The financial value of a carcass is influenced by lean meat yield percentage (LMY%), which represents the proportion of the carcass that is lean meat (muscle). Australian lamb producers can select for this trait indirectly via three existing Australian Sheep Breeding Values (ASBVs), namely post-weaning weight (PWWT), c-site fat depth (PFAT) and eye muscle depth (PEMD). Previous research assessing the effect of these breeding values on carcass composition has focussed on individual point measurements of tissue depth or the weights of a small number of indicator muscles. In contrast, this PhD has used computed tomography (CT) scanning to assess the impact of ASBVs on composition at a whole carcass level.

Chapters 3 and 4 of this thesis focus on the change in body composition (fat, lean and bone), in the fore, saddle (middle) and hind sections of the carcass as measured by CT. An allometric approach was adopted in the analysis of the data from 1,665 lamb carcasses, which allowed a robust interpretation of the impact of the carcass breeding values and production factors on carcass composition. It was discovered that increasing sire PEMD and reducing sire PFAT increased LMY% (7.7% and 9.5% units) across the range of these breeding values. Furthermore, lean was redistributed to the saddle region (3.8% units for PEMD and 3.7% units for PFAT). Additionally both breeding values reduced carcass fatness across the sire range by 24.7% and 16.6% for PFAT and PEMD respectively. Increasing sire PWWT had minimal impact on LMY% and carcass fat. Carcass bone was most influenced by reducing sire PFAT, with the other breeding values having little (PWWT) or no (PEMD) effect.

Chapter 5 uses further analysis of data collected in Chapters 3 and 4 to report on the financial implications of using ASBVs to select for improved LMY%. The use of CT to report the financial improvement to carcass lean value achieved through genetic selection has not previously been comprehensively reported. Lambs were compared at a standard carcass weight (23kg) and age (269 days), which allowed the influence of the breeding values on both LMY% and HCWT to be accounted for in the calculation of carcass lean value. Reducing sire PFAT had the greatest impact on carcass lean value followed by PEMD and PWWT.

The eating quality and nutritive value of lamb are essential traits for consumer satisfaction. Selection for leanness has been shown to reduce intramuscular fat (IMF) in the loin (longissimus lumborum) muscle and so have a detrimental impact on eating quality. For this reason, selection to improve LMY% must be balanced against the consumer focused traits. The measurement of IMF% in relation to genetic selection is undertaken in the loin muscle, with little known about the other muscles of the carcass. Chapters 6 and 7 detail the correlation of IMF% between 5 muscles located in different carcass regions (fore, saddle and hind). These correlations were generally found to be strong, particularly for that of the loin IMF% with the fore and hind section muscles. From an industry perspective this is a significant outcome, as it implies that genetic selection for IMF% in the loin will also cause correlated changes in the other muscles. The relationship between LMY% and IMF% in each of these muscles was also assessed, and found to be consistently negative. Lastly, CT was assessed for its effectiveness to predict IMF%. Although a negative correlation was found between average pixel density and IMF%, the ability of CT scanning to predict IMF% demonstrated relatively poor precision.

In summary this work has utilised CT to quantify the impact of ASBVs on carcass composition in lamb. It details the financial impact of these effects due to changes in lean % and its distribution throughout the carcass. Additionally it explores the relationship between IMF% in different regions of the carcass and the impact of selection for LMY%. Finally it assesses the ability of CT to predict IMF% which would be of benefit to industry in the event that CT measurement becomes mainstream within commercial abattoirs.


Optical and electron energy-loss data for aluminum between 0.04 and 72 eV have been critically analyzed and used to test the validity of models for ∊(ω), the complex frequency-dependent dielectric constant. Experimental data and models for ∊(ω) can be effectively compared by use of a nonlinear least-squares computer program and, at least in simple cases, the model parameters have physical significance. Though aluminum has been widely regarded as a relatively ideal free-electron metal, it has been found that a Drude model for ∊(ω) does not adequately describe the observed data. Deviations from the Drude model for photon energies greater than about 1 eV have been interpreted in terms of the effects of interband-electronic transitions and a significant L-shell contribution to the real part of ∊(ω) between 10 and 72 eV. From a fit of reflectance data between 0.2 and 12 eV it has been possible to derive parameters describing the interband-transition contribution ∊(b)(ω) to ∊(ω); the imaginary part of ∊(b)(ω) does not differ significantly from calculations based on the aluminum band structure. Optical constants have been derived in the range of fit and agree closely with the measurements of Hass and Waylonis between 1.9 and 5.6 eV. For photon energies less than 0.2 eV, the reflectance data can be fitted by the empirical formulation of Roberts. The optical absorption for photon energies greater than 12 eV is monotonic and greater than that expected from the tails of the electronic transitions at 1.5–2 eV.


Flexible categorization clearly requires an adaptive component, but at what level of representation? We have investigated categorization in sequence learning that requires the extraction of abstract rules, but no modification of sensory primitives. This motivates the need to make explicit the distinction between sensory-level "atomic" features as opposed to concept-level "abstract" features, and the proposal that flexible categorization probably relies on learning at the abstract feature level.


The formation of the Central European and Tarim Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs) in the Early Permian coincided with the demise of the Variscan and the Southern Tianshan orogens, respectively. The Early Triassic Si- berian LIP was formed in the wake of the Western Altaid orogeny in the Late Permian. These processes coincided with the development of the majority of known Late Palaeozoic and Early Mesozoic hydrothermal and magmatic ore deposits in the corresponding orogenic domains. Nickel-copper(-PGE) deposits followed directly from the evo- lution of the (ultra-)mafi c melts which make up the LIPs. In Western Siberia, the diverse assemblage of associated noble and base metals in the Noril'sk-Talnakh Ni-Cu(-PGE) deposits suggests these metals also had their source in the mantle domain from which the (ultra-)mafi c melts were generated. The same metals variably found their way into the hydrothermal ore deposits in the defunct Variscan and Southern Tianshan orogenic domains. These ore de- posits have traditionally been viewed as a result of orogenic processes. However, their ages, together with the timing and nature of their by then intracontinental tectonic control cause uncertainty concerning the role of the orogens. In view of their mantle sources in their association with the Siberian LIP, the mantle contribution to these Late Palaeo- zoic hydrothermal ore deposits in the orogenic belts may have been more signifi cant than previously thought. An orogenic contribution to melting of mantle complexes and to mineralisation may have resided in the earlier modifi - cation of subcontinental mantle domains by subduction of oceanic lithosphere. In all three cases, the controlling tectonic setting of orogenic cessation, LIP formation and mineralisation was dominated by translithospheric strike- slip deformation, possibly in combination with orogenic collapse and lithosphere delamination. In view of their re- currence, the orogen-lip sequences were probably not fortuitous. The controlling strike-slip faults were principal elements of the lithosphere-scale dynamic framework that led to the amalgamation of Pangaea. At this scale, the exceptionally large volume of the Siberian LIP may, in addition to the strike-slip dissection of the lithosphere, have been related to extension in the continental lithosphere of the margin of the Supercontinent (cf. Gutierrez-Alonso et al. 2008). The peripheral extension was associated with compression in its centre. The explanation of these Large Igneous Provinces does not require the concept of an active mantle plume because deep-reaching strike-slip defor- mation, orogenic collapse and lithosphere delamination involved in the destruction of the orogenic edifi ces can have caused decompression melting in large domains of the subcontinental mantle.


An investigation is made of the effects of cross-phase modulation and pump depletion on pulse dynamics in the stimulated Raman scattering process. It is shown that cross-phase modulation may significantly affect the frequency chirp of the pulse even to the point of reversing the sign of the chirp. As a consequence, solitonlike pulse compression using Raman amplification may become impossible with the Stokes pulse in the anomalous-dispersion regime. The chirp reversion effect is weakened by pulse walk-off, which, if strong enough, retains the frequency characteristics of the inherent self-phase modulation.


: The domino Knoevenagel cyclocondensation reactions via substituted aldehydes, activated methylene reagent and 2-hydroxy-1, 4-naphthoquinone gives benzo[ g ]chromenes in presence of nano-NiO using acetonitrile as a solvent at ambient temperature. This method gives the desired products from good to excellent yield. The salient features of this atom economical procedure are ease of manipulation, simpler workup, high yield processing, easy handling, inexpensiveness, reusability of catalyst and tolerance to a wide range of functional groups. The synthesized chromene derivatives are screened for antibacterial activity and antifungal activity using Kirby-Bauer method. The synthesized compounds 3a-3k exhibits significant inhibition to antibacterial and antifungal activity compared with the standard drug Ciprofloxacin and Flucanazole respectively.


The 50 officers interviewed included trainees and main and senior grade probation officers (PO's) working in 3 probation and aftercare areas. The study also involved 6 months' observation in a number of probation offices, several prisons, a remand center, a detention center, a probation hostel, several intermediate treatment groups, a day treatment center, and a community service unit. Analytic themes were developed from the empirical data. The study concluded that the inherent aspects of probation work as it is formally defined and operated within the occupational culture account for the PO's general commitment to varying measures of social control. However, probation is viewed by the officers as a career in social work in its training, its selection, and the motivation of those who enter it. Control is seen as a necessary part of the work but unlikely to yield much job satisfaction in isolation from the caring and rehabilitative function. An obvious solution to the dichotomy of care and control is commitment to the belief that the control of behavior is an aspect of positive client development, but the study found that officers' approaches to their work are affected by the coexistence of two different approaches to deviants, one emphasizing free will and the other determinism. Officers working under a free will model aim at maximizing reform opportunities for the client, while officers embracing a determinist conception of deviance and social problems find the exercise of control more amenable. Officers express the view that recent developments in criminal justice under the 'justice model' have fostered an emphasis on the control aspects of probation. Chapter notes and a subject index are provided.


Proximate mobile devices that are aware of their orientation relative to one another can support novel and natural forms of interaction. In this paper, we present a method to determine the relative orientation of proximate mobile devices using only the backside camera. We implemented this method as a service called Orienteer, which provides mobile device with the orientation of other proximate mobile devices. We demonstrate that orientation information can be used to enable novel and natural interactions by developing two applications that allow the user to push content in the direction of another device to share it and point the device toward another to filter content based on the device's owner. An informal evaluation revealed that interactions built upon orientation information can be natural and compelling to users, but developers and designers need to carefully consider how orientation should be applied effectively.


The Doyle-Fuller-Newman framework is the most popular physics-based continuum-level description of the chemical and dynamical internal processes within operating lithium-ion-battery cells. With sufficient flexibility to model a wide range of battery designs and chemistries, the framework provides an effective balance between detail, needed to capture key microscopic mechanisms, and simplicity, needed to solve the governing equations at a relatively modest computational expense. Nevertheless, implementation requires values of numerous model parameters, whose ranges of applicability, estimation, and validation pose challenges. This article provides a critical review of the methods to measure or infer parameters for use within the isothermal DFN framework, discusses their advantages or disadvantages, and clarifies limitations attached to their practical application. Accompanying this discussion we provide a searchable database, available at www.liiondb.com, which aggregates many parameters and state functions for the standard Doyle-Fuller-Newman model that have been reported in the literature.


Alternative non-homologous end joining (alt-NHEJ) was originally identified as a backup repair mechanism in the absence of classical NHEJ (c-NHEJ) factors but recent studies have demonstrated that altNHEJ is active even when c-NHEJ as well as homologous recombination is available. The functions of 53BP1 in NHEJ processes are not well understood. Here, we report that 53BP1 promotes DNA doublestrand break (DSB) repair and genomic stability not only in c-NHEJ-proficient but also -deficient human G1-phase cells. Using an array of repair substrates we show that these effects of 53BP1 are correlated with a promotion of microhomology-mediated endjoining (MMEJ), a subtype of alt-NHEJ, in G1-phase. Consistent with a specific role in MMEJ we confirm that 53BP1 status does not affect c-NHEJ. 53BP1 supports sequence deletion during MMEJ consistent with a putative role in facilitating end-resection. Interestingly, promotion of MMEJ by 53BP1 in G1phase cells is only observed in the presence of functional BRCA1. Depletion of both 53BP1 and BRCA1 increases repair needing microhomology usage and augments loss of DNA sequence, suggesting that MMEJ is a highly regulated DSB repair process. Together, these findings significantly expand our understanding of the cell-cycle-dependent roles of 53BP1 in DSB repair.


This paper investigates the phenomenon of null spatial Ps, focusing primarily on Greek where these are most widely attested. It is demonstrated that only locatives (of the type that do not denote containment), as well as directional goal Ps, are able to surface without phonetic content when their nominal arguments are determinerless. It is suggested that the presence of null spatial Ps is contingent on nominals of special status, namely, on elements which, although similar in phonetic content to common nouns, are in fact closer to adverbials. In particular, it is suggested that the arguments of silent spatial Ps either instantiate or modify the silent noun PLACE. The latter raises to the specifier position the associated spatial P, with the consequence that P may appear without phonetic content – by virtue of the fact that its lexicalization requirements may (also) be satisfied in this manner.


Abstract Numerous tools have been developed that attempt to measure work-related stress and working conditions, but few practical instruments in the literature have been found to have a reliable psychometric factor structure. In the UK, the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) Management Standards (MS) Indicator Tool is increasingly used by organizations to monitor working conditions that can lead to stress. In Health and Safety Executive (2004), a factor analysis was conducted demonstrating the reliability of the scales. However, the authors acknowledged that direct reassessment of the same factor structure was impossible as the questionnaire was split into two separate modules for data collection. Furthermore, the tool is designed to enable comparisons between as well as within organizations to take place, yet reliability has only previously been tested at the individual level. The current study is the first to examine the factor structure of the HSE MS Indicator Tool using organizational-level data. Data collected from 39 UK organizations (N=26,382) was used to perform a first-order Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) on the original 35-item seven-factor measurement scale. The results showed an acceptable fit to the data for the instrument. A second-order CFA was also performed to test if the Indicator Tool contains a higher order uni-dimensional measure of work-related stress. These findings also revealed an acceptable fit to the data, suggesting that it may be possible to derive a single measure of work-related stress. Normative data comprising tables of percentiles from the organizational data are provided to enable employers to compare their organizational averages against national benchmarks.


The foundations of multi-attribute utility theory are reviewed and compared with the author's practical experience and other psychological studies of decision-making. The case is presented for a new approach to decision-making, moving away from the strictly numerical techniques. Instead of concentrating on the normative or descriptive aspects of decision-making, themed-problem of decision-making is studied, thereby giving the decision-maker more control over the decision-making process and ensuring a more truly participative approach to design and decision-making. The problem of uncertainty is also tackled by considering it from both the stochastic and fuzzy standpoints. A revised approach to the assessment of uncertainty and its incorporation in the decision-making process is advocated. The theoretical framework behind these ideas is expressed using fuzzy set theory. Previous attempts to apply fuzzy set theory to multi-attribute decision-making are reviewed and criticised for their failure to tackle the basic assumptions of multi-attribute utility theory. A practical methodology for using verbal descriptions is derived, and illustrated with a worked example. A practical description of how to apply the method is included, and the results of some applications are presented.


A strong small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) sector can contribute much to a country's economy by fostering innovation, creating jobs, and reducing poverty. This paper examines the status of SME finance in Georgia and the involvement of Georgian SMEs in global value chains. The role of SMEs in Georgia's economy, SME funding, and the status of financial inclusion for SMEs are analyzed. Moreover, the level of financial literacy and skills of SME entrepreneurs is discussed. Furthermore, the paper analyzes the Georgian agricultural sector's value chain and the involvement of this sector in global value chains by discussing the case study of the hazelnut. An analysis of the agricultural sector's value chain financing in Georgia is carried out, its availability and development are discussed, and best practices of value chain financing are analyzed. Based on existing information, the paper identifies barriers to SME finance in Georgia and proposes policy recommendations and immediate actions with regard to existing government policies.


We report on fabrication of plasmonic interfaces consisting of Ag nanoparticles on flat and textured Al:ZnO for use at the front surface of thin film solar cells to enhance light trapping and photo-conversion efficiencies. We show that outstandingly high transmittance haze is achieved from single step HCl surface textured Al:ZnO and demonstrate Ag dewetting on textured and flat Al:ZnO surfaces upon annealing at moderate temperatures. Optical response of these plasmonic interfaces clearly display plasmonic resonances in the visible and near infrared, which is crucial for enhancement of photovoltaic conversion efficiency in thin film solar cells.


In order to use persistence diagrams as a true statistical tool, it would be very useful to have a good notion of mean and variance for a set of diagrams. In 2011, Mileyko and his collaborators made the first study of the properties of the Fr\'echet mean in $(\mathcal{D}_p,W_p)$, the space of persistence diagrams equipped with the p-th Wasserstein metric. In particular, they showed that the Fr\'echet mean of a finite set of diagrams always exists, but is not necessarily unique. The means of a continuously-varying set of diagrams do not themselves (necessarily) vary continuously, which presents obvious problems when trying to extend the Fr\'echet mean definition to the realm of vineyards.
We fix this problem by altering the original definition of Fr\'echet mean so that it now becomes a probability measure on the set of persistence diagrams; in a nutshell, the mean of a set of diagrams will be a weighted sum of atomic measures, where each atom is itself a persistence diagram determined using a perturbation of the input diagrams. This definition gives for each $N$ a map $(\mathcal{D}_p)^N \to \mathbb{P}(\mathcal{D}_p)$. We show that this map is H\"older continuous on finite diagrams and thus can be used to build a useful statistic on time-varying persistence diagrams, better known as vineyards.


We consider a general class of regularization methods which learn a vector of parameters on the basis of linear measurements. It is well known that if the regularizer is a nondecreasing function of the L2 norm, then the learned vector is a linear combination of the input data. This result, known as the representer theorem, lies at the basis of kernel-based methods in machine learning. In this paper, we prove the necessity of the above condition, in the case of differentiable regularizers. We further extend our analysis to regularization methods which learn a matrix, a problem which is motivated by the application to multi-task learning. In this context, we study a more general representer theorem, which holds for a larger class of regularizers. We provide a necessary and sufficient condition characterizing this class of matrix regularizers and we highlight some concrete examples of practical importance. Our analysis uses basic principles from matrix theory, especially the useful notion of matrix nondecreasing functions.


Reviving Rationality: Saving Cost-Benefit Analysis for the Sake of the Environment and Our Health explains how Donald Trump destabilized the decades-long bipartisan consensus that federal agencies must base their decisions on evidence, expertise, and analysis. Administrative agencies are charged by law with protecting values like stable financial markets and clean air. Their decisions often have profound consequences, affecting everything from the safety of workplaces to access to the dream of home ownership. Under the Trump administration, agencies have been hampered in their ability to advance these missions by the conflicting ideological whims of a changing cast of political appointees and overwhelming pressure from well-connected interest groups. Inconvenient evidence has been ignored, experts have been sidelined, and analysis has been used to obscure facts rather than inform the public. The results are grim: incoherent policy, social division, defeats in court, a demoralized federal workforce, and a loss of faith in government's ability to respond to pressing problems. This experiment in abandoning the norms of good governance has been a disaster. Reviving Rationality explains how and why our government has abandoned rationality in recent years, and why it is so important for future administrations to restore rigorous and even-handed cost-benefit analysis if we are to return to a policymaking approach that effectively tackles the most pressing problems of our era.


The present work aims at comparing the performance of several quadratic programming (QP) solvers for simulating large-scale frictional rigid-body systems. Traditional time-stepping schemes for simulation of multibody systems are formulated as linear complementarity problems (LCPs) with copositive matrices. Such LCPs are generally solved by means of Lemke-type algorithms and solvers such as the PATH solver proved to be robust. However, for large systems, the PATH solver or any other pivotal algorithm becomes unpractical from a computational point of view. The convex relaxation proposed by one of the authors allows the formulation of the integration step as a QPD, for which a wide variety of state-of-the-art solvers are available. In what follows we report the results obtained solving that subproblem when using the QP solvers MOSEK, OOQP, TRON, and BLMVM. OOQP is presented with both the symmetric indefinite solver MA27 and our Cholesky reformulation using the CHOLMOD package. We investigate computational performance and address the correctness of the results from a modelling point of view. We conclude that the OOQP solver, particularly with the CHOLMOD linear algebra solver, has predictable performance and memory use patterns and is far more competitive for these problems than are the other solvers.


Community disaster education is an integral component of emergency management around the world. Its main goal is to promote public safety and, to a lesser extent, reduce disaster damages. However, there has been relatively little research into the appropriateness and effectiveness of the community disaster education programs and learning activities, including those provided by emergency agencies. This is due largely to the general lack of evaluation of these programs, the difficulty in isolating education as a causal factor in aspects of disaster management performance, and disaster education not being embraced strongly by the academic field of education. Compounding this situation is the call by many governments around the world to build community disaster resilience in addition to public safety, with education viewed as a critical mechanism. There is therefore an urgent need to not only examine current community disaster education practices based on education theory and practice, but also to align them to the broader goal of disaster resilience. In response, an exploratory research methodology was utilised to examine possible learning content and processes that could be used by emergency agencies and other organisations to design Learning for Disaster Resilience (LfDR) plans, programs and activities for local communities. The research found that disaster resilience learning content should not only cover preparedness aspects, but also learning about improving recovery for people, organisations (e.g. businesses) and communities. It found that disaster resilience learning should also include learning about the community itself, including how to reduce vulnerabilities and strengthen resilience. Opportunities for disaster resilience learning were identified in four broad learning domains – behavioural, cognitive, affective and social. The findings demonstrated that many current disaster education programs are only using limited parts of this learning 'spectrum', although this would be significantly increased by further embracing social media as a disaster resilience learning medium. 1 Molino Stewart, PO Box 614, Parramatta CBD BC, Parramatta, NSW, Australia 2124 www.molinostewart.com.au


Introduction: Substance use disorders are considered as Mental and behavioral disorders therefore people with addictions should receive help that is oriented towards personal growth and enhancement of functioning. Such help cannot be provided using only medications, therefore psychotherapeutic interference is necessary. Objectives: The Aim – to find out the point of view of substance use disorders patients regarding number of visits, duration of treatment and efficacy of self-help groups, individual and group psychotherapy.
Methods: Quantitative research method using research authors' designed questionnaire was used in this study. The questionnaire was pilot tested in order to be validated. It consists of 24 questions and it consists from two parts – socio-demographic data collection and basic information collection.
Results: 587 substance use disorders patients were interviewed, 66.4% male, 33.6% female, mean age – 39.6 (SD±11.3). 26.2% (154) respondents have attended self-help groups, 18.5% (109) – individual psychotherapy, 7.0% (41) – group psychotherapy. From those who attended self-help groups 52 respondents (33.7%) report remission for one year or more. From those who attended individual psychotherapy – 27 (24.8%) respondents, but from those who attended group psychotherapy 15 (36.6%) report remission for one year or more.
 Conclusions: Respondents choose self-help groups more often than group psychotherapy. Half of the SUD patients stop psychotherapy in the first half a year of the treatment. Group psychotherapy provides remission that lasts for more than 5 years for most of the respondents comparing to individual psychotherapy and self-help groups.


Jurassic and Cretaceous marine deposits worldwide show that ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaurs are major components of marine tetrapod communities for almost 76 myr. One of the major features characterizing this clade is the complexity and diversity of their stylopodium–zeugopodium morphology. Upper Jurassic deposits of the Vaca Muerta Formation in north‐west Patagonia (Argentina) have yielded the richest Tithonian ophthalmosaurid records from Gondwana. Here, we present a new ophthalmosaurid from this lithostratigraphic unit, Sumapalla argentina gen. et sp. nov., recognized based on several unique features of the skull roof, forefin, scapular, and pelvic girdles. On phylogenetic analysis it was recovered as a basal member of Platypterygiinae. The peculiar morphology of the forefin of the new taxon indicates a previously unnoticed morphological diversity in the ophthalmosaurid appendicular skeleton and provides an excellent opportunity to test its range of variation. For this purpose, we implemented a holistic approach, using 2D geometric morphometric analysis focused on the humerus, and disparity analysis of the zeugopodium. Our results reveal a long duration of one humeral morphotype characterizing Arthropterygius spp. and closely related taxa. Furthermore, we found a peak of zeugopodial disparity during the Kimmeridgian, followed by a decrease by the end of the Jurassic, and then a recovery by the Early Cretaceous.


In 2005, the economic value of the football industry in Germany was estimated at around €5 billion. At the end of the 2009/2010 season, the 18 Bundesliga clubs registered a combined turnover of just over €2 billion. As in many other countries, the largest proportion of the clubs' income derives from sponsors, fans, the sale of TV rights and merchandising. This chapter provides a short overview of the relatively late formation of the commercial axis of professional football in Germany, focusing on the commodification, commercialization, and eventually bourgeoisification of this popular sport. This process has been accompanied by a number of conflicts and tensions, as the game's traditional fans have often been treated as 'poor relatives'. The growing wealth of players, the greed of many football directors, the lack of respect for the local community and the blatant commercialism of the industry has not gone down well with fans, as their colourful and systematic resistance to the so-called 'modernization' of the game clearly shows. I will argue that the rather fan-friendly attitudes and structures of the German Bundesliga, which provides more opportunities for fans' democratic involvement than any other professional football league, is the outcome of constant hegemonic struggles.


Olivier Messiaen infused compositions with a love of nature and the Catholic faith. Messiaen (1908-1992) stayed away from fashionable trends and schools, opting to develop a highly personal style for rhythmic complexity, rich tonal colors, and unusual harmonic language.
Written in 1951 as an examination piece for the Paris Conservatory Le Merle Noir, an example of Messiaen's compositional process, combines additive rhythm with materials derived from bird calls. Messiaen commented that he used bird songs either as an exact musical portrait or compositional material.


Background: Human skin color is the result of a complex interplay of various intrinsic and extrinsic factors and has great heterogeneity across the globe. It also carries an esthetic value with it, and any deviation from the normal may bear immense psychological and social implications, especially among the pediatric population where it can even be a sign of systemic diseases. Aim: The aim was to study clinical and epidemiological patterns of hyper and hypo/depigmentary disorders among children. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective study where 250 individuals ≤18 years were taken up for the study. A detailed history and clinical examination was done, and relevant investigations were carried out. The data were statistically analyzed and inferences were drawn. Results: The females outnumbered the males with 136 females and 114 males. The youngest age noted was 3 months and the oldest was 17 years. There were 118 cases of hyperpigmentary disorders, and the rest 132 patients presented with hypopigmentary and depigmented disorders. The most common hyperpigmentary disorders seen were postinflammatory hyperpigmentation, periorbital melanoses, pigmentary mosaicism, and café au lait macules. Among the hypo/depigmentary disorders, most common were pityriasis alba (39, 29.5%), followed by vitiligo seen in (35, 26.5%) and postinflammatory hypopigmentation (30, 22.7%). Conclusion: This study helped us in giving a detailed insight regarding the pigmentary alterations among the pediatric population in this area, thus aiding in prompt diagnosis among various differentials. Various aggravating and predisposing factors were also noted down which could be helpful in the prevention of some of these conditions.


In compatibility with actual recommendations and policy which leads to improvement and preservation of integral environment and especially its valuable and rare natural features and complex territory, which may separate under category of protected natural asset or area, it is necessary to implement these active and integral approach to all variety of planning documents who have purpose for regulation of some area. Civilized society which take care about their environment not only in short time period but in the period who will be reality for many of future generations, must take special interests in process of spatial planning and its integral part nature protection. Way of managing and advisedly, expert references which are need to controlling natural development of some asset, have to be harmonically connected with real state of same asset, but none observed only in their isolation, yet in real environment and their planned perspective.


We subject our dual labor market model to a goodness of test fit and compare the results with those obtained using a single equation model with a complex error structure. The dual labor market does an excellent job of predicting the wage distribution except for failing to explain bunching at $7.50 and $10.00 per hour. The null hypothesis that the model is correct cannot be rejected at the .05 level. In contrast, the wage distribution predicted by the single labor market model differs significantly from the observed distribution.


This paper proposes a face recognition system based on decision-based neural networks (DBNN). The DBNN adopts a hierarchical network structures with nonlinear basis functions and a competitive credit-assignment scheme. The face recognition system consists of three modules. First, a face detector finds the location of a human face in an image. Then an eye localizer determines the positions of both eyes to help generate size-normalized, reoriented, and reduced-resolution feature vectors. (The facial region proposed contains eyebrows, eyes, and nose, but excluding mouth. Eye-glasses will be permissible.) The last module is a face recognizer. The DBNN can be effectively applied to all the three modules. The DBNN based face recognizer has yielded very high recognition accuracies based on experiments on the ARPA-FERET and SCR-IM databases. In terms of processing speeds and recognition accuracies, the performance of DBNN is superior to that of multilayer perceptron (MLP). The training phase for 100 persons would take around one hour, while the recognition phase (including eye localization, feature extraction, and classification using DBNN) consumes only a fraction of a second (on SparclO).


Electronic commerce (e-commerce) has become an increasingly important initiative among organisations. The factors affecting adoption decisions have been well-documented, but there is a paucity of empirical studies that examine the adoption of e-commerce in developing economies in the Arab world. The aim of this study is to provide insights into the salient e-commerce adoption issues by focusing on Saudi Arabian businesses. Based on the Technology-Organisational-Environmental framework, an integrated research model was developed that explains the relative influence of 19 known determinants. A measurement scale was developed from prior empirical studies and revised based on feedback from the pilot study. Non-interactive adoption, interactive adoption and stabilisation of e-commerce adoption were empirically investigated using survey data collected from Saudi manufacturing and service companies. Multiple discriminant function analysis (MDFA) was used to analyse the data and research hypotheses. The analysis demonstrates that (1) regarding the non-interactive adoption of e-commerce, IT readiness, management team support, learning orientation, strategic orientation, pressure from business partner, regulatory and legal environment, technology consultants' participation and economic downturn are the most important factors, (2) when e-commerce interactive adoption is investigated, IT readiness, management team support, regulatory environment and technology consultants' participation emerge as the strongest drivers, (3) pressure from customers may not have much effect on the non-interactive adoption of e-commerce by companies, but does significantly influence the stabilisation of e-commerce use by firms, and (4) Saudi Arabia has a strong ICT infrastructure for supporting e-commerce practices. Taken together, these findings on the multi-dimensionality of e-commerce adoption show that non-interactive adoption, interactive adoption and stabilisation of e-commerce are not only different measures of e-commerce adoption, but also have different determinants. Findings from this study may be valuable for both policy and practice as it can offer a substantial understanding of the factors that enhance the widespread use of B2B e-commerce. Also, the integrated model provides a more comprehensive explanation of e-commerce adoption in organisations and could serve as a foundation for future research on information systems.


The preliminary assessment of food and agriculture development in the European CMEA (Council for Mutual Economic Assistance) member countries presented here is a separate part of the common investigation into the world food and agriculture situation, tendencies and problems being studied by IIASA's Food and Agriculture Program.

Its aim is to present a general survey of the chosen characteristic trends and problems of food and agriculture development in these countries and of some production, economic and social factors which have determined this development.

The data incorporated in the tables and interpreted in this book have been taken from the official CMEA Annual books, from the National Annual books of the CMEA member countries and from other publications mentioned in the references. Tables and diagrams have been used to illustrate data for 1960, 1965, 1970 and 1975. When necessary, the average five years data concerning the five-year-plan period of these countries are also used.


"Trust your senses not your neighbours."
– London Transport security notice.

In the wake of 9/11 and the London bombings of 2005, public safety campaigns in London featured signs with the above warning on the underground and at bus stops. The postmodern sensorium is now regarded as a trustworthy source of information as citizens are hailed to pay attention to their senses in order to protect their community. In the
twenty-first century, it seems that sensory experience has become a valued resource in the fight against terrorism. What we may know of our neighbours through the more public proximities of urban everyday life is pitted against the private, interior knowledge provided by our senses: the look that seems hostile, or the infringement of personal space that causes our heart rate to accelerate with anxiety, apparently warrants reporting to the authorities rather than being dismissed as just another uneasy sensory impression that is part of the fabric of urban experience. Within the binary logic of this security campaign, your senses are reliable, your neighbours are not.

What would the Victorians have made of this? Did they trust their senses? Did they believe the private knowledge gained from individual sensory experience to be more reliable than publicly-validated forms of knowledge? How typical, for instance, was John Ruskin's assertion in Modern Painters that an error – of judgement, of perception – was
"caused by an excited state of the feelings"? The unreliability of sensory perception was further emphasized by the troubling link between the sensory and the sensual, a recurring concern for some Victorian commentators, as the "Fleshly School of Poetry" controversy exemplified. In his review of Rossetti's poetry, it will be remembered, Robert Buchanan described "Nuptial Sleep" as registering "merely animal sensations," and condemned Rossetti's work as a sign of the pernicious spread of sensuality throughout Victorian culture. For other Victorians, however, the senses could offer a valuable and different mode of knowledge not accessible through more rational means, such as a unique mode of sympathetic connection with the wider world, as William Cohen has compellingly described in his recent exploration of Victorian literature and the senses.


This essay explores the ambiguities and ironies resident in the aphoristic phrase "Rest before Labour," which William Blake positions as the portal of "readerly" entry into his preliminary epic Vala, or The Four Zoas, which Blake never published. The "Rest" implied (the slumber of Albion, read historically and psychologically) occurs in the remainder of the poem yet functions as the boundary condition for the work itself—the first pre-text for this problematic work one might say. The "Labour" implied (the nightmare of alienation and fragmentation that ensues within Albion's sleep) occurs in the space-time of dreams across nine nights yet functions as the state of mind-matter relations in the waking world—the second pre-text for the work. The labor implicated in this dream narrative (visionary transformation of the public sphere) can only be achieved upon completion of the poem, again rendering all labors within the poem as pre-text for historical action. Once the work concludes its inner and outer operations (its labors, so to speak), reception dynamics shift the discursive arena to its readers, enacting a psycholinguistic transference until, ideally, Albion's awakening becomes our own. The poem's dream-work, then, inverts traditional associations of "rest" and "labour," and the implications of such an inversion best emerge when comparing Blake's view of dream-work with the critical elements articulated by Julia Kristeva in her analysis of a revolution in poetic language following the Romantic period itself. Kristeva's insightful analysis helps map Blakean cartographies of inner and outer symmetry.


In the early 1990s the design and creation of the Central Garden at the Getty Center were entrusted to the distinguished contemporary visual artist Robert Irwin. Irwin a member of California's "light and space" movement-was an unexpected choice for this major commission, and his work has aroused intense interest in the art world and among gardening enthusiasts and visitors to the Getty Center. In Robert Irwin Getty Garden, Lawrence Weschler offers a lively account of the creation of what Irwin has playfully termed "a sculpture in the form of a garden aspiring to be art." Weschler's narrative is followed by a transcript of conversations in which he and Irwin, in a series of walks through the garden, discuss in detail the decisions, both philosophical and practical, that shaped the making of this major art work in Southern California. The book contains more than 150 colour illustrations, many of them specially commissioned from photographer Becky Cohen. The photographs capture the stunning variety of colours and textures of the plant forms selected by Irwin. They also reveal the care and precision that went into the creation of each element of the garden environment, from the handrails and lighting fixtures to the huge azalea rings and waterfall that make a visit to the Getty Central Garden a unique experience.


This work covers Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (UIT) observations of early-type galaxies (155 nm) and Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) spectra of a Galactic subdwarf B star (sdB). Early UV space astronomy missions revealed that early-type galaxies harbor a population of stars with effective temperatures greater than that of the main sequence turn-off (about 6,000 K) and UV emission that is very sensitive to characteristics of the stellar population. We present UV (155 nm) surface photometry and UV-B color profiles for 8 E and SO galaxies observed by UIT. Some objects have de Vaucouleurs surface brightness profiles, while others have disk-like profiles, but we find no other evidence for the presence of a disk or young, massive stars. There is a wide range of UV-B color gradients, but there is no correlation with metallicity gradients. SdB stars are the leading candidate UV emitters in old, high metallicity stellar populations (e.g., early-type galaxies). We observed the Galactic sdB star PG0749+658 with FUSE and derived abundances with the aim of constraining models of the heavy element distribution in sdB atmospheres. All of the elements measured are depleted with respect to solar, except for Cr and Mn, which are about solar, and Ni, which is enhanced. This work was supported in part by NASA grants NAG5-700 and NAG5-6403 to the University of Virginia and NAS5-32985 to Johns Hopkins University.


This article examines the emergence of carbon standards and labels, with a focus on China as one of the key drivers of the future global economy. The article attempts to answer two questions. First, as Chinese firms take on more substantive roles in global production networks, how do they deal with environmental and sustainability standards, especially those which concern carbon footprints and emission reduction in production and supply chains? Second, to what extent and how is China likely to become active in setting sustainability standards in tomorrow's markets? The underlying question is: what strategies do Chinese actors follow in response to carbon standards? The core argument of the article is that China cannot choose whether, but only how, to react to the emergence of international carbon standards. Ignoring and/or mitigating such standards are not viable options, at least in the short run. The most promising pathway for Chinese actors is to leverage either their own standards, i.e. ones tailored to their needs and preferences, or standards which they have already helped to transform in favour of their interests by engaging in international standard-setting processes.


The presence of both multiple-access interference (MAI) and intersymbol interference (ISI) constitutes a major impediment to reliable communications in multipath code-division multiple-access (CDMA) channels. In this paper, an iterative receiver structure is proposed for decoding multiuser information data in a convolutionally coded asynchronous multipath DS-CDMA system. The receiver performs two successive soft-output decisions, achieved by a soft-input soft-output (SISO) multiuser detector and a bank of single-user SISO channel decoders, through an iterative process. At each iteration, extrinsic information is extracted from detection and decoding stages and is then used as a priori information in the next iteration, just as in turbo decoding. Given the multipath CDMA channel model, a direct implementation of a sliding-window SISO multiuser detector has a prohibitive computational complexity. A low-complexity SISO multiuser detector is developed based on a novel nonlinear interference suppression technique, which makes use of both soft interference cancellation and instantaneous linear minimum mean-square error filtering. The properties of such a nonlinear interference suppressor are examined, and an efficient recursive implementation is derived. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed low complexity iterative receiver structure for interference suppression and decoding offers significant performance gain over the traditional noniterative receiver structure. Moreover, at high signal-to-noise ratio, the detrimental effects of MAI and ISI in the channel can almost be completely overcome by iterative processing, and single-user performance can be approached.


Oral performance tests designed to assess candidates' ability to function in a particular professional role typically involve role plays which simulate aspects of professional interaction between a candidate, in his/her professional role, and an interlocutor, in the role of client or consumer of the professional services. The validity of such tests is dependent both on the incorporation of appropriate content and on the extent to which the interaction between candidate and interlocutor simulates authentic professional interaction. Materials for such role plays are commonly produced according to specifications developed by language testers following consultation with professional informants, but there has been little investigation of how well tasks reflect their purpose (i.e. the aims/intentions of the professional experts). Test interlocutors, generally language teachers, normally undergo some form of training in the test administration procedure, but there has been little analysis of how well their behaviour reflects client behaviour. This paper reports on an investigation into the role which expert professional informants can play in providing post hoc content validation of tasks used in this kind of occupation-specific test, focusing on both the content of the tasks and the behaviour of the interlocutors. The study draws on data from the oral interaction component of an occupation-specific test, the Occupational English Test (McNamara 1996), a 4-skills test for overseas-trained health professionals (with attention in this study to nurses). The study involved a two-day workshop where representatives of the nursing profession, in conjunction with the researchers, analysed both written test materials and audiotaped test data, contributing to an analysis of the realism of the tasks and the features of interlocutor behaviour.


In this study, the neurophysiological underpinnings of learning disabilities (LD) in children are examined using resting state EEG. We were particularly interested in the neurophysiological differences between children with learning disabilities not otherwise specified (LD-NOS), learning disabilities with verbal disabilities (LD-Verbal), and healthy control (HC) children. We applied 2 different approaches to examine the differences between the different groups. First, we calculated theta/beta and theta/alpha ratios in order to quantify the relationship between slow and fast EEG oscillations. Second, we used a recently developed method for analyzing spectral EEG, namely the group independent component analysis (gICA) model. Using these measures, we identified substantial differences between LD and HC children and between LD-NOS and LD-Verbal children in terms of their spectral EEG profiles. We obtained the following findings: (a) theta/beta and theta/alpha ratios were substantially larger in LD than in HC children, with no difference between LD-NOS and LD-Verbal children; (b) there was substantial slowing of EEG oscillations, especially for gICs located in frontal scalp positions, with LD-NOS children demonstrating the strongest slowing; (c) the estimated intracortical sources of these gICs were mostly located in brain areas involved in the control of executive functions, attention, planning, and language; and (d) the LD-Verbal children demonstrated substantial differences in EEG oscillations compared with LD-NOS children, and these differences were localized in language-related brain areas. The general pattern of atypical neurophysiological activation found in LD children suggests that they suffer from neurophysiological dysfunction in brain areas involved with the control of attention, executive functions, planning, and language functions. LD-Verbal children also demonstrate atypical activation, especially in language-related brain areas. These atypical neurophysiological activation patterns might provide a helpful guide for rehabilitation strategies to treat the deficiencies in these children with LD.


In this paper, the author explores the concept of childhood as a social category that impedes the perception of youngsters as critical thinkers in a visual culture. The author interrogates regularities within contemporary public schooling that work to represent the intellectual and cultural development of youngsters as the project of adult industry. Contrary to this representation, the author recounts the critical awareness and personal agency exercised by a group of 4th graders who engaged in a political cartooning exercise while examining the theme of social justice. The article includes an examination of the social construction of the concept of childhood as it intersects the discourse of Western socio-cultural superiority and the opening of sites of contention as a pedagogical strategy.


Light-trails (LTs) have been proposed as a solution for optical networking to provide support for emerging services such as video-on-demand, pseudo-wires, data-centers, etc. To provision these services we require features such as dynamic bandwidth provisioning, optical multicasting, sub-wavelength grooming and a low-cost hardware platform-all of which are available through the LT concept. Architectural, performance, resilience and implementation studies of LTs have led to consideration of this technology in metropolitan networks. In the area of architecture and performance, significant literature is available in terms of static network optimization. An area that has not yet been considered and which is of service provider importance (from an implementation perspective) is the stochastic behavior and dynamic growth of the LT virtual topology. In this paper, we propose a two-stage scheduling algorithm that efficiently allocates bandwidth to nodes within a LT and also grows the virtual topology of LTs based on basic utility theory. The algorithm facilitates growth of the LT topology fathoming across all the necessary and sufficient parameters. The algorithm is formally stated, analyzed using Markov models and verified through simulations, resulting in 45% betterment over existing linear program (LP) or heuristic models. The outcome of the growth algorithm is an autonomic optical network that suffices for service provider needs while lowering operational and capital costs. This paper presents the first work in the area of dual topology planning-at the level of connections as well as at the level of the network itself.


The management framework for coastal zone management developed in this thesis was based on two fundamental principles concerned with a proper understanding of the coastal zone and a structurally representative management process. The rigorous application of these two principles within the Moray Firth resulted in the development of a four stage management framework with the potential to overcome the inadequacies of the existing planning and management regime operating within the coastal zone. The effectiveness of this framework to deal with coastal issues of concern was assessed in an investigation of conflict management and resolution through the development of a zoning scheme. The framework proved capable of answering five questions identified as having to be answered if zoning is to be used to achieve stakeholder consensus and agreement concerning conflicts of use. The management framework thus has much to recommend it as an essential requirement for the successful implementation of coastal zone management within the other twenty coastal regions identified in the UK. As opposed to earlier recommendations made concerning coastal zone management in the UK, the framework developed provides a more effective means of: (a) generating and disseminating information, (b) increasing public participation from a consultation to partnership level, (c) increasing communication between and awareness of stakeholders, (d) reaching management decisions regarding coastal issues of concern, and (e) implementing and enforcing management decisions. These products of the management framework result in the co-ordinated management of the coastal zone. Peter Boon BSc, MSc. xvii October 2, 1995 Moray Firth: Coastal Zone Management PhD Thesis Chapter 1: Introduction. 1.


Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 2001. 215 pp. $39.95.Do an institution and a faith that have been infested almost from their beginning and for centuries since with a sense of their superiority over the Synagogue and a hostility towards the faith of Jews have anything left to speak that can be called "good news?" What options do people have whom the Holocaust has so radically alerted to that infestation but who refuse simply to abandon the Christian faith and leave the Church, knowing that doing so, or merely lamenting the sin of Christianity, preserves the status quo of Christian anti-Judaism? What commandment comes to them out of the horrors of Auschwitz which, if left unheeded, turns what the "faith of our fathers" has to proclaim into renewed assaults on Jews and Judaism?The fourteen contributors to this book, all claiming to be Christian, know that questions like these irrevocably challenge Christian faith as well as their own personal witness as followers of Jesus of Nazareth. They are convinced that the Holocaust is not an adiaphoron, a matter of no direct significance to the substance of Christian theology and faith. All are steeped in the history of the Church's anti-Judaism, of the Western world's antisemitism, and of how both have aided and abetted the Shoah. And however aware they are of the challenge of Auschwitz also to the faith of Jews, they are even more aware of how utterly deeply the Holocaust and all that prepared for it has compromised, if not irreparably distorted, Christianity itself and the Church as such.Six overarching loci direct the explorations and proposals of this book. First, Christians need to be honest about and remorseful for the anti-Jewish history of Christianity and the Church. Second, the Jewish origins of the Christian faith and the Jewish identity of Jesus need to be clearly acknowledged, studied with much greater care, and willingly affirmed. Images or understandings of Jesus need to be presented that are free of anti-Judaism. All this in a context that upholds the unbroken vitality of the Jewish people and their traditions. Third, liturgies and scriptural interpretations that promote the infestations named earlier need to be identified and replaced. Fourth, the conviction that is at the heart of Christian faith and practice needs to be prominently upheld, namely the great commandment to love the neighbor inclusively and hospitably because, as Martin Buber renders the Hebrew: he/she is like you. Fifth, the awareness that faithfulness to God entails human responsibility needs to be intensified. And, finally, a determined commitment is required that the darkness of injustice, evil, and death will not overcome the light of justice, goodness, and life itself (pp. 190-191).The authors confess, some explicitly, others more implicitly, their own complicity in Christian anti-Judaism by acknowledging that they had learned and subsequently made use of the methods and conclusions of dominant biblical exegesis. But they also acknowledge that, as a result of long, arduous, painful but finally very fruitful work with Jewish thinkers, they have learned to be self-critical and to develop new methods and new theologies. …


Chilaiditi syndrome is rare, often challenging to diagnose and difficult to treat. In general, patients have a long history of symptoms from early childhood. Emergency surgery is usually performed in the case of volvulus or obstruction. Detorsion, colopexy or partial colonic resection have been proposed. However, these methods may lead to a recurrence of the disease. In this article we present a patient with Chilaiditi syndrome who had a single-stage subtotal colectomy and anastomosis. A 20-year-old man was referred to hospital in February, 2004. He had a long medical history but no surgical history. Episodes with emergency visits were documented over the previous 3 years. Chilaiditi sign was seen on the upright abdominal radiograph as free air under the right diaphragm caused by the interposition of the transverse colon between the liver and the diaphragm. The patient underwent a subtotal colectomy with an anastomosis between the ascending colon and the rectum. To our knowledge, this is the only reported case of a single-stage subtotal colon resection associated with Chilaiditi syndrome.


Cancer rehabilitation is a concept that is defined by the patient and involves helping a person with cancer to obtain maximum physical, social, psychologic, and vocational functioning within the limits imposed by the disease and its treatment. Attention to the functional problems of cancer patients is relevant at any point in the diagnostic and therapeutic continuum (e.g., from diagnosis to treatment planning, treatment, post-treatment, recurrence, and end of life) and rehabilitation interventions are appropriate for all of these individuals who are living with cancer. Rehabilitation is unlikely to restore a premorbid level of function but provide a reasonable degree of independence. The ultimate goal of cancer rehabilitation is to enhance the quality of life of the cancer patient. The options for delivering rehabilitation services to the patients with cancer diagnosis include inpatient rehabilitation, outpatient rehabilitation, consultation services during acute care, home-health therapy services or extended care facilities and palliative care services. In this article; the need, principles and the outcome of cancer rehabilitation are briefly rewieved. Turk J Phys Med Rehab 2007;53:74-7.


In a flash the spot will disappear, and in its place - and this is the interesting thing - there is nothing. According to experimental psychology, the eye does not fill in the blind spot, but tricks us into thinking that it has been filled. The blind spot is pure absence of vision, and cannot be experienced at all. The blind spot is an invisible absence : an absence whose invisibility is itself invisible (Elkins 1996 : 170).


Abstract: Ochromonas triangulata, the type species for a genus with over 125 taxa, was collected for only the second time, again from the type locality. Cell morphology, cell division, palmelloid stage and cyst structure generally agreed with the original description. Molecular phylogenetic analysis based on the 18S rRNA gene revealed 13 clades of Ochromonas-like flagellates as well as the clade represented by our O. triangulata strain and the nearly identical strain RCC-21/AC025. We also conducted a concatenated analysis using the 18S rRNA and the rbcL genes, and we recovered the same 14 clades. One clade, containing strains CCAP 933/27 and CCMP1861, previously named Ochromonas tuberculata, was re-identified as Chrysastrella paradoxa and Chrysastrella breviappendiculata, respectively. One clade included the Poterioochromonas strains but we were unable to convincingly connect species names to the strains because authentic strains were unknown or not examined. Organisms in the clade that included the well-known Ochromonas danica were assigned to Chlorochromonas. The generic name Melkoniania gen. nov. was proposed for one distinct clade of marine flagellates. These changes addressed some of the issues associated with the polyphyletic Ochromonas sensu lato but many problems remained.


Human Monitoring and Authentication using Biodynamic Indicators and Behavioural Analysis (HUMABIO) (2007) is an EU Specific Targeted Research Project (STREP) where new types of biometrics are combined with state of the art sensorial technologies in order to enhance security in a wide spectrum of applications. The project aims to develop a modular, robust, multimodal biometrics security authentication and monitoring system which utilizes a biodynamic physiological profile, unique for each individual, and advancements of the state-of-the art in behavioural and other biometrics, such as face, speech, gait recognition, and seat-based anthropometrics. Several shortcomings in biometric authentication will be addressed in the course of HUMABIO which will provide the basis for improving existing sensors, develop new algorithms, and design applications, towards creating new, unobtrusive biometric authentication procedures in security sensitive, controlled environments. This paper presents the concept of this project, describes its unobtrusive authentication demonstrator, and reports some preliminary results.


One of the measures that the Eurozone Member States took in their attempt to combat the financial and debt crisis was to give financial assistance to the crises-ridden states. The purpose of such assistance was to safeguard the financial stability of the euro area as a whole. Thus, these mechanisms can be referred to as financial stabilisation mechanisms. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the different mechanism of financial stabilisation and their constitutional significance. Due to the fact that there are actually several mechanisms, the discussion will focus mainly on the European Stability Mechanism (ESM), the permanent mechanism. Out of the various constitutional questions that such mechanisms give rise to, this paper will emphasise those issues that relate to the asymmetrical structure of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). The choice to focus on issues that relate to the asymmetry of the EMU stems from the fact that these questions are politically most contentious, which also meant that addressing them proved legally difficult.


The rationale for establishing an e-learning community amongst the Art Education students stems from the specificities of their situation as learners and as visually/spatially adept students. The former refers to their distant teaching placements, and the latter their particular abilities in a range of visually-orientated arts subjects. Addressing the needs of these students as distance learners is necessary as a means of communication, support, and as a means of sharing their singular experience as 'Beginning Teachers'. Attending to their adeptness as visual learners has meant supporting the use and development of online resources, encouraging 'wiki' systems of display and individual web page development, and attempting to establish a visual/spatial electronic environment rather than one that is soley text-based. The ultimate goal is to have an online community of art e-learners, which overcomes the isolating experiences of school placements and is effective for students with a predilection for the visual and spatial over the textual.
There are three distinctive groups of students that are included within the larger Art Education community of learners: the part-time PhD, the full-time one-year PGCE Art and Design Secondary, and the full-time one year PGCE Art and Design Primary students. Each of these groups are geographically remote from college for most of their course, and have to rely on distance learning techniques for information, communication and support. A key feature of all of these art education students is their common background and experience as visual and spatial learners with specialist skills in the arts, such as Fine Art, Textiles, Illustration, Graphics, etc.. Although they often have extensive skills in image-building and graphics software such as Photoshop, Flash, and Illustrator, they often have limited web related skills and experience (other than as internet users). There are also disproportionately high levels of dyslexia in the PGCE groups

The Moodle software that the college employs as the basis for Learn.gold and Community.gold is used for all of these groups' sites. Each of the sites are compartmentalised according to generic requirements – events calendars, online conferencing, news and information areas, external links etc., – and course-specific items such as exhibition areas, assignment and assessments, and programme monitoring etc..

In order to meet the requirements of Initial Teacher Training the students must achieve prescribed 'Standards', and most of the content of the PGCE course has been designed to meet these. Consequently the e-learning environments have a correspondingly large amount of space devoted to topics like lesson planning, pupil assessment and online key skills tests. These are partly dealt with through links, tutor resources: Keynote/PowerPoint resources, Word information documents and external links to sources of information and advice that tutors have prepared and supplied on line. Since the bulk of the Standards have to be met through teaching experience, the sharing of that experience through conferencing is one of the most popular aspects of the course. This is heightened by the absence of personal contact: the students have to spend so much of the course in schools away from their peers that they gravitate towards these forums. The experience of learning to teach is often overwhelming, in its combination of social interactions and the acquisition of professional authority. These are readily discussed in detail, and the forums seem to acquire a life of their own as the minutiae of the transformation from trainee to teacher is conducted electronically.

I have established a group of keen learners to share their experiences, conducted interviews with keen and experienced participants, and I am setting up online evaluations and questionnaires for more immediate responses from the users.


pSAM2 is an 11-kb integrating element from Streptomyces ambofaciens. During matings, pSAM2 can be transferred at high frequency, forming pocks, which are zones of growth inhibition of the recipient strain. The nucleotide sequences of the regions involved in pSAM2 transfer, pock formation, and maintenance have been determined. Seven putative open reading frames with the codon usage typical of Streptomyces genes have been identified: traSA (306 amino acids [aa]), orf84 (84 aa), spdA (224 aa), spdB (58 aa), spdC (51 aa), spdD (104 aa), and korSA (259 aa). traSA is essential for pSAM2 intermycelial transfer and pock formation. It could encode a protein with similarities to the major transfer protein, Tra, of pIJ101. TraSA protein contains a possible nucleotide-binding sequence and a transmembrane segment. spdA, spdB, spdC, and spdD influence pock size and transfer efficiency and may be required for intramycelial transfer. A kil-kor system similar to that of pIJ101 is associated with pSAM2 transfer: the korSA (kil-override) gene product could control the expression of the traSA gene, which has lethal effects when unregulated (Kil phenotype). The KorSA protein resembles KorA of pIJ101 and repressor proteins belonging to the GntR family. Thus, the integrating element pSAM2 possesses for transfer general features of nonintegrating Streptomyces plasmids: different genes are involved in the different steps of the intermycelial and intramycelial transfer, and a kil-kor system is associated with transfer. However, some differences in the functional properties, organization, and sizes of the transfer genes compared with those of other Streptomyces plasmids have been found.


Editors' Note: This month we continue the feature STEPped Care: An Evidence-Based Approach to Drug Therapy. These articles are designed to provide concise answers to the drug therapy questions that family physicians encounter in their daily practice. The format of the feature will follow the mnemonic STEP: safety (an analysis of adverse effects that patients and providers care about), tolerability (pooled dropout rates from large clinical trials), effectiveness (how well the drugs work and in what patient population[s]), and price (costs of drug, but also cost effectiveness of therapy). Hence, the name STEPped Care. Since the informatics pioneers at McMaster University introduced evidence-based medicine, Slawson and colleagues have brought it to mainstream family medicine education and practice. This feature is designed to further the mission of searching for the truth in medical practice. Authors will provide information in a structured format that allows the readers to get to the meat of a therapeutic issue in a way that can help physicians (and patients) make informed decisions. The articles will discourage the use of disease-oriented evidence (DOE) to make treatment decisions. Examples of DOEs include blood pressure lowering, decreases in hemoglobin A1c, and so on. We will include studies that are POEMs patientoriented evidence that matters (myocardial infarctions, pain, strokes, mortality, etc) with the goal of offering our patients the most practical, appropriate, and scientifically substantiated therapies. Number needed to treat to observe benefit in a single patient will also be included as a way of defining advantages in terms that are relatively easy to understand. At times this effort will be frustrating. Even as vast as the biomedical literature is, it does not always support what clinicians do. We will avoid making conclusions that are not supported by POEMs. Nevertheless, POEMs should be incorporated into clinical practice. The rest is up to the reader. Blending POEMs with rational thought, clinical experience, and importantly, patient preferences can be the essence of the art of medicine. We hope you will find these new articles useful and easy to read. Your comments and suggestions are welcome. You may contact the editors through the editorial office of JABFP. We hope the articles provide you with useful information that can be applied in everyday practice, and we look forward to your feedback.


This article outlines an approach to understanding festivity through the lens of literary texts. Studies of festivity in early twentieth-century literature center largely on the image of the party. Representations of parties in the literary texts of this period range widely, and the sheer number of parties found in this body of literature highlights the shared interest of writers of the time to explore the implications of festive sociability. Given these parameters a reader might expect the literature of the period to show parties positively: as utopian occasions for transformative jouissance leading to catharsis and (satisfying) narrative closure. Yet many texts of this time represent festivity not as pleasurable renewal but as unpleasurable waste. This is particularly the case in fiction by the English satirist Evelyn Waugh (1903–66). In Waugh's texts, celebration tends toward destructive (rather than restorative) disorder. This paper will read Waugh's novel Vile Bodies (1930) and short story "Cruise: Letters from a Young Lady of Leisure" (1933), using Roger Caillois's theory of games, to explore the ways in which parties become sites of wasteful play. Moreover, as this article will demonstrate, literary texts are central documents for understanding the cultural history and subjective experience of parties. They evidence the felt and imagined experiences of social and moral transgression; bodily, mental and affective transformation; and class, race, gender, and sexual boundary-crossing occasioned by festivity. In that sense, the discipline of literary studies can contribute to a robust interdisciplinary approach to understanding festivity.


Article history: Received January 5, 2016 Received in revised format April 15, 2016 Accepted May 20, 2016 Available online May 26, 2016 Identifying factors that contribute to academic achievement is important. Some studies suggest a direct correlation between emotional intelligence, self-esteem and academic achievement, but others disagree about any direct relationship. This study investigates the relationship between emotional intelligence, self-esteem and academic achievement. The sample consists of 300 university students who were selected through random sampling. Bar-on emotional Intelligence questionnaire and self-esteem test pop as well as the mean scores of students were used as academic achievement. To analyze research data, descriptive and inferential statistics were used. The results of data analysis show that emotional intelligence and self-esteem had no significant relationship with achievement. The findings also show that emotional intelligence was not different between male and female students, but the self-esteem of female students was more than male students. Therefore in considering effective factors in academic achievement just psychological constructs such as emotional intelligence, selfesteem cannot be stressed. © 2016 Growing Science Ltd. All rights reserved.


Rapid development of hydrofracking, particularly in the Marcellus Shale region, has greatly outpaced ecological research assessing potential impacts on aquatic ecosystems. Increased sedimentation and contamination of streams from unconventional natural gas (UNG) activity could affect stream biota, resulting in altered rates of in-stream leaf decomposition. We deployed leaf packs in seven sites representing a range of UNG activity among different land uses including forest, agriculture, and development. In addition, physical and chemical variables were measured. Summer breakdown rates for all sites, mesh sizes, and leaf species were higher in the presence of UNG activity. Fall breakdown rates demonstrated no consistent trend among land uses or UNG activity. Summer deployment had more storm events than fall, promoting more runoff into streams as well as more sediment release. This suggests that higher physical breakdown rates in UNG sites could have been caused by more disturbed land, modifying stream hydrology. However, fall measurements, under more consistent flow regimes, indicate sites with flashier hydrology are prone to faster breakdown rates due to mechanical fragmentation rather than biological decomposition. Leaf breakdown rates were not a consistent indicator of UNG impairment among our sites due to factors affecting breakdown rates caused by land uses other than UNG and physical breakdown attributed to hydrologic disturbances.


As this is the last issue of the present volume some of the progress made with the Journal following the magnificent augean task completed by my predecessor, Dr W. W. Bishop, is summarized. Priority has been given to ensuring that the Journal is dispatched regularly on time so that Fellows in the British Isles receive it near to or even before the first day of the nominal month of issue. This has resulted in most Fellows in North America, even those on the west coast, receiving their Journal within the month of nominal issue. Many Fellows have noted that their institutional libraries do not receive the Journal so promptly and investigations into this reveal that this is mainly because many institutions do not renew their subscriptions until several months after the New Year; a situation that can only be remedied by prompter action by subscribers. At the same time, great effort has been made within the available limited finance to reduce the backlog of papers awaiting publication. After the May issue of this year all papers have been, and will be, published within a year of receipt of the revised manuscript, except for one paper whose author made changes in the figures two months after submitting the revised version. The last paper originally submitted in 1971 appears in this issue; the last paper originally submitted in 1972 will appear in the March 1974 issue. Short papers can now be guaranteed publication within six months or even less if urgent and


If you're like most designers and publishers who work with QuarkXPress, you've been waiting a long time for this release. In fact, you're probably one of the last people on your block to start using Mac OS X or Windows XP because you've been waiting for your most important application--QuarkXPress--to offer native support for either. Well, the wait is finally over, and here to get you up to speed on it quickly and easily is QuarkXPress 6 for Windows and Macintosh: Visual QuickStart Guide. In these pages, best-selling authors and veteran educators Elaine Weinmann and Peter Lourekas use task-based, step-by-step instruction and loads of visual aids to provide a soup-to-nuts grounding in QuarkXPress 6, including all that's new in this ground-breaking release: project files containing multiple layouts, Synchronized Text, improved table creation, and more. Progressing from the basics of planning and designing layouts, working with text, and creating and importing graphics to more advanced topics like exporting documents as Web pages and adding hyperlinks, this indispensable reference covers it all.


For a number of reasons Paul Grice's account of the nature of intentional communication has often been supposed to be cognitively too complex to work as an account of the communicative interactions of pre-verbal children. Here I review a number of different formulations of this problem, and responses to this problem that others have developed. These include Relevance Theory (by Sperber and Wilson, Section 4.1.1), Pedagogy Theory (by Gergely and Csibra, Section 4.1.2), and recent work on Expressive Communication (by Green and Bar-On). I also discuss my own response to the challenge of Gricean communication (Section 4.2).


Hox genes encode transcription factors and have been extensively studied by evolutionary and developmental biologists. Hox genes are responsible for determining specific regional identities along the anterior-posterior and proximal-distal developmental axes. Multiple hox genes are often simultaneously expressed in a developing tissue. Understanding the spatial and temporal expression patterns of the hox genes involved in morphogenesis is therefore essential for the prediction of molecular mechanisms that direct morphogenesis and patterning. The combinatorial hox gene expression (spatial and temporal) within a defined compartment is dubbed the "hox code." This study investigated the spatial and temporal expression of paralogous group 3-6 hox genes expressed within the pharyngeal arches of Oreochromis niloticus (Nile tilapia) embryos. It was hypothesized that each pharyngeal arch of Nile tilapia developing embryos would have a distinct combinatorial code of hox gene expression. The data shows that while pharyngeal arch 3 expresses hoxa2a and hoxa3a genes, pharyngeal arch 4 expresses hoxd3a and hoxd4a in addition to hoxa2a and hoxa3a. Pharyngeal arch 5 continues to express the hox genes found within pharyngeal arches 3 and 4, as well as hox genes b3b, b4a, and d4b. Hox expression within pharyngeal arch 6 is more diverse than the previous arches. In pharyngeal arch 6, all the hox genes expressed in pharyngeal arch 5 are present, with the following notable exceptions: hox genes d3a and d4b are excluded, and hox genes a4a, a5a, and b5a are included. Lastly, pharyngeal arch 7 is host to numerous expressed hox genes. The expression in pharyngeal arch 7 is similar to that of pharyngeal arch 6, having lost only hoxb3b. Four hox genes, hox c4a, b5b, b6a, and b6b, have anterior pharyngeal expression limits that begin in pharyngeal arch 7. Our results clearly demonstrate that within each pharyngeal arch is expressed a unique combination of hox genes, or pharyngeal hox code.


Objective: To investigate the interaction of treatment-related hemodynamic changes with genotype status for Synaptosomal associated protein 25 (SNAP-25) gene in participants with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) on and off single dose short-acting methylphenidate treatment with functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Method: A total of 15 right-handed adults and 16 right-handed children with DSM-IV diagnosis of ADHD were evaluated. Ten milligrams of short-acting methylphenidate was administered in a crossover design. Results: Participants with SNAP-25 DdeI T/T genotype had decreased right deoxyhemoglobin ([HHb]) with treatment. SNAP-25 MnlI genotype was also associated with right deoxyhemoglobin ([HbO2]) and [HHb] changes as well as left [HHb] change. When the combinations of these genotypes were taken into account, the participants with [DdeI C/C or T/C and MnlI G/G or T/G] genotype had increased right [HHb] with MPH use whereas the participants with [DdeI T/T and MnlI T/T] or [DdeI T/T and MnlI G/G or T/G] genotypes had decreased right prefrontal [HHb]. Conclusions: These results suggested that SNAP-25 polymorphism might be associated with methylphenidate induced brain hemodynamic changes in ADHD participants.


We examine the problem of blind separation of nonstationary sources in the underdetermined case, where there are more sources than sensors. Since time-frequency (TF) signal processing provides effective tools for dealing with nonstationary signals, we propose a new separation method that is based on time-frequency distributions (TFDs). The underlying assumption is that the original sources are disjoint in the time-frequency (TF) domain. The successful method recovers the sources by performing the following four main procedures. First, the spatial time-frequency distribution (STFD) matrices are computed from the observed mixtures. Next, the auto-source TF points are separated from cross-source TF points thanks to the special structure of these mixture STFD matrices. Then, the vectors that correspond to the selected auto-source points are clustered into different classes according to the spatial directions which differ among different sources; each class, now containing the auto-source points of only one source, gives an estimation of the TFD of this source. Finally, the source waveforms are recovered from their TFD estimates using TF synthesis. Simulated experiments indicate the success of the proposed algorithm in different scenarios. We also contribute with two other modified versions of the algorithm to better deal with auto-source point selection.


This paper presents the first steps in developing innovative cement-based batteries to power cathodic protection in reinforced concrete structures. Initial electrical outputs of 1.55V and 23mA have been found to be sufficient to polarise prescribed corrosion currents of 20mA per m2 of embedded steel. Cathodic protection is a well-developed and powerful technique to limit the effects of steel reinforcement corrosion. However, as it requires an electrical supply day and night, it is often powered by non-environmentally friendly diesel generators or connected to the electrical grid. This paper focuses on increasing the ionic conductivity of the solution in the cement pores, increasing the porosity of the cement, examining ways of sealing moisture into the cement and comparing different electrode materials and treatments. The batteries presented consist of different combinations of Portland cement, water, carbon black and salt solutions with embedded copper acting as the cathode and magnesium, aluminium or zinc cast as the anode. The preliminary findings demonstrate that cementbased batteries can produce sufficient sustainable electrical outputs with the correct materials and arrangement of cast-in anodes. Work is ongoing to determine how these batteries can be recharged using photovoltaics which will further enhance their sustainability properties.


About the book: The past two decades have witnessed the end of several civil wars and authoritarian regimes. In a period shaped by the ideal of democratization, in which more countries are emerging from deep-rooted conflicts, international attention is turning to the question of how societies with a grievous past face issues of accountability and reconciliation. How do societies deal with a past characterized by gross human rights violations? What kinds of processes--judicial as well as non-judicial--are most likely to generate a sense of reconciliation? Using an interdisciplinary approach, this book provides a systematic and comparative analysis of reconciliation processes in various societies that in recent years have made a transition from authoritarian to democratic rule, or from war to relative peace. Revisiting case studies from Latin America, Africa, Europe, and Asia through a lens of comparative analysis, shedding new light on how societies have dealt with their violent pasts, Roads to Reconciliation is essential reading for both scholars and practitioners concerned with human rights, transitional justice, or peace building.


Pseudotachylytes are important markers that can indicate the thermal state during a coseismic slip failure and provide indirect information about the level of stress and sliding velocities attained during that time window. On the other hand, survivor, fragmented clasts embedded in the quenched material are also very impor- tant, in that they provide information about the energy spent to create new fracture surfaces. In this paper, I study the temperature evolution of clasts subjected to the heat dissipated by a just-formed, molten pseudotachylyte (PT) vein. In particular, I find the analytical solutions for the temperature evolution within the PT vein, the surrounding, undamaged host rock, and inside a clast. According to the proposed model, the numerical results show that the clasts tend to preferentially melt in the inner part of the PT vein (i.e., they are completely assimilated by the PT). In contrast, some clasts can survive far from the PT vein center. My solutions, although based upon a simplified model, can provide a theoretical framework to predict the maximum size of the survived clasts at a given distance from the PT center. The distribution of these survivor clasts follows a power-law relation in terms of their radius, and its features generally agree with field and laboratory observations.


The Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a type of neurodegenerative pathology. It has a negative impact on the Quality of Life (QOL), the patient's daily life activities, as well as the psychological stability and family activities of their immediate caregivers. Some studies show that anxiety is related to the deterioration of the quality of life. The objective of this work is to study the influence of anxiety on the QOL in patients with idiopathic PD without dementia. The sample was composed by 50 subjects diagnosed with idiopathic PD without dementia (33 men and 17 women), in stages I and II of Hoehn and Yahr, aged between 45 and 75 years. It was found that depressive symptomatology, more than anxiety, cognitive functioning, or sensorimotor stage significantly affects the quality of life in patients diagnosed with idiopathic PD without dementia, with mild motor disability. Regression analysis showed that the depression and cognitive functioning explained 45.7% of the variance. The results showed that anxiety doesn't impact on QOL in PD, possibly associated with overlapping clinical depression as frequent in PD emotional alteration. The results suggest that the identification and prompt treatment of anxiety and depression is important for the improvement of QOL in idiopathic PD without dementia.


We present the architecture and three applications of the largest resolution image sensor based on single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) published to date. The sensor, fabricated in a high-voltage CMOS process, has a resolution of 512 × 128 pixels and a pitch of 24 μm. The fill-factor of 5% can be increased to 30% with the use of microlenses. For precise control of the exposure and for time-resolved imaging, we use fast global gating signals to define exposure windows as small as 4 ns. The uniformity of the gate edges location is ∼140 ps (FWHM) over the whole array, while in-pixel digital counting enables frame rates as high as 156 kfps. Currently, our camera is used as a highly sensitive sensor with high temporal resolution, for applications ranging from fluorescence lifetime measurements to fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and generation of true random numbers.


We address the problem of online state and parameter estimation in hierarchical Bayesian nonlinear dynamic systems. We focus on the Hierarchical Gaussian Filter (HGF), which is a popular model in the computational neuroscience literature. For this filter, explicit equations for online state estimation (and offline parameter estimation) have been derived before. We extend this work by casting the HGF as a probabilistic factor graph and present variational message passing update rules that facilitate both online state and parameter estimation as well as online tracking of the free energy (or ELBO), which can be used as a proxy for Bayesian evidence. Due to the locality and modularity of the factor graph framework, our approach supports application of HGF's and variations as plug-in modules to a wide variety of dynamic modelling applications.


Minimally invasive procedures are of importance in modern surgery due to reduced operative trauma and recovery time. To enable robot assisted interventions, automatic tracking of endoscopie tools is an essential task. State-of-the-art techniques rely on 2-D color information only which is error prone for varying illumination and unpredictable color distribution within the human body. In this paper, we use a novel 3-D Time-of-Flight/RGB endoscope that allows to use both color and range information to locate laparoscopic instruments in 3-D. Regarding color and range information the proposed technique calculates a score to indicate which information is more reliable and adopts the next steps of the localization procedure based on this reliability. In experiments on real data the tool tip is located with an average 3-D distance error of less than 4 mm compared to manually labeled ground truth data with a frame-rate of 10 fps.


It is a classic problem to estimate continuous-time sparse signals, like point sources in a direction-of-arrival problem, or pulses in a time-of-flight measurement. The earliest occurrence is the estimation of sinusoids in time series using Prony's method. This is at the root of a substantial line of work on high resolution spectral estimation. The estimation of continuous-time sparse signals from discrete-time samples is the goal of the sampling theory for finite rate of innovation (FRI) signals. Both spectral estimation and FRI sampling usually assume uniform sampling. But not all measurements are obtained uniformly, as exemplified by a concrete radioastronomy problem we set out to solve. Thus, we develop the theory and algorithm to reconstruct sparse signals, typically sum of sinusoids, from nonuniform samples. We achieve this by identifying a linear transformation that relates the unknown uniform samples of sinusoids to the given measurements. These uniform samples are known to satisfy the annihilation equations. A valid solution is then obtained by solving a constrained minimization such that the reconstructed signal is consistent with the given measurements and satisfies the annihilation constraint. Thanks to this new approach, we unify a variety of FRI-based methods. We demonstrate the versatility and robustness of the proposed approach with five FRI reconstruction problems, namely Dirac reconstructions with irregular time or Fourier domain samples, FRI curve reconstructions, Dirac reconstructions on the sphere, and point source reconstructions in radioastronomy. The proposed algorithm improves substantially over state-of-the-art methods and is able to reconstruct point sources accurately from irregularly sampled Fourier measurements under severe noise conditions.