Adventure and extreme sports are increasing in popularity and it is not surprising that commercial adventure tourism and the accompanying life style and fashion, have become increasingly important to world economy. These unique sports involve not only major physical endurance and mental challenges but interaction and bonding with nature. They also tend to attract and excite audiences, both at the event and in the media. They are exciting to watch and redraw the boundaries of human achievement with the accompanying risks of injury and death. Adventure sports are usually performed in beautiful, exciting and remote locations or in extreme environments far away from medical assistance. Extreme sports usually involve an element of increased risk. These risks are highlighted by the media, usually after a reported accident or fatality but may vary according to the involvement of the participant; the weekend recreational adventure sports athlete or the experienced professional. A wide variety of sports fall into the category of adventure and extreme sports and with an increasing number of disciplines, this field is ever expanding. Sports are performed in contact with the "ground"; mountain running and biking, rock climbing, ice climbing and mountaineering. In the air: skydiving and base jumping. On water: surfing, white water kayaking and rafting, board sailing and diving. And also involve mechanical vehicles and animals! Some sports may be performed as a combination of few disciplines, such as water and air, e.g. kite surfing, and as so involve very unique mechanisms of injury. Sports events can also be merged to form a multi-sport race comprising many disciplines lastly from single to multi day races. Sports may involve competition with others, against the environment or with oneself, frequently the most ferocious adversary. Adventure sports are becoming increasingly popular in the general public and a few take these sports to an extreme level with the accompanying risks. Those that do, bring such time and dedication that they become professional in terms of training, preparation and finance. More and more people are enjoying adventure sports and unfortunately increased numbers are becoming injured as a result. Future research is progressing alongside the sport development, to allow the sport mechanisms, injury patterns and predisposing factors to be better understood. It is the hope of all researchers to make the sports safer without detracting from their adventurous nature. The aim and scope of our book would be to bring the sports medicine involved ineach of these sports into one volume. We would explain each sport including subtle similarities and differences, the common injury mechanisms, patterns of injury and treatment options. Additional chapters would include the mental characteristics of adventure racers and extreme sports athletes, together with the complexities of competing in hot and cold extreme environments. The book will present chapters focussing on the sports listed below, concentrating on published literature and newly formed studies by experts in the fields of injury epidemiology, prevention, management and rehabilitation.


Specialized accelerators for tensor-operations, such as blocked-matrix operations and multi-dimensional convolutions, have emerged as powerful architecture choices for high-performance Deep-Learning computing. The rapid development of frameworks, models, and precision options challenges the adaptability of such tensor-accelerators since the adaptation to new requirements incurs significant engineering costs. Programmable tensor accelerators offer a promising alternative by allowing reconfiguration of a virtual architecture that overlays on top of the physical FPGA configurable fabric. We propose an overlay (τ-VTA) and an optimization method guided by agile-inspired auto-tuning techniques. We achieve higher performance of up to 2.5x and faster convergence of up to 8.1x.


Abstract This paper discusses the rheological properties of different contents of a commercially available Southern African clay, Eccabond fine (EBF), modified with hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, and Cloisite 15A (C15A), modified with dimethyl dehydrogenated tallow quaternary ammonium chloride dispersed in silicone oil. Focusedion beam scanning electron microscopy shows that both C15A and EBF clays have sheet-like morphologies, but the sheets are more compact in the case of EBF clay. The rheological behavior of different suspensions was characterized by using a rheometer. The EBF suspensions behaved like Bingham fluids and also exhibited higher degrees of viscoelasticity than the C15A suspensions. The Casson model used to calculate the data of the yield stresses for the EBF suspensions was found to fit quite well with the flow curve results. The EBF suspensions obeyed the Schwarzl relation, in which the relaxation modulus (G(t)) illustrated a plateau-like behaviour for EBF suspensions compared to the C15A suspensions.


Atarashiki mura, a utopian village founded by the writer Mushanokōji Saneatsu in 1918 and relocated from Miyazaki Prefecture (Kyūshū) to Moroyama (Saitama Prefecture) in 1938/39, con¬tinues to operate on its original ideology until today – a really astonishing fact. Among the many utopian movements in the West and the East at the beginning of the 20th century – e.g. the famous Monte Verita in Switzerland – it is the only one still existing after more than 90 years! This paper examines the intellectual background of the founder, the process of establishing the settlement and the principles of living and working together.


Decoding Signs of Identity is the volume of proceedings resulting from the symposium with the same name and held in Leiden, 13-15 December 2013, in the framework of the NWO research project `Symbolizing Identity: Identity marks and their relation to writing in New Kingdom Egypt'. The aim of the project, and indeed of the symposium, was to investigate identity marks of Ancient Egyptian workmen, both in a specialist, in-depth manner, and in a more general, comparative perspective. The reader will recognise both of these approaches in the present collection of papers. In the course of its three sections, the topic is narrowed down from general considerations and non-Egyptian cases, to various sorts of Ancient Egyptian identity marks, and finally to the specific marking system of the royal necropolis workforce of the Egyptian New Kingdom, which was the core material of the NWO project. This volume can be considered a follow-up to Pictograms or Pseudo Script? (EU XXV, 2009), and testifies to the continuing scholarly interest in systems of identity marks, both in Egyptology and outside.


A STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP OF SELECTED FEDERAL COURT CASES TO STUDENT CONTROL POLICIES FOUND IN VIRGINIA SCHOOL BOARD POLICY MANUALS Harold David Gibson, Sr., Ed. D. The College of William and Mary in Virginia, January 1981 Chairman: Professor Robert Maidment The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the written student control policies established by Virginia school boards and the principles of law found in recent federal court decisions related to student conduct. The researcher also examined the number of student control policies in relation to school division size and location. A further purpose was to relate such policies to school laws contained in the Code of Virginia. The population for the study consisted of all the school divisions in Virginia, one hundred thirty-seven (.137) at the time of this study. Of this number, one hundred thirty-one (.131) divisions had usable policy man uals since some divisions were combined under one school board. These manuals were made available to the researcher through, the Virginia State Department of Education. All the policy manuals were examined by the researcher through a method known as content analysis. Essentially, hypotheses are formulated; a sample of content is selected; categories are defined; documents are read and coded, using the categories as a guide; content data are tabu lated; data are scaled or otherwise statistically treated; and interpre tations are made in light of the hypotheses posed. It was hypothesized that (1) the content of Virginia school board policy manuals matched the categories of student control policies chosen for the study; (2) the content of the manuals agreed with the principles of law found in selected student control federal court decisions, 1965 to 1979; (3) the number of written student control policies varied with school division size and location; and (4) the content of the manuals reflected student control statutes in the Code of Virginia. It was concluded that most board manuals did not contain all cate gories of student control policies. The categories which appeared more frequently were health and safety standards, weapons and drugs, and student records. Nor were the board student control policies in agree ment with recent court decisions except in areas such as suspension and expulsion, drugs, due process procedures, and corporal punishment. Policy manuals did vary in content according to the size and location of the school division. It was also determined that Virginia statutes for student control did not agree with the content of the manuals except in areas such as civil rights, health and safety standards, administra tive standards, and weapons and drugs.


In recent years, gallium oxide nanowires have been used in many scientific disciplines due to their outstanding and unique properties. Several applications have focused on incorporating gallium oxide nanowires in devices to improve their performance and effi - ciency. These distinctive structures bring new opportunities to several research fields and applications such as optoelectronics, electronics, and chemistry. This chapter provides a basic overview of gallium oxide's properties and the growth process of gallium oxide nanowires, with an emphasis on varied applications and future challenges.


Three methods of estimating the current state of forest attributes over small areas for the USDA Forest Service Southern Research Station's annual forest sampling design are compared. The three methods were (I) simple moving average, (II) single imputation of plot data that had been updated by externally developed models, and (III) local application of a global model that was determined through mixed estimation. In a preliminary analysis of current basal area estimation, the less complex Method III compared favorably with Method II in terms of squared error loss.


The book offers an easy introduction to fast growing research areas in evolution of species, population genetics, ecological models, and population dynamics. The first two chapters review the concept and methodologies of phylogenetic trees; computational schemes and illustrations are given, including applications such as tracing the origin of SARS and influenza. The third chapter introduces the reader to ecological models, including predator-prey models. This chapter includes and introduction to reaction-diffusion equations, which are used to analyze the ecological models. The next chapter reviews a broad range of ongoing research in population dynamics, including evolution of dispersal models; it also features interesting mathematical theorems and lists open problems. The final chapter deals with gene frequencies under the action of migration and selection. The book is addressed to readers at the level of grad students and researchers. A background in PDEs is provided.


The traditional kingdom of Nkore, in western Uganda, came into existence around the beginning of the 16th century and this study is an attempt to trace its political history, on the basis of traditional accounts, up to the coming of the Europeans during the last decade of the 19th century. But this study is not exclusively historical or political. Religious beliefs and practices, clan organisation and other non-political aspects of Nkore society are examined in varying degrees. From these and from other sources, it appears that Nkore had become a viable kingdom by the beginning of the 18th century, largely as a result of the efforts of her kings. From about that period, however, the kingdom went through a troubled period due to the rivalry of the princes for the throne and sin examination of the system of succession indicates that the system itself was largely responsible for this period of instability. The last two reigns covered by this study (from about 1850 to 1895) saw an aggressive and expansionist Nkore, but this trend was brought to an abrupt halt by a rapid sucession of human and animal epidemics, which wakened and demoralised the population, and then by the untimely death of the Mugabe Ntare V in 1895. Just when it appeared that the kingdom would not hold together in the face of these unsettling events, the vanguard of the colonial administration arrived and the course of Nkore history was shaped along radically different lines and in the wider context of a Uganda protectorate of which Nkore kingdom, henceforth to he called Ankole, was a part.


This paper assesses how well national recovery and resilience plans (NRRPs) aim at jointly tackling the social and climate/environmental challenges of recovery from the crisis and the transition to a net zero carbon socioeconomic model. Drawing on the conceptual frameworks proposed by Mandelli (forthcoming) and by Sabato et al. (2021) on how economic, social and green objectives can be integrated in general, and more particularly in the EU Recovery Policy framework, this paper goes a step further and examines NRRP documents as well as secondary evidence from, among others, the assessments of the European Commission. We develop some indicators which operationalise, at 'bird's eye view' level, the balance between policy interventions aiming at social and green objectives and which explore how well they promote the concept of 'just transition'. Moreover, the paper looks in more detail at the plans of France, Greece and Germany to provide more qualitative evidence on how these countries have articulated their proposed policy interventions to have a joint impact(s) on both green and social objectives. Our analysis suggests that planned spending from the Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF) is tilted in favour of green transition objectives relative to social objectives. This might be a reason for concern about a new imbalance at the expense of the EU's social dimension, beyond that already in existence with regard to the economic dimension; namely that there is an imbalance between the environmental/green dimension and the social one. Such a new imbalance, however, will also depend on a Member State's capacity to cushion the impacts of the green transition beyond the use of RRF funds.


The European Union is perhaps the least well understood political system in the world today. Europe: The State of the Union cuts through the jargon to offer a clear and concise assessment of this unique institution. This pioneering account explains not only what the EU is, what it does and how well it does it, but also why politicians have so little interest in explaining its workings to the public. Anand Menon avoids the excesses of both ardent Europhiles and sworn enemies of European integration, whose respective dreams of a federalist future and nightmares of a European superstate have so subverted public discussion. While pointing out the Union's shortcomings, he argues that the EU is an ingenious and necessary tool of its member states, helping them address myriad complex policy problems they would not be able to handle alone. Europe: The State of the Union is an urgent and rigorous evaluation of the great strengths - and profound weaknesses - of European integration.


In March 1848, the radical writer and editor G. W. M. Reynolds came face-to-face with some of the very people he hoped were his readers, when he took a step out of the editor's office and onto the speaker's platform. Reynolds stood up in front of a protest meeting in Trafalgar Square, and turned the issue of the day away from taxation and towards revolution. In that critical year of Europe-wide revolutions, Reynolds praised the recent French uprising and declared solidarity with the French republicans. Reynolds's actions on that spring afternoon earned him immediate prominence in the Chartist movement, a place on the platform at the 'monster meeting' at Kennington Common on 10 April, the status of a radical celebrity, and a government file. The disorder after the meeting continued on and off over several days. This article considers Reynolds's accounts of his own speech as printed in the pages of his best-selling serial narrative, The Mysteries of London (1844–48). Reynolds's sprawling tale mixed melodrama with radical polemics in the belief that fiction was a legitimate means of promoting radical politics. This article argues that the insertions of his 1848 speeches attempted to connect imagined readers of urban fiction to real protestors on London's streets, by linking the printed page of urban fiction to oratory within urban space. Reynolds's speech-making on that March afternoon projected his outbursts in his London fiction out onto the London streets; he hoped that the combined work of both would push forward his political agenda. His experience of writing The Mysteries of London gave melodramatic wings to his oratory on the platform. Setting Reynolds's speech within the context of his debt to popular melodrama and its roots in oral culture, and the oral effects within The Mysteries of London as a whole, this article argues that Reynolds's actions declared printed matter to be indelibly linked with the street theatre of political demonstrations. Trafalgar Square offered Reynolds the possibility that urban space could present the continuation and implementation of radical demands made in print, and could bring radical print vocally to life.


Climate change is a threat to biodiversity, and adaptation measures should be considered in biodiversity conservation planning. Protected areas (PA) are expected to be impacted by climate change and improving their connectivity with biological corridors (BC) has been proposed as a potential adaptation measure, although assessing its effectiveness remains a challenge. In Mesoamerica, efforts to preserve the biodiversity have led to the creation of a regional network of PA and, more recently, BC. This study evaluates the role of BC for facilitating plant dispersal between PA under climate change in Mesoamerica. A spatially explicit dynamic model (cellular automaton) was developed to simulate species dispersal under different climate and conservation policy scenarios. Plant functional types (PFT) were defined based on a range of dispersal rates and vegetation types to represent the diversity of species in the region. The impacts of climate change on PA and the role of BC for dispersal were assessed spatially. Results show that most impacted PA are those with low altitudinal range in hot, dry, or high latitude areas. PA with low altitudinal range in high cool areas benefit the most from corridors. The most important corridors cover larger areas and have high altitude gradients. Only the fastest PFT can keep up with the expected change in climate and benefit from corridors for dispersal. We conclude that the spatial assessment of the vulnerability of PA and the role of corridors in facilitating dispersal can help conservation planning under a changing climate.


The human AP-endonuclease (APE1/Ref-1), an essential multifunctional protein involved in repair of oxidative DNA damage as well as in transcriptional regulation, is often overexpressed in tumor cells. APE1 was earlier shown to stimulate p53's DNA binding and its transactivation function in the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 (CDKN1A) gene. Here, we show APE1's stable binding to p53 cis elements which are required for p53-mediated activation of p21 in p53-expressing wild type HCT116 cells. However, surprisingly, we observed APE1-dependent repression of p21 in isogenic p53-null HCT116 cells. Ectopic expression of p53 in the p53-null cells abrogated this repression suggesting that APE1's negative regulatory role in p21 expression is dependent on the p53 status. We then identified APE1's another binding site in p21's proximal promoter region containing cis elements for AP4, a repressor of p21. Interestingly, APE1 and AP4 showed mutual dependence for p21 repression. Moreover, ectopic p53 in p53-null cells inhibited AP4's association with APE1, their binding to the promoter and p21 repression. These results together establish APE1's role as a co-activator or co-repressor of p21 gene, dependent on p53 status. It is thus likely that APE1 overexpression and inactivation of p53, often observed in tumor cells, promote tumor cell proliferation by constitutively downregulating p21 expression.


A major challenge for genomewide disease association studies is the high cost of genotyping large number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The correlations between SNPs, however, make it possible to select a parsimonious set of informative SNPs, known as "tagging" SNPs, able to capture most variation in a population. Considerable research interest has recently focused on the development of methods for finding such SNPs. In this paper, we present an efficient method for finding tagging SNPs. The method does not involve computation-intensive search for SNP subsets but discards redundant SNPs using a feature selection algorithm. In contrast to most existing methods, the method presented here does not limit itself to using only correlations between SNPs in local groups. By using correlations that occur across different chromosomal regions, the method can reduce the number of globally redundant SNPs. Experimental results show that the number of tagging SNPs selected by our method is smaller than by using block-based methods. Supplementary website: http://htsnp.stanford.edu/FSFS/.


Aspects of the biology of the swimming crab, Portunus pe/agicus (Linnaeus, 1758).
were investigated from trawl catches from offshore fishing grounds in Bahraini waters
(designated areas A [northern], B [north-eastern] and C [southern], a total area of 1636
km2
) and inshore grounds (traps) around Bahrain over 14 months. P. pe/agicus were found
over a considerable range of temperatures (16-35 °C) and salinities (39-57%0). The
abdomen of female crabs shows a distinct change in shape at about 7 cms carapace width
(CW), when the pubertal moult takes place. In male crabs the shape of the abdomen
remains unchanged throughout life. Breeding season lasts from March to November, with
peck numbers of ovigerous females between June and September. Sex ratio analysis has
shown that mature female crabs migrate from the shallow waters of areas A and C to the
deeper water of area B. Since 73% of all ovigerous females caught were in area B, it was
designated the major spawning ground. Females spawn at least twice throughout life and
fecundity reaches as high as 1.54 million eggs brood-I. Larvae were found over a more
restricted temperature (31-35 °C) and salinity range (40-48%0) than the adults. Certain
regions of areas A, C and the whole of area D (west) have been identified as the major
nursery grounds. Two recruitment periods were identified - a short period (June-July) and
a much longer period (December-April). Relative abundance (crabs km-I trawled) varied
spatially and seasonally being high during the summer months and low during winter
through to spring. CW of crabs in areas A and B exhibits isometric growth with carapace
length (CL). In area C, however, both dimensions indicated allometric growth with
relatively shorter CL in the larger crabs. Male crabs were found to be relatively heavier
than females at 2 cms CW, becoming more so above 6 cms CWo The growth rate for both
genders ranged from 0.5 to 2.5 cms CW month-I. Base-line recommendations for the crab
fishery management in Bahrain from this study include - minimum size limits, banning the
capture of ovigerous crabs, banning fishing in the nursery areas as well as modifications to
fishing gear.


It has been shown earlier that in the linear response regime, dephasing by point scatterers (within the self-consistent Born approximation) can be visualized in terms of point voltage probes attached to each space and energy coordinate (r,E). In this paper we derive a generalized linear response equation starting from the non-equilibrium Green function formalism that can be used to describe any dephasing process in any approximation. The dephasing is characterized by a 'reservoir function' which can be evaluated from the self-energy. The linear response equation can be visualized in terms of voltage probes but with individual probes connected to each pair of spatial coordinates and to each energy (r,r',E). Unlike point scatteren, this generalized 'probe' model allows us to introduce phase relaxation without necessarily introducing momentum relaxation. We obtain explicit expressions for the transmission 'fij from terminal 'j' to terminal 'i' by eliminating the 'floating probes' inside the device. These expressions for 'fij clearly show the role of the exclusion principle in determining the transmission. Proof of reciprocity in multiterminal conductors is provided. We also present a simple illustrative example calculating 'fij for a short single-moded electron waveguide with electron-phonon interactions. An important difference between the present formulation and usual linear response theory is that the electrochemical potential difference is treated as the driving force; however, we do not neglect the self-consistent fields that appear in an interacting system when a small bias is applied.


The goal of zero-shot learning (ZSL) is to train a model to classify samples of classes that were not seen during training. To address this challenging task, most ZSL methods relate unseen test classes to seen(training) classes via a pre-defined set of attributes that can describe all classes in the same semantic space, so the knowledge learned on the training classes can be adapted to unseen classes. In this paper, we aim to optimize the attribute space for ZSL by training a propagation mechanism to refine the semantic attributes of each class based on its neighbors and related classes on a graph of classes. We show that the propagated attributes can produce classifiers for zero-shot classes with significantly improved performance in different ZSL settings. The graph of classes is usually free or very cheap to acquire such as WordNet or ImageNet classes. When the graph is not provided, given pre-defined semantic embeddings of the classes, we can learn a mechanism to generate the graph in an end-to-end manner along with the propagation mechanism. However, this graph-aided technique has not been well-explored in the literature. In this paper, we introduce the "attribute propagation network (APNet)", which is composed of 1) a graph propagation model generating attribute vector for each class and 2) a parameterized nearest neighbor (NN) classifier categorizing an image to the class with the nearest attribute vector to the image's embedding. For better generalization over unseen classes, different from previous methods, we adopt a meta-learning strategy to train the propagation mechanism and the similarity metric for the NN classifier on multiple sub-graphs, each associated with a classification task over a subset of training classes. In experiments with two zero-shot learning settings and five benchmark datasets, APNet achieves either compelling performance or new state-of-the-art results.


What determines whether or not global health problems become global political priorities? In recent years the global health governance literature, drawing on earlier constructivist work on 'framing,' has begun to examine precisely these issues and to develop more nuanced explanations of prioritization in global health. This paper takes those explanations and supplements them with the work of the Copenhagen School which argues that 'securitization' offers a means of lifting issues above 'mere politics,' generating political priority in the process. Through an analysis of four of the key global statements around HIV and AIDS (the health issue which has been most widely prioritized) over the past decade, the paper identifies evidence of three of the most prominent framings of the AIDS problem: namely AIDS as a development issue, as a human rights issue, and as a security threat. It finds that the development frame is by far the most prominent in these documents, that the security frame is deployed surprisingly infrequently, and that the human rights frame occurs largely in the context of the modality of response rather than being presented as a reason for prioritization per se. These findings allow for the existing explanations of prioritization to be supplemented and some additional insights to be drawn on the importance of agency, ideas, political context, and the characteristics of the issue itself. The paper finishes by looking ahead, suggesting appropriate strategies for AIDS advocates to employ in the current political context of global health and development.


Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) offer the potential to examine quantum behavior at large length and time scales, as well as forming promising candidates for quantum technology applications. Thus, the manipulation of BECs using control fields is a topic of prime interest. We consider BECs in the mean field model of the Gross-Pitaevskii equation (GPE), which contains linear and nonlinear features, both of which are subject to control. In this work we report successful optimal control simulations of a one dimensional GPE by modulating the linear and nonlinear terms to stimulate transitions into excited coherent modes. The linear and nonlinear controls are allowed to freely vary over space and time to seek their optimal forms. The determination of the excited coherent modes targeted for optimization is numerically performed through an adaptive imaginary time propagation method. Numerical simulations are performed for optimal control of mode-to-mode transitions between the ground coherent mode and excited modes of a BEC trapped in a harmonic well. The results show greater than 99% success for nearly all trials utilizing reasonable initial guesses for the controls, and analysis of the optimal controls reveals primarily direct transitions between initial and target modes. The success of using solely the nonlinearity term as a control opens up further research toward exploring novel control mechanisms inaccessible to linear Schr\"odinger-type systems.


This paper implements a unified model of individual abstention and vote choice to analyze
policy-based alienation and indifference in Brazil's 2002 presidential election. The
results indicate that both alienation and indifference depressed turnout, with indifference
contributing slightly more to voter abstention. Also, the determinants of alienation and
indifference differed considerably, the former being determined by structural factors such
as voters' information and perceived efficacy levels, while the latter was related to shortterm
aspects such as parties' mobilization efforts. More importantly, evidence shows
that while alienation and indifference were strongly influenced by attitudinal and protest
variables, they were also affected by citizens' evaluation of candidates' ideological locations.
The main conclusion is that abstention in Brazil's 2002 election had a policy-driven
component and that spatial considerations played a substantive role in citizens' electoral
behavior, a fact that has been overlooked in previous research on the determinants of
abstention in Latin America.


Current reform efforts in America's schools focus on improving teaching quality and aligning teaching with the academic standards established for students. While other reform efforts have been attempted - such as establishing higher, consistent, and more rigorous academic standards or changing school and teaching structures - the current effort suggests that, "What teachers know and can do makes the crucial difference in what children learn" (National Commission on Teaching & America's Future, 1996, p. 6). In fact, Hirsch, Koppick, and Knapp (2000) believe that the current efforts will result in students finally gaining access to competent, caring, and qualified teachers. Unfortunately, there are sometimes disjointed relationships between teacher preparation programs at universities and the schools in which teachers-in-training experience their first instructional responsibilities. A promising bridge in these relationships has been the emergence of professional development schools (Darling-Hammond, 1989; Koehnecke, 2001). The ultimate link between theory and practice is the interconnectedness between universities and the public schools that provide the training grounds for pre-service teachers. The emphasis on teaching and learning in a clinical setting, as in a "teaching hospital" model of instruction, combines student learning with the education of professionals (Frey, in press). In this article, we provide an overview of an urban middle school that has evolved into a Professional Development School and discuss our work as participants in and contributors to a professional community of teaching practice. The student population at Clark mirrors that of many urban schools: 48% of the students are English language learners; 100% qualify for free and/or reduced lunch; 64% of the students are Latino, 17% are Asian/Filipino, 15% are African/African-American, and 4% are white. Our roles in this PDS include site-based supervisor and teacher, peer coach for literacy instruction, and university methods instructors. Creating the Focus on Instruction One of our first tasks was to form a school-adopted instructional framework. To accomplish this, a literacy leadership team was formed. Members of this team included teacher leaders from each discipline (e.g., Science, Art, PE, English, etc.), school administrators, and university professors. The outcome of our conversations and planning became the core instructional framework for the school. This framework is aligned with the National Board for Professional Teaching Standards, the California Professional Teaching Standards, and the Teacher Evaluation to Enhance Professional Practice Domains (Danielson & McGreal, 2000). A cross analysis of the professional teaching standards and the school's instructional framework revealed a close alignment of objectives (see Appendix). Further, this analysis demonstrates that the school's instructional framework is informed by the professional standards for teachers and is linked to standards for student learning. This framework was adopted by the school governance team and was subsequently used in planning professional development activities for teachers. In addition, this framework became the foundation for the on-site credential program allowing student teachers to develop their professional expertise. Getting Starting: A Preservice Professional Development Program We believe that new teachers are better prepared to work in schools with diverse student populations when they are well-versed in instructional strategies that address the needs of multi-cultural, multi-leveled, inner-city classrooms. This requires that they be well-supported through their initial teaching experiences in applying those strategies. In our Professional Development School, the university supervisor is a faculty member of the middle school who has been released from her teaching responsibilities to supervise student teachers. …


In this book, W. John Smith enlarges ethology's perspective on communication and takes it in new directions. Traditionally, ethological analysis has focused on the motivational states of displaying animals: What makes the bird sing, the cat lash its tail, the bee dance? "The Behavior of Communicating" emphasizes messages. It seeks to answer questions about the information shared by animals through their displays: What information is made available to a bird by its neighbor's song, to a cat by its opponent's gesture, to a bee by its hivemate's dancing? What information is extracted from sources contextual to these displays? How are the responses to displays adaptive for recipients and senders? What evolutionary processes and constraints underlie observed patterns of animal communication? Smith's approach is deeply rooted in the ethological tradition of naturalistic observations. Detailed analysis of observed displays and display repertoires illuminates the theoretical discussion that forms the core of the book. A taxonomy and interpretative analysis of messages made available through formalized display behavior are also developed. Smith shows that virtually all subhuman animal displays may be interpreted as transmitting messages about the communicator--not the environment--and, more specifically, that messages indicate the kinds of behavior the displaying animal may choose to perform. The most widespread behavioral messages are surprisingly general, even banal, in character; yet they make public information that is not readily available from other sources and that would otherwise be essentially private to the communicator. Taken along with information from sources contextual tothe displays, the messages made available may permit responses that are markedly specific. By taking advantage of contextual specificity, a species expands the capacity of its display behavior to be functional in numerous and diverse circumstances. After developing the concept of messages and discussing their forms, the responses made to them, and the functions engendered, Smith turns to the evolution of display behavior--the ways in which acts become specialized for communication and the nature of the evolutionary constraints affecting the ultimate forms of displays. He revises the traditional ethological concept of displays, and in a final chapter develops the further concept of formalized interactions. Here he extends the discussion to formal patterns of behavior that, unlike displays, are beyond the capabilities of individual performers. Human nonverbal communication, which is considered from time to time throughout the book, provides the richest examples of communication flexibly structured at this level of complexity.


Candida albicans is the most frequent cause of oral fungal infections. However, the exact pathogenicity mechanisms that this fungus employs are largely unknown and many of the genes expressed during oral infection are uncharacterized. In this study we sought to functionally characterize 12 previously unknown function genes associated with oral candidiasis. We generated homozygous knockout mutants for all 12 genes and analyzed their interaction with human oral epithelium in vitro. Eleven mutants caused significantly less epithelial damage and, of these, deletion of orf19.6656 (DUR31) elicited the strongest reduction in pathogenicity. Interestingly, DUR31 was not only involved in oral epithelial damage, but in multiple stages of candidiasis, including surviving attack by human neutrophils, endothelial damage and virulence in vivo. In silico analysis indicated that DUR31 encodes a sodium/substrate symporter with 13 transmembrane domains and no human homologue. We provide evidence that Dur31 transports histatin 5. This is one of the very first examples of microbial driven import of this highly cytotoxic antimicrobial peptide. Also, in contrast to wild type C. albicans, dur31Δ/Δ was unable to actively increase local environmental pH, suggesting that Dur31 lies in the extracellular alkalinization hyphal auto-induction pathway; and, indeed, DUR31 was required for morphogenesis. In agreement with this observation, dur31Δ/Δ was unable to assimilate the polyamine spermidine.


Immigrants residing among many people who share their ethnic background are especially likely to receive Supplemental Security Income (SSI) for a disability when they belong to high SSI take-up immigrant groups. After showing that this relationship cannot be fully explained by differences in health, we consider the likely sources of these network effects by separately examining their role in the decision to apply for SSI and, conditional on applying, their role in determining who ultimately receives benefits. Our results suggest that networks may increase the probability of applying for SSI despite minor disabilities, but it is unlikely that network effects are driven by egregious lies on applications.


We propose a new technique for visual attribute transfer across images that may have very different appearance but have perceptually similar semantic structure. By visual attribute transfer, we mean transfer of visual information (such as color, tone, texture, and style) from one image to another. For example, one image could be that of a painting or a sketch while the other is a photo of a real scene, and both depict the same type of scene. Our technique finds semantically-meaningful dense correspondences between two input images. To accomplish this, it adapts the notion of "image analogy" [Hertzmann et al. 2001] with features extracted from a Deep Convolutional Neutral Network for matching; we call our technique deep image analogy. A coarse-to-fine strategy is used to compute the nearest-neighbor field for generating the results. We validate the effectiveness of our proposed method in a variety of cases, including style/texture transfer, color/style swap, sketch/painting to photo, and time lapse.


Cohen excavates the social history of the contraband song, a genre of poetry and music popular during the American Civil War. Written in the voices of "contrabands," former slaves living under the protection of the Union army, contraband songs emerged in the intersections of diverse discourses and institutions of the 1860s: unionist nationalism, blackface minstrelsy, abolitionism, emancipation, antiwar satire, and the study of slave culture that began under the Port Royal experiment. The mobility and mutability of the contraband song allowed it to serve competing political agendas, and therefore Cohen argues that the contraband song offers a particularly rich opportunity to map the contested terrain of wartime culture. Ultimately, the article suggests that wartime poetry and music were crucial to the mediation of the war and must be taken more seriously in the historiography of wartime culture. Cohen analyzes a series of contraband works: abolitionist poems by John Greenleaf Whittier; African American spirituals like "O Let My People Go"; minstrel songs like "Kingdom Coming"; and an assortment of anonymous poems published as broadsides and in periodicals such as the Liberator. In addition, the article examines the use of these works in performances, quotations, recitations, and individual acts of reading. By combining close reading with an archival history of these poems and songs, Cohen proposes that "circulation" and "genre" offer valuable categories of analysis for the study of nineteenth-century poetry.


Flyer announcing a community memorial service to be held at the Ahavath Sholom Synagogue in Fort Worth, Texas. The memorial service was in memory of local soldiers "fallen in battle," and was officiated by Rabbi Samuel Soskin and Rabbi Charles Blumenthal. The soldiers remembered were: Richard Burt, Harold Gilbert, Alvin Rubin and Walter C. Sanders.


PURPOSE
MV-CBCT has multiple advantages over KV-CBCT for online IGRT, but its imaging contrast is lower than that of KV-CBCT, partly because of the scatter and the beam hardening effects. 1. To correct the scatter artifacts in megavoltage CBCT using a few MLC leaf-pairs as beam stoppers and after that; 2. To correct the beam hardening effect using fan beam projections acquired from a water equivalent cylindrical phantom.

METHODS
Two or three evenly spaced MLC leaf pairs were used as beam stoppers when acquiring the MV CBCT projections, and then the pixel readings under the leaf-blocked area was largely due to scatter. These pixel readings, plus the pixel readings just outside the field edges, can help to estimate the 2D scatter map by interpolation, which can then be subtracted from the original projections. After the scatter correction, the beam hardening correction was made by using the fan beam projections taken from a water equivalent cylindrical phantom with little scatter. In this study, 180 full MV-projections for a Catphan500 phantom with a bone equivalent annulus were acquired over 360 degree using 6 MV photon beams, with 0-180 and 180-360 degree scans using different leaf-pair as beam stoppers. The fan beam projections for beam hardening correction were acquired from a phantom of uniform density with a diameter of 25 cm.

RESULTS
Scatter and beam hardening induced cupping and shading artifacts were substantially reduced in MV-CBCT. Also, the reconstructed Catphan images were complete because we used different leaf-pairs as beam stoppers for 0-180 and 180-360 degree scans.

CONCLUSION
An efficient and effective scatter correction scheme was proposed and applied for MV-CBCT. After the scatter correction, the MV-CBCT image quality matched that from fan-beam MVCT. Beam hardening correction further improved the imaging contrast of MV-CBCT.


Due to the rapid increase of social network resources and services, Internet users are now overwhelmed by the vast quantity of social media available. By utilizing the user's context while consuming diverse multimedia contents, we can identify different personal preferences and settings. However, there is still a need to reinforce the recommendation process in a systematic way, with context-adaptive information. This thesis proposes a recommendation model, called HPEM, that establishes a bridge between the multimedia resources, user collaborative preferences, and the detected contextual information, including physiological parameters. The collection of contextual information and the delivery of the resulted recommendation is made possible by adapting the user's environment using Ambient Intelligent (AmI) interfaces. Additionally, this thesis presents the potential of including a user's biological signal and leveraging it within an adapted collaborative filtering algorithm in the recommendation process. First, the different versions of the proposed HPEM model utilize existing online social networks by incorporating social tags and rating information in ways that personalize the search for content in a particular detected context. By leveraging the social tagging, our proposed model computes the hidden preferences of users in certain contexts from other similar contexts, as well as the hidden assignment of contexts for items from other similar items. Second, we demonstrate the use of an optimization function to maximize the Mean Average Prevision (MAP) measure of the resulted recommendations. We demonstrate the feasibility of HPEM with two prototype applications that use contextual information for recommendations. Offline and online experiments have been conducted to measure the accuracy of delivering personalized recommendations, based on the user's context; two real-world and one collected semi-synthetic datasets were used. Our evaluation results show a potential improvement to the quality of the recommendation when compared to state-of-the-art recommendation algorithms that consider contextual information. We also compare the proposed method to other algorithms, where user's context is not used to personalize the recommendation results. Additionally, the results obtained demonstrate certain improvements on cold start situations, where relatively little information is known about a user or an item.


"The first strategy Janet developed for me turned a $572 expenditure into $31,000 in just six hours. Her second turned $1,280 into $105,000 in just six weeks."-Jack Canfield, cofounder of the Chicken Soup for the Soul(R) book series You've spent a lot of time, effort, and money to get where you are today. You've hired employees or established outsource relationships. You've developed products or services, advertised, sold, and delivered. Perhaps you work for a small business, sharing the owner's dream for substantial wealth. Along the way-without even knowing it-you've created something else too: marketable assets. Assets such as your relationships with suppliers, your advertising calendar, your Internet presence, your key employees, your sales force ...and everything else that affects your business. Instant Income is the first ever system to show you how to turn uncommon assets into income you can make and use in just hours, days or weeks-and to help you develop entirely new streams of income from unlikely sources. With Janet Switzer's proven secrets, you'll be able to Discover hidden pockets of potential income-at no cost to you Sell more to your current customers and generate new clients Lower costs, increase prices, and maximize profits Get others to do your marketing for you Create your own Instant Income implementation plan This comprehensive guide is packed with ready-to-use campaigns, money-generating guidelines, do-it-yourself financial calendars, and so much more. Best of all, the purchase of this book gives you FREE full access to the Instant Income online tools. These tools include a FREE online audit, FREE sample intrapreneurship template, and FREE e-training program. This is no ordinary how-to guide. This is Instant Income-for you, for real, for life.


The aim of this major reference work is to provide a first point of entry to the literature for the researchers in any field relating to structural integrity in the form of a definitive research/reference tool which links the various sub-disciplines that comprise the whole of structural integrity.Special emphasis will be given to the interaction between mechanics and materials and structural integrity applications. Because of the interdisciplinary and applied nature of the work, it will be of interest to mechanical engineers and materials scientists from both academic and industrial backgrounds including bioengineering, interface engineering and nanotechnology.The scope of this work encompasses, but is not restricted to:fracture mechanics, fatigue, creep, materials, dynamics, environmental degradation, numerical methods, failure mechanisms and damage mechanics, interfacial fracture and nano-technology, structural analysis, surface behaviour and heart valves.The structures under consideration include:pressure vessels and piping, off-shore structures, gas installations and pipelines, chemical plants, aircraft, railways, bridges, plates and shells, electronic circuits, interfaces, nanotechnology, artificial organs, biomaterial prostheses, cast structures, mining... and more. Case studies will form an integral part of the work.


Fifty years of experience tells us that the right game for tax researchers and outside agencies interested in fostering better sustainable tax systems in developing countries researchers is not the short-term political game in which policy decisions are made. The right game for them is instead the long-term one of building up the institutional capacity both within and outside governments to articulate relevant ideas for change, to collect and analyze relevant data, and of course to assess and criticize the effects of such changes as are made. Tax researchers in developing countries can and should play an active role in all these activities. To do so, however, they often need considerably more and more sustained support from academic institutions abroad as well as from international agencies than is now available. Such long-term 'institution-building' activities are seldom immediately rewarding. They appear at present to be out of fashion with international agencies concerned with development, where most efforts at present seem to focus on designing and implementing ever more rigorous 'benchmarking' schemes. Nonetheless, the long-term institution-building approach seems still to provide the most useful way in which foreigners may perhaps be able to assist in the formidable and on-going task of achieving more efficient, equitable, effective, and sustainable tax systems in developing countries.


For digital photographs of astronomical objects, where exposure times are usually long and ISO settings high, the so-called dark-current is a significant source of noise. Dark-current refers to thermally generated electrons and is therefore present even in the absence of light. This paper presents a novel approach for denoising astronomical images that have been corrupted by dark-current noise. Our method relies on a probabilistic description of the dark-current of each pixel of a given camera. The noise model is then combined with an image prior which is adapted to astronomical images. In a laboratory environment, we use a black and white CCD camera containing a cooling unit and show that our method is superior to existing methods in terms of root mean squared error. Furthermore, we show that our method is practically relevant by providing visually more appealing results on astronomical photographs taken with a single lens reflex CMOS camera.


A number of indirect studies suggest a role for endogenous arachidonic acid (AA) in pancreatic islet function. To probe the effects of this fatty acid, AA and other polyunsaturated fatty acids were exogenously provided in Ca2+-free medium to avoid the formation of insoluble or impermeant Ca2+-arachidonate complexes. Concentrations of AA of ≧3 μM induced potent and sustained but reversible 45Ca efflux from prelabeled intact (or digitonin-permeabilized) islets; AA also nduced insulin release at somewhat higher concentrations. Other unsaturated fatty acids (erucic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic, dihomo-γ-linolenic, eicosapentaenoic, docosahexaenoic acids) were generally less active than AA itself, indicating a structure-function relationship. The effects of AA were saturable, were inhibitable by cooling, and were not accompanied in parallel by 51Cr release or trypan blue retention, suggesting a nontoxic mechanism. At low concentrations (3.3–16 μM), at which AA does not stimulate insulin release, AA-induced 45Ca efflux was not reduced by pretreatment with ionomycin (to deplete membrane-bound Ca2+ stores), suggesting stimulation of Ca2+ extrusion through the plasma membrane. At higher concentrations (≧25 μM), at which AA promotes insulin release, further Ca2+ efflux was stimulated, which was blunted by pretreatment with ionomycin (as well as by trifluoperazine). Conversely, pretreatment with AA obliterated the effects of ionomycin (3 μM) on cellular Ca2+ mobilization. Thus, AA also mobilizes Ca2+ from intracellular organelles, leading to a rise in free cytosolic Ca2+ (as previously reported). AA-induced 45Ca efflux and insulin release were independent of the presence of extracellular Na+ and did not require the oxygenation of AA. Dose-response curves comparing45Ca efflux and insulin secretion suggested that AA also stimulates hormone release by at least one other mechanism in addition to Ca2+ mobilization. This second stimulatory effect of AA could be seen in digitonin-permeabilized islets, where changes in cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration were vitiated by EGTA-containing buffers. Such secretion was also saturable and was inhibited by cooling or by spermine (which inhibits protein kinase C in the islet). Furthermore, AA-induced secretion from either intact or permeabilized islets was blunted by prolonged pretreatment of islets with a phorbol ester to deplete them of protein kinase C. Thus, exogenous arachidonic acid seems to be a complete secretagogue, having stimulatory effects both on Ca2+ mobilization and Ca2+-related secretory processes, putatively the activation of protein kinase C.


Russell Goodman examines the curious reemergence of pragmatism in a field dominated in the past decades by phenomenology, logic, positivism, and deconstruction. With contributions from major contemporary and classical thinkers such as Cornel West, Richard Rorty, Nancy Fraser, Charles Sanders Peirce, and Ralph Waldo Emerson, Russell has gathered an impressive chorus of philosophical voices that reexamine the origins and complexities of neo-pragmatism. The contributors discuss the relationship of pragmatism and literary theory, phenomenology, existentialism, and the work of Ralph Waldo Emerson. They question the meaning of pragmatics, what it is to be practical, and ask provocative questions such as: what is reading? and whether democracy is a precondition for the functioning of intelligence. This work places this reemergent and interesting neo-development in its proper context and will provide readers with a strong sense of the movement's foundations, history, and subtlities.


CHINA AND THE VIETNAM WARS, 1950-1975, Qiang Zhai, The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 2000, 320 pages, $49.95/$19.95. China and the Vietnam Wars, 1950-1975; is one of many about Chinese involvement in the Indochina Wars. Qiang Zhai is one of the first to use recently opened Chinese archives; the many memoirs, diaries, and documentary collections published in China over the last decade; and secondary works based on archival sources. He concentrates exclusively on the policies and personalities of those involved in China's Vietnam policy. This is not a definitive study. Many American, Russian, Chinese, and Vietnamese archives are still closed, but it does begin to shed light on reasons for Chinese behavior during the period. Chinese support for the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) is an important part of the People's Republic of China's (PRC) diplomatic history and the Cold War in Asia. Ho Chi Minh called the Chinese "comrades plus brothers" during the height of their influence. In the first 25 years of its existence, the PRC aided the DRV against France and the United States. With varying degrees of success, the DRV used Chinese models in the 1950s and 1960s to fight the French and rebuild the north after the First Indochina War. However, between 1968 and 1972, China adjusted its diplomatic strategy, and the SinoVietnamese alliance slowly fell apart. By 1975, the alliance was in disarray, and China faced the prospect of an alliance between Vietnam and the Soviet Union. Zhai traces the course of the SinoVietnamese alliance and shows how events in Laos and Cambodia influenced Chinese policy toward Vietnam. He eschews impersonal social scientific models to explain change. Instead, he highlights the individual's role in making history, framing his discussion by identifying four interwoven motives that influenced Chinese policy: geopolitical realities; a sense of obligation and mission to aid a fraternal Communist party and promote Asian anti-imperialist revolutionary movements; personality; and using foreign affairs to promote a domestic political agenda. Zhai emphasizes Mao Zedong's role as a charismatic revolutionary visionary who set the general framework of China's foreign policy. Mao made the crucial decisions to aid Ho Chi Minh, confront U.S. pressure, accept or reject Soviet initiatives, and change Chinese policy toward the United States. His close associates implemented these decisions. …


Turing's Connectionism provides a detailed and in-depth analysis of Turing's almost forgotten ideas on connectionist machines. In a little known paper entitled "Intelligent Machinery", Turing already investigated connectionist models as early as 1948. Unfortunately, his work was dismissed by his employer as a "schoolboy essay" and went unpublished until 1968, 14 years after his death. In this book, Christof Teuscher analyzes all aspects of Turing's "unorganized machines". Turing himself also proposed a sort of genetic algorithm to train the networks. This idea has been resumed by the author and genetic algorithms are used to build and train Turing's unorganized machines. Teuscher's work starts from Turing's initial ideas, but importantly goes beyond them. Many new kinds of machines and new aspects are considered, e.g., hardware implementation, analysis of the complex dynamics of the networks, hypercomputation, and learning algorithms.


Standardization reduces technical barriers to trade and foster dissemination of innovations. Within the domain of information technology, standardization enhances semantic interoperability of systems and services. In order to achieve the potential of standardization, IT solutions must be localized to adapt to local ne eds. To reduce localization costs, software developers, but also standards develop and adopt internationalization principles and best practices, cf. the W3C Internationalization (I18n) Activity, the ISO 639 Language Codes, which provides an example for code lists and code list management, and the coding of coordinate reference systems. For the domain of Land Administration, the localization issue extends from language names to the various organizations and institutions deali ng with interests in land. Paasch et al (2013) propose code lists as a mean of internationalization by which the classes of the ISO 19152:2012 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) may be related to the concerned jurisdiction. The issue of code lists has been addressed by the OGC as well, namely in terms of the document 17-050r1 Code List Manifesto by Pau l Scarponcini. Motivations for the study include that various OGC standards have encoded enumerations and code lists differently, as realized during the development of the InfraGML standard, which regards land and civil engineering infrastructure facilities, an d thus share part of its scope with LADM. Aiming at harmonization of standards within the domain of Land Administration, the present paper proposes a joint management of the code lists which are specified by ISO LADM and by OGC LandInfra / InfraGML, respectively. The FIG motivated the ISO standard LADM and moreover framed research on code lists. It seem s therefore appropriate to join with this organization of surveying professionals, also to benefit from sharing of expertise and cost of the management activities. The paper the outlines t he tasks of code list management by drawing on the mentioned Code List Manifesto and resuming research supporting code list management, e.g. terminological theory and semantic tools. The setup of a possible code list management system is discussed, and summarized in terms of a draft Memorandum of Understanding.


It is of essential importance for historians to know the date and place of origin of the documents they study. It would be a huge advancement for historical scholars if it would be possible to automatically estimate the geographical and temporal provenance of a handwritten document by inferring them from the handwriting style of such a document. We propose a multiple-label guided clustering algorithm to discover the correlations between the concrete low-level visual elements in historical documents and abstract labels, such as date and location. First, a novel descriptor, called histogram of orientations of handwritten strokes, is proposed to extract and describe the visual elements, which is built on a scale-invariant polar-feature space. In addition, the multi-label self-organizing map (MLSOM) is proposed to discover the correlations between the low-level visual elements and their labels in a single framework. Our proposed MLSOM can be used to predict the labels directly. Moreover, the MLSOM can also be considered as a pre-structured clustering method to build a codebook, which contains more discriminative information on date and geography. The experimental results on the medieval paleographic scale data set demonstrate that our method achieves state-of-the-art results.


Understanding elemental abundance variations in the solar corona provides an insight into how matter and energy flow from the chromosphere into the heliosphere. Observed variations depend on the first ionization potential (FIP) of the main elements of the Sun's atmosphere. High-FIP elements (>10 eV) maintain photospheric abundances in the corona, whereas low-FIP elements have enhanced abundances. Conversely, inverse FIP (IFIP) refers to the enhancement of high-FIP or depletion of low-FIP elements. We use spatially resolved spectroscopic observations, specifically the Ar xiv/Ca xiv intensity ratio, from Hinode's Extreme-ultraviolet Imaging Spectrometer to investigate the distribution and evolution of plasma composition within two confined flares in a newly emerging, highly sheared active region. During the decay phase of the first flare, patches above the flare ribbons evolve from the FIP to the IFIP effect, while the flaring loop tops show a stronger FIP effect. The patch and loop compositions then evolve toward the preflare basal state. We propose an explanation of how flaring in strands of highly sheared emerging magnetic fields can lead to flare-modulated IFIP plasma composition over coalescing umbrae which are crossed by flare ribbons. Subsurface reconnection between the coalescing umbrae leads to the depletion of low-FIP elements as a result of an increased wave flux from below. This material is evaporated when the flare ribbons cross the umbrae. Our results are consistent with the ponderomotive fractionation model for the creation of IFIP-biased plasma.


The study explores the possible unintended health effects of reforms aimed at making eligibility criteria for occupational retirement more severe. The causal link between retirement age and hospitalization for cardiovascular diseases is investigated in a large sample of male Italian retirees (N=94,521). Endogeneity is addressed by an Instrumental Variable identification strategy, in a quasi-natural experiment set-up. The instrument exploits the variation in pension age determined by the standardization of the labour market transitions, which induce workers born during the first months of the year to retire at an older age. The analysis is performed on a longitudinal dataset that combines several Italian administrative archives on pensions, working histories and hospitalization. Results show a significant health detrimental effect of extended working life. A one-year delay in retirement increases the incidence of hospitalization for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) at 68-70 years old by 2.4 percentage points (p-value<0.01). Retirees who, during their careers, were lower income earners, mainly employed in the secondary sector and in manual occupations, are the groups paying the highest price for staying longer at work, as for them the impact of pension age on CVD is even higher. Sensitivity analyses show that results are robust to different model specifications; to the inclusion of career controls and to seasonality.


OBJECTIVE
Alcoholism is associated with gray matter volume deficits in frontal and other brain regions. Whether persistent brain volume deficits in abstinence are predictive of subsequent time to alcohol relapse has not been established. The authors measured gray matter volumes in healthy volunteers and in a sample of treatment-engaged, alcohol-dependent patients after 1 month of abstinence and assessed whether smaller frontal gray matter volume was predictive of subsequent alcohol relapse outcomes.

METHOD
Forty-five abstinent alcohol-dependent patients in treatment and 50 healthy comparison subjects were scanned once using high-resolution (T(1)-weighted) structural MRI, and voxel-based morphometry was used to assess regional brain volume differences between the groups. A prospective study design was used to assess alcohol relapse in the alcohol-dependent group for 90 days after discharge from 6 weeks of inpatient treatment.

RESULTS
Significantly smaller gray matter volume in alcohol-dependent patients relative to comparison subjects was seen in three regions: the medial frontal cortex, the right lateral prefrontal cortex, and a posterior region surrounding the parietal-occipital sulcus. Smaller medial frontal and parietal-occipital gray matter volumes were each predictive of shorter time to any alcohol use and to heavy drinking relapse.

CONCLUSIONS
These findings are the first to demonstrate that gray matter volume deficits in specific medial frontal and posterior parietal-occipital brain regions are predictive of an earlier return to alcohol use and relapse risk, suggesting a significant role for gray matter atrophy in poor clinical outcomes in alcoholism. Extent of gray matter volume deficits in these regions could serve as useful neural markers of relapse risk and alcoholism treatment outcome.


Deep brain stimulation (DBS) for Parkinson's disease is a highly effective treatment in controlling otherwise debilitating symptoms yet the underlying brain mechanisms are currently not well understood. We used whole-brain computational modeling to disclose the effects of DBS ON and OFF during collection of resting state fMRI in ten Parkinson's Disease patients. Specifically, we explored the local and global impact of DBS in creating asynchronous, stable or critical oscillatory conditions using a supercritical bifurcation model. We found that DBS shifts the global brain dynamics of patients nearer to that of healthy people by significantly changing the bifurcation parameters in brain regions implicated in Parkinson's Disease. We also found higher communicability and coherence brain measures during DBS ON compared to DBS OFF. Finally, by modeling stimulation we identified possible novel DBS targets. These results offer important insights into the underlying effects of DBS, which may in time offer a route to more efficacious treatments.


Convenience food manufacture generates considerable waste through poor planning of production. This problem is particularly acute for products that have a very short shelf-life and will be disposed of as waste should their shelf life expire. Chilled ready-meals are convenience foods with relatively short shelf-lives and volatile consumer demands; their manufacture is based on forecasted volumes and when demand has been over-predicted, considerable wastes are created. This is referred to as overproduction waste (OPW), which typically sees finished products disposed of through commercial waste channels as a result of lack of demand. The research reported in this paper has investigated the generation of a responsive demand management framework for the reduction of OPWs.


To better combat the expansion of antibiotic resistance in pathogens, new compounds, particularly those with novel mechanisms-of-action [MOA], represent a major research priority in biomedical science. However, rediscovery of known antibiotics demonstrates a need for approaches that accurately identify potential novelty with higher throughput and reduced labor. Here we describe an explainable artificial intelligence classification methodology that emphasizes prediction performance and human interpretability by using a Hierarchical Ensemble of Classifiers model optimized with a novel feature selection algorithm called Clairvoyance; collectively referred to as a CoHEC model. We evaluated our methods using whole transcriptome responses from Escherichia coli challenged with 41 known antibiotics and 9 crude extracts while depositing 122 transcriptomes unique to this study. Our CoHEC model can properly predict the primary MOA of previously unobserved compounds in both purified forms and crude extracts at an accuracy above 99%, while also correctly identifying darobactin, a newly discovered antibiotic, as having a novel MOA. In addition, we deploy our methods on a recent E. coli transcriptomics dataset from a different strain and a Mycobacterium smegmatis metabolomics timeseries dataset showcasing exceptionally high performance; improving upon the performance metrics of the original publications. We not only provide insight into the biological interpretation of our model but also that the concept of MOA is a non-discrete heuristic with diverse effects for different compounds within the same MOA, suggesting substantial antibiotic diversity awaiting discovery within existing MOA.


After he had only tightly lost the election in July 2006, Andrés Manuel López Obrador and his Coalición claimed fraud and asserted that unfair conditions during the campaign had diminished his chances to win the presidency. The paper investigates this latter allegation centering on a perceived campaign of hate, unequal access to campaign resources and malicious treatment by the mass media. It further analyzes the mass media's performance during the conflictual post electoral period until the final decision of the Federal Electoral Tribunal on September 5 th , 2006. While the media's performance during the campaign tells us about their compliance with fair media coverage mechanisms that have been implemented by electoral reforms in the 1990s, the mass media is uncontained by such measures after the election. Thus, their mode of coverage of the postelectoral conflicts allows us to " test " the mass media's transformation to a more unbiased, social responsible " fourth estate ". Finally the paper scrutinizes whether the claims of fraud and the protests by the leftist movement resulted in lower levels of institutional trust and democratic support. The analysis of the media performance is based on data provided by the Federal Electoral Institute (IFE). Its Media Monitor encompassed more than 150 TV stations, 240 radio stations and 200 press publications. However, there is no comparable data available for the postelectoral period. Interviews with Mexican media experts, which the author has conducted during the postelectoral period, serve as empirical basis for the second part. Data on the public opinions and attitudes of Mexican citizens are taken from the 2007 Latinobarometro, the 2006 Encuesta Nacional and several polls conducted by Grupo Reforma. The results do not support López Obradors notions. Even though a strong party bias is characteristic of the Mexican media system, all findings hint at a continuity of balanced campaign coverage and fair access to mass media publicity. Coverage during the postelectoral period was more polarized, yet both sides remained at least partially open for oppositional views. The claims of fraud, mass protest mobilization and anti-institutional discourse by Lopez Obrador's leftist movement seem not to have caused significant loss in institutional trust, support of and satisfaction with democracy, even though these levels remain quite low.


Purpose Evaluation of a customer-designed dental service network across the service sectors for geriatric patients. Context The lack in accessibility of dental services and the non-awareness of possible dental causes to medical problems by clinicians often prevents the geriatric patient from receiving the dental care needed. In cooperation with the Dental Board a geriatric dentist was appointed, multi-professional rounds, training in oral hygiene organized and a documentation system for cross-references to other medical conditions and the nutritional status implemented. Data source The scientific evaluation of >280 geriatric dental patients from 2008 to 2009 (22 with original teeth, 260 with dentures, 88 with denture problems, 32 with other affections). Case description Upon admission patients are screened for dental problems. Possible problems are seen by the specially trained geriatric dentist. The patient's dental problems are photo-documented and than cross-referenced to his overall medical condition in a common documentation sheet for an overview of possible dental causes, the nutritional situation or other conditions. Conclusion and discussion The integration of a special geriatric dental service, using competence from across the sectors of medical care lead to an improved level of dental care and oral hygiene in the geriatric patients and better inter-professional understanding.


Time domain reflectometry, a technique originally used in diagnosing cable faults, can also locate where a cable is being touched. In this paper, we explore how to extend time domain reflectometry in order to touch-enable thin, modular, and deformable surfaces and devices. We demonstrate how to use this approach to make smart clothing and to rapid prototype touch-sensitive objects of arbitrary shape. To accomplish this, we extend time domain reflectometry in three ways: (1) Thin: We demonstrate how to run time domain reflectometry on a single wire. This allows us to touch-enable thin metal objects, such as guitar strings. (2) Modularity: We present a two-pin connector system that allows users to daisy chain touch-sensitive segments. We illustrate these enhancements with 13 prototypes and a series of performance measurements. (3) Deformability: We create deformable touch devices by mounting stretch-able wire patterns onto elastic tape and meshes. We present selected performance measurements.


Although considering questions of wisdom and humility in relation to climate change may seem like a soft theoretical topic for an issue that needs hard and clear responses, there is an increasing literature that suggests the global inability to agree on the nature of climate change and what a response entails may be grounded in modern ways of thinking and being—ways that have long marginalized such inquiries. The increasing power of science and computer modeling has not only give us new ways of thinking about our relation to climate, but also represents our entry into a new sense of being where we are aware of humanity's interconnection with an ever‐changing climate system. Research with indigenous views of climate change and paleoclimatology are revealing historic insights on the evolving relation between the human mind and cycles of climate change. While such research can help situate our present realizations about human embeddedness within a longer history of human–climate relations, it is also necessary to recognize the unique dimensions of our current situation. This includes the increasing power of industrial humanity to destabilize global climate–human systems through greenhouse gas emissions; to technologically monitor those changes; and to promote changes in behavior that can be ethically responsive to global, not simply regional, climate–human relations. This article considers climate change as a challenge to modern ways of thinking and being, and concludes by contemplating some implications of returning to an older humility and wisdom. WIREs Clim Change 2014, 5:247–260. doi: 10.1002/wcc.267


The influence of osmotic pressure of the incubating medium (25-500 mM sucrose) on oligomycin--sensitive, 2,4-dinitrophenyl-stimulated ATP-ase-activity, Mg2+ release and swelling of the liver mitochondria in 1-, 3-, 12-, 24-months Wistar rats is, investigated to determine age changes of structurally functional state of mitochondria. An increase in the sucrose concentration in the medium from 150 to 500 mM causes almost equal and practically absolute inhibition of ATP-ase-activity in different-age groups of rats, regardless of the presence or absence of Mg2+ ions in the medium A fall of the sucrose concentration to 150-25 mM induces a decrease in mitochondria ATP-ase-activity in Mg2+ free medium in 12- and 24-months rats (to 30 and 22%, respectively). No changes are observed in 1- and 3-months animals. Differences in rates of exogenous NADH oxidation by mitochondria of 1- and 12-months rats as a reflection of inner membrane damage degree are not observed under these conditions. Relative changes in ATP-ase-activity in a Mg2+ free medium with sucrose concentration of 25 mM (compared with 150 mM) correlate (r = 0.82) with those of optical density of mitochondria, measured at light wave length of 520 nm. It is obvious that the liver mitochondria of young and old rats sufficiently differ in spontaneous swelling rate in the media with different osmotic pressure: mitochondria of 1-month rats swell much faster than those of old rats. Considerable age differences of osmotic dependence of Mg2+ output from mitochondria are observed. They depend also on peculiarities of spontaneous organelle swelling dynamics


The paper investigates the role of global supply chains in explaining the trade collapse of 2008-2009 and the long-term variations observed in trade elasticity. Building on the empirical results obtained from a subset of input-output matrices and the exploratory analysis of a large and diversified sample of countries, a formal model is specified to measure the respective short-term and long-term dynamics of trade elasticity. The model is then used to formally probe the role of vertical integration in explaining changes in trade elasticity. Aggregated results on long-term trade elasticity tend to support the hypothesis that world economy has undertaken in the late 1980s a "traverse" between two underlying economic models. During this transition, the expansion of international supply chains determined an apparent increase in trade elasticity. Two supply chains related effects (the composition and the bullwhip effects) explain also the overshooting of trade elasticity that occurred during the 2008-2009 trade collapse. But vertical specialization is unable to explain the heterogeneity observed on a country and sectoral level, indicating that other contributive factors may also have been at work to explain the diversity of the observed results.


The purpose of this dissertation was to explore the implications of being identified on a list based on criminal justice involvement. The list of interest was the Downtown 100 (DT100), a list of youth and adults with significant involvement in the criminal justice system in an upper Midwest urban center. The main identified commonality for those identified on the DT100 is homelessness, while he commonality not readily identified is that most people on the DT100 are people of color. Issues common to youth identified on this criminal justice-based list include a potential for criminal identity, increased risk, and stigma. The three products that made up this dissertation include a conceptual article, a research article, and a paper presentation based on the findings of the research study. The conceptual article laid the foundation of the dissertation by exploring the literature related to youth homelessness and the criminalization of young people of color. Discovery of the common issues noted above informed the focus of the research study. A conceptual framework was developed that provided the lens for the dissertation and plan for future research. The research study employed a qualitative approach using semi-structured interviews for data collection. Seventeen professionals who were key informants of the DT100 team were interviewed to discover their perceptions of the DT100 strategy and of the youth who have been identified. Findings reinforced the issues identified in the literature. The goal of the paper presentation was to disseminate the research study findings and underscore the potential concerns of identification on a criminal justice-based list. The future research plan includes interviewing youth and adults identified on the DT100 to uncover their lived experience of being identified on a criminal justice-based list. Ultimately, the plan is to bring the professionals, adults, and youth together to develop best practices for working together. IMPLICATIONS OF IDENTIFICATION ON A LIST iii


The article looks into eco-innovation as a concept that supersedes the older concept of environmental technology. The analytical basis of eco-innovation is under construction, there is no commonly agreed definition. For most people eco-innovation is another term for innovation for the environment, and includes environmental-beneficial innovations who are not environmentally motivated. The article offers a typology of eco-innovation developed in a project for the European Commission, examines indicators for measurement and offers suggestions for measurement. Push and pull mechanisms for different types of eco-innovations are discussed, before turning to a discussion on patterns in eco-innovation. The article presents data that illustrates the shift towards cleaner products and continuing importance of end-of-pipe solutions, and discusses national differences in eco-innovation use, lead market issues, and the growing attention to system innovation. A conclusion of the article is that the statistical basis is still poor and needs to be augmented, something for which the article offers recommendations.


The aim of this study was to evaluate subjectively and objectively neuromuscular fatigue in female painters before and after a workingday. The subjects (n=11) were female painters aged 22–60 years. The subjects completed a questionnaire and gave a subjective evaluation on muscle fatigue sensation in hands, trunk, back and lower limbs according to Borg's Category Ratio (CR-10) scale. Thereafter they performed 3-minute test of painting a wall, in the course of which the electromyographical (EMG) power spectral median frequency (MF) slope for biceps brachii, trapezius, deltoid and infraspinatus muscles was measured. The results indicated a significant change in the subjective muscle fatigue sensation in hands by 40%, lower limbs by 54% and trunk by 57% after the working day, compared to the beginning of the working day. EMG power spectral MF slope of the measured muscles did not differ significantly during the 3-minute wall coloring test before and after working day. It was concluded that subjective muscle fatigue sensation in hands, lower limbs and trunk was higher after the working day whereas it was less pronounced in the back. Muscle fatigue evaluated objectively by MF slope of EMG power spectrum from biceps brachii, trepezius, deltoid and infraspinatus muscles was not evident during the wall coloring test before and after the working day.


Polarized epithelial cells are responsible for the vectorial transport of solutes and have a key role in maintaining body fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. Such cells contain structurally and functionally distinct plasma membrane domains. Brush border and basolateral membranes of renal and intestinal epithelial cells can be separated using a number of different separation techniques, which allow their different transport functions and receptor expressions to be studied. In this communication, we report a proteomic analysis of these two membrane segments, apical and basolateral, obtained from the rat renal cortex isolated by two different methods: differential centrifugation and free‐flow electrophoresis. The study was aimed at assessing the nature of the major proteins isolated by these two separation techniques. Two analytical strategies were used: separation by sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) at the protein level or by cation‐exchange high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) after proteolysis (i.e., at the peptide level). Proteolytic peptides derived from the proteins present in gel pieces or from HPLC fractions after proteolysis were sequenced by on‐line liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS). Several hundred proteins were identified in each membrane section. In addition to proteins known to be located at the apical and basolateral membranes, several novel proteins were also identified. In particular, a number of proteins with putative roles in signal transduction were identified in both membranes. To our knowledge, this is the first reported study to try and characterize the membrane proteome of polarized epithelial cells and to provide a data set of the most abundant proteins present in renal proximal tubule cell membranes.∁


As the end of the century approaches, the Asian-Pacific region is becoming the most important economic area in the world. Pekka Korhonen examines the nature of Japan's economic rise since World War II, and its relations with other countries in the Pacific area. This in turn led to an optimistic world outlook for Japan, in which military tension was wiped away in the light of sustained economic growth and the formation of an inter-dependent structure for Asian-Pacific countries.


We present a surprising modification of optical interferometry. A so-called spiral phase element in the beam path of a standard microscope results in an interferogram of phase samples, for which the interference fringes have the shape of spirals instead of closed contour lines as in traditional interferograms. This configuration overrides the basic problem of interferometry, i.e., that elevations and depressions cannot be distinguished. Therefore a complete sample profile can be reconstructed from a single exposure, promising, e.g., high-speed metrology with a single laser pulse. The method is easy to implement, it does not require a spatially separated reference beam, and it is optimally stable against environmental noise.


Specific conditions of on-orbit environment are taken into account in the design of all devices intended to be used in space. Despite this fact malfunctions of satellites occur and sometimes lead to shortening of the satellite operational lifetime. It is considered to use unmanned servicing satellite, that could perform repairs of other satellites. Such satellites equipped with a manipulator, could be used to capture and remove from orbit large space debris. The critical part of planned missions is the capture manoeuvre. In this paper a concept of the control system for the manipulator mounted on the satellite is presented. This control system is composed of the trajectory planning module and model predictive controller (the latter is responsible for ensuring precise realization of the planned trajectory). Numerical simulations performed for the simplified planar case with a 2 DoF manipulator show that the results obtained with the predictive control are better than the results obtained with adaptive control method.


Peter Gowan's brilliant analysis of U.S. primacy provokes this discussion on the role of the Third World since the 1940s. One cannot think of the cold war epoch without the constant pressure from the Third World on the two major camps, and one cannot conceive of the post-cold war alignment by sections of the Third World without a class assessment of the regimes and programs in the darker nations. This essay attempts to supplement Gowan's framework with the addition of the Third World, at the same time as it offers a synoptic study of India's relationship with the United States as an example.


Abstract A number of large-scale integrated studies, including the TOR and POLONAISE'97 projects, with an emphasis on seismic methods, have been used to elucidate the southwestern boundary (suture zone) between the East European Craton and the Phanerozoic terranes of Western Europe. Results indicate that a thick slab of mantle lithosphere below the craton thins southwestwards beneath the Trans-European Suture Zone and is not seen south of the Variscan front. The thinning is not gradual, but is interrupted by at least two abrupt deep boundaries, the most significant of which corresponds to the surface position of the Tornquist Zone, a major fault. The present geometry of the lithosphere is the result of modification of the margin of the Neoproterozoic continent Baltica by Phanerozoic processes, including the development of the Tornquist Zone and the stretching of the lithosphere in a broad central block SW of this zone. Seismic results and their interpretations from the TOR tomographic project are presented and compared with results from the POLONAISE'97 controlled source project to the SE. Both investigations have shown high-angle, non-symmetrical features extending deep into the mantle.


Most untethered magnetic soft robots are controlled by a continuously applied magnetic field. The accuracy of their motion depends completely on the accuracy of external magnetic field, consequently any slight disturbance may cause a dramatic change. Here, we report a new structure and driven method design to achieve a novel magnetic soft robot, denoted as "BUCK", which can achieve accurate and stable locomotion with weakly dependence on the magnetic field. The robot BUCK consists of functional magnetic composite materials with one central transportation platform and four crawling arms, whose motion is mainly based on hyperelastic buckling and recovering of the arms. BUCK is capable of cargo transportation with multimodal locomotion, such as crawling, climbing, and turning with high adaptability to various surfaces. Due to the applied discontinuous magnetic field, BUCK consumes much less driven energy compared with conventional magnetic robots. Moreover, we develop theoretical and numerical models to rationally design the precisely controlled BUCK. Our study shows applications in terms of transportation functions, such as for optical path adjustments and photographic tasks in complex circumstances. This work also provides new ideas on how to utilize nonlinear deformation more efficiently; one could combine the benefits for both the flexible electronics and actuation applications.


The statistical properties of four spectral shape parameters {Qp, Qe, K and v) and the correlation coefficient between succeeding wave heights (pHH) are investigated using field data and numerically simulated data. The effects of spectral smoothing, integration range and duration of the data record on estimates of these parameters are discussed. The relation between spectral shape and wave grouping is discussed in relation to Kimura's theory for group length statistics. A group length distribution independent method for computing this mean group length is introduced. Further, a comparison is made between time and frequency domain estimates of the correlation coefficient between successive wave heights. Observed discrepancies between them are analyzed and an improved method for the spectral computation of this coefficient is suggested.


This study sought to find out the role of the programme co-ordinators in the Zimbabwe Open University in delivering quality service to students. A case study (Flick 2004) of a purposive sample of 50 students and 12 programme coordinators participated in this research. Data was obtained from students and programme coordinators' essays evaluated with Qualitative content analysis. Respondents were of the view that there is need for a paradigm shift in the way in which programme co-ordinators work and pay critical attention to developing trust in students, empowering students, and work as knowledge creators and knowledge retrievers. They suggested that the programme co-ordinators must run parallel leadership centres and be visible in the community. The study recommended a paradigm shift in the work of the programme co-ordinators. Programme coordinators need to work as managers of their programmes, incorporating students in planning, instructional design and course development. Quality decision making by the programme coordinators in their endeavours to provide quality serviced to the students need not to be emphasised in the contemporary higher education programme management. Further studies need to be done on supporting the programme co-ordinators in the regions. Key Words: Quality; open and distance learning; programme co-ordinator; paradigm shift.


Multiproxy data from North Atlantic deep-sea sediment core NEAP18K provide a detailed record of climate through oxygen isotope stage (OIS) 5. Seven distinct, large-scale episodes of ice rafting (C25–C19) were identified between 126 and 70 ka. Global ice-volume reconstructions, based on high-resolution benthic δ 18 O records, indicate that major ice-rafting events were not confined to ice-volume maxima at OIS 5d and 5b, but also occurred during periods of ice-sheet growth and disintegration. However, iceberg discharges were restricted to times when sea levels were 40–65 m below present values. Ice-rafting episode C25, the first large-scale cooling of mid-Atlantic surface waters after the last interglacial, occurred during the gradual buildup of continental ice sheets at the OIS 5e-5d transition. Major ice-sheet collapses allied to ice-rafting events C24 and C21 were associated with rapid sea-level increases of 20 and 40 m, respectively. Suborbital climatic fluctuations in the NEAP18K sedimentary record, denoted by prominent 7.5, 4.5, and 3 k.y. cyclicities, appear to correlate with both Greenland atmospheric temperatures and changes in thermohaline circulation patterns, inferred from benthic δ 13 C values, and hence provide clear evidence of a highly interconnected North Atlantic climatic regime during OIS 5.


In the first chapter, ''Asset Pricing Implications of Hiring Demographics'', I document that U.S. industries that shift their skilled workforce toward young employees exhibit higher expected equity returns. The youngminus-old (YMO) hiring return spread comoves negatively with value-minus-growth while being significantly positive on average. Exposure to the YMO spread accounts for a significant portion of annual momentum profits at the industry level. I find that an adjustment of the skilled workforce toward young employees is associated with greater productivity in new capital inputs of an industry. This motivates a risk-based explanation for the YMO spread, and its interaction with value and momentum. A model of investment and hiring where young and experienced employees are equipped with differential roles in production and investment can account for the empirical findings. The second chapter, ''Risk, Unemployment, and the Stock Market: A Rare-Event-Based Explanation of Labor Market Volatility'', co-authored with Jessica A. Wachter, answers the following questions: What is the driving force behind the cyclical behavior of unemployment and vacancies? What is the relation between job-creation incentives of firms and stock market valuations? Our model features time-varying risk, modeled as a small and variable probability of an economic disaster. A high probability implies greater risk and lower future growth, lowering the incentives of firms to invest in hiring. During periods of high risk, stock market valuations are low and unemployment rises. The model thus explains volatility in equity and labor markets, and the relation between the two. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Finance First Advisor Jessica A. Wachter Second Advisor Amir Yaron