From at least the dawn of the electronic age, the oddballs among us have been described as being "wired differently." If that's so, then a new study suggests we are probably all oddballs. By mapping the paths and branch points of individual axons reaching out to a single muscle, Ju Lu, Jeff Lichtman, and colleagues show that even for one of the smallest muscles in a mouse, the wiring diagram differs between two individuals, and even between the left and right sides of the same mouse.

A complete wiring diagram—where axons go, how they branch, and where they link to muscle—has been developed for roundworms, but never before for a mammal. Performing the same feat in the mouse has presented an enormous technical challenge because of the larger size and complexity of the nervous system. The authors chose to study the interscutularis muscle, which connects the base of the ear to the middle of the skull, because it was small, accessible, and innervated by relatively few neurons.

Using mice whose cells all bore a fluorescent tag, and a confocal microscope with a computer-controlled, motorized stage, the authors took thousands of individual photographs and reconstructed them to trace individual axons as they stretched across the skull, entered the muscle, branched repeatedly, and ultimately formed synapses with individual muscle fibers. Even with computers humming at full speed, tracing a single axon along its 7-millimeter average length took about 14 hours, and each muscle contained roughly 14 axons.

The mouse interscutularis muscle connectome. The complete set of innervating motor axons, imaged with confocal microscopy, gives the anatomical underpinning of the graded tensions elicited by motor neurons according to Henneman's size principle. (Image ...

But averages hide the details and the differences among individual muscles that were the very point of the study. In the worm, the routes taken and connections made by axons are highly stereotyped, indicating a high degree of genetic control. But in the mouse, the actual number of axons innervating a single muscle ranged from 13 to 16, differing between mice and even between the left and right sides of the same mouse. Axonal length, including all the branches, varied much more widely, from 1.5 millimeters to 13.3 millimeters, and the number of synapses formed by a single axon ranged from a low of one (for an axon that didn't branch at all) to a high of 37. The branching pattern of axons that innervate a similar number of muscle fibers from different muscles also differed significantly, suggesting that unlike in the worm, branching in the mammal is not a deterministic process; instead it is governed by some general developmental rules, while the details of final connection are shaped by contingencies, as excess synapses are pruned.

A single axon, together with the muscle fibers it stimulates, is called a motor unit, and previous measurements of the force generated by fiber contraction ("twitch tension") have revealed that there is a characteristic range of such twitch tensions in each muscle. In their study, the authors showed that the distribution of motor unit sizes they identified correlates with the range of twitch tensions, providing an anatomical basis for what had previously been only a physiological observation.

A long-held principle, dating back to the famed neuroanatomist Cajal, dictates that the total wiring length in a branched axon should be minimized, since the energy costs for conduction increase with length. Not so in the mouse, the authors found, where almost every axon was longer than optimal, and could have been shortened had the branches occurred elsewhere or the axon followed a different available nerve path through the muscle. They calculated the extraneous length at 25% of the total. However, they note, there may be little substantive penalty for this extra tissue, since the energy cost of muscle contraction is far higher than that of axonal conduction.

This study is only the beginning of mapping "connectomes" for mammalian neural circuits. While the general principles seen in the interscutularis muscle may apply elsewhere, there is every reason to suspect that the details will differ. The connectome of even a single other muscle will offer further insight into the balance of chance and necessity in muscle wiring. In principle, similar techniques could be used to tease out connection patterns in the brain, although that challenge would dwarf the Herculean efforts required in this study.


It is interesting to note that there is no agreed upon definition of artificial intelligence. Why is this interesting? Because government agencies ask for it, software shops claim to provide it, popular magazines and newspapers publish articles about it, dreamers base their fantasies on it, and pragmatists criticize and denounce it. Such a state of affairs has persisted since Newell, Simon and Shaw wrote their first chess program and proclaimed that in a few years, a computer would be the world champion. Not knowing exactly what we are talking about or expecting is typical of a new field; for example, witness the chaos that centered around program verification of security related aspects of systems a few years ago. The details are too grim to recount in mixed company. However, artificial intelligence has been around for 30 years, so one might wonder why our wheels are still spinning. Below, an attempt is made to answer this question and show why, in a serious sense, artificial intelligence can never demonstrate an outright success within its own discipline. In addition, we will see why the old bromide that "as soon as we understand how to solve a problem, it's no longer artificial intelligence" is necessarily true.


The present dissertation describes the efforts directed towards the development of computational tools to support process modeling. This work is also a further development of the Thermoslag® software developed in the Division of Materials Process Science, KTH. The essential parts of the thesis are a) development of a semi-empirical model for the estimation of the molar volumes/densities of multicomponent slags with a view to incorporate the same in the model for viscosities and b) further development of the viscosity model for application towards fluoride- and manganese containing slags, as for example, mould flux slags and manganese slags used in ferromanganese production. c) estimating fluoride emissions from industrial slags and mould fluxes. d) study the reaction between carbon particles, hematite containing slags and in oxygen containing atmosphere. The model for the estimation of molar volume is based on a correlation between the relative integral molar volume of a slag system and the relative integral molar enthalpies of mixing of the same system. The integral molar enthalpies of the relevant systems could be evaluated from the Gibbs energy data available in the Thermoslag® software. The binary parameters were evaluated from experimental measurements of the molar volumes. Satisfactory correlations were obtained in the case of the binary silicate and aluminate systems. The model was extended to ternary and multi component systems by computing the molar volumes using the binary parameters. The model predictions showed agreements with the molar volume data available in literature. The model was used to estimate the molar volumes of industrial slags as well as to trace the trends in molar volume due to enable prediction of molar volumes of slags that are compatible with the thermodynamic data available. With a view to extend the existing model for viscosities to F--containing slags, the viscosities of mould flux slags for continuous casting in steel production have been investigated in the present work. The measurements were carried out utilizing the rotating cylinder method. Seven mould fluxes used in the Swedish steel industry and the impact of Al2O3 pick up by mould flux slags on viscosities were included in the study. The results showed that even relatively small additions of Al2O3 are related with a significant increase in viscosity. A similar experimental technique was employed to estimate the viscosity of twelve synthetic slags corresponding to composition of the raw materials used in ferromanganese production. The flow rate of the liquid slag, which is determined by the slag viscosity, is an important parameter affecting the reduction rate of manganese oxide. The results show a clear correlation between manganese oxide content and viscosity. An increase of MnO in the slag lowers the viscosity. The measured viscosities have also been connected to the structure of the silicates. The fluoride loss from the binary slag systems Al2O3-SiO2, CaO-SiO2 and MgOSiO2 with additions of CaF2 was studied by thermogravimetric (TGA) studies. The Arrhenius activation energy for the evaporation reaction of fluorides was found to be dependent on temperature and slag chemistry for the slags studied. A correlation between the activation energy for fluoride evaporation and activity of SiO2 in the slag melt was established. This relationship obtained for the binary systems appears also to be suitable for the ternary systems Al2O3-CaO-SiO2 with CaF2 addition, which indicates a possibility to estimate the fluoride emissions from industrial slags and mould fluxes. A Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy was used to investigate the reaction between carbon particles in hematite containing slags and in oxygen containing atmosphere. Experiments with varying temperature and slags with varying FeOx content were carried out. The general trends were that the particle size decrease was more rapid with increase of FeOx amount and/or temperature was increased.


Emphasizing both the science and craft of surgery, "Fischer's Mastery of Surgery", Sixth Edition, embraces a scope consistent with the broad training of a general surgeon, providing extensive coverage of vascular surgery as well as of common thoracic, breast, esophageal, endocrine, colorectal, gastric, pancreatic, liver, and biliary procedures. Organized for ease of use, each procedural chapter reviews the essentials of diagnosis, anatomy, and pre-operative planning, but focuses most heavily on step-by-step depictions and descriptions of procedures. Each chapter concludes, as is traditional for this classic text, with an editorial commentary that puts the chapter material in a broad context and provides helpful critiques of the most recent literature. The path to surgical mastery begins here! Step-by-step guidance takes readers through each procedure, with tips and cautions from leading surgeons; more than 3,400 illustrations offer a surgeon's-eye-view of the most advanced approaches; over 450 renowned contributors share their surgical expertise with readers; focus on evidence-based surgery reveals the science behind each approach; a companion website includes the fully searchable text and exclusive web-only chapters not found in the text. NEW in the Sixth Edition: over a dozen new chapters address endovascular treatment of varicose veins, fasciotomy, minimally invasive parathyroidectomy, reconstruction of the chest wall, thoracic aortic transaction, vascular injury to extremities; fully updated material details the latest developments in vascular procedures, including both open and endovascular procedures; and new full-color design throughout the text, including many new color images, help readers visualize and remember key anatomic features and surgical techniques.


Abstract We are finally entering an era where radial velocity and direct imaging parameter spaces are starting to overlap. Radial velocity measurements provide us with a minimum mass for an orbiting companion (the mass as a function of the inclination of the system). By following up these long period radial velocity detections with direct imaging we can determine whether a trend seen is due to an orbiting planet at low inclination or an orbiting brown dwarf at high inclination. In the event of a non-detection we are still able to put a limit on the maximum mass of the orbiting body. The Anglo-Australian Planet Search is one of the longest baseline radial velocity planet searches in existence, amongst its targets are many that show long period trends in the data. Here we present our direct imaging survey of these objects with our results to date. ADI Observations have been made using NICI (Near Infrared Coronagraphic Imager) on Gemini South and analysed using an in house, LOCI-like, post processing.


This work investigates the capacity of Integrate-and-Fire-type (IF) models to quantitatively predict spike trains of real neurons in various laboratory and in vivo-like settings. A step-by-step methodology is developed to build an equivalent effective model of the threshold type, namely the Spike Response Model, from intracellular recordings. The methodology provides a simple and flexible framework and allows straightforward estimation of model parameters, all of which except the threshold are directly extracted from sample recordings without approximations. Additional features like spike-frequency adaptation, simulated synaptic conductances (as opposed to direct current injection) or stochastic spike initiation can be easily included in a second step. The methodology is tested with a simulated detailed Hodgkin-Huxley-type model of an interneuron as well as with layer 5 neocortical pyramidal neurons. The effective model performs well in predicting the spike train of cortical neurons. We show that the timing of spikes can be predicted with great accuracy as well as other typical measures of neuronal activity like the average discharge rate and the interspike interval distribution. To some extent, even the subthreshold voltage between spikes is correctly predicted. The ability of the effective model to predict spikes of layer 5 pyramidal neurons with a correct timing is closely related to the input characteristics. In this sense, the model follows the same lines as real neurons when evaluating their input-dependent ability to repetitively and reliably produce the same output spike train given the same input. IF models of neuronal activity are commonly thought to be too simple to account for the rich firing behavior of real neurons. This work suggests that, at least in the considered settings, the picture of a neuron that combines linear summation with a threshold criterion is not too wrong and provides a justification to the use of IF models in large scale network simulations.


Objectives We measured medical students' and resident trainees' hand hygiene behaviour, knowledge and attitudes in order to identify important predictors of hand hygiene behaviour in this population. Methods An anonymous, web-based questionnaire was distributed to medical students and residents at Stanford University School of Medicine in August of 2012. The questionnaire included questions regarding participants' behaviour, knowledge, attitude and experiences about hand hygiene. Behaviour, knowledge and attitude indices were scaled from 0 to 1, with 1 representing superior responses. Using multivariate regression, we identified positive and negative predictors of superior hand hygiene behaviour. We investigated effectiveness of interventions, barriers and comfort reminding others. Results 280 participants (111 students and 169 residents) completed the questionnaire (response rate 27.8%). Residents and medical students reported hand hygiene behaviour compliance of 0.45 and 0.55, respectively (p=0.02). Resident and medical student knowledge was 0.80 and 0.73, respectively (p=0.001). The attitude index for residents was 0.56 and 0.55 for medical students. Regression analysis identified experiences as predictors of hand hygiene behaviour (both positive and negative influence). Knowledge was not a significant predictor of behaviour, but a working gel dispenser and observing attending physicians with good hand hygiene practices were reported by both groups as the most effective strategy in influencing trainees. Conclusions Medical students and residents have similar attitudes about hand hygiene, but differ in their level of knowledge and compliance. Concerns about hierarchy may have a significant negative impact on hand hygiene advocacy.


Lake Orta experienced for a few decades a unique history of chronic pollution, with extreme changes in pH and copper concentration. Currently, the lake has recovered to its almost pristine oligotrophic conditions, but its sediments still preserve the record of all the changes that happened since the establishment of the first polluting factories in the 1920s, through to the liming activities in 1989-1990, and to the recovery phase that is still going on. Here we review the current knowledge for Lake Orta regarding rotifers, a diverse component of the zooplankton of the lake, through studies on living organisms and on their resting stages accumulated in the sediments. We also report a brief review of what is known in general on the effects of changes in pH and copper concentration on rotifers at the population, species and community level, providing expectations for such effects on the rotifers of Lake Orta. Then, we conclude our review with a perspective on the potential use of rotifers hatched from the resting stages in the sediment of Lake Orta with the description of experiments that can be performed in the future in the framework of resurrection ecology, in order to understand the mechanisms of past and future changes in the environment.


The goal of ecological restoration is to return degraded or altered ecosystems to their pre-disturbed state with respect to ecosystem structure, function, and composition. In the current study the research objective was to reestablish high levels of biodiversity on two restored pine plantations as well as restore a native pine flatwoods ecosystem. Managed, even-aged pine flatwoods are now the most extensive ecosystem in North Florida, comprising approximately 70% of the forested landscape. Slash pine trees were thinned in the experimental plots to restore the natural slash pine density of native ecosystems. In addition to the thinning treatments, experimental plots have been clearcut and all vegetation removed from the plots. Arthropods were sampled by employing pitfall traps, sticky traps and sweep netting. This study assesseed the success of the restoration techniques employed by looking at biodiversity with a fine-resolution, taxonomically narrow approach by identifying the arthropods down to the taxonomic level of family and determining the number of morphospecies. Species were also subdivided into functional groups based upon the ecosystem services that they provide and their trophic level. Analyses revealed that arthropod species and guild diversity was not significantly affected by treatments in both 2008 and 2009. The experimental treatments were able to recover to pre-disturbance levels after two years following restoration. This indicates that these arthropod communities are fairly resilient and are able to recover fairly quickly following perturbation. Interestingly, community similarity measures revealed that although the experimental treatments were no more diverse than control plots the community species composition was fairly dissimilar between treatments, with plots becoming more dissimilar from 2008 to 2009. More long term data should reveal if these plots are proceeding along different successional trajectories in terms of community species composition and also will allow us to gain more insight into the long term effect of the treatments on biodiversity.


The remarkable complementary isotopic relationship in the Allende chondrite between chondrules (depleted in s‐process molybdenum and tungsten) and matrix (enriched in these nuclides) has been interpreted as evidence that the anomalies were established during chondrule formation, and that chondrules were, therefore, not made by planetesimal collisions. We question this interpretation, and to better understand the complementary relationship, we review nucleosynthetic isotopic variations of Mo and W in bulk carbonaceous chondrites, their components, and acid leachates extracted from them. Mo isotopic data almost always track a mixing line between pure s‐process Mo and s‐process‐depleted Mo (i.e., with excess p‐process and r‐process Mo in a fixed ratio). Tungsten data track an equivalent mixing line. Guided by our review, we develop a model suggesting how the isotopic variations in Allende's chondrules and matrix could be attributable to hydrothermal alteration in the parent body. In our model, anomalous Mo and W, both depleted in s‐process isotopes, are easily leached from their carriers in the matrix, then transported in solution and precipitated preferentially in water‐deficient components, such as chondrules, where the aqueous solvent is consumed. The model operates after accretion so does not inform chondrule‐forming mechanisms. It also goes some way to explaining variations of Mo and W isotopes in Ca‐Al‐rich inclusions in Allende, and variations of s‐process Mo in bulk carbonaceous chondrites.


MicroRNAs are a class of small RNAs of about 20 nucleotides long, which regulate cellular processes in animals and plants. Identifying microRNAs is one of the important tasks in microRNA and transcriptional studies. The main signal that is used for identifying these tiny molecules is the hairpin secondary structure of microRNA precursors. In this research, I propose to use a linear dimensionality reduction(LDR)-based classifier to identify precursor microRNAs from both pseudo hairpins and other non-coding RNAs. LDR has been shown to be widely used in machine learning and pattern recognition problems. Due to the complexity of the data and nature of the problem, linear-based classifiers might not have an acceptable performance. Therefore, I propose to use explicit mapping to project data onto a higher dimensional space in order to increase class separability. Feature selection methods are used in order to reduce the complexity of the classifier and find relevant biological descriptors.


While the science supporting fisheries management has generally been dominated by the natural sciences, there has been a growing recognition that managing fisheries essentially means managing economic systems. Indeed, over the past seven decades, economic ideas and insights have increasingly come to play a role in fisheries management and policy. As an illustration of this, the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) has been actively seeking to expand the scope of its scientific expertise beyond natural sciences [another inter-governmental marine science organization which has done this over the same period is the North Pacific Marine Science organization (PICES)]. In particular, the recently created ICES Working Group on Economics set out to review current work and key future needs relating to economic research and management advice on marine capture fisheries. This article presents the results of this review and addresses how economic research can be incorporated into the science of ICES to provide integrated perspectives on fisheries systems that can contribute to the provision of advice in support of policy development and management decision-making for sustainable uses of living marine resources.


This paper presents the motivation, background, and implementation of Through the Aleph: A Glimpse of the World in Real Time, a net art project offering an unprecedented visual and interactive experience where many places on Earth and in space can be seen simultaneously in an instant. Built in an open source environment with live data, this project visualizes the diversity of human civilizations (microcosm) and the unity of humanity without borders in the ever-changing universe (macrocosm). With an unexpected approach to surveillance cameras and global networks it draws the connections between individuals and the global environment, Earth and outer space, eternity and time, and art and science. In a virtual world, this meditative web project merges multiple layers of dynamic imagery related to culture, cosmology, and technology in a globalized society into an abstract landscape. It not only embraces the dream of peace on Earth but also explores the bond between humankind and nature through time and space in the


[Abstract]: Over the last few decades microfinance has become an integral part of the economic development of the less developed countries with regional governments, the
multilateral donor agencies such as the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank and other donor organisations investing in the industry to build its capacity and
widen the outreach. Further, the World Bank has highlighted the need to help the poor achieve self-sustainability as much more than just a social issue. In fact, in their view, the long-term financial growth of the Developed countries will be largely determined by the expansion of the Third World as their future client base. Those who are interested in economic development in the less developed countries strongly believe that microfinance will be an effective tool of alleviation of poverty and developing prosperity for the poor. For this reason microfinance is considered as one of the effective way of achieving Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).

Central to the success of microfinance is the distribution of capital from the wealthy to the poor in a manner which encourages accountability and responsibility from the
recipient, while at the same time allowing donors to see appropriate stewardship of their funds. This is measured through the achievement of financial independence of
the group being studied. The role of implementing agencies in facilitating this efficient and accountable transfer of capital is seen to be crucial to the ongoing development of microfinance. The interrelation between donors and these agencies requires a high degree of trust and mutual accountability, in many cases built up through years of hard work and experimentation.

The policy framework and legislative environment for microfinance is still evolving. For instance some countries are still developing the regulatory environment to monitor the transparency of the industry. Furthermore, there are some growing concerns on the level of efficiency of the delivery of microfinance in making an impact on projects or at least making an impact on alleviation of poverty. In order to contribute to the latter, this study investigates a major microfinance operation in the
Philippines to examine whether it is consistent with the wider international practices, particularly in achieving the MDGs.

The study uses a survey tool developed by the donor agency to monitor the quantitative and qualitative aspect of the microfinance operation and benchmark them against similar operations within the Asian region. The results show that, in the majority of cases, the Philippines operation has outperformed their counterparts. However, there is considerable room for improvement to maintain the sustainability of the operation.

These experiences of successes and failures need to be recorded and delineated to build on existing achievements and support an environment geared towards substantial growth in the funding of microfinance in the future. It is the intention of this study to highlight these experiences and draw attention to the very real achievements currently being experienced through some effective microfinance
projects.


Whole transcriptome sequencing by mRNA-Seq is now used extensively to perform global gene expression, mutation, allele-specific expression and other genome-wide analyses. mRNA-Seq even opens the gate for gene expression analysis of non-sequenced genomes. mRNA-Seq offers high sensitivity, a large dynamic range and allows measurement of transcript copy numbers in a sample. Illumina's genome analyzer performs sequencing of a large number (> 107) of relatively short sequence reads (< 150 bp).The "paired end" approach, wherein a single long read is sequenced at both its ends, allows for tracking alternate splice junctions, insertions and deletions, and is useful for de novo transcriptome assembly. One of the major challenges faced by researchers is a limited amount of starting material. For example, in experiments where cells are harvested by laser micro-dissection, available starting total RNA may measure in nanograms. Preparation of mRNA-Seq libraries from such samples have been described1, 2 but involves significant PCR amplification that may introduce bias. Other RNA-Seq library construction procedures with minimal PCR amplification have been published3, 4 but require microgram amounts of starting total RNA. Here we describe a protocol for the Illumina Genome Analyzer II platform for mRNA-Seq sequencing for library preparation that avoids significant PCR amplification and requires only 10 nanograms of total RNA. While this protocol has been described previously and validated for single-end sequencing5, where it was shown to produce directional libraries without introducing significant amplification bias, here we validate it further for use as a paired end protocol. We selectively amplify polyadenylated messenger RNAs from starting total RNA using the T7 based Eberwine linear amplification method, coined "T7LA" (T7 linear amplification). The amplified poly-A mRNAs are fragmented, reverse transcribed and adapter ligated to produce the final sequencing library. For both single read and paired end runs, sequences are mapped to the human transcriptome6 and normalized so that data from multiple runs can be compared. We report the gene expression measurement in units of transcripts per million (TPM), which is a superior measure to RPKM when comparing samples7.


The law governing children is complex, sometimes appearing almost incoherent. The relatively simple framework established in the Progressive Era, in which parents had primary authority over children, subject to limited state oversight, has broken down over the past few decades. Lawmakers started granting children some adult rights and privileges, raising questions about their traditional status as vulnerable, dependent, and legally incompetent beings. As children emerged as legal persons, children's rights advocates challenged the rationale for parental authority, contending that robust parental rights often harm children. And a wave of punitive reforms in response to juvenile crime in the 1990s undermined the state's long-standing role as the protector of children.

We address this seeming incoherence by identifying a deep structure and logic in the regulation of children that is becoming clear in the twenty-first century. In our conceptual framework, the law's central goal, across multiple legal domains, is to promote child wellbeing. This unifying purpose has roots in the Progressive Era, but three distinct characteristics distinguish the modern approach. Today, lawmakers advance child wellbeing with greater confidence and success by drawing on a wide body of research on child and adolescent development and the efficacy of related policies. This is bolstered by the clear understanding that promoting child wellbeing generally furthers social welfare, leading to a broader base of support for state policies and legal doctrines. Finally, there is a growing recognition that the regulation of children and families has long been tainted by racial and class bias and that a new commitment to minimizing these pernicious influences is essential to both the legitimacy and fairness of the regime. In combination, these features make the contemporary regulatory framework superior to earlier approaches.

Rather than pitting the state, parents, and child in competition for control over children's lives—the conception of family regulation since the 1960s—our Child Wellbeing framework offers a surprisingly integrated regulatory approach. Properly understood, parental rights and children's rights, as well as the direct role of the state in children's lives, are increasingly defined and unified by a research-driven, social-welfare-regarding effort to promote child wellbeing. This normatively attractive conceptualization of legal childhood does not define every area of legal regulation, but it is a strong through-line and should be elevated and embraced more broadly. In short, our framework brings coherence to the complex legal developments of the past half-century and provides guidance moving forward for this critical area of the law.


OBJECTIVE
This study sought to understand caregivers' (CGs') responses to early cleft lip/palate care for their infants.

METHOD
A prospective, mixed methods multicenter longitudinal study was conducted among CGs (N = 118) seeking treatment for their infants' cleft lip and palate or cleft lip only at 1 of 6 cleft treatment centers in the United States. Participants were in 1 of 2 treatment groups: traditional care only or nasoalveolar molding (NAM) plus traditional care. The CGs completed semistructured interviews and standardized questionnaires assessing psychosocial well-being and family impact at 3 time points: the beginning of treatment (∼1 month of age), prelip surgery (∼3-5 months of age), and postpalate surgery (∼12-13 months of age). Multilevel modeling was used to longitudinally assess CGs' psychosocial outcomes.

RESULTS
Although the first year was demanding for all CGs, NAM onset and the child's lip surgery were particularly stressful times. CGs used optimism, problem-solving behavior, and social support to cope with this stress. Qualitatively, CGs' ability to balance cleft treatment demands with their psychosocial resources and coping strategies influenced family adaptation. Qualitative and quantitative results indicated CGs of NAM-treated infants experienced more rapid declines in anxiety and depressive symptoms and better coping skills over time than CGs whose infants had traditional care.

CONCLUSION
CGs of NAM-treated infants experienced more positive psychosocial outcomes than CGs whose infants had traditional care. Results from the mixed model support the family adjustment and adaptation response model as used in pediatric chronic condition research.


Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) ultra-wideband channel plays an important role in studying the fifth generation (5G) mobile communication system. The measurement is carried out in outdoorto-indoor (O2I) scene non-line of sight (NLoS). The frequency is 3.5 GHz and bandwidth is 100 MHz and 200 MHz respectively. Through the analysis of measurement data, two problems are explored in this parper. One is the method used to evaluate delay spread in such a large number of sub-channel system. Another is the effect of the transmission bandwidth and antenna number. The results reflect that array positions and measurement environments have various influences on delay spread. In addition, contrasting the results of different bandwidth, it clearly indicates that the delay spread of 100 MHz is greater.


Chimneys around hydrothermal vents at a depth of c. 140 m in the Horomatangi Reefs area in Lake Taupo, New Zealand, are composed of amorphous silica (opal-A) with lesser amounts of Mn-, Fe-, and Hg-rich precipitates. Detrital quartz and feldspar grains are found in the surrounding sediments. The associated biota includes fish, bacteria, sponges, crayfish, amphipods, copepods, ostracodes, annelids, and other unidentified organisms. Much of this biota, however, is not preserved in the opal-A deposits. Instead, the silicified biota includes filamentous microbes and diatoms, scattered coccoid microbes, fungal hyphae and spores, rare sponge spicules, and rare worm(?) tubes. The diatoms, coccoid microbes, and fungi were brought into the area with the detrital sediment. In ancient successions, distinction between sublacustrine, terrestrial, and some marine hot spring deposits may be difficult because the precipitates share many similarities. Distinction based on the biota is viable only if palaeoecological information can be inferred from accurately identified organisms. Unfortunately, silicification commonly disguises microbes and precludes their accurate identification. Diagenetic transformation of opal-A to its more stable polymorphs also destroys many original depositional fabrics and silicified microbes. Distinction between the different types of spring deposit may therefore depend on the interpretation of their overall sedimentological and stratigraphic setting.


The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2), has been declared as a pandemic by WHO on March 11, 2020. Previous history of viral infections such as Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and SARS-CoV had shown high risk for maternal and neonates, with vertical transmission (VT) and perinatal as well as maternal mortality; hence, the possibility of the same cannot be ruled out in case of COVID-19. Authors' literature survey on Scopus/Embase/ PubMed/Google using the terms "COVID-19* and pregnancy, VT, and gender difference in COVID-19 infection. All the relevant literatures were included in this review. Like other respiratory infections made by coronavirusesMERS-CoV and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV), the Viral spike of SARS-Cov-2 catches angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) (a part of renin angiotensin system [RAS]) to enter the body. For those with risk factors, namely, cardiovascular complications, diabetes, and respiratory disorders, this entry is fatal We suggest that pregnancy is a well-orchestrated event capable of tackling COVID-19 infection by virtue of its hormone dependency which is capable of curbing the cytokine storm despite increased ACE2 expression. This review summarizes the gender bias of RAS; importance of RAS in pregnancy and sex hormonal influence on COVID-19 infection.


Cities are transformed into sites of experimentation through large-scale smart city initiatives, but the
visions and practices of establishing public, private and civic partnerships are often overshadowed
by corporate interests, governance convenience and efficiency, with an overemphasis on
technological innovations. Instead of relying on these partnerships, civic hacking initiatives seek to
develop collaboration between programmers and community members, on the one hand, and
government officials and organisations, on the other, for experimenting prototyping processes that
foreground community needs. These initiatives are considered as pursuing open, inclusive and
collaborative governance and is analysed through the lens of collaborative urban infrastructuring to
attend to the dynamics, consequences and implications emerging from the prototyping processes.
The analysis of the collaboration between Code for Ireland and Dublin City Council Beta suggests
that the spatio-temporal scaling of prototypes lead to the continual and contested scaling of skills,
knowledges, capabilities, organisational procedures and socio-technical arrangements. These
heterogeneous scaling engenders desirable futures and future problems. The articulation and
enactment of the values that attract diverse visions, viewpoints and practices into collaborative
experimentation can be challenged by agonistic relationships arising from exploring practical
arrangements for the mutual shaping of desirable governance procedures and the organisational
expectations, obligations and constraints that are already in place. Furthermore, in the processes of
scaling, there are constant dangers of enacting patriarchal stewardships and taking an all-knowing
position for caring and evaluating impacts, which makes it critical to also experiment with ways of
disclosing urban techno-politics that emerges continuously and in unanticipated ways.


Models are widely used to assist water managers in their duties, yet there is little advice to help water managers select a model appropriate to their particular application. The advice that is available is specific to either the application type or models considered, focused on one aspect of model application, e.g. goodness-of-fit comparisons between observations and simulations and unrealistic, e.g. in separating model selection from wider aspects of the intended application. This paper proposes a model selection protocol that recognises the particular requirements of the application, the roles of individuals associated with modelling studies, and the importance of establishing an informed dialogue between them. Establishing this common understanding at the outset of any modelling study is highly important in securing a successful outcome to the modelling process.


Two cases of advanced abdominal pregnancy are descriptionbed. The diagnosis of the condition is discussed and the under-mentioned points are emphasized as of diagnostic value. Persistent mal-presentation and failure of external version. Palpation and inspection of the cervix uteri. Passage of a uterine sound. Comparative clearness of the foetal parts In straight X-rays. Intrauterine injection of lipiodol. Failure of pitocin to produce palpable contractions. Treatment is briefly referred to and the importance of the correct time for laparotomy is pointed out.


Due, in part, to Justice Brandeis' famous dissent, many have presumed that the states are the most fertile ground for policy innovation. However, with their transformation from smaller urban and rural centers to major metropolitan regions, local governments may prove even more fruitful agents of social change and laboratories for policy experimentation. Indeed, local governments are critical components of our federal system and embody the values of federalism both in theory and practice. Local governments have trailblazed in legal and policy arenas where the federal and state governments could not (or would not) engage: gay rights and gay marriage, campaign finance and other electoral reforms, climate change, illegal immigration ordinances, and living wage laws, to name but a few. Yet local governments' powers are drastically limited by a perhaps overzealous preemption doctrine. This, in turn, thwarts local governments' ability to serve as effective laboratories for democracy and policy innovation. This preemption doctrine also may run afoul of the original intent of the home rule movement in state and local government law. Accordingly, this Article questions the wisdom of the current preemption doctrine that limits local governments' ability to serve as Petri dishes for innovative policies that might translate well to the state and federal levels of government.


A new kind of fiber-optic sensor, to our knowledge, is proposed: a chaotic sensor. The sensor is based on a fiber-ring resonator that is optically driven by a train of pulses whose period equals the round-trip delay of the resonator. This sensor exploits the extremely high dependence of chaotic systems on initial conditions to sense several physical parameters (elongation, attenuation, index of refraction). The measured information is encoded in different geometrical characteristics of the chaotic attractor. The proposed sensing scheme has been modeled and simulated. The simulations reveal high potential for this structure as a multiparameter sensor.


Were the 1970s really `the devils decade'? Images of strikes, galloping inflation, rising unemployment and bitter social divisions evoke a period of unparalleled economic decline, political confrontation and social fragmentation. But how significant were the pessimism and self-doubt of the 1970s, and what was the legacy of its cultural conflicts?
Covering the entire spectrum of the arts - drama, television, film, poetry, the novel, popular music, dance, cinema and the visual arts - The Arts in the 1970s challenges received perceptions of the decade as one of cultural decline. The collection breaks new ground in providing the first detailed analysis of the cultural production of the decade as a whole, providing an invaluable resource for all those involved in cultural, media and communications studies.


Quantitative models for climate policy modeling differ in the production structure used and in the sizes of the elasticities of substitution. The empirical foundation for both is generally lacking. This paper estimates the parameters of two-level CES production functions with capital, labour and energy as inputs, and is the first to systematically compare all nesting structures. Using industry-level data from 12 OECD countries, we find that the nesting structure where capital and labour are combined first, fits the data best, but for most countries and industries we cannot reject that all three inputs can be put into one single nest. These two nesting structures are used by most climate models. However, while several climate policy models use a Cobb-Douglas function for (part of the) production function, we reject elasticities equal to one, in favour of considerably smaller values. Finally we find evidence for factor-specific technological change. With lower elasticities and with factor-specific technological change, some climate policy models may find a bigger effect of endogenous technological change on mitigating the costs of climate policy.


Elicitation is a key task for subjectivist Bayesians. Although skeptics hold that elicitation cannot (or perhaps should not) be done, in practice it brings statisticians closer to their clients and subject-matter expert colleagues. This article reviews the state of the art, reflecting the experience of statisticians informed by the fruits of a long line of psychological research into how people represent uncertain information cognitively and how they respond to questions about that information. In a discussion of the elicitation process, the first issue to address is what it means for an elicitation to be successful; that is, what criteria should be used. Our answer is that a successful elicitation faithfully represents the opinion of the person being elicited. It is not necessarily "true" in some objectivistic sense, and cannot be judged in that way. We see that elicitation as simply part of the process of statistical modeling. Indeed, in a hierarchical model at which point the likelihood ends and the prior begins is ambiguous. Thus the same kinds of judgment that inform statistical modeling in general also inform elicitation of prior distributions. The psychological literature suggests that people are prone to certain heuristics and biases in how they respond to situations involving uncertainty. As a result, some of the ways of asking questions about uncertain quantities are preferable to others, and appear to be more reliable. However, data are lacking on exactly how well the various methods work, because it is unclear, other than by asking using an elicitation method, just what the person believes. Consequently, one is reduced to indirect means of assessing elicitation methods. The tool chest of methods is growing. Historically, the first methods involved choosing hyperparameters using conjugate prior families, at a time when these were the only families for which posterior distributions could be computed. Modern computational methods, such as Markov chain Monte Carlo, have freed elicitation from this constraint. As a result, now both parametric and nonparametric methods are available for low-dimensional problems. High-dimensional problems are probably best thought of as lacking another hierarchical level, which has the effect of reducing the as-yet-unelicited parameter space. Special considerations apply to the elicitation of group opinions. Informal methods, such as Delphi, encourage the participants to discuss the issue in the hope of reaching consensus. Formal methods, such as weighted averages or logarithmic opinion pools, each have mathematical characteristics that are uncomfortable. Finally, there is the question of what a group opinion even means, because it is not necessarily the opinion of any participant.


This paper investigates the relative scintillation level associated with cusp dynamics (including precipitation, flow shears, etc.) with and without the formation of polar cap patches around the cusp inflow region by the EISCAT Svalbard radar (ESR) and two GPS scintillation receivers. A series of polar cap patches were observed by the ESR between 8:40 and 10:20 UT on December 3, 2011. The polar cap patches combined with the auroral dynamics were associated with a significantly higher GPS phase scintillation level (up to 0.6 rad) than those observed for the other two alternatives, i.e., cusp dynamics without polar cap patches, and polar cap patches without cusp aurora. The cusp auroral dynamics without plasma patches were indeed related to GPS phase scintillations at a moderate level (up to 0.3 rad). The polar cap patches away from the active cusp were associated with sporadic and moderate GPS phase scintillations (up to 0.2 rad). The main conclusion is that the worst global navigation satellite system space weather events on the dayside occur when polar cap patches enter the polar cap and are subject to particle precipitation and flow shears, which is analogous to the nightside when polar cap patches exit the polar cap and enter the auroral oval.


William Dwight Whitney, a commanding figure in 19th-century philology, may be considered the most important and wide-ranging precursor of modern linguistic theory. The selections in this book (covering the years 1861-1892) represent his pioneer work in linguistics and are relevant in the most urgent sense to the debate on the nature of language and linguistics shaping up once again between students of rationalist grammar and students of culture. Whitney was one of the first to stress the "cultural" nature of language in modern terms, and Dr. Silverstein remarks, "what impresses us most about this material is its fundamental sanity."A long essay by the editor and an autobiographical sketch from the Williams College Record of the class of 1845 precede Whitney's own studies. Dr. Silverstein has made no attempt to analyze selections but has chosen representative essays that show the range of Whitney's linguistic interests and accomplishments, and which present the linguistic thought of his time. All of the essays appear in their original form except for the first and longest extract, which has been condensed from "Language and the Study of Language." Purely descriptive studies of Sanskrit or of Hindu literature and astronomy have been excluded, although Whitney's narrowest professional interest is represented by the beautiful studies of accent in Sanskrit and the statistical treatment of imperfect and perfect tense formations.The twelve essays are arranged by area of interest. The first group takes up general topics such as the "institutional" nature of language, psychology and the origin of language, and the difficult question of linguistic mixture. It is followed by an enigmatic piece of syntactic analysis of grammatical categories, several phonetics studies, the unified theory of vowel and consonant, the universal transcriptional system and articulatory phonetics, and the notion of phonetic economy. The book concludes with the Sanskrit studies and a trenchant criticism of the grammarians of the period.


This paper forms part of my investigation of Japanese art within a transnational context pursued over more than 30 years. More recently I have consolidated this position by setting up the UAL Research Centre for Transnational Art, Identity and Nation (TrAIN) where 9 core members are researching issues in transnational art.

Hitherto most of the publications on transnational art concentrated on bilateral relationships. However, in this paper I am including India within the debate on the relationship between Japan and Britain. This innovative tripartite approach, here between Britain, India and Japan, was pioneered by the AHRC-funded major research project (2001-2005) investigating the issue of modernity and national identity in the art of India, Japan and Mexico where I was the principal investigator.

In this paper I am tracing the genealogy of the theory of imperial architecture from Thomas Roger Smith, the British architectural theorist and an expert on building in India, to Josiah Conder, his pupil and the 'father' of modern Japanese architecture, and to Ito Chuta, Conder's pupil and the most prolific architect of the Japanese Empire. Within the scholarship of the theory of Japanese architecture, this is the first attempt to define 'Japanese imperial architecture' whether in English or Japanese. I am showing how certain ambivalent attitudes of Roger Smith were inherited by Conder, who in his turn taught Ito who had a more independent attitude towards British imperialism in architecture. Nevertheless, for all three architects, India played a key role in their architectural development both in theory and practice. Using contemporary documentation both in English and Japanese this paper is aimed to make a contribution to the burgeoning debate on the Japanese imperialism and the arts.


Space exploration has experienced exceptional advances the last years since the NASA's
Apollo missions landed man on the moon. In spite of all the discoveries and advances in
computational power, the heat flux on the surface of atmospheric entry vehicles remains
as a high risk problem that has to be studied in a detailed manner. In order to avoid
possible inaccuracies in the calculation of the heat flux, it is of vital importance to understand
complex multiphysics phenomena that combine the chemical aspect of both the
materials and the hypersonic flows.
Since the man has stepped into space, the space vehicles that have been developed are
commonly exposed to tremendous aerodynamic heating, requiring an accurate study of
thermal protection systems (TPS). In order to test and understand the material response,
ground test facilities for the study of TPS have been developed. The most useful facilities
are plasma wind tunnels being able to provide high enthalpy flow for a long period.
The NASA Ames Research Center (ARC) Jet Complex segmented arc heater capabilities,
where plasma flows with high chemical purity are generated, will be reviewed. In these
tunnels, gas (typically air) is heated directly by a continuous electrical arc between two
sets of electrodes. Large amount of energy is transferred from electric to gas enthalpy
by making the gas conductive. The high-enthalpy gas generated in the constrictor passes
through a converging/diverging nozzle thus achieving high Mach number speeds. The
gases exit the nozzle into large vacuum chamber test sections. Flows in these facilities
produce a close approximation of the surface temperature, pressure and gas enthalpy
found in high velocity, hypersonic flows experienced by vehicles during atmospheric entry.
While the consideration of chemical equilibrium or not along the nozzle has been investigated
recently, the state of the gas in the constrictor has not been studied and will be a
subject of this project.
The operations of the 20 to 60 MW Arc Jet tunnels are expensive and do not lend
themselves to detailed scientific investigations. Recently, a mini Arc Jet test capability,
mARC, is being developed at ARC. This laboratory capability will enable fundamental
studies and can be instrumented for extracted fundamental quantities that will enable
better understanding of Arc Jet performance. In this work we simulate the mARC facility
and investigate the flow in the constrictor and through the nozzle. There are many
experimental uncertainties that may affect the heat flux at the test article placed in the
facility. In order to quantify the margins and reduce the uncertainties, Uncertainty Quantification
(UQ) methods will be used to define these margins. Sources of uncertainties can
be of different origins. Some of them are always present and are inherent to nature itself,
so they cannot be eliminated and are irreducible. Others, are just matter of the lack of
knowledge and are reducible. UQ techniques will permit to build a sensitivity analysis
which will allow us to determine the influence of experimental variables on the expected
output heat load.


This study investigates factors of corporate success over the crisis period of 2008-2009. We advocate the idea that investments in intangibles allow a company to be better off, even if the markets go down. The hypothesis put forward in this paper was tested on a sample of more than 300 companies which operate in developed and emerging European markets, and belong to traditional and innovative industries. The application of statistical tools showed a robust significant link between the companies' investment decisions and their performance before and during the crisis. This study contributes to empirical corporate finance as it provides evidence that investment restriction is not the best response to an economic recession.


ABSTRACT In this study, we measured the physical quantity of light (irradiance) in several wavelength bands at eye and wrist level for 8 h under laboratory conditions simulating daily life. Twenty-two healthy male participants (mean age ± SD, 29.95 ± 8.13 years) were able to move freely, and eye-level data were compared with irradiance data obtained at the wrist. We estimated circadian phase shift from the differences of DLMO before and after light exposure while considering natural drift. In addition, we investigated the influence of activities and body positions on light exposure and validated the effect of irradiance on circadian phase response. We found lower average irradiance at eye level compared with wrist level in all three RGB bands. The blue light irradiance measured at eye level was significantly correlated with circadian phase shift, possibly because the irradiance at eye level more accurately reflected its effect on the biological clock than did the measurement at the wrist. It follows that quantitative measurements of wavelength spectra at eye level are necessary to assess the effect of ambient light on the human biological clock.


Sounding Out the Museum was devised to expand and build upon the curatorial intervention initiated by the recent installation and publication Tete-a-Tete by Peter Seddon at the Musee des Beaux Arts, Nimes. Four research staff from the Performance and Visual Art programme collaborated alongside ensemble Scratch the Surface to create new works which were performed in the Musee des Beaux Arts on June 21st, the national day of music celebration in France. Each of these works were experienced in context with the Tete-a-Tete exhibition and its central work, the famous painting of Oliver Cromwell looking upon the corpse of Charles I by Paul Delaroche. The Siege of Rhodes by Amy Cunningham derives it name from a 1656 production by English poet and playwright William D'Avenant who worked with several English composers including Henry Lawes and Matthew Locke. The production was cleverly described as 'recitative musick' allowing it to be performed at D'Avenant's private residence in Rutland House, London at a time when Oliver Cromwell's puritan government forbade theatre productions – yet did not specifically forbid music. The work is ostensibly the first performed English Opera. Cunningham's film draws upon fragments of music by Lawes and Locke and reconstructs the setting of a typical 17th century painting in which musicians are presented in domestic settings. Invisible Targets by Conall Gleeson responds to the notions of civil conflict, democracy and monarchy which are raised throughout the exhibition. The work, written for loudspeaker and two snare drums, features a rhythmic fragment of the command to 'retreat' which would have been played on a snare drum in the 17th century battlefield. The sounds of twentieth century modes of military communication such as morse code and radio are introduced but filtered through the rattle of snare drums placed directly infront of the loudspeakers. Toward the end of the work the muffled voice of Prince Harry is heard talking about his experiences in Afghanistan and in so doing a direct line between the political climate of today and that of Prince Harry's distant ancester Charles 1st are drawn. Cromwell's Sorrow by Jean Martin places in situ the music of 17th century English composer Henry Purcell and an imagined soundscape of battlecries and social unrest that pervaded the streets of London during the period of the English civil war. The site specific performance by Mikhail Karikis, Between Two Mouths: A Guided Tour challenges the representation of war and the narrative formalisation of history. In this performance of vocal utterances and disruptions, Karikis takes the role of a resurrected soldier who haunts the Musee des Beaux Arts de Nimes and becomes an exhibition guide who gives an explosive 'tour' that speaks from the limits of articulation, language, representation and self-conflict.


Canonical estrogen receptors (ER α/β) have a genomic mechanism of action, functioning as nuclear transcription factors for estrogen-dependent genes. Estrogen receptors are well established within the male reproductive tract with estrogen playing an essential role for male fertility. The recent characterization of novel G-protein coupled estrogen receptor GPR30 (alternatively known as GPER1), depending on non-genomic intracellular signaling pathways to transduce estrogenic signals, requires a re-examination of the roles of estrogen receptors in male reproduction. Further, the affinity of environmental estrogens (xenoestrogens) for estrogen receptor subtypes may provide additional understanding of the reproductive effects of these chemicals on male fertility. Here we review the structure and functions of each estrogen receptor within the context of male reproduction, with special consideration of the reproductive implications of xenoestrogen exposure.


It is well established in the financial economics literature that potential gains from
international diversification are generated from the imperfect correlation between
national stock market returns. This empirical study explores the factors that impede
perfect integration among national equity markets by examining emerging markets
data.
The first major topic of the dissertation is to re-visit the debate on the relative
importance of country and industry effects in the cross-sectional variation of stock
returns. By applying the standard Heston and Rouwenhorst (1994) dummy variable
decomposition method to $U. S. nominal returns from 11 industry sectors of 13
emerging markets from 1984 to 2004, this work confirms that country effects do play
a dominant role in determining the cross-sectional variation in stock returns in
emerging markets but since late 1990s, the industry effects have become increasingly
important. This conclusion is robust even after the removal of three potential biases:
inflation rate, exchange rate and interest rate effects, all of which may amplify the
country effects.
The second topic is to investigate the debate from the perspective of stock risk. Stock
risk is modeled and calculated independently from a return model with ARCH type
errors. By applying the standard dummy variable decomposition method to stock risks,
the empirical evidence is found to support the conclusions drawn on stock return
decompositions.
Finally, in order to find the fundamental sources of the country and industry factors,
pure country and industry effects are then regressed on fundamental characteristics of
country and industry. The findings show that the change in the variables representing
the exchange rate can explain a substantial amount of the country effect variations,
while at the same time, banking and stock markets development also contribute to the
variations. The regressions also find evidence that the legal origin of the market does
matter to stock returns. Regressions on industry effects are not as promising as the
results of the country effects regression. Only the geographical concentration of
industries is found to explain a small amount of the industry effects.


BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES
Practice of breathing exercises like pranayama is known to improve autonomic function by changing sympathetic or parasympathetic activity. Therefore, in the present study the effect of breathing exercises on autonomic functions was performed in young volunteers in the age group of 17-19 yr.

METHODS
A total of 60 male undergraduate medical students were randomly divided into two groups: slow breathing group (that practiced slow breathing exercise) and the fast breathing group (that practiced fast breathing exercise). The breathing exercises were practiced for a period of three months. Autonomic function tests were performed before and after the practice of breathing exercises.

RESULTS
The increased parasympathetic activity and decreased sympathetic activity were observed in slow breathing group, whereas no significant change in autonomic functions was observed in the fast breathing group.

INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION
The findings of the present study show that regular practice of slow breathing exercise for three months improves autonomic functions, while practice of fast breathing exercise for the same duration does not affect the autonomic functions.


Modification of proteins by methylation has emerged as a key regulatory mechanism in many cellular processes, including gene control. Eighty to ninety percent of the arginine methylation in the cell is performed by the protein arginine methyl transferase PRMT1. ILF3, a protein involved in gene regulation at several levels, has been shown to be a substrate and regulator of PRMT1 in mammals. Here we show that the Xenopus orthologue of ILF3 (Xilf3) is methylated in vivo, and, at least in vitro, this methylation is carried out by Xprmt1b. The in vitro methylation of Xilf3 inhibits its ability to bind to DNA while leaving RNA binding activity unaltered. Consistent with these activities having a role in vivo, the DNA binding activity of the Xilf3-containing CBTF complex and the transcription of its target gene, Xgata2, are both decreased by overexpression of Xprmt1b in embryos. However, in contrast to other RNA binding proteins, a changing degree of methylation does not alter the subcellular localization of Xilf3. Several other proteins involved in gene regulation can bind both RNA and DNA; these data demonstrate a mechanism by which such binding activities may be controlled independently.


The article examines aspects of the long history of a major field of public debate in the second half of the twentieth century, that of the Greek 1940s, taking as its starting point the recent "history war" in Greece. It attempts to trace histories and memories from the immediate postwar years and to place them within a broader process: the historisation of the Second World War in Europe. In that context, the article begins by exploring one part of the initial efforts to form a European history of the resistance, from the perspective of the Greek case. Then, the focus is transferred to Greece, and to the mapping of a constellation of different memory and history communities, and the practices of history of the same period: the activities of veteran partisans and eye-witnesses with regard to their contribution to the formation of the first narratives on the war is a core issue at this level. Last, by following the developments in the academy and the politics of history during the Metapolitefsi , the focus returns to the current discussion, attempting a first approach to the subject through the strings that connect it with the past and, at the same time, as a debate of the twenty-first century.


In these several years, cement industry growth has been experiencing a significant growth. For the purpose of studying this industry growth for several years to come, therefore in this research a studied case has been taken to measure financial results for 2 big cement industry companies, which are PT Indocement Tunggal Prakarsa Tbk.and PT Semen Gresik Tbk. With the growth of business world and higher competition, the company needs a plan and strategy for the business to run well. Therefore the analysis of financial report is necessary to know the financial condition and indentify company's strength and weakness so it can help to predict company's prospect in the future. A research done using PT Indocemenct Tunggal Prakarsa Tbk and PT Semen Gresik Tbk financial report for the year 2004-2008. Indeks Harga Saham Gabungan (IHSG) data and Sertifkat Bank Indonesia's interest rate for five years starting from year 2004 until 2008 taken from Bank Indonesia's website. Company's financial report measured using several analysis equipment known worldwide which is Financial Ratio Analysis and DuPont Method. Financial Ratio Analiysis and DuPont Method have weaknesses because both didn't use capital expense. Therefore an analysis with Economic Value Added method has been done also to know whether the company succeed to create added value or not for the shareholder. Higher EVA score indicate that the company is more success in maintaining company's capital investment in creating added value for all the shareholders. From the result of Indocement and Semen Gresik's financial analysis report that had been done with financial ratio approach for the period 2004-2008 we can see that company's financial performance had a quite good improvement. Both of the company have good liquidity, so they can pay their short term liability. In leverage ratio both of the company have good ratio because those company use their equity more than their liability in paying their asset. In activity ratio, we can see that Indocemenct hasn't been effective in using it's total assets in creating profits. This can be seen from the Indocement's Total Asset Turnover that's below the normal limit which is 1x. Generally both of the company's profitability ratios are good, even though Indocement's profitability ratio had experienced a decrease in 2006. Both companies profitability ratio shown that the companies ability to create profit for asset and share equity return were quite good. But from the EVA Analysis approach, from the year 2004-2007 Indocement hasn't been able to create added value for it's shareholder that shown from the negative EVA score caused by high invested capital Indocement. Finally in year 2008 Indocement succeed to create added value. Semen Gresik has a better ability in creating added value, because in year 2005, 2007 and 2008 Semen Gresik had succeed to create added value for it's shareholders. Based from the reserach that had been done, we can summarize that generally Semen Gresik has a better financial performance than Indocement based on financial ratio analysis, DuPont Method, or the EVA analysis method. In order to improve the financial performance in the future, Indocement should re-evaluate it's total assets so that it can be used more effective and efficient in creating profits for the company. While from the EVA analysis report, company has to pay more attention to rate of return and improving investment whit bigger return and decreasing investment with lower return. The used of combination between financial ratio method,  DuPont method and EVA method is really good in assessing company's financial performance. With the combinaton of those three analysis method we expect that it can help measuring for company's financial performance.


2-Nitrophenol condenses with trichloroacetaldehyde in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid to give among other products 2,2-di(3-nitro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane and smaller amounts of 8-nitro-2,4-bis(trichloromethyl)-1,3-benzodioxin. To investigate the possible steric effect of the nitro group ortho to the phenolic oxygen atom in such condensations, the molecular structure of this benzodioxin and that of 8-nitro-6-methyl-2,4-bis(trichloromethyl)-1,3-benzodioxin were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and compared with those of 6-nitro- and 6,8-dinitro-2,4-bis(trichloromethyl)-1,3-benzodioxin and related compounds.


Neither natural nor vaccine-induced immunity to pertussis lasts for life. Before intensive vaccination of toddlers, pertussis was essentially a pediatric disease. Mortality and morbidity have fallen drastically in parts of the world where toddlers have been systematically protected with efficacious whole-cell vaccines. The infection is now more common in adults with waning specific immunity, who can go on to infect newborns too young to be vaccinated, with potentially dramatic consequences. For these reasons, the vaccine strategy was recently modified in several countries, with the introduction of vaccine boosters for children, adolescents and young adults, as well as for healthcare workers in contact with newborns. In France, vaccine boosters were introduced for adolescents in 1998 and for adults in contact with newborns in 2004, leading to a decrease in morbidity in adolescents and very young adults. It is important to inform the medical community, and the families with neonates, of these changes in vaccine strategy. Efficient surveillance and notification systems are needed in all countries. Surveillance must include the use of standardized diagnostic tests and reagents. Bacterial isolates should be thoroughly characterized at the genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic levels.


Introduction. Intravenous drug abuse is a global concern with an estimated 16 million people engaging in this behavior worldwide. (1) In addition, Methamphetamine abuse is widely reported with 1.2 million Americans declaring its use in 2012. (2)Case description. The patient presented to the Emergency Department for "right groin pain" at a site she had been injecting methamphetamine. She had a palpable, non-pulsatile mass of her right groin, diffuse erythema and tenderness of her right leg, and several ecchymotic areas on multiple toes. She was found to have an extensive deep vein thrombosis of the right lower extremity, right femoral pseudoaneurysm, septic emboli, and deep space infection of her right groin. The pseudoaneurysm was removed surgically, an extra-anatomical arterial bypass was placed, an inferior vena caval filter was inserted, anticoagulants were initiated, the groin abscess was debrided and washed out, and the patient was started on antibiotics.Discussion. Emergency physicians practicing clinically should be aware of the potential adverse outcomes of intravenous drug abuse. This patient encounter details nearly all of the significant adverse outcomes patients could experience: cellulitis, deep space infection/abscess, deep venous thrombosis, arterial pseudoaneurysm, and septic emboli.


In 1946, the Brooklyn Dodgers sent Jackie Robinson to their farm team, the Montreal Royals. Robinson had been chosen as the first Black who would break the colour barrier in major league baseball. The Royals were chosen because it was felt that Montreal would provide a more tolerant atmosphere than any American city. From the beginning, Jackie Robinson was well received on and off the field. He became a lasting source of pride for the city, proof that Montreal had a high degree of racial tolerance. But racial tolerance was not so evident to Blacks living in Montreal. They experienced severe discrimination in jobs, in housing and in the city's social life. Yet, some Blacks of the Robinson era made considerable socio-economic gains. The question is whether their success was the result of Montreal's tolerance or of other factors. This paper examines two Black Montrealers of the Robinson years. Richard Lord achieved prominence as an engineer, a lawyer, and as a leader of the larger community, a prominence that included service as President of the Quebec Liberal Party. His sister, Gwen Lord, was one the first Black teachers in Montreal, eventually rising to a senior position in the Protestant School Board of Greater Montreal. At first glance, their stories seem to support the Robinson myth that Montreal was a place where Blacks had an equal chance to achieve social acceptance and economic opportunity. However, this study suggests their success had little to do with an absence of racism and that the perceived climate of tolerance in Montreal was a myth.


We study Raman scattering in active media placed in proximity to different types of metal nanostructures, at wavelengths that display either Fabry–Perot or plasmonic resonances, or a combination of both. We use a semiclassical approach to derive equations of motion for Stokes and anti-Stokes fields that arise from quantum fluctuations. Our calculations suggest that local field enhancement yields Stokes and anti-Stokes conversion efficiencies between 5 and 7 orders of magnitudes larger compared to cases without the metal nanostructure. We also show that to first order in the linear susceptibility the local field correction induces a dynamic, intensity-dependent frequency detuning that at high intensities tends to quench Raman gain.


Supernormality, which can be defined as greater than normal excitability during or immediately after action potential repolarization, has been observed in a variety of cardiac preparations. However, as yet, no description of the dynamics of tissue response to repetitive stimulation in the presence of supernormal or relatively supernormal excitability has appeared. Isolated sheep cardiac Purkinje fibers (2-5 mm in length) were superfused with Tyrode's solution and stimulated with depolarizing current pulses through a suction pipette. Recovery of excitability, restitution of the action potential duration, and response patterns were measured in each fiber for a wide range of current amplitudes and stimulation frequencies. When the potassium chloride concentration of the Tyrode's solution was decreased from 7 to 4 mM, the excitability recovery function consistently changed from monophasic ("normal") to triphasic ("supernormal'). During repetitive stimulation at increasing rates, normal preparations responded only with gradual changes in the activation ratio, expressed as periodic phase-locked responses (i.e., Wenckebach-like patterns, etc.). Supernormal preparations showed a nonmonotonic change in the activation ratio, as well as complex aperiodic response patterns. Numerical results from an analytical model gave a quantitative basis for the relation between nonmonotonicity in the excitability function and the development of complex rhythms in cardiac Purkinje fibers. Both our experimental and theoretical results indicate that the presence of supernormality and the slope of the action potential duration restitution curve at short diastolic intervals are responsible for the development of chaotic dynamics. Moreover, our results give an accurate description of the supernormality phenomenon, predict the behavior expected under such conditions, and provide insight about the role of membrane recovery in determining regular and irregular frequency-dependent rhythm and conduction disturbances.


Due to the wide and increasing application of engineered silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in commercial products, their release and disposal into aquatic environmental compartments is unavoidable. The final environmental fate of AgNPs depends on their stability, behavior and lifetime in a particular system. This study aimed to systematically investigate the aggregation and dissolution behavior of AgNPs in model aquatic systems including a range of different pH values, different concentrations of mono- and divalent electrolytes, and the presence of non-ionic, anionic and cationic surfactants used in commercial detergents. The investigation was performed by a combination of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) techniques, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and electrophoretic light scattering (ELS) methods, inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICPMS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The obtained results highlighted the importance of pH, ionic strength and interaction with surfactants relevant to the laundry cycle to the stability and environmental fate of citrate-coated AgNPs. An important implication of this study is that the interaction of AgNPs with surfactants present in wastewater effluents could potentially become more environmentally hazardous due to the increased persistence and dissolution of AgNPs.


Developing countries must submit forest reference emission levels (FRELs) to the UNFCCC to receive incentives for REDD+ activities (e.g. reducing emissions from deforestation/forest degradation, sustainable management of forests, forest carbon stock conservation/enhancement). These FRELs are generated based on historical CO2 emissions in the land use, land use change, and forestry sector, and are derived using remote sensing (RS) data and in-situ forest carbon measurements. Since the quality of the historical emissions estimates is affected by the quality and quantity of the RS data used, in this study we calculated five metrics (i-v below) to assess the quality and quantity of the data that has been used thus far. Countries could focus on improving on one or more of these metrics for the submission of future FRELs. Some of our main findings were: (i) the median percentage of each country mapped was 100%, (ii) the median historical timeframe for which RS data was used was 11.5 years, (iii) the median interval of forest map updates was 4.5 years, (iv) the median spatial resolution of the RS data was 30m, and (v) the median number of REDD+ activities that RS data was used for operational monitoring of was 1 (typically deforestation). Many new sources of RS data have become available in recent years, so complementary or alternative RS data sets for generating future FRELs can potentially be identified based on our findings; e.g. alternative RS data sets could be considered if they have similar or higher quality/quantity than the currently-used data sets.


This study aims to investigate the effects of Science Technology Education Math (STEM) practices on academic achievement and motivations of students in the 5th grade of middle school in "Exploring and Knowing the World of Living Creatures" section in Science lecture. The study was designed in a semi-experimental pattern with pre-test post-test control group. A middle school in the center of Antakya was selected by appropriate sampling method. The sample of the study was formed by the 5th grade students who were studied in 2 sections where the same teacher taught. A group of students in one section formed the control group of students while the other branch formed experimental group. The unit 'Exploring and Knowing the World of Living Creatures' was explained through the lesson plans prepared according to the STEM applications in the experimental group and through the methods appropriate to the course book in the control group. As a data collecting tool, both groups were given the "Exploring and Knowing the World of Living Creatures Achievement Test (EKWLCAT) and "Motivation Scale toward Science Learning" (MSSL) were applied. The obtained data were analyzed by statistical analysis utilizing the mean, standard deviation, frequency and percentage values of these data using an appropriate statistical program. As a result, it has been determined that STEM applications have a positive effect on academic achievement. However, when the subcategories of the motivation scale were examined, a statistically significant difference was not found in the subcategories of performance communication and participation, while a positive increase was found in favor of research and cooperation.


The authoritative preparation guide to help you conquer the IELTS. The International English Language Testing System (IELTS) is a paper-based test that consists of four modules - Listening, Reading, Writing, and Speaking. Question types include multiple choice, sentence completion, short answer, classification, matching, labeling, and diagram/chart interpretation. Created by ESL experts at Cambridge University in the UK, the IELTS English proficiency exam is used worldwide for admission to English-speaking colleges and universities. "McGraw-Hill's IELTS" provides intensive instruction and practice for every question type you may encounter on this important exam, plus four complete sample tests with explanations. The audio CD packaged with the book provides audio tracks for all listening portions of the test.


Action prediction and fluidity are key elements of human–robot teamwork. If a robot's actions are hard to understand, it can impede fluid human–robot interaction. Our goal is to improve the clarity of robot motion by making it more human-like. We present an algorithm that autonomously synthesizes human-like variants of an input motion. Our approach is a three-stage pipeline. First we optimize motion with respect to spatiotemporal correspondence (STC), which emulates the coordinated effects of human joints that are connected by muscles. We present three experiments that validate that our STC optimization approach increases human-likeness and recognition accuracy for human social partners. Next in the pipeline, we avoid repetitive motion by adding variance, through exploiting redundant and underutilized spaces of the input motion, which creates multiple motions from a single input. In two experiments we validate that our variance approach maintains the human-likeness from the previous step, and that a social partner can still accurately recognize the motion's intent. As a final step, we maintain the robot's ability to interact with its world by providing it the ability to satisfy constraints. We provide experimental analysis of the effects of constraints on the synthesized human-like robot motion variants.


The Suicided Voice

(for performer/vocalist, the Bodycoder System, live MSP, video streaming & computer graphics)
The Suicided Voice is the second piece in the Vox Circuit Trilogy, a series of interactive vocal works completed in 2007. In this piece the
acoustic voice of the performer is "suicided" and given up to digital processing and physical re-embodiment. Dialogues are created
between acoustic and digital voices. Gender specific registers are willfully subverted and fractured. Extended vocal techniques make
available unusual acoustic resonances that generate rich processing textures and spiral into new acoustic and physical trajectories that
traverse culturally specific boundaries crossing from the human into the virtual, from the real into the mythical. The piece is fully scored,
there are no pre-recorded soundfiles used and no sound manipulation external to the performer's control.

In The Suicided Voice the sensor interface of the Bodycoder System is located on the upper part of the torso. Movement data is mapped to
live processing and manipulation of sound and images. The Bodycoder also provides the performer with real-time access to processing
parameters and patches within the MSP environment. All vocalisations, decisive navigation of the MSP environment and Kinaesonic
expressivity are selected, initiated and manipulated by the performer. The primary expressive functionality of the Bodycoder System is
Kinaesonic. The term Kinaesonic is derived from the compound of two words: Kinaesthetic meaning the movement principles of the body
and Sonic meaning sound. In terms of interactive technology the term Kinaesonic refers to the one-to-one, mapping of sonic effects to
bodily movements. In our practice this is usually executed in real-time. The Suicided Voice was created in residency at the Banff Centre,
Canada and completed in the electro-acoustic music facilities of the University of Huddersfield.

Etch

(for performer/vocalist, the Bodycoder System, live MSP & computer graphics)
Etch is the third work in the Vox Circuit Trilogy (2007). In Etch extended vocal techniques, Yakut and Bell Canto singing, are coupled
with live interactive sound processing and manipulation. Etch calls forth fauna, building soundscapes of glitch infestations, howler tones,
clustering sonic-amphibians, and swirling flocks of synthetic granular flyers. All sounds are derived from the live acoustic voice of the
performer. There are no pre-recorded soundfiles used in this piece and no sound manipulation external to the performer's control. The
ability to initiate, embody and manipulate both the acoustic sound and multiple layers of processed sound manipulated simultaneously on
the limbs – requires a unique kind of perceptual, physical and aural precision. This is particularly evident at moments when the source
vocal articulates of the performer, unheard in the diffused soundscape, enter as seemingly phantom sound cells pitch-changed, fractured
and heavily processed. In such instances the sung score, and the diffused and physically manipulated soundscape seem to separate and the
performer is seen working in counterpoint, articulating an unheard score. Etch is punctuated by such separations and correlations, by choric
expansions, intricate micro constructions and moments when the acoustic voice of the performer soars over and through the soundscape.

Although the Bodycoder interface configuration for Etch is similar to that of The Suicided Voice, located on the upper torso - the
functional protocols and qualities of physical expressivity are completely different. Interface flexibility is a key feature of the Bodycoder
System and allows for the development of interactive works unrestrained by interface limitations or fixed protocols. The flexibility of the
interface does however present a number of challenges for the performer who must be able to adapt to new protocols, adjust and temper her
physical expressivity to the requirements of each piece.

The visual content of both Etch and The Suicided Voice was created in a variety of 2D and 3D packages using original photographic and
video material. Images are processed and manipulated using the same interactive protocols that govern sound manipulation. Content and
processing is mapped to the physical gestures of the performer. As the performer conjures extraordinary voices out of the digital realm, so
she weaves a multi-layered visual environment combining sound, gesture and image to form a powerful 'linguistic intent'.

Etch was created in residency at the Confederation Centre for the Arts on Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia in June 2007.


We study the Cauchy--Dirichlet problem associated to a phase transition modeled upon the degenerate two-phase Stefan problem. We prove that weak solutions are continuous up to the parabolic boundary and quantify the continuity by deriving a modulus. As a byproduct, these a priori regularity results are used to prove the existence of a so-called physical solution.


The genetic structure of Pyrenophora teres , the causal agent of net blotch of barley, was examined in two fields 30 km apart in the south-western Cape of South Africa. The two fields respectively represented a net- and spot-type population, the two types being distinguished on the basis of symptom expression on differentially susceptible cultivars. The number of isolates sampled from each field was 36 for the net-type population and 29 for the spot-type population. Samples were collected from infected barley leaves from two separate quadrants in each field, the two quadrants positioned in corners of the fields, diagonal to one another. Of the 40 10-mer random oligonucleotide primers screened, five produced scorable, reproducible DNA bands suitable for the determination of population structure. A total of 65 loci were produced of which 54 were polymorphic. Genetic analysis of bands produced by one of the primers has revealed single locus segregation in a mating between a net- and spot-type isolate, indicating that RAPD bands can be interpreted as alleles at genetic loci. Total gene diversities determined for all loci resulted in mean indices of 0.063 and 0.082 being obtained respectively for the net- and spot-type populations. Genetic diversity among the two populations was divided into within- (variation between sampling quadrants) and among population components using Nei's G ST . A coefficient of genetic differentiation ( G S ) of 0.0149 was obtained between quadrants within populations while a coefficient ( G T ) of 0.63 was obtained between the two populations. Genotypic variation revealed 13 distinct multilocus genotypes (haplotypes) in the net-type population while there were 12 in the spot-type population. UPGMA cluster analysis of the two populations together with six progeny from a mating between a net- and spot-type isolate resulted in three main clusters being produced, one for each population and one for the progeny. One isolate collected from the net-type population that did not cluster with the other net-type isolates clustered directly next to the cluster containing the sexual progeny. This isolate also contained a unique spot-type DNA band. This suggested that sexual recombination may be occurring between net- and spot-type isolates under field conditions.


The major goal of evoked related potential studies arise in source localization techniques to identify the loci of neural activity that give rise to a particular voltage distribution measured on the surface of the scalp. In this paper we evaluate the effect of the head model adopted in order to estimate the N170 component source in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) patients and control subjects, considering faces and words stimuli. The standardized low resolution brain electromagnetic tomography algorithm (sLORETA) is used to compare between the three shell spherical head model and a fully realistic model based on the ICBM-152 atlas. We compare their variance on source estimation and analyze the impact on the N170 source localization. Results show that the often used three shell spherical model may lead to erroneous solutions, specially on ADHD patients, so its use is not recommended. Our results also suggest that N170 sources are mainly located in the right occipital fusiform gyrus for faces stimuli and in the left occipital fusiform gyrus for words stimuli, for both control subjects and ADHD patients. We also found a notable decrease on the N170 estimated source amplitude on ADHD patients, resulting in a plausible marker of the disease.


This paper provides an overview of what the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) calls "indirect and direct drivers" of change in ecosystem services at a global level. The MA definition of a driver is any natural or human-induced factor that directly or indirectly causes a change in an ecosystem. A direct driver unequivocally influences ecosystem processes. An indirect driver operates more diffusely by altering one or more direct drivers. Global driving forces are categorized as demographic, economic, sociopolitical, cultural and religious, scientific and technological, and physical and biological. Drivers in all categories other than physical and biological are considered indirect. Important direct drivers include changes in climate, plant nutrient use, land conversion, and diseases and invasive species. This paper does not discuss natural drivers such as climate variability, extreme weather events, or volcanic eruptions.


This paper considers ways in which rulers can respond to, generate, or exploit fear of COVID-19 infection for various ends, and in particular distinguishes between 'fear-invoking' and 'fear-minimising' strategies. It examines historical precedent for executive overreach in crises and then moves on to look in more detail at some specific areas where fear is being mobilised or generated: in ways that lead to the suspension of civil liberties; that foster discrimination against minorities; and that boost the personality cult of leaders and limit criticism or competition. Finally, in the Appendix, we present empirical work, based on the results of an original survey in Brazil, that provides support for the conjectures in the previous sections. While it is too early to tell what the longer-term outcomes of the changes we note will be, our purpose here is simply to identify some warning signs that threaten the key institutions and values of democracy.


OBJECTIVE
To determine the magnitude, trends and the main causes of maternal death for Harare Maternity Hospital (HMH) and thereby identify potential areas for interventions.

DESIGN
A descriptive retrospective analysis of maternal mortality data from the institution included in publications and recent annual reports.

SETTING
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Greater Harare Maternity Unit, Zimbabwe.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
The trends in maternal mortality ratios (MMR) and the relative importance of different causes of death between 1976 and 1997.

RESULTS
There was a decline in MMR between 1976 and the early 1980s but there has been a steady increase in MMR for Harare residents from 50/100,000 in 1988 to 224/100,000 in 1997. Sepsis has remained the leading cause of maternal death. There has been a significant increase in indirect deaths due to meningitis, tuberculosis and pneumonia where HIV infection is an underlying factor. Avoidable factors were identified at patient/community, local health facility and at the tertiary hospital. There has been a decline in the quality of care in recent years.

CONCLUSION
Maternal mortality for HMH is unacceptably high and could still be rising. HIV infection has contributed to the worsening picture. Interventions to improve access and quality of care at all levels could lead to significant reduction in maternal deaths.


In the context of collaborative product development, new requirements need to be accommodated for Virtual Prototyping Simulation (VPS), such as distributed processing and the integration of models created using different tools or languages. Existing solutions focus mainly on the implementation of distributed processing, but this paper explores the issues of combining different models (some of which may be proprietary) developed in different software environments. In this paper, we discuss several approaches for developing VPS, and suggest how it can best be integrated into the design process. An approach is developed to improve collaborative work in a VPS development by combining disparate computational models. Specifically, a system framework is proposed to separate the system-level modeling from the computational infrastructure. The implementation of a simple prototype demonstrates that such a paradigm is viable and thus provides a new means for distributed VPS development.Copyright © 2009 by ASME


This gift from one of the greatest twentieth-century Protestant theologians, Paul Tillich, is a collection of hopeful, realistic writings on peace from the years Tillich spent in America. Beginning in 1937, the book documents Tillich's pre-World War II hope of resistance to Hitler and moves to the time before his death in 1965, when Tillich preached frequently on hope. It includes his first public political speech in America, on anti-Semitism, essays on planning for peace, and criticism of the peace thought of John Foster Dulles and Pope John XXIII.