies for collecting quantitative data on norms
and gender-based violence.


Pollen development is highly susceptible to heat stress (HS) and the production of inviable pollen causes reduction in seed- and fruit-set in plants. This study was carried out to identify HS-induced pollen proteins and the associated biological processes in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Tomato 'Micro-Tom' plants were incubated under 32°C//22°C (day/night, 12/12 h) for two weeks for heat treatment, and the non-treated control plants were incubated for the same time period at 25°C /22°C. Flower buds of 5 mm in length were confirmed to contain the heat sensitive uninucleate microspores. Pollen cells were harvested using laser capture microdissection (LCM) and protein was extracted using a one-step method under high pressure and vacuum. Approximately 60,000 LCMharvested microspore cells yielded about 18-20 μg proteins. The tandem mass tags (TMT) proteomics analysis identified a total of 6018 proteins, 4784 proteins were quantified, 37 proteins were identified as HS up-regulated significantly changed proteins (SCPs), and 83 proteins as HS down (dn)-regulated SCPs. Further analysis using the plant MetGenMap system showed that the HS up-regulated SCPs were enriched in the heat acclimation, pollen wall formation, protein folding/refolding gene ontology (GO) biological processes, and the HS dn-regulated SCPs were placed in the carbohydrate catabolism and de-novo protein biosynthesis GO terms. Biological processes such as mitosis, resistance to oxidative stresses, and carbohydrate and lipid metabolic processes contain both the HS up-, and dn-regulated SCPs. These results indicate that the LCM-TMT proteomics workflow is highly efficient in the identification of HS-induced pollen proteomes. These HS induced SCPs will be used for exploring heat tolerance of tomato pollens. The proteomics data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD010218.


In many applications, good ranking is a highly desirable performance for a classifier. The criterion commonly used to measure the ranking quality of a classification algorithm is the area under the ROC curve (AUC). To report it properly, it is crucial to determine an interval of confidence for its value. This paper provides confidence intervals for the AUC based on a statistical and combinatorial analysis using only simple parameters such as the error rate and the number of positive and negative examples. The analysis is distribution-independent, it makes no assumption about the distribution of the scores of negative or positive examples. The results are of practical use and can be viewed as the equivalent for AUC of the standard confidence intervals given in the case of the error rate. They are compared with previous approaches in several standard classification tasks demonstrating the benefits of our analysis.


The timing of the early invasion of the continents, the routes to the land, and the environmental breadth of the Cambrian explosion are important topics because they are at the core of our understanding of early evolutionary breakthroughs. Illuminating some aspects of these problems are trilobite trace fossils in tidal-flat deposits from the lower Cambrian Rome Formation in the southern Appalachian Mountains of Tennessee (USA). Morphologic details and size range of the trace fossils suggest production by olenellid trilobites, which occur as body fossils in the same unit. The occurrence of this ichnofauna, together with physical structures indicative of periodic subaerial exposure (desiccation cracks) and deposition within the intertidal zone (flat-topped ripples), shows that trilobites forayed into the upper intertidal zone during the Cambrian. Our finding supports the migration of subtidal organisms into marginal-marine, intertidal settings at the dawn of the Phanerozoic, suggesting that trilobites contributed to the establishment of the intertidal ecosystem during the Cambrian. The sequence of events involved in the colonization of early Paleozoic tidal flats is consistent with the idea that most terrestrial taxa originated from marine rather than freshwater ancestors, and that direct routes to the land from marginal-marine ecosystems were involved in the colonization of continental environments early in the Phanerozoic.


Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the demographic profile and incidence of young stroke at a tertiary care setup in Islamabad, Pakistan. Materials and Methods: This single centre, cross sectional study was conducted by recruiting 119 patients of either gender, ≥ 12and ≤ 45 years of age with stroke and receiving care at Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad. Results: Total number of young strokes was 119 out of a total of 322 strokes i-e-, 36.9 %; 1/3rd strokes were in ≤ 45 years of age. Ischemic arterial strokes were 47% (56 out of 119) while venous ischemic strokes were 11.7 % (14 out of 119) and almost all in females (13 out of 14; 92.8 %).Infective causes of central nervous system were identified in24.3 % (29 out of 119). 49 patients (41.1 %) had hemorrhagic strokes. Major individual risk factors for stroke included hypertension identified in 35 (29.4 %)followed by diabetes mellitus in 8 (6.7 %) patients. Amongst infectious causes, CNS tuberculosis was the major infection associated with young stroke i-e-, 89.6 % (26 out of 29). Conclusion: Nearly 1/3rd of strokes in our population are in young.While risk factors in general for stroke stand true for young stroke as well namely hypertension and diabetes, CNS infections are a major cause of young stroke in Pakistan; particularly CNS TB. While majority of strokes in elderly are ischemic, strokes in young comparatively are almost equally divided between ischemia and hemorrhage i-e-, 1.4:1. 1/5th of these ischemic strokes are due to cerebral venous thrombosis. National level guidelines should therefore adopt different strategies for primary and secondary prevention, laboratory work up and imaging, and treatment of stroke in young.


We undertake a study to investigate the haplotype variety of distinct human populations. We use a natural measure of haplotype variety, the total number of haplotypes (TNH) present that reflects the number of haplotypes with nonzero frequencies estimated from the data at hand for each selection of multiple loci. For the analysis of real human populations, we use the haplotype data of the Denver Chinese, Tuscan Italians, Luhya Kenyans, and Gujarati Indians from release III of the HapMap database. Moreover, we show that the TNH statistic is biased in small sample data scenarios such as the HapMap and implement a nested simulation study to estimate and remove such bias. We perform a preliminary analysis of means and variances of the population allele frequencies in the four populations. Lastly, we implement a generalized linear model to detect and quantify the differences in haplotype structures of these populations. Our results show that all populations possess significantly different adjusted average TNH values. Our findings extend previous results based on alternative statistical approaches and demonstrate the existence of pronounced differences in the haplotype variety of the analyzed populations even after controlling for haplotype span as well as all allele frequencies and their two-way interactions.


This paper consists of three separate articles on the number of fundamental dimensionful constants in physics. We started our debate in summer 1992 on the terrace of the famous CERN cafeteria. In the summer of 2001 we returned to the subject to find that our views still diverged and decided to explain our current positions. LBO develops the traditional approach with three constants, GV argues in favor of at most two (within superstring theory), while MJD advocates zero.


Few studies have explored the relation between withdrawn behavior (WB) and exercise and screen time. The current study used exploratory factor analysis to examine the factor structure of leisure-time exercise behavior (LTEB) and screentime sedentary behavior (STSB) in a clinical sample of youth. Structural equation modeling was employed to investigate the relations between WB and LTEB and STSB, conditional on gender. WB was assessed using the Child Behavior Checklist, and LTEB and STSB were measured using the Vermont Health Behavior Questionnaire. LTEB and STSB emerged as two separate factors. Gender moderated the structure of STSB only. For boys and girls, WB was inversely related to LTEB but not significantly related to STSB. LTEB and STSB are best represented as distinct, uncorrelated constructs. In addition, withdrawn youth may be at risk for poor health outcomes due to lower rates of LTEB. Mental health clinicians, sports psychologists, and related providers may be uniquely qualified to enhance motiv...


OBJECTIVE
To investigate the extent to which South African mental health research addresses priority issues.

DESIGN
Cross-sectional survey of conference presentations.

SETTING
The most recent conferences of the following professional societies: the Epidemiological Society of Southern Africa, the Psychological Society of South Africa, the Society of Psychiatrists of South Africa, and the South African Association for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Whether the presentations addressed priority areas as defined in the list 'Selected priority areas of research' compiled by the Mental Health and Substance Abuse Thrust of the Medical Research Council, and if so which priority areas were addressed.

RESULTS
There were 627 presentations, with 267 (43%) on mental health or substance abuse. Seventy-eight papers (29%) reported original research in a priority area identified by the Medical Research Council. Of these, 73 (94%) were on mental health and 5 (6%) were on substance abuse. Of the 73 papers on mental health, 33 (45%) addressed topics in health problem research, 7 (10%) aetiology research, 22 (30%) intervention research, and 11 (15%) operational and health systems research.

CONCLUSION
Much South African mental health research does not address priority issues. There is a particular dearth of research addressing substance abuse research priorities. Funding mechanisms and research capacity development initiatives could help to rectify the situation.


While the physical and ecological importance of the spring transition in the California Current System (CCS) is well recognized, there is no widely agreed upon metric for tracking the phenomenon. Most metrics reflect oceanographic events of the northern CCS; few pertain to southern regions. Our goal was to compare 2 commonly used methods for identifying spring transition in the CCS that use data on wind-driven upwelling and coastal sea levels to 2 newly developed methods that use data on sea levels as well as satellite-derived sea-surface temperatures (SSTs). More specifically, we assessed whether methods typically used in northern regions of the CCS could be applied to other regions. To demonstrate the biological implications of those methods, we evaluated relationships between timing of spring transition and recruitment of 2 groundfish species, Pacific ocean perch Sebastes alutus and sablefish Anoplopoma fimbria. Our results suggest that while dramatic changes in wind-derived upwelling and coastal sea levels consistently indicate spring transition in the northern CCS, this is not the case for central and southern regions. In those regions, spring transition may be better represented by the rate of change in sea levels and/or changes in spatial patterns of SSTs. Only metrics based on wind-driven upwelling and sea levels were related to groundfish recruitment; when transitions in upwelling winds and sea levels were delayed, recruitment tended to be poor. We advise caution when identifying dates of spring transition and applying them to analyses of ecological phenomena; a combination of several methods may be required to reveal the multidimensional physical and biological changes that occur during that transition.


Current design theory lacks a systematic method to identify what designers know that helps them to create innovative products. In the early stages of idea generation, designers may find novel ideas come readily to mind, or may become fixated on their own or existing products. This may limit the ability to consider more and more varied candidate concepts that may potentially lead to innovation. To aid in idea generation, we sought to identify "design heuristics," or "rules of thumb," evident in award-winning designs. In this paper, we demonstrate a content analysis method for discovering heuristics in the designs of innovative products. Our method depends on comparison to a baseline of existing products so that the innovative change can be readily identified. Through an analysis of key features and functional elements in the designs of over 400 award-winning products, 40 heuristic principles were extracted. These design heuristics are outlined according to their perceived role in changing an existing product concept into a novel design, and examples of other products using the heuristics are provided. To demonstrate the ease of use of these design heuristics, we examined outcomes from a classroom study and found that concepts created using design heuristics were rated as more creative and varied. The analysis of changes from existing to innovative products can provide evidence of useful heuristic principles to apply in creating new designs. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4032219]


This paper is a brief review of fuzzy vault which is a biometric template security technique. The advent of technology over the last decade has established biometric identification as an electronic equivalent to physical verification. Biometric traits offer a reliable solution to the problem of user authentication in identity management systems. Biometric based authentication has more advantage over traditional method such as password due to their uniqueness and required physical attendance at the time of authentication. But there are increasing concerns about the security and privacy of biometric technology. Fingerprint Identification is the most commonly used in biometric systems and fuzzy vault is a new technique to secure the template. The aim of this paper is to review all the important developments in fuzzy vault till.


We focus on the Iberian-European plate boundary (IEPB), whose nature, age, and evolution are strongly debated. In contrast to previous interpretations of the IEPB as a major lithospheric-scale left-lateral strike-slip fault, we propose a more complex deformation history. The mapping of rift domains at the transition between Iberia and Europe emphasizes the existence of spatially disconnected rift systems. Based on their restoration, we suggest that the deformation was partitioned between a set of distinct left-lateral transtensional rift systems from the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous. A plate kinematic reorganization at Aptian-Albian time resulted in the onset of sea-floor spreading in the western Bay of Biscay and extreme crustal and lithosphere thinning in intra-continental rift basins to the east. The formation and reactivation of the IEPB is interpreted as the result of the polyphase evolution of a diffuse transient plate boundary that failed to localize. The results of this work may provide new insights on (1) processes preceding breakup and the initiation of segmented and strongly oblique shear margins, (2) the deformation history of nascent divergent plate boundaries, and (3) the kinematics of the southern North Atlantic and Alpine domain in western Europe.


Due to precarious socio-economic ambience and the global publicity it
has generated, sub-Saharan Africa has become synonymous with
poverty, and Nigeria hosts the largest population of poor people in
the region. Although several ideas have been generated domestically
to address the scourge but the persistence of poverty in large scale
explains the inherent limitations in government interventionist
measures. Consequent upon this, the inauguration of the MDGs,
which represents an attempt at combating poverty through global
partnership for development, appears to constitute the key to
Nigeria's escape from poverty trap. Worrisomely however, the
current progress towards the attainment of the goals is approximately
at a snail's pace. The paper therefore critically examines the problems
and prospects of achieving a remarkable reduction in Nigeria's
poverty profile within the framework of the MDGs. To escape from
the doldrums, the paper argues that sound reform practices are
required.


Adobe CS2 makes it easy to work smarter. Why not take advantage of all it has to offer? Odds are you already use Adobe's Creative Suite. Maybe you use some of its features all of the time, but you know it also includes other powerful tools you have yet to explore, because you just don't have the time. The irony is that the whole design of Creative Suite is intended to save you time--the applications and tools included in the product work together seamlessly, making it possible for designers like you to work incredibly efficiently, from file creation to distribution. This book can help you quickly learn how to take advantage of all that CS2 has to offer. By following its concise explanations and step-by-step exercises, you'll soon learn core skills and techniques that will enable you to create an integrated workflow that will not only save you lots of time, but will also give you more flexibility to move between applications to make necessary tweaks, try out new ideas, and create portable files for review. Adobe Creative Suite 2 Workflow will help you: Master Version Cue and Bridge: the hub for Creative Suite 2 Use CS2 more effectively everyday, on all kinds of projects Know which applications are best to use for specific tasks Learn how to combine applications for peak efficiency Answer the top 15 "How Do I?" questions for every CS2 application With full-color examples and dozens of practical tips and tricks, this book is the working professional's guide to getting the most out of all of your CS2 tools.


In April of 2007, Estonia fell victim to a series of distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks that crippled its government websites, email servers, media outlets, and banking system for nearly a month. Due to the devastating effects of these cyber attacks, Estonia took great efforts to strengthen its cyber security protocols. This research analyzes the reforms that Estonia has implemented in its domestic and foreign policies and attempts to determine if any of it systemic improvements can help to also bolster cyber security in the United States (US). The findings from this research are that Estonia's policy reforms in cyber security have been the most significant in areas that the US currently lacks. Domestically, Estonia has a cyber education program that significantly highlights awareness of the risks to its critical cyber infrastructure. Estonia has also promoted public and private partnerships to jointly analyze, assess, and defend itself against future cyber attacks.. In foreign affairs, Estonia has bolstered its relationship with allied nations in new ways and has synchronized its foreign policies to improve stakeholder engagement on cyber defense. The critical changes that Estonia has adopted and implemented throughout the past decade are what this research endeavors to recommend for the US to consider into its defense of the cyber domain. Furthermore, this research proposes an on-ramping methodology that helps to frame how an organization can more easiliy integrate new processes, practices, and procedures that have worked well for others.


. Inquiry-based modeling is essential to scientific practice. How-ever, modeling is difficult for novice scientists in part due to limited domain-specific knowledge and quantitative skills. VERA is an interactive tool that helps users construct conceptual models of ecological phenomena, run them as simulations, and examine their predictions. VERA provides cognitive scaffolding for modeling by supplying access to large-scale domain knowledge. The VERA system was tested by college-level students in two different settings: a general ecology lecture course (N=91) at a large southeastern R1 university and a controlled experiment in a research laboratory (N=15). Both studies indicated that engaging students in ecological modeling through VERA helped them better understand basic biological concepts. The latter study additionally revealed that providing access to domain knowledge helped students build more complex models.


The high costs associated with technological innovation have been previously identified as both a major contributor to the rise of health care expenses, and as a limitation for widespread adoption of new technologies. In this work we evaluate the use of two consumer grade depth cameras, the Microsoft Kinect v1 and 3DSystems Sense, as a means for acquiring point clouds for registration. These devices have the potential to replace professional grade laser range scanning devices in medical interventions that do not require sub-millimetric registration accuracy, and may do so at a significantly reduced cost. To facilitate the use of these devices we have developed a near real-time (1-4 sec/frame) rigid registration framework combining several alignment heuristics with the Iterative Closest Point (ICP) algorithm. Using nearest neighbor registration error as our evaluation criterion we found the optimal scanning distances for the Sense and Kinect to be 50-60cm and 70-80cm respectively. When imaging a skull phantom at these distances, RMS error values of 1.35mm and 1.14mm were obtained. The registration framework was then evaluated using cranial MR scans of two subjects. For the first subject, the RMS error using the Sense was 1.28 ± 0.01 mm. Using the Kinect this error was 1.24 ± 0.03 mm. For the second subject, whose MR scan was significantly corrupted by metal implants, the errors increased to 1.44 ± 0.03 mm and 1.74 ± 0.06 mm but the system nonetheless performed within acceptable bounds.


This paper presents a method for odor plume tracking by a swarm of robots in realistic conditions. In real world environments, the chemical concentration within an odor plume is patchy, intermittent and time-variant. This study shows that swarm robots can cooperatively track the odor plume towards its source by establishing a cohesive spatial sensor network to deal with the turbulences and patchy nature of odor plumes. The robots move together and maintain a distance margin between themselves in order to keep the cohesion of the constructed sensor network while the odor concentration and air-flow speed are considered in the equations of navigation of the robots in the network to more efficiently track the plume. The method is evaluated in simulation against various number of robots, the emission rate of the odor source, the number of obstacles in the environment and the size of the testing environment. The emergent behavior of the swarm proves the functionality, robustness and scalability of the system in different conditions.


Fingerprints of deep-seated, lithospheric deformation are often recognised on the surface, contributing to topographic evolution, drainage organisation and mass transport. Interactions between deep and surface processes were investigated in the Carpathian-Pannonian region. The lithosphere beneath the Pannonian basin has formerly been extended, significantly stretched and heated up and thus became extremely weak from a rheological point of view. From Pliocene times onward the 'creme brulee' type lithosphere has been subject to compressional stresses and, albeit at low strain rate, continuously shortened. Field data and numerical models suggested lithospheric folding as a primary mode of intraplate deformation resulting co-existence of subsiding and uplifting areas. Complementing previous studies, analogue tectonic models were performed, which enabled the simulation of the physical properties of the Pannonian lithosphere under laboratory conditions. Model results support that far-field tectonic and gravitational stresses could trigger folding of the low-strength Pannonian lithosphere. The amplitude of folding was comparable to the inferred amount of Pliocene-Quaternary subsidence and uplift. The dominant wavelength of folding was ~400 km in all experiments. However, shorter wavelength folding were also observed and found to be amplified by initial thickness variations of the brittle crust. This multi-wavelength behaviour of folding is in line with field data and numerical predictions. 3D analogue models shed light on the strain partitioning between lithospheric folding and activation of strike-slip zones in the upper crust. Horizontal shortening was absorbed by the folding of the ductile lithosphere and distributed among multiple shear zones. As a consequence of the 'creme brulee' structure, the low strain rate and the number of fault zones, the individual seismo-active surface is reduced and only low slip rates can occur. These observations explain the recorded low seismicity in the Pannonian basin interior. The analogue models gave an independent verification of the concept that folding of the weak Pannonian lithosphere controls basin inversion and moulds topography. Surface expressions are presented by case studies from the western part of the basin, where inversion has the most pronounced imprints on the landscape. The investigation focused on landforms that had been thought to be pre-defined by brittle tectonics. Revision of these hypotheses was accomplished by the interpretation of high-resolution, near-surface geophysical data. Geophysical imaging of the sub-surface provided further evidence of smaller-scale folding. Instead of fault control, a combination of Aeolian erosion and folding was found to play a key role in the formation of the analysed morphology. Rivers are elements of the surface that are sensitive recorders of differences in subsidence or uplift rates. Effects of crustal movements on drainage network development were investigated in a feasibility study. The catchment area of the Carpathian hinterland was analysed by means of a fractal study. The results confirmed that stochastic behaviour of erosional processes has been overprinted by alterations related to differences in the uplift history. Fractal dimensions reflected tendencies that correlated to different amounts of uplift. In summary, close relationship between lithospheric to crustal deformation and surface processes has been confirmed in many new aspects in the evolution of the Pannonian basin.


Soil organic carbon (OC) content is often estimated by determining organic matter (OM) content via mass loss on ignition (LOI) and assuming that there are 580 g OC kg ―1 OM. We utilized thermogravimetry (TG), oven-determined mass LOI, and the Walkley-Black (WB) wet oxidation method to evaluate the relationship between OC and OM contents ofcarbonatic and organic soils from Florida and Puerto Rico and Spodosols from Florida. These soils have contrasting components and formed under different ecological settings. The OC content of OM, based on TG-determined OM mass LOI (TG OM) and WB OC, was higher for Histosols and Spodosols than for carbonatic soils. Regression coefficients between WB OC and TG OM were high for all soils. The factor to convert OM to OC, based on TG OM and WB OC, was 0.56 ± 0.04 (±0.04 is the 95% confidence interval) (R 2 = 0.93) for carbonatic soils, 0.67 ± 0.06 (R 2 = 0.94) for Spodosols, and 0.69 ± 0.04 (R 2 = 0.99) for Histosols. Results show that accuracy in estimating OC from OM content may be improved if the conversion equation is developed from soils within limited compositional and/or biogeochemical ranges. As such, there is no universal conversion factor between OM and OC for all soils. Loss on ignition is not a reliable OM measure if there are mass losses below 200°C that are mistakenly attributed to OM combustion, as in the case of reversible dehydration for Histosols of this study. However, TG enables detection of and accounting for such mass losses. Isothermal TG also confirmed that reversible mass loss between 105 and 200°C was energy-rather than time dependent.


The main goal of paper is to show how NSM findings about lexical universals (semantic primes) can be applied to semantic analysis in little-described languages. It is argued that using lexical universals as a vocabulary for semantic analysis allows one to formulate meaning descriptions that are rigorous, cognitively authentic, maximally translatable, and free from Anglocentrism. A second goal is to shed light on methodological issues in semantic fieldwork by interrogating some controversial claims about the Dalabon and Piraha languages. We argue that reductive paraphrase into lexical universals provides a practical procedure for arriving at coherent interpretations of unfamiliar lexical meanings. Other indigenous/endangered languages discussed include East Cree, Arrernte, Kayardild, Karuk, and Maori. We urge field linguists to take the NSM metalanguage, based on lexical universals, into the field with them, both as an aid to lexicogrammatical documentation and analysis and as a way to improve semantic communication with consultants.


Combinatorial Optimization is a branch of optimization that deals with the problems where the set of feasible solutions is discrete. Routing problem is a well studied branch of Combinatorial Optimization that concerns the process of deciding the best way of visiting the nodes (customers) in a network.
Routing problems appear in many real world applications including: Transportation, Telephone or Electronic data Networks.

During the years, many solution procedures have been introduced for the solution of different Routing problems. Some of them are based on exact approaches to solve the problems to optimality and some others are based
on heuristic or metaheuristic search to find optimal or near optimal solutions. There is also a less studied method, which combines both heuristic and exact approaches to face different problems including those in the Combinatorial Optimization area.

The aim of this dissertation is to develop some solution procedures based
on the combination of heuristic and Integer Linear Programming (ILP) techniques for some important problems in Routing Optimization. In this approach, given an initial feasible solution to be possibly improved, the method follows a destruct-and-repair paradigm, where the given solution is randomly destroyed (i.e., customers are removed in a random way) and repaired by solving an ILP model, in an attempt to find a new improved solution.


As the number of hospital visits increases, patients across the U.S. are experiencing longer wait times before being transferred to an inpatient unit. Hold hours in emergency rooms (ED) and post-operative care units (PACU) are defined as the period of time where patients are prepared to be transferred but cannot because the receiving unit is at capacity. Magee-Womens Hospital of UPMC has seen an increase in hold hours in both their PACU and ED because inpatient units are usually at 95% of capacity. Total hold hours over a two-week period typically range from 70 to 130 hours, with the all-time high reaching 250 hours. Accrediting agencies, such as the Joint Commission and the Institute of Medicine have identified hold hours as a public health problem, because hold hours lead to poorer patient outcomes as well as lower patient satisfaction scores. After consideration, Magee executives and staff identified ineffective discharge processes, with patient transportation being a primary factor, as the cause of the bottlenecks being created in both the PACU and ED. This report analyzes ways to increase transport efficiencies so that wait times that patients are currently experiencing once they have been cleared for discharge can be reduced. Observations and data were collected to review the discharge process and understand where problems may be occurring. The use of patient transport communication system (Teletracking) reports were used to analyze the discharge process and proved vital in determining where processes were broken. Data logged by transporters into Teletracking was used to create a Pareto chart that shows categories of delays that include delays broken down into nursing, patient, equipment, physician and paperwork as well as miscellaneous delays. Results of the study indicate that an inefficient discharge process is causing the hold hours. Recommendations are made based on the problems noted in the analysis with an emphasis on increasing efficiency in the transport department to make the discharge process more efficient. These recommendations include increased communication between departments, implementation of a discharge unit, so patients have a place to wait after they have been discharged, and an inventory analysis to reduce time spent looking for equipment.


Can you recall a time before the internet? When you read newspapers, called your friends on the landline and watched what the TV offered, like everyone else? Things have changed considerably in this age of instant and self-curated news consumption and mediated personal relations management. The internet has evolved into a central space for societal interaction, both locally and globally. But new technology must also bring new law – or not? Law is indeed society's most important medium to ensure order, rule and justice. Understanding the genesis, content and legitimation of legal and non-legal rules on the internet, and the constitution of the rule of the internet, thus become essential.


This study was designed to validate a high-resolution method to measure regional ventilation (VA) in small laboratory animals, and to compare regional Va and perfusion (Q) before and after methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction. A mixture of two different colors of 0.04-microm fluorescent microspheres (FMS) was aerosolized and administered to five anesthetized, mechanically ventilated rats. Those rats also received an intravenous injection of a mixture of two different colors of 15-microm FMS to measure regional blood flow (Q). Five additional rats were labeled with aerosol and intravenous FMS, injected with intravenous methacholine, and then relabeled with a second pair of aerosol and intravenous FMS colors. After death, the lungs were reinflated, frozen, and sequentially sliced in 16-microm intervals on an imaging cryomicrotome set to acquire signal for each of the FMS colors. The reconstructed lung images were sampled using randomly placed 3-mm radius spheres. Va within each sphere was estimated from the aerosol fluorescence signal, and Q was estimated from the number of 15-microm FMS within each sphere. Method error ranged from 6 to 8% for Q and 0.5 to 4.0% for Va. The mean coefficient of variation for Q was 17%, and for Va was 34%. The administration of methacholine altered the distribution of both VA and Q within lung regions, with a change in Va distribution nearly twice as large as that seen for Q. The methacholine-induced changes in Va were not associated with compensatory shifts in Q. Cryomicrotome images of FMS markers provide a high-resolution, anatomically specific means of measuring regional VA/Q responses in the rat.


"Space: The Final Frontier."  While that phrase has been a call to arms for generations of science fiction fans and space enthusiasts to look up at the night sky in wonder and amazement, it has increasingly become a siren call for private space pioneers. Since man first went to space, humankind has been pushing the boundaries of experimentation, research, and exploration into the cosmos. Even though Earth's supply of certain rare and precious metals may be reaching depletion, researchers have found that asteroids are likely to contain vast quantities of these resources.  Today, several companies are attempting to tap into this potential wealth of resources for use, both on Earth and in space.  Before these companies can begin mining, however, stronger property laws are needed to ensure the Asteroid Belt of our solar system is not described as the next California Gold Rush.  This Article argues that the international community must be united on the policies and customs surrounding property ownership in space so these mining operations can be performed in a peaceful and safe manner.


* The overall aim of this study was to assess how the processing of different stimulus attributes in human vision is affected by ageing and disease. Both foveal and paracentral regions of the retina were investigated, with emphasis on both pregeniculate and postgeniculate impairments.

Isolation of different stimulus attributes and the assessment of visual performance were carried out using a series of Advanced Vision and Optometric Tests (AVOT) developed at City University. A total of 133 normal controls and 59 patients participated in the study. Contrast detection (CT) and contrast acuity (CA) thresholds were assessed using Landolt ring stimuli. First-order motion was examined using moving stimuli embedded in static luminance contrast noise. Red/green (RG) and yellow/blue (YB) colour sensitivity were investigated using dynamic luminance contrast noise, a technique that isolates the use of colour signals. The effects of ageing and loss of visual function caused by disease were examined at the fovea and at each of four paracentral locations. Visual performance was assessed to establish how ageing and disease affect the thresholds for detection of stimulus structure, motion and colour. For each of the AVOT tests, non-parametric limits were established based on data from normal subjects to allow differentiation of the effects of ageing and disease in the patient group. All attributes tested were influenced by ageing, degeneration and disease. The results demonstrate the benefots of parafoveal and peripheral testing. Some conditions are reflected in the periphery first, encroaching on foveal vision with progressing disease. Stimulus attributes tested parafoveally enabled discovery of disease earlier than at the foveal location.

* Ageing affects contrast detection thresholds (CT) differently for foveal and parafoveal locations. Data were more variable for the foveal location across the sample, indicating larger intersubject differences compared to the parafovea. In general, the ageing effects on visual performance can be described by a weak linear upwards trend in threshold as age increases. Additionally, some presumed subclinical cases were included in the sample. These subjects exhibited no signs of abnormality on standard examination but had larger CT thresholds, especially in the older age groups.

* The effect of age on contrast acuity thresholds (CA) was similar for foveal and parafoveal locations. The appropriate choice of target size scaling ensured similar results with no statistically significant differences between foveal and paracentral thresholds. Data were less variable at the fovea indicating larger intersubject differences at parafoveal locations across the sample. In general, the ageing effect was accounted for by a weak linear upwards trend of CA thresholds with age, although the thresholds for presumed subclinical cases in the older subject groups departed significantly from the linear trend and increased rapidly with age.

* Motion sensitivity thresholds are influenced by age beyond the 5th decade. Statistical analysis revealed that motion data can be separated into a younger (20-49.9) and an older (50-79.9) age group. Within each of these age bands motion thresholds showed no statistically significant differences. Within each group, the thresholds were similar for the five locations tested, a finding facilitated by the larger target size employed paracentrally.

* Chromatic sensitivity thresholds were influenced by age beyond the 6th decade. Statistical analysis revealed that RG and YB colour data can again be separated into a younger (20-59.9) and an older (60-79.9) age band. Within each of these age bands, age effects are not statistically signficant. Foveal thresholds were, however, statistically significantly different from parafoveal locations for both RG and YB discrimination. Ageing had a greater effect on YB thresholds than on RG thresholds. RG thresholds for subjects within the older age band were significantly larger with a similar increment for all five locations tested.

* The following findings were established from studies in 36 patients with pregeniculate lesions (23 with Glaucoma, 6 retinal conditions, 6 optic nerve conditions and 1 chiasmal lesion): In general, loss was usually diffuse and corresponded with the location of the visual field defect. The majority of pregeniculate patients exhibited impairment of all functions tested: CT, CA and motion were all substantially impaired and chromatic discrimination was also affected symmetrically in one or both channels (RG, YB). This pattern of loss was present within the area identified by visual field loss, where visual attributes were often not seen at the phosphor limits of the display. Some pregeniculate patients also exhibited substantial loss of all visual functions in areas where perimetric loss was largely absent. In most pregeniculate patients all quadrants revealed similar loss. In some patients the least affected quadrant exhibited normal CT or motion thresholds, but CA and colour vision were always affected to some degree. In pregeniculate patients, loss in both CT and CA was a marker of profound loss in both colour and motion. Chromatic sensitivity loss was always symmetric, frequently the RG channel was more affected than YB. The YB channel was affected more in patients with early glaucoma with more advanced disease, the RG channel was a®ected most, and finally further progression of the disease resulted in large thresholds limited by the phosphor limits of the visual display.

* In 23 patients with postgeniculate lesions: the majority of those with pre-striate damage exhibited loss of all tested visual functions with symmetric chromatic impairment. Some pre-striate lesions were associated only with CA and colour loss, and in these cases the chromatic loss was symmetric and affected either one or both channels.

Striate or extra-striate lesions tended to exhibit loss of CT, CA, motion and colour vision within the area identified by visual field testing. More specific loss tended to be associated with less impaired areas that were often normal on perimetric testing. Some striate or extra-striate lesions were only associated with CA and colour loss. In such cases chromatic loss was asymmetric for one or more colour categories. When striate or extra-striate lesions were also accompanied by underlying pre-striate damage, chromatic sensitivity loss was always symmetric and sometimes accompanied by CT loss. Motion was affected least in postgeniculate conditions and was always correlated with the area of densest visual field loss.

The findings from this study show that the loss of chromatic sensitivity in cerebral achromatopsia varies considerably with location in the visual field. The same subject can exhibit loss of chromatic sensitivity that is either colour channel or colour category specific and such losses often affect only restricted areas of the visual field.

* The findings from this investigation show how ageing processes affect the most important aspects of visual performance and provide the statistical limits needed to differentiate ageing effects from disease. The study also reveals how specific, localised damage to visual pathways can produce selective loss of visual function and how the latter varies with retinal topography. The observed variation in the processing of the same stimulus attribute with retinal location as well as the differences measured for different stimulus attributes at the same location illustrate the importance of the testing paradigm employed to reveal early onset of disease.


Background & Aims: Risk scores for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) developed in Asians offer poor-moderate predictability in Caucasian patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). This 9-center cohort study aimed to develop and validate an accurate HCC risk score in Caucasian CHB patients treated with the current oral antivirals, entecavir/tenofovir. Methods: We included 1815 adult Caucasians with CHB and no HCC at baseline who received entecavir/tenofovir for ≥12 months. Using data from 8 centers (derivation dataset, n=1325), a HCC risk score was developed based on multivariable Cox models and points-system for simplification. Harrell's cindex was used as discrimination, bootstrap for internal validation and the data from the 9 and largest center (validation dataset, n=490) for external validation. Results: The 5-year cumulative HCC incidence rates were 5.7% and 8.4% in the derivation and validation dataset, respectively. In the derivation dataset, age, gender, platelets and cirrhosis were independently associated with HCC. The PAGE-B score was developed based on age, gender and platelets (cindex=0.82, 0.81 after bootstrap validation). The addition of cirrhosis did not substantially improve the discrimination (c-index: 0.84). The predictability of PAGE-B score was similar (c-index=0.82) in the validation dataset. Patients with PAGE-B <10, 11-17, >17 had 5-year cumulative HCC incidence rates of 0%, 3%, 17% in the derivation and 0%, 4%, 16% in the validation dataset. Conclusion: PAGE-B, which is based only on baseline patients' age, gender and platelets, represents a simple and reliable score for prediction of the 5year HCC risk in Caucasian CHB patients under entecavir/tenofovir.


For the Renaissance, all the world may have been a stage and all its people players, but Shakespeare was also an actor on the literal stage. Meredith Anne Skura asks what it meant to be an actor in Shakespeare's England and shows why a knowledge of actual theatrical practices is essential for understanding both Shakespeare's plays and the theatricality of everyday life in early modern England. Despite the obvious differences between our theatre and Shakespeare's, 16th century testimony suggests that the experience of acting has not changed much over the centuries. Beginning with a psychoanalytically informed account of acting today, Skura shows how this intense and ambivalent experience appears not only in literal references to acting in Shakespearean drama but also in recurring narrative concerns, details of language, and dramatic strategies used to engage the audience. Looking at the plays in the context of both public and private worlds outside the theatre, Skura rereads the canon to identify new configurations in the plays and new ways of understanding theatrical self-consciousness in Renaissance England. This book should be of interest to students of Shakespeare and instructive to all readers interested in the dynamics of performance.


A preconditioned variant of the Golub and Kahan (1965) bidiagonalization process recently proposed by Arioli (2013) and Arioli and Orban (2013) allows us to establish that symmlq and minres applied to least-squares problems in symmetric saddle-point form perform redundant work and are combinations of methods such as lsqr and lsmr. A well-chosen preconditioner allows us to formulate a projected variant of the Golub-Kahan process that forms the basis of specialized numerical methods for linear least-squares problems with linear equality constraints. As before, full-space methods such as symmlq and minres applied to the symmetric saddle-point system defining the optimality conditions of such problems perform redundant work and are combinations of projected variants of methods such as lsqr and lsmr. We establish connections between numerical methods for least-squares problems, full-space methods and the projected and constraint-preconditioned Krylov methods of Gould, Orban, and Rees (2013).


This Ph.D. thesis is, in large part, a deepening of my M. A. dissertation, entitled: "Differance
Beyond Phenomenological Reduction (Epoche)?" - an edited version of which was published in
The Warwick Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 2, Issue 2, 1989. The M. A. dissertation explores the
development of the various phases of the movement of epoche in Edmund Husserl's
phenomenology and its relevance for Jacques Derrida's project of deconstruction. The analyses not
only attend to the need for an effective propaedeutic to an understanding of phenomenology as
method, they also serve to demystify the logics of Derridean non-teleological strategy by explaining
the sense of such a manoeuvre - as a kind of maieutic response to the Husserlian project - which
operates within the horizon of a radical epoche. According to this orientation, Derrida's
deconstruction of phenomenology is permitted to open itself up to a phenomenology of
deconstruction.
This doctoral thesis develops these analyses and utilizes a form of critique that points the
way to the possibility of a phenomenological-deconstruction of the limits of Derrida's project of
deconstruction through the themes of epoche, play, dialogue, spacing, and temporalization. In order
to trace the resources from which he draws throughout the early development of deconstruction, this
study confines itself to a discussion on the texts published between 1962 and 1968. This subjection
of deconstruction to a historical de-sedimentation of its motivational, methodological, theoretical,
and strategic moments, involves a certain kind of transformational return to the spacing between
phenomenology and deconstruction that urgently puts into question the alleged supercession of
phenomenology by deconstruction.
The expression of such a 'beyond' is already deeply sedimented in contemporary
deconstructive writing to the point at which it is now rarely even noticed, let alone thematized and
brought into question. This conviction (regarding the transgression of phenomenology by
deconstruction) traces itself out in the form of an attitude to reading which is, in fact and in
principle, counter to D6rrida's own call for care. The meaning and limits of the very terms,
transgression, beyond, supercession, etc., must be continually subjected to deconstruction.
The notions of play, dissemination and supplementarity - with the concomitant sense of
transformational repetition that defines them - do not function as a mere excuse for lack of
scholarly rigour. Deconstruction is a movement of critical return, which must insert itself (with a
sense of irony) within the margins and intersections of that which gives itself up to this practice of
textual unbuilding. The strategy of play encourages the structural matrix of that with which it is
engaged to turn in upon itself, exposing its limits and fissures in a kind of textual analogue to a
psychoanalysis. To be sure, this does involve a certain kind of violence -a violation of the
( system's' own sense of propriety (what is proper [propre] and closest to itself) -but in no sense is
this an anarchical celebration of pure destruction. We speak rather of irony, parody, satire,
metaphor, double-reading and other tactical devices, which permit a reorganization of the
deconstructed's (textual analysand's) self-relation and the possibility of playful speculation. Such
play demands care and vigilance in regard to the appropriation of the logics of the system with
which it is in a relation of negotiation. In order to play well, one must learn the game-rules.


OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this article is to review balance instruments developed within the past 10 years that can be used in the clinic or home environment. The use of such instruments may assist in identifying older adults who are at risk for falling, a major problem that can result in impaired function and loss of independence.

METHOD
Six instruments were reviewed: the Berg Balance Scale (Berg), the Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction and Balance (CTSIB), the Functional Reach Test, the Tinetti Balance Test of the Performance-Oriented Assessment of Mobility Problems (Tinetti), the Timed "Up and Go" Test (TU>), and the Physical Performance Test (PPT). Considered were what aspects of balance are assessed, time needed to administer the instrument, tools or equipment needed, evidence of reliability and validity, advantages and disadvantages, and the target population.

RESULTS
The Berg, Tinetti, and PPT measure a variety of aspects of balance, whereas the Functional Reach, TU>, and CTSIB measure more narrow aspects of balance. All six instruments have been used with older adults and do not require much equipment. The instruments differ in their reliability and validity.

CONCLUSION
Familiarity with balance instruments can be helpful in selecting the one most appropriate for clinical setting and clients in order to institute appropriate prevention programs, such as environmental modifications and lifestyle adaptations.


Current digital preservation systems such as Archivematica and Preservica lack a common and consistent way to describe and execute preservation policies and actions at a technical level. Archivematica's Format Policy Register (FPR) and Preservica's Linked Data Registry (LDR) both define what tools and rules to use when doing digital preservation and whilst these two approaches aim to solve similar problems, they are not interoperable. There is no way to share technical information between the two solutions and for users to share their experience on what approaches to use in different contexts and why. This hinders implementation and execution of digital preservation in an interoperable way within the digital preservation community. This paper presents new work by Artefactual, Arkivum, Preservica and Jisc on how Preservation Action Registries (PAR) could be used to capture and share technical best practice for the preservation of digital objects in the form of a corpus of machine-readable recommendations. The registry's data model defines what tools can be used for different digital object formats, what properties can be extracted or measured and what preservation actions can be taken. The model includes contextual and historical information on the reasons why recommendations are being given. The information is versioned and includes the tool parameters and software environments needed to execute different preservation actions so they are directly 'executable' by preservation systems. Our model makes registry content accessible through APIs using a distributed set of registries rather than a single canonical source. In this way, information can be made available from a range of sources including central registries (moderated and curated) or by exchange directly between trusted peer institutions or systems. Preservation systems such as Archivematica and Preservica are able to publish to and consume content from these registries. The work is supported by Jisc as part of the Research Data Shared Service initiative and we believe is the first time that vendors, national service providers and end-users have all come together in this way. The PAR approach should engender greater confidence in digital preservation, provide users with more flexibility and knowledge sharing opportunities, and accelerate the adoption of digital preservation in new sectors. The paper describes how Preservation Actions Registries support the sharing of technical information on digital preservation rules/tools within a community and between preservation systems. This addresses the conference themes of 'Mapping out sustainable digital preservation approaches and communities' and 'Technological infrastructure'


For determining requirements and constructs appropriate for a Web query language, or in fact
any language, use cases are of essence. The W3C has published two sets of use cases for XML
and RDF query languages. In this article, solutions for these use cases are presented using
Xcerpt. a novel Web and Semantic Web query language that combines access to standard Web
data such as XML documents with access to Semantic Web metadata
such as RDF resource
descriptions with reasoning abilities and rules familiar from logicprogramming.
To the
best knowledge of the authors, this is the first in depth study of how to solve use cases for
accessing XML and RDF in a single language: Integrated access to data and metadata
has been
recognized by industry and academia as one of the key challenges in data processing for the
next decade. This article is a contribution towards addressing this challenge by demonstrating
along practical and recognized use cases the usefulness of reasoning abilities, rules, and
semistructured
query languages for accessing both data (XML) and metadata
(RDF).


This dissertation focuses on computational methods for improving the accuracy of commonly used nucleic acid tests for pathogen detection and diagnostics. Three specific biomolecular techniques are addressed: polymerase chain reaction, microarray comparative genomic hybridization, and whole-genome sequencing. These methods are potentially the future of diagnostics, but each requires sophisticated computational design or analysis to operate effectively. This dissertation presents novel computational methods that unlock the potential of these diagnostics by efficiently analyzing whole-genome DNA sequences. Improvements in the accuracy and resolution of each of these diagnostic tests promises more effective diagnosis of illness and rapid detection of pathogens in the environment.
For designing real-time detection assays, an efficient data structure and search algorithm are presented to identify the most distinguishing sequences of a pathogen that are absent from all other sequenced genomes. Results are presented that show these "signature" sequences can be used to detect pathogens in complex samples and differentiate them from their non-pathogenic, phylogenetic near neighbors. For microarray, novel pan-genomic design and analysis methods are presented for the characterization of unknown microbial isolates. To demonstrate the effectiveness of these methods, pan-genomic arrays are applied to the study of multiple strains of the foodborne pathogen, Listeria monocytogenes, revealing new insights into the diversity and evolution of the species. Finally, multiple methods are presented for the validation of whole-genome sequence assemblies, which are capable of identifying assembly errors in even finished genomes. These validated assemblies provide the ultimate nucleic acid diagnostic, revealing the entire sequence of a genome.