Because of the complexities associated with the water pricing and public-private partnership issue and their relevance to water management of the future, the Third World Water Centre for Water Management, the Inter-American Development Bank and the Agencia Nacional de Aguas of Brazil sponsored two focused workshops on water pricing in Brasilia, held on June 3rd-5th, 2002 and on public-private partnership in the water sector in Mexico City, held on September 25th-27th, 2003. The main objective of both the workshops were to assess the experiences from North and South America on the issues concerned in an objective and critical manner. Papers for each of the two workshops were specially commissioned. Following the discussions at the two workshops, the authors revised their papers, and this publication includes the selected and revised papers.


It is widely recommended that hemodialysis graft surveillance programs should be implemented and that significant stenosis should be corrected when it is accompanied by graft dysfunction. The rationale for surveillance depends on the dysfunction hypothesis, which states that stenosis causes graft dysfunction [such as a decrease in graft blood flow (Qa)], and this dysfunction reliably precedes and accurately predicts thrombosis. The usefulness of Qa surveillance depends on accurate prediction of thrombosis so that stenosis can be corrected prior to thrombosis. An analysis of the dysfunction hypothesis indicates that some or all of its underlying assumptions are invalid. Most importantly, the presence of wide hemodynamic variation during Qa measurements makes Qa a relatively inaccurate predictor of thrombosis. A number of studies have evaluated the value of surveillance with intervention in reducing thrombosis rates and prolonging graft life. Review of these studies show that few have been prospective and randomized, and many have included historical control groups. It is debatable whether these studies have established that Qa surveillance with intervention should be applied to all grafts. Data from several studies suggest that severity of stenosis may be at least as accurate as Qa in predicting thrombosis. Consequently, inclusion of stenosis measurements (e.g., by duplex ultrasound) may improve the results of surveillance. These unresolved issues indicate it is premature to recommend routine Qa surveillance with intervention of all hemodialysis patients with grafts.


A pleomorphic, Gram-negative, rod-shaped, indole-, oxidase- and catalase- negative, non-spore-forming, non-motile bacterium was originally isolated in 1992 from moribund, seawater farmed Atlantic salmon with multifocal tissue necrosis. Strain AVG 2115T displayed considerable similarities with Streptobacillus moniliformis, one of the two etiological agents of rat bite fever, and has been stored as Streptobacillus sp. NCIMB 703044T. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses, this strain displayed >99 % sequence similarities with uncultured bacterial clones from the digestive tracts of marine mammals, followed by Sneathia sanguinegens CCUG 41628T (92.7 %), 'Sneathia amnii' Sn35 (92.5 %), Caviibacter abscessus CCUG 39713T (92.2 %), Streptobacillus ratti OGS16T (91.3 %), Streptobacillus notomytis AHL 370-1T (91.2 %), S. moniliformis DSM 12112T (91.0 %), Streptobacillus felis 131000547T (90.9 %) and Streptobacillus hongkongensis DSM 26322T (89.7 %). Sequence similarities to all other taxa were below 89 %. Phylogenetic analysis for strain NCIMB 703044T revealed highly similar results for gyrB, groEL and recA nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence analyses independent of the employed treeing method. Average nucleotide identities (ANI) for complete genomes ranged from 66.00 % to 72.08 % between strain NCIMB 703044T and the type strains of Sebaldella termitidis, Leptotrichiabuccalis, Streptobacillus moniliformis, Sneathia sanguinegens and Caviibacter abscessus. Chemotaxonomic and physiological data of strain NCIMB 703044t were in congruence with closely related members of the family Leptotrichiaceae, represented by highly similar enzyme profiles and fatty acid patterns. MALDI-TOF MS analysis was capable to clearly discriminate strain NCIMB 703044T from all currently described taxa of the family Leptotrichiaceae. On the basis of these data we propose the novel taxon Oceanivirga salmonicida gen. nov. sp. nov. with the type strain AVG 2115T (=NCIMB 703044T) (=DSM 101867T). The G+C content is 25.4 %, genome size is 1.77 Mbp.


Determining the position of a robot in an environment, termed localization, is one of the challenges facing roboticist. Localization is essential to solving more complex problems such as locomotion, path planning and environmental learning. Our lab is developing a multi agent system to use multiple small robots to accomplish tasks normally completed by larger robots. However, because of the reduced size of these robots, methods previously used to determine the position of the robot, such as GPS, cannot be employed. The problem we are facing is that we need to be able to determine the position of each of the robots in this multi agent system simultaneously. We have developed a system to help track and identify robots using an overhead camera and LEDs, mounted on the robots, to efficiently solve the localization problem.


This thesis explores the function of the theatre in Derek Walcott's literary achievements. Focusing on the semiotic theories that characterize the study of drama as a literary text and as a staged text, the initial approach aims at creating a relationship between semiotics and postcolonial theories. In particular Pavis's concept of intercultural semiotics and Peter Brook's innovative visions about the regenerative function of the space of the theatre represent a useful theoretical basis to consider the specificity of postcolonial theatre as an innovative space, where new cultural meanings emerge. Derek Walcott's dramatic production is studied according to this approach, in order to be defined as a new hybrid, syncretic and multicultural space. After considering the development of drama from a postcolonial and Caribbean perspective, this study begins with an insight into Walcott's views on theatre, taking into consideration his linguistic depth, linked to the European tradition, but also his strong concern with the Caribbean public's cultural needs. The double tension characterizing Walcott's cultural identity as well as
his art represents an essential element to analyse his dramatic texts. With an ambivalent approach, which takes into consideration language and performance, this thesis offers an insight into Walcott's plays to detect their postcolonial and multicultural elements. The analysis of the
different texts are divided into two chapters (third and fourth). The third chapters - mainly focused on postcolonial themes - explores issues such as language, identity and space, whereas the fourth chapter centers on multiculturalism in text and performance. Dealing with interracial interactions, issues like re-writing classical texts and the manipulation of personal and collective
memory as a way to re- establish new historical perspectives, the last part of the thesis aims at demonstrating the idea that Walcott has created a new space in the theatre made by the harmonic fusion of different and opposed cultural elements, which are visible in the literary as well as in the staged text. The textual perspective of Walcott's drama fits into Pavis's definition of intercultural semiotics, as the faithful representation of a multicultural creole society: that of the West Indies.


BACKGROUND
Attaining a developmentally sensitive nosology for preschool disruptive behavior requires characterization of the features that distinguish it from the normative misbehavior of this developmental period. We hypothesize that quality of behavior and its pervasiveness across contexts are critical dimensions for clinical discrimination in young children and propose that structured diagnostic observation provides a systematic method for their identification. We use the Disruptive Behavior Diagnostic Observation Schedule (DB-DOS) to examine whether: (a) observed quality and pervasiveness of behavior distinguishes preschoolers with clinically concerning disruptive behavior from typically developing preschoolers, and (b) observed pattern of clinically salient behavior predicts impairment above and beyond maternal report of behavioral frequency.

METHODS
Participants are a behaviorally heterogeneous sample of preschoolers (N = 327). Diagnostic methods developed for clinical assessment of preschoolers were used to classify children as (a) Non-Disruptive, (b) Sub-Clinical, or (c) Disruptive. Child behavior was coded based on interactions with parent and examiner during the DB-DOS.

RESULTS
Quality and pervasiveness of observed behaviors during the DB-DOS significantly distinguished the three behavioral groups. Discriminative utility varied depending on the comparison. With few exceptions, clinically concerning patterns on the DB-DOS added significant incremental utility in predicting impairment.

CONCLUSIONS
Observed patterns of clinically salient behavior show promise for advancing developmentally-informed characterization of disruptive behavior within the preschool period.


Global climate changes (GCCs) are predicted to occur in the next hundred years through increases in temperature, water acidification and changes in seawater salinity. Increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations are considered to be the main responsible for GCCs. Climate changes can pose risks for aquatic ecosystems, mainly for marine coastal areas that are ecologically and economically important. In this context, increasing effort has been addressed to the evaluation of effects of variations in abiotic factors, such as temperature, salinity and pH, on biological responses of marine organisms, as deviation from the optimum for these factors may result in deleterious consequences for the physiological performance of animals. In a climate change scenario, the present review focuses on the effects of variations in some important environmental factors - mainly temperature, salinity and pH - on immune parameters of bivalves.


A novel analytical technique to detect chemical warfare agent (CWA) simulants in forensic samples is presented. Three G-agent type simulants that closely mimic real CWAs, namely dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP), diethyl ethylphosphonate (DEEP), and diethyl phosphoramidate (DEPA), and in addition a hydrolysis product, pinacolyl methylphosphonate (PMP), were utilized. Dilute solutions spotted onto six different forensic matrices were used to evaluate the capability of an active capillary plasma ionization source, which could be attached to the inlets of either a conventional benchtop ion trap mass spectrometer or a miniaturized ion trap mass spectrometer, under ambient conditions. The sample solutions and matrix surfaces were exposed for about 10–20 seconds at a distance of 1 cm from the plasma ion source inlet. This real-time methodology was found to have a shorter analysis time than previously reported techniques. A full method validation, quantitative studies, and optimization for detection of real CWAs on forensic matrices should be done in the future.


Two experiments examined the role of expertise, consensus, and informational valence on children's acceptance of informant testimony about the quality of work produced by a target child. In Experiment 1, 96 4- to 5.9-year-olds and 6- to 8-year-olds were told about an expert who gave a positive or negative assessment of art or music that was contradicted by one layperson or a consensus of three laypersons. Generally, participants endorsed positive assessments as correct irrespective of expertise and consensus, but older children were more likely than younger children to want to learn from the expert in the future. To examine whether reluctance to accept expertise was due to the negative quality of the information, the expert in Experiment 2 simply stated that additional work was needed. Both age groups selected the expert as correct and reported wanting to learn from the expert in the future. Contributions to social learning models are discussed.


Nineteen male recipients of renal homografts were responsible for 23 pregnancies, resulting so far in 19 live births and one abortion; three additional wives have not yet been delivered of infants. Eighteen of the 19 infants were normal; the abnormal infant had a myelomeningocele and other anomalies. Eight female recipients have become pregnant ten times. Two of the pregnancies were terminated with therapeutic abortions, and two more are in progress. The other six resulted in live births. There were only two infants with a completely uncomplicated neonatal period. One premature baby died a few hours after birth from hyaline membrane disease. The other five survived, but one had pulmonary valvular stenosis, two had evidence of transient adrenocortical insufficiency plus lymphopenia, and one child had the respiratory distress syndrome. Renal function of three mothers underwent deterioration during pregnancy, but was restored after its termination.


Introduction: Thoracoscopic repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia has increased with the use of prosthetic material. When the defect cannot be repaired primarily, a variety of materials have been used. The ideal prosthetic material has not been identified yet. The use of biologic tissue matrix prosthesis is appealing because this material may serve as a framework to support the patient's own tissue regeneration. We report on 2 newborns with congenital diaphragmatic hernia repaired by thoracoscopy with placement of a Strattice patch (LifeCell, Branchburg, New Jersey). The hernia recurred in both cases. Case Description: Two neonates born at term, weighing 3.5 kg and 4.0 kg, had left-sided congenital diaphragmatic hernias repaired by thoracoscopy with a Strattice patch. The repairs were performed at 1 and 4 days of age after a period of stabilization. There were no other congenital anomalies. There were no operative complications. The neonates recovered uneventfully and were discharged in good condition. Recurrence of the diaphragmatic hernia was identified by chest radiographs at routine follow-up visits 16 and 22 months postoperatively. One patient had mild abdominal pain and increasing shortness of breath, whereas the other patient was asymptomatic. One patient had an abdominal open primary repair of the recurrent diaphragmatic hernia, whereas the other patient had a laparoscopy-assisted repair with AlloDerm patch (LifeCell). They both recovered uneventfully. Discussion: Postoperative follow-up at regular intervals is extremely important after repair of diaphragmatic hernia, especially when prosthetic material is used, because of the high incidence of recurrence. We do not recommend the repair of diaphragmatic hernia with the Strattice patch at this time.


Primary beef cattle farming in South Africa is largely extensive, whereas dairy farming is based on both total mixed ration and pasture production systems. Under natural rangeland conditions, decomposition of manure is aerobic, which produces carbon dioxide (CO2), part of which is absorbed by the regrowth of vegetation rather than released into the atmosphere, and water (H2O) as end products. Thus the cow releases methane (CH4) and the manure CO2. This is in contrast to intensive cow-calf systems in large parts of Europe and North America, where large quantities of manure are stockpiled and undergo anaerobic decomposition and produce CH4. Thus both the cow and the manure release CH4, which result in a higher carbon footprint than the extensive cow-calf systems. In dairy farming, increasing cow efficiency through intensive feeding (same kg milk output by fewer animals) can reduce farm CH4 production by up to 15%. In addition, when differences in productivity are accounted for, pasture systems require more resources (land, feed, water, etc.) per unit of milk produced and the carbon footprint is greater than that of intensive systems. This raises the question as to why the carbon footprint of intensive dairy cow production systems is less, but the carbon footprint of intensive beef cow-calf production systems is higher. The explanation lies in the differences in production levels. In the case of beef cows the weight of the intensive cows will be ± 30% higher than that of the extensive cows, and the weaning weight of their calves will also differ by ± 30%. In the case of dairy cows the weight of the intensive cows will be ± 20% higher, but their milk production will be ± 60% higher. The higher increase in production (milk) of intensive dairy cows, compared to the increase in production (calf weight) of intensive beef cows, explains the antagonism in the carbon footprint between different beef and dairy production systems. Unfortunately, carbon sequestration estimates have been neglected and thus the quantitative effects of these differences are not known.


Professor Ayer's new book1 is of very great interest. All the discussion is skilful, much of it is ingenious; the arguments ramify, but never get out of control; the prose is pleasant, the presentation polished and civilized. Once before, Professor Ayer investigated the foundations of empirical knowledge; and the central topics of his new book are, to a large extent, the same as those of his earlier one. These are topics which have been much discussed since 1940. Ayer takes account of many of these discussions, and his views, in consequence, have changed. They have not changed quite so radically as one might have expected. Ayer thinks that the old-style sceptic ought still to be given a run on the old course against the old competitors. If I am not mistaken, it is important to keep this guiding thought in mind in trying to understand his book. For it is easy to glide comfortably over the smooth surface of this prose without noticing transitions and modulations which, in a less expertly composed treatise, might have given one a jolt.


We have conducted a near-infrared monitoring campaign at the UK InfraRed Telescope (UKIRT), of the Local Group galaxy M33. The main aim was to identify stars in the very final stage of their evolution, and for which the luminosity is more directly related to the birth mass than the more numerous less-evolved giant stars that continue to increase in luminosity. The pulsating giant stars (AGB and red supergiants) are identified and their distributions are used to derive the star formation rate as a function of age. These stars are also important dust factories; we measure their dust production rates from a combination of our data with Spitzer Space Telescope mid-IR photometry. The mass-loss rates are seen to increase with increasing strength of pulsation and with increasing bolometric luminosity. Low-mass stars lose most of their mass through stellar winds, but even super-AGB stars and red superginats lose~40% of their mass via a dusty stellar wind. We construct a 2-D map of the mass-return rate, showing a radial decline but also local enhancements due to agglomerations of massive stars. By comparing the current star formation rate with total mass input to the ISM, we conclude that the star formation in the central regions of M33 can only be sustained if gas is accreted from further out in the disc or from circum-galactic regions.


Objective (s) This study examined the association between maternal and child dietary diversity in a population-based national sample in Ghana. Methods The data for this analysis are from the 2008 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey. We used data obtained from 1187 dyads comprised of mothers' ages 15–49 and their youngest child (ages 6–36 months). Maternal and child dietary diversity scores (DDS) were created based on the mother's recall of her own and her child's consumption of 15 food groups, during the 24 hours prior to the in-home survey. The same food groups were used to compose both maternal and child DDS. Linear regression was used to assess the relationship between the predicted outcome – child DDS -- and maternal DDS, taking into account child age and sex, maternal factors (age, education, occupation, literacy, empowerment, number of antenatal visits as an indicator of health care use), household Wealth Index, and urban/rural place of residence. Results There was a statistically significant positive association between child and maternal DDS, after adjusting for all other variables. A difference of one food group in mother's consumption was associated with a difference of 0.72 food groups in the child's food consumption (95% CI: 0.63, 0.82). Also, statistically significant positive associations were observed such that higher child DDS was associated with older child age, and with greater women's empowerment. Conclusions The results show a significant positive association between child and maternal DD, after accounting for the influence of child, maternal and household level factors. Since the likely path of influence is that maternal DDS impacts child DDS, public health efforts to improve child health may be strengthened by promoting maternal DDS due to its potential for a widened effect on the entire family.


Beginning with digitized volumetric data, we wish to rapidly and efficiently extract and represent surfaces defined as isosurfaces in the interpolated data. The Marching Cubes algo- rithm is a standard approach to this problem. We instead perform a decomposition of each 8-cell associated with a voxel into five tetrahedra. Following the ideas of Kalvin et al. (18), Thirion and Gourdon (30), and extending the work of Doi and Koide (5), we guarantee the resulting surface representation to be closed and oriented, defined by a valid triangulation of the surface of the body, which in turn is presented as a collection of tetrahedra. The entire surface is "wrapped" by a collection of triangles, which form a graph structure, and where each triangle is contained within a single tetrahedron. The representation is similar to the homology theory that uses simplices embedded in a manifold to define a closed curve within each tetrahedron. We introduce data structures based upon a new encoding of the tetrahedra that are at least four times more compact than the standard data structures using vertices and triangles. For parallel computing and improved cache performance, the vertex informa- tion is stored local to the tetrahedra. We can distribute the verti- ces in such a way that no tetrahedron ever contains more than one vertex. We give methods to evaluate surface curvatures and principal directions at each vertex, whenever these quantities are defined. Finally, we outline a method for simplifying the surface, that is reducing the vertex count while preserving the geometry. We compare the characteristics of our methods with an 8-cell based method, and show results of surface extractions from CT-scans and MR-scans at full resolution. Index Terms-B-rep, boundary representation, Marching Cubes, tetrahedral decomposition, homology theory, surface cur- vature, lossless surface compression, surface simplification.


illions of workers rely on respiratory protective devices (RPD) because of workplace inhalation hazards. Many workers also engage in increased physical activity while wearing RPDs. Demand is placed on the RPD to supply oxygen, purge carbon dioxide produced from the breathing space, and still provide respiratory protection. Moreover, changes in the composition of the breathing atmosphere result in significant physiological responses, mostly affecting the cardiopulmonary systems, which permit short term survival or may result in long term adaptation to the changed atmospheric composition. However, these changes can have a significant impact on the ability to perform occupational tasks and can potentially result in injury and death. This article provides a review of the origin of the earth's atmosphere, the physiology of respiration and responses to changes in environmental concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide, impact of exercise, and their relevance to respiratory protection in various occupational settings. In addition, O2 and CO2 concentration limit values verses time have also been identified which, if not exceeded, would not be expected to impose physiological distress. However, since changes in the concentrations of these gases in the breathing atmosphere can strongly influence ventilation, RPD function and the physical performance of an individual during respirator wear may be affected. Increased ventilation will place demands on respirators that could result in increased breathing resistance or impact the performance of filter elements. Increased concentration of CO2 in the breathing space of an RPD may result in a sensation of dyspnea to the degree that the wearer may remove the RPD. Hypoxia may occur unnoticed by the wearer of RPD and the individual may lose consciousness with no warning. This could result in injury or fatality if the loss of consciousness occurred in a dangerous situation (e.g., firefighting, underwater diving, search and rescue activities). Therefore, "scrubbing" or clearing CO2 from the breathing space, as well as careful monitoring of the atmosphere, is as critical to wearer safety as selection of the proper RPD for the complete protection of the user.


The impact of indirect taxes is analyzed in the study of evolution, especially the VAT for the economic activity of the company studied. During the reporting period, namely January 2009 – December 2011 the supporting documents were checked which records on VAT deductible and collected were based on, in compliance with legal norms and principles of financial accounting. Also the data processed were the basis for an analysis to compare the evolution of VAT. VAT shall be paid for the entire activity of the company.


This PhD thesis aims to extend the current quantitative microbial risk assessment for minimally heated chilled foods by including information on variability of non-proteolytic Clostridium botulinum at strain level. The research on strain variability covers practical experiments as well as literature surveys and focuses on heat resistance properties of non-proteolytic C. botulinum spores, variability in growth at chill temperatures and variability in growth and neurotoxin formation in the presence of different carbohydrates. A strain classification pattern was developed and compared with published literature information on the genetic variation of non-proteolytic C. botulinum. Results for the growth at chill temperatures and from the carbohydrate study provide strong evidence of significant variability for strains of non-proteolytic C. botulinum that is associated with the type of neurotoxin formed. Although a literature review on heat resistance did not show correlation between the decimal reduction time and toxin type for non-proteolytic C. botulinum it provides a strong quantitative support for modelling of the thermal properties of the spores. Insights on strain variability were included in a modular quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) for a model dairy-based chilled dessert using a Monte Carlo simulation technique. The model considered four steps in product manufacture that either reduced or increased the hazard associated with non-proteolytic C. botulinum: spore load in raw material, thermal inactivation of spores, distribution of spores in retail units and population kinetics for non-proteolytic C. botulinum during multi-stage storage regimes. The replacement of a commonly applied assumption on strain homogeneity with strain specific characteristics of non-proteolytic C. botulinum revealed that inclusion of information on strain variability has an important impact on estimated risks. The QMRA indicated that, for a minimally heated dairy-based dessert, a greater hazard was associated with type E strains than with those of type B and F. The findings in this thesis provide important information relating to food safety and public health and could be used by risk managers for verification of microbiological criteria for particular products originating from geographical locations with higher prevalence of type E non-proteolytic C. botulinum strains. This approach illustrates a step forward by including population details into to risk assessment which may become a significant element in the assessment of complex foodborne hazards.


BACKGROUND
Aboriginal adolescents are more likely to become pregnant and contract an STI than other Canadian adolescents. This study provides some of the first data on factors associated with these outcomes among Aboriginal adolescents.

METHODS
A secondary analysis was conducted using 2003 data from a large cross-sectional survey of British Columbia secondary school students. 445 young women and 360 young men who identified as Aboriginal and reported ever having sex were included in analyses. Associations between self-reported pregnancy and STI and 11 exposure variables were examined using logistic regression.

RESULTS
Of young women, 10.6% reported a pregnancy; 10.5% of young men reported causing a pregnancy. An STI diagnosis was reported by 4.2% of young women and 3.9% of young men. In multivariate analyses for young men, ever having been sexually abused was the strongest consistent risk factor for causing a pregnancy (AOR = 4.30, 95% CI 1.64-11.25) and STI diagnosis (AOR = 5.58, 95% CI 1.61-19.37). For young women, abuse was associated with increased odds of pregnancy (AOR = 10.37, 95% CI 4.04-26.60) but not STI. Among young women, substance use was the strongest consistent risk factor for both pregnancy (AOR = 3.36, 95% CI 1.25-9.08) and STI (AOR = 5.27, 95% CI 1.50-18.42); for young men, substance use was associated with higher odds of STI (AOR = 4.60, 95% CI 1.11-19.14). Factors associated with decreased risk included community, school and family involvement.

CONCLUSIONS
Health care professionals, communities and policy-makers must urgently address sexual abuse and substance use. Exploring promotion of school and community involvement and family cohesion may be useful for sexual health interventions with Aboriginal students.


This paper compares the SAT and juken. It does this at three levels of analysis: structure, function, and participant communications. While the prior two rely on publicly available information and established theories, the latter is based on the analysis of data collected from social media. The findings of this paper are that, while the two examinations are structurally and functionally similar enough to appear ready points of comparison, their differences are profound enough to make such comparisons misleading. Among the consequential differences discussed are that, as opposed to the SAT, the juken is a longer, more consequential process that is more likely to impose dependency upon its participants. In combination, these differences result in a higher-pressure process that challenges its participants not only intellectually, but socio-culturally, and characterologically. As a result, this paper suggests that, whereas the SAT serves a functional role in determining university admissions in the US, the juken is a central facet of Japan's institutionalized education and socialization process.


The project completed at the Wichita State University Department of Chemistry. Presented at the 7th Annual Capitol Graduate Research Summit, Topeka, KS, 2010


Abstract A detailed description of a concentric annular heat pipe (CAHP) operation is presented in low to moderate temperature ranges (50–200°C). The steady-state response of a CAHP to various heat fluxes in the evaporator and condenser sections are discussed. Two-dimensional mathematical modeling of the fluid flow and heat transfer in the annular vapor space and the wicks are described. The fundamental aspects and limitations of the operation of a CAHP are also discussed. Previously used numerical and experimental approaches for the analysis of the CAHPs and some related concepts are reviewed. The Navier-Stokes and similar equations are recommended for the simulation of fluid flow and heat transfer in the annular vapor space and the wicks. A number of important concepts, such as two-phase flow, heat transfer in the heat pipe wicks, the vapor–liquid interface conditions, design considerations, testing, and manufacture of a CAHP, are also briefly discussed. The results of this research have shown that the available numerical and experimental data in the literature are sufficiently accurate in many applications. However, new mathematical models and experimental works are needed for the better design and manufacture of various types of CAHPs.


In "Selling the Race", Adam Green tells the story of how black Chicagoans were at the center of a national movement in the 1940s and '50s, a time when African Americans across the country first started to see themselves as part of a single culture. Along the way, he offers fascinating reinterpretations of such events as the 1940 American Negro Exposition, the rise of black music and the culture industry that emerged around it, the development of the Associated Negro Press and the founding of Johnson Publishing, and the outcry over the 1955 lynching of Emmett Till. By presenting African Americans as agents, rather than casualties, of modernity, Green ultimately re envisions urban existence in a way that will resonate with anyone interested in race, culture, or the life of cities.


The Turkey is in a good position which has covered by water and also has the gate that connected the Asian and Europe continents. The Turkish Straits sea area is consist of Strait of the Istanbul (Bosphorus), Strait of the Canakkale (Dardanelle) and also Sea of Marmara. The Straits of Istanbul and Strait of Canakkale are connecting the Black Sea with the Aegean Sea through by Sea of Marmara. The Turkish Straits have a really importance from the history because of the geopolitics, strategic and geographic situations. These importances, especially strategic one is that the only water route between the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea, so the Turkish Straits sea area has been the site of significant settlement area and also city of Istanbul for a long time in the past. The Turkish Straits have been governed by the Montreux Convention, since the 1936. From past to recent years this gate is the most important trade way of the world cause of the oil and oil products. These economic, strategic and also trade considerations have high level risk management about maritime transportation at the Turkish Straits. For these circumstances, need to deeply survey at the Turkish Straits about marine science, find all the risk factors at the end need to shown by the charts on the bridge of the ships and coastal facility for use all the mariners. These results could have chance to make environmental planning, management and their policies for maritime transportation, decrease marine pollution and protect all the straits shoreline by the regulations which aimed at the minimising shipping accident, avoiding collisions and protecting marine environment. With this working, try to explain the marine science and their surveys importance for environmental management, planning at the Turkish Straits .


Most assessments of pension sustainability focus on the projected fall in spending. However interest in the impact on adequacy, usually measured by replacement rates, is increasing. In this paper we show that replacement rates have significant defects, related to being point-in-time indicators and the use of unrepresentative assumptions. We argue for the use of pension wealth calculated using more realistic assumptions. Looking at ten EU countries, we find that while generosity decreased significantly, systems' effectiveness in alleviating poverty remain strong in countries where minimum pensions were improved. However, moves to link benefits to contributions have raised concerns for women and for those on low incomes. Though reforms have reduced the fiscal challenge of ageing, in many countries pressures will persist and further reforms are likely.


Traditionally, employer-sponsored group insurance plans have been the backbone of health insurance coverage in the United States. While it is still true that most Americans get their health insurance through their employment, the erosion of employer-sponsored health insurance has increased the ranks of the uninsured and pushed more workers, retirees and their families into the individual insurance market. In 2005, for example, nine percent of the population, or nearly 27 million people, turned to individual policies for health insurance coverage. The Health Care Choice Act of 2005 (the "Act") currently before Congress aims to reform perceived problems in the individual market, and is touted as part of the solution to the problem of the uninsured. It purports to allow individuals who are not eligible for or cannot afford group coverage to purchase an individual policy in and from any state. If passed, the Act would allow health insurers to offer individual policies of insurance from any state without being required to comply with the laws of the insured's state. Its proponents claim that it would lower the cost of individual health insurance by bypassing state laws such as those mandating benefits, and offer consumers more choice.It does not appear that the Act would lower costs for most purchasers, increase meaningful choices, or reduce the overall number of uninsured. Moreover, the Act would permit health insurers to sell policies from the states with the fewest consumer protections, and to market and sell those policies to consumers in all other states. This would erode important consumer protections under state law and undercut the role of the states in regulating health insurance products and protecting their citizens. Worse, the Act could increase the existing problem of fragmentation in the individual and broader insurance markets and divert attention away from systemic issues such as the increasingly high cost of health care, and the growing crisis of un- and under-insurance. Indeed, the Act can be seen as an example of the larger political approach to health care policy, one focused on individual, market-based solutions that undermine the concept of health insurance as an expression of social solidarity and collective responsibility.


The ability of the brain to extract meaningful information from complex sounds is what allows mammals to understand species-specific communication as well as important environmental cues such as the sound of water or of potential predators or prey. The auditory cortex of humans and other mammals contains multiple cortical regions that unique sensitivities to both spectral and temporal sound cues. This discourse will explore three main factors proposed to determine these distinct processing capabilities in regard to temporal sound cues; the distribution of glutamate transporters in the thalamus, the architecture of afferent pathways between the thalamus and auditory cortex, and the organization of patterns of neurons in the thalamus and cortical fields. It is hypothesized that while the site from which thalamic input originates accounts for the majority of variation between cortical fields, a combination of these properties is responsible for producing the full breadth of temporal cue sound processing abilities seen in the brain. Recognition of the importance of temporal cues in speech comprehension indicates that a thorough understanding of the topic is imperative to the development of effective cochlear implant technology.


Feature Issue on Photonics in SwitchingWe propose a method for simultaneously achieving high resource usage efficiency in terms of both bandwidth and switching resources in protected optical WDM networks. Branch points in protection bandwidth have previously been shown to lead to slower recovery times. We show that branch avoidance may also lead to more efficient use of resources within optical switches. Through our experimental simulations of our online algorithm with an incremental traffic model, we have found that considering bandwidth alone leads to inefficient use of switching resources. Similarly, total elimination of branching leads to inefficient bandwidth usage. However, taking a balanced approach leads to high efficiency with both resources.


Some applications of Prespacetime Model I are stated. The applications relate to presenting and modeling generation, sustenance and evolution of elementary particles through self-referential hierarchical spin structures of prespacetime. In particular, method and model for generating, sustaining and causing evolution of fermions, bosons and spinless particles are stated. Further, method and model for weak interaction, strong interaction, electromagnetic interaction, gravitational interaction, quantum entanglement and brain function are also stated.


"Profiting from the Plains" looks at two inextricably linked historical movements in the United States: the westward expansion of the great Northern Railway and the agricultural development of the northern plains. Claire Strom explores the persistent, idiosyncratic attempts by the Great Northern to boost agricultural production along its rail routes from St. Paul to Seattle between 1878 and 1917. Lacking a federal land grant, the Great Northern could not make money through land sales like other railways. It had to rely on haulage to make a profit, and the greatest potential for increasing haulage lay in farming. The energetic and charismatic owner of the Great Northern Railway, James J. Hill, spearheaded most of the initiatives undertaken by his corporation to boost agricultural production. He tried, often unsuccessfully, to persuade farmers of the profitability of his methods, which were largely based on his personal farming experience. When Hill's initial efforts to increase haulage failed, he shifted his focus to working with outside agencies and institutions, often providing them with the funding to pursue projects he hoped would profit his railroad. At the time, state and federal agencies were also promoting agricultural development through irrigation, conservation, and dryland farming, but their agendas often clashed with those of the Great Northern Railway. Because Hill failed to grasp the extent to which politicians' goals differed from those of the railroad, his use of federal expertise to promote agricultural change often backfired. But despite these obstacles, the railroad magnate ironically remained among the last defenders of the small-scale farmer modelled on Jeffersonian idealism. This fascinating story of railroad politics and development ties into themes of corporate and federal sponsorship, which are increasingly recognized as fundamental to western history. As the first scholarly examination of James J. Hill's agricultural enterprises, "Profiting from the Plains" makes an important contribution to the biography of the popular and controversial Hill, as well as to western and environmental history. Claire Strom is assistant professor of history, North Dakota State University, Fargo.


Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study The primary purpose of this study is to examine the research and literature on African American male enrollment, experiences, and degree completion trends at four-year HBCUs. The secondary goal is to recenter the gendered dialogue that occurs within HBCU undergraduate student research, such that barriers specific to African American men are identified and examined, with the expectation of better promoting their postsecondary success. Research Design Analytic essay, cross-sectional data analysis. Data Collection and Analysis First, we conducted a review of historical and contemporary literature to identify the role and contribution of four-year HBCUs on African American males over time. In addition, we employed a secondary data analysis of the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System to identify six-year graduation rates for one cohort of African American male and female student at HBCUs. Findings/Results Critical analysis of historical data from the mid-19th to early 21st century indicates that African American males have indeed been neglected in research on undergraduate enrollment, experiences, and degree completion at four-year HBCUs. African American males face a number of issues that are not absolved on matriculation to HBCUs merely because their environments are predominantly Black. Our analysis suggests that in general, the nurturing and supportive environment on HBCU campuses, when harnessed by African American male (and female) students, can promote postsecondary matriculation and success. Conclusions/Recommendations HBCUs have undoubtedly afforded African American males a route by which to gain access to postsecondary education. However, the lack of attention toward their struggles has served to silence their gendered experience and perpetuate a lack of accountability for African American male underachievement within the higher education establishment. Future gendered analyses of HBCU undergraduates ought to address both the male and female experience on these campuses using a variety of appropriate methodological approaches.


Oxidative damage can lead to a number of diseases, and can be fatal. The blm1-1 mutation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae confers hypersusceptibility to lethal effects of the oxidative, anticancer and antifungal agent, bleomycin. For the current report, additional defects conferred by the mutation in meiosis and mitosis were investigated. The viability of spores produced during meiosis by homozygous normal BLM1/BLM1, heterozygous BLM1/blm1-1, and homozygous mutant blm1-1/blm1-1 diploid strains was studied and compared. Approximately 88% of the tetrads derived from homozygous blm1-1/blm1-1 mutant diploid cells only produced one or two viable spores. In contrast, just one tetrad among all BLM1/BLM1 and BLM1/blm1-1 tetrads only produced one or two viable spores. Rather, 94% of BLM1/BLM1 tetrads and 100% of BLM1/blm1-1 tetrads produced asci with four or three viable spores. Thus, at least one copy of the BLM1 gene is essential for the production of four viable spores after meiosis. During mitotic growth, mutant blm1-1 strains grew at reduced rates and produced cells with high frequencies of unusual morphologies compared to wild-type strains. These results indicated BLM1 is also essential for normal mitotic growth. We also investigated the suppression by the MSH4 gene, a meiosis-specific MutS homolog, of the bleomycin hypersusceptibility of blm1-1 mutant cells, and the relationship of MSH4 to BLM1. We screened a genomic library, and isolated the MSH4 gene on the basis of its ability to suppress lethal effects of bleomycin in blm1-1 cells. However, genetic mapping studies indicated that BLM1 and MSH4 are not the same gene. The possibility that chromosomal nondisjunction could be the basis for the inability of blm1-1/ blm1-1 mutant cells to produce four viable spores after meiosis is discussed.


Dimethyl sulphide (DMS) is an important compound in global atmospheric chemistry and climate change. Traceable international standards are essential for measuring accurately the long-term global trend in ambient DMS. However, developing accurate gas standards for sub-nanomole per mole (nmol/mol) mole fractions of DMS in a cylinder is challenging, because DMS is reactive and unstable. In this study, a dynamic dilution method that is traceable and precise was developed to generate sub-nmol/mol DMS gas mixtures with a dynamic dilution system based on sonic nozzles and a long-term (> 5 years) stable 10 μmol/mol parent DMS primary standard gas mixtures (PSMs). The dynamic dilution system was calibrated with traceable methane PSMs, and its estimated dilution factors were used to calculate the mole fractions of the dynamically generated DMS gas mixtures. A dynamically generated DMS gas mixture and a 6 nmol/mol DMS PSM were analysed against each other by gas chromatography with flame-ionisation detection (GC/FID) to evaluate the dilution system. The mole fractions of the dynamically generated DMS gas mixture determined against a DMS PSM and calculated with the dilution factor agreed within 1% at 6 nmol/mol. In addition, the dynamically generated DMS gas mixtures at various mole fractions between 0.4 and 11.7 nmol/mol were analysed by GC/FID and evaluated for their linearity. The analytically determined mole fractions showed good linearity with the mole fractions calculated with the dilution factors. Results showed that the dynamic dilution method generates DMS gas mixtures ranging between 0.4 nmol/mol and 12 nmol/mol with relative expanded uncertainties of less than 2%. Therefore, the newly developed dynamic dilution method is a promising reference method for generating sub-nmol/mol DMS gas standards for accurate ambient measurements.


In the near future a significant increase in electric power consumption in vehicles is to be expected. To limit the associated increase in fuel consumption and exhaust emissions, smart strategies for the generation, storage/retrieval, distribution and consumption of the electric power can be used. This paper considers a vehicle configuration with a conventional drive train. Two energy management strategies that control the alternator power are analysed: a regenerative braking strategy and a more advanced strategy based on optimisation techniques. The potential behind these strategies is analysed by studying the typical characteristics of components that are directly related to the energy flow in the vehicle. It is shown that operating the internal combustion engine at the highest efficiency will not inherently lead to the lowest fuel consumption. Subsequently, engineering rules are presented to evaluate the performance that can be expected for each strategy. The component characteristics are included as input parameters to make the method generally applicable. To show the value of the engineering rules, the potential fuel reduction is computed for a specific vehicle configuration and driving cycle and compared with simulations results.


Using 2.4-nsec pulses at 350 nm, we have observed transverse stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in fused-silica optical components. Transverse SBS sets in when the product of laser fluence and growth time for the scattered optical wave exceeds ∼2.3 J nsec/cm2. An increase in laser bandwidth to 8.3 GHz suppresses SBS losses up to approximately twice the SBS threshold. We review the theory of transverse, broadband SBS and its scaling with experimental parameters.


Systemic diseases often present associated oral signs and symptoms, which can occur either from the beginning of the disease or during its evolution. In some cases the oral manifestations reveal an undetected and severe disease, like leukemia. According to the encountered oral signs and symptoms and their response to topical/ dental treatment, the dentist and physician should take into account specific additional tests, which could highlight a possible associated systemic disease. The most frequent oral manifestations associated with leukemia are represented by paleness of oral mucosa/ local abnormal colour of the gum, gingival petechiae, ecchymosis, bleeding associating painless gingival hyperplasia, hemorrhages, ulcerative necrotic lesions and buccal infections. We presented in this paper the relevant literature data in respect to the oral manifestations encountered in leukemia, exemplified with two suggestive cases. As a conclusion, dentists should be advised not only to recognize and treat the encountered oral lesions but also to refer the patient to specialized professionals for additional investigations, especially in the situation when suspect a severe systemic disease that require a precocious diagnosis or in the case when the establishment of diagnosis exceed the possibilities of the usual tests. Chemotherapy


New and revised Early Cambrian biostratigraphic data allow a quantitative analysis of changes in biotic diversity and extinction rate. The mid-Early Cambrian extinction can now be resolved into two distinct events: the well-known early Toyonian Hawke Bay regression event, and a newly observed but more severe disruption during the early Botomian, here named the Sinsk event. During the Sinsk event, the shallow-water benthos of the so-called Tommotian fauna, together with archaeocyaths and some trilobites, underwent a rapid decline. The Sinsk event is characterized by the significant accumulation of nonbioturbated laminated black shales in tropical shallow waters. Lamination is due to the fine alternation of clay- and organic-rich laminae with calcite-rich laminae containing abundant monospecific acritarchs. These shales are enriched by pyrite and elements typical of anoxic conditions and support a benthic biota of dysaerobic character. Our observations suggest that the extinction during the early Botomian was caused by extensive encroachment of anoxic waters onto epicontinental seas, associated with eutrophication and resultant phytoplankton blooms.


A key insight of modern property scholarship is that property rights are limited by the rights of others. In the antebellum era, slave owners' property rights in fugitive slaves who escaped into the North existed in tension with the rights of free blacks who might be wrongfully claimed. At first, the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793, as supplemented by the law in most Northern states, limited a slave owner's property rights by providing limited legal protections to free blacks against being erroneously claimed as slaves. As attitudes towards slavery changed, however, state laws in the North became increasingly protective of free blacks, and Southerners became less willing to accept any limitations on the right to recover fugitive slaves. The Supreme Court responded in Prigg v. Pennsylvania by striking down state law limitations on slave owners' ability to recapture fugitive slaves. Congress followed suit in the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 by federalizing a strong property right in fugitive slaves that was only marginally limited by the alleged slaves' rights to freedom. This Article argues that the federal government's one-sided approach to the fugitive-slave issue generated an antislavery backlash that undermined Northern support for the rendition of fugitive slaves, making rendition costly and dangerous. The fugitive slave issue, therefore, suggests that property rights that ignore the rights of others are not only unjust, but, in the right circumstances, can also be self-defeating.


The setup of the paper is as follows: Section I presents a fairly standard, small deterministic macromodel with a number of classical features. All markets clear instantaneously, there is no money illusion, and perfect foresight rules. The effects of monetary, financial, and fiscal policies in this model are analyzed. A number of nonneutrality propositions are stated. The drawback of this model is that it is ad hoc in the sense that private behavioral relationships have not been derived from explicit optimizing behavior. Section II, therefore, summarizes the results of some studies on debt neutrality and monetary superneutrality in a "fully rational" overlapping generations model. This leads to the conclusion that the ad hoc model of Section I is not a bad parable for such fully rational models. Section III abandons the assumption of universal instantaneous Wairasian equilibrium and considers the consequences of price and wage stickiness for the scope for stabilization policy; stochastic models are analyzed here, which also permits the consideration of some of the interesting issues associated with incomplete information.


The cytoplasmic tail (gp41CT) of the HIV-1 envelope (Env) mediates Env incorporation into virions and regulates Env intracellular trafficking. Little is known about the functional impact of variability in this domain. To address this issue, we compared the replication of recombinant virus pairs carrying the full Env (Env viruses) or the Env ectodomain fused to the gp41CT of NL4.3 (EnvEC viruses) (12 subtype C and 10 subtype B pairs) in primary CD4+ T-cells and monocyte-derived-macrophages (MDMs). In CD4+ T-cells, replication was as follows: B-EnvEC = B-Env>C-EnvEC>C-Env, indicating that the gp41CT of subtype C contributes to the low replicative capacity of this subtype. In MDMs, in contrast, replication capacity was comparable for all viruses regardless of subtype and of gp41CT. In CD4+ T-cells, viral entry, viral release and viral gene expression were similar. However, infectivity of free virions and cell-to-cell transmission of C-Env viruses released by CD4+ T-cells was lower, suggestive of lower Env incorporation into virions. Subtype C matrix only minimally rescued viral replication and failed to restore infectivity of free viruses and cell-to-cell transmission. Taken together, these results show that polymorphisms in the gp41CT contribute to viral replication capacity and suggest that the number of Env spikes per virion may vary across subtypes. These findings should be taken into consideration in the design of vaccines.


Summary

This working paper argues we need to reimagine development tactics to fashion Development 3.0, to match what business analysts now call World 3.0, a global system characterized by high turbulence and new threats. It begins by contrasting our former classification of countries spatially into First, Second and Third worlds with a new division of development epochs in sequence since the end of World War II. World 1.0 emphasized industrialization, urbanization, and modernization, lasting from 1945 to 1980. World 2.0 emphasized global trade, and a shift to private actors doing the work of development, from 1980 to the early 2000s. World 3.0 can be seen as superceding globalization by concern with emergent threats. World 1.0 privileged state actions to accelerate "nation building" within former colonies, whereas World 2.0 privileged private capital and free trade as engines for economic growth. Now, following wars, disasters, and the near meltdown of the global financial system in 2007/08, we enter World 3.0 as depicted by Ghemawat and others.

We review thirteen major changes not recognized within World 2.0 or its accompanying Development 2.0 regime. The major changes include the rise of homeless capital, the Conservative counter-revolution of the 1980s, the implosion of the USSR, rise of modern China, emergence of BRIC nations, a pan-urban world, rise of identity politics, reemergence of Africa, shift to non-state warfare, growing threat of climate change, MENA nations experience Arab Spring, digital worlds expand, and velocity increases. They suggest coming turbulence and unexpected outcomes, or "mashups" (Ramo).

These changes suggest a different emergent system, becoming World 3.0 which has profound differences from how we view our planet's political economy (World 2.0).

If so, the paper outlines implications which suggest the time has come to "take on board" our changed planetary circumstances, and thus begin crafting Development 3.0.

"Where the wild things are", introduces metaphors to change the 'meta-narratives' used for viewing World 3.0: "herding elephants," "taming feral capital", "swimming with tides" and "avoiding mashups". They help us realize that long recognized problems (or "elephants") may show unexpected behaviors to pose new threats within World 3.0.

The main argument of the paper then lays out a baker's dozen changes needed if we hope to fashion more effective ways to promote development for us all. We must "rebalance society" (ala Mintzberg), refashion aid, privilege sustainability, emphasize fair trade, tame feral capital, devise better metrics, include all nations & peoples, seat G-20 not G-8, recognize semi-sovereigns, focus on a pan-urban world, build coalitions in networks, involve women & youth, and rebuild community leadership. All of which assumes we can offset a strong tide towards return to the excesses of World 2.0.


In the last half of the twentieth century, a once respectable and religious Britain became a seriously violent and dishonest society, one in which person and property were at risk, family breakdown was ubiquitous, and drug and alcohol abuse was rising. "The Strange Death of Moral Britain" demonstrates in detail the roots of Britain's decline. It also shows how a society, strongly Protestant in both morality and identity, became one of the most secular societies in the world. The culture wars about abortion, capital punishment, and homosexuality, which have convulsed the United States, have little meaning in Britain where there is neither a moral majority nor any indigenous emphasis on rights. In the period when Britain had a strong national and religious identity, defense of this identity led to legal persecution of male homosexuals. As Britain's identity crumbled, homosexuality ceased to be an important issue for most people. Similarly, all the pressing questions on abortion, capital punishment, and homosexuality were settled permanently on a purely utilitarian basis in Britain, where all sources of moral argument are weak. The ending of the death penalty marked the decline of the influence of the official hierarchies of church and state, the Church of England, the armed forces, and their representative, the Conservative Party. The Strange Death of Moral Britain is a study of moral change, secularization, loss of identity, and the growth of deviant behavior in Britain in the twentieth century. Based on detailed scholarship, it is tightly argued and clearly written with a minimum of jargon. It will be of interest to scholars in religious studies and British social history, and to a general reading public concerned with timely moral controversies.


The long-term goal is to enhance our understanding of coastal oceanography by means of applying simple dynamical theories to high-quality observations obtained in the field. My primary area of expertise is physical oceanography, but I also enjoy collaborating with biological, chemical, acoustical, and optical oceanographers to work on interdisciplinary problems. I collaborate frequently with numerical modelers to improve our predictive capabilities of Navy-relevant parameters in the littoral zone.


Dietary fiber intake is significantly below the recommended daily allowances worldwide, making fortification of foods with dietary fiber a vital strategy. Simultaneously, there is a trend towards increased consumption of processed meat products containing substantial amounts of fat, making processed meat products an excellent vehicle to deliver fiber. In this study, the effects of adding four types of dietary fiber (Resistant Starch (RS), Polydextrose (POD), Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and Galactooligosaccharides (GOS)) to chicken nuggets were investigated. Fibers were added at three levels (5, 10 and 15%) to replace 33.33, 66.66, and 100%, respectively, of the chicken skin. The difference between the removed quantity of chicken skin and added fiber was compensated with water. Chicken nuggets were evaluated by measuring color, texture, proximate composition, yield and consumers' acceptability. Results indicated that replacement of the chicken skin entirely with dietary fiber is possible without negatively affecting the final product quality.


Access to and use of the Internet and other telecommunications services are rapidly becoming an increasingly common and critical part of commerce, education and social participation. Groups with little opportunity to participate in the services provided by new telecommunications technology will be increasingly disadvantaged socially and economically. The concept of a 'digital divide' is being used to describe disparities in the use of the Internet and new telecommunications services across different social groups. In Australia the debate has taken a regional focus because of differences in metropolitan and regional rates of access. Government policies have focused on supply-side issues such as the quality and cost of supply in regional Australia. However, evidence from overseas studies suggests that sociodemographic factors may also influence access to new technology. This study explores the social and economic characteristics of Australians with different levels of access to and use of communications services. The results show that a large proportion of Australians do not participate in the knowledge economy — not because of where they live, but because of their economic and social circumstances. The most important driver of Internet access is educational qualification, followed by income. After accounting for other factors, region and State of residence by themselves do not explain differences in Internet take-up rates. This result suggests that supply-side policy solutions will not be sufficient to overcome the digital divide.


I. INTRODUCTION II. THE NATURE AND CAUSES OF THE AMERICAN OBESITY EPIDEMIC A. Rates of Obesity and Overweight Have Reached Crisis Proportions B. The Obesity Epidemic Is Responsible for Severe Social Harms C. The Causes of the Crisis III. WHAT CAN BE DONE TO ADDRESS THE OBESITY CRISIS A. The Government, Not the Individual, Is the Best Place to Address the Problem B. Potentially Effective Anti-Obesity Policies C. There Is a Strong Prima Facie Case for Government Intervention IV. THE PATERNALISM OBJECTION TO GOVERNMENT ANTIOBESITY LEGISLATION A. The Basic Anti-Paternalism Argument Against Government Intervention in the Food Industry B. Some Legislation Can Be Justified Entirely on Non-Paternalistic Grounds C. Can Anti-Obesity Legislation Be Justified on Paternalistic Grounds? 1. The Case for Paternalistic Anti-Obesity Legislation Depends Crucially on the Extent to Which the Food Choices of Americans Are Voluntary i. Whether an Extemal Agent Should Respect the Choice of an Adult Depends Importantly on the Extent to Which That Choice Is Voluntary ii. Are the Food Choices of Americans Wholly Voluntary? 2. If the Unhealthy Food Choices of Americans Are to a Significant Extent Non-Voluntary, Does this Sanction Paternalistic Interference? 3. What Kinds of Anti-Obesity Policies Would Be Justified on Paternalistic Grounds? 4. Can More Heavy-Handed Anti-Obesity Policies Be Justified on Hard Paternalism Grounds? i. Is Hard Paternalism Ever Justified? ii. Can Hard Paternalism Justify More Aggressive Anti-Obesity Policies Such as Product Bans? V. THE SLIPPERY SLOPE OBJECTION TO GOVERNMENT ANTIOBESITY REGULATION VI. CONCLUSION I. INTRODUCTION Rates of obesity and overweight in America have increased dramatically in recent decades, with no end to the increase in sight. (1) The obesity epidemic has brought with it severe social costs. Obesity is a known cause of numerous fatal diseases and is responsible for tens of thousands of preventable deaths every year. (2) It is also a contributing factor to the development of numerous non-fatal health and psychological conditions. (3) Moreover, obesity significantly drains the public purse as a result of the billions of dollars it annually adds in increased government health care costs. (4) Given the seriousness of the American obesity problem, there would appear to be good reasons for the government to implement aggressive new policies designed to curb, and even reverse, the national rate of obesity. For example, "full disclosure" laws requiring the conspicuous posting of nutritional information, and/or health risks, restrictions on the advertising of unhealthy foods, government subsidies for the production of nutritional staples, and the institution of a "fat tax" on particularly unhealthy foods. (5) While there appears to be a prima facie case for the institution of such policies--based on the seriousness of the obesity epidemic--critics have repeatedly objected to these potentially effective policies on the grounds that government interference with the food industry would amount to government "big brother" forcing its vision of the good down Americans' collective throats. (6) Such critics argue that food choices are an entirely private matter, and that obesity is simply a matter of personal responsibility. In short, they conclude that the American obesity crisis is simply none of the government's business. (7) This Article examines--and ultimately rejects--this anti-paternalism argument against government anti-obesity policies. It argues that government intervention in the food industry for the purpose of stemming the American obesity epidemic is justified and survives paternalistic objections to the contrary. This Article begins by briefly outlining the nature, severity, and causes of the obesity epidemic. …


Two Late Ordovician faunas, one from shallow water limestones and the other from deep water spiculitic siltstones, are documented from the southern Macquarie Arc in south-central New South Wales. Limestone encountered in the subsurface during exploration drilling in the Barmedman Creek area (midway between Marsden and West Wyalong) yields Eastonian conodonts including Aphelognathus cf. webbyi, Belodina compressa, Phragmodus undatus, Tasmanognathus cf. borealis and Yaoxianognathus? Tunguskaensis. Associated macrofauna includes the corals Tetradium tenue, Bajgolia? cf. grandis, Propora bowanensis, Paleofavosites?, Cystihalysites, Halysites and Palaeophyllum, stromatoporoids Labechiella variabilis, Stratodictyon ozakii, Clathrodictyon cf. microundulatum and Ecclimadictyon, and sponge Cliefdenella cf. perdentata. The Jingerangle Formation, exposed between Caragabal and Quandialla, may be as young as Bolindian 2 on the basis of some poorly preserved graptolites. Associated nektic nautiloids and sponges (Hindia) represent components of Benthic Assemblage 4-5, suggesting a deep water environment. The limestones at Barmedman Creek, and the spiculitic clastic rocks of the Jingerangle Formation, are associated (although exact relationships are unclear) with two separate volcanic complexes in the Macquarie Arc. Late Ordovician successions exposed further north in the area west of Parkes and Forbes, where early to late Eastonian limestones are overlain by early Bolindian deep water sediments, provide the closest regional analogues to the fossiliferous strata documented in the paper.


Particle swarm optimization (PSO) can be interpreted physically as a particular discretization of a stochastic damped mass-spring system. Knowledge of this analogy has been crucial to derive the PSO continuous model and to introduce different PSO family members including the generalized PSO (GPSO) algorithm, which is the generalization of PSO for any time discretization step. In this paper, we present the stochastic analysis of the linear continuous and generalized PSO models for the case of a stochastic center of attraction. Analysis of the GPSO second order trajectories is performed and clarifies the roles of the PSO parameters and that of the cost function through the algorithm execution: while the PSO parameters mainly control the eigenvalues of the dynamical systems involved, the mean trajectory of the center of attraction and its covariance functions with the trajectories and their derivatives (or the trajectories in the near past) act as forcing terms to update first and second order trajectories. The similarity between the oscillation center dynamics observed for different kinds of benchmark functions might explain the PSO success for a broad range of optimization problems. Finally, a comparison between real simulations and the linear continuous PSO and GPSO models is shown. As expected, the GPSO tends to the continuous PSO when time step approaches zero. Both models account fairly well for the dynamics (first and second order moments) observed in real runs. This analysis constitutes so far the most realistic attempt to better understand and approach the real PSO dynamics from a stochastic point of view.


This article historicizes and transnationalizes the phenomenon of national security whistleblowing. Challenging common interpretations that "blowing the whistle" represents an exclusive security or legal question, the essay explores the transnational connections and networks that have facilitated revelations in the public interest. Focusing on former-CIA operative Philip Agee, the article examines his exposures and wider campaign against the U.S. national security state – as well as its Latin American and European allies – through, across, and between nations. This struggle involved activists, publishers, artists, intellectuals, revolutionaries, peace movements, civil rights organizations, and ordinary citizens. The transnational nature of the protest was both a choice and a necessity as governments on either side of the Atlantic clamped down on whistleblowing. The state response focused on travel control and prior restraint as governments reasserted national security and secrecy privileges. Yet this overlooked the essential point that Agee's whistleblowing developed and occurred over national borders. By exploring a peripatetic life, this article develops a history of whistleblowing, while contributing to literatures on transnational movements and protest networks, cultures of national security and secrecy, the U.S. and the world, American constitutional and international law, human rights, and the global cold war. It speaks to the possibilities and limits of dissent, the competing demands of national security and democratic transparency, and tensions between state power and civil liberties.


Information and Communication Technology (ICT) enabled virtual labs have been setup in order to facilitate and enhance higher education. VALUE Biotechnology virtual labs were implemented as part of an ICT initiative and tested between several students and teacher groups. In this paper, we discuss about the application of virtualizing concepts and experiments in biotechnology, one of the fundamental area of biological sciences to impart quality education to meet the necessities of students. We found virtual labs, enhanced attention and student performance in biotechnology courses. The paper reports that applying virtualization techniques, biotechnology education could be intensified in terms of student attention and virtual lab can serve as an effective teaching pedagogy. The paper shows how virtual labs in biotechnology can be exploited to improve teaching and student performance. This study analyzes the trends of user behavior towards virtual laboratories and the usability of these laboratories as a learning and curriculum material. Findings from indicated biotechnology virtual laboratories encompass all the core subjects of their curriculum materials in an easy and understandable way with user-interaction and serve to reduce the problems of laboratory education especially in economically challenged and geographically remote areas. Virtual laboratories target a user-friendly outlook to modern laboratory education, aiding as an optional evaluation component for University teachers.


Objective: To identify changes in sagittal- and frontal-plane center of pressure (COP) excursion length and velocity during single-leg stance under 6 orthotic conditions. Design: 1 × 6 repeated-measures. Setting: University biomechanics laboratory. Participants: Fifteen healthy young adults without excessive forefoot, arch, or rear-foot malalignments. Measurements: Selected variables of COP length and velocity were calculated in both the frontal and sagittal planes during three 5-second trials of quiet unilateral stance. Methods: Postural control was assessed under 6 conditions: shoe only and 5 orthotics. Results: The medially posted orthotic caused the least frontal COP length and velocity, and the Cramer Sprained Ankle Orthotic® caused the greatest frontal-plane sway. No significant differences were found between the different orthotic conditions in sagittal-plane measures. Conclusions: Differently posted rear-foot orthotics had various effects on frontal-plane postural control in healthy participants. ...


Objective: To assess patients' perspectives towards community pharmacists as health care professionals by evaluating their performance in terms of patients' perception and satisfaction. Methods: Patients' perception and satisfaction are widely used healthcare direct pointers to evaluate Pharmaceutical health care services. To examine these two parameters, a questionnaire was developed, including statements to assess the patients' level of compatibility towards their community pharmaceutical care settings, along with their demographic data. The responses of patients' satisfaction and perception of pharmaceutical care settings were interpreted as percentages. Results: The responses of patient perception estimated that the pharmacist knows well how to use medication and warns about the dose or any problem in taking the medications before dispensing the medication. However, pharmacist is not an expert in suggesting treatment for minor ailments and he should not advise patients on general health issues other than drugs. Patients satisfied with the simple, clear and understandable language used by the pharmacist in discussing drug related issues and the kind of care and, kindness and respect in communication, nevertheless they least satisfied with the privacy maintained by pharmacist while discussing with patients and dispensing medications. Conclusion: Patients' expectations from pharmacists as successful therapists with decent communication profiles were positively evaluated. Paradoxically, other aspects such as the amount of time spent with each patient and general health issues advice did not meet our prospects, which clarify the need for a more solid pharmaceutical health care system to meet the potentials for full patients' perception and satisfaction. Key words: Satisfaction, Perception, Patients, Pharmacists, Pharmaceutical Care service.


Thomas Albrecht, "'That Free Play of Human Affection': The Humanist Ethics of Walter Pater's The Renaissance" (pp. 486–521)
 This essay aims to refute received, persistent misconceptions of Walter Pater's Studies in the History of the Renaissance (1873), and of aestheticism generally, as an asocial and amoral sensualism, and as a deliberate separating of art from human lives and the world. Contrary to these misconceptions, it finds a humanist ethical vision in The Renaissance, specifically in the essays Pater devotes to Botticelli, Michelangelo, and Leonardo da Vinci. Drawing on an established post-Enlightenment, post-Romantic tradition of Victorian secular humanism, Pater defines this vision in terms of human sympathies for the feelings and suffering of other persons. And he defines it in aesthetic terms, in terms of art's unique capacity to depict human feelings and suffering, and thereby to arouse sympathies in the viewer. At the same time, the essay contends that Pater in The Renaissance also defines his ethical vision in a more unprecedented, radical way. Beyond the solicitation of human sympathies, he frames it in terms of a fundamental uncertainty and unpredictability, a fundamental freedom and singularity, of human ethical relationships and responses. For Pater, this uncertainty and freedom are the qualities that make an ethics genuinely ethical. Pater finds these qualities, and this kind of genuine ethics, epitomized in the unpredictability and freedom of human aesthetic responses, including his own, to art and beauty.


Fused filament fabrication (FFF) is a 3D printing technique which allows layer-bylayer build-up of a part by the deposition of thermoplastic material through a nozzle. The technique allows for complex shapes to be made with a degree of design freedom unachievable with traditional manufacturing methods. However, the mechanical properties of the thermoplastic materials used are low compared to common engineering materials. In this work, improved 3D printing feedstocks for FFF, with carbon fibres embedded in a thermoplastic matrix to reinforce the material, are investigated. The stateof-the-art in composite 3D printing is reviewed and the capabilities of two different commercially available composite printing methods are assessed by print trials, optical microscopy and mechanical characterization of the printed materials. It is found that printing of continuous carbon fibres using the MarkOne gives significant increases in performance over unreinforced thermoplastics, with mechanical properties in the same order of magnitude of typical unidirectional epoxy matrix composites. The method, however, is limited in design freedom as the brittle continuous carbon fibres cannot be deposited freely through small steering radii and sharp angles. Filaments with embedded carbon microfibres (~100 μm) show better print capabilities and are suitable with standard printing methods, but only offer a slight increase in mechanical properties over the pure thermoplastic properties.


The aim of the research was to evaluate the effect of fermented sausages using probiotic bacterial L. plantarum IIA-2C12 to the gastrointestinal tract of rats. The research was conducted from March to June 2014. Research was conducted at Breeding and Genetics Laboratory, Faculty of Animal Husbandry Laboratory Large Ruminants and UPH Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University. This study was divided into two stages, 1) subculturing (fermented sausage and beef satay) starter culture, the manufacture of casein, beef satay and sausage fermentation and, 2) in vivo evaluation. Rats were divided into three groups: casein (P1), fermented sausages (P2) and beef satay (P3). This research used a pattern completely randomized design with three treatments type of feed is feed casein, fermented sausage and beef satay. The results showed that based on the amount of lactic acid bacteria, fermented sausage produced met the criteria as a probiotic food. Fermented sausages could increased the population of LAB on the 20 th day mucose (T2). Treatment of feed had no significant effect (P> 0.05) in the number of E. coli in the rat liver, but on the 10th day termination (T1), the rats P1 showed the number of BAL were significantly (P <0.05) higher than P2. Fermented sausage increased the population of LAB, decrease d E. coli population in mucosa until 20 th day in mucosa


Compounds in the Southern Cariban language Kalapalo include (a) extended verb stems formed by nominal roots prefixed to basic verb stems and more commonly (b) clitic clustering involving two or more members of one of the four different semantic types of this word class. Clitic compounds have important syntactic and semantic functions in the context of clause chaining and interclausal reference marking. Keywords: compounding; extended verb stems; clitic clustering; interclausal reference marking; switch-reference


Conclusions * There is no consensus among U.S. experts about the future role of nuclear weapons. As a result, clear policy to guide the future direction of nuclear programs is lacking. * One view emphasizes the dangers of nuclear weapons to the United States and seeks further reductions and other measures to make nuclear weapons less legitimate. However, only the most extreme wing of this view believes that abolition is practical in the foreseeable future. * Another view emphasizes the continuing salience of nuclear weapons in deterrence and emphasizes the importance of maintaining an infrastructure and competent personnel that would permit reconstitution of nuclear forces in the future if necessary. * Future U.S. nuclear policy and posture are likely to be shaped more by budget constraints than arms control as in the past. Barring any major change in the international scene, a gradual erosion of the U.S. nuclear posture seems likely. This will be welcomed by some, decried by others, and ignored by most. Official U.S. Policy and Programs At the end of the Cold War the Soviet military threat to Western Europe disappeared, and with it the principal rationale for U.S. nuclear policy. Since then the United States has been searching for a coherent policy as a basis for planning future nuclear forces. This search involving a small circle of experts received little public attention until the recent nuclear tests by India and Pakistan dramatized the emergence of a new nuclear order with implications far beyond South Asia. However, the U.S. policy community remains deeply divided over the future role of nuclear weapons. U.S. nuclear weapons policy has tried to recognize new realities while preserving many Cold War era principles. The nuclear posture retains thousands of nuclear weapons, many on a high state of alert. A multibillion dollar research program continues to develop a ballistic missile defense system for U.S. territory, but technical uncertainties about the feasibility and cost persist. The new realities are reflected in a series of concrete actions: sharply lower budgets for nuclear missions; substantial reductions in deployed nuclear forces; reductions in the alert status of strategic bombers and theater nuclear weapons; and reorganization and reorientation (and renaming) of several Cold War agencies such as the former Strategic Air Command. The United States has also ceased nuclear testing and the manufacture of nuclear weapons. The nuclear relationship with Russia has undergone a metamorphosis from confrontation to cooperation, although elements of distrust and suspicion remain. Under the so-called Nunn-Lugar legislation, a series of measures have been taken to reduce the possibility that Russia will export nuclear weapons and knowledge, while improving the safety of those weapons that still remain in its stockpile The legacy of the Cold War is a stockpile of more than 5,000 strategic weapons, deployed on missiles and bombers. Such high levels remain because the Russian Duma (parliament) has failed to ratify the START II Treaty, which would reduce strategic forces further, and the United States has been unwilling to make reductions without reciprocity from the Russians. Future acquisition planning is directed at extending the life of current weapons systems as far as possible into the future. Declaratory policy also retains a Cold War flavor. Official descriptions of the roles and missions of nuclear weapons have changed little. In public statements nuclear weapons remain an important element in deterrence, not just against old threats from Russia and China but new threats from potential proliferators. While current policy focuses on deterring nuclear attacks and threats, a window has been left open to deter chemical and biological threats. The administration has resisted pressures from many non-nuclear states and the arms control community to declare an unambiguous policy of "no first use," and it has been cool to ideas for further de-alerting of nuclear forces. …


Data indicates that Scottish museum attendance is rising annually, yet anecdotal comments appear to contradict this evidence. Explanations for this dichotomy are inevitably complex and varied, but variations in organisational performance have been explained by the Resource-Based View, which argues an organisation's competitive advantage stems from its ability to access and use resources. This perspective is examined through the concept of stakeholder theory.
This thesis investigates the influence stakeholders have on independent, rural Scottish museums during the organisational life cycle, and whether this is a source of competitive advantage. The research involved an exploratory survey to scope the characteristics and environment in which Scotland's museums were operating, but also a typology for further research. The outcome was to adopt a phenomenological approach to investigate fourteen independent, rural, museums strategies during the organisational life cycle, drawing on stakeholder models proposed by Mitchell, Agle & Wood (1997) and Jawahar & McLaughlin (2001). This process involved interviewing 141 stakeholders to discuss their experiences in shaping these museums' strategies.
Using narrative analysis, it emerged that these museums' strategies were influenced by different stakeholders during the organisational life cycle and this is reflected in a model developed from these findings. Growth museums were characterised by either an entrepreneurial leader or a board of trustees working in collaboration with key paid staff to access resources, particularly funding. By contrast, mature stage museums were dominated by a definitive stakeholder centred on a group of trustees who also occupied other stakeholder groups, notably volunteers and the community. This definitive stakeholder provided these museums with many of their resources, which proved to be an organisational strength, but also a weakness. The museum in decline and which ceased trading during this study, closed as a result of losing the definitive stakeholder's confidence and withdrawing funding. It was evident that stakeholders did influence museum strategy, but the definitive stakeholder explained a museum's competitive advantage


Automatic argument generation is an appealing but challenging task. In this paper, we study the specific problem of counter-argument generation, and present a novel framework, CANDELA. It consists of a powerful retrieval system and a novel two-step generation model, where a text planning decoder first decides on the main talking points and a proper language style for each sentence, then a content realization decoder reflects the decisions and constructs an informative paragraph-level argument. Furthermore, our generation model is empowered by a retrieval system indexed with 12 million articles collected from Wikipedia and popular English news media, which provides access to high-quality content with diversity. Automatic evaluation on a large-scale dataset collected from Reddit shows that our model yields significantly higher BLEU, ROUGE, and METEOR scores than the state-of-the-art and non-trivial comparisons. Human evaluation further indicates that our system arguments are more appropriate for refutation and richer in content.


Abstract In GyM, a linear magnetized plasma device, low-frequency electrostatic fluctuations are measured by means of Langmuir probes. To complement electrostatic probe measurements of plasma turbulence and the study of plasma structures, a nonperturbative direct imaging system has been used on GyM, including a fast-framing Photron APX-RS camera and an image intensifier unit. From the line-integrated camera images, we compute time-resolved emissivity profiles of the plasma by applying a tomographic reconstruction technique using a pixel method and solving an overdetermined set of equations by singular value decomposition. The validity and robustness of the tomographic reconstruction technique are examined with respect to noise and wall reflection effects. The tomographic reconstruction is applied to fast camera movies acquired with a frame rate of 75 kHz and 4 μs of exposure time to obtain the temporal evolution of the emissivity fluctuations. Plasma structures can be detected and tracked in the reconstructed emissivity movies with a finest spatial resolution of 2 cm. Conditional average sampling is used to determine the size and speed of turbulent structures.


The United Kingdom has been using a mix of non-renewable, renewable and nuclear
power resources as a source of energy for many years. The balance of usage has
always favoured fossil fuels as the main producer of energy in the past but now, many
of these power plants are coming to the end of their life. This provides an opening for
new investment, and expansion in, the new renewable energy resources.
Because many of the current sources of electricity are set to close down within the
next 10 years the British government will have to find a solution to the looming
energy gap that will occur if nothing is done to prevent it.
Does the government want to introduce new nuclear power plants to the energy mix
because this is what the public want? Or does the public want the new renewable
energy resources to take the place of the older fossil fuel powered power plants? Are
the fossil fuel based power plants the only way to produce the necessary power
required in energy hungry Britain, and will the new additions of carbon capture make
coal a viable option for the future?
A questionnaire was formulated to investigate exactly what the public would like in
relation to the future energy supply within the UK. This highlighted some of the
reasons for the member of the public's choices in energy types.


The purpose of this study is to produce a series of conceptual ecological models (CEMs) which represent shallow sublittoral sand habitats in the UK. CEMs are diagrammatic representations of the influences and processes which occur within an ecosystem. They can be used to identify critical aspects of an ecosystem which may be taken forward for further study, or serve as the basis for the selection of indicators for environmental monitoring purposes. The models produced by this project are control diagrams, representing the unimpacted state of the environment free from anthropogenic pressures. The project scope included the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) predominant habitat type 'shallow sublittoral sand'. This definition includes those habitats which fall into the EUNIS Level 4 classifications A5.23 Infralittoral Fine Sand, A5.24 Infralittoral Muddy Sand, A5.25 Circalittoral Fine Sand and A5.26 Circalittoral Muddy Sand, along with their constituent Level 5 biotopes which are relevant to UK waters. A species list of characterising fauna to be included within the scope of the models was identified using an iterative process to refine the full list of species found within the relevant Level 5 biotopes. A literature review was conducted to gather evidence regarding species traits and information to inform the models. All information gathered during the literature review was entered into a data logging pro forma spreadsheet which accompanies this report. Wherever possible, attempts were made to collect information from UK-specific peer-reviewed studies, although other sources were used where necessary. All data gathered was subject to a detailed confidence assessment. Expert judgement by the project team was utilised to provide information for aspects of the models for which references could not be sourced within the project timeframe. A model hierarchy was developed based on groups of fauna with similar species traits which aligned with previous sensitivity studies of ecological groups. A general model was produced to indicate the high level drivers, inputs, biological assemblages, ecosystem processes and outputs which occur in shallow sublittoral sand habitats. In addition to this, four detailed sub-models were produced. Each focussed on a particular functional group of fauna within the habitat: "suspension and deposit feeding infauna", "small mobile fauna and tube dwelling species", "mobile epifauna, scavengers and predators", and "attached epifauna and macroalgae". Each sub-model is accompanied by an associated confidence model which presents confidence in the links between each model component. The models are split into seven levels and take spatial and temporal scale into account through their design, as well as magnitude and direction of influence. The seven levels include regional to global drivers, water column processes, local inputs/processes at the seabed, habitat and biological assemblage, output processes, local ecosystem functions, and regional to global ecosystem functions. The models indicate that whilst the high level drivers which affect each functional group are largely similar, the output processes performed by the biota and the resulting ecosystem functions vary both in number and importance between groups. Confidence within the models as a whole is generally high, reflecting the level of information gathered during the literature review. Important drivers which influence the ecosystem include factors such as wave exposure, depth, water currents, climate and propagule supply. These factors, in combination with seabed and water column processes such as primary production, seabed mobility, suspended sediments, water chemistry and temperature and recruitment define and influence the biological assemblages. In addition, the habitat sediment type plays an important factor in shaping the biology of the habitat. Conceptual Ecological Modelling of Shallow Sublittoral Sand Habitats Output processes are variable between functional faunal groups depending on the fauna present. Important processes include secondary production, biodeposition, bioturbation, bioengineering and the supply of propagules. These influence ecosystem functions at the local scale such as nutrient and biogeochemical cycling, supply of food resources, sediment stability, habitat provision and in some cases microbial activity. The export of biodiversity and organic matter, biodiversity enhancement and biotope stability are the resulting ecosystem functions which occur at the regional to global scale. Features within the models which are most useful for monitoring habitat status and change due to natural variation have been identified using the information gathered during the literature review, through interpretation of the models and through the application of expert judgement. Features within the models which may be useful for monitoring to identify anthropogenic causes of change within the ecosystem have also been identified. Physical and biological features of the ecosystem have mostly been identified as potential indicators to monitor natural variation, whilst physical features and output processes have predominantly been identified as most likely to indicate change due to anthropogenic pressures.