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Introduction: Pakistan, with a population of 180 million, has a 5% prevalence of hepatitis C, which translates into 9 million affected Pakistanis. In addition to traditional risk factors seen in the West, there are other factors more unique to developing countries like Pakistan, including the practice of reusing razor blades by roadside barbers. Previous studies have shown low levels of HCV-related knowledge and high rates of razor blade reuse amongst barbers in Pakistan.
Objective: To assess current knowledge and practices of roadside barbers regarding hepatitis C and razor blade reuse.
Methods: Fifty random roadside barbers were identified and interviewed from different parts of Karachi, Pakistan. A single interviewer used a standardized survey form to question barbers about their demographics, barber practices, HCV-related knowledge, and razor blade usage.
Results: 50 roadside barbers (average age 30 years, 70% with no education) were interviewed and their practices monitored. The barbers had an average of 9 clients per day. All 50 used razor blades on every client. 33 (66%) also performed abscess drainage and one did circumcisions. 34 (68%) had knowledge of hepatitis C and 46 (92%) changed razor blades after every client. 90% of the barbers used potash alum in their practices. 26 (52%) disposed of their razor blades on the roadside and 24 (48%) threw them into general use waste bins.
Conclusions: Compared to historical controls, current roadside barbers in Karachi, Pakistan demonstrate improved levels of HCV awareness and lower rates or razor blade reuse. However, more work is needed to further improve HCV-related awareness, lower razor blade reuse practices even further, and address safe razor blade disposal.


Complementarity between nucleotides at the 5′ terminus of tRNALys,3 and the U5-IR loop of the feline immunodeficiency virus RNA genome suggests a novel intermolecular interaction controls initiation of minus strand synthesis in a manner analogous to other retroviral systems. Base pairing of this tRNA-viral RNA duplex was confirmed by nuclease mapping of the RNA genome containing full-length or 5′-deleted variants of tRNALys,3 hybridized to the primer-binding site. A major pause in RNA-dependent DNA synthesis occurred 14 nucleotides ahead of the primer-binding site with natural and synthetic tRNALys,3 primers, indicating it was not a consequence of tRNA base modifications. The majority of the paused complexes resulted in dissociation of the reverse transcriptase from the template/primer, as demonstrated by an assay limited to a single binding event. Hybridization of a tRNA mutant whose 5′ nucleotides are deleted relieved pausing at this position and subsequently allowed high level DNA synthesis. Additional experiments with tRNA-DNA chimeric primers were used to localize the stage of minus strand synthesis at which the tRNA-viral RNA interaction was disrupted. Finally, replacing nucleotides of the feline immunodeficiency virus U5-IR loop with the (A)4 sequence of its human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 counterpart also relieved pausing, but did not induce pausing immediately downstream of the primer-binding site previously noted during initiation of HIV-1 DNA synthesis. These combined observations provide further evidence of cis-acting sequences immediately adjacent to the primer-binding site controlling initiation of minus strand DNA synthesis in retroviruses and retrotransposons.


Software product line engineering aims to reduce the costs of manufacturing software products by exploiting the commonalities of a product family and managing the variabilities. Production plans define the process for producing software products from the available assets. However, it appears that product line engineering has not yet focused on crosscutting concerns in production plans.
We think that for coping with these crosscutting concerns aspects can be applied, as aspects are already used throughout the software development cycle to modularize crosscutting concerns and to provide composition mechanisms with other concerns. Firstly, we analyze the problems with crosscutting concerns for production plans on
two levels: the component level, that is crosscutting in the asset library from which products are built through the production plan, and the production plan level, that is scattering of variable features in the production plan itself. We identify these
problems in a case study of a concrete product line and propose solutions for both levels. On the component level, our approach is to modularize crosscutting concerns in separate, reusable aspect components and to provide configuration of the aspects to select the right variation of each aspect for the specific product that is to be
produced. These configured aspects are then composed with the other selected assets through a separate pointcut specification to avoid context-specific references in the aspect implementation. This process is defined for the production plans. On the production plan level, our approach is to modularize the variable features in
the production plans by using XML-based feature models in the product line and the functional query language XQuery to select features by their type (common or variable) and/or name in stead of by their place in the feature hierarchy. Our solutions on both levels are illustrated and demonstrated with the case as a
running example. Secondly, we explore the impact of aspect-orientation on the product line process. Product line engineering is moving more and more from production of software products by hand to automated generation of applications from the product line through some sort of specification. This goal obviously has implications for the structure and contents of production plans. However, the steps in a generative product line process ? and thus in generative production plans ? are unclear. We have analyzed the product line process for the popular generative technologies XMLBased Feature Modeling and Pure::Variants and investigated the impact of aspectorientation on the generative production plans.


We examined the selection of emigrants and the relationship between migration intention and actual migration based on the two-wave panel survey Turning Points of Life Course – Transylvania conducted in 2006 and 2009 among the Hungarian-speaking population of Transylvania aged 20–45. This type of follow-up surveys, which confront migration intentions and subsequent behaviour are scarce in the field of migration research. Based on the previous intentions and actual migration, four groups could be separated: stayers, who did not have migration plans and did not move; expected migrants, who previously reported intention to move and realized it; dreamers, who planned migration but did not realize it; and unexpected migrants, who initially had no migration plans but moved nevertheless. Our results indicate negative selection of migrants in the dimensions related to living conditions and work, and positive selection regarding subjective state of health and anomie. Although only 17% of the migration plans were followed by actual migration in the 3-year follow-up period, migration intention proved to be a statistically significant predictor of migration. Those who had a migration plan of any kind during the first wave were almost three and a half times more likely to move than non-planners. Based on Ajzen's theory of planned behaviour we have also analysed the role of migrationrelated expectations and subjective norms in migration behaviour. Migration-related expectations were measured by the assessment of advantages and disadvantages associated with migration, while subjective norms by the perceived pressure from significant others (friends, parents, relatives) towards migration. Our findings confirm that migration-related attitudes and subjective norms, in accordance with Ajzen's theory, influence migration behaviour only indirectly via migration intention.


CONTEXT
It is unclear whether male and female physician researchers who perform similar work are currently paid equally.

OBJECTIVES
To determine whether salaries differ by gender in a relatively homogeneous cohort of physician researchers and, if so, to determine if these differences are explained by differences in specialization, productivity, or other factors.

DESIGN AND SETTING
A US nationwide postal survey was sent in 2009-2010 to assess the salary and other characteristics of a relatively homogeneous population of physicians. From all 1853 recipients of National Institutes of Health (NIH) K08 and K23 awards in 2000-2003, we contacted the 1729 who were alive and for whom we could identify a mailing address.

PARTICIPANTS
The survey achieved a 71% response rate. Eligibility for the present analysis was limited to the 800 physicians who continued to practice at US academic institutions and reported their current annual salary.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
A linear regression model of self-reported current annual salary was constructed considering the following characteristics: gender, age, race, marital status, parental status, additional graduate degree, academic rank, leadership position, specialty, institution type, region, institution NIH funding rank, change of institution since K award, K award type, K award funding institute, years since K award, grant funding, publications, work hours, and time spent in research.

RESULTS
The mean salary within our cohort was $167,669 (95% CI, $158,417-$176,922) for women and $200,433 (95% CI, $194,249-$206,617) for men. Male gender was associated with higher salary (+$13,399; P = .001) even after adjustment in the final model for specialty, academic rank, leadership positions, publications, and research time. Peters-Belson analysis (use of coefficients derived from regression model for men applied to women) indicated that the expected mean salary for women, if they retained their other measured characteristics but their gender was male, would be $12,194 higher than observed.

CONCLUSION
Gender differences in salary exist in this select, homogeneous cohort of mid-career academic physicians, even after adjustment for differences in specialty, institutional characteristics, academic productivity, academic rank, work hours, and other factors.


Understanding the features employed by the human visual system in gender classification is considered a critical step towards improving machine based gender classification systems. We propose the use of 3D Euclidean and geodesic distances between biologically significant facial landmarks to classify gender. We perform five different experiments on the BU-3DFE face database to look for more representative features that can replicate our visual system. Based on our experiments we suggest that the human visual system looks at the ratio of 3D Euclidean and geodesic distance as these features can classify facial gender with an accuracy of 99.32%. The features selected by our proposed gender classification experiment are robust to ethnicity and moderate changes in expression. They also replicate the perceptual gender bias towards certain features and hence become good candidates for being a more representative feature set.


Digital communication has become vital to all social and economic sectors. Today we are experiencing a transition from traditional learning to e-learning via digital means. Overnight, all of humanity is learning how to adapt to digital life and leaving traditional ways of doing things behind. Digitization has been around for several years, but has become a necessity due to the Covid-19 pandemic. Lockdowns have forced us to work remotely and to use digital networks to communicate, make payments, and learn – all sectors have had to abruptly adapt to the digital age. This paper shows how teaching and learning approaches need to adapt to new communication requirements and students' needs to achieve learning outcomes in a virtual environment. This paper uses both quantitative and qualitative methods to analyze professors' and students' perspectives on the techniques of online teaching and learning, both during the isolation period and after, and what the best methods are for online learning, taking into consideration how to maintain students' attention and how to get them actively involved in the learning process. The aim of this study is to develop a holistic image of online teaching-learning-assessment activities, to ensure the efficiency and quality of the educational process in the university environment.


In this study, efforts ensued to increase our knowledge of fluidization and gasification behavior of Geldart A particles using CFD. An extensive Eulerian-Eulerian numerical study was executed and simulations were compared and validated with experiments conducted at Utah State University. In order to improve numerical predictions using an Eulerian-Eulerian model, drag models were assessed to determine if they were suitable for fine particles classified as Geldart A. The results proved that if static regions of mass in fluidized beds are neglected, most drag models work well with Geldart A particles. The most reliable drag model for both single and binary mixtures was proved to be the Gidaspow-blend model. In order to capture the overshoot of pressure in homogeneous fluidization regions, a new modeling technique was proposed that modified the definition of the critical velocity in the Ergun correlation. The new modeling technique showed promising results for predicting fluidization behavior of fine particles. The fluidization behavior of three different mixtures of coal and poplar wood were studied. Although results indicated good mixing characteristics for all mixtures, there was a tendency for better mixing with higher percentages of poplar wood. In this study, efforts continued to model co-gasification of coal and biomass. Comparing the coal gasification of large (Geldart B) and fine (Geldart A) particles showed that using finer particles had a pronounced effect on gas yields where CO mass fraction increased, although H2 and CH4 mass fraction slightly decreased. The gas yields of coal gasification with fine particles were also compared using three different gasification agents. Modeling the co-gasification of coal-switchgrass of both fine particles of Geldart A and larger particles of Geldart B showed that there is not a synergetic effect in terms of gas yields of H2 and CH4. The gas yields of CO, however, showed a significant increase during cogasification. The effects of gasification temperature on gas yields were also investigated.


Denying reality is obviously a maladaptive way of dealing with a situation. In fact, denial is generally considered to be one of the defense mechanisms, mechanisms that are inappropriate maladaptive, and pathological. In the field of medicine to deny the existence of a disease seriously compromises the physician's ability to help patients. If a physician does not believe that a particular disease exists, then it will not be given consideration when making a differential diagnosis, and the patient may then go untreated. This is in line with the ancient medical principle that proper diagnosis must precede proper treatment. Or, if for some external reason the physician recognizes the disorder, but feels obligated to use another name, other problems arise, for example, impaired communication with others regarding exactly what is going on with the patient, and hence improper treatment. This is what is occurring at this point with the parental alienation syndrome, a disorder whose existence has compelling verification. In this article I discuss the reasons for denial of the PAS and the ways in which such denial harms families. Particular emphasis will be given to the ways in which this denial harms women, although I will certainly comment on the ways in which the denial harms their husbands and children. In the past, denial of the PAS has caused men much grief. Such denial is now causing women similar grief.


This paper describes a fully integrated zero-IF receiver for cellular CDMA and GPS applications. The single-chip zero-IF receiver integrates the entire signal path for CDMA and GPS bands, including a low-noise amplifier (LNA), I/Q down-converters, baseband channel selection filters (CSFs), a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO), and a local oscillator (LO) distribution circuit for each band. The cellular-band LNA achieves a noise figure (NF) of 1.2 dB, input third-order intercept point (IIP3) of 11 dBm, and gain of 15.5 dB. Cellular I/Q down-converter and baseband circuitries show 9-dB composite NF, 9 dBm IIP3 and 60-dBm input second-order intercept point (IIP2) without IIP2 calibration. The measured LO leakage is less than -110 dBm at LNA input. The phase noise of the cellular VCO is -134 dBc/Hz at 900-kHz offset with 1.76-GHz carrier frequency. Total GPS signal path achieves NF of 1.7 dB and gain of 74 dB with 42-mA current. The receiver is fabricated in a 0.35-mum SiGe BiCMOS process and packaged in a 6 mm times 6 mm 40-pin micro-lead-frame. Handset measurements report that the receiver meets or exceeds all of the CDMA-2000 requirements


Due to the increasing numbers in the English as a Second Language (ESL) students entering education institutions in their goal to be professional teachers, universities and teacher education programs are under pressure to accommodate and provide assistance to these students in relation to their significant cultural and language differences (Cruickshank, Newell, & Cole, 2003). These ESL pre-service teachers bring into Australian classrooms a multi-cultural perspective and a bilingual learning experience; however, some of them confront challenges and obstacles due to their language and cultural backgrounds. This study explores the question of what are the ESL pre-service teachers�� perceptions of teaching and learning in a teacher education program, and what support strategies can be adopted to better assist them. These ESL pre-service teachers were encouraged to participate in focus group meetings and semi-structured interviews, surveys were also given to them in relation to their practicum experiences. The findings of this study have important implications for both the current and future ESL pre-service teachers, as well as the Australian teacher education programs. The findings suggest more supportive, inclusive strategies to better support ESL pre-service teachers in their learning to become globally acceptable teachers.


: Depletion of groundwater is expected due to climate change. This study describes a catchment-scale study on projected groundwater recharge and storage in the Upper Chao Phraya River basin under changing climate scenarios. The period from 2026 to 2040 was assessed using climate projection results from global climate models (GCMs). Three GCMs, namely MIROC-ESM-CHEM (MIROC), HadGEM2-ES (HadGEM), and GFDL-ESM2M (GFDL), were used along with four greenhouse gas emission scenarios, namely RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0, and RCP8.5, as the climate change conditions. The projected changes in groundwater recharge and storage were quantified as percent differences from the simulated recharge and storage for the reference period (1986–2000). A significant trend of decreasing mean monthly rainfall from April to June was detected for the HadGEM and the GFDL models. This change in rainfall pattern was projected to reduce the mean annual groundwater recharge (storage) by − 12.9% ( − 1.46 km 3 ), − 9.7% ( − 1.35 km 3 ), − 13.9% ( − 1.49 km 3 ), and − 10.7% ( − 1.38 km 3 ) for the RCP 2.6, 4.5, 6.0, and 8.5 scenarios, respectively. Based on the results of the relative change in groundwater storage, we expect that groundwater resources will be affected by climate change and that both groundwater recharge and storage will be reduced.


In order for the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) to comply with the Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA), and better meet the needs of the public; a visitor satisfaction survey was conducted at 23 BLM recreation sites in 11 states during fiscal year 2008 (FY08). The survey was developed to measure each site's performance related to BLM GPRA Goal 3.1 Provide for a quality recreation experience, including access, and enjoyment of natural and cultural resources on DOI managed and partnered lands and waters; and Goal 3.2 Provide for and receive fair value in recreation. The information collected during the survey will also help the BLM better serve the public. The survey collected visitor satisfaction data regarding visitor information (i.e., use of maps, signs, brochures), developed facilities, managing recreation use, resource management, BLM staff and customer service, and educational and interpretive materials.


The slug test is still one of the simplest and cost-effective methods to interpret the hydraulic parameters for aquifer analysis. This study introduces two new estimation approaches for the slug test, time shift method (TSM) and arc-length matching method (AMM), to identify aquifer parameters in a reliable and accurate manner, which was established on the idea that any change in the normalized drawdown or arc-length measurements of the data curve at the predefined drawdown levels is linked with the variation of storativity. These approaches remove the need of superimposition of the type curves and the field data. The proposed methods are straightforward to apply and automatize the parameter estimation process. TSM and AMM were tested with a number of numerical experiments including synthetically generated data augmented with random noise, hypothetical slug tests conducted in a heterogeneous rock-fracture system and a well-known real field data. The skin effect was also implemented to evaluate its impact on the estimation performance of the suggested approaches. The results verified that both proposed methods are able to produce the estimates of hydraulic parameters more accurately than existing methods. The proposed methods could serve as a viable supplementary interpretation tool for slug test analysis.


Summary Chemotrophic microorganisms gain energy for cellular functions by catalyzing oxidation–reduction (redox) reactions that are out of equilibrium. Calculations of the Gibbs energy (ΔGr) can identify whether a reaction is thermodynamically favourable and quantify the accompanying energy yield at the temperature, pressure and chemical composition in the system of interest. Based on carefully calculated values of ΔGr, we predict a novel microbial metabolism – sulfur comproportionation (3H2S + SO42− + 2H+ ⇌ 4S0 + 4H2O). We show that at elevated concentrations of sulfide and sulfate in acidic environments over a broad temperature range, this putative metabolism can be exergonic (ΔGr<0), yielding ~30–50 kJ mol−1. We suggest that this may be sufficient energy to support a chemolithotrophic metabolism currently missing from the literature. Other versions of this metabolism, comproportionation to thiosulfate (H2S + SO42− ⇌ S2O32− + H2O) and to sulfite (H2S + 3SO42− ⇌ 4SO32− + 2H+), are only moderately exergonic or endergonic even at ideal geochemical conditions. Natural and impacted environments, including sulfidic karst systems, shallow‐sea hydrothermal vents, sites of acid mine drainage, and acid–sulfate crater lakes, may be ideal hunting grounds for finding microbial sulfur comproportionators.


This study presents a new algorithm for near-field source localisation by using a uniform linear array consisting of velocity-sensor pairs (VSPs). Two schemes are used for range and direction of arrival (DOA) estimation in the proposed algorithm. The first one exploits the acoustic velocity vector field's two Cartesian components and the triangular location relationship among the near-field sources and the VSPs. The resulting range and DOA estimates are ambiguity-free, regardless of the inter-sensor spacing. Whereas the second scheme uses the so-called electric angles to determine the ranges and DOAs. Although the derived estimates may be ambiguous in the case of the inter-sensor spacing larger than a quarter wavelength, this ambiguity can be removed by using the estimates obtained in the first scheme. Therefore the proposed algorithm can offer high estimation accuracy by increasing inter-sensor spacing (because of array aperture extension). In addition, the proposed algorithm does not require multidimensional search, pairing parameters or high-order statistics, hence, has a low computational complexity.


This article claims that we are in need of alternative ways of modelling religious diversity in the Middle East. This region is characterized by a high level of religious diversity, which can only be partly explained by the persistence of religions that were already in existence when Islam arose. Many communities came into being since the Islamization of the area. The communities addressed in this article therefore include one pre-Islamic tradition, the Mandaeans, and five communities that crystallized (much) later: the Yezidis, the Ahl-e Haqq, the Druze, the Alawis, and the (Turkish) Alevis. These have often been discussed in conjunction with each other, in ways that are historically and conceptually problematic. A focus on two characteristics these communities share—endogamy and a "spiritual elite" structure—makes it possible to discuss the processes in which these communities have come into being, have crystallized, and relate to the wider Islamic setting in a new light. Three communities have continued to distance themselves from Islam, and three have been in a constant process of negotiating their relation with more mainstream versions of Islam. This has consequences for the maintenance, or gradual dissolution, of religious pluralism in the Middle East.


Neurological complications occurred in 6 children, aged 6 months to 5 years, with acquired immune deficiency syndrome who were followed for 14 months. The most frequent manifestations included encephalopathies, acquired microcephaly, and pyramidal tract signs. Computed tomographic examinations showed variable degrees of cortical atrophy with ventricular dilatation and calcification. Electrophysiological abnormalities were demonstrated. Two children had documented central nervous system infections. Neurological deterioration resulted in dementia in 3 children. Cognitive impairment and developmental delays were evident in the other 3. Postmortem examination of the 3 children who died showed subacute cytomegalovirus encephalitis in 1; nonspecific hemispheric white matter changes, calcific vasopathy of the basal ganglia, and striking bilateral corticospinal tract degeneration in the second; and extensive calcific vasopathy of the basal ganglia and frontal centrum semiovale, and bilateral attenuation of the frontopontine and corticospinal tracts in the third.


The article examines intertextuality as conscious dramaturgical strategy in the composition of Sarah Kane's 4.48 Psychosis. Inspired by Jörg Helbig's notion of intertextual marking, the analysis identifies intertextual inscriptions in the play and examines the relationship between manifest text (the text the author produces) and referent text (the text the author borrows from). Kane's engagement with depression, psychosis, and suicide is mediated through ideas and structures that she adapts from a range of sources. Each of these frames and re-frames the experience of individual suffering explored in the text, and together, they chart the I's journey from depression to psychosis to suicide. Moreover, the play contains a critique of diagnostic psychiatry and plays out medical discourses against poetic (counter) discourses that reveal mental illness as constructed and contingent on changing social and cultural perceptions and practices.


The effects of familiarity on group productivity were examined. Familiarity refers to the specific knowledge workers have of their jobs, co-workers, and work environment. In this study of coal-mining crews, absenteeism led to staffing changes that affected the level of familiarity in the work group. Data from 26 crews in two underground coal mines indicate that lower levels of familiarity are associated with lower productivity.


Breast cancer is one of the most common cancer types and malfunctioning proteins in apoptotic pathways are known to be the main contributors of cancer development. In this study MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines were treated with a potent chemotherapeutic agent, Doxorubicin. IC50 values were calculated to be 8306 and 6602 nM, respectively. Percentage of the cells in cell cycle arrest increased in a dose-dependent manner and was more evident in MDA-MB-231 cells. Apoptotic cell number increased in MCF-7 and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio was measured to be ~ 7 fold higher in cells treated with 200 nM of doxorubicin when compared to the control. Likewise, apoptotic cell rate increased in MDA-MB-231 cells and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio was increased by 2 fold compared to the control. Doxorubicin was also found to suppress Mdr-1 in a concentration-dependent manner and the outcome was more evident in MCF-7 cells. Drug efflux assay results were also shown to be consistent with Mdr-1 gene expression levels in both cell lines. Consequently it was concluded that doxorubicin directly influences apoptotic pathway and multidrug resistance in both MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells even though data all together suggest that the effect is more significant on MDA-MB-231.


The Internet usage has been increasing among persons in the worldwide. This situation highlights that the number of potential distance learners has been increasing in the Internet society. Besides, the terms and concepts of the Internet environments become to be spread out in this society like virtual reality. It is also possible to explain the characters of the Internet clearly via generating relatively new terms or concepts. "Virtual eye contact" concept is one of these. In this article, this concept is considered with a specific application of synchronous internet-based e-learning environments which is virtual classroom platform application. Explanation, technological infrastructure and benefits of this concept and training of the trainers to use this nonverbal communication type more powerfully are explained and discussed.


Instability waves, commonly called T-S waves, can be introduced in a laminar boundary layer by periodic heating of flush-mounted heating elements. Experiments have demonstrated that nearly complete cancellation of a T-S wave excited in this way can be achieved by using a second downstream heating element with a suitable phase shift. As one application of the technique, a single element together with a feedback loop activated by measured wall shear stress has been used to reduce the amplitude of naturally occurring laminar instability waves. A significant increase in the transition Reynolds number has been achieved.


The Edwardian era was a time of prosperity, characterized by gaiety, frivolity and opulence. Post-war circumstances in the Orange River Colony were in many instances the exact opposite of that in Edwardian Britain due to the poverty that the majority of the inhabitants suffered as a result of the Anglo Boer War. As part of the British Empire the ORC experienced a sharp increase in the population as well as a building boom. Several imposing buildings such as the Bloemfontein Hotel, the Grand Hotel and Theatre, new Law Courts and new buildings for Grey College were built between the years 1904 and 1909. Impoverished Afrikaner families in the country districts, who had to repair their ravaged homesteads and farms with virtually no means at their disposal, did not share in this prosperity and it therefore had little or no influence on the material culture of the Afrikaner. Since the Orange River Colony was largely dependent on imports from Britain, Edwardian fashion, in clothes especially, did however have an influence on the material culture of the Afrikaans speaking population.


The technology of harvesting energy from the natural environment can be used to overcome the energy limitation of wireless sensor networks. In this paper, we consider the problem of deploying energy-harvesting directional sensor networks for optimal target coverage. It involves the directional sensing coverage, communication route selection, and energy neutral operation. We formulate it as a mixed integer linear programming model, and propose three heuristics to solve it, i.e., a linear program-based heuristic (LPBH), a two-stage heuristic (TSH), and a sensing- and routing-integrated greedy heuristic (SRIGH). Their approximation upper bounds and time complexities are analyzed. Finally, we conduct extensive simulation experiments to evaluate and compare them. Simulation results show that TSH is the fastest one among them, but achieves the lowest success rate and solution quality. LPBH and SRIGH can achieve roughly equal success rate and solution quality, and LPBH is the most time-consuming.


1. The responses of the pupil of a nocturnal gecko (Gekko gekko) to external light stimulus were studied. 2. The responses of the pupil are determined by light entering the pupil and not by light acting directly on the iris. 3. The responses of the pupil are very uniform in sensitivity including spectral sensitivity for light coming in different directions to the eye. 4. The possible change in area of the pupil is more than 300-fold and probably represents an effort to shield the pure rod retina from saturating light intensities. 5. The pupil continues to contract sharply for changes in external light intensity which give retinal illuminations corresponding to 106 quanta/sec. striking a retinal rod. 6. There is a large degree of spatial summation of the response; circular external light fields subtending 5 and 140° giving the same illumination at the pupil give approximately the same pupil response. 7. The spectral sensitivity curve agrees with the absorption curve of an extracted pigment from a closely related gecko described by Crescitelli in the followig paper. It is similar to the human scotopic curve but its maximum is displaced about 20 to 30 mµ towards the red end of the spectrum. The fall in sensitivity towards the red end of the spectrum is described by the equation See PDF for Equation


This paper reviews studies from the past 30 years that use operations research methods to tackle containership routing and scheduling problems at the strategic, tactical, and operational planning levels. These problems are first classified and summarized, with a focus on model formulations, assumptions, and algorithm design. The paper then gives an overview of studies on containership fleet size and mix, alliance strategy, and network design at the strategic level; frequency determination, fleet deployment, speed optimization, and schedule design at the tactical level; and container booking and routing and ship rescheduling at the operational level. The paper further elaborates on the needs of the liner container shipping industry and notes the gap between existing academic studies and industrial practices. Research on containership routing and scheduling lags behind practice, especially in the face of the fast growth of the container shipping industry and the advancement of operations research and computer technology. The purpose of this paper is to stimulate more practically relevant research in this emerging area.


ABSTRACT This article proposes a new conceptual approach to disability and performance through a contribution that comes entirely from outside the disciplines; a re-theorisation of Gibson's [1979. The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates] theory of affordances. Drawing on three visual ethnographies with differently disabled individuals, and building upon my previous consideration of performance as 'affordance creation' in itself [Dokumaci, A. 2013. "On Falling Ill." Performance Research 18 (4): 107–115], the article conceptualises affordances as a form of micro-activism – one that can allow us to unpack the entanglements of disability, performance, and matter. Putting Gibson's theory in conversation with Canguilhem's philosophy of life, it proposes the concept 'vital affordances' as a new way to think through this micro-activism, and the way disabled individuals might transform the world and its very materiality through the most mundane of their performances.


AIMS
Arterial plaque rupture and thrombus characterise ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and may aggravate delayed arterial healing following durable polymer drug-eluting stent (DP-DES) implantation. Biodegradable polymer (BP) may improve biocompatibility. We compared long-term outcomes in STEMI patients receiving BP-DES vs. durable polymer sirolimus-eluting stents (DP-SES).

METHODS AND RESULTS
We pooled individual patient-level data from three randomised clinical trials (ISAR-TEST-3, ISAR-TEST-4 and LEADERS) comparing outcomes from BP-DES with DP-SES at four years. The primary endpoint (MACE) comprised cardiac death, MI, or target lesion revascularisation (TLR). Secondary endpoints were TLR, cardiac death or MI, and definite or probable stent thrombosis. Of 497 patients with STEMI, 291 received BP-DES and 206 DP-SES. At four years, MACE was significantly reduced following treatment with BP-DES (hazard ratio [HR] 0.59, 95% CI: 0.39-0.90; p=0.01) driven by reduced TLR (HR 0.54, 95% CI: 0.30-0.98; p=0.04). Trends towards reduction were seen for cardiac death or MI (HR 0.63, 95% CI: 0.37-1.05; p=0.07) and definite or probable stent thrombosis (3.6% vs. 7.1%; HR 0.49, 95% CI: 0.22-1.11; p=0.09).

CONCLUSIONS
In STEMI, BP-DES demonstrated superior clinical outcomes to DP-SES at four years. Trends towards reduced cardiac death or myocardial infarction and reduced stent thrombosis require corroboration in specifically powered trials.


The competitive dynamics of many industries have changed considerably over the past decade and perhaps none more so than in news media. There is no doubt that this industry continues to undergo structural changes that compel news media firms to adapt and transform their business in response to the dynamic nature of media environment (Oliver, 2012; 2014). Indeed, many scholars have written extensively of the influence that the digital media environment has had on news businesses in terms of organizational value chains, profitability and their strategic adaptation to an environment disrupted by innovative new media technologies (Kung, 2008; Picard, 2010; Coates Nee, 2013; Neilsen, 2014; Schlesinger and Doyle, 2015). Industries have long been examined by researchers from a strategic perspective with various themes of inquiry relating to; industry structure and positioning, industry evolution and development, industry lifecycle, industry change and industry consolidation. Fundamentally, this body of knowledge emphases the importance of an organisation's strategic fit with their competitive environment to achieve competitive advantage. This paper argues that 'industry analysis' could usefully draw on Dynamic Capabilities Theory (Teece, Pisano and Shuen, 1997) which argues for the strategic adaptation and reconfiguration of news media firm resources and capabilities in order to address a rapidly changing competitive environment. The increasingly dynamic nature of news media provides an ideal context to examine the dynamic capabilities exhibited at industry level, and whilst questions of industry analysis have been extensively covered in the field of strategic management, there is a dearth of literature that examines dynamic capabilities at industry level, and more specifically, UK news media. This paper will present empirical findings from a comparative time-series analysis (1997-2013) of the UK Publishing Industry and compare it to other industries categorised within the UK Creative Industries. Using descriptive statistics, this research will examine two key resource based metrics: the number of employees and the Gross Value Added by each industry. In doing so, this analysis will extend the limited knowledge on industry level dynamic capabilities and inter-industry performance and provide an insight into how the UK Publishing Industry has adapted to digital media over two decades change and turbulence.


Background Homeless and unstably housed (H/UH) youth are disproportionately affected by sexual health issues, including human immunodeficiency virus/sexually transmitted diseases, teen pregnancy, and dating violence, and are at a higher risk for poor mental health and underutilization of services. Research suggests that linking health care to H/UH adolescents might help improve their continuity of care, with most preferring to access health care information via the Internet. YTH StreetConnect is a dual-purpose mobile app that helps H/UH youth access health and vital services in Santa Clara County, CA, USA. We developed YTH StreetConnect PRO in parallel with the youth app as a companion tablet app for providers who serve H/UH youth. Objective The objective of our study was to develop a mobile app to support H/UH youth and their providers in accessing health and vital resources, and to conduct usability and feasibility testing of the app among H/UH youth and technical consultants with local expertise in serving H/UH youth. Methods Formative research included a literature review on H/UH youths' mobile phone and Internet usage. In January 2015, we conducted interviews with medical and service providers of H/UH youth. Usability and feasibility testing were done with target audiences. Additionally, we conducted focus groups with youth regarding the app's youth friendliness, accessibility, and usefulness. Results H/UH youth and their providers noted the app's functionality, youth friendliness, and resources. Usability testing proposed improvements to the app, including visual updates to the user interface, map icons, new underrepresented resource categories, and the addition of a peer rating system. Limitations included a small sample size among H/UH youth and providers and a single site for the study (Santa Clara County, CA), making the findings ungeneralizable to the US population. Conclusions YTH StreetConnect is a promising way to increase service utilization, provide referral access, and share resources among H/UH youth and providers. Input from H/UH youth and providers offers insights on how to improve future models of YTH StreetConnect and similar programs that assist H/UH youth.


Condemned carcasses of animals affected with one or more of the following conditions may be shipped from an official establishment only for purposes other than human food and only if permission therefor is obtained from the circuit supervisor: Anasarca, Ocular Squamous Cell Carcinoma (after removal of neoplastic tissue), emaciation, eosinophilic myositis, immaturity, nonseptic bruises and injuries, and sarcosporidiosis. This provision also applies to unborn calves and to products such as paunches and udders when they have not been handled as required under this subchapter for products for human food purposes; provided, such articles have not been condemned for other pathological reasons. Such permission will be granted only if all parts to be so used will be promptly handled, freely slashed and adequately identified as required by § 325.13(a)(2) of this subchapter. The slashing, identification and packing of the product shall be accomplished in an inedible product area under the supervision of an inspector. Facilities must be adequate so that the carcasses or parts saved under these provisions are not contaminated with pus, manure, septic, or toxic materials, or similar substances. The operation must not result in unsanitary conditions within the establishment.


Abstract The objective of this target article is to chart the potential threat to research validity in the field of giftedness research, and by implication also the study and practice of gifted education, in the light of cultural bias. It endeavours to pull together facts from a number of academic disciplines to make sense of how culture relates to science, research and society. In proposing a reasonable agenda for remedial action the nature and impact of cultural dominance, and the emergence of a socially engineered and transnational superculture are issues discussed first. Then follows a focus on the known cultural patterns of the World and how these relate to many of the notions and constructs of giftedness research as well as to the known pitfalls of the ethnocentric mind. In conclusion, a number of straightforward actions focusing on a) mindset and habits, b) research skills and c) selfknowledge and cultural competence are proposed as important in coming to terms with the weakening credibility of gifted science in a global perspective.


Tellurium has gained significant attention due to its photoconductivity, piezoelectricity, and thermo conductivity properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of biofield energy treatment on thermal, physical and atomic properties of tellurium powder. The tellurium powder was equally divided in two parts: control and treated (T). The treated part was subjected to Mr. Trivedi's biofield energy treatment, whereas the control part was remained untreated. Subsequently, the control and treated samples were characterized using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The DSC data showed that latent heat of fusion was decreased by 14.13, 21.90, and 5.55% in treated samples T1, T2, and T3, respectively as compared to the control. However, the melting temperature did not show any change in treated samples as compared to the control. The TGA data showed that the peak width (difference in onset and endset) was increased from 213.67°C (control) to 234.82°C in treated tellurium sample. Besides, XRD results exhibited an alteration in lattice parameter, unit cell volume, density, atomic weight and nuclear charge volume of the treated tellurium powder as compared to the control. In addition, the crystallite sizes were significantly changed on crystalline plane (102) and (110) as 146.05→48.67 nm and 63.01→88.21 nm, respectively in the treated tellurium. The FT-IR spectra did not show any significant change in absorption frequencies in treated sample as compared to the control. Therefore, DSC, TGA and XRD data suggested that Mr. Trivedi's biofield energy treatment has significantly altered the thermal and physical properties of tellurium powder. Thus, biofield energy treatment could be applied to modulate the thermal and physical properties in semiconductor and chalcogenide glass industries.


Despite the demographic causes of the long-term U.S. fiscal gap, only severe dysfunction in our political system, abetted by malfunctioning and discontinuously responsive global financial markets, could lead to a U.S. budget catastrophe. Unfortunately, the risk of disaster appears to be alarmingly high. The rising danger has implications both for income tax reform and for the possible adoption of new tax instruments. For income tax reform, the main implication is that base-broadening should be undertaken without accompanying 1986-style tax rate reduction. The threat of a fiscal catastrophe also raises concern about otherwise desirable but potentially revenue-losing reforms, such as to the rules for corporate and international taxation. A number of tax instruments not currently used in the U.S. might be appealing even if the reform that included them was revenue-neutral overall. These include a value-added tax (VAT), a carbon tax, and a financial activities tax (FAT), although in my view a financial transactions tax (FTT) would not have comparable merit. All of these instruments potentially gain appeal if they could be used to ease the political prospects for raising overall U.S. tax revenues, and thus for reducing the risk of a budgetary catastrophe.


Robert E. Horton is best known as the originator of the infiltration excess overland flow concept for storm hydrograph analysis and prediction, which, in conjunction with the unit hydrograph concept, provided the foundation for engineering hydrology for several decades. Although these concepts, at least in their simplest form, have been largely superseded, a study of Horton's archived scientific papers reveals that his perceptual model of infiltration processes and appreciation of scale problems in modelling were far more sophisticated and complete than normally presented in hydrological texts. His understanding of surface controls on infiltration remain relevant today.


Since the Reformation, the focal point of worship for many Christian churches has been the tale of the Word 'the proclamation of Scriptures and the preaching event. Congregations have been fed, often well and abundantly, at the single feast tale of the Word. But what is the role of preaching in the double feast churches 'churches whose normative liturgical worship features rites at the two tales of the Word and of the Eucharist? This is a multi-voiced ecumenical preaching anthology full of insights from those who preside, preach, and celebrate the double feast. In terms of time, as well as content and structure, proclamation and preaching at the double feast will be very different from preaching at worship that is exclusively Word-centered. Father Michael Monshau adds timely and critical new perspective to the issue by bringing together five significant voices from double feast churches whose presentations, in effect, become varied, short textbooks on how to preach. Michal Monshau, OP, PhD, is a Dominican priest and the professor of homiletics at the Dominican School of Philosophy and Theology at the Graduate Theological Union, Berkeley, California. He is active in spiritual direction, writing, religious formation, and retreat ministry.


Chitosan nanoparticle (CS NP)-modified MnO 2 nanoflakes were presented as a novel adsorbent for fast adsorption of Pb(II) from aqueous solution. Loading dense CS NPs onto mono-dispersive flower-like MnO 2 nanostructures reduces the overlap of CS during adsorption, and thus improves the contact of functional adsorption sites on the surface of MnO 2 nanoflakes with heavy metal ions. The results show that the removal efficiency of the nanoadsorbents reaches up to 93% in 3 min for Pb(II). In addition, the maximum adsorption capacity, effects of adsorbent dosage and pH value, and the reusability were investigated. The kinetic process and adsorption isotherm fit well with the pseudo-second-order model and Langmuir model, respectively. These findings provide a potential strategy to address the overlap issue of some common nanoadsorbents.


The paper introduces constructivist views of learning as a theoretical background to inform the design, implementation and evaluation of quality interactive multimedia educational software. It reviews various constructivist views of learning and also constructivist technology-mediated learning. It proposes an approach to design and evaluation of constructivist educational software, which is based on research in students' ideas, and comprises three stages: a) initial research into students' existing ideas, conceptions, conceptual difficulties and needs, b) design of the software based on students' conceptions and conceptual needs, and formative evaluation of it, and c) software implementation and evaluation within a constructivist learning environment, based on students' conceptual change and construction of appropriate knowledge by them. This research-based approach is compared to other existing models of design educational software environments. In order to illustrate this approach, two examples of Greek constructivist educational software with science content are briefly presented: "Interaction between Objects", which aims at promoting knowledge construction about mechanical interaction and Newton's laws through interactive simulations of real-life situations and cognitive conflict processes, and "M.A.TH.I.M.A.", aiming at promoting construction of multiple, linked appropriate representations about several science topics (free-fall phenomenon, geometrical optics, heat and temperature, electric circuits, molecules and atoms). The proposed approach intends to enhance collaboration between software designers, content education research specialists, teachers and learners, in order to improve the quality of educational software to better respond to students' learning with understanding.


Haptic feedback in VR is important for realistic simulation in virtual reality. However, recreating the haptic experience for hand tools in VR traditionally requires hardware with precise actuators, adding complexity to the system. We propose Ungrounded Haptic Retargeting, an interaction technique that provides a realistic haptic experience for grabbing tools using only passive mechanisms. This technique leverages the ungrounded feedback inherent in grabbing tools combined with dynamic visual adjustments of their position in virtual reality to create an illusion of physical presence for virtual objects. To demonstrate the capabilities of this technique, we created VR Grabbers, an exemplary passive VR controller, similar to training chopsticks, with haptic feedback for precise object selection and manipulation. We conducted two user studies based on VR Grabbers. The first study probed the perceptual limits of the illusion; we found that the maximum position difference between the virtual and physical world acceptable to the user is (-1.48, 1.95) cm. The second study showed that task performance of the VR Grabbers controller with Ungrounded Haptic Retargeting enabled outperforms the same controller with Ungrounded Haptic Retargeting disabled.


What is Europe? Who is European? What do Europe and European identity mean in the twenty-first century? This collection of sixteen essays seeks to answer these questions by focusing on Europe as it is seen through its own eyes and through the eyes of others across a variety of cultural texts, including sport, film, literature, dance, cartography, and fashion. These texts, as interpreted here by emerging researchers as well as well-established scholars, enable us to engage with European identities in the plural and to understand what these identities mean in larger cultural and political contexts. The interdisciplinary focus of this volume permits an exploration of European identity that reaches beyond the area of European studies to incorporate understandings of identity from the viewpoints of both insider and other. Contributors explore diverse understandings of what it means to be "other" to a country, a culture, a society, or a subgroup. This book offers a fresh perspective on the evolving concept of identity and expands on the existing literature by considering the political tensions and social implications of the development of European identity, as well as its literary, artistic, and cultural manifestations.


This research is about the utilisation of tracking tools in maintenance resource coordination to investigate the benefits of tracking in the coordination processes. Based on service industry, this study uses a pilot project, questionnaires and interviews as research methods. Various challenges were found in the field of mobile workforce management; coordination, safety at work, achieving optimisation goals of cost-efficiency, quality and customer service. Many of these challenges can be facilitated with tracking. However, the possibilities of tracking utilisation vary in differing business areas of case company. Four dimensions in the existing business were identified. They are connected with the mobility and management style of service technicians. Further, the main tracking opportunities were introduced into each of these business fields. The successful usage and implementation of a tracking system necessitates strong support from management. Tracking tools offer numerous opportunities for maintenance resource coordination. Undoubtedly, the tracking implementation and utilisation require consideration of several managerial matters.


Services providers struggle to develop customer commitment. Within the services literature, questions exist regarding the simultaneous influence of quality, satisfaction, and value and its role on commitment, which is exacerbated by evidence that different customer groups may react differently to the influence of these constructs. The present research addresses these gaps in understanding of how to enhance longer-term commitment of low versus high relational retail customers. This study employs a cross-sectional, single retailer approach surveying 503 customers of a large pet supply chain. Conditional process analysis was used to test hypothesized indirect and direct relationships.  Results were consistent with predictions. For low relational customers, satisfaction with employee encounters interacted with customer service quality to influence customer value.  Specifically, customer value was positively enhanced with increasing quality perceptions when satisfaction was high.  The influence of this interaction on customer continuance commitment was fully mediated by customer value.  For high relational customers, service quality was fully mediated by customer value in influencing customer continuance commitment.  High relational customers' satisfaction with employee encounters directly influenced their continuance commitment.  This is one of few studies to simultaneously employ service quality, satisfaction, and value constructs in models to examine indirect and direct effects for different relational customer groups.  This research uniquely addresses the development of relational strategies to enhance the "lock-in" commitment - a strategically important outcome variable.


To test incomplete search algorithms for constraint satisfaction problems such as 3-SAT, we need a source of hard, but satisfiable, benchmark instances. A simple way to do this is to choose a random truth assignment A, and then choose clauses randomly from among those satisfied by A. However, this method tends to produce easy problems, since the majority of literals point toward the "hidden" assignment A. Last year, (Achlioptas, Jia, & Moore 2004) proposed a problem generator that cancels this effect by hiding both A and its complement A. While the resulting formulas appear to be just as hard for DPLL algorithms as random 3-SAT formulas with no hidden assignment, they can be solved by WalkSAT in only polynomial time.

Here we propose a new method to cancel the attraction to A, by choosing a clause with t > 0 literals satisfied by A with probability proportional to qt for some q < 1. By varying q, we can generate formulas whose variables have no bias, i.e., which are equally likely to be true or false; we can even cause the formula to "deceptively" point away from A. We present theoretical and experimental results suggesting that these formulas are exponentially hard both for DPLL algorithms and for incomplete algorithms such as WalkSAT.


Building a theory that merges population, community, and ecosystem ecol ogy requires at the very least that the fundamental descriptions of reality provided by the various subdisciplines be compatible with each other. But meeting this basic requirement is far from being a trivial issue given the widely different conceptual foundations and formalisms used by popula tion and community ecology on the one hand and by ecosystem ecology on the other. In this introductory chapter, I first briefly revisit the foundations and formalisms of the population and ecosystem approaches in ecology. I then show how mass and energy budgets can bridge the gap between them. Last, I present a minimal ecosystem model to illustrate how an approach based on mass and energy budgets can be used to build simple models that combine the flexibility of demographic models and the physical realism of ecosystem models. The approach developed in this chapter will be the basis for most of the models presented in the rest of the book. A population is a set of organisms from the same biological species in a given area. Since all individuals belonging to the same species are very sim ilar to each other when considered over a whole life cycle, classical ap proaches to population ecology ignore variability among individuals and assume that these are identical. As a consequence, population dynamics focuses on changes in the number or density of individuals that make up the population. Thus, population ecology fundamentally has a demo graphic approach to reality, in which the basic unit of measurement is the individual.


The aim of this investigation was to determine the relationship between loss of radiographic crestal bone height and probing attachment loss. As part of this aim, we are introducing a new method for determination of a threshold for significant probing attachment loss which takes into account the error contributed by alteration in tissue tone. 57 adults with established periodontitis were selected. Radiographs were taken using the Rinn alignment system. Crestal change was determined from bone height measurements on digitized images of pairs of radiographs using the "side-by-side" technique of analysis developed recently by us. Probing attachment loss was measured using the Florida electronic probe system. Radiographic and probing measurements were made at baseline and after 1 year. No treatment was given during this period. A direct and significant relationship was observed between radiographic bone loss and probing attachment loss on a site basis (p = 0.0001, r2 = 0.018) and between subject means (p = 0.0014, r2 = 0.16). Radiographic and probing attachment change at all categories of sites, dichotomously classified as to not changing or loosing indicated 13% of sites were loosing by measurement of radiographic change and 9.6% were loosing by measurement of attachment change. Concordance in radiographic and attachment level change was found in 82% of sites examined. The relative diagnostic import of change in probing attachment or change in radiographic bone height requires treatment outcome studies based on use of diagnostic information of the 2 measuring techniques used singly and in combination.


We propose a new method based on in-line digital holography for the reconstruction of a wave front from only two intensity recordings. The simulation result shows that this method works well when the object wave is weak compared with the reference wave. This technique can be employed for real-time imaging.


This paper presents a two-country overlapping generations model in which financial intermediation arises endogenously as an incentive-compatible means of economizing on monitoring costs. Because of the existence of transactions costs, money markets in the two countries are segmented and investors have differential access to international credit markets. The model is used to generate predictions about the role of international intermediation in economic development and to examine the nature of business cycle phenomena across alternative exchange rate regimes. Disturbances are propagated by a credit allocation mechanism, which also lends a novel flavor to the model?s long-run properties.


Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) is one of the geoinformation data acquisition technologies that popularly used for slope mapping. UAV is capable to produce high resolution imageries in a short period. In order to obtained suitable results in slope mapping, specific UAV mapping factors have to be followed and the selection of the optimum Ground Control Point (GCP) and the UAV flying altitude become the most important factors. This paper presents the production of high resolution slope map using UAV technology. The research involved with the following steps, (i) preparation of field work (i.e. determination of the number of GCPs and flying altitude) and the flight mission; (ii) processing and evaluating of UAV images, and (iii) production of slope map. The research was successfully conducted at Kulim, Kedah, Malaysia as the condition of slope in that area is prone to the landslide incidences. A micro rotary wing UAV system known as DJI Phantom 4 was used for collecting the high resolution images with various flying altitudes. Due to the un-accessibility of the slope area, all the GCPs are measured from the point cloud data that was acquired from the Pheonix AL-32 LiDAR system. The analysis shows that the coordinates (X, Y and Z) accuracy is influenced by the flying altitude. As the flying altitude increases, the coordinate's accuracy also increased. Furthermore, the results also show that the coverage slope area and number of tie point increases when the flying altitude increases. This practical study contributed to the slope work activities where the specific requirements for flying altitudes have been clearly stated.


Excerpt] The 1983 report, A Nation at Risk, of the National Commission on Excellence in Education decried the state of public education in the United States and suggested a number of reforms. Among their recommendations was increased federal aid for education. The view was that this would lead to desirable outcomes such as reduced class sizes and higher teacher salaries, with the latter aiding in the recruitment and retention of high-quality teachers. Somewhat surprisingly, previous research on the economics of education provides us with very few insights about what the effects of such proposals might be. For example, while there is an extensive literature on the determinants of cross-section variations in teachers' salaries and teacher/student ratios, virtually nothing has been written on how changes in aid levels influence changes in salaries, teacher/student ratios, other expenditure levels, and local tax rates. Similarly, while there are many studies of how grants-in-aid affect overall expenditure levels and some studies of the determinants of cross-section variations in the share of expenditures spent on various categories (e.g., instructional and administrative), virtually nothing has been written on how changes in aid affect the various expenditure shares. To provide answers to some of these questions, our paper examines data from a panel of approximately 700 school districts in New York State over a five-year period (1978-79 to 1982-83) and tries to infer how school districts will respond to future changes in aid from how they responded to changes in state aid during the period. We focus on how past aid changes have influenced teacher salaries, tax rates, teacher/student ratios, and other staff/student ratios. The analyses exploit the fact that although school aid formulas change frequently in New York State, each district is usually guaranteed at least the same aid level as the previous year ("save harmless" provisions). As a result, over any given two-year period, the percentage increase in aid varies widely across districts. This provides a convenient form of natural experiment.


The existence of a stable demand for money is very important for the conduct of monetary policy even in this new era of inflation targeting. It is argued that previous work on the demand for money in New Zealand has been either not very satisfactory in a number of ways or outdated. This paper examines the long-run determinants of the demand for M3 employing the Johansen cointegration technique and quarterly data for the period 1988:1- 2002:2. This paper finds, inter alia, that the demand for money is cointegrated with real income, the spread between interest on money and on non-money assets, the expected rate of inflation, and the real effective (trade weighted index) exchange rate.


The topic of this paper is ozone smog or tropospheric ozone pollution and the assessment of one aspect of this problem: impacts on agricultural crops. However, the techniques and their problems are applicable to a wide range of impacts from materials damages to human health effects. In addition, the methods explained have been applied to agricultural damages related to both acid deposition (see Adams and McCarl, 1985a) and global climate change (Adams et al., 1988). The concentration here is on the estimation of the tangible benefits from policies 10 reduce tropospheric ozone concentrations.


Rob Amberg's examination of the construction of a nine-mile section of Interstate 26 is a moving study of the effect of road building on landscape and culture. In 1994, Amberg began documenting the progress of the largest earth moving project in state history through the most rural and rugged reaches of Madison County, North Carolina. Using oral histories, narrative writing, and photographs, "The New Road" explores the inherent tensions and contradictions faced by an Appalachian community trying to balance progress and preservation.


Lead and mercury have been reported to alter selectively the rod component of the electroretinogram, and to inhibit the phosphodiesterase in rod outer segments which may be responsible for generating the rods' light response. The authors have investigated the effect of lead and mercury on the voltage response to light of rods, and compared these effects with those of the phosphodiesterase inhibitor papaverine. Lead and mercury, like papaverine, slow the light response. In addition, papaverine increases the light response amplitude while lead decreases it. Mercury initially increases and then decreases the amplitude. The late decrease in amplitude produced by mercury is associated with rod degeneration: an effect which may mimic degenerative diseases in which the rod phosphodiesterase is insufficiently active. These results demonstrate that the changes of electroretinogram induced by lead and mercury can be accounted for by the changes in receptor potential these heavy metals produce. The changes in receptor potential seen are consistent with mercury inhibiting the rod phosphodiesterase, and with lead having an action in addition to phosphodiesterase inhibition.


We demonstrate, using a simple two-period equilibrium model of the economy, the potential effects of extreme event occurrences such as natural or humanitarian disasters on economic growth over the mediumto long-term. In particular, we focus on the effect of such shocks on investment. We examine two polar cases; an unconstrained economy where agents have access to perfect capital markets, versus a credit-constrained version, where the economy is assumed to operate in financial autarky. Considering these extreme cases allows us to highlight the interaction of extreme events and economic underdevelopment, manifested through poorly developed financial markets. The theoretical analysis shows that, where agents face borrowing constraints, the shock of an extreme event occurrence could have lasting effects on economic growth. The predictions of our theoretical model are then tested using a panel of data on natural disaster events at the country-year level, covering the period 1979-2007. In line with recent literature, we find that natural disaster events exert a significant negative impact on economic growth over the short-term. These effects appear to be compounded by a lack of access to credit. Looking at the medium-term dynamics of the interaction between disasters, credit constraints and economic growth, we find evidence in support of the hypothesis that credit constraints cause disaster events to have more persistent effects on economic growth.


School Buses are under constant pressure to deliver a safe, convenient and reliable service to the students and their parents. Our state of art technology enables the school transportation department to increase safety quotient to a next level along with increasing efficiency and disciplined driver behavior. It is a one stop solution for live tracking, route management, mail system, emergency preparedness, student attendance and more. In today's scenario, avoiding any mishap with the children has become an important issue for both the parents and school management. With our solution one can easily monitor the school bus along with the students in it so that you never lose sight of your child. Be able to live track your child's bus on the map. Get notified when the bus reaches or leaves the school. With vehicle tracking, drivers are more punctual. Jobs are started and completed on-time. You always know where your vehicles are, where they were, and for how long. Over-speeding & detours are identifiable. In the event of a dispute, vehicle tracking provides irrefutable proof-of-work. Keywords— Salesforce, VRP(Vehicle Routing Problem), BTS(Bus Transportation System)


This study deals with some of the major issued discussed at a symposium entitled "Small States: Problems and Opportunities in a World of Rapid Change", which was held in March 1991 in St Kitts and Nevis. The symposium focused on the special problems confronting the management and development of small states' economies.
The study, prepared by Delisle Worrell, Deputy Governor of the Central Bank of Barbados, argues that the economic adjustment strategies adopted by many Caribbean economies in the 1980s were in appropriate in trying to restore external balance and raise economic output. The analysis pays particular attention to the economic adjustment strategies of Barbados, the Dominican Republic, Guyana, Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago. To improve the performance of Caribbean economies, the author calls for a better mix of stabilisation policies with a deliberate export promotion strategy.


Within the European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica (EPICA) two deep ice cores were recovered. The second one (labelled EDML, total depth 2774m) was drilled in Dronning Maud Land (DML) in the Atlantic sector of Antarctica [1]. It is well dated down to the depth of 2416m with an age of 150 kyrs BP [2]. Stable isotopes (18O, D) have been measured with depth resolutions of 0.5m and 0.05m, and the deuterium excess values were calculated [3]. The stable isotope records for terminations 1 and 2 (T1, T2) were resampled on common time steps of 50 years. Corrections to the 18O and D values had to be added to account for surface elevation changes and changing 18O content of the sea water in the past.The most prominent difference between T1 and T2 is that the Antarctic Cold Reversal (ACR) of T1 has no analogue in T2. With the elevation corrections used in [1| T2 shows a steady increase from -51.5 to -40 over a time span of 9 kyrs, whereas T1 displays an increase from -52.5 to -44 over 8 kyrs. The influence of the elevation corrections will be discussed, which increase δ18O during MIS5.5 and lower it during the glacials. The deuterium excess shows differences towards the end of the terminations, with lower values in and after the ACR during T1. The main driver of these differences lie in the conditions prevailing in the evaporative source areas and of the subsequent transport of the moisture providing snow at the site. We infer that the atmospheric transport and the source area of precipitation or the source temperature were different for T1 and T2.[1] EPICA community members (2006) Nature 444, 195-198. [2] Ruth et al. (2007) Clim. Past 3, 475-484. [3] Stenni et al. Quatern. Sci. Rev., subm.


This paper's focus is on the development of research methodologies to investigate learning in higher education. These methodologies have made use of Social Mobile Devices (SMD) for data collection, a relativity new concept in qualitative research. The paper provides examples of practice linked with discussions from the Learning Without Frontiers Conference 2011 (LWF 2011) around the constraints, affordances, and ethical issues inherent in the use of SMDs for research. While the researchers used Apple iPhones and Apple iPads, this should not limit the applicability of the paper to other devices. It is hoped that this paper will aid the development of these tools for research purposes in the future through wider discussion, use, and dissemination. Technological development of SMDs continues unabated, hence developing methodologies around their use is an important task that will enable researchers to take advantage of the future applications they provide, whilst being aware of their impact upon the research process.


In normal embryonic development, cells generated from a fertilised oocyte lose their
pluripotent status and become restricted to a particular differentiation pathway. This
production of functionally distinct cell lineages is thought to be mediated by
epigenetic processes that help control gene expression both temporally and spatially
without any changes to the DNA sequence. These epigenetic changes consist of posttranslational
modifications of the N-terminal tails of histones and differential DNA
methylation. Together these act by altering local chromatin structure, which in turn
directs gene transcription by regulating the accessibility of the underlying DNA. To
examine the potential developmental roles of these modifications, we determined the
global cellular patterns of DNA methylation, as well as histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9)
and histone H4 lysine 20 (H4K20) methylation in the developing zebrafish embryo.
These modifications are seen as hallmarks of heterochromatin, which consists of
DNA that is tightly packaged, gene-poor and transcriptionally silent. Thus using
immunostaining techniques, we confirmed the occurrence of genome-wide DNA
methylation changes during zebrafish embryogenesis, as well as observing the
unique localisation of this mark around the nuclear periphery in conjunction with
pericentric heterochromatin. For mono-, di- and tri-methylated H3K9, it was
observed by both immunostaining and immunoblotting that these marks became
apparent after the onset of zygotic transcription. Ultimately their levels increased as
development progressed, in a fashion similar to that of DNA methylation, consistent
with a link between these epigenetic marks. Using the same methodology, the three
methylation states of H4K20 were seen to vary differentially during zebrafish
development, where in particular the levels of H4K20me1 decreased in concert with
a potentially sumoylated form. In contrast, the levels of H4K20me2 increased
progressively during embryogenesis, while those of H4K20me3 decreased rapidly
after the mid-blastula transition. Together, these findings demonstrate that both DNA
and histone lysine methylation take place in a highly dynamic manner, further
supporting their roles in augmenting chromatin structure and directing cellular
differentiation, while also providing a valuable comparison to the developmental epigenetics of other model organisms characterised to date. Preparatory work for
somatic cell nuclear transfer in zebrafish was also undertaken. In future studies, the
dynamics of these marks could be compared with those of cloned embryos, so that
the specific epigenetic profiles necessary for development can be elucidated.
Epigenetically, a homologous process occurs within pluripotent embryonic stem cells
(ESCs), which can differentiate into any cell type or undergo indefinite self-renewal.
Advantageously, we were able to derive zebrafish ESC-like clusters which were
morphologically similar to those derived from mice. These clusters were alkaline
phosphatase-positive and expressed key ESC markers as detected by RT-PCR and
immunofluorescence. In pilot studies, GFP-expressing ESC-like clusters have so far
also contributed to ectodermal tissues when transplanted into wild type zebrafish
embryos. Subsequently, these ESC-like clusters were epigenetically profiled using
immunofluorescence, which showed that they had a similar complement of
modifications to ESCs derived from mice. The derivation and initial characterisation
of these ESC-like clusters from zebrafish, in addition to the development of somatic
cell nuclear transfer in this species, will help pave the way for future studies
involving tissue repair and regeneration, as well as opening up the potential of
targeted genetic manipulation in this valuable model organism.


On a hot August afternoon in 1811, an army of 10,000 British redcoats splashed ashore through the muddy shallows off Batavia (the former name of Jakarta, Indonesia's capital) to conquer the Dutch colony of Java. They would remain there for five turbulent years. Drawing on both British and Javanese archival sources, this entertaining and highly readable narrative history-cum-biography explores the bloody battles and furious controversies that marked British rule in Java, and reveals the future founder of Singapore, Thomas Stamford Raffles - long celebrated as a hero, a liberal and a visionary - in a shocking new light, showing how he crushed dissent, looted palaces and incited massacres to further his own insatiable ambitions. The book features the dramatic Battle of Batavia, the sinister British expedition to Palembang, the 1812 sacking and looting of Yogyakarta, and various fights between soldiers and civilians, buffaloes and tigers, and Englishmen and Javanese.


Usage of payment cards such as credit cards, debit cards, and prepaid cards, continues to grow. Security breaches related to payment cards have led to billion dollar losses annually. In order to offset this trend, major payment card networks have founded the Payment Card Industry (PCI) Security Standards Council (SSC), which has designed and released the PCI Data Security Standard (DSS). This standard guides service providers and merchants to implement stronger security infrastructures that reduce the risks of security breaches. This article mainly discusses the need for the PCI DSS and the data security requirements defined in the standard to address the ongoing security issues, especially those pertaining to payment card data handling. It also surveys various technical solutions, offered by a few security vendors, for merchant companies and organizations involved in payment card transaction processing to comply with the standard. The compliance of merchants or service providers to the PCI DSS are assessed by PCI Qualified Security Assessors (QSAs). This article thus discusses the requirements to become PCI QSAs. In addition, it introduces the PCI security scanning procedures that guide the scanning of security policies of a merchant or service provider and prepare relevant reports. We believe that this survey sheds light on potential technical research problems pertinent to the PCI DSS and its compliance.


Child sexual molestation is undoubtedly a traumatic experience. Children, within the context of a wide variety of factors, try to handle such pathological sexual interactions in different ways and using a variety of resources. Behavioural, emotional, and even psychiatric disorders may manifest in some children, while others might present without any symptoms. Children who are described as psychologically resilient are able to overcome a negative self-concept, identity confusion, depression, behavioural disorders, and personality and sexual disorders which are characteristic long-term effects of child sexual molestation. This study focuses on the extent of adjustment and psychological resilience of seven girls following the trauma of sexual molestation. There is an emphasis on the different protective factors that could play a role in adjustment, and could, therefore, make a contribution to the development of psychological resilience.


Objective: Upcoming technology is changing the way that we are able to collect data looking into activity, social participation and health behaviours. Wearable cameras are one form of technology that allows us to automatically record a collection of passive images, building a visual diary of the user's day. Whilst acknowledging the usefulness of wearable cameras in research, it is also important to understand individuals' experiences whilst using them. The aim of this study was to explore the acceptance, experience and usability of a wearable camera (Microsoft (cid:2) Sensecam) to record the day-to-day activity and social participation of older people. Methods: A total of 18 older adults, who had worn the wearable camera for seven days, took part in semi-structured interviews. Results: Four themes emerged from the findings: 'Intrusiveness'; 'Importance of others'; 'Remembering the wearable camera'; and 'Ease of use'. Conclusions: Individuals' expectations and experiences of using the wearable camera differed considerably. Participants believed that the wearable camera would be intrusive, difficult to use and would evoke public reaction; however, these worries were not borne out in experience. Individuals typically forgot about the presence of the wearable camera during use, remembering it only sporadically. One drawback to its use is that some participants were cautious of using the camera when around others, which impacted the amount of time the camera was worn, and, therefore, the nature of the data recorded. Design issues of the Sensecam were also a problem for the older adults in the study and affected their interaction with the technology.


Extending the JD-R Approach to Predicting Work/Study Engagement and Creative Performance: Evidences from Chinese Employees and Students by Wu Mengyuan Master of Philosophy Although innovation and creativity play an increasingly important role in helping organizations survive in today's highly competitive environment, less is known about the antecedents and mechanisms of creative performance in the Chinese context. To bridge the gap of knowledge, this thesis adopted and extended Bakker (2011)'s Job Demands-Resources model (JD-R model) to exploring four antecedents of creative performance, namely, creative requirement (job demand), creative self-efficacy (personal resource), perceived support for creativity (job resource), and work/study engagement. It was hypothesized that engagement would mediate the positive effect of creative self-efficacy, perceived support for creativity and creative requirement on creative performance. Creative requirement would moderate the effect of creative selfefficacy, perceived support for creativity on engagement. Self-reported questionnaires were distributed to Office staff (n=154) and supermarket staff (n=158) from Mainland China. Undergraduates (N=194) were recruited from a university in Hong Kong and were asked to complete a self-reported questionnaire that included both subjective and objective tests for creativity performance. Hierarchical linear regression analyses with Bootstrapping procedures were conducted separately to test the proposed hypothesized model among the three participant groups. It was found that the hypothesized model was partially supported across all the samples. Also, different mediation mechanisms of engagement were found between employee and student samples. Engagement was found to partially mediate the positive effect of perceived support for creativity on (both subjective and objective) creative performance among three samples; yet it only partially mediated the positive effect of creative self-efficacy on employees' creative performance. In addition, only creative self-efficacy was found to be a significant predictor of (both subjective and objective) creative performance across all three samples. Also, no moderation effects were supported. Nevertheless, the main contributions of this study to the existing creative performance literature are mainly twofold: (a) extending the JD-R model to incorporate creativity and (b) generalizing the JD-R model to the Chinese context. Finally, recommendations for promoting employees and undergraduates' creative performance are discussed in the thesis.


Nefertiti - 'the Beautiful' - is one of Egypt's most compelling and mysterious figures. Wife of the controversial pharaoh Akhenaten, she lived through perhaps the most tumultuous period in the country's long history. The so-called Amarna Period has long held a fascination - not just for the enormous changes it brought to the religion, art and administration of Egypt, but for the many mysteries which surround it. Mysteries, that is, until now. Leading Egyptologist Dr Joann Fletcher has taken a fresh eye to the evidence and arrived at one of the most dramatic discoveries in recent times. Working with a team of leading experts, she has identified a long-forgotten mummy as the body of a female pharaoh of the Amarna Period, whom she believes is Nefertiti herself. Lying for over three thousand years in an unused side chamber of Tomb KV.35 in the Valley of the Kings, it tells a story which will forever change the way in which we view Nefertiti - and indeed women throughout Egyptian history. Now at last we see the full significance of her role as co-regent and later Pharaoh of Egypt, as well as understanding the astonishing luxury and decadence of her life in Amarna - a life she led as the country around her began to disintegrate.


Inundations due to river overflows are becoming more frequent; management of flood is thus an important task belonging to the set of preventive measures allowing the protection of people and goods downstream. The flood situation management method proposed in this paper was designed to reduce the flood impact at its early arising stage. The river is supposed to be equipped with reservoirs in which water excess are stored and then released only when the flood episode ends. The supervisory control scheme allows calculating the water volumes through the use of a network flow. The management objectives such as the maximum discharge level allowed in the river, the order of priority for the reservoir storage or release; the measured levels and discharge in the river and in the reservoirs; and the assessed parameters such as time delays, are combined to configure the network flow. Then, the optimal flow in the network is computed and supplies the reservoirs' gate opening setpoints. Finally, the method was applied to a simulated case for which the time delay during the flood varied and remained efficient for flood attenuation compared to the case when the gates were always open, thanks to the network configuration.


Ontology matching can be defined as the process of discovering similarities between two ontologies and it can be processed exploiting a number of different techniques. To provide a common conceptual basis, researchers have started to develop classifications to distinguish them. The most significant one is the classification proposed by Shvaiko and Euzenat to compare different existing ontology mediation systems as well as to design a new one. Although the classification is developed conscientiously, there are still some improper identifications and vague categories. Thus, a design and input-specific classification framework of ontology matching techniques that consists of executive approach, basic technique and input layers is proposed to address the above problems based on the findings of the literature survey. The framework provides not only a clear guideline on designing new mediation tool in accordance with the relationships among the three different layers but also an effective method to identify the type of the matching technique and its related executive approach simply by comparing input of mediation system with the input layer in the proposed framework. Disciplines Business Publication Details Leung, N. K. Y.., Lau, S. Kim. & Fan, J. (2008). A design and input-specific classification framework of ontology matching techniques. In J. Richardson & A. Ellis (Eds.), Australian World Wide Web Conference (pp. 71-80). Lismore, NSW, Australia: Southern Cross University. This conference paper is available at Research Online: http://ro.uow.edu.au/gsbpapers/287


The Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) paradigm promises to facilitate the integration of software services provided by different vendors and thus enables users to benefit from Best-of-Breed solutions. In order to support software architects we present the Multilayer Standardization Problem (MSP) to analyze the trade-off between possibly enhanced utility versus higher assembling costs of Best-ofBreed SOA solutions. We implemented a software prototype to support decision makers during the data input and the subsequent analysis of the solution's robustness. The MSP for the SOA-case is formulated as a linear 0–1 optimization model and extends the established Standardization Problem (SP) by modeling the user preferences and considering varying granularity as well as integration relationships in addition to communication relationships. These characteristics are common to numerous systems – thus the general MSP can serve as a basis for further research in this field.


We investigate how the shift in private pension coverage from defined benefit (DB) to defined contribution (DC) retirement plans since the 1980s has contributed to the substantial rise in labor force participation of older Americans. We develop a life cycle model of retirement that captures important aspects of private (DB and DC) and public (Social Security Old-Age) pensions. We demonstrate how this novel framework can assist policy makers and researchers in analyzing the complex interrelations of labor supply decisions, retirement behavior, and wealth accumulation. We begin by illustrating important differences in the incentives for labor supply and retirement behavior provided by DB and DC pensions. We show that the timing of the exit from the labor force is closely tied to wealth accrual in DB plans, while wealth accrual in DC plans does not provide similar incentives for the timing of retirement. We then use the model to conduct a cohort-based simulation analysis of labor force participation for the period 1977 to 2010. The results illustrate the potential significance of the rise in employer-sponsored DC pensions in explaining the increase in labor force participation of older Americans. We estimate that, holding the share of individuals with employer-sponsored pensions constant, the shift from DB to DC pension coverage increased the labor force participation rate of workers age 60 to 64 by 4.9 percentage points (1.7 points for ages 65-69). Finally, we show that DC pension holders are more concentrated at the earliest take-up age for Social Security old-age retirement benefits and are less responsive to changes in Social Security retirement age policy than DB pension holders.


We investigate the usefulness of complex flood damage models for predicting relative damage to residential buildings in a spatial and temporal transfer context. We apply eight different flood damage models to predict relative building damage for five historic flood events in two different regions of Germany. Model complexity is measured in terms of the number of explanatory variables which varies from 1 variable up to 10 variables which are singled out from 28 candidate variables. Model validation is based on empirical damage data, whereas observation uncertainty is taken into consideration. The comparison of model predictive performance shows that additional explanatory variables besides the water depth improve the predictive capability in a spatial and temporal transfer context, i.e., when the models are transferred to different regions and different flood events. Concerning the trade‐off between predictive capability and reliability the model structure seem more important than the number of explanatory variables. Among the models considered, the reliability of Bayesian network‐based predictions in space‐time transfer is larger than for the remaining models, and the uncertainties associated with damage predictions are reflected more completely.