The postwar government of South Africa, led by H.F. Verwoerd, implemented wide-ranging racial segregation laws, beginning the open policy of apartheid in one of Africa's most prosperous and internationally influential states. During the apartheid era, the British government faced an uneasy dilemma: while repudiating apartheid laws it maintained an ambiguous stance towards the South African government. As black South African's were reduced to the status of non-citizens after the 1970 Citizenship Act, increasing numbers of exiles and fugitives were finding refuge in Britain, which was now home to a growing anti-apartheid protest movement. This is the first book to examine the British support for the anti-apartheid movement among its own black communities. Elizabeth Williams highlights the connection between domestic anti-racism struggles and the struggle in South Africa, showing how black Britons who were themselves fighting racism in British society identified and expressed solidarity with black South Africans during the Apartheid years. Williams further assesses the way in which Black communities in Britain viewed Margaret Thatcher's support of South Africa despite the international call for sanctions. Featuring the work of acclaimed documentary photographer and civil rights activist Vanley Burke, this will be an essential book for students and scholars of race, British history, international relations, post-colonial studies and South African history.


Horizontal curves on roadways are the site of numerous crashes and motorist deaths each year. Traditional methods to warn drivers of curve hazards, including static roadside signs, are sometimes ineffective at influencing driver behavior for reasons such as driver acclimation to inconsistency in posted advisory speeds. In-vehicle curve warning devices (CWDs) may be an effective alternative for reducing the number of collisions at curves. Multi-modality displays have elicited positive driver results and should be further explored. The objective of this study was to determine the most effective curve warning system using on-road performance and subjective evaluation. Two top-performing warning stimulus presentations, as determined by a recent simulator study, were tested at the Virginia Smart Road closed test highway. Both warnings exhibited auditory (speech) and visual (Heads Down Display) stimuli, however one included a throttle pushback haptic stimulus and the other did not. No on-road studies of this type of haptic stimulus, nor of CWDs, have been published to date. Forty-eight individuals, 24 age 18-25 years and 24 age >60 years, participated in the study. A 2 (Age) x 3 (Stimulus Presentation) between-subjects design was used to examine participant performance and ratings for the first "surprise" experience with the stimulus while driving on the Smart Road, and a 2x3 mixed factors design examined stimulus as a repeated measure. Participant braking reaction times, speed, and subjective evaluations were compared between stimulus presentations as well as driver age. Throttle reaction times and brake reaction times were significantly quicker, and curve entry speed significantly closer to an advisory speed for participants receiving a warning presentation than those without a warning presentation at α=0.05. No statistical differences between objective measures were found between the stimulus presentation with the haptic and the stimulus presentation without the haptic stimulus. Age was a significant main effect as older drivers reached more appropriate curve entry speeds than younger drivers. Driver risk-taking style was significantly related to age and to curve entry speed. During an interview, participants demonstrated higher comprehension when presented with the stimulus lacking the haptic component, and ranked this presentation higher, though ratings gathered from questionnaires were not significantly different between the two stimulus presentations. Driver comments were examined using a content analysis technique organized by design guideline topics. Discussion was presented in terms of four main research questions and recommendations toward CWD design guidelines were developed based on the objective and subjective results of this study. In addition, this research developed a foundation for further on-road testing of CWDs and other multi-modal in-vehicle warning systems.


Biff, Chip and Kipper Stories: Decode and Develop are exciting new titles in the Oxford Reading Tree series. The stories continue to provide storylines full of humour and drama, with familiar settings and characters. They also support children's transition from fully decodable readers, such as Floppy's Phonics, to a richer, wider reading experience with high-interest vocabulary. Books contain inside cover notes to support children in their reading. Help with children's reading development is also available at www.oxfordowl.co.uk.


We aim at unveiling the observational imprint of physical mechanisms that govern planetary formation in young, multiple systems. In particular, we investigate the impact of tidal truncation on the inner circumstellar disks. We observed the emblematic system GG Tau at high-angular resolution: a hierarchical quadruple system composed of low-mass T Tauri binary stars surrounded by a well-studied, massive circumbinary disk in Keplerian rotation. We used the near-IR 4-telescope combiner PIONIER on the VLTI and sparse-aperture-masking techniques on VLT/NaCo to probe this proto-planetary system at sub-AU scales. We report the discovery of a significant closure-phase signal in H and Ks bands that can be reproduced with an additional low-mass companion orbiting GG Tau Ab, at a (projected) separation rho = 31.7 +/- 0.2mas (4.4 au) and PA = 219.6 +/- 0.3deg. This finding offers a simple explanation for several key questions in this system, including the missing-stellar-mass problem and the asymmetry of continuum emission from the inner dust disks observed at millimeter wavelengths. Composed of now five co-eval stars with 0.02 <= Mstar <= 0.7 Msun, the quintuple system GG Tau has become an ideal test case to constrain stellar evolution models at young ages (few 10^6yr).


Law school faculty engaged in externship teaching have long recognized that the tripartite nature of externship practice, which joins law students, field supervisors, and faculty supervisors in the common enterprise of providing students with opportunities to observe, participate in, and reflect on the work that lawyers do in various practice settings, gives rise to ethical issues that are in some ways distinct from the ethical issues commonly encountered in in-house clinical settings. This article explores the challenges facing each of the externship players with respect to a number of such issues, all clustering around three central professional obligations lawyers owe to clients and others for whom they perform legal work: the duty to keep confidential client and other workplace information; the duty to avoid conflicts of interests in client representation and in the adjudicative process; and the duty of competence, the first ethical duty announced in the Model Rules of Professional Conduct. The article presents case scenarios as the context for an examination of these issues from the vantage point of each of the externship players: the extern, whose participation in an externship program will require him to engage with ethical issues on a regular basis; the field supervisor, who is intent on adhering to the highest professional standards in the work setting and who, under most student practice rules, is charged with professional responsibility for the extern's legal work; and the faculty supervisor, whose professional and pedagogical interests lie in ensuring that her externship program complies with all applicable ethical standards. It then proposes protocols to assist the players in meeting their respective ethical obligations. These protocols provide guidance for protecting the confidentiality of client or workplace information while allowing externs - in journal entries, tutorials, and seminar meetings - to discuss the important personal, professional, and systemic issues raised by their field experiences. They suggest practices that will enable externs, field supervisors, and faculty supervisors first to identify, and then either to avoid or cure, conflicts presented by externs' obligations to previous or current clients, their personal interests or activities, or their relationships to third parties. Finally, they outline strategies for structuring field placement experiences, supervisory interactions, and seminar curricula in ways that will help students to develop the skills and professional habits they will need to provide competent representation to their clients.


Abstract. Recent developments in UAV technology and structure from motion techniques have effected that UAVs are becoming standard platforms for 3D data collection. Because of their flexibility and ability to reach inaccessible urban parts, drones appear as optimal solution for urban applications. Building reconstruction from the data collected with UAV has the important potential to reduce labour cost for fast update of already reconstructed 3D cities. However, especially for updating of existing scenes derived from different sensors (e.g. airborne laser scanning), a proper quality assessment is necessary. The objective of this paper is thus to evaluate the potential of UAV imagery as an information source for automatic 3D building modeling at LOD2. The investigation process is conducted threefold: (1) comparing generated SfM point cloud to ALS data; (2) computing internal consistency measures of the reconstruction process; (3) analysing the deviation of Check Points identified on building roofs and measured with a tacheometer. In order to gain deep insight in the modeling performance, various quality indicators are computed and analysed. The assessment performed according to the ground truth shows that the building models acquired with UAV-photogrammetry have the accuracy of less than 18 cm for the plannimetric position and about 15 cm for the height component.


Background: Breast cancer recurrences in previously irradiated areas are treated with reirradiation (reRT) and hyperthermia (HT). The aim of this retrospective study is to quantify the toxicity of HT in breast cancer patients with reconstruction. Methods: Between 1992 and 2009, 36 patients were treated with reRT with a scheme of 8 fractions of 4.0 Gy in 4 weeks, and HT on a total of 37 tissue reconstructions. The types of reconstructions were: split-thickness skin graft (15), transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap (1), latissimus dorsi flap (14), rhomboid flap (1) or a combination of grafts and flaps (6). Toxicities were graded according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE), version 3.0. Patient, tumour, and treatment characteristics predictive for the endpoints were identified in univariate and multivariate analyses. The primary endpoint was HT toxicity. Secondary endpoints were acute and late radiotherapy (RT) toxicity, complete response (CR), local control (LC) and overall survival (OS). Results: The median follow-up time was 64 months. Grade 2 HT toxicity occurred in four patients and grade 3 in three. The three patients with grade 3 HT toxicity required reoperation. None of the evaluated parameters showed a significant relationship with HT toxicity. The CR rate in 15 patients with macroscopic disease was 80%. The 3 and 5 year LC rates were 74% and 69%; the median OS was 55 months. Conclusions: Combined reRT and HT in breast cancer patients with reconstruction is safe and effective.


Improving the road network according to the principles of self-explaining roads is a promising way to increase the level of safety; however, there are no universal guidelines on how to measure and improve the self-explaining performance of existing roads. To apply this approach on Czech national roads, the present study was conducted, consisting of five steps: (a) automated segmentation into tangents and horizontal curves; (b) collection of floating car data and calculation of speed; (c) development of multivariate speed models for estimation of speed, including on segments not covered by floating car data; (d) networkwide application of the models and evaluation of speed consistency, such as differences in speeds on tangents and following curves; and (e) identification of substandard curves, and categorization and proposal of optimization for consistent placement of traffic control devices or reconstructions. The paper describes all the steps as well as several checks conducted along the way, such as comparison of profile speed and floating car speed, interpretation of regression models, and validation of predicted speed consistency against long-term average crash frequency. The methodology has been certified for use in practice and will be applied by the Czech national road agency.


Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a form of synaptic plasticity thought to underlie processes of learning and memory in the brain. A number of kinases and phosphatases mediate signals in cells undergoing LTP; phosphorylation generally promotes LTP, whereas phosphatase activation and consequent protein dephosphorylation appear to inhibit synaptic plasticity and memory storage. Although results with knockout animals have been generally consistent with this scheme, the possibility of developmental effects or other permanent changes in synaptic function have limited the strength of the conclusions that could be drawn. To avoid these caveats and to test the role of the phosphatase calcineurin (CN) in learning, memory, and LTP, Malleret et al. generated transgenic mice in which regional and temporal control of CN activity was controlled by a reverse tetracycline-controlled transactivator system. Acute expression of an autoinhibitory domain of CN, which inhibited CN activity by about 40%, facilitated LTP in brain slices in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, inhibition of CN enhanced short-term and long-term memory in behavioral assays, and it is noteworthy that these effects were reversible when expression of the inhibitor was terminated. The authors thus propose CN as a potential therapeutic target in treatment of memory loss or learning disorders. G. Malleret, U. Haditsch, D. Genoux, M. W. Jones, T. V. P. Bliss, A. M. Vanhoose, C. Weitlauf, E. R. Kandel, D. G. Winder, I. M. Mansuy, Inducible and reversible enhancement of learning, memory, and long-term potentiation by genetic inhibition of calcineurin. Cell 104, 675-686 (2001). [Online Journal]


In some countries, particularly developing countries, agroindustr y is considered one of its driving force in the economy of the country. This research aims to analyze the role of agroindustry sector to the economy of lower Rokan through input-output structure of the review. The data used in this research in the form of input-output table on the basis of producer price in 2011 with 18 x 18 classification of sectors and sourced from Bappeda of Kabupaten Rokan Hilir. The research results showed: First, agroindustry have a high role to the economy of Kabupaten Rokan Hilir. The two sectors of the agro-industries which have a high contribution of the industrial sector is in a row of wood, sawn and processed, the industrial sector of food, beverages and tobacco. Second , from the output's side, a component of the establishment of agro-industries sector output was more driven by investment, followed by exports and consumption. Third , from the input's side, the sectors of agro-industries are more driven by the producer surplus, folowed by wage-salaries and intermediate input. Based on these result, in order to encourage economic growth in agro-industries then it needs to be an effort to increase investment either by government or businessmen through the accumulation of capital comes from the surplus business. One of attempts to increased the investment is accumulation of capital source from producer surplus. Keywords : the role of agroindustr y sector , input-output table, producer surplus


Background: Due to the expansion of addiction treatment clinics and the costs that these clinics incur on the government and the families of addicts, monitoring the performance of these clinics and the need to pay attention to the principles of management, efficiency, and effectiveness is essential. Objectives: The present study was conducted to identify the factors affecting the management of addiction treatment clinics. Methods: The present study is a descriptive-applied and cross-sectional study conducted in 2019. Experts and academic experts have been considered as the research community, and 18 people were selected as the research sample by the purposeful snowball method. Data collection tools were the review of relevant national and international documents as well as semi-structured exploratory interviews. Finally, after collecting information from the interview sections and reviewing the sources, the data foundation and coding methods (open, axial, and selective) were used to classify the data. Results: The findings of the study showed that the effective factors in the management of addiction treatment clinics are dimensions such as organization, planning, control, guidance as well as leadership and treatment management. Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, it can be concluded that the effective factors in the management of addiction treatment clinics can be a good basis to evaluate managers so that the policies and programs of the organization can be upgraded, modified, and reviewed.


In this paper, we demonstrate a fiber Bragg grating sensor for bio-chemical detection. In the sensor area, the fiber has been chemically etched to the core with a diameter of 7 μm. Due to increased index contrast, the etched-core fiber Bragg grating supports multiple guided modes which respond differently to the refractive index of the surrounding medium, temperature and the strain. An asymmetric adiabatic taper is created between the etched and the unetched parts of the fiber resulting in excitation of both the symmetrical and the asymmetrical modes which can be interrogated with an erbium doped fiber amplifier amplified spontaneous emission source. The sensor is integrated with a Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic channel for introduction of chemicals to be tested. A refractive index sensitivity of 92 nm/riu was achieved using the 3rd order mode. Further the sensor can simultaneously measure the refractive index, temperature and strain to an accuracy of 1 × 10-4, 0.32°C and 10 με assuming a wavelength resolution of 0.01 nm. By using signal processing, these resolutions can be improved by a factor of 10.


IZA DP No. 15478 AUGUST 2022 We Need to Talk about Mechanical Turk: What 22,989 Hypothesis Tests Tell Us about Publication Bias and p-Hacking in Online Experiments* Amazon Mechanical Turk is a very widely-used tool in business and economics research, but how trustworthy are results from well-published studies that use it? Analyzing the universe of hypotheses tested on the platform and published in leading journals between 2010 and 2020 we find evidence of widespread p-hacking, publication bias and over-reliance on results from plausibly under-powered studies. Even ignoring questions arising from the characteristics and behaviors of study recruits, the conduct of the research community itself erode substantially the credibility of these studies' conclusions. The extent of the problems vary across the business, economics, management and marketing research fields (with marketing especially afflicted). The problems are not getting better over time and are much more prevalent than in a comparison set of non-online experiments. We explore correlates of increased credibility. JEL Classification: B41, C13, C40, C90


Formal chariot racing was a sophisticated and popular sport for over 1800 years, from Etruria in the 6th c. B.C. down to the fall of Constantinople, and the races held in a large number of circuses and hippodromes imply that huge numbers of racing chariots were made over the course of those centuries. It may therefore be thought surprising that no racing machine has been found, but the dearth of such hardware is plausible given the perishable wood and leather components of the lightweight vehicles and the desirability of recycling the metal parts. In this situation a particular artifact must be accorded special significance. It is a hand-sized bronze model of a Roman racing biga, known as the Tiber model because found in the river. Dated to the 1st-2nd c. A.D., it is now on display in the British Museum (GR 1894.10-30.1, Bronze 2694). With this model as our guide, all the major dimensions of Roman racing chariots have been reasonably well determined; further, several technical aspects (some obvious, others quite subtle) of actual racing chariots can be established from it. Among the subtle details of the model, one feature is especially intriguing in view of the remarkably realistic work of its maker, who was clearly knowledgeable in matters large and small of vehicular racing. As first mentioned to me by J. Swaddling of the British Museum during our latest study of the model (November 2014), an unusual tire configuration is apparently represented on this all-bronze model: the right wheel has a slightly raised rim, as if to indicate a thin iron tire, but the left wheel lacks this feature (fig. 1). This asymmetrical arrangement is not only curious, it also implies extra work and expense. What, then, could be the reason for it? One possibility for having apparently only one tire on the Tiber model — which was probably a toy for a rich individual; the emperor Nero, an avid racer, was said to play with toy chariots — is that two different castings were used in the toy's production, and either one could have been used in the assembly, in random selection from a box.


Optical absorption is closely associated with many physiological important parameters, such as the concentration and oxygen saturation of hemoglobin, and it can be used to quantify the concentrations of nonfluorescent molecules. We propose a method to use acoustic spectra of photoacoustic signals to quantify the absolute optical absorption. This method is self-calibrating and thus insensitive to variations in the optical fluence. Factors such as system bandwidth and acoustic attenuation can affect the quantification but can be canceled by dividing the acoustic spectra measured at two optical wavelengths. Using optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy, we quantified the absolute optical absorption of black ink samples with various concentrations. We also quantified both the concentration and oxygen saturation of hemoglobin in a live mouse in absolute units.


The performance of various fundamental movement skills is important for children with movement difficulties (MD) to be successful in physical education and play. The current study aimed to provide a detailed understanding of the aspects impaired in the performance of static and dynamic locomotor and object control skills among children with MD, identified with the Movement Assessment Battery for Children, relative to their same-aged peers without MD. Children, 7–10 years, were recruited from three elementary schools. Eighteen children with MD (mean age = 9.14 years, SD = 0.97) and 18 without MD (mean age = 9.12 years, SD = 0.97) participated in the study. Quantitative and qualitative aspects of their movement performance were assessed using the Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD-2) and PE Metrics. Children with MD demonstrated significantly poorer performance than children without MD for locomotor skills on the PE Metrics and object control skills on both the TGMD-2 and PE Metrics. The findings of this...


Maritime security has become major concerns of all coastal states, and the fundamental requirement is "maritime domain awareness" via identification, tracking and monitoring of vessels within their waters. We first identify candidate technologies and systems for different types of vessels. These systems have been designed and provided with regulatory framework for other reasons such as sustainable fishery, search and rescue, environmental protection, navigational safety, etc. We then present the results of a feasibility study on the application and integration of the technologies and facilities of these systems for maritime security. The technologies such as automatic identification systems (AIS), Inmarsat-C, and digital selective calling (DSC) and GSM are investigated with regard to the propagation/coverage, cost, reliability, etc. based on sea trials and field tests of prototype subsystems. Finally, we propose an integrated vessel identification and monitoring system and present a prototype system to demonstrate the display and fusion of targets from various sources including radar surveillance.


Hypoxia represents an important element of the solid tumor microenvironment and contributes to tumorigenesis and resistance to chemo- and radiation therapy. Hypoxia can modulate cell cycle progression although the mechanisms involved remain unclear. The Cdc25A dual specificity phosphatase promotes cell cycle progression by dephosphorylating and activating cyclin-dependent kinases. Cdc25A is the master regulator of the cell cycle and its disruption induces cell cycle arrest in cancer cells. The recent observation that under hypoxic conditions, levels of Cdc25A protein and mRNA are decreased led to the hypothesis that hypoxia-mediated reduction in Cdc25A may represent a novel mechanism in the hypoxic regulation of the cell cycle. Given the prominent role of Cdc25A in regulating the cell cycle and the proposed changes in Cdc25A protein and mRNA under hypoxic conditions, it was hypothesized that Cdc25A plays an essential role in hypoxia-mediated cell cycle arrest in human tumor cells. The specific aims were to: 1) examine the mechanism of Cdc25A downregulation in response to hypoxia, 2) determine the role HIF-1α in Cdc25A regulation and cell cycle arrest, and 3) determine if Cdc25A downregulation is required for hypoxia-induced cell cycle arrest. Under hypoxic conditions, Cdc25A protein levels were specifically and reversibly suppressed. It was found that Cdc25A mRNA levels are significantly decreased by a p21-dependent mechanism. In addition, suppression of Cdc25A was independent of p53. Loss of Cdc25A protein occurred in the absence of checkpoint activation. Recent evidence has linked the microRNA miR-21 to Cdc25A and hypoxia. It is shown here that miR-21 was required for Cdc25A mRNA suppression in hypoxic colon cancer cells and miR-21 levels were increased under hypoxic conditions. The HIF-1α transcription factor was not required for suppression of Cdc25A but must be present for hypoxia-induced cell cycle arrest. Under hypoxic conditions, cells undergo p21- and miR-21- S-phase cell cycle arrest. This study proposes a novel mechanism of transient regulation of Cdc25A via the p21- and miR-21-dependent regulation of mRNA levels in hypoxic cells leading to cell cycle arrest. This previously unknown mechanism may confer protection from hypoxic conditions, contributing to cell survival and the observed resistance to chemo- and radiation therapy.


PURPOSE
The human lens fiber cell insoluble membrane fraction contains important membrane proteins, cytoskeletal proteins, and cytosolic proteins that are strongly associated with the membrane. The purpose of this study was to characterize the lens fiber cell membrane proteome and phosphoproteome from human lenses.

METHODS
HPLC-mass spectrometry-based multidimensional protein identification technology (MudPIT), without or with phosphopeptide enrichment, was applied to study the proteome and phosphoproteome of lens fiber cell membranes, respectively.

RESULTS
In total, 951 proteins were identified, including 379 integral membrane and membrane-associated proteins. Enriched gene categories and pathways based on the proteomic analysis include carbohydrate metabolism (glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, pentose phosphate pathway, pyruvate metabolism), proteasome, cell-cell signaling and communication (GTP binding, gap junction, focal adhesion), glutathione metabolism, and actin regulation. The combination of TiO(2) phosphopeptide enrichment and MudPIT analysis revealed 855 phosphorylation sites on 271 proteins, including 455 phosphorylation sites that have not been previously identified. PKA, PKC, CKII, p38MAPK, and RSK are predicted as the major kinases for phosphorylation on the sites identified in the human lens membrane fraction.

CONCLUSIONS
The results presented herein significantly expand the characterized proteome and phosphoproteome of the human lens fiber cell and provide a valuable reference for future research in studies of lens development and disease.


Federal and regional authorities are currently preparing for a possible influenza pandemic caused by a new human influenza virus subtype. Ethical discussions in the context of such a pandemic were not systematically held within the Public Health scientific community in Germany as yet. This deficit is being approached by the authors. They plea for a systematic conception of a Public Health Ethics framework. Normative benchmarks can be set within such a framework that are more adequate for the discussion than the traditional ethical principles used within medical ethics. Public Health Ethics is an applied ethics that can be utilised for Public Health scientists and policy makers to give them advice and counsel them for a morally acceptable public health practice. The authors present a concise set of ethical principles that are applied in this article to the challenges of an influenza pandemic.


An external reference system suitable for deep space navigation can be defined by fast spinning and strongly magnetized neutron stars, called pulsars. Their beamed periodic signals have timing stabilities comparable to atomic clocks and provide characteristic temporal signatures that can be used as natural navigation beacons, quite similar to the use of GPS satellites for navigation on Earth. By comparing pulse arrival times measured on-board a spacecraft with predicted pulse arrivals at a reference location, the spacecraft position can be determined autonomously and with high accuracy everywhere in the solar system and beyond. The unique properties of pulsars make clear already today that such a navigation system will have its application in future astronautics. In this paper we describe the basic principle of spacecraft navigation using pulsars and report on the current development status of this novel technology. (© 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)


The economic crisis has meant that radical left parties in Europe have been faced with changing socioeconomic environments. In this study we examine how European radical left parties have responded to the crisis in terms of their societal mobilization strategies and seek to explain their responses. Discussions in the relevant literature advocate that party-specific characteristics matter greatly in how parties mobilize in society and establish relations with social groups in times of stability. But do they continue to be as important at times of dramatic change, when new realities emerge in society? We look at the cases of the Greek (Greek Communist Party and Coalition of the Radical Left), Irish (Sinn Féin), Portuguese (Portuguese Communist Party and Bloco) and Spanish (Spanish Communist Party/United Left) radical left parties, which are alike at the country level but exhibit differences at the party level. Utilizing data from an original expert survey, we show that both ideology and organizational legacy throw considerable light on the observed variation among the six radical left parties' societal responses to the crisis. In this way, they ensure continuity rather than change.


Mary Wigman was not only a leading proponent of the early twentieth-century Expressionist dance movement, but also a writer of poetry and short poetic prose. Despite her assertion that dance was beyond language, she wrote often about dance in an attempt to articulate the kinesthetic experience of dance through languages. This interdisciplinary study explores the intersection of dance and writing for Wigman, focusing on gender coding in writing and dance within the context of early twentieth-century dialogues. Despite the pervasive equation of (feminine) hysteria with dance and (masculine) subjectivity with authorship, Wigman engaged in both activities. I argue that Wigman is able to reclaim and redefine the "hysteria" of the dance experience through writing about dance. In her dance poetry, the act of looking at herself in a mirror as she dances allows Wigman to circumvent the traditional objectification through the male gaze experienced by the female dancer. Through the act of writing, Wigman asserts her subjectivity, taking control of the out-of-body experience of dance creation.


International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 382, Iceberg Alley and Subantarctic Ice and Ocean Dynamics, investigated the long-term climate history of Antarctica, seeking to understand how polar ice sheets responded to changes in insolation and atmospheric CO2 in the past and how ice sheet evolution influenced global sea level and vice versa. Five sites (U1534–U1538) were drilled east of the Drake Passage: two sites at 53.2°S at the northern edge of the Scotia Sea and three sites at 57.4°–59.4°S in the southern Scotia Sea. We recovered continuously deposited late Neogene sediment to reconstruct the past history and variability in Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS) mass loss and associated changes in oceanic and atmospheric circulation.

The sites from the southern Scotia Sea (Sites U1536–U1538) will be used to study the Neogene flux of icebergs through "Iceberg Alley," the main pathway along which icebergs calved from the margin of the AIS travel as they move equatorward into the warmer waters of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC). In particular, sediments from this area will allow us to assess the magnitude of iceberg flux during key times of AIS evolution, including the following:

 The middle Miocene glacial intensification of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet,
 The mid-Pliocene warm period,
 The late Pliocene glacial expansion of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet,
 The mid-Pleistocene transition (MPT), and
 The "warm interglacials" and glacial terminations of the last 800 ky.

We will use the geochemical provenance of iceberg-rafted detritus and other glacially eroded material to determine regional sources of AIS mass loss. We will also address interhemispheric phasing of ice sheet growth and decay, study the distribution and history of land-based versus marine-based ice sheets around the continent over time, and explore the links between AIS variability and global sea level.

By comparing north–south variations across the Scotia Sea between the Pirie Basin (Site U1538) and the Dove Basin (Sites U1536 and U1537), Expedition 382 will also deliver critical information on how climate changes in the Southern Ocean affect ocean circulation through the Drake Passage, meridional overturning in the region, water mass production, ocean–atmosphere CO2 transfer by wind-induced upwelling, sea ice variability, bottom water outflow from the Weddell Sea, Antarctic weathering inputs, and changes in oceanic and atmospheric fronts in the vicinity of the ACC.

Comparing changes in dust proxy records between the Scotia Sea and Antarctic ice cores will also provide a detailed reconstruction of changes in the Southern Hemisphere westerlies on millennial and orbital timescales for the last 800 ky. Extending the ocean dust record beyond the last 800 ky will help to evaluate dust-climate couplings since the Pliocene, the potential role of dust in iron fertilization and atmospheric CO2 drawdown during glacials, and whether dust input to Antarctica played a role in the MPT.

The principal scientific objective of Subantarctic Front Sites U1534 and U1535 at the northern limit of the Scotia Sea is to reconstruct and understand how ocean circulation and intermediate water formation responds to changes in climate with a special focus on the connectivity between the Atlantic and Pacific basins, the "cold water route." The Subantarctic Front contourite drift, deposited between 400 and 2000 m water depth on the northern flank of an east–west trending trough off the Chilean continental shelf, is ideally situated to monitor millennial- to orbital-scale variability in the export of Antarctic Intermediate Water beneath the Subantarctic Front. During Expedition 382, we recovered continuously deposited sediments from this drift spanning the late Pleistocene (from ~0.78 Ma to recent) and from the late Pliocene (~3.1–2.6 Ma). These sites are expected to yield a wide array of paleoceanographic records that can be used to interpret past changes in the density structure of the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean, track migrations of the Subantarctic Front, and give insights into the role and evolution of the cold water route over significant climate episodes, including the following:

 The most recent warm interglacials of the late Pleistocene and
 The intensification of Northern Hemisphere glaciation.


NIKOLAJ FROBENIUS'S 2004 novel, Teori og praksis (Theory and Practice (1)) instigated a passionate debate about the reputation of Rykkinn, the suburban planned community in which the novel is set. Although warmly received by literary critics, the book was viewed by many readers as a dishonest and disloyal portrait of a place that perpetuated negative stereotypes and damaged the reputation of the community. As a result of massive media attention, Frobenius subsequently appeared on a nationally televised debate about Rykkinn with comedian and fellow Rykkinn-native Harald Eia and participated in a tension-filled town meeting regarding his portrayal of the community. In this article, I explore some of the theoretical implications of this debate, particularly regarding the meaning of place in late modern identity construction and the conceptual gray area between fact and fiction, both of which are primary preoccupations in Teori og praksis. In order to do this, I focus on the relationship between three texts: the novel itself, historian Vidar Enebakk's critique of the novel published in the journal Arr, and Frobenius's reflections on the debate in the essay "Rasende drabanter" [furious satellites/henchmen], which was published the year after in the journal Samtiden. In addition, I will touch on the 2011 film adaptation of the novel, Sonner av Norge (Sons of Norway), for which Frobenius himself wrote the screenplay. I do so in order to examine the rhetorical strategies Frobenius employs the transformation of his text from individualistic artistic expression into a collective memorial through the course of the debate. I see this as a strategy that forces a previously hostile audience to re-evaluate Teori og praksis by appealing directly to their sense of a collective ethos in a way that the original text rather uncompromisingly refuses to do. The novel itself is a multi-modal artifact containing both reproductions of photographs and other documents as well as substantial paratextual material in addition to the diegetic narrative. It thus seems appropriate to consider the ensuing debate together with the novel as one interconnected multi-modal textual nexus. (2) The fact that Frobenius later collaborated on the film adaptation of the novel and indeed in a 2011 lecture explicitly described the novel and film as two components of one large "mislykket" [failed] project, (3) supports the notion that Teori og praksis is not just a discrete literary text, but rather an aesthetic and critical project that exceeds genre boundaries. TEORI OG PRAKSIS In this section, I will examine three of the most striking aspects of the novel, namely Frobenius's experimentation with literary self representation, the multi-modality of the text, and the primacy of place in the narrative. Frobenius opens Teori og praksis with a footnote to the word "roman" [novel], which appears on the title page as a genre designation. The footnote is, according to Frobenius, a "bruksanvisning" [instruction manual] for the reader, and ostensibly at least it portrays the author's state of mind at some point of crisis during a late stage in the writing of the manuscript. The author is referred to only in the third person ("han" [he]), and we are told that "i flere uker (21 dager, snart 22) har han ikke klart a tenke pa annet enn dette: Hvor slutter selvbiografien ... og hvor begynner romanen?" (5) [for many weeks (21 days, soon 22) he had not been able to think about anything other that this: Where does autobiography end ... and where does the novel begin?]. The reader rather quickly deduces that the protagonist of the novel (as well as the narrator of its extradiegetic material, which includes notes, prologue, and epilogue) is to be understood as a fictional version of the historical author Nikolaj Frobenius and that the narrator who describes the thoughts and actions of the fictional Frobenius is also to be understood as being (a version of) Nikolaj Frobenius. …


Electrical grids are highly complex and dynamic systems that can be unreliable, insecure, and inefficient in serving end consumers. The promise of Smart Grids lies in the architecting and developing of intelligent distributed and networked systems for automated monitoring and controlling of the grid to improve performance. We have designed an agent-oriented architecture for a simulation which can help in understanding Smart Grid issues and in identifying ways to improve the electrical grid. We focus primarily on the self-healing problem, which concerns methodologies for activating control solutions to take preventative actions or to handle problems after they occur. We present software design issues that must be considered in producing a system that is flexible, adaptable and scalable. Agent-based systems provide a paradigm for conceptualizing, designing, and implementing software systems. Agents are sophisticated computer programs that can act autonomously and communicate with each other across open and distributed environments. We present design issues that are appropriate in developing a Multi-agent System (MAS) for the grid. Our MAS is implemented in the Java Agent Development Framework (JADE). Our Smart Grid Simulation uses many types of agents to acquire and monitor data, support decision making, and represent devices, controls, alternative power sources, the environment, management functions, and user interfaces.


The Obama administration has continued and deepened a longstanding practice of White House control over rules developed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), with cost-benefit analysis as the guiding framework. The Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA) is the central player in this structure: it reviews, under a cost-benefit rubric, all agency rules that it deems "significant" under executive orders mandating this review. EPA rules deemed significant by OIRA are not issued without OIRA's imprimatur.As I explain in this article, OIRA's actual practice in reviewing agency rules departs considerably from the structure created by the executive orders governing OIRA's process of regulatory review. The distribution of decision-making authority is ad hoc and chaotic rather than predictable and ordered; the rules reviewed are mostly not economically significant but rather, in many cases, are merely of special interest to OIRA staffers; rules fail OIRA review for a variety of reasons, some extra-legal and some simply mysterious; there are no longer any meaningful deadlines for OIRA review; and OIRA does not follow – or allow agencies to follow – most of the transparency requirements of the relevant executive order. Describing the OIRA process as it actually operates today goes a long way toward previewing the substantive problems with it. The process is utterly opaque. It rests on assertions of decision-making authority that are inconsistent with the statutes the agencies administer. The process diffuses power to such an extent – acceding, depending on the situation, to the views of other Cabinet officers, career staff in other agencies, White House economic offices, members of Congress, the White House Chief of Staff, OIRA career staff, and many more – that at the end of the day no one is accountable for the results it demands (or blocks, in the case of the many rules stalled at OIRA). And, through it all, environmental rules are especially hard hit, from the number of such rules reviewed to the scrutiny they receive to the changes they suffer in the course of the process.My main project here is descriptive. Misunderstandings of the OIRA process abound. Too often these misunderstandings are perpetuated by, or not contradicted by, the very personnel who have been involved in the process. I hope that the descriptive account I provide here, aimed at correcting the misimpressions that have grown up around OIRA review, will help to renew the debate over the role of OIRA and the larger White House in agency rulemaking.


A three-dimensional (3D) numerical implementation of the limit analysis upper-bound theorem is used to determine passive horizontal earth-pressure coefficients. An extension technique allowing determination of the 3D passive earth pressures for any width-to-height ratios greater than 7 is presented. The horizontal passive earth-pressure coefficients are presented and compared with solutions published previously. Results of the ratio between the 3D and two-dimensional horizontal passive earth-pressure coefficients are shown and found to be almost independent of the soil-to-wall friction ratio. A simple equation is proposed for calculating this passive earth-pressure ratio.


In the fall of 1980, Genentech, Inc., a little-known California genetic engineering company, became the overnight darling of Wall Street, raising over $38 million in its initial public stock offering. Lacking marketed products or substantial profit, the firm nonetheless saw its share price escalate from $35 to $89 in the first few minutes of trading, at that point the largest gain in stock market history. Coming at a time of economic recession and declining technological competitiveness in the United States, the event provoked banner headlines and ignited a period of speculative frenzy over biotechnology as a revolutionary means for creating new and better kinds of pharmaceuticals, untold profit, and a possible solution to national economic malaise. Drawing from an unparalleled collection of interviews with early biotech players, Sally Smith Hughes offers the first book-length history of this pioneering company. Hughes provides intimate portraits of the people significant to Genentech's science and business, including co-founders Herbert Boyer and Robert Swanson, and in doing so sheds new light on how personality affects the growth of science. By placing Genentech's founders, followers, opponents, victims, and beneficiaries in context, Hughes also demonstrates how science interacts with commercial and legal interests and university research, and with government regulation, venture capital, and commercial profits. Integrating the scientific, the corporate, the contextual, and the personal, Genentech tells the story of biotechnology as it is not often told, as a risky and improbable entrepreneurial venture that had to overcome a number of powerful forces working against it.


Korea's youth unemployment problem has continued to worsen since 2004. According to an E24, J64, an analysis of raw data from Statistics Korea's Economically Active Population Survey and Supplementary Results of the Economically Active Population Survey on Youths to confirm whether youth unemployment affects all youths, more youths were delaying graduation or taking leaves of absence due to unemployment. In addition, the degree of hardship experienced was found to differ among youths: the younger and less educated tended to suffer more, and women tended to suffer more than men. Meanwhile, an analysis of whether the youth unemployment problem had a negative impact on the quality of youth jobs showed that, contrary to speculation, during the period between 2004 and 2011 the quality of jobs improved or at least remained the same in almost every respect, including wage levels, percentage of permanent or above-one-year contract positions, and social insurance subscriptions. According to a time-series analysis of the effect of business size on wages performed to investigate the cause of this phenomenon by applying an estimated wage function, during the period from 2004 to 2011, the wage premium according to business size increased among not only youths but all wage workers. Such a result contradicts the government's previous claim that youth unemployment can be solved by creating "decent jobs." While it is important to create "decent jobs," what is also important is to bridge the gap in the quality of jobs. In other words, it is necessary to improve the quality of jobs located in the margins of the job ladder in order to solve the youth unemployment issue, and achieving this requires improvement of the competitiveness and working conditions at small and mediumsized enterprises and middle-standing enterprises.


In her otherwise excellent review article, Signaling molecules in regenerating hydra('), Brigitte Galliot tells us that 'the hydra regeneration process is epimorphic', and mentions the 'contradictory usages in the literature'of that term. She then cites Goss' definitiod2) of epimorphic regeneration as follows: 'Epimorphic regeneration refers to the regrowth of amputated structures from an anatomical (sic) complex stump. This may involve either (the) replacement of parts of appendages or (the) regeneration of fractions of organisms into new complete individuals after their bisection. ' We are then informed that 'in contrast to other cases of epimorphic regeneration, hydra regeneration mostly follows a morphallactic process, meaning that it does not depend on cell proliferation('). If we examine Goss' article, as well the origins of the terms 'epimorphic' and 'morphallactic', we find that Galliot's use of terminology has only served to confuse matters further. After the sentences quoted by Galliot, Goss goes on to state: 'Whatever it is that must be regenerated, the sequence of events by which its replacement is achieved is essentially the same. The first event in epimorphic regeneration is the development of a blastema, or regeneration bud, derived from dedifferentiated cells, out of which the new structure will take shape.'(2). Galliot, however, makes it clear that hydra does not form a blastema during regeneration, thus contradicting the very definition of epimorphic regeneration she cites. T. H. Morgan coined the term 'morpholaxis' in an 1898 paper on regeneration in the planarian, Planaria maculata (now referred to as Girardia tigrina): 'Thus, the relative proportions of the planarian are attained by a remodelling of the old tissue. I would suggest that this process of transformation be called a process of morph~laxis. ' (~). In his 1901 monograph, Regeneration, Morgan further clarified his definitions (and changed the spelling of 'morpholaxis' to the etymologically more correct 'morphallaxis'): 'At present there are known two general ways in which regeneration may take place, although the two processes are not sharply separated, and may even appear combined in the same form. In order to distinguish broadly these two modes I propose to call those cases of regeneration in which a proliferation of material precedes the development of the new part, 'epimorphosis'. The other mode, in which a part is transformed directly into a new organism, or part of an organism without proliferation at the cut surfaces, 'morphallaxis. f4 ) . Morgan's definitions are, therefore, quite clear: epimorphosis requires cell proliferation, whereas morphallaxis does not. Given the fact that these definitions remain useful for describing different modalities of regeneration, we see no reason to abandon them. Galliot, herself, accepts the original definition of morphallaxis, but inexplicably rejects the historical definition of epimorphosis. All regenerating organisms live by Bert Lance's statement, 'If it ain't broke, don't fix it.' We recommend that scientists studying regeneration also follow this rule with respect to scientific terminology.


A study of the distribution of diagenetic alterations and their impact on reservoir-quality evolution in four deep-water turbidite successions (Cretaceous to Eocene) from basins in active (foreland) and passive margins revealed the impact of tectonic setting, depositional facies, and changes in the relative sea level. Diagenetic modifications encountered in the turbiditic sandstones from the passive margin basins include dissolution and kaolinitization (kaolin has δ18OV-SMOW = +13.3‰ to +15.2‰; δDV-SMOW = -96.6‰ to -79.6‰) of framework silicates, formation of grain coating chloritic and illitic clays, cementation by carbonates and quartz, as well as the mechanical and chemical compaction of detrital quartz. Kaolinitization, which is most extensive in the lowstand systems tracts, is attributed to meteoric-water flux during major fall in the relative sea level. Preservation of porosity and permeability in sandstones from the passive margin basins (up to 30% and 1 Darcy, respectively) is attributed to the presence of abundant rigid quartz and feldspar grains and to dissolution of carbonate cement as well as mica and feldspars. Diagenetic modifications in turbidites from the foreland basins include carbonate cementation and mechanical compaction of the abundant ductile rock fragments, which were derived from fold-thrust belts. These diagenetic alterations resulted in nearly total elimination of depositional porosity and permeability. The wide range of δ13CV−PDB values of these cements (about -18‰ to +22‰) in passive margin basins is attributed to input of dissolved carbon from various processes of organic matter alterations, including microbial methanogenesis and thermal decarboxylation of kerogen. The narrower range of δ13CV−PDB values of these cements (about -2‰ to +7‰) in the foreland basins suggests the importance of carbon derivation from the dissolution of carbonate grains. The generally wide range of δ18O values (about -17‰ to -1‰) of the carbonate cements reflect the impact of oxygen isotopic composition of the various fluid involved (including marine depositional waters, fluxed meteoric waters, evolved formation waters) and the wide ranges of precipitation temperatures. Results of this study are anticipated to have important implication for hydrocarbon exploration in deep-water turbidites from passive and active margin basins and for pre-drilling assessment of the spatial and temporal distribution of reservoir quality in such deposits.


Information and Communication Technology (ICT)-enabled virtual laboratories provide an online learning experience with the aid of computer-based instructional materials (animation, simulation, and remote-trigger experiments) for improving the active learning process. The project reported on in this chapter was set up in order to enhance university and college education, which is now becoming an advanced training environment for solving the geographical, social, and economic challenges faced in the interdisciplinary field of science education, especially in India. In order to study the role of biotechnology virtual laboratories in the current education system, a pedagogical survey, via workshops and online feedback, was carried out among several student and teacher groups of different Indian universities. This chapter reports how virtual labs in biotechnology can be used to improve teaching and learning experiences in an easy and understandable way with user interaction and how such tools serve to effectively reduce the problems of laboratory education especially in remote areas. The results obtained from user-feedback analysis suggest the use of virtual labs as a recommended component in blended education in large classroom scenarios for enhancing autonomous learning process and as an alternative to enhance lab education in geographically remote and economically challenged institutes.


Summary: Estimation of infectiousness and fatality of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in the COVID-19 global pandemic is complicated by ascertainment bias resulting from incomplete and non-representative samples of infected individuals. We developed a strategy for overcoming this bias to obtain more plausible estimates of the true values of key epidemiological variables. We fit mechanistic Bayesian latent-variable SIR models to confirmed COVID-19 cases, deaths, and recoveries, for all regions (countries and US states) independently. Bayesian averaging over models, we find that the raw infection incidence rate underestimates the true rate by a factor, the case ascertainment ratio CARt that depends upon region, and show how CARt changes over time. At the regional onset of COVID-19, the predicted global median for each case confirmed was 13 infections unreported (CARt = 0.07 C.I. (0.02, 0.4)). As the infection spread, the median CARt rose to 9 unreported cases for every one diagnosed as of April 15, 2020 (CARt = 0.1 C.I. (0.02, 0.5)). We also estimate that the median global initial reproduction number R0 is 3.3 (C.I (1.5, 8.3)) and the total infection fatality rate near the onset is 0.17% (C.I. (0.05%, 0.9%)). However the time-dependent reproduction number Rt and infection fatality rate as of April 15 were 1.2 (C.I. (0.6, 2.5)) and 0.8% (C.I. (0.2%,4%)), respectively. We find that there is great variability between country- and state-level values. Our estimates are consistent with recent serological estimates of cumulative infections for the state of New York, but inconsistent with claims that very large fractions of the population have already been infected in most other regions. For most regions, our estimates imply a great deal of uncertainty about the current state and trajectory of the epidemic.


The equation of state (EOS) of dense matter is an essential ingredient for numerical simulations of core-collapse supernovae and neutron star mergers. The properties of matter near and above nuclear saturation density are uncertain, which translates into uncertainties in astrophysical simulations and their multi-messenger signatures. Therefore, a wide range of EOSs spanning the allowed range of nuclear interactions are necessary for determining the sensitivity of these astrophysical phenomena and their signatures to variations in input microphysics. We present a new set of finite temperature EOSs based on experimentally allowed Skyrme forces. We employ a liquid drop model of nuclei to capture the non-uniform phase of nuclear matter at sub-saturation density, which is blended into a nuclear statistical equilibrium EOS at lower densities. We also provide a new, open-source code for calculating EOSs for arbitrary Skyrme parametrizations. We then study the effects of different Skyrme parametrizations on thermodynamical properties of dense astrophysical matter, the neutron star mass-radius relationship, and the core collapse of 15 and 40 solar mass stars.


A new technique to improve the sensitivity of frequency-modulation laser absorption spectroscopy is reported. Theoretical analysis and experimental demonstration show that the application of two harmonically related, appropriately phase-shifted rf waves to the electro-optic modulator can reduce the residual amplitude-modulation background signal in the photodetector output current without reducing the absorption-induced signal. When the new method was used, the residual amplitude-modulation background was reduced by a factor of 4. Our results suggest that shot-noise-limited detection sensitivity may eventually be achieved without using dual-beam compensation or dc-biased modulators.


To maintain alignment with technology, regulation and market developments in the outside world, companies need to adapt their business models over time. As most literature has studied business models in a static approach, understanding is lacking on how external forces drive internal business model design choices. This paper studies which type of external drivers are most influential throughout the life cycle of business models. To do so, we surveyed 45 longitudinal case descriptions on business model dynamics of (networks of) organizations in various domains. Our results partly support our hypotheses. Market and technology drivers are most relevant in early stages of new business models, while regulation is far less important than we expected. These results mainly apply to small start-ups rather than large, established companies.


This article attempts to be a contribution to the history of the bilingual vocabularies of Spanish and Mayan languages that the missionaries compiled during the sixteenth century. For that, it offers a panoramic vision from all, including a mention to the vocabularies never founded or accessible in present time. Besides, it describes and analyzes both lexicographical method and lexical originality of few bilingual vocabularies of Spanish with the different Mayan languages, and one in the other direction (Maya-Spanish). Additionally, it deals with the question if this vocabularies are inspired by the Vocabulario espanol-latino (c.1495) by Antonio de Nebrija (1441/1444?–1522), or/ and the Vocabulario en lengua mexicana (1555, 1571) by Alonso de Molina (1514–1585). In short, it shows that vocabularies of Hispanic and Amerindian languages are valuable sources for learning the history of Spanish lexicon in America.


With the formidable growth of various booming wireless communication services that require ever increasing data throughputs, the conventional microwave band below 10 GHz, which is currently used by almost all mobile communication systems, is going to reach its saturation point within just a few years. Therefore, the attention of radio system designers has been pushed toward ever higher segments of the frequency spectrum in a quest for increased capacity. In this article we investigate the feasibility, advantages, and challenges of future wireless communications over the E-band frequencies. We start with a brief review of the history of the E-band spectrum and its light licensing policy as well as benefits/challenges. Then we introduce the propagation characteristics of E-band signals, based on which some potential fixed and mobile applications at the E-band are investigated. In particular, we analyze the achievability of a nontrivial multiplexing gain in fixed point-to-point E-band links, and propose an E-band mobile broadband (EMB) system as a candidate for the next generation mobile communication networks. The channelization and frame structure of the EMB system are discussed in detail.


ASTRACT Pierre Auguste Broussonet appears to be the first researcher engaged in the study of the fishes from the Portuguese collections on Natural History, and especially the Royal Museum of Ajuda collections, including the utmost important one collected in Brazil by Alexandre Rodrigues Ferreira. He also dealt with the collection of fishes from the Royal Academy of Sciences, the institution that supported him during his stay of approximately four months in Lisbon, where he arrived sometime in September or October 1794. An experienced Naturalist, especially on Ichthyology, he produced a pioneer work on an entirely unknown collection, that of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Lisbon. This collection had certainly been transferred from the Royal Natural History Museum at Ajuda. Our present status of knowledge is largely based on documents from the Bibliothèque Centrale of the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris. The document on fishes from the Academy's Museum (Table 3) is evidence for the intervention of Broussonet. This document is therefore and by far the more important one as far as Broussonet's intervention is concerned. Broussonet is thus a remarkable pioneer of the scientific cooperation between Portugal and France.


This paper presents a case study of how livestock policies are made and implemented in a national context, and how they can be improved to better serve the interests of the poor. Livestock is a sector with a great potential for growth compared to other sectors in agriculture. However, appropriate policies and institutions that allow the poor to tap this growth potential may not exist or may be inadequate. In some cases, existing policies may actually hinder the poor from doing so. The study used the key informant method supplemented with official documents, newspaper sources and recently published research on the livestock sector. Interviews helped reveal policymakers' concerns, whereas field trips allowed the researcher to talk to a few peasants and learn their perspectives from the bottom. Newspapers contained many lively stories of how well-intentioned policies went awry at the implementation stage, while published research analyzed various political, institutional and technical aspects of policymaking in the sector. The author concludes that despite economic reform policymaking and implementation is still hindered by a political ambivalence about rural development in general. This results in a restrictive land policy that inhibits the potential of rural producers while restricting the growth of off-farm employment opportunities that may benefit the poor. Despite official rhetoric that calls for increased assistance to the poor, policies lack effective mechanisms to realize their participation in productive activities. Four strategic entry points are recommended that can both improve the performance of the sector and the participation of the poor in productive activities. With sufficient resources to back up programs and efforts to identify political allies for the cause, it may be possible to make livestock policies better serve the interests of the poor.


BELSTRA, BRADLEY AARON. Investigations of postpartum and postweaning factors that may affect subsequent sow reproductive performance (Under the direction of Dr. William L. Flowers and Dr. M. Todd See). Experiment one examined effects of season, parity, genotype, lactation length, and weaning-to-estrus interval on the postweaning duration of estrus (DE) and onset of estrus-toovulation interval (EOI) of sows in three farms. Farm × weaning-to-estrus interval, farm × season, and parity × season interactions for DE and EOI were detected. Weaning-to-estrus interval had an inverse relationship with DE and EOI on each farm, but the weaning-to-estrus interval range that exhibited a stepwise decrease of DE and EOI was narrower on farm 1 (3 to 5 days) than farms 2 and 3 (3 to 6 days). Both DE and EOI were 8 h longer in the summer than the spring on farms 1 and 3, but did not differ between seasons on farm 2. On each farm, parity ≥ 3 sows had a 4.5 h longer DE and EOI than parity 1 and 2 sows in the summer, but there were no differences in DE or EOI among parity classes in the spring. Lactation length and genotype had small but significant effects on DE and EOI, respectively. Results of this experiment indicate that factors other than weaning-to-estrus interval, such as season and parity, can significantly alter DE and EOI. However, the effects of season and weaningto-estrus interval on DE and EOI are apparently farm dependent. Experiment two characterized the urinary excretion of two markers of collagen degradation, hydroxylysyl pyridinoline (HP) and lysyl pyridinoline (LP), by sows during postpartum uterine involution. A postpartum increase of HP excretion occurred that was temporally consistent with the known pattern of uterine weight loss during involution. The mean molar ratio of HP:LP increased postpartum and confirmed that catabolism of a soft, non-bone tissue dominates this period. Experiment three investigated the use of transabdominal ultrasonography to estimate uterine size. The distance between the abdominal wall and intestines, which sandwich the uterus, decreased 8.7 cm from day 1 to 18 postpartum. Validation of these two techniques to monitor postpartum uterine involution by comparison to postmortem uterine measurements could provide a research tool to test the effects of uterine involution status on subsequent embryo survival and sow reproductive performance.


Charting the history of contemporary philosophical and religious beliefs regarding nature, Roderick Nash focuses primarily on changing attitudes toward nature in the United States. His work is the first comprehensive history of the concept that nature has rights and that American liberalism has, in effect, been extended to the nonhuman world. A splendid book. Roderick Nash has written another classic. This exploration of a new dimension in environmental ethics is both illuminating and overdue. Stewart Udall His account makes history come alive. "Sierra" So smoothly written that one almost does not notice the breadth of scholarship that went into this original and important work of environmental history. Philip Shabecoff, "New York Times Book Review" Clarifying and challenging, this is an essential text for deep ecologists and ecophilosophers. Stephanie Mills, "Utne Reader""


The design of robotic mechanisms is a complex process involving geometric, kinematic, dynamic, tolerance, and stress analyses. In the design of a real system, the construction of a physical prototype is often considered. Indeed, a physical prototype helps the designer to identify the fundamental characteristics and the potential pitfalls of the proposed architecture. However, the design and fabrication of a prototype using traditional techniques is rather long, tedious, and costly. In this context, the availability of rapid prototyping machines can be exploited in order to allow designers of robotic mechanisms to build prototypes rapidly and at a low cost. In the article, the rapid prototyping of mechanisms using a commercially available computer-aided design (CAD) package and a fused deposition modeling (FDM) rapid prototyping machine is presented. A database of lower kinematic pairs (joints) is developed using the CAD package, and parameters of fabrication are determined experimentally for each of the joints. These joints are then used in the design of the prototypes where the links are developed and adapted to the particular geometries of the mechanisms to be built. Also, a procedure is developed to build gears and Geneva mechanisms. Examples of mechanisms are then studied and their design is presented. For each mechanism, the joints are described and the design of the links is discussed. Some of the physical prototypes built using the FDM rapid prototyping machine are shown.


Single behavioural differences between egalitarian and despotic animal societies are often assumed to reflect specific adaptations. However, in the present paper, I will show in an individual–orientated model, how many behavioural traits of egalitarian and despotic virtual societies arise as emergent characteristics. The artificial entities live in a homogeneous world and only aggregate, and upon meeting one another and may perform dominance interactions in which the effects of winning and losing are self–reinforcing. The behaviour of these entities is studied in a similar way to that of real animals. It will be shown that by varying the intensity of aggression only, one may switch from egalitarian to despotic virtual societies. Differences between the two types of society appear to correspond closely to those between despotic and egalitarian macaque species in the real world. In addition, artificial despotic societies show a clearer spatial centrality of dominants and, counter–intuitively, more rank overlap between the sexes than the egalitarian ones. Because of the correspondence with patterns in real animals, the model makes it worthwhile comparing despotic and egalitarian species for socio–spatial structure and rank overlap too. Furthermore, it presents us with parsimonious hypotheses which can be tested in real animals for patterns of aggression, spatial structure and the distribution of social positive and sexual behaviour.


This paper examines which media messages related to happiness that can be found in interviews with famous people in the four largest lifestyle magazines in Sweden for the age group 16-34. The magazines are Cosmopolitan, Elle, Cafe and King. Depending on which magazine the reader chooses to read he/she will be presented with different roads to happiness. Common for all examined magazines are happiness factors related to personal goals, determination and work. Often in a causal connection where the goal orientation and determination is tied together with success in work and career for the interview persons. Cosmopolitan and King present relatively few roads to happiness in comparison with Elle and especially Cafe. One factor for happiness is the ability to choose your own road to happiness (Bok 2011). This means that Cosmopolitan and King from the perspective of their interview texts do not promote happiness to the same degree as Cafe and Elle.


Many robotic path planning applications, such as search and rescue, involve uncertain environments with complex dynamics that can be only partially observed. When selecting the best subset of observation locations subject to constrained resources (such as limited time or battery capacity) it is an important problem to trade off exploration (gathering information about the environment) and exploitation (using the current knowledge about the environment most effectively) for efficiently observing these environments. Even the nonadaptive setting, where paths are planned before observations are made, is NP-hard, and has been subject to much research.

In this paper, we present a novel approach to adaptive informative path planning that addresses this exploration-exploitation tradeoff. Our approach is nonmyopic, i.e. it plans ahead for possible observations that can be made in the future. We quantify the benefit of exploration through the "adaptivity gap" between an adaptive and a nonadaptive algorithm in terms of the uncertainty in the environment. Exploiting the submodularity (a diminishing returns property) and locality properties of the objective function, we develop an algorithm that performs provably near-optimally in settings where the adaptivity gap is small. In case of large gap, we use an objective function that simultaneously optimizes paths for exploration and exploitation. We also provide an algorithm to extend any single robot algorithm for adaptive informative path planning to the multi robot setting while approximately preserving the theoretical guarantee of the single robot algorithm. We extensively evaluate our approach on a search and rescue domain and a scientific monitoring problem using a real robotic system.


Efforts to investigate the vertical dimension of forests continue to refine our thinking on issues of biodiversity and ecology. Arthropod communities exhibit a high degree of vertical stratification in forests worldwide but the vertical distribution patterns of most taxa remain largely unexplored or poorly understood. For example, only 2 studies provide information on the vertical distribution patterns of predatory wasps in temperate deciduous forests. In Canada, Vance et al. (2007) found Sphecidae to be more abundant in flight intercept traps suspended 18 m or more above the ground than in traps suspended near ground level. Similarly, in Germany, Sobek et al. (2009) found Sphecidae and Vespidae (Eumeninae) to produce more brood cells in artificial cavities placed in tree crowns than in those placed near the forest floor.


Objective: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common complication during pregnancy and if not managed properly, it can lead to many harmful effects on mother or fetus/baby. Management of GDM largely depends on patient′s thoughts, perception and understanding of disease. This study was conducted to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and treatment satisfaction of GDM patients toward their disease. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted during the period of month July 2013 at Penang General Hospital, Penang, Malaysia. The sample consists of 30 established patients of GDM who were diagnosed at least 1 month prior to enrolment. Data were collected by means of self-designed Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Knowledge Questionnaire, modified version of Diabetes Integration Scale (ATT-19) and Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire. Descriptive analysis was used for data elaboration by using SPSS 20. Results: The results showed that of 30 patients, 23 patients (76.6%) had adequate knowledge. Only, 7 (23.3%) patients had inadequate knowledge. For attitude, 23 (76.66%) of patients had a negative attitude toward disease and only 7 (23.3%) had a positive attitude. In terms of satisfaction, 25 (83.33%) patients were satisfied with the given treatment and 5 (16.66%) were unsatisfied. Conclusion: We conclude that although participants obtained good score on knowledge and treatment satisfaction, their attitude did not change so as to more effectively cope with their disease.


Antimicrobial use (AMU) in animal production is a key contributor to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) worldwide. As consumption of animal protein and associated animal production is forecast to increase markedly over coming years in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), accurate monitoring of AMU has become imperative. We summarized data from 89 scientific studies reporting AMU data in animal production published in English since 1998, identified through the 'ISI Web of Knowledge' search engine. The aims were as follows: (a) to describe methodologies and metrics used to quantify AMU; (b) to summarize qualitative (on-farm prevalence of use) and quantitative (amounts of antimicrobial active principle) data, in order to identify food animal species at the highest risk of AMU; and (c) to highlight data gaps from LMICs. Only 17/89 (19.1%) studies were conducted in LMICs. Sixty (67.3%) reported quantitative data use, with 'daily doses per animal-time' being the most common metric. AMU was greatest in chickens (138 doses/1000 animal-days [inter quartile range (IQR) 91.1–438.3]), followed by swine (40.2 [IQR 8.5–120.4]), and dairy cattle (10.0 [IQR 5.5–13.6]). However, per kg of meat produced, AMU was highest in swine, followed by chickens and cattle. Our review highlights a large deficit of data from LMICs, and provides a reference for comparison with further surveillance and research initiatives aiming to reduce AMU in animal production globally.


A spinal cord injury (SCI) has a severe impact on human life in general as well as on the physical status and condition. The use of electrical signals to restore the function of paralyzed muscles is called functional electrical stimulation (FES). FES is a promising way to restore mobility to SCI by applying low-level electrical current to the paralyzed muscles so as to enhance that person's ability to function and live independently. However, due to the limited number of commercially available FES assisted exerciser systems and their rather high cost, the conventional devices are unaffordable for most peoples. It is also inconvenient because of wired based system that creates a limitation in performing exercise. Thus, this project is concerned with the development of low-cost current controlled stimulator mainly for the paraplegic subjects. The developed device is based on a microcontroller, wireless based system using Zigbee module, voltage-to-current converter circuit and should produce proper monopolar and bipolar current pulses, pulse trains, arbitrary current waveforms, and a trigger output for FES applications. This device has been developed as in the new technique of the stimulator development with low cost and one of the contributing factors in Rehabilitation Engineering for patients with SCI.


This research aims to know the comparative effectiveness of the granting of the decoction of ginger and mint leaves to nausea to vomiting in pregnant women. Methods the study was quasi experimental with pretest-posttest design approach with two eksperiment. This research was conducted in the region work P uskesmas G aruda Soweto against 30 persons 1 trimester of pregnant women with pregnancy primipara, that is 15 expectant mothers group of ginger and 15 others group of mint leaves. Sampling method with a snowball by using the observation sheet gauge. Data analyzed with Mann Withney tests Test results obtained after giving ginger stew p-value (0.001) α (0.05) Thus it can be concluded there is a significant difference after giving ginger stew while the mint leaves obtained p-value (0.028) > α (0.05) so that it can be concluded there is no difference after the granting of the decoction of leaves of mint. The results mean the rank obtained in the Ginger Group of 9,87 and 6,66 group mint leaves, ginger stew is summed up so that it can more effectively than with mint leaves. The results of this research to recommend the granting of boiled ginger and mint leaves to become one of the nursing interventions in addressing nausea vomiting in pregnant women with pregnancy 1st trimester primipara. Keywords : Ginger, Boiled mint leave, Nause and vomiting


INTRODUCTION To address the soaring cost of textbooks, higher education institutions have launched a number of strategies to promote the adoption of affordable and open educational resources (AOER). Although a few models for promoting and sustaining alternative and open educational resources (AOER) at higher education institutions can be found in the professional literature, additional examples are needed to assist the wide of range of universities and colleges in meeting this critical need. DESCRIPTION OF PROGRAM In this article, the authors describe Miami University's ongoing efforts to reduce college textbook costs for students. These initiatives were instigated in some ways by the state legislature, but were also fueled by factual evidence regarding the impact textbook costs have on the student learning experience. The authors (university librarians and associate provost) provide a description of the institutional context and the challenges they faced in implementing AOER initiatives and chronicle the steps that their university has taken to address the challenge of rising costs of course materials. NEXT STEPS Next steps for growing the programs and recommendations for other institutions looking to develop similar initiatives are also explored.


Study Design. Bovine caudal intervertebral discs were exposed to a noninvasive vibrating intervention for 10 minutes at amplitudes of 0 or 0.5 to 5 g and frequencies of 0, 16, 50 to 80, and a combined 16 + 50 to 80 Hz treatment. Expression of mRNA for aggrecan, collagen type I, collagen type II, biglycan, decorin, and versican were assayed. Objective. To determine if the intervention is effective in altering intervertebral disc gene expression. Summary of Background Data. Studies have variously suggested either an increased risk of disc degeneration with vibrations, no effect, analgesic effect, or even positive effects within certain loading parameters. The KKT intervention is in clinical use for spinal ailment pain reduction. Methods. The intervention was applied in a clinic emulation set-up. Gene expression in the nucleus pulposus was assessed using real-time RT-PCR and SYBR Green chemistry. Results. Expression of mRNAs for aggrecan, collagen type II, and versican were significantly effected by the intervention. Collagen type I, biglycan, and decorin were uneffected. Conclusion. Expression of the extracellular matrix genes were significantly up-regulated when vibrated with the intervention under specific loading patterns, indicating a potential therapeutic stimulus. Further studies on the protein-level and long-term effects are warranted.


This volume examines the construction of Turkey's possible European Union accession in French political discourse. In today's France, heated debates regarding Turkey's EU membership are turning into an essential part of European identity formation. Once again, the 'Turkish Other' functions as a mirror for defining not only the 'European Self', but also European values. By providing a genuine and multi-disciplinary approach for studying the Otherness attributed to Turkey, this book contributes to our understanding of the Self/Other nexus in International Relations. Within a Critical Discourse Analysis framework, this study explores the socio-historical basis of the construction of Turkey's Otherness in an attempt to identify the processes through which past memories, representations, images and fantasies regarding Turkey are inserted into the French social imaginary. Focusing on these significations, which are (re)produced and become manifest through language, this book strives to uncover the link between discourse and political action.


SUMMARY 1. Administration of highly purified bovine parathyroid hormone (BPTH) (200 MRC units) increased the concentration of adenosine 3 ' ,5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP) in the peripheral plasma of normal subjects within minutes, whether the hormone was given as a bolus injection or an infusion. 2. The subsequent disappearance of cyclic AMP from the circulation was also rapid (ct = 14 min) and was associated with a prompt decline (tt = 4-6 min) in the concentration of the amino-terminal part of BPTH, as measured in a region-specific immunoradiometric assay. 3. The concentration of cyclic AMP in plasma from a renal vein was found to increase more rapidly and to reach a greater peak than plasma from a peripheral vein. 4. The administration of BPTH to anephric subjects caused no increase in cyclic AMP. 5. These investigations indicate that parathyroid hormone can act extremely rapidly, with a short half-life, and that the kidney makes a major contribution to the changes in plasma cyclic AMP induced by the hormone. In addition, they form the basis for the development of a simplified Ellsworth-Howard test, using changes in circulating cyclic AMP after BPTH administration as an index of responsiveness to the hormone.


The giant Cambrian form Anomalocaris is considered to have been a raptoral predator of trilobites. However, doubt has been raised about its ability to successfully predate on strongly biomineralized forms (durophagy). A specimen of the trilobite Naraoia from the Early Cambrian Emu Bay Shale of South Australia represents the earliest direct body fossil evidence of predation on nonbiomineralized individuals. Analysis of arthropod cuticle rheology and examination of the injuries inflicted on this specimen suggest that Anomalocaris was the predator. It appears that some anomalocaridids actively utilized their large frontal appendages to rapidly flex trilobites during predation. Comparison with predation damage from mineralized trilobites and coprolites suggests that this method of flexing allowed durophagous predation. The presence in the Early Cambrian of durophagous, nonbiomineralized predators may have important implications for the role of predation pressure in the acquisition of mineralized cuticles and the rise of enrollment in trilobites. Variation in the frontal appendages of anomalocaridids indicates that niche partitioning within the genus was well established by the late Early Cambrian.


Falling often causes deadly conditions such as unconsciousness and related injuries among the elderly population if failing provided with aid and caretakers nearby. In this context, an automatic fall monitoring system gains its popularity by solving the problem with immediate prompting, thereby allowing the caretakers and other persons to get activated with an alarm message. It assists older adults in living without fear of falling and being independent in society. In recent decades, vision-based fall monitoring receiving attention among research communities for its diversified features. It helps identify the human in the intended regions, and by using the collected phenomenon from the area, it trains the fall recognition classifiers. Besides, human detection errors and lack of massive-scale datasets make the vision-based fall monitoring face challenges like robustness and efficiency in performing generalization to invisible regions. Hence a robust learning and classification system is reasonably needed to combat the challenges. In this proposed system, automatic fall detection using deep learning is modeled using RGB images gathered from the single-camera source. More significantly, it determines the sensitive details that prevailed in the original images and ensures privacy, widely considered for safety and protection. Various experiments are carried out using real-time world fall data sets. The results show that the system enhances fall recognition awareness and achieves a high F-Score by performing high accurate fall detection from real-world environments.


Background The prognostic value of cervical aberrancies cannot be adequately determined by the Pap smear alone. Detection of HPV DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) improves the diagnostic sensitivity however, it lacks sufficient specificity. Biomarkers that demonstrate the power to identify progressive cervical lesions may enhance the accuracy of Pap smear screening. The objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between P16 expression and HPV DNA in cervical smears, and the diagnostic accuracy of these assays.
Methods Following p16INK4A immunocytochemical analysis, we subjected 187 abnormally classified cervical smears to HPV detection by PCR. The correlation between HPV DNA and p16INK4A, stratified by cervical cytology, were examined.
Results Both assays produced a high sensitivity for the detection of HPV by p16INK4A 96.4% (95% CI, 86.2-99.4), and GP5+/6+ PCR 98.11% (95% CI, 88.6-99.9) in higher grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs), respectively. The specificity for P16 expression in conjunction with conventional cytology was significant in LSIL 85.7% (66.4-95.3) and ASC-US 50% (20.1-79.9) while the sensitivity peaked when conventional cytology was supplemented by p16INK4A in LSIL 90.12% (81-95.3) and ASC-US 71.4% (51.1-86) lesions.
Conclusion The p16INK4A assay show potential to overcome the present restrictions often encountered during cervical cancer screening.


In this paper we describe the systems used by the RoMa team in the shared task on Detecting and Rating Humor and Offense (HaHackathon) at SemEval 2021. Our systems rely on data representations learned through fine-tuned neural language models. Particularly, we explore two distinct architectures. The first one is based on a Siamese Neural Network (SNN) combined with a graph-based clustering method. The SNN model is used for learning a latent space where instances of humor and non-humor can be distinguished. The clustering method is applied to build prototypes of both classes which are used for training and classifying new messages. The second one combines neural language model representations with a linear regression model which makes the final ratings. Our systems achieved the best results for humor classification using model one, whereas for offensive and humor rating the second model obtained better performance. In the case of the controversial humor prediction, the most significant improvement was achieved by a fine-tuning of the neural language model. In general, the results achieved are encouraging and give us a starting point for further improvements.


Fluoride in soil solution may cause substantially increased leaching of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), Al, and heavy metals from soils. The authors objective was to examine whether increased metal solubility is attributable to formation of fluoro- or organo-complexes. The A horizon of a Slovak soil contaminated with heavy metals and F by Al smelter emissions was used to conduct two column experiments under saturated and steady-state water flow conditions. The columns were leached with 5 mM Na{sub 2}SO{sub 4}, 1 mM NaCl, and 9 mM NaF solutions at pH 5.5 and an electrical conductivity of 1,000 {micro}S cm{sup {minus}1}. Samples were collected in 70-min intervals for approximately 7 d. Two experiments were performed. In the first experiment (single F pulse), a fluoride (F) pulse was applied for 36 pore volumes (PVs), while in the second experiment (dual F pulse), two consecutive F pulses (each for 2.8 PVs) were applied. For both experiments, Cl breakthrough curves (BTCs) revealed a convection-dominated transport regime. The breakthrough of Cd, Cr, Fe, Ni, and Pb paralleled DOC breakthrough in both experiments indicating metal leaching as organocomplex. In the dual F pulse experiment, peak separation of the DOC and the complexed F (F{sub bound}) breakthrough wasmore » achieved. The highest F{sub bound} concentration occurred 3.8 PVs later than that of DOC. The AlBTC paralleled that of F{sub bound} but showed tailing with a turning point simultaneous to the highest DOC concentration. Thus, the increase in Al solubility was mainly caused by fluoro-complexation and only to a lesser extent by organo-complexation.« less


The photovoltaic (PV) response of SnOx/Si heterojunctions (HJs) through the change of the SnO and SnO2 ratio in the samples that allows us to obtain p- or n-type SnOx films is investigated in this work. The values of short-circuit photocurrent density (Jsc), open-circuit voltage (VOC), fill factor (FF) and power conversion efficiency (PCE) are found to be 12.6 mA cm−2, 0.23 V, 27% and 8.3%, for the p-SnOx/n-Si HJ and 10.3 mA cm−2, 0.20 V, 20% and 4.5% for the n-SnOx/p-Si HJ. The enhanced PV effect observed in the p-SnOx/n-Si HJs can be attributed to a small band offset between SnOx and Si, which lowers the diffusion length that can contribute to higher recombination rate and smaller series resistance. Furthermore, the values of Jsc, VOC, FF and PCE were enhanced up to 30.9 mA cm−2, −2.0 V, 19% and 10.9%, respectively, through the insertion of a 0.5Ba(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3-0.5(Ba0.7Ca0.3)TiO3 (BCZT) ferroelectric layer between n-Si and p-SnOx. The built-in field developed at the Si/BCZT/SiOx/SnOx interfaces together with the depolarizing field, provides a favorable electric potential for the separation and further transport of photo generated electron–hole (e–h) pairs. This work provides a viable approach by combining ferroelectrics with p-SnOx/n-Si HJs for building efficient ferroelectric-based solar cells.


There is an increasing trend toward massive, geographically distributed systems. The largest Internet companies operate hundreds of thousands of servers in multiple geographic locations, and are growing at a fast clip. A single system's servers and data centers can consume many megawatts of electricity, as much as tens of thousands of US homes. Two important concerns have arisen: rising electric bills; and growing carbon footprints. Our work develops a new traffic engineering technique that can be used to address both these areas of concern.
We introduce Power-Demand Routing (PDR), a technique that redistributes traffic between replicas with the express purpose of spatially redistributing the system's power consumption, in order to reduce operating costs. Cost can be described in monetary terms or in terms of pollution. Within existing Internet services, each client request requires a meaningful amount of marginal energy at the server. Thus, by rerouting requests from a server at one geographic location to another, we can spatially shift the systems marginal power consumption at Internet speeds.
We show how PDR can be used to reduce electric bills. We describe how to couple request routing policy to real-time price signals from wholesale electricity markets. In response to price-differentials, PDR skews client load across a system's clusters and pushes server power-demand into the least expensive regions. Our analysis quantifies the potential reduction in energy costs. We use simulations driven by empirical data and models: we collected a real-world request traffic workload in collaboration with Akamai; constructed data center energy models; and compiled a database of historical electricity market prices. We conclude that existing systems can use PDR, to cut their annual electric bills by millions of dollars.
We also show how PDR can be used to reduce carbon footprints. Not all joules are created equal and in power pools like the grid the environmental impact per joule varies geographically and in time. We show how to construct carbon cost functions that can be used with PDR to dynamically push a system's power-demand toward clean energy. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)


All OECD countries have either legally mandated severance pay or compensations imposed by industry-level bargaining in case of employer initiated job separations. According to the extensive literature on Employment Protection Legislation such transfers are either ineffective or highly distortionary. In this paper we show that mandatory severance is optimal in presence of wage deferrals when there is moral hazard of employers and workers, notably when employers cannot commit not to fire a non-shirker and shirkers can also get away with it. Our model also accounts for two neglected features of EPL. The first is that dismissal costs depend not only on whether the dismissal is deemed fair or unfair, but also on the nature, economic vs. disciplinary, of the layoff. The second feature is that compensation for unfair dismissal or severance is generally increasing with tenure.