The call for a reprint of this volume within seven months of its publication must be most gratifying to the Editors and their collaborators, and is ample proof that it has filled a gap in medical literature. Although the work suffers, like all such compilations in which many authors take part, from a certain degree of overlapping and from a varying degree of thoroughness with which the different subjects are treated, and although, in spite of its claims, it does not appear to us to be any more rationalistic or decisive in its recommendations than the average text-book on medicine, it can be recommended as a reliable guide to present-day therapeutics in certain groups of diseased conditions.


The most powerful force in the world economy today is the redefinition of the relationship between state and marketplace - a process that goes by the name of privatization though this term is inadequate to express its far-reaching changes. We are moving from an era in which governments sought to seize and control the 'commanding heights' of the economy to an era in which the idea of free markets is capturing the commanding heights of world economic thinking. Basic views of how society ought to be organized are undergoing rapid change, trillions of dollars are changing hands and so is fundamental political power. Great new wealth is being created - as are huge opportunities and huge risks. Taking a worldwide perspective, including Britain, where the process began with Mrs Thatcher, Europe and the former USSR, China, Latin America and the US, THE COMMANDING HEIGHTS shows how a revolution in ideas is transforming the world economy - why it is happening, how it can go wrong and what it will mean for the global economy in the twenty-first century.


Unsteady flow analysis has been gradually introduced in turbomachinery design systems to improve machine performance and structural integrity. A project on computation of unsteady flows in turbomachinery has been carried out. A quasi 3-D time-linearized Euler/Navier-Stokes method has been developed for unsteady flows induced by the blade oscillation and unsteady incoming wakes, hi this method, the unsteady flow is decomposed into a steady flow plus a harmonically varying unsteady perturbation. The coefficients of the linear perturbation equation are formed from steady flow solutions. A pseudo-time is introduced to make both the steady flow equation and the linear unsteady perturbation equation time-independent. The 4-stage Runge-Kutta time-marching scheme is implemented for the temporal integration and a cell-vertex scheme is used for the spatial discretization. A 1-D/2-D nonreflecting boundary condition is applied to prevent spurious reflections of outgoing waves when solving the perturbation equations. The viscosity in the unsteady Navier- Stokes perturbation equation is frozen to its steady value. The present time-linearized Euler/Navier-Stokes method has been extensively validated against other well- developed linear methods, nonlinear time-marching methods and experimental data. Based upon the time-linearized method, a novel quasi 3-D nonlinear harmonic Euler/Navier-Stokes method has been developed. In this method, the unsteady flow is divided into a time-averaged flow plus an unsteady perturbation. Time-averaging produces extra nonlinear "unsteady stress" terras in the time-averaged equations and these extra terras are evaluated from unsteady perturbations. Unsteady perturbations are obtained by solving a first order harraonic perturbation equation, while the coefficients of the perturbation equation are forraed from time-averaged solutions. A strong coupling procedure is applied to solve the time-averaged equation and the unsteady perturbation equation simultaneously in a pseudo-time domain. An approximate approach is used to linearize the pressure sensors in artificial smoothing


A central problem in sequential decision making is to develop algorithms that are practical and computationally efficient, yet support the use of flexible, general-purpose models. Focusing on the contextual bandit problem, recent progress provides provably efficient algorithms with strong empirical performance when the number of possible alternatives ("actions") is small, but guarantees for decision making in large, continuous action spaces have remained elusive, leading to a significant gap between theory and practice. We present the first efficient, general-purpose algorithm for contextual bandits with continuous, linearly structured action spaces. Our algorithm makes use of computational oracles for (i) supervised learning, and (ii) optimization over the action space, and achieves sample complexity, runtime, and memory independent of the size of the action space. In addition, it is simple and practical. We perform a large-scale empirical evaluation, and show that our approach typically enjoys superior performance and efficiency compared to standard baselines.


Abstract Film is a powerful medium that can influence audience's perceptions, values and ideals. As filmmaking evolved into a serious art form, it became a powerful tool for telling stories that require us to re-examine our ideology. While it remains popular to adapt a literary novel or text for the screen, filmmakers have more freedom to pick and choose the stories they want to tell. This freedom allows filmmakers to explore narratives that might otherwise go unheard, which include stories that feature marginal figures, such as serial killers, as sympathetic protagonists, which is what director Patty Jenkins achieves in her 2003 film Monster. Charlize Theron's transformation into and performance as Aileen Wuornos, and Jenkins's presentation of the subject matter, make this film an example of rogue cinema. In addition, Aileen Wuornos is portrayed as a clear example of the rogue character. This character trope frequently defies social standards, suffers from past trauma, is psychologically complex, and is often exiled. As a prostitute and social outcast, Aileen Wuornos exists on the fringes of society and rejects the hegemonic power structure and later heteronormativity of society, which makes her a rogue figure. While there are several aspects to consider when analyzing Jenkins's film, my intention is to argue that this film is an example of rogue cinema because of its content. In order to accomplish this task, I examine Theron's bodily transformation and her performance as Wuornos. Furthermore, I look at how Jenkins handles the depiction of romantic love and gendered violence and argue that her treatment of this content renders this film rogue.


Electrically conductive polymer-nanocomposite (ECPNC) tight nanofiltration (NF) thin film membranes were demonstrated to have biofilm-preventing capabilities under extreme bacteria and organic material loadings. A simple route to the creation and application of these polyamide-carbon nanotube thin films is also reported. These thin films were characterized with SEM and TEM as well as FTIR to demonstrate that the carbon nanotubes are embedded within the polyamide and form ester bonds with trimesoyl chloride, one of the monomers of polyamide. These polymer nanocomposite thin film materials boast high electrical conductivity (∼400 S/m), good NaCl rejection (>95%), and high water permeability. To demonstrate these membranes' biofouling capabilities, we designed a cross-flow water filtration vessel with insulated electrical leads connecting the ECPNC membranes to an arbitrary waveform generator. In all experiments, conducted in highly bacterially contaminated LB media, flux tests were run until fluxes decreased by 45 ± 3% over initial flux. Biofilm-induced, nonreversible flux decline was observed in all control experiments and a cross-flow rinse with the feed solution failed to induce flux recovery. In contrast, flux decrease for the ECPNC membranes with an electric potential applied to their surface was only caused by deposition of bacteria rather than bacterial attachment, and flux was fully recoverable following a short rinse with the feed solution and no added cleaning agents. The prevention of biofilm formation on the ECPNC membranes was a long-term effect, did not decrease with use, and was highly reproducible.


Paleozoic–Mesozoic basins in Cordilleran terranes of western North America contain detrital zircon U-Pb age distributions that vary over 10–100 Ma in a systematic and predictable manner. A minimum of four detrital zircon age distributions, here termed "detrital zircon facies," are present: (1) Paleoproterozoic and Archean facies, chiefly found in Paleozoic and early Mesozoic accretionary complexes, is defined by late Archean–early Proterozoic (ca. 2.7–2.3 Ga) and late Proterozoic ages (ca. 2.0– 1.6 Ga) with variable quantities of Paleozoic and early Mesozoic ages. (2) Mixed Proterozoic and Phanerozoic facies is found in Early–Late Jurassic basins and is defined by grains spanning ca. 2.0 Ga–160 Ma, derived from eastern-southwestern Laurentian transcontinental sources and enriched by western U.S. and eastern Mexican early Mesozoic plate-margin magmatism. (3) Triassic and Jurassic facies, found in Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous basins, is defined by Late Jurassic ages (peak ca. 155 Ma) with a subordinate proportion of Triassic ages (peak ca. 230 Ma). (4) Jurassic and Early Cretaceous facies is found in late Early–early Late Cretaceous marginal basins and is defined by Jurassic and Early Cretaceous ages (ca. 200–130 and ca. 130–100 Ma). Detrital zircon U-Pb ages from terranes of western North America record stages of basin formation during phases of the supercontinent cycle and reflect second-order variability in the tectonic setting of an active continental plate margin. At this temporal and spatial scale, the integrated evolution of orogenic, erosion, and sedimenttransport systems controls sediment provenance.


Already in the mid-seventies it was concluded that there are very few, if any, OpureO goods or services. Nevertheless, over 20 years later, most publications on services focus on how service characteristics differ from goods. More recent research emphasizes that the present economy is, and will continue to be, service-dominated, but it also acknowledges that the offered good is an important part of the offer. It has also been suggested that the most important work in service research today applies both to the service sector and the goods sector. In this licentiate thesis an attempt is made to conduct research that applies to both these sectors by investigating packaging from a service perspective.The traditional role of packaging in consumer products has been to store and protect the content. Current consumer and industry trends, however, suggest an increasingly important role for packaging as a strategic tool as well as a marketing vehicle. Companies consequently need to develop, design, and provide packages with high customer-experienced quality. In this context it is important to recognize that customer value is something perceived by customers rather than objectively determined by companies.To study packaging from a service perspective is relevant for several reasons. One reason is that packaging is something that can have several functions, which include something more than the physical package. Another is that packages are carriers of information that is interpreted by customers. The combination of functions, information, the physical package, and its content creates the total customer experience. Martin Lofgren is a Doctoral Candidate at the Service Research Center (CTF) at Karlstad University and employed by STFI-Packforsk.


This article addresses the politics of class, culture, and complicity associated with Philippine gendered-labor export. Several examples drawn from multisited ethnographic research explore two faces of class: migrant performances of subordination contrasted with militancy in the labor diaspora. With few exceptions, the literature on Philippine women in domestic service has emphasized disciplined subjectivities, the everyday dialectics of subordination. But class is also represented in these same relationships, understandings, and actions. Alternatively, the political expressions of Philippine overseas workers, and their supporters, is a feature of Philippine migration that is not often mentioned in writing concerned with migrant inequalities. This article proposes a reconciliation of these two faces of class expression by exploring how new media, primarily cell-phone technologies, enhance possibilities for organized and personal resistance by Filipino migrants, even as they facilitate migrant acquiescence, linked here to gendered subordination and class complicity, in the contentious reproduction of the migrant labor force.


The mode-locking features of a series of Nd3+-doped solid solutions of aluminum and gallium garnets are investigated, and the influence of multiline gain spectra on mode-locking performance is discussed. With an additive-pulse nonlinear Michelson interferometer used to mode lock the laser passively, pulses as short as 260 fs are obtained. The effect of interferometer detuning on the pulse characteristics is studied.


Following a comprehensive overview by the editor, this book offers a detailed assessment of the results of directly channelling resources to the poor and extensively discusses the experience of five Asian countries – India, Indonesia, the People's Republic of China, the Philippines and Thailand.


This paper presents a program transformation that allows languages with polymorphic typing (e.g. ML) to be implemented with unboxed, multi-word data representations. The transformation introduces coercions between various representations, based on a typing derivation. A prototype ML compiler utilizing this transformation demonstrates important speedups.


Activity survey of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORMs) in surface soil, took place at selected areas in the city of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (UAE). Twenty-five composite soil samples were collected from five selected regions in Sharjah city, adhering to the procedures laid out by the International Standards Organization (ISO). By utilizing a gamma-ray spectrometry system with a Broad Energy Germanium detector (BEGe), the activity concentrations of 238U, 232Th, and 40K were determined in Bq/kg. Respectively, the activities ranged from 6.27 ± 0.28 to 56.23 ± 0.47, from 0.84 ± 0.11 to 7.10 ± 0.28, and from 29.40 ± 2.82 to 200.49 ± 8.91. From these concentrations, the outdoor absorbed dose rates, radiation hazard Indices, Gamma index and radium equivalent activity were calculated. Wind statistics were also employed to assure that collected surface soil represents the sampled regions. The study concluded that all samples from selected regions emit low-intensity natural terrestrial radiation, which poses no immediate health risks, and is insignificant in comparison to the world's average values stated by the United Nations Scientific Committee in 2008. c


Title of Document: EFFECTIVENESS OF FALSE CORRECTION STRATEGY ON SCIENCE READING COMPREHENSION Cynthia Anne Ghent, Doctor of Philosophy, 2008 Directed By: Dr. William G. Holliday, Department of Curriculum and Instruction False-correction reading strategy theoretically prompted college students to activate their prior knowledge when provided false statements linked to a portion of their biology textbook. This strategy is based in elaborative interrogation theory, which suggests that prompting readers to answer interrogatives about text students are reading increases their comprehension of that text. These interrogatives always asked "why" statements pulled from a text, one sentence in length, were "true." True statements in this study based on a text were converted by the experimenter into false statements, one sentence in length. Students were requested to rewrite each statement (n=12) on average every 200 words in a text as they were reading, converting each false statement into a true statement. These students outperformed other students requested to reread the same biology text twice (an established placebo-control strategy). These students, in turn, outperformed still other students reading an unrelated control text taken from the same textbook used only to establish a prior knowledge baseline for all students included in this study. Students participating in this study were enrolled students in an undergraduate introductory general biology course designed for non-majors. A three-group, posttest-only, randomized experimental control-group design was used to prevent pretest activation of students' prior knowledge thus increasing chances of producing evidence of falsecorrection effectiveness and to begin augmenting potential generalizability to science classrooms. Students' (n=357) general biology knowledge, verbal ability, and attempts to use the false correction strategy were collected and analyzed. Eight of the participants were interviewed by the researcher in a first attempt in this domain to collect data on participants' points of view about the strategy. The results of this study are not yet recommended for use in authentic school settings as further research is indicated. EFFECTIVENESS OF FALSE CORRECTION STRATEGY ON SCIENCE READING COMPREHENSION


As investor money flows into environmental, social and governance (ESG) mutual funds, regulators have raised growing concerns about greenwashing – specifically that a fund's name will falsely suggest that the fund invests in companies that meet certain ESG standards. To address these concerns, the SEC proposed amendments to the Investment Company Act "Names Rule." The amendments extend the scope of the Rule to funds whose names include terms such as ESG, green or sustainable. If adopted, they will require such funds to invest at least 80 percent of the value of their assets in companies that meet the standards suggested by these terms. We interrogate the SEC's concern about greenwashing and the extent to which the extension of the Names Rule is rationally directed toward addressing that concern. One challenge is that the term ESG is too broad and imprecise to provide an objective basis for determining which companies appropriately fall within an 80% bucket. A second challenge is that the concept of an 80% requirement is in tension with most mainstream ESG investment strategies. Third and perhaps most problematic, are the limitations of fund names in conveying the extent of information necessary to ensure that a fund meets the expectations of its investors. We demonstrate these concerns empirically. First, to address the SEC's concern that investors are not getting a meaningfully different product, we compare the composition of ESG funds with their most closely analogous non-ESG sister funds. Second, through the creation of synthetic Women in Leadership funds, we demonstrate the limitations of fund names in conveying sufficient information about a fund's investment strategy, even for portfolio criteria that can be measured objectively. Our findings demonstrate that the SEC's proposal is unlikely to increase investor protection and is likely to impede a variety of legitimate ESG strategies. We conclude that the SEC's effort to address greenwashing through the Names Rule reflects an overly simplistic and unworkable approach to characterizing portfolio companies and a narrow perception of plausible ESG investment strategies. Both are at odds with existing market practices and threaten further innovation.


This paper presents a spectral domain low-coherence interferometry (SD-LCI) method that is effective for applications in on-line surface inspection because it can obtain a surface profile in a single shot. It has an advantage over existing spectral interferometry techniques because it uses cylindrical lenses as the objective lens in a Michelson interferometric configuration to enable the measurement of long profiles. The adjustable profile length in our experimental setup, determined by the NA of the illuminating system and the aperture of cylindrical lenses, is up to 10 mm. To simulate real-time surface inspection, large-scale 3D surface measurement was carried out by translating the tested sample during the measurement procedure. Two step height surfaces were measured and the captured interferograms were analysed using a fast Fourier transform algorithm. Both 2D profile results and 3D surface maps closely align with the calibrated specifications given by the manufacturer.


It is difficult to know whether widening access to schools which provide a more academically-orientated, general education makes a difference to average educational achievement. Although, there has been a shift in this direction in many OECD countries, reforms have been difficult to evaluate because they are often accompanied by other important changes to the educational system or because they have been introduced at the same time across regions. However, the consequences of such reform are deeply controversial and very much a current policy issue. In particular, contenders argue that an increase in access to the 'academic' track harms the quality of education for everyone (through contextual effects) without improving the prospects of those enabled to attend the more academic track. In this paper, we make use of a unique natural experiment to identify the net effect of widening access to schools which provide a more academically-orientated, general education on overall education outcomes. The reform consists of widening access to the more academic track within one specific province (Northern Ireland) at a particular point in time. This is the only differential change that happens across the regions considered – England and Northern Ireland – which otherwise have a similar curriculum with the same national examination for students at age 16 and 18. The reform enabled a very significant increase in the number of Northern Irish pupils who could attend the more academic track ('grammar schools') at the end of primary school, between the pre-reform (born in 1978) and post-reform cohort (1979). This natural experiment makes it possible to identify the effect of widening access to the more academic track on overall educational attainment, by comparing educational outcomes in Northern Ireland and England, before and after the reform. Using a 'difference-in-differences' analysis performed on administrative data, it can be seen that the 'open enrolment' reform of 1989 (affecting the 1979 birth cohort) has been accompanied by a clear impact in Northern Ireland relative to England. A 15 percentage point increase in the number of people enabled to attend grammar school (at age 11) was accompanied by shifts of a similar magnitude in the number achieving 5 or more GCSEs at A*-C and 1 or more A-level. This suggests a strong causal effect of expanding the more academic track on overall educational achievement. Just before the 'open enrolment' reform, there was a change affecting admissions in a qualitative way. Up to 1988, girls and boys were assessed in different categories such that the same percentage of entrants to the admission test would obtain a given grade (determining whether or not they could be admitted to grammar school). Following a high court ruling in June 1988, this practice was discontinued and from then on, girls and boys were assessed together (which affected grammar school intakes in 1989, i.e. the 1978 cohort). This change was to the advantage of girls since they outperformed boys on the 'verbal reasoning' tests that were the basis of selection at this time. The one year gap between this qualitative change to admissions and the 'open enrolment' reform has generated significant upward and downward shifts in the relative proportion of girls enabled to attend grammar school across cohorts 1977-1980. We show that these shifts have been followed by parallel shifts in girls' subsequent relative outcomes at age 16 and 18. This confirms the considerable effect of grammar school entry on educational outcomes using a different source of identification to that described when comparing outcomes over time between England and Northern Ireland. We also replicate this latter analysis for boys and girls separately and affirm our previous results. Thus, whether we compare girls and boys within Northern Ireland or make comparisons by gender between Northern Ireland and England, it is clear that grammar school reforms have a strong impact on educational outcomes and that the design of the educational system (in this case, the mechanism of entry into grammar school) has consequences for gender differences in educational outcomes. As well as considering the overall effect of expanding the academic track on educational outcomes, we are able to use the same experiment to consider whether the selective system is a contributory factor to observed inequalities between socio-economic groups with regard to later educational outcomes. Specifically, we are able to analyse the effect of the reform according to whether children are eligible for free school meals (FSM), which roughly corresponds to families at the bottom quartile of income. Before and after the reform, there is a big difference between the probability of lower-income groups entering grammar school and achieving good educational outcomes at age 16 and 18. The reform has an equal impact on children with and without FSM in terms of entry to grammar school and educational achievement at age 16 and 18. Hence, we are able to conclude that grammar school attendance has no less effect on relatively disadvantaged pupils than it has on more advantaged pupils. Therefore, the barriers that make it difficult for FSM children to enter into grammar schools in the first place (e.g. lower test scores at age 11 because of lower parental resources) has a long-term effect on inequality through (in part) to the lower probability of FSM children entering into grammar school. Although this paper cannot be interpreted as evaluating the overall effects of a comprehensive or selective/ 'tracked' system of education, it is an example of where widening access to the more 'academic track' has generated positive net effects. . It illustrates the high price individuals pay from being excluded from the 'academic' track, even when they are someway down the ability distribution within the cohort. Also, this study provides clear quasi-experimental evidence that selection into the more academic track really has a causal impact – it is not simply an artefact of the selection process.


Two studies on the use of nature for emotion regulation were conducted. Study 1 ( N = 35) ran over two weeks and was an experimental investigation. Participants in the experimental condition were asked to use a picture of nature actively as environmental stimuli for emotion regulation in their everyday life, while two control groups simply looked at a picture of nature or a picture of balloons each evening. A significant effect of the manipulation was found on positive mood, but the effect was complex with an initial increase and then a decrease. There were no findings on negative mood. Study 2 ( N = 473) explored the motivational tendency to seek out nature when the participants were happy or sad. A novel concept (expectancy construct) was introduced to measure the perception of the emotion regulatory potential of different environments. The classical natural environment was rated highest on emotional potential of all environments tested here. Perceiving a higher emotional potential in nature was related to a higher intention to seek out nature when happy or sad. Personality and mood were also related to these concepts. Higher positive mood was related to the intention to seek out nature when happy. Conscientiousness was related to a more positive perception of nature. The studies support the notion that using nature may be an effective strategy for regulating one's emotions.


The potential of information communications technology (ICT), as a vehicle of communication, is now largely maximized to effect development. Development pertains to activities that relate to the socioeconomic well-being of the country. Current initiatives involving ICT for development (ICT4D) are characterized by ICT projects that have direct impact on people empowerment particularly those in poor communities, help alleviate poverty and address key millennium development goals. Concrete programs on ICT4D in the country include e-agriculture, e-business, e-employment, e-government, e-science, e-health and e-learning. An inventory of ICT4D projects in the Philippines to help achieve the objectives of the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) in promoting ICT4D concludes the article.


Prostate cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers and the second leading
cause of cancer-related deaths in male population. While localized prostate cancer can be
successfully treated with surgery or radiation therapy, the metastatic disease has no curable options.
Metastasis can be developed as a result of failed therapy of localized cancer or present at initial
diagnosis. As metastasis is the most common cause of prostate cancer-related death, developing
novel approaches and improving the efficiency of existing therapies for the metastatic prostate
cancer treatment will significantly improve patients' survival. The first-line treatment option for metastatic prostate cancer and localized prostate cancer
with high risk of recurrence is androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) that decreases androgen
receptor (AR) signaling. However, targeting AR signaling inevitably leads to AR reactivation and
cancer progression to the castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) that has no curable treatment
options. Moreover, about 30% of CRPC cases progress to neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC),
highly aggressive and lethal type of prostate cancer. Recently my group has shown that protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) functions
as an activator of AR expression in hormone-naive prostate cancer (HNPC). In this dissertation, I
demonstrate that PRMT5 also functions as an epigenetic activator of AR transcription in CRPC via
symmetric dimethylation of H4R3 at the AR promoter. This epigenetic activation is dependent on
pICln, a PRMT5 interaction partner involved in spliceosome assembly, and independent of MEP50,
the canonical cofactor of PRMT5. PRMT5 and pICln, but not MEP50, were required for the
expression of AR signaling pathway genes. In clinical samples of both HNPC and CRPC, nuclear
PRMT5 and pICln protein expressions were highly positively correlated with nuclear AR protein
expression. In xenograft tumors, targeting PRMT5 or pICln significantly decreased tumor growth
and AR expression. Overall, this work identifies PRMT5/pICln as a therapeutic target for HNPC and CRPC
treatment that needs to be further evaluated in clinical setting.


The objectives of this study were: systematic investigation of dry powder aerosol performance using standardized entrainment tubes (SETs) and lactose-based formulations with two model drugs; mechanistic evaluation of performance data by powder aerosol deaggregation equation (PADE). The drugs (IPB and FP) were prepared in sieved and milled lactose carriers (2% w/w). Aerosol studies were performed using SETs (shear stresses tau(s) = 0.624-13.143 N/m(2)) by twin-stage liquid impinger, operated at 60 L/min. PADE was applied for formulation screening. Excellent correlation was observed when PADE was adopted correlating FPF to tau(s). Higher tau(s) corresponded to higher FPF values followed by a plateau representing invariance of FPF with increasing tau(s). The R(2) values for PADE linear regression were 0.9905-0.9999. Performance described in terms of the maximum FPF (FPF(max): 15.0-37.6%) resulted in a rank order of ML-B/IPB > ML-A/IPB > SV-A/IPB > SV-B/IPB > ML-B/FP > ML-A/FP > SV-B/FP > SV-A/FP. The performance of IPB was superior to FP in all formulations. The difference in lactose monohydrate carriers was less pronounced for the FPF in IPB than in FP formulations. The novel PADE offers a robust method for evaluating aerodynamic performance of dry powder formulations within a defined tau(s) range.


This paper presents an eco-architecture project in a public green space of the Ladispoli Municipality, located on the Italian shorelines close to the city of Rome. The purpose of the project is the creation of a multifunctional urban green space, where social relations, sports, environmental awareness education and other activities can take place in a natural context. The final aim of the project, which includes a requalification of the surrounding areas, is to obtain an ecofriendly interaction between the urban public space and the built space, with sustainable mobility principles and the conservation of the natural environment. The project offers different outdoor activities for all ages and includes the design of a building which contains two multipurpose playgrounds, a gym, supporting functions, a bar and public toilets. The building design includes a green roof, for preserving space to nature and for guaranteeing a harmonious integration with the surrounding environment. In order to enlarge the green area, to bring it up to the contiguous buildings and to create a closer connection between the housing areas on both sides of the ditch and the park itself, a tunnel for the vehicular traffic was created. The project improves the usability of the green space through the introduction of: pedestrian and cycle paths connected to the existing ones, wooden bridges, new functions and services. The distinctive feature of the whole project is an integration of different best available technologies for obtaining an optimization of the performances in


In Hein v. Freedom from Religion Foundation, decided in June of 2006, the Supreme Court ruled that federal taxpayers lacked standing to bring an Establishment Clause challenge to a series of conferences designed to promote the Faith-Based and Community Initiative. The explicit grounds for Justice Alito's opinion, speaking for a plurality, is a distinction between legislative decisions to tax and spend for religion - still challengeable by taxpayers - and discretionary executive branch action, which taxpayers may not challenge. This paper takes a close look at Hein, examines its conceptual underpinnings, and analyzes the questions likely to follow in its wake. The issues that most deeply divide the Justices in Hein are whether the Establishment Clause is structurally different from other provisions of the Bill of Rights, and, if so, what implications for Article III arise from that structural difference. Only in light of these basic and contested issues can the future impact of Hein on Establishment Clause adjudication be explored. The effects of Hein will touch 1) the precise extent to which federal taxpayers will continue to be able to maintain suits to enforce the Establishment Clause; 2) similar suits in the federal courts by state and local taxpayers; and 3) the standing of plaintiffs in other Establishment Clause settings, most notably cases alleging that "observers" of government religious expression are injured by what they see or hear. The paper explores all of these questions in detail, and concludes that Hein - far more than anyone has publicly noticed - has the potential to usher in a new and highly restrictive era of judicial enforcement of the Establishment Clause.


Background: Informed consent forms are required in all clinical trials which are approved by an independent Ethics Committee before practical use in the trials. However, how much the average subject actually understands of the information contained in these informed consent forms is uncertain. Aim: In a cross sectional study, the translated informed consent forms used in psychiatric clinical trials were assessed with respect to their ease of readability. Materials and Methods: We analyzed 30 informed consent forms translated from English to Hindi used in multinational and multicentre psychiatric clinical trials sponsored by different sponsors. We examined consent forms for readability scores and factors that might relate to readability. Results: The mean readability score for the informed consent forms, determined by the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level Index (FKGL) was grade levels of 13.66. The ease of readability assessed by the Flesch Reading Ease Score (FRES) was 46.08 suggesting significant complexity of the texts. These values carry even more significance when the average years of schooling for India as a whole are 6.2 years. Conclusion: Our results show that the most informed consent forms were too complex to understand by an average adult subject. We suggest reducing this complexity and increasing the ease of readability so those average subjects receive the intended information as exactly as it could be. This can be achieved by few simple measures like improving the deficiencies in translation processes, encouraging the investigators to participate while preparing these forms, and enhanced understanding of the site specific requirements, namely culture, language (dialect), general literacy rate, etc.


Professor Fradella's new monograph traces the development of defenses of excuse from their English Common Law roots to their various modern formulations under U.S. Law. It includes an interdisciplinary, detailed analysis of the historical evolution of the insanity defense, the diminished capacity/responsibility doctrines and related criminal defenses of excuse based on mental illness, including genetic-based defenses, the Black rage defense, the PMS defense, Battered Women's syndrome defense, and the media intoxication defense. The study concludes with a discussion of the likely future of defenses of excuse in light of the U.S. Supreme Courts 2006 decision Clark vs. Arizona. There is no other monograph presently available that covers these topics and the work can be uses as a stand alone study of the field in Law or as a possible supplement for criminal justice/justice studies. Elaborate footnotes, citations, bibliography and index are included in this title.


This paper provides an historical perspective regarding the role of dissociation in the development of both etiologic theory and treatment paradigms for schizophrenia. References to the concept of dissociation are drawn from classic writings on dementia praecox, and from Bleuler's (1911) original conception of schizophrenia as a splitting" of the personality. An accurate diagnostic distinction between schizophrenia and dissociative disorders, such as dissociative identity disorder (DID) and brief reactive psychosis (BRP), often has been difficult to ascertain due to the presence of Schneiderian First-Rank Symptoms (FRS) in both types of disorders. The traditional Schneiderian FRS, once thought to be indicative symptoms of schizophrenia, now are viewed as characteristic diagnostic indicators ofDID. Research and theory pertaining to differential diagnosis between schizophrenia and trauma-related dissociative syndromes are reviewed. Early psychodynamic treatment paradigms for schizophrenia and contemporary treatment paradigms for dissociative disorders are compared. Relevant diagnostic and treatment implications for the field ofdissociative disorders are emphasized.


In this paper the ecology and sociology of the neophyt Oxalis pes-caprae coming from South Africa is pomted out. In the centre of interest is the Island of Malta, where the species was introduced to Europe for the first time 190 years ago. Because of its formation of numerous bulbills Oxalis pes-caprae is a dangerous weed in the coastal areas of the western and especially the central Mediterranean region. In Malta Oxalis pes-caprae is one of the most frequent species. The centre of its occurrence is in, respectively at old walls surrounding the fields. Its great phenotypical plasticity - the length of the overground shoot is up to 70 cm - enables her to acquire the full light without accepting the disadvantages of rapidly parching wall crevices. Oxalis pes-caprae is able to build tight weed layers in communities of tall herbs (Urtico-Smyrnietum, Lavatera arborea Community) as well as under trees, respectively under Arundo donax. The behaviour of the species in Italy, in the Iberian peninsula as well as in North Africa is pointed out by literature and own investigations. There Oxalis pes-caprae occurs mainly in irrigated cultures of Citrus but also in river accompanying woods as well as in Ricinus communis scrubs.


Seventeen samples of burnt olive pits discovered inside a jar in the destruction layer of the Iron Age city of Khirbet Qeiyafa were analyzed by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon dating. Of these, four were halved and sent to two different laboratories to minimize laboratory bias. The dating of these samples is ~1000 BC. Khirbet Qeiyafa is currently the earliest known example of a fortified city in the Kingdom of Judah and contributes direct evidence to the heated debate on the biblical narrative relating to King David. Was he the real historical ruler of an urbanized state-level society in the early 10th century BC or was this level of social development reached only at the end of the 8th century BC? We can conclude that there were indeed fortified centers in the Davidic kingdom from the studies presented. In addition, the dating of Khirbet Qeiyafa has far-reaching implications for the entire Levant. The discovery of Cypriot pottery at the site connects the 14C datings to Cyprus and the renewal of maritime trade between the island and the mainland in the Iron Age. A stone temple model from Khirbet Qeiyafa, decorated with triglyphs and a recessed doorframe, points to an early date for the development of this typical royal architecture of the Iron Age Levant.


The paper is concerned with kako and ce as two possibilities to introduce declarative complement clauses in pre-standardized Balkan Slavic writing. Comparing the usage of both in Sofronij Vracanski's Nedelnik, his autobiography (both early 19th century) and a later edition of the Nedelnik (late 19th century) with their usage in 17th century damaskini, synchronic and diachronic evidence is provided that the variation between kako and ce gradually becomes functionalised. This can be inferred from word order patterns that serve the syntactic and semantic integration of matrix and complement clause and the structuring of information. Based on these observations, the exclusive usage of kako in Sofronij's autobiography can be accounted for in terms of the matching of linguistic function and genre requirements. The observed interactions between syntax, text and genre indicate a close interaction of linguistic and literary development in pre-standardized Balkan Slavic.


The increase of renewable energy penetration in the distribution grid creates a problem concerning the power quality. One of the most critical scenarios occurs in times of excessive power generation combined with low load consumption, which may lead to an overvoltage due to reverse power flows. Grid expansion is often used as a solution to reduce the voltage rise. However as this new cables or transformers are only used a few hours per year, energy storage might be used as a voltage support among other alternatives. This research is embedded in the project SmartPowerFlow 1 , which deals with the optimization of grid expansion versus energy storage at low voltage levels, where the grid expansion results due to increasing renewable power flows. Since both community and residential batteries have their own control and are connected to the same grid, the interaction between these battery systems has to be studied. This study focuses on residential batteries. Current control strategies for residential photovoltaic (PV) storage systems do not efficiently use the battery as a grid voltage support. Therefore, an investigation on the more intelligent control strategy has been conducted. The objective of the study is to determine the best control strategy for residential PV storage systems in Germany based on technical and economic perspectives. The strategy should be able to control the voltage at the point of common coupling (PCC) while still exhibiting a high selfconsumption rate (SCR). Finally a qualitative evaluation of the strategies in respect of the SCR, the self-supply ratio (SSR), the curtailment losses rate (CLR) and the ability to limit the peak voltage at the point of common coupling (PVR) is presented.


I. Glossary II. Strategies for Writing Essays About Literature Introduction Background Narrative on "Mood and Images in Rita Dove's 'Silos'" Choosing a Subject Preparing to Write and Organizing Material Drafting and Revising the Essay Background Narrative on "Point of View and Irony in Chopin's 'The Story of an Hour'" Selection of a Topic Preliminary Work Starting the Essay: Organization Second Draft Final Touches Background Narrative on "The Cinderella Motif in Austen's Pride and Prejudice" Selecting and Narrowing Down a Subject Determining Credibility and Appropriateness of Secondary Sources Choosing Organization Strategies Refining the Introduction and Conclusion Background Narrative on "Excursion into Neverland: The Importance of the Edenic World in Peter and Wendy and The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" Choosing a Subject Organizing the Comparative Essay Writing the Essay Background Narrative on "Love and Money in Jane Austen's Sense and Sensibility: A Comparison of Novel and Film" Choosing a Subject Comparing a Film Version and the Original Text Final Tips Advice for Essay Examinations Avoiding Plagiarism A Brief Guide to Documenting Sources Grammar, Punctuation, and Style Index of Authors and Works Index of Terms Acknowledgements


Teachers face many challenges in a wide range of areas, mainly related to student behavioral problems, dealing with parents' demands/expectations, educational/ teaching practices, as well as personal/professional development opportunities. International research indicates the high rates of young teachers' drop-out. Stress/burnout, lack of adequate training, and support are the most common reasons why young teachers quit the profession. This paper will present findings from a counseling teacher program based on the theory/model of Resilience, Communities of Practice (CoP), and psychodynamic-systemic perspective, insofar as the teaching process involves a strong emotional/ relational component. The program was implemented over a two- year period in two groups of teachers of all grades. The program aimed to enhance teachers' understanding of the psychology of "problematic" students (professional knowledge), teachers' psychosocial skills (personal development/ resilience), and the development of techniques and methods (professional gain) through collective processes for the management of critical situations. The evaluation of the intervention was based on pre- and postintervention measures, using the Teacher Resilience Scale (individual motivation, ability to associate with colleagues), the Burn-out Scale, and an open-ended questionnaire. The data show a positive impact of the program on all teachers, as well as significant personal gains (resilience).


Chile's labour force participation is low in comparison with Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and Latin American countries on average, especially among females and youths. This article estimates the main determinants of labour supply and employment for prime-age individuals and youths using data from the National Household Survey (CASEN) for 1990, 1996 and 2003. Educational attainment is found to be a powerful predictor of labour supply and employability for both males and females. The number of young children in the household is a strong deterrent to female participation, both for prime-age and young women. Changes in labour supply and employment during 1990 and 2003 are decomposed using the probit estimations. The results suggest that structural changes in the economy were the main determinants of changes in participation among prime-age individuals, but the converse is true for changes in employment, which depended predominantly on shifts in individual characteristics.


Listeria monocytogenes is the causative agent of listeriosis, a severe foodborne infection that is increasing significantly in Europe and North America. A correlating factor contributing to the resurgence of listeriosis is the rise in consumption of cold-stored ready-to-eat (RTE) foods. The steady upsurge in disease requires more focused research to control the pathogen, L. monocytogenes. Currently, there is a plethora of diagnostic methods for the causative agent, however, each has limitations, one of which is the inability to correlate results across laboratories. This is a particular hindrance to an outbreak investigation in an age when food is transported widely across the globe. In this study, proteomic approaches were used to search for biomarkers that facilitate rapid characterisation of isolates against a background of differentially expressed proteins. A preamble to this investigation necessitated incorporation of an efficient lysis procedure to release maximum proteins. This was eventually achieved using a Listeria specific enzyme, endolysin, and a disruptive mechanical method. Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) data showed that bead beating and enzymatic lysis were the most efficient methods for analysis of the proteome. Dendrogram lineages, derived from MALD-TOF-MS spectra, strongly correlated with 16S rRNA analyses. Selective protein capture and analysis by MALD-TOF-MS (designated SELDI-TOF-MS) demonstrated considerable intraspecies diversity as revealed by dendrograms which were also visualised by "Heat Maps". One-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and LC-MS/MS analysis of seven L. monocytogenes isolates, led to the successful identification of two proteins; a hypothetical protein, designated lwe06778 and a phosphoribosyl-AMP cyclohydrolase which were uniquely present at 4°C. This finding suggests that L. monocytogenes depends on the histidine biosynthesis pathway in order to survive at cold temperatures. It is hypothesised that the addition of inhibitors, specific to both proteins in RTE cold foods may be a useful means for controlling outbreaks of listeriosis in the future.


Authoritarian governments may face serious uncertainties when dealing with popular resistance because of the unpredictable consequences of making concessions or repressing opposition. However, a political system with multiple levels of authority can help reduce the uncertainties by granting conditional autonomy to lower-level authorities. Such a power structure prevents excessive repression and unconditional concessions when the priorities of different levels of authority do not match. Under this political arrangement, the central authority can avoid blame when local authorities use repression. The divided power also helps reduce the uncertainties faced by the central authority because it will then have to deal with only a very limited number of instances of resistance. Using the case of China, this article shows that divided state power has allowed the party-state to maintain social stability amid numerous instances of social unrest during the reform era.


This chapter investigates the variations in crime scene behaviour revealed in a sample of victim statements in cases of stranger sexual assault. Building on previous findings by Canter and Heritage (1990), and Canter (1994), it was hypothesised that there existed a scale of differing levels of violation by the offender. This scale, based upon actions in the offence, ranged from personal violation, through to physical violation and finally, at the most extreme level, sexual violation. Offences could also be differentiated at the personal and physical levels in terms of hostile, controlling, stealing or involving thematic emphases to the criminal's actions.
To test these hypotheses, crime scene data from the first detected offences of 112 British rapists were analysed using a multi-dimensional scaling procedure to explore the relationships amongst crime scene actions. The results provided empirical support for the four action themes as different expressions of various intensities of violation. The implications that these findings have for the investigation of stranger sexual assault and treatment of victims are discussed.


Although some ingenious solutions have been proposed to the problems posed by Section 280E pf the federal tax code, the situation remains untenable. The only solution to this current conundrum is a change in federal law; so long as marijuana remains illegal under the Controlled Substances Act, state marijuana policy will inevitably be frustrated. This brief response to an article by Professor Leff identifies some of these frustrations and proposes a few modest federal solutions.


T H E ACOUSTICS OF ORCHESTRAL INSTRUMENTS AND OF THE ORGAN. E. G. Richardson, Β. Α., D. Sc., Ph. D. [Oxford University Press, American Branch]. The author is Lecturer at University College, London. The book grew out of a series of lectures given at the Northern Polytechnic, London, on tone production of the organ and other wind instruments. The substance of these lectures, together with two additional chapters, Strings and Ensemble, and of Appendix: The Theory of Fingering and Cross-Fingering on the Wood-Wind, comprise the contents.


The dissolved (D) trace metals zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), titanium (Ti), lanthanum (La), yttrium (Y), and lead (Pb) were analyzed via ICPMS in samples from the Ross Sea obtained during a cruise between 20 December 2013 and 5 January 2014. The concentrations of DZn, DCd, DCo, DCu, DFe, DMn, DNi, and DTi were significantly lower in the Antarctic surface Water (AASW) compared to the other deeper water masses, indicating biological uptake and possibly scavenging. In the AASW, DLa and DY were higher than in Winter Water (WW). This can be explained by a spring source from ice melt followed by loss during summer and autumn, probably due to passive adsorption. Dissolved Pb was low (16 pM) and no distinction between water masses was possible. Akin to the macro-nutrients nitrate and silicate, the modified Circumpolar Deep Water (mCDW) shows elevated DCd compared to the shelf water masses. Sea ice melt and ice sheet melt released DZn, DFe, DMn, DNi, DY, DLa, and probably DPb into the Ross Sea. However, only DFe, DMn, DY and DLa are transported into the Antarctic Circumpolar Current with the outflowing High Salinity Shelf Water (HSSW). The bottom nepheloid layer (BNL) released DFe, as well as DMn and DCu, into the HSSW whereas lateral transport from land formed a source of DMn and DFe. One station in the Ross Sea Polynya was resampled after two weeks, during which time the thickness of the BNL increased, with accompanying increases in DFe and DMn near the seafloor. In the surface layer nutrients (including micro-nutrients) were depleted further. The uptake slopes/stoichiometric ratios of DZn, DCd and DCo versus phosphate indicated that the distribution of these metals is related to uptake as well as the composition of the phytoplankton community. Estimated stoichiometric ratios of Zn and Cd relative to P were higher at a station dominated by Phaeocystis antarctica than at diatom-dominated stations, implying a higher utilization of these metals by P. antarctica.


This collection combines Adobe Photoshop Elements 7 Classroom in a Book and Adobe Premiere Elements 7 Classroom in a Book into one affordable volume. Each chapter in these step-by-step, project-based guides contains a project that builds on the reader's growing knowledge of the program, while end-of-chapter review questions reinforce each lesson. Readers will learn how to use the programs' many new features, including applying incredible effects using the Smart Brush, cleaning your scene of unwanted elements with Adobe Photomerge Scene Cleaner, enhanced support for raw files, step-by-step editing assistance, and newly interactive and engaging ways to share your photos in Photoshop Elements. Premiere Elements 7 now allows you to create polished movies with no effort using InstantMovie, quickly find your best clips with Smart Tags, import and edit video from the latest AVCHD camcorders, easily put your subject in a new setting using Adobe's amazing Videomerge technology and more


OBJECTIVE
To compare therapeutic effects of Shu-Mu point combination, routine needling method and western medicine treatment on endometriosis (EM).

METHODS
Ninety cases were randomly divided into a Shu-Mu point combination group (n = 30) treated with acupuncture at Ganshu (BL 18), Pishu (BL 20), Shenshu (BL 23), Qimen (LR 14), Zhangmen (LR 13), Jingmen (GB 25); a routine needling group (n = 30) treated with acupuncture at Hegu (LI 4), Zhongji (CV 3), Guanyuan (CV 4), Sanyinjiao (SP 6) and a western medicine group treated with oral administration of Danazol. Clinical symptoms and signs, tumor marker serum CA125 values and adverse effects in the three groups were investigated before and after treatment.

RESULTS
The total effective rate was similar in the three groups. The Shu-Mu point combination group was superior to other two groups in improvement of dysmenorrhea, irregular menstuation, lumbago and sacrodynia, anus engorge, etc. (P < 0.01). After treatment, serum CA125 in the Shu-Mu point combination group significantly decreased (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSION
Shu-Mu point combination needling method has an obvious therapeutic effect on endometriosis, with lower adverse effect than that of the western medicine group.


This article analyzes the trial of Jeffrey Skilling and Kenneth Lay, including an empirical analysis of jury comments made after the trial. The study indicates that the jury was influenced by the scope of the Enron collapse and its impact on employees, in particular. I argue that if juries (or judges) are influenced by the magnitude of harm caused by fraudulent, disloyal behavior, especially when it impacts large numbers of working and middle-class employees, it is likely that the same factors will impact the outcome of derivative suits claiming breaches in fiduciary duties brought against officers and perhaps even directors. If concern for employees and communities plays a role in deliberation of federal fraud charges, it may play a role in civil fiduciary duty suits even when the only factual question concerns duties owed to shareholders. Officers and directors who want to avoid personal liability for alleged duty violations may choose to consider impact on corporate stakeholders, especially employees. This appears consistent with stakeholder and related models for corporate governance advocating that corporate fiduciaries should be able to consider the interests of stakeholders other than shareholders in making business decisions.


Private cartel damages litigation is on the rise in Europe since early 2000. This development has been initiated by the European courts and was supported by various policy initiatives of the European Commission, which found its culmination in the implementation of the EU Directive on Antitrust Damages end of 2016. This paper explores the impact of this reform process on effective compensation of damaged parties of cartel infringements. For that purpose we analyse all European cartel cases with a decision date between 2001 and 2015, for which we analyse litigation activity and speed. Overall, we find a substantial reduction of the time until first settlement (increase in litigation speed) together with a persisting high share of cases being litigated (high litigation activity). This supports the view that the reform not only increased the claimant's expectation about the amount of damages being awarded, but also resulted in an alignment in the expectations of claimants and defendants in the final damages amount, i.e. the European Commission succeeded in reaching its objective to clarify and harmonize legal concepts across Europe.


The passage of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 and subsequent establishment of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau marked an unexpected victory for consumers across America at the expense of the well-financed business lobby. Although classical social scientists, such as Mancur Olson, claim that consumer movements should fail to emerge due to the difficulty of providing public goods for large constituencies, consumer victories – like the passage of Dodd-Frank— have occurred in waves throughout the last century. In conducting this study, I thus sought to answer why it is that some consumer movements are able to push through consumer legislation while others fail. In order to answer this question, I conducted two cases studies, comparing Ralph Nader's failed attempt to establish a Consumer Protection Agency in the 1970s with Elizabeth Warren's successful push to create Consumer Financial Protection Bureau in 2010. Ultimately my research demonstrates that three variables are critical to the passage of consumer legislation: 1) the opening of a policy window via key events, 2) the existence of favorable structural conditions in the policy making process, and 3) the ability of political entrepreneurs to utilize successful legislative and framing strategies that help them advance their agenda within the broader environmental context. Based upon these determinants, I suggest that a policy window has been opened for the consumer movement following the 2008 financial crisis due to an ideological shift from Friedman to Keynes which primed the current environment, the support of a Progressive Democratic President, and strong public support for consumer protection.


Abstract. Within the ESA Climate Change Initiative (CCI) project Aerosol_cci (2010–2013), algorithms for the production of long-term total column aerosol optical depth (AOD) datasets from European Earth Observation sensors are developed. Starting with eight existing pre-cursor algorithms three analysis steps are conducted to improve and qualify the algorithms: (1) a series of experiments applied to one month of global data to understand several major sensitivities to assumptions needed due to the ill-posed nature of the underlying inversion problem, (2) a round robin exercise of "best" versions of each of these algorithms (defined using the step 1 outcome) applied to four months of global data to identify mature algorithms, and (3) a comprehensive validation exercise applied to one complete year of global data produced by the algorithms selected as mature based on the round robin exercise. The algorithms tested included four using AATSR, three using MERIS and one using PARASOL. This paper summarizes the first step. Three experiments were conducted to assess the potential impact of major assumptions in the various aerosol retrieval algorithms. In the first experiment a common set of four aerosol components was used to provide all algorithms with the same assumptions. The second experiment introduced an aerosol property climatology, derived from a combination of model and sun photometer observations, as a priori information in the retrievals on the occurrence of the common aerosol components. The third experiment assessed the impact of using a common nadir cloud mask for AATSR and MERIS algorithms in order to characterize the sensitivity to remaining cloud contamination in the retrievals against the baseline dataset versions. The impact of the algorithm changes was assessed for one month (September 2008) of data: qualitatively by inspection of monthly mean AOD maps and quantitatively by comparing daily gridded satellite data against daily averaged AERONET sun photometer observations for the different versions of each algorithm globally (land and coastal) and for three regions with different aerosol regimes. The analysis allowed for an assessment of sensitivities of all algorithms, which helped define the best algorithm versions for the subsequent round robin exercise; all algorithms (except for MERIS) showed some, in parts significant, improvement. In particular, using common aerosol components and partly also a priori aerosol-type climatology is beneficial. On the other hand the use of an AATSR-based common cloud mask meant a clear improvement (though with significant reduction of coverage) for the MERIS standard product, but not for the algorithms using AATSR. It is noted that all these observations are mostly consistent for all five analyses (global land, global coastal, three regional), which can be understood well, since the set of aerosol components defined in Sect. 3.1 was explicitly designed to cover different global aerosol regimes (with low and high absorption fine mode, sea salt and dust).


PURPOSE
Patients with favorable-risk prostate cancer may be attracted to focal therapy aimed at the dominant intraprostatic lesion as a middle ground between the morbidity of full gland treatment and the uncertainty of observation. The various approaches involve isotopes having different energies implying different dosimetric characteristics. This work seeks to determine if choice of isotope makes a substantial difference in the fraction of prostate that may be implanted as a function of implant volume and rectal dose limit.

METHODS
Representations of prostate, urethra and rectum were generated from MR scans as part of an IRB approved medical record review of patients with confirmed low risk prostate cancer. Anatomic structures were digitized on a 2.5 × 2.5 × 5.0 mm grid. Focal implants were simulated by placement of a single source. All prostate points 5 mm or further from a sensitive structure were considered as potential implant location. Dose distributions were calculated for implants of 125I, 109Pd and 192Ir. The fraction of potential implant locations that respected normal tissue constraints (rectum: 10-100% of Rx, urethra 100-200% of Rx) as a function of prescription radius was recorded.

RESULTS
The fraction of the prostate implantable for a given prescription radius primarily depends on the normal tissue dose limits that are to be respected with a secondary dependence on isotope. Prescription radius less than 1 cm and rectal dose constraints greater than 50% of prescription dose allow a substantial portion of the gland to be considered for a focal implant. Detailed results are presented as a function of normal tissue constraints and prescription radius.

CONCLUSION
While isotope choice does affect the implantable volume, the effect is secondary to the choice of prescription parameters. Choice of focal brachytherapy approach may be made based on consideration of duration of irradiation or clinical concerns. NIH P41 EB015898.


The Constraint of Race: The Legacies of White Skin Privilege in America. By Linda Faye Williams. University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2003. 440p. $35.00 cloth, $27.95 paper. Linda Faye Williams's book seeks to identify "how, when and why American social policy became fused with the politics of race" and what that has meant for the development and evolution of the welfare state in the United States. The author's central argument is that the welfare state was "grafted onto preexisting conditions of race relations," and the long-term consequence of this grafting is that even today, the organization of social policy in the United States continues to reproduce advantages for whites and disadvantages for many people of color. Further, as social welfare policy institutionalizes white advantage, this in turn tends to block movement in the direction of more universalistic social policy (p. 14). Williams supports this contention by revisiting the political history of social welfare policy, from just after the Civil War up to the Clinton administration's efforts at welfare "reform" in 1996.


In this paper, we evaluate the degradation of an image due to the implementation of a watermark in the frequency domain of the image. As a result, a watermarking method, which minimizes the impact of the watermark implementation on the overall quality of an image, is developed. The watermark is embedded in magnitudes of the Fourier transform. A peak signal-to-noise ratio is used to evaluate quality degradation. The obtained results were used to develop a watermarking strategy that chooses the optimal radius of the implementation to minimize quality degradation. The robustness of the proposed method was evaluated on the dataset of 1000 images. Detection rates and receiver operating characteristic performance showed considerable robustness against the print-scan process, print-cam process, amplitude modulated, halftoning, and attacks from the StirMark benchmark software.


Abstract] In 2001, the Institute of Medicine (IOM), a committee of physicians and health policy experts charged to improve the health of the United States by the National Academy of Science, identified a gap in the area of education of health care practitioners as one of the reasons for medical error. However, one of the most common instructional methods in medical education to promote transfer and problem solving is examination of a single patient case (Shine, 2002), a pedagogical practice shown to be ineffective (Gentner, Loewenstein & Thompson, 2003; Norman et al., 2007). Therefore, adult learners in health care may be ill-equipped through traditional classroom instructional strategies to not only transfer what they have learned in the classroom (Norman, et al., 2007; Weeks, Lyne & Torrance, 2001), but may also lack problem solving skills needed to address novel clinical problems (Battles & Shea, 2001; Shine, 2002). To address the transfer gap between the classroom and clinical environment, a literature review was undertaken. A key finding was use of multiple case examples with instructor cueing (prompting or provision of hints) was superior to use of single case examples alone for fostering transfer of learning. Based on empirical evidence and literature review findings, the authors propose a theoretical model, propositions, and implications for clinical practice for use by educators to foster transfer of learning from the classroom to the clinical practice setting.


The (standard) randomization method is an attractive alternative for the transient analysis of continuous time Markov models. The main advantages of the method are numerical stability, well‐controlled computation error, and ability to specify the computation error in advance. However, the fact that the method can be computationally very expensive limits its applicability. In this paper, we develop a new method called split regenerative randomization, which, having the same good properties as standard randomization, can be significantly more efficient. The method covers reliability‐like models with a particular but quite general structure and requires the selection of a subset of states and a regenerative state satisfying some conditions. For a class of continuous time Markov models, model class C2, including typical failure/repair reliability‐like models with exponential failure and repair time distributions and deferred repair, natural selections are available for both the subset of states and the regenerative state and, for those natural selections, theoretical results are available assessing the efficiency of the method in terms of "visible" model characteristics. Those results can be used to anticipate when the method can be expected to be competitive. We illustrate the application of the method using a large class C2 model and show that for models in that class the method can indeed be significantly more efficient than previously available randomization‐based methods. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2006


We study the problem of secure message multicasting over graphs in the presence of a passive (node) adversary who tries to eavesdrop in the network. We show that use of feedback, facilitated through the existence of cycles or undirected edges, enables higher rates than possible in directed acyclic graphs of the same mincut. We demonstrate this using code constructions for canonical combination networks (CCNs). We also provide general outer bounds as well as schemes for node adversaries over CCNs.


Cellular metabolism alters patterns of gene expression through a variety of mechanisms, including alterations in histone modifications and transcription factor activity. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)–dependent proteins such as poly(ADP ribose) polymerases (PARPs) and sirtuin deacetylases play important roles in this regulation, thus NAD provides a crucial link between metabolism and these cellular signaling processes. Here, we found that lowering NAD levels in mouse primary cortical neurons led to decreased activity-dependent BDNF expression. The altered BDNF transcription occurred independently of Sirt or Parp activities; instead, low NAD levels promoted increased DNA methylation of the activity-dependent BDNF promoter. Increased methylation at this promoter triggered the dissociation of the insulator protein CTCF as well as the accompanying cohesin from the BDNF locus. The loss of these proteins resulted in histone acetylation and methylation changes at this locus consistent with chromatin compaction and gene silencing. Because BDNF is critical for neuronal function, these results suggest that age- or nutrition-associated declines in NAD levels as well as deficits in cohesin function associated with disease modulate BDNF expression and could contribute to cognitive impairment.


Recent publications have indicated that there is a crisis in clinical research. The cost of an industry-led clinical trial is now estimated at some US$100–200 million, within which an average 25% of centres will recruit no patients. The median number of enrolment (entry) criteria in a drug trial is 49, with a median of 158 different trial procedures. The number of data items per patient often runs into thousands, so it is little surprise that the average time to trial completion increased 70% between 1999 and 2006.1

There seems to be a self-sustaining 'industry' of bureaucracy around research. This system generates huge costs and a mountain of paperwork, which in turn makes the employment of trial managers essential. These costs are passed on to the industry or public funders of medical research. Regulatory rules that are designed for 'pharma' trials of new drugs are also applied to 'investigator-led' trials, even if the drug involved is already in use and has a very well-known safety profile.

Against this background, as our specialty evolves, it is a good time for us to ask how emergency medicine research fits in the complex and competitive world of clinical research. Our specialty is a broad church, with emergency physicians having a legitimate research interest in almost all areas of medicine. We cannot be experts in the science of 'everything', but we can be experts in a particular type of methodology, which can then be applied to many different areas. The question 'What type of primary research is best suited to emergency medicine?' is key to the future development of the academic part of our specialty.

Overall, the clinical trials that are performed in emergency medicine tend to be underpowered. …


The deleterious effects of early substance use have been well documented. Past research has produced mixed results regarding the extent to which the profile of risk differs for urban African American and suburban Caucasian youth. Sixth graders from urban (n = 420; 92% African American) and suburban (n = 391; 89% Caucasian) schools in metropolitan Detroit completed surveys at the beginning and end of the school year. More similarities than differences were found in hierarchical multiple regression analyses predicting substance use among these two groups of students. For both groups, peer pressure susceptibility and school commitment were significantly related to substance use. For girls only, participation in after-school activities was negatively associated with substance use. The importance of prevention programs in the transition to middle school is discussed.


Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of storytelling on aggression in 6 to eight-year old boys. Method: Using a Quasi experimental, pretest-posttest follow-up design with control group, a sample consisting of 22 elementary school boys who had scored one standard deviation above the mean on Shahim Aggression Scale, were randomly assigned to two groups. The experimental group underwent 11 sessions of "storytelling" as the independent factor, and the control group received no intervention. Upon the completion of intervention and after three months, both groups were tested to determine the effect of the independent factor on the dependent factor of "aggression". Data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance. Results: Both parents and teachers reported that storytelling reduced the signs of aggression in children. This decrease remained stable in the three-month follow-up. Conclusion: These findings indicate the efficiency of stories and their structure in educating children and solving their problems.


Downstream of hydroelectric storage dams, the rivers suffer from rapid, frequent and intense flow variations linked to the power production constraints. Subjected to this hydropeaking phenomenon, the fish population suffers from a known decline. In the research of mitigation solutions, shelters in riverbanks are a protection measure against excessive flow velocities. This project gives the design basis for such shelters. The research process is based on experimentations with fish swimming in a canal built on purpose with a lateral embayment. The principle is to generate hydrodynamic conditions that are uncomfortable in the canal on one hand and attracts the fish to the shelter on the other hand. The significant parameter is the flow velocity distribution in the intersection between the main channel and the lateral fish shelter. The frequentation rate of fish in the shelter can be considered as the performance indicator. With a length of 12 m and a width of 1.2 m, the canal is supplied with freshwater from a river. At mid-length, the canal holds a one side enlargement of 1.2 m, shaped like a rectangular gap of 2 m long. For each test, after a steady flow of 10 l/s with a mean velocity of 0.1 m/s, 10 to 20 juvenile brown trout are suddenly exposed during 3 hours to a hydropeaking flow of 220 l/s. At that time, the mean velocity in the canal is of 1 m/s. The fish position is observed every 20 minutes and their movements are recorded continuously in the shelter sector. The first tests have been conducted with a basic rectangular shelter configuration. The frequentation rate was only of 35%. This rate has doubled by introducing a deviation groyne that enforced a water exchange between the canal and the shelter. Following this experiment, the position and the orientation angle of the groyne have been systematically varied with the purpose of maximising the frequentation rate. This way, 12 configurations have been tested 3 times each. The flows transiting in the shelter are calculated using a 2D numerical simulation. By analysing the fish positioning, the mean frequentation rate is determined for each configuration. The maximum rate is of 87%, the mean is of 75% and the standard deviation is of 8%. Using video pictures treatment, the preferential fish trajectories are updated and the fish entrance distribution is determined for each configuration at the interface between the shelter and the channel. On the same interface, ultrasonic velocity profiles (UVP) have been measured for the 12 configurations. By associating the fish entries distribution with the velocities distribution, the preferences are globally established. The entrances happen mostly from downstream of the derivation groyne, in a flow shear zone where the velocities are in a range of 0.0 to 0.2 m/s. Finally, the analysis of all the results confirmed the representativity of the configuration that gives the best frequentation rate, for the development of the experimental shelter's prototype to be realised in rivers. It is composed of a groyne shaped like an equilateral triangle. Finally, recommendations are given for the execution of an experimental prototype shelter to be realized in a river for validation tests.


Graphic Java 2 is the most comprehensive guide to the Java Foundation Classes (JFC) available. Three volumes cover all aspects of the JFC providing java developers with the skills needed to build professional, cross platform applications that take full advantage of the Java Foundation Classes.The AWT is the cornerstone of the Java Foundation Classes. Volume 1 provides detailed descriptions of every aspect of the AWT, including: Event Handling Layout Managers Graphics, Colors & Fonts Image Manipulation Lightweight Components Data Transfer & Drag and Drop Double Buffering Sprite AnimationJava expert David Geary provides clear and in-depth explanations of both fundamental and advanced AWT concepts. The layout manager chapter, for example, is over 100 pages long and includes what readers have called the best explanation of GridBagLayout on the planet. A GridBagLab application on the CD lets you explore GridBagLayout on your own.The accompanying CD-ROM includes all of the example code from the book, ready to run on Solaris(tm), Windows 95, Windows NT, and Macintosh along with the JDK(tm) for those platforms.


Multigroup or between-group analyses are common in the information systems literature. The ability to detect the presence or absence of between-group differences and accurately estimate the strength of moderating effects is important in studies that attempt to show contingent effects. In the past, IS scholars have used a variety of approaches to examine these effects, with the partial least squares (PLS) pooled significance test for multigroup becoming the most common (e.g., Ahuja and Thatcher 2005; Enns et al. 2003; Zhu et al. 2006). In other areas of social sciences (Epitropaki and Martin 2005) and management (Mayer and Gavin 2005; Song et al. 2005) research, however, there is greater emphasis on the use of covariance-based structural equation modeling multigroup analysis. This paper compares these two methods through Monte Carlo simulation. Our findings demonstrate the conditions under which covariance-based multigroup analysis is more appropriate as well as those under which there either is no difference or the component-based approach is preferable. In particular, we find that when data are normally distributed, with a small sample size and correlated exogenous variables, the component-based approach is more likely to detect differences between-group than is the covariance-based approach. Both approaches will consistently detect differences under conditions of normality with large sample sizes. With non-normally distributed data, neither technique could consistently detect differences across the groups in two of the paths, suggesting that both techniques struggle with the prediction of a highly skewed and kurtotic dependent variable. Both techniques detected the differences in the other paths consistently under conditions of non-normality, with the component-based approach preferable at moderate effect sizes, particularly for smaller samples.


The chromatographic behaviour of liquid crystalline compounds benzylidene-p-aminobenzoic acid and 4-(p-methyl benzylidene)-p-aminobenzoic acid as stationary phases for the separation of dimethylphenol isomers was investigated. These isomers were analysed on benzylidene-p-aminobenzoic acid within a nematic range of 169-194 °C with a temperature interval of 5 °C. Better peak resolution was at a column temperature of 190 °C. The analysis was repeated on a 4-(p-methyl benzylidene)-p-aminobenzoic acid column at a nematic temperature of 256 °C, which represented the end of the nematic range, and gave the optimum peak resolution. It was found that isomer better separation was obtained at 20% loading for both liquid crystal materials. Other columns of different liquid crystalline percentages (15% and 25%) were used. A chromatogram with unoverlapped peaks was only obtained in both cases at 20% column loading. The order of elution isomers under the applied chromatographic conditions is discussed. The separation of these isomers is also discussed on the basis of stereo chemical confirmations.


Entrepreneurs use their access to information and strategic savvy to develop and bring new products and services to market. Often, their actions catalyse whole new forms of economic and social activity. Such entrepreneurship is not restricted to the marketplace. Over recent decades, social scientists have studied the practices of actors in and around government who have been described, among other things, as policy entrepreneurs or institutional entrepreneurs. Attention has also been given to social entrepreneurs, who use knowledge of business practices to advance solutions to major social problems. We consider here how policy entrepreneurs engage in collaborative action to promote broad societal changes, focusing on pursuit of the United Nations' sustainable development goals (SDGs). We review entrepreneurial action across institutional settings. We then discuss how policy entrepreneurs can catalyse change processes to achieve the SDGs. After presenting an illustrative case, we propose directions for future research.


Dissection of living brain tissue for in vitro experiments requires the use of a rapid euthanasia method. However, the method must not subject animals to unnecessary pain and must be aesthetically acceptable to experimenters. The purposes of the current study were to assess the aesthetics of 6 euthanasia methods, measure the procedure duration, and evaluate brain for pathology after each procedure. We digitally recorded euthanasia of isoflurane-anesthetized rats by 6 physical methods: anesthetic overdose, cardiac exsanguination, decapitation, closed intrathoracic transection of the great vessels and heart, thoracic percussion, and thoracotomy with rupture of great vessels. Volunteer researchers and animal caretakers watched the video and completed an associated questionnaire. Anesthetic overdose and cardiac exsanguinations were rated most aesthetically pleasing, although these procedures took the longest to complete. In contrast, decapitation and thoracic percussion were the least aesthetically pleasing, but these methods were the quickest. No demographic factor was identified that could predict whether a given euthanasia procedure would be favored for aesthetic reasons, and participants provided a wide variety of rationales for the aesthetic ratings they assigned. Although all of these euthanasia methods meet the criteria of approved methods of euthanasia of anesthetized rats as defined by the AVMA, aesthetic features and the scientific need for rapid euthanasia are both considerations in selecting a method.


We present the case of TN, aged 9;11, a monolingual Greek-speaking girl with accurate but slow word and non-word reading. Neuropsychological assessment revealed a selective deficit in visual attention (VA) span tasks.  TN had previously taken part in a spelling intervention targeting whole word processing and, although her spelling improved, at the end of the programme her reading remained slow. In the present study, we assessed TN in a lexical decision task with semantic primes, and she showed reduced semantic priming in relation to typically developing readers. TN took part in an intervention aimed at mitigating the VA span processing deficit and similar to a programme previously conducted with a twelve-year-old Greek-speaking boy, RF ([author(s)], 2013). Post-test results for TN revealed a significant improvement in letter report ability as well a reduction in word reading latencies; semantic facilitation was also observed in the priming task following the intervention, although differences were not significant. The results indicate, in line with previous research, an association between visual attention span and reading speed.


The purpose of this research is to understand the role of physical arrangements within the classroom in the development of behavior regulation skill of preschool children. From among the types of action research, the technical/scientific/cooperative action research was employed in the current study. In the selection of the participants, one of the purposive sampling methods, the typical case sampling method was used. The study group consists of 12 children aged at 60-84 months. The data collection tools used in the study are observation form regularly used by the teacher, structured written interview forms (before and after the action plan) and the Head Shoulders Knees and Toes (HSKT) scale. As a result of the action process, it was found that the physical arrangements related to learning centers positively affected the children's three of the behavior regulation skills that are independent acting, active participation and task completion skills. The physical arrangements regarding classroom routines were found to have positively affected the following behavior regulation skills of the children; perseverance, retention, protecting classroom order, taking responsibility, making effort to be successful and preferring the suitable behavior to the negative behavior, active participation, recall, independent acting. When the Head Shoulders Knees and Toes scores of each child before and after the action plan were examined, it was found these scores improved. When the teacher's evaluations made after the action plan were examined, it was found that the action plan made positive contributions to the teacher and the children in the themes of classroom order, concentration, social adjustment, classroom management, productivity, problems and widespread effect and also affected three more teachers and made them involved in the plan


Contrary to the conventional paradigm of transform decomposition followed by quantization, we investigate the computation of two-dimensional (2D) discrete wavelet transforms (DWT) under quantized representations of the input source. The proposed method builds upon previous research on approximate signal processing and revisits the concept of incremental refinement of computation: Under a refinement of the source description (with the use of an embedded quantizer), the computation of the forward and inverse transform refines the previously computed result, thereby leading to incremental computation of the output. In the first part of this paper, we study both the forward and inverse DWT under state-of-the-art 2D lifting-based formulations. By focusing on conventional bitplane-based (double-deadzone) embedded quantization, we propose schemes that achieve incremental refinement of computation for the multilevel DWT decomposition or reconstruction based on a bitplane-by-bitplane calculation approach. In the second part, based on stochastic modeling of typical 2D DWT coefficients, we derive an analytical model to estimate the arithmetic complexity of the proposed incremental refinement of computation. The model is parameterized with respect to ( i) operational settings, such as the total number of decomposition levels and the terminating bitplane; (ii) input source and algorithm-related settings, e.g., the source variance, the complexity related to the choice of wavelet, etc. Based on the derived formulations, we study for which subsets of these model parameters the proposed framework derives identical reconstruction accuracy to the conventional approach without any incurring computational overhead. This is termed successive refinement of computation, since all representation accuracies are produced incrementally under a single (continuous) computation of the refined input source with no overhead in comparison to the conventional calculation approach that specifically targets each accuracy level and is not refinable. Our results, as well as the derived model estimates for incremental refinement, are validated with real video sequences compressed with a scalable coder.


Author(s): D'Oca, Simona; Corgnati, Stefano; Pisello, Anna L; Hong, Tianzhen | Abstract: An increasing body of research is underlying the need to foster energy behaviors and interaction with technology as a way to achieve energy savings in office buildings. However, engaging office users into more "forgiving" comfort-adaptive behavior is not a trivial task, since neither consequences nor benefits for changing behavior have visible or tangible effects on them personally. Since the 70's, survey studies in the field of building science have been used to gain better understanding of multidisciplinary drivers of occupant behavior with respect to comfort and energy requirements in buildings. Rather than focusing on individual behaviors – and influencing factors – purpose of this survey research is to provide quantitative descriptions on the collective and social motivations within the complexity of different social groups in working environment, under different geographical context, culture and norms. The resultant questionnaire survey emerges as a combination of traditional and adaptive comfort theories, merged with social science theory. The questionnaire explores to what extent the occupant energy-related behavior in working spaces is driven by a motivational sphere influenced by i) comfort requirements, ii) habits, iii) intentions and iv) actual control of building systems. The key elements of the proposed occupant behavior motivational framework are grounded on the Driver Need Action System framework for energy-related behaviors in buildings. Goal of the study is to construct an additional layer of standardized knowledge to enrich the state-of-the-art on energy-related behavior in office buildings


When faced with a patient with acute chest pain, clinicians must distinguish myocardial infarction (MI) from all other causes of acute chest pain. If MI is suspected, current therapeutic practice includes deciding whether to administer thrombolysis or primary percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and whether to admit patients to a coronary care unit. The former decision is based on electrocardiographic (ECG) changes, including ST-segment elevation or left bundle-branch block, the latter on the likelihood of the patient's having unstable high-risk ischemia or MI without ECG changes. Despite advances in investigative modalities, a focused history and physical examination followed by an ECG remain the key tools for the diagnosis of MI. The most powerful features that increase the probability of MI, and their associated likelihood ratios (LRs), are new ST-segment elevation (LR range, 5.7-53.9); new Q wave (LR range, 5.3-24.8); chest pain radiating to both the left and right arm simultaneously (LR, 7.1); presence of a third heart sound (LR, 3.2); and hypotension (LR, 3.1). The most powerful features that decrease the probability of MI are a normal ECG result (LR range, 0.1-0.3), pleuritic chest pain (LR, 0.2), chest pain reproduced by palpation (LR range, 0.2-0.4), sharp or stabbing chest pain (LR, 0.3), and positional chest pain (LR, 0.3). Computer-derived algorithms that depend on clinical examination and ECG findings might improve the classification of patients according to the probability that an MI is causing their chest pain. JAMA. 1998;280:1256-1263


The importance of understanding how the stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) may enhance muscle performance over concentric-only (CO) contractions has great relevance to sport scientists, coaches, and athletes. Potentiation is the enhancement that occurs in the concentric phase of the SSC as compared to performing concentric-only contractions (contractions with no immediate preceding eccentric contractions). PURPOSE: To determine ballistic leg press potentiation of force, acceleration, velocity, and power at six leg press sled time intervals across the concentric range of motion (ROM) and at ten time intervals across the initial 200 ms of the concentric phase of contraction. We also sought to determine relationships between specific potentiation variables and the time of the amortization phase and eccentric force during the last 100 ms of the eccentric phase of the SSC. METHODS: Twenty-one male competitive distance runners (age: 31 6 5 yrs; weight: 80 6 11 kg) performed SSC and CO leg press ballistic throws with a load of 150% bodyweight on a 35 degree angle leg press machine. The machine connected to a cable-extension linear position transducer that was interfaced with a data acquisition system utilizing custom software. After familiarization, warm-ups, and practice trials subjects performed 3 SSC and 3 CO leg press ballistic throws with a large amplitude concentric ROM at the knee from 90 to 0 degrees. Testretest evaluations of muscle performance variables for this study have a coefficient of variation ranging from 1.7% to 4.3%. RESULTS: Across the full concentric ROM, differences from zero (p,0.05) existed with 1) potentiated mean force and acceleration only at the first 1/6th time interval over the concentric phase, and 2) potentiated mean velocity and power at all leg press time intervals over the entire concentric phase with the exception of power over the last 1/6 time interval (closest to full knee extension). Across the initial 200ms of the concentric phase, differences from zero (p,0.05) existed with 1) potentiated mean force and acceleration up until the time intervals greater than 160 ms, and 2) potentiated mean velocity and power for all time intervals over the first 200ms of the concentric phase. There were significant correlations between eccentric mean force measured during the last 100ms of the eccentric phase and potentiated average mean force during the initial 200ms of the concentric phase (r = 0.44, p,0.05) and potentiated average mean power across the full concentric ROM (r = 0.62, p , 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Findings indicate large amplitude SSC leg press ballistic throws potentiate mean force, acceleration, velocity, and power early in the concentric ROM, and that potentiated mean velocity and power are conserved throughout the full concentric ROM with the exception of power at the very end of the range. Eccentric mean force measured during the last 100ms of the stretching phase is positively related to potentiated average mean force during the initial 200ms of the concentric phase