Atmospheric chemical abundances of giant planets lead to important constraints on planetary formation and migration. Studies have shown that giant planets that migrate through the protoplanetary disk can accrete substantial amounts of oxygen-rich planetesimals, leading to super-solar metallicities in the envelope and solar or sub-solar C/O ratios. Pebble accretion has been demonstrated to play an important role in core accretion and to have growth rates that are consistent with planetary migration. The high pebble accretion rates allow planetary cores to start their growth beyond 10 AU and subsequently migrate to cold (>~ 1 AU), warm (~0.1 AU- 1AU) or hot (<~ 0.1 AU) orbits. In this work we investigate how the formation of giant planets via pebble accretion influences their atmospheric chemical compositions. We find that under the standard pebble accretion scenario, where the core is isolated from the envelope, the resulting metallicities (O/H and C/H ratios) are sub-solar, while the C/O ratios are super-solar. Planets that migrate through the disk to become hot Jupiters accrete substantial amounts of water vapour, but still acquire slightly sub-solar O/H and super-solar C/O of 0.7-0.8. The metallicity can be substantially sub-solar (~0.2-0.5x solar) and the C/O can even approach 1.0 if the planet accretes its envelope mostly beyond the CO2 ice line, i.e. cold Jupiters or hot Jupiters that form far out and migrate in by scattering. Allowing for core erosion yields significantly super-solar metallicities and solar or sub-solar C/O, which can also be achieved by other means, e.g. photo-evaporation and late-stage planetesimal accretion.


This paper proposes a new objective method to classify building limestone into types of varying durability working on samples that are visually identical in appearance. Geochemical data were obtained for 90 samples of the Lower Globigerina Limestone of the Maltese islands. Multivariate analyses, including cluster analysis, principal components analysis and discriminant analysis allowed the identification of variables SiO2, Al2O3, K2O, TiO2, Fe2O3 as indicators to distinguish between more durable 'franka' limestone and the less durable facies locally called 'soll'. This hypothesis was confirmed by differences in geochemical data from samples of both weathered and unweathered stone taken from abandoned quarry faces. In the less durable 'soll', SiO2 concentrations are >3.4±0.3%, Al2O3 >0.78±0.05%, K2O >0.13±0.01%, TiO2 >0.06±0.002% and Fe2O3 >0.47±0.02%. However, some overlap occurs between the two stone types for all five components, demarcating another stone type we designated as 'intermediate'. The geochemical differences are reflected in mineralogical data and in acid-insoluble residues. This geochemical method is simple and innovative. It can be used to identify newly extracted limestone for use in building and also for replacement of deteriorated stones in old buildings.


Neither the issue of how local and aggregate labor markets interact over time-nor the issue of how heterogeneity by education, race, and other factors interacts with these spatial dynamics-has previously been explored in the literature on the cyclicality of real wages. This study investigates how real wages respond to local and aggregate unemployment rates over time, and explores possible heterogeneities in the responses. Results, based upon data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, indicate that real wages move procyclically with both aggregate and local markets, but that the response to local changes occurs with a lag; that rates of return to education are procyclical overall for aggregate labor markets, but tend to be countercyclical for blacks; and that wages of union, manufacturing, blue-collar, and black workers tend to be less procyclical, even countercyclical for black college graduates. Overall, we find substantial spatial dynamics and heterogeneity in the cyclicality of real wages.


From the late 1980s, the automation of sequencing techniques and the computer spread gave rise to a flourishing number of new molecular structures and sequences and to proliferation of new databases in which to store them. Here are presented three computational approaches able to analyse the massive amount of publicly avalilable data in order to answer to important biological questions.
The first strategy studies the incorrect assignment of the first AUG codon in a messenger RNA (mRNA), due to the incomplete determination of its 5' end sequence. An extension of the mRNA 5' coding region was identified in 477 in human loci, out of all human known mRNAs analysed, using an automated expressed sequence tag (EST)-based approach. Proof-of-concept confirmation was obtained by in vitro cloning and sequencing for GNB2L1, QARS and TDP2 and the consequences for the functional studies are discussed.
The second approach analyses the codon bias, the phenomenon in which distinct synonymous codons are used with different frequencies, and, following integration with a gene expression profile, estimates the total number of codons present across all the expressed mRNAs (named here "codonome value") in a given biological condition. Systematic analyses across different pathological and normal human tissues and multiple species shows a surprisingly tight correlation between the codon bias and the codonome bias.
The third approach is useful to studies the expression of human autism spectrum disorder (ASD) implicated genes. ASD implicated genes sharing microRNA response elements (MREs) for the same microRNA are co-expressed in brain samples
from healthy and ASD affected individuals. The different expression of a recently identified long non coding RNA which have four MREs for the same microRNA could disrupt the equilibrium in this network, but further analyses and experiments are needed.


Aim/Purpose: The purpose of this study was to document the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic for doctoral students who were proposing, conducting, or writing up their doctoral thesis, dissertation, or other culminating project.

Background: For doctoral students, the process of designing, implementing, and writing a culminating project is a key part of the learning experience. These projects typically require students to direct their own learning and to manage setbacks, obstacles, and challenges as they arise. During the COVID-19 pandemic, doctoral students around the globe had to undertake this key learning experience in the context of a global crisis.

Methodology: During August and September 2020, 235 doctoral students from around the world completed an online questionnaire consisting of demographic questions and three open-ended questions about their experience during the COVID-19 pandemic. Analysis involved several cycles of In Vivo Coding of the data, which yielded codes, categories, and eventually themes. At each stage, the researchers collaborated to generate the codes, and the categories and themes arose through several rounds of discussion.

Contribution: Our study adds to the small body of knowledge on doctoral students' experiences from around the world during the COVID-19 pandemic by identifying categories of experience through qualitative, open-ended survey questions. The study highlights doctoral students' challenges and how these were either exacerbated or mitigated by pandemic-induced changes.

Findings: Our survey respondents described impacts on their culminating projects' progress in five major categories: research design, access to resources, workload, mental health, and finances.

Recommendations for Practitioners: The five categories of impacts emerging from our participants' responses may be useful for faculty and administrators of doctoral programs to consider in reviewing their programs' responses to the pandemic and making future plans for providing academic continuity in crisis situations as well as re-evaluating the priorities and structures of doctoral program to better support students overall moving forward.

Recommendation for Researchers: Further research is needed to better understand how the pandemic impacted individual students' research and writing processes, including adaptive strategies.

Impact on Society: Institutions need to be aware of systemic strain on doctoral students under the best of conditions and be especially aware of the impacts of a crisis and plan contingencies to assist students with a focus on the areas of finances, resource access, workload, research design, and mental health.

Future Research: Future research should seek out additional perspectives of male doctoral students. Additionally, data capturing perspectives from students at other points in time are needed as the pandemic continued to unfold after this study's data collection period.


The importance of cryptography applied to security in electronic data transactions has acquired an essential relevance during the last few years. A proposed FPGA-based implementation of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm is presented in this paper. The design has been coded by Very high speed integrated circuit Hardware Descriptive Language. All the results are synthesized and simulated using Xilinx ISE and ModelSim software respectively. This implementation is compared with other works to show the efficiency. The design uses an iterative looping approach with block and key size of 128 bits, lookup table implementation of S-box. This gives low complexity architecture and easily achieves low latency as well as high throughput. Simulation results, performance results are presented and compared with previous reported designs.


The use of growth-promoting technologies has become a common practice in the beef cattle industry as producers strive for efficient growth and greater lean deposition. Two common technologies include exogenous hormonal implants and beta-adrenergic agonists (β-AA). Combination implants containing estrogen and testosterone increase muscle mass by elevating protein synthesis and/or reducing protein degradation. The increase in protein synthesis allows the animal to produce more lean muscle tissue. Optaflexx (Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN) is a popular β-AA that works as a repartitioning agent to redirect nutrients toward muscle deposition and away from adipose tissue production. The two technologies utilize separate pathways for muscle growth and can have additive results on efficiency and ultimate carcass characteristics. Feedlot heifer responses to growth-promoting technologies have been inconsistent and not as potent as those observed in steers. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of two growth-promoting programs on feedlot heifer performance and carcass composition.


At a time when there is increasing demand for Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) skills, it becomes increasingly important that the curriculum is effective and relevant. This research aims to provide a better understanding of the professionals who work in the field of HCI. It extends previous studies by examining the different roles of HCI professionals in order to identify differences regarding cognitive preferences, background, what is valued, concerns and issues, and the potential impact of these upon curriculum design and delivery within the Higher Education sector. This study also extends technological frames theory by applying the framework to HCI practice. The literature review covers the history of HCI, the position of HCI within the software development lifecycle, HCI academic research and its relationship to practice, HCI practice and HCI education. It then discusses cognitive style research and the Cognitive Styles Index (CSI) and the Object-Spatial Imagery and Verbal Questionnaire (OSIVQ), concluding with the social construction of technology and technological frames. This study follows a mixed methods approach adopting a pragmatic epistemological stance, collecting data by means of a survey which gathered demographic data and cognitive profiles. These were complemented by interviews which were analysed using the Template Analysis approach. iv Both the quantitative and the qualitative data highlight a number of differences between the roles of the professionals, and in particular between those who educate and those who are involved in practice. The interview findings also highlight inconsistences in what is valued, and indicate that HCI is not well understood outside of the HCI community. It appears that a dominant technological frame has not yet been achieved in the field of HCI, with particular incongruences noted between academia and practice. In particular, the interviews confirm the findings of the literature that the curriculum may not be meeting the needs of practice, and that there still exists a lack of consensus regarding terminology and processes. The discussion moves on to consider the implications for the curriculum discussing the need for more input from practice when designing the curriculum, the advantages of embedding HCI skills within the curriculum in order to address graduate attributes, and the need to be aware of role differences in order to offer appropriate academic advice to students.


Young adults have been leaving the parental home at increasingly early ages over the last several decades. They have also been delaying marriage. This article argues that the increase in independent living during young adulthood may have caused some of the delay in marriage, and it examines this question on the basis of data from the National Longitudinal Surveys of Young Men and Young Women. It tests the hypotheses that (a) living independently during young adulthood delays marriage; (b) the effects of nonfamily living are smaller for those in group quarters than for others; (c) living away has larger effects if it occurs relatively early in adulthood; and (d) the effects are stronger for women than for men. The results provide some support for these hypotheses, especially


Due to population growing affluence, the fast development in industrial sector and improved standard of living, a huge volume of solid waste is being produced. The disposal of this numerous quantity of material in a sanitary landfill conveys with it an inherent potential for pollution of indigenous water resources. A major environmental impact resulting from the disposal of solid waste into a sanitary landfill occurs when water either from rainfall or groundwater passing through the refuse accumulates various contaminants including dissolved organic and inorganic components and decomposition products. This percolated liquid is called 'Leachate'.
It is considered very harmful and toxic. Biological treatment is the most common system used to handle the leachate before discharge to water sources. Presence of
toxic heavy metal in the leachate limit the activity of microorganisms, resulting in the decrease of the efficiency of the biological treatment to produce high effluent
quality that will meet Malaysian Effluent Standard. Therefore a laboratory study using a bench scale model of three unit operations / processes of coagulation using
Moringa oleifera seeds as a natural coagulant, flocculation-sedimentation and microfiltration was adopted to treat the leachate from Air Hitam Sanitary Landfill at Puchong, Selangor state of Malaysia. Moringa oleifera had achieved 43.75% Cadmium removal, 21.17% Total Chromium removal, 66.77% Lead removal, and 16% Iron removal. Also 55.42% of Total Suspended Solids, 9.98% of Total Dissolved Solids, and 24.16% of Volatile Suspended Solids were removed from the leachate after coagulation with an effective Moringa oleifera dosage. Micro-filtration hollow fibre membrane used decreased the Turbidity, Colour, Total Suspended Solids, Total Dissolved Solids, Volatile Suspended Solids, and Organic Matter in the leachate by 98.30%,90.30%,99.63%,20.83%,36.63%, and 21.87 respectively. Also it achieved 94% Cadmium removal, 29.81% Total Chromium removal, 73.2% Lead removal, and 18.28% Iron removal. Overall heavy metals removal from the leachate achieved by the bench scale model was 95.83% for Cadmium, 27% for Total
Chromium, 79.9% for Lead, and 29.53% for Iron. The results shown that Moringa oleifera is a promising natural polymer for removing heavy metals from the leachate, and may be used as a pre-treatment stage for biological treatment to eliminate a portion of the toxic heavy metals, which limits
the activity of micro-organisms in the leachate.


Abstract After decades of rule-of-law promotion in world affairs, international law and legality have regained scholarly imperative. Yet this has not dissolved disciplinarity between international law (IL) and relations (IR), but furthered a priori theorizing and the unilateral extension of disciplinary research agendas. A prime example is the influential 'legalization agenda' of IR scholarship, where an institutionalist doctrine has renarrated the 'L word' through a fetishizing of rules and a managerial focus on rule compliance. However, this approach confronts a problem of relevance as international struggles increasingly involve contests over how to legally characterize issues, actions, and events, and this engages juridical and normative dimensions of rule application which are beyond the managerialism of compliance. This article argues for greater sociological and critical engagement with the way in which the concept of law operates through juridico-political practices of legality, and the aim is to provide a theoretical and empirical discussion that revives the significance of the juridico-political world for scholarships which have habitually underplayed the constitutive significance of lawyering for rule application. To do so, this article, first, addresses the profundity of Kant's work and concern over law's application by a rule-applier and, second, claims this has long invited a more critical sociology. To initiate that social exploration, the paper draws on both Pierre Bourdieu's concept of the 'juridical effect' and the Foucauldian notion of 'normative law' to theorize the significance of juridical and normative practices in the making of international law's rule. In the final section, I introduce the empirical benefit of these critical sociologies by turning to the law of armed conflict (LOAC), and the ways juridical and normative power have enabled sophisticated militaries of the developed world to constrain the application of the LOAC in contemporary wars of asymmetric combat.


The high volatility observed in financial markets during the last crisis prompted renewed interest in designing truly diversified portfolios. One of the most interesting approach proposed by recent literature is the Equally-weighted Risk Contribution strategy (Maillard et al., 2009), usually implemented with standard deviation as risk measure: our paper extends this approach introducing expected shortfall. The expected shortfall risk contributions are computed through a non-parametric approach which aims to reduce the estimation error generated by the historical sample applying a bootstrap resampling procedure. The ex-post performance analysis also accounts for realistic transaction costs. We find superiority of the ERC portfolios, with better Sharpe ratio along with asymmetric performance metrics.


Cannabis use is increasingly prevalent among young adults in Canada. Due to cannabis' impairment effects, driving under the influence of cannabis has recently developed into a traffic-safety concern, yet little is known about the specific circumstances and factors characterizing this behavior among young people. In this study, we interviewed a sample of university students (n = 45; age 18–28 years) in Toronto who had driven a car after cannabis use in the past year. The study collected information on respondents' sociodemographic characteristics, cannabis and other drug use, cannabis use and driving (CUD) experiences, law enforcement and accident exposure, perceptions of cannabis and alcohol impairment effects as well as future anticipated substance use and driving behaviors. Results indicated that: CUD originated primarily from social settings; that impairment risks from cannabis were perceived to be low; and that the level of anticipated future CUD was high. Furthermore, high frequency of CUD in the past year was associated with high frequency of cannabis use. Interventions aiming at CUD among young people need to be anchored in the specific sociocultural settings of this behavior; targeted information needs to address cannabis' impairment potential for driving; possibilities for harm-reduction measures for CUD need to be considered.


My study "The issue of translating legal doublets in notarial acts from English into Romanian" tackles the topic of translation of doublets from English into Romanian. The theory on doublets outlines that these expressions are obsolete, redundant, unnecessary, pleonastic and ambiguous for legal language. Recommendations of linguists and terminologists range from tolerance to total elimination from use. What is disturbing is that theory is mute in respect of the translation of doublets, leaving the translator on his/her own. There are some suggestions regarding the translation, but as long as linguists and lawyers have this incertitude regarding their utility, any recommendations for translation are in vain. Nevertheless, the analysis of my corpus highlighted that contracting and generalization through omission, as well as word for word translation, are the most relevant and efficient tools in handling these complicated constructions. The main issue is that English legal doublets are not doublets in Romanian, or Polish or any other language, because it is a phenomenon typical of the English language. Considering this, the translator will resort to creativity, omission and word for word translation in order to provide coherent equivalents for doublets.


Red Flowers RoundaboutShipsides and Beggs ProjectsHD video 14.16min2015RED FLOWERS ROUNDABOUT is an experimental video work which reflects the live and public process of recording some new songs and making a twig text installation STILL NOT OUT OF THE WOODS in the Chapelle Du Geneteil in Château-Gontier, northern France.The title RED FLOWERS ROUNDABOUT is an open reference but was triggered by the red poppy flower car windscreen sticker captured in the video (behind the coffee packet) and combined with the geographic locality and the theme of the Magic Roundabout children's TV programme.We were invited to take part in a video screening programme (Gothic Cinema) instigated by David Michael Clarke and Anabelle Hulaut, who had an exhibition (Outside-In) in the art centre housed in the chapel. With their permission we took over the 'park-like' exhibition installation (much of which beautifully referenced the Magic Roundabout) for a number of days to record our songs, a wall painting and develop the twig text work.


Realizing an optically flat and lightweight high-speed scanning micromirror still remains as a challenging problem. In this paper, we propose a drum-type lightweight micromirror that is capable of providing high scanning speed and retaining optical flatness, simultaneously. The fabrication technique and surface deformation analysis of the proposed micromirror are described. The drum-type design is realized using a stretched polycrystalline (poly-) Si membrane across a rigid crystalline (c-) Si ring. The tensile stress in the poly-Si membrane is 300-400 MPa that keeps the membrane flat. At the static condition, the total peak-to-valley surface heights in the center poly-Si membrane of the designed five distinct shapes of micromirrors are varied from 16 to 29 nm. The stress concentration at mirror edge is investigated by the amount of surface distortion which is less than 40 nm (i.e., one-tenth wavelength of the blue light). The maximum total peak-to-valley surface height is about 50 nm and the dominant profile is at the connecting part between the c-Si ring and the poly-Si membrane. The amount of dynamic deformation in the poly-Si membrane is less than 40 nm. This satisfies the optical flatness compared to the wavelength of blue light.


markdownabstractIn attempting to research the challenging question of how routines and dynamic capabilities are related to change and innovation, I utilize a variety of approaches that eventually complement each other in coming to answer in the following ways:
1) How can current knowledge regarding routines and dynamic capabilities be utilized to explain how organizations can solve various problems of various complexities?
2) To what extent are insights from the routine dynamics and dynamic capabilities research streams utilized by scholars from both fields and what are the implications of the current state of conversation?
3) How do routines and dynamic capabilities relate to exploratory innovation?
4) Can routines display dynamic patterns when they are enacted in constrained settings, yet actors are pressured by high levels of environmental variation?
Each of the questions are asked with a different purpose and hence, require a substantially different approach. Hence, I have utilized four different methodologies throughout this dissertation.


Nitric oxide (NO) synthase-expressing neurons are found throughout the vertebrate retina. Previous work by our laboratory has shown that NO can transiently convert inhibitory GABAergic synapses onto cultured retinal amacrine cells into excitatory synapses by releasing Cl(-) from an internal store in the postsynaptic cell. The mechanism underlying this Cl(-) release is currently unknown. Because transport of Cl(-) across internal membranes can be coupled to proton flux, we asked whether protons could be involved in the NO-dependent release of internal Cl(-). Using pH imaging and whole cell voltage-clamp recording, we addressed the relationship between cytosolic pH and cytosolic Cl(-) in cultured retinal amacrine cells. We found that NO reliably produces a transient decrease in cytosolic pH. A physiological link between cytosolic pH and cytosolic Cl(-) was established by demonstrating that shifting cytosolic pH in the absence of NO altered cytosolic Cl(-) concentrations. Strong buffering of cytosolic pH limited the ability of NO to increase cytosolic Cl(-), suggesting that cytosolic acidification is involved in generating the NO-dependent elevation in cytosolic Cl(-). Furthermore, disruption of internal proton gradients also reduced the effects of NO on cytosolic Cl(-). Taken together, these results suggest a cytosolic environment where proton and Cl(-) fluxes are coupled in a dynamic and physiologically meaningful way.


More than 200 species of woodpeckers exist, about 45 species live in the United States, and depending on the season, seven species can be found in Missouri. Woodpeckers nest and roost in holes or cavities in trees, which they usually excavate themselves. The woodpecker's preferred habitat is a mature forest with standing dead trees, snags or older living trees with dead limbs, though several species have adapted to habitats found in urban and suburban residential areas with mature trees. Many people like to watch woodpeckers and try to attract them to their home landscapes. Although watching and feeding woodpeckers throughout the year can be enjoyable, woodpeckers can cause extensive damage to buildings and houses — in urban as well as rural areas. Most people experiencing woodpecker damage live in or within half a mile of a wooded area containing large hardwood trees. As more people and housing developments move into wooded areas, woodpecker damage problems will likely increase.


The current study described the life table characteristics of the predatory bug Orius laevigatus preying upon the tobacco whitefly Bemisia tabaci infestation offered on eggplant leaf discs under laboratory constant conditions of 26±1°C, 75±5% R.H. and 16L: 8D photoperiod regime. Average life table parameters of O. laevigatus were calculated for two successive generations as: intrinsic rate of increase (Rm): 0.038; gross reproductive rate (GRR): 18 insect/female/generation, net reproduction rate (Ro): 2.6 females/female/generation, finite rate of increase (λ): 1.038 females/female/day, mean generation time (T): 25.2 days, and doubling time (DT): 18.2 days. Those parameters indicated that O. laevigatus has the potential to be used as predator against B. tabaci and that this predator would likely be able to overcome populations of B. tabaci on eggplant plantation in greenhouses under the conditions similar to those used in this study. This appears to be the first publication recording the life table parameters of O. laevigatus when used as natural enemy against B. tabaci infestation of eggplant.


With the abundance of large-screen displays, mobile device users currently have little motivation to stream video content and TV broadcasts to their device - the desire to watch content 'on the move' does not currently outweigh the necessity of viewing this content on a miniaturised screen. However, the value and appeal of mobile TV broadcasts can be increased by the addition of a haptic-feedback channel to supplement the traditional video and audio streams. This paper discusses the development of mobile haptic TV systems. It describes the design constraints for these systems and presents one concept implementation, UltraTV. UltraTV is a mobile device that provides mid-air, multi-point, back-of-device ultrasonic haptic feedback to enhance the mobile TV experience (see Figure 1). The paper concludes with a look at avenues for further exploration within the realm of mobile haptic TV.


In order to realize the sustainable development of transportation infrastructure, more and more attention has been paid to the multi-scheme selection method of road engineering, while the existing life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) and life cycle assessment (LCA) methods are often isolated from each other, which cannot better realize the comprehensive evaluation of road life cycle. This chapter will review and summarize the development of LCCA and LCA systematically. Pointing out the existing problems in current research, the idea of integrated evaluation method combining LCA and LCCA is proposed. It puts forward the future development direction based on the deficiency of the current research results and provides useful reference for the popularization and application of the life cycle methods in road engineering.


Radio-loud AGN typically manifest powerful relativistic jets extending up to
millions of light years and often showing superluminal motions organised in a
complex kinematic pattern. A number of physical models are still competing to
explain the jet structure and kinematics revealed by radio images using the Very
Long Baseline Interferometer (VLBI) technique.

Robust measurements of longitudinal and transverse velocity field in the jets
would provide crucial information for these models. This is a difficult task,
particularly for transversely resolved jets in objects like 3C\,273 and M87. To
address this task, we have developed a new wavelet-based image segmentation and
evaluation (WISE) technique for identifying significant structural patterns
(SSP) of smooth, transversely resolved flows and obtaining a velocity field from
cross-correlation of these regions in multi-epoch observations. Detection of
individual SSP is performed using the wavelet decomposition and multiscale
segmentation of the observed structure. The cross-correlation algorithm combines
structural information on different scales of the wavelet decomposition,
providing a robust and reliable identification of related SSP in multi-epoch
images. A stacked cross correlation (SCC) method is also introduced to recover
multiple velocity components from partially overlapping, optically thin emitting
regions.

Test performed on simulated image of jets revealed excellent performance of
WISE. The algorithm enables recovering structural evolution on scales down to
0.25 FWHM of the image point spread function (PSF). It also performs well on
sparse or irregular sets of observations, providing robust identification for
structural displacements as large as 3 PSF size.

on astronomical images by applying it
to several image sequences obtained as part of the MOJAVE long-term monitoring
program of extragalactic jets with VLBI observations. The particular focus of
the analysis was made on prominent radio jets in the quasar 3C\,273 and the
radio galaxies 3C\,120 and 3C\,111. Results showed the robustness and fidelity
of results obtained from WISE compared with those coming from the ``standard''
procedure of using multiple Gaussian components to represent the observed
structure. These tests demonstrated also the excellent efficiency of the method,
with WISE analysis taking only a few minutes of computing time to recover the
same structural information which required weeks of model fitting efforts.

Going beyond global one dimensional kinematic analysis, WISE revealed transverse
structure in the the jet of 3C\,273, with three distinct flow lines clearly
present inside the jet and evolving in a regular fashion, suggesting a pattern
that may rise as a result of Kelvin-Helmholtz (K-H) instability that has
previously been detected in this jet.

The positional precision of the WISE decomposition was also critical on modeling
the helical trajectory of the components in the jet of 3C\,120, revealing an
helical surface mode of the K-H instability with an apparent wavelength
$\lambda_{\mathrm{app}} = 15.8\,\mathrm{mas}$ and evolving at an apparent speed
$\beta^w_{\mathrm{app}} = 2.0\,\mathrm{c}$.

We finally present in this thesis the first detailed transverse velocity fields
of the jet in M87 on scales of $10^{3} \text{--} 10^{4} r_g$. Its proximity
combined with a large mass of the central black hole make it one of the primary
source to probe the jet formation and acceleration region. We analyzed 11
epochs of the M87 jet VLBA movie project observed at 3 weeks intervals
revealing a structured and stratified flow, compatible with a magnetically
launched, accelerated and collimated jet.

Based on the structural analysis obtained with WISE, important physical
parameters of the flow could be determined. Using the velocity detected in the
counter-jet and the intensity ratio between the jet and counter-jet, we
estimated the viewing angle $\theta = 18\degree$. Differential velocity in the
northern and southern limbs of the flow was explained by the jet rotation
consistent with a field line with angular velocity $\Omega \sim 10^{-6} s^ {-1}$ and
corresponding to a launching location in the inner part of the accretion disk.

The stratification in the flow was unveiled from a SCC analysis that detected a
slow mildly relativistic layer ($\beta \sim 0.5 c$) associated either with the
instability pattern speed or an outer wind, and a fast accelerating stream line
($\gamma \sim 2.5$).

The acceleration of the jet together with the collimation profile of the flow,
was successfully modeled by solving the magnetohydrodynamics wind equation,
indicating a total specific energy $\mu \sim 6$, and a transition from Poynting
to kinetic energy at a distance $z_{eq} \sim 3000 R_s$, in a good agreement with
previous analytic and simulation work.


Photoreceptors of anchovies Anchoa mitchilli and A. hepsetus consist of normal rods and two unusual kinds of cones. The latter lie in single vertical rows, and the rods lie between them. Both participate in photomechanical movements, and movement of the cones is closely coordinated with that of pigment cell processes. There are long cones having a cuneate outer segment and short cones having a bilobed outer segment. Long and short (bifid) cones alternate within a row and are staggered between adjacent rows. Both kinds possess calycal processes; long cones have a lateral sac or accessory outer segment. The long and short cones are associated to form a structure called a cone unit, which consists of the outer segment and ellipsoid of a long cone joined to two outer segment lobes of two adjacent short cones. The lobes of the latter are partly enclosed by the ellipsoid of the long cone. A cone row consists of a row of cone units isolated from each other by processes of the pigment epithelium containing stacks of guanine crystals which form a tapetum. Dorsal and ventral faces of inner segments have contact zones characterized by subsurface cisternae. Lamellae in the cone outer segments are arranged longitudinally with respect to the cell axis and short and long cone lamellae are perpendicular to each other; lamellae of the rods are transverse. Long cone lamellae are perpendicular to the cone row, and in the central retina are almost horizontal to the long axis of the body. Some vesicular/tubular structures also occur in the cone outer segments. Outer and inner segments of cones are joined by a broad connecting structure containing a stalk and root portion corresponding to a modified and reduced cilium shaft and centriole, respectively. The rod has a typical connecting stalk. Mitochondria of cone ellipsoids have expanded perimitochondrial spaces between outer and inner membranes. The organization of the anchovy cones is compared with that of other vertebrates. It is suggested that the cone unit may be a two channel analyser for the detection of plane polarized light and function in conjunction with the overlying reflector of regularly arranged platelets.


Maps of physical spaces locate us in the world and help us navigate unfamiliar routes. Maps of topical spaces help us visualize the extent and structure of our collective knowledge; they reveal bursts of activity, pathways of ideas, and borders that beg to be crossed. This book, from the author of Atlas of Science, describes the power of topical maps, providing readers with principles for visualizing knowledge and offering as examples forty large-scale and more than 100 small-scale full-color maps. Today, data literacy is becoming as important as language literacy. Well-designed visualizations can rescue us from a sea of data, helping us to make sense of information, connect ideas, and make better decisions in real time. In Atlas of Knowledge, leading visualization expert Katy Borner makes the case for a systems science approach to science and technology studies and explains different types and levels of analysis. Drawing on fifteen years of teaching and tool development, she introduces a theoretical framework meant to guide readers through user and task analysis; data preparation, analysis, and visualization; visualization deployment; and the interpretation of science maps. To exemplify the framework, the Atlas features striking and enlightening new maps from the popular "Places & Spaces: Mapping Science" exhibit that range from "Key Events in the Development of the Video Tape Recorder" to "Mobile Landscapes: Location Data from Cell Phones for Urban Analysis" to "Literary Empires: Mapping Temporal and Spatial Settings of Victorian Poetry" to "Seeing Standards: A Visualization of the Metadata Universe." She also discusses the possible effect of science maps on the practice of science.


Building digital libraries (DLs) on top of data grids while facilitating data access and minimizing access overheads is challenging. To achieve this, replication in a Grid has to provide dedicated features that are only partly supported by existing Grid environments. First, it must provide transparent and consistent access to distributed data. Second, it must dynamically control the creation and maintenance of replicas. Third, it should allow higher replication granularities, i.e. beyond individual files. Fourth, users should be able to specify their freshness demands, i.e. whether they need most recent data or are satisfied with slightly outdated data. Finally, all these tasks must be performed efficiently. This paper presents an approach that will finally allow one to build a fully integrated and self‐managing replication subsystem for data grids that will provide all the above features. Our approach is to start with an accepted replication protocol for database clusters, namely PDBREP, and to adapt it to the grid. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


INTRODUCTION
Transfusion Transmissible Infections (TTIs) such as Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) and syphilis pose a threat to blood safety in a developing country like India.

AIM
To determine the prevalence of TTIs among healthy donors in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India, and to further help in determination of the population subset to be focused on for enhancing blood donor pool.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on all voluntary and replacement donors in a tertiary health care centre in Andaman and Nicobar Islands for a period of three years. Donor blood was screened for HIV, HBV, HCV, Syphilis and malarial parasite using rapid kits and ELISA.

RESULTS
Out of 12,118 donors, 97.01% were males and 2.99% were females. 9409 (77.64%) were voluntary donors and 2709 (22.35%) were replacement donors. Majority of the screened donors belonged to 25 to 40 age group. Out of 12,118 donors, 265 (2.18%) were seropositive. Among them, 8 (0.066%) were HIV positive, 15 (0.124%) HCV positive, 128 (1.056%) HBsAg positive, 30 (0.247%) Syphilis positive and 84 (0.693%) were positive for malarial antigen. Yearly prevalence of seropositivity was 2.370%, 2.113% and 2.082% for three consecutive years.

CONCLUSION
With high prevalence of TTIs among healthy donors, safe blood transfusion is still a challenge in developing countries. This continues to place unacceptable burden on health sector. There is a need for encouragement of voluntary blood donation, strict donor selection criteria and sensitive screening tests to minimize TTIs in Indian setting.


I. INTRODUCTIONCopyright law is an inherent aspect of the most individual and valued of democratic rights: creativity. It protects the rights of the creative, provides art to the public, and promotes further development of society. Naturally, such a vast area of law has ambiguities and shortcomings. This Note analyzes the newest of these ambiguities-visual depictions in copyright law-in the recent Eighth Circuit case of Warner Bros. Entertainment, Inc. v. X One X Productions.1The copyrightability of visual depictions remains an underdeveloped subset of copyright law. In the Warner Bros. decision, the Eighth Circuit attempted to clarify which visual elements of popular classic films are under copyright and which elements are available through the public domain.2 However, the case served less as a clarification and more as an avenue to further questions and litigation.To fully recognize the impact of Warner Bros., an understanding of the development of copyright law is necessary. Therefore, Part II of this Note outlines the history of copyright law and how it developed into the substantial body of law that exists today. This includes the different rights preserved for copyright owners, defenses against infringement, and the state of the law prior to and following the Warner Bros. decision. Part III analyzes the Eighth Circuit's opinion, particularly noting the inconsistencies with prior case law. Finally, Part IV looks at the impact of this decision on movie producers and film companies as well as the need for further clarification of the law.II. BACKGROUNDBefore diving into the impact of Warner Bros. v. X One X, it is important to understand the history and development of copyright law. Part II.A provides a brief history of copyright law, from Article I, Section 8, cl. 8 of the Constitution to the 1998 Digital Millennium Copyright Act. As the disputed works in Warner Bros. are essentially derivative works,3 Part II.B defines derivative works and the rules regarding their creation. Part II.C explains the importance of the public domain and what types of works are available outside of copyright, and Part II.D looks at the very common defense of fair use in copyright infringement suits. Finally, Part II.E discusses the Warner Bros. case itself, explaining the history of the works in question, the parties' arguments, and the ultimate Eighth Circuit decision.A. Brief History of Copyright LawCopyright is defined as "the exclusive right of printing or otherwise multiplying copies of an intellectual production, and of publishing and vending the same; the right of preventing all others from doing so."4 The importance of copyright law in society is manifested by its inclusion in Article I of the U.S. Constitution, making U.S. copyright law as old as the country itself.5 The Patent and Copyright Clause of the U.S. Constitution states that "Congress shall have the power . . . [t]o promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries."6Congress enacted the first Copyright Act in 1790 (1790 Copyright Act) "for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts, and books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies."7 The first Act limited copyrights specifically to maps, charts, and books.8 In addition, copyright holders had the sole right to print, reprint, publish, or vend the copyrighted material for 14 years, starting from the time the clerk of the district court recorded the copyright.9 The copyright owner could extend the copyright for an additional 14 years, provided the owner recorded the copyright for a second time at least six months prior to the expiration of the first term.10 Infringement of copyright under the original 1790 Copyright Act was punishable by forcing the offender to "forfeit all and every copy and copies" of the copyrighted material and pay a fine of "fifty cents for every sheet which shall be found in his or their possession. …


This paper represents the phytochemicals present in the shade dried leaf extract of Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. In this research work qualitative assessment of the presence of different phyochemicals was performed. After that the extract was assessed for antitumour assay following brine shrimp cytotoxicity experiment. The sample/ extract was found to be positive in antitumour assay. Hence this extract can be of ecofriendly use to control the tumorous growth of the biological systems.


Abstract In order to deepen the understanding of the intrinsic interactions and interplay between humans, tools, and environment from a systems perspective, research in the wild (RITW) approaches have gained traction during recent decades as they provide a higher ecological validity of findings. This paper presents a RITW study, investigating how assembly, in this case dock assembly of forwarders, was done in practice. As our theoretical foundation, we used the framework of distributed cognition, which is one of the main pillars of RITW. The findings are presented in narrative form, describing and highlighting that the workers achieve an efficient production outcome by being integral parts of the whole production process and doing so through coordination of activities benefitting the shared goal of the distributed socio-technical system.


This report of the European Food Safety Authority and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control presents the results of the zoonoses monitoring activities carried out in 2014 in 32 European countries (28 Member States (MS) and four non-MS). Campylobacteriosis was the most commonly reported zoonosis with an increase in confirmed human cases in the European Union (EU) since 2008. In food the occurrence of Campylobacter remained high in broiler meat. The decreasing EU trend for confirmed human salmonellosis cases since 2008 continued. More human Salmonella Enteritidis cases were reported whereas the S. Stanley cases remained, as in 2013, at a higher level compared with 2011–2012. Most MS met their Salmonella reduction targets for poultry but isolates of S. Infantis increased at EU level. In foodstuffs, the EU-level Salmonella non-compliance in fresh and processed poultry meat was rare and low, respectively. The numbers of human listeriosis cases further increased, since 2008. In ready-to-eat foods Listeria seldom exceeded the EU food safety limit. The decreasing EU trend for confirmed yersiniosis cases since 2008 continued. Positive findings for Yersinia were mainly reported in pig meat and products thereof. The number of confirmed verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC) infections in humans slightly decreased compared with 2013. VTEC was reported from food and animals. A total of 5,251 food-borne outbreaks, including waterborne outbreaks, were reported. Most food-borne outbreaks were caused by viruses, followed by Salmonella, bacterial toxins and Campylobacter and with unknown causative agent in 29.1% of all outbreaks. Important food vehicles in strong-evidence food-borne outbreaks were 'eggs and egg products', followed by 'mixed food' and 'crustaceans, shellfish, molluscs and products thereof'. The report further summarises trends and sources along the food chain of tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium bovis, Brucella, Trichinella, Echinococcus, Toxoplasma, rabies, Coxiella burnetii (Q fever), West Nile virus and tularaemia. © European Food Safety Authority and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 2015


This synthesis examined a critical mass of research to identify significant determinants of continued physical activity in females across the lifespan. More specifically, a central aim of this project was to examine physical education programming as a one of these determinants and examine the potential avenues for educators to instill lifelong involvement for female participants. Literature was used to create themes such as youth participation, physical activity across the life span, gender differences, ethnic and economic determinants of lifetime participation, attitudes and perceptions of physical education and physical activity, physical activity preferences, and physical education as an indicator / promoter of lifelong physical activity. Based on a synthesis of the literature, the following list of recommendations as well as a "Yearly Student Influenced Curricular Plan of Action" was developed in order to increase the likelihood of continued involvement outside and after the influence of physical education programs: (1) programs should increase focus on achievement in the "affective domain" (50% or greater), (2) provide students with a student-selected, choice curriculum based on more nontraditional activities, (3) ensure that each activity has a focus that female students especially find meaningful and enjoyable and can access outside of the classroom, individually, and at least potentially across the lifespan, (4) ensure a safe and success oriented environment sensitive to females and accepting of a variety of attitudes, perceptions and backgrounds, and (5) provide a genuine reflection process at the end of each class session or unit to assess whether or not student attitudes and perception toward course activities are remaining positive and influential.


On April 15, 2008, six students (aged 16 years) and one teacher (aged 29
years) from a New Zealand school lost their lives in a river canyoning tragedy.
The present study investigated the school principal's perspective of how he led
his school through the tragedy, and the role of faith in the school's coping.
The school principal was interviewed two years after the event. The school's
Christian foundation was the fundamental source of strength and guidance for
the principal, as well as for students, staff, teachers, and families in the
immediate aftermath of the tragedy and in the two years following (i.e., to the
time of the present study), the Christian culture of the school guiding
decision-making. Support from outside the school (e.g. critical incident
support; teaching support from other schools; social support from community
agencies and civic leaders) also played an important role in assisting the
school through the tragedy, particularly in the immediate aftermath of the
event. Further studies are required that allow the voices of children, families
and school staff to be heard regarding leadership strategies that impact on
them through a disaster.


15. Supplementary Notes Visit www.ctre.iastate.edu for color PDF files of this and other research reports. 16. Abstract Safety in highway work zones has been a major concern for many decades. Over the years, government agencies and highway industry have developed work zone safety training programs to educate general public, professionals, and government employers. Existing training programs are conducted in the old fashion classroom setting which has some disadvantages such as high travel costs and locations far away from jobs. The objective of this research project was to develop a web-based training program for highway work zone safety. The developed program was built on advanced computer science technologies and delivered via Internet so that a trainee can access the training materials at any time and at any location as long as there is an Internet service. Training topics cover sign, marking, highway traffic signal, and temporary traffic control. At the end of training, a trainee will have an opportunity to take an on-line quiz with 50 questions. A certificate will be sent to the trainee via e-mail if that person's test score is higher than the passing grade. The developed web-based training program has several advantages. First, using the developed program will eliminate the travel costs for the instructors and trainees. Second, both the instructors and trainees will spend less time away from their jobs. Third, the developed program can be easily modified and updated with any new information. Finally, trainees can learn the training materials at their own pace. The self pace format can be easily fitted in a busy working schedule.


The knowledge about methods and techniques of quality management together with their effective use can be definitely regarded as an indication of high organisational culture. Using such methods and techniques in an effective way can be attributed to certain level of maturity, as far as the quality management system in an organisation is concerned. There is in the paper an analysis of problem-solving methods and techniques of quality management in the automotive sector in Poland. The survey was given to the general population, which in case of the study consisted of companies operating in Poland that had certified quality management systems against ISO/TS 16949. The results of the conducted survey and the conclusions of the author can show actual and potential OEM suppliers (both 1st and 2nd tier) in which direction their strategies for development and improvement of quality management systems should go in order to be effective. When the universal character of methods and techniques used in the surveyed population of companies is taken into consideration, it can be assumed that the results of the survey are also universal for all organisations realising the TQM strategy. The results of the research confirmed that methods which are also the basis for creating key system documents are the most relevant ones, i.e. flowcharts and FMEA, and moreover process monitoring tools (SPC) and problem solving methods -above all 8D.


A magic square of order n is an n by n matrix with distinct nonnegative integer with the property that the sum of the numbers in each row, each column and the main and back diagonals is same. This sum is the magic sum. In this paper we will discuss some methods to construct the first n2 positive integers for magic squares. The first method that will be established is Latin square Decomposition. Some magic squares can be derived directly with this method. Other methods that also will be discussed are trial and error method, De La Loubére construction, Strachey construction, and product construction. Finally we conclude that for all positif integers n, n ≠ 2, it can be constructed a magic square of order-n.


The synthesis of the germanosilicate CIT-13, a molecular sieve that is the first to have a two-dimensional (2D) pore system possessing pores that are bounded by 14- and 10-rings, is accomplished using a family of monoquaternary, benzyl-imidazolium organic structure-directing agents (OSDAs) in aqueous media containing fluoride. CIT-13 is prepared using either hydrogen fluoride (HF) or ammonium fluoride (NH4F). The structure refinement suggests that most of the Ge atoms are located in the d4r (double-4-rings) units, and that there are framework disorders in the arrangement of those d4r units. Other characterizations of CIT-13 such as 29Si MAS NMR spectra, Ar-adsorption isotherms, and so forth are presented and compared to those of IM-12 (UTL), a previously reported germanosilicate with 14- and 12-ring pores.


In "Generalizing Generalizability in Information Systems Research," Lee and Baskerville (2003) try to clarify generalization and classify it into four types. Unfortunately, their account is problematic. We propose repairs. Central among these is our balance-of-evidence argument that we should adopt the view that Hume's problem of induction has a solution, even if we do not know what it is. We build upon this by proposing an alternative classification of induction. There are five types of generalization: (1) theoretical, (2) within-population, (3) cross-population, (4) contextual, and (5) temporal, with theoretical generalization being across the empirical and theoretical levels and the rest within the empirical level. Our classification also includes two kinds of inductive reasoning that do not belong to the domain of generalization. We then discuss the implications of our classification for information systems research.


Kinetic models of chemical reaction systems are typically represented in terms of state variables, such as concentrations, temperature and partial pressures [1]. These state variables in turn depend on the underlying reactions, transfer phenomena, and transport due to the inlet and outlet flows. Kinetic models are derived from first principles – material and energy balances – and are expressed as a set of differential and algebraic equations (DAE), with the differential equations describing the evolution over time and the algebraic equations describing relationships that have to be satisfied at each time instant [2]. The identification of kinetic models along with the estimation of their parameters is carried out using measurements obtained from experiments performed under well-chosen and often ideal experimental conditions [3]. Kinetic models can then be adapted to non-ideal process operations using real-time measurements for the purpose of monitoring, control and optimization [4-5]. Measurements are inherently corrupted with noise. The quality of measurements made during the identification experiment affects kinetic identification, while the quality of measurements made during process operation affects its efficiency. Data reconciliation techniques rely on balance equations (here algebraic constraints) to improve the accuracy of these measurements, with more relationships leading to better reconciliation [6]. Hence, data reconciliation can be formulated as a constrained optimization problem in terms of measured and reconciled variables. However, since these variables are typically involved in more than one rate process, it is difficult to add additional shape constraints involving for example monotonicity. Several alternative representations of reaction systems in terms of variants and invariants have been proposed in the literature. Asbjornsen and co-workers [7], for example, introduced a two-way decomposition into reaction variants and reaction invariants. Unfortunately, the transformed variables are also flow variant. Srinivasan et al. [8] introduced a nonlinear decomposition into reaction variants, flow variants, and reaction and flow invariants. Note that all these representations use abstract variables that do not carry any physical meaning. Recently, a representation of reaction systems using a linear transformation has been proposed. The transformed states, called vessel extents, have a clear physical meaning, and, in addition, each vessel extent is associated with a single rate process [9]. Srinivasan et al. [10] have recently shown that the transformation to vessel extents allows a general formulation of process constraints under all common operating conditions, namely, batch, semi-batch and continuous mode. In addition, the extents are monotonically increasing in the absence of an outlet stream (batch and semi-batch mode). The same authors have also shown that the addition of monotonicity constraints to the data-reconciliation problem improves the accuracy of the reconciled estimates. Unfortunately, the monotonicity of extents cannot be guaranteed in the presence of an outlet stream. In this contribution, piecewise monotonicity constraints on extents are applied for the purpose of data reconciliation in the presence of an outlet stream, that is, in continuous operation mode. A general procedure is presented to identify regions where these state variables are monotonically increasing or decreasing. The strength of these piecewise shape constraints for the task of data reconciliation will be illustrated via simulated examples. [1] O. Levenspiel, Chemical Reaction Engineering, Wiley, 1972. [2] C.G. Hill & W.R. Thatcher, Introduction to Chemical Engineering Kinetics and Reactor Design, Wiley, 2014. [3] Bardow et al., Chem. Eng. Sci. 59, 2673-2684, 2004. [4] Marchetti et al., Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 48(13), 6022-6033, 2009. [5] Srinivasan et al., Conference CAC 2014, Richmond (USA), 2014. [6] S. Narasimhan and C. Jordache, Data Reconciliation and Gross Error Detection, Elsevier, 1999. [7] Asbjornsen et al., Chem. Eng. Sci., 27, 709-717, 1972. [8] Srinivasan et al., AIChE J., 44(8), 1858-1867, 1998. [9] Rodrigues et al., Comp. and Chem. Eng., 73, 23-33, 2015. [10] Srinivasan et al., ESCAPE 25 / PSE 2015, Copenhagen (Denmark), 2015.


How do enterprises change? This volume tells the "stories" of the organizational transformations implemented in the first decade of the new millennium by five enterprises: Fiat Auto, Finmeccanica, Ciba Specialty Chemicals, Zurich, and Poste Italiane. Stories dealing with transformations of organizational configurations, changes in the policies of personnel management, implementation of mergers and acquisitions, reorganization of internal work processes, etc. These stories were collected during the workshops of the Research Program "L'Officina di Organizzazione", in which managers and executives, protagonists of the organizational transformations, discuss about them with colleagues from other enterprises and university scholars. Each story is first told from "the inside", from the point of view of one or more of its protagonists, and then interpreted according to different theoretical perspectives.


D. L. Serventy censused birds in Kings Park, Perth, between 1928 and 1937 and again between 1952 and 1955. Abundance was estimated by the frequency with which species were detected on censuses. The counts were repeated in 1986 by H. F. Recher. A total of 44 species were recorded during censuses. Since the first counts, were made, 14 species decreased in abundance by more than 15%, and 9 species went locally extinct. Eleven species increased in abundance by more than 20% (5 by more than 50%), and the abundance of 19 remained unchanged (frequency of occurrence changed by less than 15%).

Although nearly 300 ha of the park's 400 ha area remains as native vegetation, this vegetation has been degraded by logging, changed fire regimes, construction of trails, and invasion by exotic weeds. Changes in the ground vegetation have had a particularly significant impact. Nine of the 16 species that declined in abundance are ground foragers. Of the species that increased in abundance, a number benefit from the greater availability of nectar, fruits, and water in the suburban gardens that have developed around the park The Australian Raven (Corvus coronoides) has become particularly abundant and predation by ravens on nests was contribute to the decline of some species Changes to tbe park vegetation, suburban development of the park's immediate surroundings, and the extensive clearing of vegetation throughout southwestem Australia appear to have had a more signifcant effect on the park's avifauna than the sire of the park or its isolation in an urban environment. Poor management has seriously reduced the capacity of Kings Park to support native wildliye. Changes in park management designed to mbabilitate native vegetation, control weeds, and control ravens are necessary to prevent the further loss of species from the park's avifauna.


A recreation allocation model is developed which efficiently selects recreation areas and degree of development from an array of proposed and existing sites. The model does this by maximizing the difference between gross recreation benefits and travel, investment, management, and site-opportunity costs. The model presented uses the Travel Cost Method for estimating recreation benefits within an operations research framework. The model is applied to selection of potential wilderness areas in Colorado. This example is then extended to show the model's capability in budget analysis and in planning to meet recreation targets.


Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and the closely related X. oryzae pv. oryzicola cause bacterial blight and bacterial leaf streak of rice, respectively. Although many rice resistance (R) genes and some corresponding avirulence (avr) genes have been characterized for bacterial blight, no endogenous avr/R gene interactions have been identified for leaf streak. Genes avrXa7 and avrXa10 from X. oryzae pv. oryzae failed to elicit the plant defense-associated hypersensitive reaction (HR) and failed to prevent development of leaf streak in rice cultivars with the corresponding R genes after introduction into X. oryzae pv. oryzicola despite the ability of this pathovar to deliver an AvrXa10:Cya fusion protein into rice cells. Furthermore, coinoculation of X. oryzae pv. oryzicola inhibited the HR of rice cultivar IRBB10 to X. oryzae pv. oryzae carrying avrXa10. Inhibition was quantitative and dependent on the type III secretion system of X. oryzae pv. oryzicola. The results suggest that one or more X. oryzae pv. oryzicola type III effectors interfere with avr/R gene-mediated recognition or signaling and subsequent defense response in the host. Inhibition of R gene-mediated defense by X. oryzae pv. oryzicola may explain, in part, the apparent lack of major gene resistance to leaf streak.


When a continuous-signal field is sampled at a finite number N of equidistant sensor points, the N resulting data values can yield information on at most N oscillator mode components, whose coefficients should in turn restore the sampled signal. We compare the fidelity of the mode analysis and synthesis in the orthonormal basis of N-point Kravchuk functions with those in the basis of sampled Hermite-Gauss functions. The scale between the two bases is calibrated on the ground state of the field. We conclude that mode analysis is better approximated in the nonorthogonal sampled Hermite-Gauss basis, while signal restoration in the Kravchuk basis is exact.


In this paper, we investigate how Spike-Timing Dependent Plasticity, when applied to a random recurrent neural network of leaky integrate-and-fire neurons, can affect its dynamical regime. We show that in an autonomous network with self-sustained activity, STDP has a regularization effect and simplifies the dynamics. We then look at two different ways to present stimuli to the network: potential-based input and current-based input. We show that in the first case STDP can lead to either synchronous or asynchronous periodical activity, depending on the network's internal parameters. However, in the latter case, synchronization can only appear when the input is presented to a fraction of the neurons instead of the whole.


Die Dissertation erscheint parallel im
Shaker-Verlag , Aachen. - ISBN 3-8322-4542-1

Polyphase filters (PPFs) are an efficient solution for high accuracy quadrature generation in radio frequency (RF) CMOS design. Although there are some guidelines for design of RF CMOS PPFs, they give too much freedom. With layout considerations, optimization of RF CMOS PPFs cannot be reached by using analytical calculations because of many constraints and tradeoffs in the design. Thus, in design of RF CMOS PPFs, intensive trials and several design iterations are needed to reach given specifications. In this situation, a computer-aided analysis and design optimization tool for RF CMOS PPFs is of great help to the community of RF CMOS PPFs designers, especially for industrial projects that are under time-to-market pressures. However, such a dedicated tool has not been available until now, to the author's best knowledge. Focusing on computer-aided analysis and design optimization tools for RF CMOS PPFs, this dissertation has the following scientific contributions:
 • PPFANA, a dedicated computer-aided software tool for analysis of the influences from the nonideal effects, namely, process tolerance, components mismatch on the quadrature accuracy of the RF CMOS PPFs, was developed by the author and presented in this dissertation.
 • Physical design considerations for RF CMOS PPFs in system-on-a-chip (SoC) solution were proposed by the author through the analysis on the influences from parasitic effects in RF SoC. • Silicon success of an RF CMOS PPF designed by the author for a low-IF Bluetooth receiver using Fraunhofer-IMS 0.6 µm CMOS process was achieved.
 • PPFOPTIMA, a computer-aided synthesis and optimization tool for RF CMOS PPFs with dedicated worst-case simulation and Monte Carlo simulation toolboxes for verification of the performance of RF CMOS PPFs, was developed by the author and presented in this dissertation.


Life-history aspects of 2 common cnidarians, Parazoanthus axinellae and Alcyonium acaule, were studied in the northwestern Mediterranean over 2 yr. Rates of growth (i.e. area gained) and shrinkage (i.e. area lost), colony fission and fusion, mortality, feeding activity and preliminary data on recruitment (for A. acaule) were measured. Independent growth and shrinkage rates of P. axinellae were measured as area gained and lost per month respectively using a photographic and computer-assisted image analysis. Measurement of growth in A. acaule was based on size variations of the colonies over 2 yr. Results indicated moderate growth dynamics for P. axinellae and very slow growth by A. acaule. Growth rates and shrinkage rates in P. axinellae showed non-significant differences over time, although growth rates peaked during summer to autumn periods for both monitored years. In general, growth dynamics for the cnidarians studied were similar to or lower than those reported for related species from temperate and tropical habitats. Fission events were common in P. axinellae. Of the colonies monitored, 29% underwent at least 1 fission event in 2 yr. Fusion events occurred less frequently; only 8 % underwent 1 fusion event. Neither fusion nor fission occurred in A. acaule. Mortality rates were about 10 % yr -1 for both species. Preliminary data showed low recruitment rates for A. acaule. Data on life-history traits were interpreted as evidence for distinct biological strategies used to persist and to occupy new substrata. P. axinellae based its strategy on a greater dynamic spreading over the substrata at moderate rates, by somatic growth and by fission. In contrast, A. acaule showed relatively slow growth but greater longevity.


Pulmonary rehabilitation is a highly evidenced intervention used in the management of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Both patients and healthcare professionals have anecdotally acknowledged motivation as a key element in a programme. It has been suggested by some authors that motivation should be a prerequisite to entry, yet there is no evidence to support this suggestion. The purpose of this study therefore, was to provide some theory about the role of motivation in pulmonary rehabilitation and to produce a measurement instrument to enable further quantitative study.
Methods
A qualitative, exploratory investigation using focus groups and face-to-face interviews with patients undergoing a pulmonary rehabilitation programme was undertaken to generate data around factors influencing motivation. Results were used to develop a 43 item self-report questionnaire. The questionnaire was administered to 77 patients before and after a pulmonary rehabilitation programme along with other health status measures. The questionnaire was tested for reliability and validity. Item reduction was performed using factor analysis.
Results
Motivation within the context of a PR programme was shown to consist of a number of psychological, social and circumstantial variables that fell into 3 broad dimensions: Essential motivation, external motivation and functional outcome. A key finding was that attending pulmonary rehabilitation had an enormous positive influence on the patients' essential motivation. The questionnaire was reduced to 21 items and principal components analysis demonstrated 9 factors within the questionnaire. These were function, self-efficacy, effort, optimism, tenacity, self worth, isolation, ability and achievement. The questionnaire was named the Malvern pulmonary rehabilitation motivation questionnaire (MPMQ) for identification. The MPMQ was shown to be reliable with internal consistency, reproducibility on test-retest and sensitivity to change. Correlations were found between the MPMQ and health related quality of life, anxiety and depression, breathlessness, exercise capacity and hospital admissions during the previous 12 months. Motivation score was significantly lower in patients who dropped out of the programme and was significantly higher at the end than the start of a programme.
Conclusion
The MPMQ has been shown to be a reliable tool with sound evidence of validity that can be used to objectively assess patients' motivation within the context of a pulmonary rehabilitation programme. These findings need to be supported with further evidence for the validity and reliability of the questionnaire. Further investigation of the association of MPMQ score and adherence in pulmonary rehabilitation is needed along with further exploration of the determinants of motivation. This would enable specialist staff to identify patients who are likely to have adherence problems and channel efforts into effective cognitive-behavioural interventions in the ongoing effort to establish the optimum pulmonary rehabilitation programme.


As advanced technologies in wafer manufacturing push patterning processes toward lower subwavelength printing, lithography for mass production potentially suffers from decreased patterning fidelity. This results in the generation of many hotspots, which are actual device patterns with relatively large critical-dimension and image errors with respect to on-wafer targets. Hotspots can be formed under a variety of conditions such as the original design being unfriendly to the resolution enhancement technique that is applied, unanticipated pattern combinations in rule-based optical proximity correction (OPC), or inaccuracies in model-based OPC. When these hotspots fall on locations that are critical to the electrical performance of a device, device performance and parametric yield can be significantly degraded. The golden verification signoff tool using a simulation-based approach has occupied the mainstream and has been able to accurately detect hotspots. However, this approach represents a runtime-quality tradeoff point that is high in quality but also high in runtime. There is also little point in trying to replace the golden signoff tool. We are motivated to develop a low-runtime ldquo prefilterrdquo that reduces the amount of layout area to be analyzed by the golden tool, without compromising the overall quality of hotspot finding. In this paper, we first describe a novel detection algorithm for hotspots induced by lithographic uncertainty. Our goal is to rapidly detect all lithographic hotspots without significant accuracy degradation. In other words, we propose a filtering method: as long as there are no ldquofalse negatives,rdquo i.e., we reliably obtain a superset of actual hotspots, then our method can dramatically reduce the layout area processed by golden hotspot analysis. Our hotspot detection algorithm includes layout graph construction, graph planarization, three-level bridging hotspot detection, and necking hotspot detection. We have tested our flow on several industry test cases. The experimental results show that our method is promising: for benchmark designs in 90-nm and 65-nm technologies, 100% of bridging and open hotspots are detected with few falsely detected hotspots. The average runtime of our method is more than 496 faster compared to the commercial tool.


The Lebanon population witnessed a severe environmental problem when one of the country's largest coastal power stations in Jiyeh area was bombed on July 13, 2006. Several million gallons of fuel oil were released into the Mediterranean Sea, forming a huge oil spill. To assess the extent of the spill, two types of satellite images were used. First, the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS)-Terra images were obtained in near real-time immediately following the event and second advanced space-borne thermal emission and reflection radiometer (ASTER) images were taken about 1 month later. Results showed an oil plume with areal extent of approximately 3,100 km2 shortly after the event, reaching the northern coast of Lebanon. However, after 2 months, satellite monitoring showed the geographic distribution of oil was reduced to 185 km2. The bio-environmental impact of this oil spill, due to its size and hydraulic dynamics, makes a major disaster.


PURPOSE
Conventional time-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) has been shown to provide reproducible retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) measurements. Recently, high-speed, high-resolution Fourier-domain 3D-OCT has been introduced to improve OCT quality. It can provide 6-mm(2) high-density scans to provide RNFL thickness measurements. The purpose of this study was to test the reproducibility of 3D-OCT RNFL thickness measurements in healthy volunteers.

METHODS
Thirty-eight eyes were included in the study. High-density 6-mm(2) 3D scans were registered by two independent operators. RNFL thickness was calculated for eight areas corresponding to the ETDRS areas and for two ring areas. The ETDRS grid was centered on the optic disc. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and coefficients of variation (COV) were calculated. Interobserver reproducibility was visualized by using Bland-Altman analysis.

RESULTS
Intrasession reproducibility was good with a mean ICC of 0.90. The mean COV for operator 1 and 2 was 4.2% and 4%, respectively (range, 1.9%-6.7%). Highest reproducibility was found for the two ring areas and the superior and inferior quadrants. Mean differences in RNFL thickness measurements for ring 1 and 2 between operator 1 and 2 were 0.9 microm (limits of agreement, -11.4 to +9.6 microm) and 0.1 microm (limits of agreement -4.1 to +3.9 microm), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS
3D-OCT RNFL thickness measurements in healthy volunteers showed good intra- and interobserver reproducibility. 3D-OCT provides more RNFL thickness information compared to conventional time-domain OCT measurements and may be useful for the management of glaucoma and other optic neuropathies.


A system of N two-level atoms cooperatively interacting with a photonic field can be described as a single giant atom coupled to the field with interaction strength ~N^0.5. This enhancement, known as Dicke cooperativity in quantum optics, has recently become an indispensable element in quantum information technology based on strong light-matter coupling. Here, we extend the coupling beyond the standard light-matter interaction paradigm, emulating Dicke cooperativity in a terahertz metasurface with N meta-atoms. Cooperative enhancement manifested in the form of matter-matter coupling, through the hybridization of localized surface plasmon resonance in individual meta-atoms and surface lattice resonance due to the periodic array of the meta-atoms. By varying the lattice constant of the array, we observe a clear anticrossing behavior, a signature of strong coupling. Furthermore, through engineering of the capacitive split-gap in the meta-atoms, the coupling rate was cooperatively enhanced into the ultrastrong coupling regime by a factor of N^0.5. This room-temperature technology serves as a convenient quantum emulator of the dynamics of a qubit with a giant dipole moment coherently driven by a single bosonic field.


Objective: To discuss the effect of exercises combining medical science on whole body and local fat content of obese female college students.
Methods: 40 cases of obese female college students from a college from June 2013 to June 2016 were selected and divided into control group and observation group based on different intervention methods, with 20 cases in each group. The control group was given exercises intervention, while the observation group was given exercises combining medical science intervention. The intervention effects of both groups were observed.
Results: The intervention effect of the observation group is better than the control group. The difference is statistically significant, with p<0.05.
Conclusion: The exercises combining medical science intervention can effectively improve the intervention effect on obese female college students, and promote body health.


This is a guide to theatre and acting resources available at Triton College, including books and online resources, as well as resources available on the Internet.


Microarray data is very important for identification of complex diseases and the development of diagnostic kits. This topic exhibits considerable aid especially to cancer research. Therefore, an influential number of biological and medical researchers have to deal with the datasets obtained from microarray experiments. Usage of these huge datasets is not efficient in terms of time and cost. Thus, many researchers contribute to tumor classification via effective use of microarray technologies for cancer research. To be able to obtain the most relevant subset containing the signature genes that are included in the pathway of certain diseases and therefore capable of classifying the entire data, is very crucial for true disease diagnosis. There are several approaches in the literature for this classification purpose. In this thesis, we present an approach to use, Genetic Algorithms for this feature subset selection problem. Genetic Algorithm is combined with Support Vector Machines for the calculation of classification accuracies of each gene. These classification accuracies denote the survival probabilities of the genes in our algorithm. The genes having higher classification accuracy will have more probability to survive. Three different real life cancer datasets are used for the tests. Our algorithm converged to better results then all other approaches in the literature. In colon tumor dataset which is one of our test datasets, we were able to classify the entire data with the accuracy of 100% using only 4 features ( genes ). In prostate cancer dataset we classified the data using 3 features with the accuracy of 100%. And finally we tested our Genetic Algorithm using an ovarian cancer dataset and we found only 3 significant features out of 15154 genes, again with the accuracy of 100%


Angela Heywood, a nineteenth century Free Lover, radical, labor reformer, anarchist, and ardent supporter of sexual freedom, has been relegated to the shadow of her husband by most historians. Heywood publicly discussed issues such as birth control, abortion, sexuality, freedom of speech, and Free Love in an open and frank manner, yet she remains virtually absent from texts and other scholarly works. Though she was quite well known in the nineteenth century for her boldness of speech and for her active stance against the Victorian prudery, historians have largely treated her dismissively, giving her only passing mention in favor of emphasizing the importance of her husband. Angela Heywood and her husband, Ezra Heywood, published a monthly reform journal called The Word, out of their home in Princeton, Massachusetts from 1872-1893. Angela Heywood contributed articles regularly to The Word, effusing on topics that many deemed unfit for public discussion. Heywood was a bold linguist who felt that sexuality was not a topic that should be whispered about in secret, but should be discussed publically and honestly. She strongly favored the use of plain English words to describe sexual organs and sexual acts, rather than the use of polite euphemisms. Her regular use of words like...[omitted]...shocked even other sex radicals. Heywood refused to stop using bold language in her writings, even though her husband was arrested repeatedly for sending her writings through the mail. Since her language and the sexual nature of the subject matter was deemed obscene, sending them through the mail violated the Comstock Act of 1873. Angela Heywood and her husband were Free Lovers. The Free Love movement of the nineteenth century was a radical strain of reform, which sought to abolish traditional marriage in order to free women from the sexual slavery of their husbands. Sex radicals, such as the Free Lovers, occupied the fringes of even the most radical of reform movements. Most of the Free Lovers began their reform experience with an apprenticeship in the antislavery movement. Through their work for antislavery, they gained access to the reform impulse characteristic of the late-nineteenth century. Free Lovers noted a connection between the slavery of the blacks in the South and the slavery of women within marriage. The Heywoods both got their start through work in the antislavery movement. Throughout the height of the Free Love movement, Angela Heywood published articles in The Word on issues regarding Free Love and sexuality. She was considered to be quite radical for her views on sexuality as well as her use of shocking language. However, Angela Heywood participated in her sex radicalism through the sphere of traditional or Victorian Womanhood. Though the Heywoods participated passionately in a movement that sought to destroy the institution of marriage, they remained in their own traditional marriage until Ezra Heywood's death. The couple raised four children together. Angela Heywood took on the traditional wifely duties of caring for the children and the home. She often had to put her writings aside when the demands of housework and childcare overwhelmed her time. Though the Heywoods spend considerable time writing on the equality of the sexes, this did not mean for them that the husband should aid in household chores or child-rearing. Angela Heywood gained income for her family, but not through the male sphere of wage-earning. She managed an inn called Mountain Home, which served as a resort for summer guests. She was responsible for all of the domestic duties associated with Victorian Womanhood for her guests as well as for her husband and children. Neighbors described her in terms of her domesticity and noted qualities associated with Victorian Womanhood, though they were wary of her use of bold language and the radical nature of the subjects she treated in her writings. Though her writings made her a sex radical, she participated in this radicalism through a traditional marriage and through her appropriate sphere as outlined by Victorian Womanhood.


Many interesting applications of reinforcement learning (RL) involve MDPs that include many "dead-end" states. Upon reaching a dead-end state, the agent continues to interact with the environment in a dead-end trajectory before reaching a terminal state, but cannot collect any positive reward, regardless of whatever actions are chosen by the agent. The situation is even worse when existence of many dead-end states is coupled with distant positive rewards from any initial state (it is called Bridge Effect). Hence, conventional exploration techniques often incur prohibitively large training steps before convergence. To deal with the bridge effect, we propose a condition for exploration, called security. We next establish formal results that translate the security condition into the learning problem of an auxiliary value function. This new value function is used to cap "any" given exploration policy and is guaranteed to make it secure. As a special case, we use this theory and introduce secure random-walk. We next extend our results to the deep RL settings by identifying and addressing two main challenges that arise. Finally, we empirically compare secure random-walk with standard benchmarks in two sets of experiments including the Atari game of Montezuma's Revenge.


Abstract The results produced by a variety of currently available pointwise Monte Carlo neutron transport codes for the relatively simple problem of modeling a fast source of neutrons slowing down and thermalizing in water are compared. Initial comparisons showed rather large differences in the calculated flux: up to 80% differences. By working together to improve the results, iterations were done by (a) ensuring that all codes were using the same data, (b) improving the models used by the codes, and (c) correcting errors in the codes—no code is perfect. Even after a number of iterations, we still found differences, demonstrating that our Monte Carlo and supporting codes are far from perfect. In particular, we found that the often overlooked nuclear data-processing codes can be the weakest link in our systems of codes. The results presented here represent today's state of the art in the sense that all of the Monte Carlo codes are modern, widely available, and used codes. They all can use the most up-to-date nuclear data, and the results are recent; these are the results that current users of these codes should expect to obtain from them. As such, the accuracy and limitations of the codes presented here should serve as guidelines to code users in interpreting their results for similar problems. Results for the improved thermal scattering model now available, using advanced versions of NJOY-99.259, TRIPOLI-4.5, and MCNPX-2.6.f Beta, are presented. For comparisons among experimentally measured water cross sections and the unique JEFF-3.1 and ENDF/B-VII thermal scattering law, S(α,β) data are exemplified.


As a ubiquitous protein in the body, Purα has been considered to possess multiple regulatory functions from DNA replication and transcription to RNA transport and translation. The recent studies have proved that Purα protein played a vital role in neuronal development with the solid and abundant evidence both in transgenic mice and human genetic DNA analysis. The Purα knocked out mice models have been successfully established in two independent research groups and their results demonstrated that lack of Purα alters postnatal brain development. Mice lacking of Purα display decreased neurogenesis and impaired neuronal development. In the mouse brain, the expression level of Purα seems to be regulated with brain development. It starts to express Purα after birth and quickly reach to highest level in the third week. The recent studies also have proved that some neurodegenerative disease also linked with Purα, such as Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome. rCGG-mediated neuronal toxicity could be modulated by heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2/B1 and Purα, which is rCGG-repeat-binding proteins. The 5q31.3 microdeletion syndrome is another disorders that is associated with the mutation of Purα gene, it has been demonstrated that all the symptoms such as the neurocognitive impairment, neurodevelopmental delay and learning disability are caused by the mutation of Purα gene. In this mini review, we will retrospectively review the current progress of Purα in neuronal development and try to figure out the connections between these observed phenomena and the biological function of Purα.


"Strong muscles and bones defy the aging process. Margaret Richard's Body Electric program offers you the spectacular opportunity to realize your fitness potential." --Miriam Nelson, Ph.D., bestselling author of Strong Women Stay Young Some things never get old. You certainly don't tire of vibrant health, youthful energy, radiant good looks, and the strength to live your life any way you please. Unfortunately, our bodies do get old--but old doesn't have to mean weak and flabby. Margaret Richard's Body Electric program will give you stronger muscles, denser bones, better balance, increased energy, and a quality of life that is defined by the things you can do rather than those you can't. Work out with Margaret Richard, creator and host of "Body Electric," seen nationally on PBS-TV. You'll look better, feel better, and live better. Body Electric helps you: Increase your strength, stamina, and flexibility in just three hours a week Gain lean muscle and reduce unhealthy body fat Exercise from the comfort of your own home Avoid aches and injuries by working gently on joints and powerfully on muscles


Background: Genome-wide association studies identified that insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 2 (IGF2BP2) genetic polymorphisms are related to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in several populations. This study aimed to investigate whether the IGF2BP2 gene rs1470579 and rs4402960 polymorphisms were associated with T2DM and pioglitazone efficacy in Chinese T2DM patients. Methods: A total of 281 T2DM patients and 111 healthy volunteers were enrolled to identify the IGF2BP2 gene rs1470579 and rs4402960 polymorphisms; 86 patients were randomly selected and given a 12-week pioglitazone treatment (30 mg/day). Fasting plasma glucose, postprandial plasma glucose (PPG), glycated hemoglobin, serum triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were determined before and after pioglitazone treatment. Results: The results showed that the IGF2BP2 gene rs1470579 and rs4402960 polymorphisms were associated with T2DM in a Chinese population (OR = 2.002, 95% CI 1.170-3.426, p < 0.05; OR = 1.879, 95% CI 1.110-3.182, p < 0.05). The effect of pioglitazone on PPG (p < 0.05), TG (p < 0.01) and HDL-C (p < 0.05) was lower in patients with the rs1470579 AC+CC genotypes than in AA genotype carriers. Its effect on PPG level was also lower in patients with the GT+TT genotypes of rs4402960 than in patients with the GG genotype (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The IGF2BP2 gene rs1470579 and rs4402960 polymorphisms were associated with T2DM and therapeutic efficacy of pioglitazone in this Chinese population. i 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel


The purpose of the present research is to study the effect of 4 months of detraining following 8 months of corrective exercises on lumbar lordosis of schoolgirls after maturity.The subjects were the girls having the increased lordosis in while they were in the 5th stage of tanner and fell into the experimental group (n=16) and the control group (n=16). The experimental group participated in correcti ve exercises program for 8 weeks. The lumbar lordosis was checked before and 8 weeks after the corrective exercises and it was clarified that those having the lumbar lordosis were healed. Then, 4 months of detraining were applied and rechecking was finally done.The findings show that 4 months of detraining following 8 months of corrective exercises lead to increase lumbar lordotic mean angle in the experimental group in comparison with the control group (p<0.05). The observations indicate that although corr ective exercises were effective on healing the lumbar lordosis of mature schoolgirls, 4 months of detraining let it be back. So, the subjects are required to participate in a continual program including corrective exercises in order to maintain the effect of the exercises, and this program is not to be abandoned after observing the desired results. Hence, correcting the lifestyle which is effective on the emergence of lumbar lordosis should be taken into account


In the last twenty years, the term entrepreneurship has become of significant importance in political and cultural spheres promulgated as a source of economic growth and a solution to unemployment. While economics has been unable to model entrepreneurship mathematically, governments remain concerned with "picking winners" and consequently a variety of psychological approaches including trait,
psychodynamic and cognitive understandings have been forwarded in an attempt to identify entrepreneurs. These studies are problematic as they treat entrepreneurs as
isolated individuals who are disconnected from their contexts, and as a result these approaches are devoid of cultural, historical or social understandings. In an attempt to overcome these problems, a number of researchers have applied an approach known as social constructionism, which directs attention towards the meaning-making
processes between individuals in context. These studies focus solely on meaning-making in linguistic dimensions and do not account for entrepreneurs as "embodied" individuals who exist in a material and visual context, which may enable or constrain the meanings they are able to create. This thesis therefore attempted to address this
gap by examining entrepreneurs as "embodied rhetoricians" through a novel methodology known as visual ethnography. The findings from three ethnographic case studies suggest that entrepreneurs use a range of visual tools to "make" meaning and "give" meaning to others in their contexts, including their dress, appearance of physical settings, and physical artefacts such as high-status vehicles, which allude to wider meanings in the social and cultural domain. The findings also indicate that verbal and visual meanings must align in order to be most effective in persuading
others of the legitimacy of the business venture. Finally, rather than understanding entrepreneurs as isolated individuals, the findings point to the importance of
understanding entrepreneurship as a relational process where entrepreneurs attempt to develop meanings with those around them and in relation to their social contexts. The
wider contributions of this thesis are outlined and discussed, including implications for policy-makers. The limitations of this study are then examined and suggestions for future research are outlined.