Purpose: Aurelia venom was reported to inhibit muscle cholinergic receptor elicited cross cellular membrane currents and introduced muscle physiologic tetanus. However, the recording and analyzing of inotrope effectiveness in cardiac muscles was not well established. In this study, we investigated Aurelia venom and its analogue intervene induced cardiovascular hemodynamics variations in cardiac cycle in vivo and cardiac papillary muscle passive tension responsiveness in vitro.
Methods: Aurelia venom was separated by 10% acrylamide gel. CfTX-1 homology 11 amino acid sequence was identified. The sequence was resin solid-phase synthesized subsequently, and defined as CfTX-1 analogue. In vivo fistulas mice left ventricle haemodynamics were measured through carotid artery cannula and venom intervene by local irrigation. Arterial pressure waveforms, diastole and systole dP/dtmax were evaluated. Cardiac papillary muscle lusitrope was investigated in vitro. Myogenic activities during passive tension deceleration and deceleration velocity were determined in several step length stretching.
Results: 100 μl volume challenge with Aurelia venom or CfTX-1 analogue reduced 10% diastolic pressures, however systolic pressure did not significantly increased with significant enhancing of pulse pressure. Furthermore, −dP/dtmax in diastolic phase was improved rather than systolic dP/dtmax in CfTX-1 analogue intervened fistulas heart. The cardiac papillary muscle velocity attenuation after active stretching was significantly accelerated in severe stretched higher preload muscle.
Conclusion: Aurelia crude venom especially CfTX-1 analogue significantly improved ventricle lusitropic responses in diastolic phase, induced a rapidly relaxation velocity reducing. This further promoted ventricular filling to fit volume and pressure strained having great worth to provide accommodation to protect ventricle from mechanical stressing.


A seismic sequence stratigraphic interpretation was carried out in the Sarawak deepwater area with the main objective of developing a workable chronostratigraphic chart that defines stratigraphic boundaries within which depositional systems and lithofacies can be identified, mapped and interpreted. The dataset includes 8,000 km of seismic lines and well data from four drilled locations. . The study has resulted in the identification and correlation of eight seismic horizons representing the tops of eight depositional sequences which are grouped into four mega/supersequences (A, B, C and D) based on regional tectonic events of the South China Sea. Six of the seismic horizons have been tied to the four wells and dated based on paleontologic data. Two other older horizons are dated based on correlation to the global sea-level chart. Higher order sequences are also interpreted from paleontologic, lithologic, paleofacies data and GR-Iogs from the four wells. Seismic facies analysis have also been carried out in the study area where four main seismic facies (Facies I-IV) lunging from non-marine to deepmarine facies are interpreted. Seismic facies maps constructed for lower and upper portions of Oligocene-Lower Miocene Supersequence C indicate that it contains all four main facies. This supersequence is overall transgressive and its paleoshoreline runs in a NW-SE direction. A seismic facies map generated for Middle Miocene-Recent Supersequence D suggests that it contains mainly outer shelf to deepmarine facies (Facies III-IV) and its paleoshoreline runs in an East-West direction. A workable chronostratigraphic chart has been developed where second to fourth-order sequences can be correlated within the study area. The chart is able to correlate the episodic rifting ofRu and Pigott (1986), the local structural history and Shell's sedimentary Cycles I-VIII (Ho, 1978) to the global sea level curve (Haq et al., 1988). This study also assisted in identifying potential play-types. Structural traps of non-marine to shallow marine facies are mainly confined to Supersequence C while stratigraphic traps of basin floor fans are located mainly in Supersequence D.


General Relativity predicts that the passage of matter or radiation from an asymmetrically-emitting source should cause a permanent change in the local space-time metric. This phenomenon, called the gravitational memory effect, has never been observed, however supernova neutrinos have long been considered a promising avenue for its detection in the future. With the advent of deci-Hertz gravitational wave interferometers, observing the supernova neutrino memory will be possible, with important implications for multimessenger astronomy and for tests of gravity. In this work, we develop a phenomenological (analytical) toy model for the supernova neutrino memory effect, which is overall consistent with the results of numerical simulations. This description is then generalized to several case studies of interest. We find that, for a galactic supernova, the dimensionless strain, h(t), is of order ∼ 10-22 - 10-21, and develops over a typical time scale that varies between ∼ 0.1 - 10 s, depending on the time-evolution of the anisotropy of the neutrino emission. The characteristic strain, h c(f), has a maximum at a frequency f max ∼ 𝒪(10-1) - 𝒪(1) Hz. The detailed features of the time- and frequency-structure of the memory strain will inform us of the matter dynamics near the collapsed core, and allow to distinguish between different stellar collapse scenarios. Next generation gravitational wave detectors like DECIGO and BBO will be sensitive to the neutrino memory effect for supernovae at typical galactic distances and beyond; with Ultimate DECIGO exceeding a detectability distance of 10 Mpc.


Abstract. Thermodynamic soundings for pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons from the Indian
subcontinent are analysed to document differences between convective
environments. The pre-monsoon environment features more variability for both
near-surface moisture and free-tropospheric temperature and moisture
profiles. As a result, the level of neutral buoyancy (LNB) and pseudo-adiabatic
convective available potential energy (CAPE) vary more for the pre-monsoon
environment. Pre-monsoon soundings also feature higher lifting condensation
levels (LCLs). LCL heights are shown to depend on the availability of surface
moisture, with low LCLs corresponding to high surface humidity, arguably
because of the availability of soil moisture. A simple theoretical argument
is developed and showed to mimic the observed relationship between LCLs and
surface moisture. We argue that the key element is the partitioning of
surface energy flux into its sensible and latent components, that is, the
surface Bowen ratio, and the way the Bowen ratio affects surface buoyancy flux.
We support our argument with observations of changes in the Bowen ratio and
LCL height around the monsoon onset, and with idealized simulations of cloud
fields driven by surface heat fluxes with different Bowen ratios.


Probablistic models are becoming increasingly important in analyzing the huge amount of data being produced by large-scale DNA-sequencing efforts such as the Human Genome Project. For example, hidden Markov models are used for analyzing biological sequences, linguistic-grammar-based probabilistic models for identifying RNA secondary structure, and probabilistic evolutionary models for inferring phylogenies of sequences from different organisms. This book gives a unified, up-to-date and self-contained account, with a Bayesian slant, of such methods, and more generally to probabilistic methods of sequence analysis. Written by an interdisciplinary team of authors, it is accessible to molecular biologists, computer scientists, and mathematicians with no formal knowledge of the other fields, and at the same time presents the state of the art in this new and important field.


Purpose. This study evaluated the food stores on and near postsecondary campuses varying in institutional size. Design. The design of the study is an environmental audit survey. Setting. Fifteen U.S. postsecondary education institutions participated in this study between 2009–2011. Subjects. Eighty-one stores (44% grocery, 17% campus, and 39% convenience/drug) were evaluated. Measures. The Nutrition Environment Measures Survey for Stores was modified to evaluate food stores. Analysis. Analysis of variance with post hoc Tukey B and t-tests assessed differences between store types and by institutional size. Results. Grocery stores had significantly higher scores than campus/convenience stores for healthy foods (19.5 ± 3.8 vs. 2.4 ± 1.7), and for the availability (19.5 ± 3.8 vs. 2.4 ± 1.7) and quality (5.9 ± 0.5 vs. 1.8 ± 2.2) of fruits/vegetables (p < .001). Healthy foods and beverages were significantly more expensive (–0.6 ± 3.4 vs. 0.9 ± 2.0; p < .031) than their less healthful alternatives in grocery stores, but not in convenience stores. There were no differences by institutional size for grocery stores; however, smaller institutions' convenience stores had significantly lower availability and quality of fruits/vegetables and total food store environment scores. Conclusion. A college campus provides a food environment with an array of shopping venues, most of which are not consistent with dietary recommendations for obesity prevention. The limited quality of healthy food in on-campus and convenience stores and the exacerbated deficiencies for small postsecondary institutions provide evidence to support environmental and policy initiatives to improve the quality of campus food store environments.


When a stereo pair is formed from two synthesized views, it is unclear whether objective 2D quality metrics can provide a good estimation of the perceived quality. In this paper, this problem is addressed considering a 3D video represented in multiview video plus depth format. The performance of different state-of-the-art 2D quality metrics is analyzed in terms of correlation with subjective perception of video quality. A set of subjective data collected through formal subjective evaluation tests is used as benchmark. Results show that some objective metrics, including PSNR, do not predict well perceived quality of synthesized views. On the other hand, metrics such as VIF, VQM, MS-SSIM, or SSIM have a high correlation with perceived quality.


We present a review of light-emitting materials and devices that combine inorganic and organic lumophores and hosts. The essence of this hybrid inorganic/organic (I/O) approach is to combine materials, structures and devices from each category in such a way as to obtain best-of-both-worlds performance. The combination of high power/high efficiency inorganic light pump sources with high conversion efficiency organic lumophores is discussed in detail. In this type of Hybrid I/O device, near-ultraviolet (UV) or blue pump light is selectively converted to various visible colors based on the molecular structure of each lumophore. Since the lumophores are optically pumped their reliability is greatly increased compared to electrically pumped organic emitters. Methods for coupling the light from pumps to lumophores include direct path excitation (DPE) and light wave coupling (LWC). DPE uses one pump per lumophore pixel, which allows for active matrix style addressing, but requires large arrays of pumps. LWC uses either a single source or a small number of pump sources. To obtain pixelation for Hybrid I/O LWC devices we have developed a novel electrowetting switching method. Examples of Hybrid I/O displays and solid-state lighting are discussed.


The object of this paper is both to investigate the required sound or preferable sound in each circumstance and to find out the characteristics of the sound. The adequacy of the sound corresponding to the circumstance is investigated. Then the characteristics of the sound are specified. Furthermore, the evaluation of sound quality is attempted on the basis of the concept of the soundscape. The sound from the outdoor unit of an air conditioner is used as an example of mechanical sound, and the pure‐tone level is calculated under consideration of the critical bandwidth which is a hearing characteristic of human beings. The results of the pure‐tone level are consistent with those of sound quality evaluation by the SD method. Then the usefulness of the evaluation method by use of the pure‐tone level is confirmed.


This article explores the emergence of female Orange lodges in Scotland during the first half of the twentieth century. It uses rare Orange archival records and newspaper sources to establish Orangewomen's working-class background and to analyse their public activism, from fundraising for maternal and child welfare, to political campaigns against Home Rule and in Education Authority elections. While anti-Home Rule politics before the Great War and anti-Catholic politics during the 1920s influenced women's engagement with the Orange Order to an extent, this article argues that the timing and conditions in which female lodges emerged were determined more by broader debate about women's role in public life. Orangewomen did not participate in Edwardian or interwar feminist campaigns but these, together with women's economic and social gains during the First World War, did create the conditions in which women could gain numbers and status within the Orange Order. Moreover, women played a key role in shaping the shifting ethnic identification of the Orange Order during the interwar period, demonstrating the durable, malleable and gendered nature of Irish Protestant ethnic identity in twentieth-century Scotland.


Carbohydrate analysis poses many analytical challenges, in terms of extraction, chromatographic separation, and detection. Extraction challenges are associated with poor recovery from biological matrices using conventional techniques such as protein precipitation, and solid phase and liquid–liquid extraction. Chromatographic challenges are related to the poor retention of these analytes using conventional reversed phase chromatography and resolution from structurally related endogenous compounds (mannitol and sorbitol; lactulose and sucrose). Detection challenges are associated with limited UV absorbance and poor mass spectrometric ionization efficiency. To address the aforementioned challenges, the utility of a simple chemical derivatization procedure with acetic anhydride was developed for the quantitation of four sugar probes (mannitol, lactulose, sucrose and sucralose) in cynomolgus plasma and urine. Acetylation derivatization is very well known in the literature; due to its simplicity, fast reaction time under ambient conditions, and low cost it has become a popular choice for the derivatization of polar compounds containing hydroxylic, phosphate, phenolic, or amino functional groups. This derivatization protocol was found to generate derivatives with chromatographic properties more amenable for analysis on traditional reversed stationary phases followed by mass spectrometric detection. The methodology does not require filtration of plasma or urine samples, in contrast to published protocols, and the sample volume required is as small as 10 μL plasma or urine.


The PARSEME (Parsing and Multiword Expressions) project proposes multilingual corpora annotated for multiword expressions (MWEs). In this case study, we focus on the Turkish corpus of PARSEME. Turkish is an agglutinative language and shows high inflection and derivation in word forms. This can cause some issues in terms of automatic morphosyntactic annotation. We provide an overview of the problems observed in the morphosyntactic annotation of the Turkish PARSEME corpus. These issues are mostly observed on the lemmas, which is important for the approximation of a type of an MWE. We propose modifications of the original corpus with some enhancements on the lemmas and parts of speech. The enhancements are then evaluated with an identification system from the PARSEME Shared Task 1.2 to detect MWEs, namely Seen2Seen. Results show increase in the F-measure for MWE identification, emphasizing the necessity of robust morphosyntactic annotation for MWE processing, especially for languages that show high surface variability.


The present study investigates the ability of two different artificial neural network (ANN) models and gene expression programming (GEP) technique for estimating daily dew point temperature by using recorded weather data. The weather data used consist of 8 years of daily records of air temperature, wind speed, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure, incoming solar radiation and dew point temperature from two weather stations (Seoul and Incheon, in the Republic of Korea). Two different data management scenarios are applied in this paper. In the first scenario, weather data obtained from each station are used to estimate T dew at the same station (at-station approach). In the second scenario, the ANN and GEP models are used for estimating dew point temperature of each station by using the data of the other station (cross-station application), through the optimal input combinations of the first scenario. Comparison of the results reveals that the GEP model surpasses ANN in estimating daily dew point temperature values.


The Austrian State Treaty, achieved after ten years of occupation of Austria by France, Britain, the United States and the Soviet Union, is a frequently cited example of the triumph of painstaking diplomacy between the great powers, but it can more accurately be depicted as the result of unilateral actions by the negotiating countries, particularly the Soviet Union. Careful examination of the records of the negotiations as well as available policy documents of the participants reveals that the highly publicized negotiations gradually became a sophisticated charade for the benefit of European and domestic audiences, while the critical decisions were made elsewhere. Indeed, as Europe grew increasingly polarized very little actual bargaining occurred between East and West; the Austrian negotiations became merely a forum for unilateral action. Thus, in describing the search for Austrian independence, the thesis is not simply a reiteration of the three hundred and seventy-nine meetings of the Foreign Ministers and Foreign Ministers' Deputies for Austria. Rather, it is a uniquely encapsulated version of the course of the Gold War in the ten critical years following the Second World War. The purpose of the thesis is to study, through the prism of British and American documents, the behaviour of the four great powers in the struggle to determine the future of Austria. Examining allied behaviour towards this small but strategically important country, and understanding how the Austrians came to choose a third way between East and West, sheds light upon the great power arrangements in Europe which have persisted to this day.


Currently, a posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis is the closest thing there is to a trauma diagnosis. However, PTSD criteria do not cover the entire range of trauma-based symptoms and conditions (Dansie et al., 2012; Hall, 2000). The reality is that many people suffering with trauma do not qualify for a PTSD diagnosis, and are instead diagnosed with different disorders based on the symptoms they display, not on their etiology (D'Andrea, Ford, Stolbach, Spinazzola, & van der Kolk, 2012; Haven, 2009; Herman, 1992; McFarlane, 2010; Sledjeski, Speisman, & Dierker, 2008; van der Kolk, 1994). Reducing or containing various symptoms, without first locating and addressing their cause, often results in inaccurate and multiple diagnoses. This prolongs unnecessary suffering, usually leads to retraumatisation, is time consuming and wasteful of scarce resources. Therefore improved classification of disorders according to etiology is very much warranted.


Delegation has been repeatedly identified as an important concept to increase flexibility in access control management. In case of an employee's temporary absence it may be useful that a user can delegate parts or all of his/her permissions to another user who subsequently will act on behalf of the delegator. Several delegation models exist to ensure a systemic delegation and revocation of access rights for secure software-based systems. In this paper, we present our experiences when implementing two delegation and revocation models into the access control management system xoRBAC.


We use high resolution cosmological hydrodynamic simulations to model galaxy formation in the high redshift universe. We explore how galaxies populate dark matter halos and subhalos through the end of the reionization era. We consider implications for the clustering properties of galaxies in the context of current and future deep surveys of early galaxies.


Generations of social science and critical scholars have documented the interdependency among capitalism, the media, and government. The media-constructed world of threatening 'others' systematically skews reality in phallogocentric, ethnocentric, nationalistic ways that reinforce government power, reify disparities of gender, wealth and influence, and perpetuate and amplify perceived differences and enmities. Growing social, economic, politic, ethnic, religious, and even familial globalization nonetheless increases reliance on mass communication as a source of 'objective' information about the world beyond individual reach. Despite the promise of democratic, public media or multiple, niche media to offer diverse, balanced perspectives, mainstream media continue to dominate and direct information flows. Based on evidence taken from media coverage of terror, the author suggests individuals, particularly women, resist the hegemanic force of media by offering mainstream journalists new information and alternate visions that exploit seams within government-propelled narratives to help diffuse the self-perpetuating, media-hyped cycle of global violence.


This paper examines the contributions of population aging, mortgage innovation and historically low interest rates to the sharp rise in U.S. house prices and mortgage debt between 1994 and 2005. I construct an overlapping generations general equilibrium housing model and find that these three factors together account for over half of the increase in house prices and most of the increase in mortgage debt during this period. Population aging contributes to rising house prices and mortgage debt, but it accounts for only a small portion of their observed changes. Meanwhile, mortgage innovation significantly increases the mortgage borrowing of various age cohorts, but it has a trivial effect on house prices because interest rates rise due to higher demand for mortgage loans. This increases households' savings in financial assets and leaves their housing assets nearly unchanged. The observed run-up in house prices can, however, be justified in an open-economy setting where interest rates fall due to a global saving glut. Declining interest rates force households at prime saving ages to reallocate their wealth from financial assets to housing assets, which dramatically drives up house prices.


We develop a gauge-invariant formalism for the study of density perturbations in a Friedmann–Robertson–Walker universe with multiple interacting fluids and/or scalar fields. We show how N scalar fields may be described by N kinetic fluids (with maximally stiff equation of state) interacting with a non-dynamical potential (with vacuum equation of state). We split generic perturbations into adiabatic and entropic parts, and give the coupled first-order evolution equations on all scales, including energy and momentum exchange. We identify the non-adiabatic effects on large scales, and define adiabatic initial conditions in the presence of multiple fluids and fields.


In this report we have evaluated metabolite and RNA profiling technologies to begin to understand the natural variation in these biomolecules found in commercial-quality, conventional (non-GM) maize hybrids. Our analyses focus on mature grain, the article of commerce that is most typically subjected to the rigorous studies involved in the comparative safety assessment of GM products. We have used a population of conventionally-bred maize hybrids that derive from closely related inbred parents grown under standard field conditions across geographically similar locations. This study highlights the large amount of natural variation in metabolites and transcripts across conventional maize germplasm grown under normal field conditions, and underscores the critical need for further extensive studies before these technologies can be seriously considered for utility in the comparative safety assessment of GM crops.


The Attorney General sought an order for the outstanding costs of a class action to be paid by the plaintiffs' solicitors. Following unsuccessful appeals to the Court of Appeal and the Supreme Court, the total costs awarded against the plaintiffs were over $165,000. The plaintiffs were impecunious. The Court granted the motion and required the solicitors to bear the costs of the action. The Court placed a special emphasis on the need for proper disclosure of costs consequences to representative plaintiffs in a class proceeding. The decision emphasizes that the absence of informed consent is equivalent to absence of consent, and given the evidence that the action would not have been brought by the plaintiffs if they were aware of the costs consequences, it was within the court's jurisdiction to hold their solicitors personally liable. There was no documentary evidence that the solicitors advised the plaintiffs of their potential liability to pay a costs award. Given the lack of sufficient evidence to establish that the plaintiffs were advised of potential personal liability, and given the evidence of the plaintiff's complete confidence in their solicitors, the court was satisfied that it was appropriate that the costs award should be payable by the firm.


Research is currently being carried out at the Transport and Road Research Laboratory to refine methods used for the assessment of existing structures or develop new methods where none suitable exist. Techniques involve the testing of both large scale and full size structures and the development of computer programs. These enable the lessons learned about load redistribution through interlinking structural components to be utilised in assessment. The object of the work reported in the Research Report was to rationalise the knowledge of the behaviour of complex structural systems to allow some quantification of the gratuitous strength thought to exist in these structures. This would allow the assessed strength of many of the older structures to be increased. Currently all older bridges in the United Kingdom are being assessed to ensure that they are capable of carrying increased vehicular loading, and strengthening or replacement of understrength bridges will proceed over the next decade. More precise estimates of the strength of bridges would enable some of this strengthening to be deferred resulting in considerable savings of maintenance funding. The work described in this Report has shown that, under loading to failure, a simply supported concrete beam and slab deck did not behave in the way in which the design codes assume, in that the mode of failure was not predicted. The load at failure was close to that which was calculated using the design code once the implicit factors of safety were taken out and so extra strength could not be shown. However, as the mode of failure was not predicted, the agreement of failure load was fortuitous. (A)


Background: The Mental Health First Aid (MHFA) training program has been widely implemented in many high-income countries. Evidence on the adaptation of this and other similar programs in resource-constrained settings like China is very limited. This study aimed to explore the views of key stakeholders on the implementation issues and contextual factors relevant to the scale-up of MHFA in China. Methods: Informed by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research, five implementation domains of intervention characteristics, characteristics of individuals, contextual adaptation, outer and inner setting, and implementation process were investigated through semi-structured in-depth interviews. Twenty-four stakeholders with diverse expertise in the Chinese mental health system were interviewed. Transcripts were coded using NVivo 12 software and thematically analyzed. Results: Fifteen themes and 52 sub-themes were identified in relation to the five domains. Participants saw MHFA as meeting the need for more evidence-based interventions to improve population mental health. Previous participants in MHFA training were satisfied with the course, but their intentions to help and levels of self-efficacy varied. Contextual adaptation of course content, delivery formats, and financing models, was seen as essential. External health policies and some socioeconomic factors (e.g., improved living conditions) were perceived as potential enablers of scalability. Low levels of engagement in health interventions and lack of supportive social norms were identified as potential barriers while executive support, quality control, and sustainable funding were viewed as facilitators of implementation. Conclusion: MHFA training meets some very important current societal and public health needs in China. To achieve its potential impact, significant contextual adaptation is required, particularly in terms of course content, delivery formats, and financing models. Overcoming low levels of engagement in community-based mental health interventions and combating stigma will also be critical for its scale-up.


SMEs are of overwhelming importance for developing countries' economies and labour markets. In the context of the great need for climate change adaptation and the 'adaptation finance gap' between the costs of adaptation and the level of international support provided to developing countries, this chapter analyses the potential of multistakeholder partnerships as a vehicle for SME engagement in adaptation. Recent years have shown a stark increase in such partnerships as a way of addressing climate change. In this chapter, we analyse them with respect to the Lima Paris Action Agenda (LPAA), Momentum for Change, and the Non-State Actor Zone for Climate Action (NAZCA), as well as business cases under the Private Sector Initiative, drawing on both academic and non-academic publications. Our analysis shows that so far, the initiatives on such platforms have focused predominantly on mitigation and that participation by SMEs in adaptation partnerships is low. This may indicate that partnerships' adaptation activities are not embedded in the local economy and institutions and are not necessarily benefitting SMEs and other local stakeholders. Part of this problem may be caused by the 'adaptation paradox'. Mobilizing partnerships has occurred systematically in the high-level and global political contexts of summits and UN climate negotiations, whereas vulnerability is experienced locally, and adaptation needs to be implemented locally. SMEs could, however, become an intermediary between the global level and local communities. For this to happen, donor countries should facilitate the participation of SMEs in localized partnership processes, stimulate access to (financial) resources, enhance local knowledge and raise awareness of adaptation.


Both atmospheric deposition and benthic remineralisation influence the marine nitrogen cycle, and hence ultimately also marine primary production. The biological and biogeochemical relations in the eastern tropical South Pacific (ETSP) among nitrogen deposition, benthic denitrification and phosphorus regeneration are analysed in a prognostic box model of the oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus cycles in the ETSP. Atmospheric nitrogen deposition ( ≈ 1.5 Tg N yr−1 for the years 2000–2009) is offset by half in the model by reduced N2 fixation, with the other half transported out of the model domain. Model- and data-based benthic denitrification in our model domain are responsible for losses of 0.19 and 1.0 Tg Tg N yr−1, respectively, and both trigger nitrogen fixation, partly compensating for the NO3− loss. Model- and data-based estimates of enhanced phosphate release via sedimentary phosphorus regeneration under suboxic conditions are 0.062 and 0.11 Tg N yr−1, respectively. Since phosphate is the ultimate limiting nutrient in the model, even very small additional phosphate inputs stimulate primary production and subsequent export production and NO3− loss in the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ). A sensitivity analysis of the local response to both atmospheric deposition and benthic remineralisation indicates dominant stabilising feedbacks in the ETSP, which tend to keep a balanced nitrogen inventory; i.e. nitrogen input by atmospheric deposition is counteracted by decreasing nitrogen fixation; NO3− loss via benthic denitrification is partly compensated for by increased nitrogen fixation; enhanced nitrogen fixation stimulated by phosphate regeneration is partly counteracted by stronger water-column denitrification. Even though the water column in our model domain acts as a NO3− source, the ETSP including benthic denitrification might be a NO3− sink.


Two-phase flow is an area of primary interest, particularly for the petroleum industry, where a fair amount of these kinds of flows can be found in the production of oil wells. This study refers to the evaluation of two-phase flow air– water through a horizontal pipe of 0.0508m (2in) diameter and 1.016m (40in) length. A 3D CFD approach was used for reproducing the behavior of the dispersed bubble, stratified smooth and slug flow in a horizontal pipe. The pressure drop and liquid holdup associated with it were estimated. Data of the superficial velocities of the liquid and gas were taken from the literature; and then many CFD simulations were carried out using different multiphase flow models. The results were validated with the available experimental data from the literature. For the case in which the liquid is the continuous phase and the gas behaves as the dispersed one, the results show that the bubble disperse flow behaves homogeneously. In these simulations, for a 0.01mm gas bubble diameter the pressure drop presented a deviation of 6.12% over that reported in the literature. For the liquid holdup value a difference of 0.001% was obtained. An inhomogeneous approach with the free surface model reproduced satisfactorily the stratified smooth behavior. In addition, the influences of increasing water superficial velocity on the energy losses and the liquid holdup were obtained. However, for the studied numerical domain, the slug flow pattern could not be reproduced. All these results above allowed us to establish the great applicability of CFD modeling in the problem resolution of two-phase flow in a horizontal pipe.


Here, a conceptual modeling formalism is proposed for the description and study of living and life-like systems. It is based on the real life and evolution of biological organisms and ultimately the system framework is determined by two functions, reproduction and survival – the two main fitness components of natural life. In the simplest form the model is a formal description of a discrete reproduction-survival state-transition system. The initial structure of the model can evolve to become more complex and it holds inherent potential for producing numerous variations of the basic theme. It is proposed, that this modeling formalism provides abstract system basis and immediately applicable conceptual tools for holistic study of living organisms on multiple levels of organization, and thereby for the understanding life and organization of complex living systems from a common systems point of view. The modeling principle is very generic and may therefore be applied directly also to the study of engineered and artificial systems.


For the generation after Karl Frederich Schinkel, Gottfried Semper (1803-1879) was the most admired architect in Germany. His buildings, such as the opera houses in Dresden and two museums in Vienna, were outstanding examples of their kind. To later generations, however, Semper is known primarily for his writings. Although Semper is arguably the 19th century's most important theoretician, the subtlety of his thought and the difficulty of his German have kept his works from being translated and his contribution from being assessed until now. Herrmann traces his life, analyzes his writings--in particular his major work, "Der Stil" and presents translations of recently uncovered texts."Der Stil, " long a basic source of ideas for architects, had a profound impact on European modernists and proto-modernists alike. H.P. Berlage, Otto Wagner, Bruno Taut, and Walter Gropius were influenced by it, as were any number of American architects, including Bernard Maybeck and Louis Sullivan.Following the biographical chapters, which clarify the extent to which Semper's strongly held political convictions (he was forced to flee Dresden after the revolution of 1849 failed) informed his ideas about architecture, Herrmann presents the colorful genesis of "Der Stil." Through his close reading of the texts, Herrmann brings to light Semper's position on iron, on Gothic and contemporary architecture, on the primitive hut, and on the ideas of the archaeologist Karl Botticher. Among the previously unpublished manuscripts that conclude the book is material essential to a clear understanding of the ideas developed in "Der Stil."


Hashtag feminism has become a popular tactic of online protest against gender inequality. Using the Twitter hashtag #distractinglysexy, women scientists posted pictures of themselves in labs or during field research to contest misogynist remarks by Nobel laureate Tim Hunt. We examined the resulting humorous and memetic discourse on Twitter as well as its coverage in news media combining a content analysis of the multimodal tweets with a qualitative discourse analysis of German and British news media. The results show that the ironic memes in which researchers addressed sexism in academia by parodying social norms and ideals of 'sexiness' yielded substantial media attention, but with differences in the two countries: While the hashtag #distractinglysexy initiated a broader debate on sexism and discrimination in academia in the UK news media discourse, in the German context, this form of 'self-mediation' was portrayed either as 'something funny on the Web' or as a harmful firestorm.


The challenges of breeding autotetraploid potato (Solanum tuberosum) have motivated the development of alternative breeding strategies. A common approach is to obtain uniparental dihaploids from a tetraploid of interest through pollination with S. tuberosum Andigenum Group (formerly S. phureja) cultivars. The mechanism underlying haploid formation of these crosses is unclear, and questions regarding the frequency of paternal DNA transmission remain. Previous reports have described aneuploid and euploid progeny that, in some cases, displayed genetic markers from the haploid inducer (HI). Here, we surveyed a population of 167 presumed dihaploids for large-scale structural variation that would underlie chromosomal addition from the HI, and for small-scale introgression of genetic markers. In 19 progeny, we detected 10 of the 12 possible trisomies and, in all cases, demonstrated the noninducer parent origin of the additional chromosome. Deep sequencing indicated that occasional, short-tract signals appearing to be of HI origin were better explained as technical artifacts. Leveraging recurring copy number variation patterns, we documented subchromosomal dosage variation indicating segregation of polymorphic maternal haplotypes. Collectively, 52% of the assayed chromosomal loci were classified as dosage variable. Our findings help elucidate the genomic consequences of potato haploid induction and suggest that most potato dihaploids will be free of residual pollinator DNA.


The University of Edinburgh has a long- standing reputation as a globally recognized institution; having been at the forefront of international education since its founding in 1583. In recent years the University has striven to retain a strong position in the global arena, in terms of research, quality and accessibility of education and overall international influence. The University's internationalization strategy sets out a plan to maintain the institution's global standing, but also proposes a number of long-term aims. These include increasing the number of international students as well as facilitating globalization by embedding it in the ethos of the institution; something which is certainly of crucial importance in today's multinational society (University of Edinburgh, 2009).


We test competing hypotheses concerning the comparative behavior of shareholder-owned commercial banks and stakeholder-orientated cooperative and savings banks in European banking. One hypothesis is that the risk culture and business models of stakeholder and shareholder-owned banks have become more alike and so cost efficiency has converged between bank ownership structures. The alternative hypothesis suggests that institutional differences do matter and lead, amongst other things, to variation in network effects and monitoring mechanisms producing differing behaviors and efficiency outcomes. By using a novel panel data set of 521 European banks during 1994-2010, we find: (i) mean inefficiency scores vary by ownership type and are lower for cooperative banks than for commercial and savings banks; (ii) there is a large variation in inefficiency scores among banks within each ownership type but the lower variance for cooperative banks indicates that they are the most homogeneous group; (iii) the inefficiency distribution of savings and commercial banks appear to arise from the same distribution, but this does not hold for cooperative banks. As such our findings are more consistent with the alternative hypothesis. Our first two findings buttress those studies that found significant differences between European banks with differing ownership structures, while our third finding on the significance of the cycle to the distribution of inefficiency is novel.


High-frequency seismograms contain features that reflect the random inhomogeneities of the earth. In this work I use an imaging method to locate the high contrast small-
scale heterogeneity respect to the background earth medium. This method was first
introduced by Nishigami (1991) and than applied to different volcanic and tectonically
active areas (Nishigami, 1997, Nishigami, 2000, Nishigami, 2006).
The scattering imaging method is applied to two volcanic areas: Campi Flegrei
and Mt. Vesuvius. Volcanic and seismological active areas are often characterized
by complex velocity structures, due to the presence of rocks with different elastic
properties. I introduce some modifications to the original method in order to make it
suitable for small and highly complex media. In particular, for very complex media
the single scattering approximation assumed by Nishigami (1991) is not applicable as
the mean free path becomes short. The multiple scattering or diffusive approximation
become closer to the reality. In this thesis, differently from the ordinary Nishigami's
method (Nishigami, 1991), I use the mean of the recorded coda envelope as reference
curve and calculate the variations from this average envelope. In this way I implicitly
do not assume any particular scattering regime for the "average" scattered radiation,
whereas I consider the variations as due to waves that are singularly scattered from
the strongest heterogeneities. The imaging method is applied to a relatively small area
(20 x 20 km), this choice being justified by the small length of the analyzed codas of
the low magnitude earthquakes.
I apply the unmodified Nishigami's method to the volcanic area of Campi Flegrei
and compare the results with the other tomographies done in the same area. The
scattering images, obtained with frequency waves around 18 Hz, show the presence
of high scatterers in correspondence with the submerged caldera rim in the southern
part of the Pozzuoli bay. Strong scattering is also found below the Solfatara crater,
characterized by the presence of densely fractured, fluid-filled rocks and by a strong
thermal anomaly.
The modified Nishigami's technique is applied to the Mt. Vesuvius area. Results
show a low scattering area just below the central cone and a high scattering area
around it. The high scattering zone seems to be due to the contrast between the high
rigidity body located beneath the crater and the low rigidity materials located around
it. The central low scattering area overlaps the hydrothermal reservoirs located below
the central cone.
An interpretation of the results in terms of geological properties of the medium
is also supplied, aiming to find a correspondence of the scattering properties and the
geological nature of the material.
A complementary result reported in this thesis is that the strong heterogeneity
of the volcanic medium create a phenomenon called "coda localization". It has been
verified that the shape of the seismograms recorded from the stations located at the top
of the volcanic edifice of Mt. Vesuvius is different from the shape of the seismograms
recorded at the bottom. This behavior is justified by the consideration that the coda
energy is not uniformly distributed within a region surrounding the source for great
lapse time.


How to sum up a corpus of opinions that spans dozens of legal fields and four decades on the bench? How to make the most sense of a jurisprudence that has always been resistant to classification, by a jurist widely believed to have "no discernible judicial philosophy"? These questions have stirred Justice Stevens' former clerks in recent months. Since his retirement, many of us have been trying to capture in some meaningful if partial way what we found vital and praiseworthy in his approach to the law. There may be something paradoxical about the attempt to encapsulate in a formula the views of someone who was so sensitive to the potential tyranny of labels, to taxonomize the output of someone so skeptical about neat legal categories. There is certainly something reductive about it. Be that as it may, I will try in these pages to contribute to the effort by suggesting that an important clue to Justice Stevens' jurisprudence can be found in his frequent recourse to the notion of judicial "judgment." If one word must be selected to illuminate a life's work, this would be my submission. . . . [Tribute essay prepared for Justice Stevens dedication issue]


Qiye wenhua/ 'enterprise culture' has emerged as a new paradigm in China's economic reforms. Hailed as China's new 'culture' it featured in an interview with certain executives of non-state owned enterprises. In the examination of this discourse, the concept of 'communicative action' (Habermas, 1998) is adopted as an analytical tool. The main contention in this exploratory examination is that there is speaker intent to justify China's model of socialist market economy. This justification is mainly reflected in the semantic content of the discourse, which stresses what is 'unique' and 'characteristic' in China's economic reforms. The rationale for this contention rests primarily on the argument that given the context of skepticism and criticisms leveled at the Chinese model, and the fact that the speakers themselves are key players in the new market economy, it would be likely that in a public discourse of this nature there would be grounds for attempts at legitimizing the Chinese economic model.


OBJECTIVE
To describe the process of gaining consensus across regional organisations in formulating measures to improve coordination of care for people from remote Far North Queensland communities coming to town (Cairns) to access health care.

DESIGN
This is a descriptive study that includes survey data from workshop participants.

SETTING
Coming to town for health care poses great challenges, especially for Indigenous Australians from remote communities. Numerous organisations are involved, communications are fragmented and there is no central coordinating body. The system frequently fails to deliver necessary services. This generates preventable cost burdens through missed flights, missed appointments, missed treatment opportunities and extra administration. Workshop organisers invited key service providers from across Far North Queensland.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Using real-case scenarios, the task was to identify and prioritise the central issues and explore ways to address them. Participants jointly crafted the final recommendations and also posted suggestions on a 'wish-list' board. A participant assessment survey was conducted at the end of the workshop, followed by an online survey 6 weeks later.

RESULTS
There were 32 participants. The concluding survey indicated the workshop was well received and people valued the collaboration. There were six primary recommendations plus numerous wish-list suggestions. The best-supported recommendation was establishment of a coming to town Hub with a local coordinating team and community-based representatives.

CONCLUSION
Implementation of the workshop recommendations and support of all key service providers should be culturally acceptable and resource-efficient with better health outcomes for travellers, their families and communities.


Objective Sleep problems are associated with increased risk of suicide, independent of depression. This analysis explores narrative accounts of the role of sleep in relation to suicidal thoughts and behaviours. Design Qualitative study, based on in-depth semistructured interviews which were analysed with an inductive, latent thematic analysis. Participants A maximum variation sample of 18 people with experience of a major depressive episode, and suicidal thoughts and behaviours. Setting Primary care, North West England. Results Respondents emphasised the importance of sleep for recovery and management of their mental well-being. Moreover, three inter-related pathways were identified, whereby beliefs about sleep contributed to suicidal thoughts and behaviours. First, being awake during the biological night heightened risk of suicidal behaviours, as this was perceived to be an opportune time for a suicide attempt due to the decreased chances that a friend of family member would intervene during a suicide attempt. Additionally, the reduction in available support at night added to suicide risk. Second, failure to achieve good sleep was perceived to make life harder through contributing to core features of depression, such as negative thinking, attention difficulties and inactivity. Third, sleep acted as an alternative to suicide, by providing an escape from problems, including mental health problems, in waking life. However, this desire to sleep to escape was associated with excessive daytime sleeping, which subsequently may reinforce disturbed sleeping patterns. Conclusions Sleep problems should be an important treatment target when working with suicidal clients. More broadly, night-time service provision should be considered when developing suicide prevention initiatives.


In this chapter the access to knowledge (A2K) movement is based on definitions coined by theorists Benkler (2006), Balkin (2010) and Shaver (2007), who advance the concept of human development and equal access to knowl- edge as distributive justice. This chapter focuses on the role of Latin American countries in the WIPO development agenda and the role of library associations against excessive intellectual property regulations which impose barriers to access and ultimately the creation of new knowledge. The concepts of A2K to Open Access (OA), showing how OA can restore knowledge as a public good on a global scale. The chapter also provides an account of the growth of global OA, portrays the Latin American situation and takes into account OA indicators from Ar- gentina, Chile and Brazil. It also reports on international and regional projects, describing several collaborative projects developed in the region. The results of a survey to members of the LLAAR1 discussion list are presented. Finally, the chapter arrives at conclusions that integrate the concepts of A2K, OA, col- laborative work, and development and growth of Open Access in the region.


Les Cahiers de la Chaire Modélisation prospective au service du développement durable Abstra ct Among technological options to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, Biomass Energy with Carbon Capture and Storage technology (BECCS) is gaining increasing attention. This option offers a unique opportunity for a net removal of atmospheric CO2 while it fulfills energy needs. This results analysis appears in line with the growing body of literature using bottom-up energy models and shows that BECCS has an important role to play in the future energy mix. Most of those studies focus on BECCS global potential whereas it is of interest to understand where this mitigation will be deployed. This key issue will strongly depends on regions' biomass resources and storage sites endowment. The aim of this study is to assess the global and regional potential of BECCS up to 2050 and to compare it to the deployment of CCS in the power generation. This analysis is conducted with the global multiregional TIAM-FR optimization model. Investigated climate policy scenarios led to a considerable expansion of renewable energy and CCS and BECCS technologies in the power sector. CCS from fossil fuel is mainly deployed in fast developing countries, well endowed with coal and, BECCS is highly distributed in developing countries even if biomass resources are widely available in all regions. This response to carbon constraint is however dependent of the consideration of CO2 negative emissions and of the incentives and appropriate policies created by States. In addition, it required the development of a regulatory framework, sustained R,D&D and infrastructures investments. w i t h c a r b o n c a p t u r e a n d S t o r a g e , L o n g-t e r m energy modelling, TIAM-FR Les Cahiers de la Chaire Modélisation prospective au service du développement durable 1


Background: The "warm up" effect in angina may represent ischaemic preconditioning, which is mediated by adenosine A1 receptors in most models. Objective: To investigate the effect of a selective A1 agonist, GR79236 (GlaxoSmithKline), on exercise induced angina and ischaemic left ventricular dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease. Design: A double blind crossover study. Patients: 25 patients with multivessel coronary artery disease. Interventions: On mornings one week apart, patients received intravenous GR79236 10 μg/kg or placebo, and then carried out two supine bicycle exercise tests separated by 30 minutes. Equilibrium radionuclide angiography was done before and during exercise. Results: The onset of chest pain or 1 mm ST depression was delayed and occurred at a higher rate–pressure product during the second exercise test following either placebo or GR79236. Compared with placebo, GR79236 did not affect these indices during equivalent tests. GR79236 reduced resting global ejection fraction from (mean (SD)) 63 (7)% to 61 (5)% (p < 0.05) by a selective reduction in the regional ejection fraction of "ischaemic" left ventricular sectors (those where the ejection fraction fell during the first exercise test following placebo). Ischaemic sectors showed increased function during the second test following placebo (72 (21)% v 66 (20)%; p = 0.0001), or during the first test following GR79236 (69 (21)% v 66 (20)%; p = 0.0001). Sequential exercise further increased the function of ischaemic sectors even after drug administration. Conclusions: GR79236 failed to mimic the warm up effect, and warm up occurred even in the presence of this agent. This suggests that ischaemic preconditioning is not an important component of this type of protection. The complex actions of the drug on regional left ventricular function at rest and during exercise suggest several competing A1 mediated actions.


Collaboratively curated with Matthew Poole, the exhibition addressed the place of art within the structures of capitalism, democracy and idealism. The project examined ways in which various art practices have described and embedded these processes and structures in artworks as a means to critique their relation to it. This exhibition, catalogue and symposium aimed to underscore this territory as a current and significant question for the political operations of contemporary art practice, when military forces are no longer static but corporate, and cities are companies. 'Little Private Governments' proposes crucial questions regarding the locus of individual agency, something that conditions the (e)quality of art practice, in this ever-complex climate of individuation and power in the political sphere. Connecting the curation and production of artworks through writing and discussion, the exhibition project proposed a significant reformulation of the relationship of art to organizational systems and power, developing new definitions for the contingency of art practice within these systems from which it had previously assumed itself to be free.

The exhibition brought together emerging and established artists whose work demonstrates a long-term interest in the rhetoric of freedom and democracy. The exhibition included works by Beech, Pil & Galia Kollectiv, Jenny Holzer, Martin Kippenberger, Jake and Dinos Chapman and Roman Vasseur. The accompanying catalogue commissioned new writing from three authors covering current debates on aesthetics and politics including a collaborative essay by Beech and Poole, and essays by Dr Suhail Malik and Roman Vasseur. A public symposium was held in the gallery in February 2006.


A dielectric sandwich loading technique is proposed to enhance impedance matching bandwidth of an antenna when it is placed close to the human body. This technique mitigates the body influence by confining the reactive fields in the dielectric loads. This has no side effects on the antenna performance. Unloaded and loaded prototypes of a recently developed UWB antenna have been measured both in free space and near a human arm. Free space results confirm that loading the antenna neither detune |S11| nor decrease efficiency. It was found that in a body proximity scenario, loading the antenna increases the impedance matching by 22% with respect to the unloaded antenna. These results show the suitability of this technique to design antennas for WBAN applications. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 55:2965–2967, 2013


Hatred, extremism, terrorism and islamophobia become challenges for religion nowadays. The weight of this issue burdens the understanding of society about religion. Either to be a secular atheist or alienated religious extremist are not an appropriate solution. Alternatively, an approach needed to define religion as the source of ethical knowledge and facilitated the construction of new tolerance that not exclude the religion from people's affair. This paper discusses the true religion and how they construct ethical knowledge used for the development of civilization.


Abstract Based on a selective review of the outcomes of previous meetings, conferences, workshops, and papers highlighting climate variability and change research needs in the Pacific region, this paper presents a research strategy for increasing understanding of climate-society linkages in Pacific Island settings. The strategy provides a synopsis of emerging research goals and illustrative activities that users can rank according to their priorities. Grounded in the framework of the Pacific Climate Information System, the strategy is comprised of three key research elements: (1) research to enhance understanding of regional climate risks and consequences; (2) research to improve decision support and risk communication; and (3) research to improve climate adaptation capacity. We envision the strategy will contribute to enhanced understanding of scientific and societal knowledge of climate processes and their impacts and stakeholder capacity for building sustainable island communities for future generations.


Oceanographers use surface aluminium concentrations in open-ocean seawater as a
tracer to fingerprint the location and magnitude of atmospheric dust deposition. It has
become increasingly important to understand the role that such deposition plays in
supplying trace elements to surface waters and consequently the effects such episodic
supply has on moderating biological processes. For the purpose of real time analysis,
quantification must be carried out by a system capable of being deployed shipboard.
The most commonly employed technique for this purpose is flow injection analysis
(FIA).
This project aimed to develop a method for the onboard quantification of aluminium
in seawater, specifically for the analysis of Antarctic surface waters. Initially, the
project focussed on the establishment and optimisation of a FIA system incorporating
fluorescent detection ·of the aluminium-lumogallion complex. Significant variables
affecting the lumogallion chemistry; including, reaction pH, lumogallion
concentration and reaction time were optimised for this specific FIA system. Since
aluminium concentrations in Antarctic seawater are expected to be in the minomolar
to subnanomolar range, investigation into the addition of an 8-hydroxyquinoline
column to the manifold, for preconcentration purposes, was carried out. Although
initial work involving quantification of aluminium in seawater samples appeared
promising, complications .with the robustness of this technique forced an alternative
method to be sought.
High performance chelation ion chromatography (HPCIC) was considered a suitable
alternative for development as a technique for the purpose of shipboard quantification
of aluminium in seawater. The HPCIC system developed, involved the novel use of
iminodiacetic acid functionalised silica for the separation of aluminium. Separation
conditions, such as eluent composition and column temperature were optimised. Both
photometric and fluorometric detection systems were developed, employing post
column reaction (PCR) with a variety of reagents. Of those tested for photometric detection, Eriochrome® Cyanine R, which was used for the first time for PCR
determination of aluminium in a flow system, was found to be the most sensitive. A
limit of detection of 100 nM for a 100 μL injection volume was achieved for this
particular system.
For the HPCIC system with fluorescence detection, lumogallion was the reagent of
choice given its reported high sensitivity. Variables such as buffer type and pH, as
well as temperature and lumogallion concentration were optimised. A limit of
detection of 0.39 nM for a 500 μL injection volume was obtained, with the
performance of the system with a variety of other injection volumes also examined.
Finally, this study presents a discussion on the applicability of the newly developed
HPCIC system to the quantification of aluminium in real samples. This work involves
the analysis of paper mill process water and seawater from the Ross Sea, Antarctica.
Particular attention is given to the topic of aluminium speciation with sample
acidification. Conclusions and suggested future direction of studies in this area
conclude this project.


Technology for the 14- and 35-GHz Second-Generation Precipitation Radar (PR-2) is currently being developed by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Jet Propulsion Laboratory to support the development of future spaceborne radar missions. PR-2 will rely on high-performance onboard processing techniques in order to improve the observation capabilities (swath width, spatial resolution, and precision) of a low-Earth orbiting rainfall radar. Using field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), we have developed a prototype spaceborne processor and controller module that will support advanced capabilities in the PR-2 such as autotargeting of rain and compression of rainfall science data. In this paper, we describe the new technology components designed for the onboard processor, including an FPGA-based 40 /spl times/ 10/sup 9/ op/s pulse-compression receiver/filter with a range sidelobe performance of -72 dB, and an adaptive scanning controller which yields a six-fold increase in the number of radar looks over areas of precipitation.


The asymmetric unit of the title compound, (C8H20N)[Tc(C10H6NO2)Cl(CO)3], consists of two crystallographically independent technetium complexes related via a pseudo-inversion centre and two tetraethylammonium cations. The Tc atoms have slightly distorted octahedral coordination geometries, and they are linked with the cations by intermolecular C—H⋯O and C—H⋯Cl hydrogen-bonding contacts, forming two-dimensional columns, which lie approximately parallel to (001) in the crystal structure. The isochinolate (isoquinoline-1-carboxylate) ligands link the columns by partial π–π stacking [centroid–centroid distance 4.3733 (11) Å], forming a three-dimensional network structure.


Observations were made on simultaneousness of pollen shedding and stigma viability ratio, to clarify the phenology of reproductive organs of nine economically important sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) cultivars ('Erdi botermo', 'Debreceni bőtermő', 'Csengődi', 'Kantorjanosi 3', 'Ujfehertoi furtos', 'Petri', 'Eva', 'Oblascinszka', and 'Pandy 279'). The main aim was investigation the possible influence of environmental cues in timing and development of phenophases and also responses of different cultivars to seasonal cues. Likely effects of climatic changes on phenological development patterns were also considered. Results showed important aspects of the reproductive biology of sour cherry flowers. The amplitude of the phenophase "beginning of blossoming" between cultivars did not exceed 6 days. There is a maximum 3 day difference in the blooming length of different directions in each cultivar. 'Pandy 279' showed high variability when the position of flowers changed on the tree shoots. 'Ujfehertoi furtos' was stable in all four directions of the tree. The pollen shedding period and stigma viability ratio were synchronous. Pollen shedding phenomenon simultaneously occurred with the secretary activities of stigmas in all examined cultivars. Distribution of pollen shedding over the secretary activity of stigmas is almost good. In all five cultivars maximum pollen shedding occurred when the temperature was high during the day. In general the results of this experiment and our previous studies clearly demonstrate that the Pandy groups not recommended for plantation in new orchards of Iran.


A parameterized theory of convection is developed for 6 medium-size icy satellites (MIS) of Saturn. It is an extension of the research concerning the Mimas-Enceladus paradox. Two parameterizations of dimensionless temperature are used in the model and a new constrain for tidal heating is included. It is found that the basic results of the model are independent of particulars of the parameterizations. The new constrain considerably reduces the space of possible values of the material parameter of satellites but the two basic conclusions are unchanged, i.e.: (a) the thermal state of the considered MIS can be explained in the frame of the uniform model that includes radiogenic and tidal heating; (b) the theory indicates that endogenic activity of some MIS was (or is) a result of a specific 'excited', high temperature state of a given satellite. The theory could be also used for estimation of tidal heating.


Abstract Even though there is substantial agreement about the nature of rural contexts, practice principles, and factors influencing practice we still do not have a framework for organising this knowledge in a way that can directly inform the practitioner in their day-to-day work. In this paper, we introduce the concepts 'practice domains', 'domain location', and 'domain alignment' that, taken together, provide such a framework. We suggest that each practitioner works within a number of practice domains. A domain is a discourse about practice comprising narratives about how a social worker should practise and which factors they should take most account of in their practice decision making. Each practitioner, and each practice process, can be located somewhere within each domain (domain location) and also situated amongst domains according to their relative alignment with each of them (domain alignment). In this paper, we present this framework and show how it is useful for practitioners in understanding practice, identifying factors influencing it, and making practice decisions in immediate, concrete situations.


BACKGROUND
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between clinical outcomes after acute myocardial infarction (MI) and renal function by glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in patients with normal or mildly elevated serum creatinine concentrations.

METHODS AND RESULTS
As part of the Korean Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry (KAMIR), 6,834 acute MI patients with a serum creatinine concentration of <or=2.0 mg/dl were enrolled from November 2005 to December 2006. The renal function was stratified arbitrary to 5 groups: (1) normal function, >90.0; (2) preserved function, 75.0-89.9; (3) mild dysfunction, 60.0-74.9; (4) moderate dysfunction, 45.0-59.9; (5) severe dysfunction, <45 ml.min(-1). 1.73 m(-2). Clinical characteristics, mortality and adverse events were analyzed among each group. Although reperfusion and medical therapies were underused, the rates of mortality and adverse events were increased with declining renal function. After adjustment with confounders, severe and moderate renal dysfunctions were important risk predictors of in-hospital mortality, long-term mortality and adverse events.

CONCLUSION
The spectrum of renal function, when it was presented by GFR, is broad and is an important risk predictor for adverse outcomes after acute MI, even in patients with normal or mildly elevated serum creatinine concentrations. Furthermore, standard treatments were underused in any degree of renal dysfunction.


The Insulin signaling pathway couples growth, development and lifespan to nutritional conditions. Here, we demonstrate a function for the Drosophila lipoprotein LTP in conveying information about dietary lipid composition to the brain to regulate Insulin signaling. When yeast lipids are present in the diet, free calcium levels rise in Blood Brain Barrier glial cells. This induces transport of LTP across the Blood Brain Barrier by two LDL receptor-related proteins: LRP1 and Megalin. LTP accumulates on specific neurons that connect to cells that produce Insulin-like peptides, and induces their release into the circulation. This increases systemic Insulin signaling and the rate of larval development on yeast-containing food compared with a plant-based food of similar nutritional content. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02862.001


This paper provides an historical analysis of the concept of Greater Somalia, the nationalist project that advocates the political union of all Somali-speaking people, including those inhabiting areas in current Djibouti, Ethiopia and Kenya. The Somali territorial unification project of "lost territories" was a direct consequence of the arbitrary borders drawn up by the European colonial powers in order to realise their expansionist interests. This paper underlines the instability produced by the European colonial powers in the Horn of Africa, and presents their arbitrary decisions as the root cause of Somali grievances and border disputes, which dogged the region from the end of colonial rule to the outbreak of civil war. The aim of the paper is three-fold: firstly, it seeks to identify the reasons behind the instability of Somalia's borders; secondly, it attempts to explain why the Greater Somalia project has not been realised. Finally, it discusses the overall issue, in order to achieve a balance in terms of myth and reality.


This is the exhilarating, life-affirming call to spiritual arms from world-renowned spiritual teacher G. I. Gurdjieff. 'Gurdjieff's voice is heard as a call. He calls because he suffers from the inner chaos in which we live. He calls to us to open our eyes. He asks us why we are here, what we wish for, what forces we obey. He asks us, above all, if we understand what we are...' Part adventure narrative, part travelogue, part spiritual guide, Meetings with Remarkable Men is suffused with Gurdjieff's unique perspective on life. With vivacity and charm, he organizes his account around portraits of the remarkable men and women who accompanied him through remote parts of the Near East and Central Asia, and who aided his search for hidden knowledge. Among them are Gurdjieff's own father (a traditional bard), a Russian prince dedicated to the search for Truth, a Christian missionary who entered a World Brotherhood deep in Asia, and a woman who escaped slavery to become a trusted member of Gurdjieff's group of fellow seekers. Meetings with Remarkable Men conveys a haunting sense of what it means to live fully - with conscience, with purpose and with heart.


he problem of this study was identifying factors leading to increase in dropout rate among secondary school girls in Ekerenyo Division. Despite the Kenya government's effort to avail education opportunities for all as stated in the government education policies, dropout rate among secondary school girls in Kenya has been increasing. Factors leading to this increase in Ekerenyo division have not been adequately investigated and well understood, hence hindering universal education for all in the country. The study adapted descriptive survey study design. Using stratified sampling techniques the study selected schools from boarding / day status and type of school that is, girls or mixed. From 20% of the sampled schools, an equal number of students and teachers were used in the study. Likewise all the principals / head teachers of the sampled schools were included in the study as well as the Area Education Officer (AEO), the Zonal Quality Assurance Officers (ZQASOs) in the division, chairmen Board of Governors (BOG's), PTA chairmen and local administrators (Chiefs/ Sub-Chiefs). Data was collected using questionnaires. Descriptive statistics method was used to present and analyze data. Information from data analysis was presented in the form of frequency tables and percentages. Only form four students (from mixed and girls schools) were used as participants for the study because they had stayed in school all the way from form one to form four. The findings revealed that there exist high dropout rate among secondary school girls in Ekerenyo division which is caused by a earlier marriages, pregnancies, domestic labour, lack of school fees, traditional attitudes, education level of parents, lack of role models, sexual harassment, teachers attitude, teaching and learning facilities, peer group influence, repetition, deaths and illness, HIV/ AIDS, indiscipline, students ability and illicit brew. Data collected from all the respondents enabled the researcher to make recommendations / suggestions on how to curb the problem of girls dropouts in secondary schools in Kenya. These includes giving more bursary to needy students, strengthening guidance and counseling in secondary schools, formulating policies to create more boarding facilities for girls, revision of the Education Act so as to allow girls who dropout to come back to school and local administrators to be more vigilant in local illicit brew and forced marriages. The same recommendations will also create room for further research incase there is need to address the problem of the research topic (secondary school girls dropouts) efficiently.


We demonstrate that strangeness separates in the Gibbs-phase coexistence between a baryon-rich quark-gluon plasma and hadron matter, even at T=0. For finite temperatures this is due to the associated production of kaons (containing s\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} quarks) in the hadron phase while s quarks remain in the deconfined phase. The s-s\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} separation results in a strong enhancement of the s-quark abundance in the quark phase. This mechanism is further supported by cooling and net strangeness enrichment due to the prefreezeout evaporation of pions and ${K}^{+}$, ${K}^{0}$, which carry away entropy and anti- strangeness from the system. Metastable droplets (i.e., stable as far as weak interactions are not regarded) of strange-quark matter (``strangelets'') can thus be formed during the phase transition. Such cool, compact, long-lived clusters could be experimentally observed by their unusually small Z/A ratio (\ensuremath{\le}0.1\char21{}0.3). Even if the strange-quark-matter phase is not stable under strong interactions, it should be observable by the delayed correlated emission of several hyperons. This would serve as a unique signature for the transient formation of a quark-gluon plasma.


It's 1977 and Jack Sheffield is appointed headmaster of a small village primary school in North Yorkshire. So begins Jack's eventful journey through the school year and his attempts to overcome the many problems that face him as a young and inexperienced headmaster. The many colourful chapters include Ruby the 20 stone caretaker with an acute spelling problem, a secretary who worships Margaret Thatcher, a villager who grows giant carrots, a barmaid/parent who requests sex lessons, and a five-year-old boy whose language is colourful in the extreme. And then there's also beautiful, bright Beth Henderson, who is irresistibly attractive to the young headmaster...Warm, funny and nostalgic, "Teacher, Teacher" is a delightful read that is guaranteed to make you feel better, whatever kind of day you've had.


The present study was conducted to evaluate the anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties of an ethanol extract of whole fruit of Lagenaria breviflora (LB) in rat and mice. Analgesic activity was measured by hot plate, formalin-induced paw licking, and acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing tests, while anti-inflammatory activity was determined by inhibition of carrageenan-induced paw oedema. Extract-treated animals exhibited significantly (P<0.05) higher pain threshold, lower number of licking of paws in response to formalin-induced irritation and writhing movements in response to acetic acid-induced writhing movement. There was significant (P<0.05) inhibition of carrageenan-induced paw oedema in rats pre-treated with the extract (50, 100, 200mg/kg) by 6.4%, 27.5%, 55.9% respectively. Analgesic effect of the extract (50, 100, 200mg/kg) in hot plate test was observable within 30 minutes of administration with maximum effect obtainable 90 minutes post-administration. Also, the effect of the extract (50, 100 and 200mg/kg) was dose dependent in both the early (88.17±6.21, 80.33±3.49 and 72.33±5.16) and late (72.50±3.95, 53.83±3.96 and 35.83±3.78) phases of formalin-induced paw licking, and in acetic acid-induced writhing with inhibition of 26.8%, 48.1% and 58.1% respectively. Its effect was comparable especially at 200mg/kg body weight to those of diclofenac, indomethacin and ibuprofen. It could be suggested from the findings of this experiment that the extract may be mediating its action as a central analgesic agent but the peripheral analgesic effect was preponderant based on its outcome from the pain models.


Quantile (and, more generally, KL) regret bounds, such as those achieved by NormalHedge (Chaudhuri, Freund, and Hsu 2009) and its variants, relax the goal of competing against the best individual expert to only competing against a majority of experts on adversarial data. More recently, the semi-adversarial paradigm (Bilodeau, Negrea, and Roy 2020) provides an alternative relaxation of adversarial online learning by considering data that may be neither fully adversarial nor stochastic (i.i.d.). We achieve the minimax optimal regret in both paradigms using FTRL with separate, novel, root-logarithmic regularizers, both of which can be interpreted as yielding variants of NormalHedge. We extend existing KL regret upper bounds, which hold uniformly over target distributions, to possibly uncountable expert classes with arbitrary priors; provide the first full-information lower bounds for quantile regret on finite expert classes (which are tight); and provide an adaptively minimax optimal algorithm for the semi-adversarial paradigm that adapts to the true, unknown constraint faster, leading to uniformly improved regret bounds over existing methods.


Background The introduction of a computerised physician order entry (CPOE) system in 2010 changed the way of working in our hospital. Previously, the administration of medicines was scheduled by nurses, whereas now it is set in advance by physicians. Medicines administration can be delayed or omitted if nurses are unaware of CPOE timetables fixed in advance. Purpose To quantify and analyse medication errors associated with incorrectly scheduled prescriptions. Material and methods Retrospective observational study of a 10-day period. To facilitate the study only one daily medicine regimen was selected (levofloxacin). Started or modified treatments (sequential treatment, treatment or timetable change), and their administration records were reviewed the day after. Omission was considered if the medicine was not administered in a 24 h period, and incorrect prescription if the pre-arranged timetable was 8 h later than that stated in the prescription or if a dose was repeated in the day. Results 20 levofloxacin start treatments and 48 modifications were collected (47 oral and 21 intravenous). Classified by Service: 18 Respiratory (RES), 16 Internal Medicine (IMD), 16 Emergencies (E), 13 Cardiology (CAR), 5 others. 9 omissions (13%) and 6 duplicated doses (9%) were detected. 5 errors occurred on starting and 10 during sequential treatment. Classified by Service: E, 3 omissions and 2 duplications (31%); IMD, 3 omissions and 2 duplications (31%); CAR, 2 omissions and 1 duplication (23%); Others, 1 omission (20%); RES, 1 duplication (5%). Incorrect prescription (35%) was the cause in all errors that occurred. Conclusion CPOE systems reduce potential errors associated with medication. However, these systems can be a source of new errors if they are used incorrectly. To prevent these errors a system of continuing CPOE training is necessary for physicians. Due to the results, the Pharmacy Service informed all physicians about correctly scheduling medication, giving examples. References and/or acknowledgements No conflict of interest.


A masterpiece of comic brilliance, The Complete Far Sidecontains every Far Sidecartoon every syndicated-over 4,000 if you must know-presented in (more or less) chronological order by year of publication, with more than 1,100 that have never before appeared in a book. Also included are additional Far Sidecartoons Larson created after his retirement: 13 that appeared in the last Far Sidebook, Last Chapter and Worse, and six cartoons that periodically ran as a special feature in theNew York TimesScience Times section as The Far Side of Science. Creator Gary Larson offers a rare glimpse into the mind of The Far Sidein quirky and thoughtful introductions to each of the 14 chapters. Complaint letters, fan letters, and queries from puzzled readers appear alongside some of the more provocative or elusive panels. Actor, author, and comedian Steve Martin offers his pithy thoughts in a foreword, and Gary Larson's former editor describes what it was like to be "the guy who could explain every Far Sidecartoon." The Complete Far Side (c) 2003 by FarWorks, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Far Side (R) and the Larson (R) signature are registered trademarks of FarWorks, Inc.


Immediate postgraduate dental training is compulsory. To practise within the General Dental Services (GDS) the newly qualified must undertake a twelve-month period of vocational training (VT) as a Vocational Dental Practitioner (VDP) in an appropriate training practice under the immediate supervision of a vocational trainer. VT advisors manage schemes of 12 practices and arrange 30 VDP Study Days. This is a crucial period of transition for the new graduate. There is little evidence to support Seward's claim (2000) that VT has been the profession's success story, particularly in terms of patient care or educational worth.

Taking an interpretive approach the aim of this study was to provide an insight into the educational value of VT and provide answers to the following:
- How is a typical trainer/VDP partnership manifest?
- What if the partnership is not successful? Are there unforeseen consequences of VT?
- Is the selection process successful?
- What is the influence of trainer expertise?

The participants were two successive cohorts of 13 and 22 GKT Dental Institute graduates and their trainers. I established success criteria for defined aspects of VT; evidence was then sought to determine if the criteria had been met. I interviewed the VDPs and trainers at six months and again at year-end.
An account of the most likely or typical experience and an example of failure to successfully implement VT form the core of this thesis.

Asian women appeared to have difficulty securing a VT place, but they wanted to remain in the South East where competition for VT places is fierce.

VT is a success story. Stated aims were achieved; with very few exceptions VT produced practitioners capable of independent practice. Novice dentists became competent practitioners.

Progression in VT is a complex issue. As an expansion of the models of Eraut (1994) and Dreyfus and Dreyfus (1986), VT advances a relational model of progression. Trainers have developed a well-grounded notion of VDP progression, but they are themselves, in parallel, undergoing their own skills progression. One cannot be considered without the other.

This study suggests VT could be better. The Professional Development Portfolio was not valued despite its potential. Training expertise seeped away from VT and was lost forever. Rested expert trainers could/want to act as mentors for less expert colleagues. That said VT as a `community of practice' (Lave and Wenger, 1991) provided a supportive and effective environment for VDPs and trainers to develop professional practice.


One of the key tools in applying physics-based models to machine vision has been the analysis of color histograms. In the mid-1980s it was recognized that the color histogram for a single inhomogeneous surface with highlights will have a planar distribution in color space. It has since been shown that the colors do not fall randomly in a plane, but form clusters at specific points. The shape of the histogram is related not only to the illumination color and object color, but also to such non-color properties as surface roughness and imaging geometry. We present here an algorithm for analyzing color histograms that yields estimates of surface roughness, phase angle between the camera and light source, and illumination intensity. These three scene parameters are related to three histogram measurements. However the relationship is complex and cannot be solved analytically. Therefore we have developed a method for estimating these properties by interpolating between histograms that come from images of known scene properties. We have also shown how roughness and imaging geometry affect the recovery of illumination color from highlight analysis. Our estimates of the roughness and phase angle allow us to make a better estimate of illumination color. This in turn will give better estimates of object colors to achieve color constancy. Our method for estimating scene properties is very fast, and requires only a single color image.


The Numidian Flysch shows constant lithological features from the strait of Gibraltar to central Italy. It is characterized by quartzarenites showing grains of monocrystalline, rounded and frosted quartz, and by kaolinitic mudstones. This research has pointed out that in the southern Apennines 1) the Numidian Flysch was deposited exclusively in the Campania-Lucania carbonate platform and in the Lagonegro-Molise basin, both located on the Apulian continental margin, and never is present in tectonic units originated from the oceanic area located west of that margin; 2) in the axial zone of the Lagonegro basin it stratigraphically follows a formation consisting of varicoloured clays ( Argille Varicolori Auct .); 3) its age is limited to the early-middle Langhian, that is to say, it begins to sediment about 7 million years later than in the Maghrebian chain and deposited for a time span limited to 1–1.5 Ma.

The thickness of the Numidian Flysch gradually decreases towards the north from about 600–1,000 meters to a few tens of meters and in some of the northeastern outcrops it is represented only by some layers of quartzarenites. This is accompanied by a decrease in size of the particles becoming more and more finer. In addition, northwards and frequently in the same section, a lower mineralogical and textural maturity (from quartzarenites to litharenites, and presence of abundant matrix, sub-angular, polycrystalline and deformed quartz grains) is well recognizable.

In the Campania-Lucania carbonate platform the Numidian Flysch evolves to pelagic marly-clayey deposits, followed by mineralogically immature turbidite sandstones of Serravallian age. In the Lagonegro basin the Numidian Flysch replaces Cretaceous-lower Miocene turbidite deposits, consisting of limestones and red marls, on the western side of the basin, variegated clays in the axial zone and calcareous turbidites or variegated clays in the eastern side. Since the late Langhian, it evolves to pelagic sediments followed by lower Tortonian immature turbidite sandstones. In the successions of the Molise basin the Numidian Flysch is interbedded in a succession consisting of calcareous turbidites and pelagic limestones and marls, reaching the Messinian.

The lithological features and the age of the Numidian Flysch in central-southern Apennines, therefore, point out an evolution different from that of the Numidian Flysch of the Maghrebian chain. During the early Miocene, a paleogeographic barrier or other unknown obstacles prevent Numidian sands from reaching the south-Apenninic domains. In the early Langhian, the disappearance of these obstacles allows sands to reach the deep basins located on the Apulian margin. In the late Langhian the Numidian sedimentation is canceled and replaced by mainly pelagic sediments, which will evolve to foredeep deposits in the Serravallian-Messinian time span. In addition, the significant presence of feldspathic and lithic grains testifies a double detrital supply: polycyclic quartzose sands and kaolinitic mudstones from the African craton and metamorphic and plutonic grains from the Hercynian or older rocks of the internal units of the southern Apennines.

The Numidian Flysch of the southern Apennines allows to assign the tectonic units in which is present to the Campania-Lucania carbonate platform or to different zones of the Lagonegro-Molise basin and therefore is of great importance in the reconstruction of both the Mesozoic-Cenozoic paleogeography and a tectono-sedimentary evolution very difficult to decipher, given the convergence of sedimentary facies in the Apenninic deep basins since Cretaceous to Miocene, the presence of several tectonic phases and of out of sequence and back-thrusts.


Didemnid species are assessed as species with a high invasive potential for Australia and as such are listed as target species for both state and national monitoring programs. The presence of the sea squirt Didemnum perlucidum (Monniot, 1983) was first documented in Australia in 2010 and has since then been detected extensively throughout the state of Western Australia and in the Northern Territory. These detections have raised important questions as to the origin and potential impact of this species in Australia. The current study was initiated to review the current known global geographic range of D. perlucidum and to obtain specimens that could support molecular studies aimed at evaluating the potential origin of this species in Australia. Characterization of 5' COI mitochondrial sequences from 286 specimens revealed a remarkably low level of genetic diversity across the current known range of D. perlucidum and the existence of one main widespread genetic haplotype. Such findings suggest that all locations sampled in this study may in fact represent introductions of D. perlucidum and that the natural native range of the species remains unknown. Our demonstration that specimens (n=187) originating from across a broad expanse of the Australian West Coast were comprised of a single haplotype also lends support to the hypothesis that D. perlucidum is a species that has been introduced recently into Australia. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that D. perlucium distribution in Australia is mostly confined to artificial structures, it has displayed invasive characteristics, and its presence is now being detected across an increasingly wide geographical area. Given the demonstrated low level of genetic COI variation across its known global distribution, lack of clarity around its native range, and limited availability of data on this species globally, we recognize the requirement for further work to more fully elucidate the exact origins and patterns of distribution of D. perlucidum in Australia. This study represents the most comprehensive mapping of the current global distribution of D. perlucidum conducted to date and will hopefully motivate further studies aimed at elucidating this species biology, origin, high-risk routes and impacts.


An impact model was developed to predict how three specific foam types would damage the Space Shuttle Orbiter insulating tiles. The inputs needed for the model are the foam type, the foam mass, the foam impact velocity, the foam impact incident angle, the type being impacted, and whether the tile is new or aged (has flown at least one mission). The model will determine if the foam impact will cause damage to the tile. If it can cause damage, the model will output the damage cavity dimensions (length, depth, entry angle, exit angle, and sidewall angles). It makes the calculations as soon as the inputs are entered (less than 1 second). The model allows for the rapid calculation of numerous scenarios in a short time. The model was developed from engineering principles coupled with significant impact testing (over 800 foam impact tests). This model is applicable to masses ranging from 0.0002 up to 0.4 pound (0.09 up to 181 g). A prior tool performed a similar function, but was limited to the assessment of a small range of masses and did not have the large test database for verification. In addition, the prior model did not provide outputs of the cavity damage length, entry angle, exit angle, or sidewall angles.


Biomass and morphometrics of Zostera muelleri were monitored across depth, sediment type, and nutrient gradients in 2 coastal lakes (Tuggerah Lakes and Lake Macquarie) on the east coast of Australia. Tuggerah Lakes had significantly higher nutrient, chlorophyll a, and suspended sediment concentrations in the water column and significantly higher fine sediment fraction and sediment organic matter content. Seagrass above-ground biomass (AGB) was significantly greater in the mesotrophic Tuggerah Lakes, while below-ground biomass (BGB) was significantly greater in the oligotrophic Lake Macquarie, most likely reflecting the different nutrient status of the lakes. Light gradients were the primary control over total biomass, BGB, and shoot density across the study area. Although no general trends between light and AGB were found in this study, lakeand site-specific relationships between light, AGB:BGB ratios, and leaf area index were seen to vary along gradients in nutrient status and sediment quality. These trends are thought to be driven by morphological acclimation that allows seagrass to maintain favourable plant carbon and net community metabolism balances while minimising sulphide exposure. Seagrass depth limits were best predicted by a multilinear model including Secchi depth, fine sediment fraction, and organic matter content, suggesting that negative feedbacks associated with sulphide exposure in the rhizosphere increased the minimum light requirements of this species. Our results support an emerging view that sediment quality and nutrient status are important controls over minimum light requirements in seagrasses. Morphological plasticity can moderate but not completely compensate for the negative impacts of sediment properties on minimum light requirements.


The principal aim of this research project was to produce asystematic review of the academic literature on high-impact pedagogical strategies and student engagement in learning within higher education in order to provide answers to the questions outlined below: • Which pedagogies are commonly used in disciplines to generate engaged student learning? • For which of these pedagogies is there a robust evidence base evaluating the effectiveness of the pedagogy in generating student engagement? • What are the key elements of effective practice that are identified within this literature? • What gaps are there in the existing literature in relation to: (a) discipline specific pedagogies that are not widely evaluated and for which there is a strong prima facie case that they are high impact; (b) the scope for the existing evidence bases to be further strengthened and developed. The report includes ten case studies, drawn from the literature review to exemplify how high-impact pedagogies across the four main discipline areas were being used within specific disciplines.