It is well-known that the Arab philosophers of the Aristotelian tradition, like some of their Alexandrian predecessors, attached rhetoric and poetics to logic, and supported this inclusion by the idea that the principal poetic procedure - that is, essentially, metaphor - is a kind of syllogism: the poetic syllogism. However, until now, no texts prior to those of Avicenna had been identified which render the structure of this syllogism explicit. In the present contribution, we present and translate a passage from al-Fārābī which shows that for him, the poetic syllogism is an incorrect syllogism of the second figure - a different interpretation from that which will be given by Avicenna.


Objectives. To determine the general public's preferences over the design and use of UK Biobank; and the design for optimum recruitment.

Design. Discrete choice face-to-face interviews using a fractional factorial design and multinomial logit regression modelling.

Setting. 180 sampling points across 11 regions of the UK.

Participants. Members of the public.

Main outcome measures. Relative risks of people's preferences for project design and use.

Results: 34.4% of respondents were willing to take part in UK Biobank (n=1283). The most highly preferred scenario was: individual feedback from the study; consent every time new data is requested; DNA and information destruction on withdrawal; and access to the data by the NHS and Universities but not other third parties. The single most important attribute was access to data. If individuals' insurance companies were to be given access to the data, this would be the largest single impediment to recruitment to the study. Extra resources are likely to be needed to counter the reduced recruitment rate if pharmaceutical companies are allowed access to the data.

Conclusions: The general public do have clear preferences regarding the design of biobanks. Whilst designing the study to meet the most preferred scenario may not be practical within available resources, biobanks can use the type of information provided here to compare the costs and benefits of different study designs. The "price" of discounting public preferences in terms of reduced recruitment should be an important part of the "weighing" process. Pilot studies of recruitment under alternative study designs may be justified.


We have used an hrp-positive strain of the soft rot pathogen Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora to elucidate plant responses to this bacterial necrotroph. Purified virulence determinants, harpin (HrpN) and polygalacturonase (PehA), were used as tools to facilitate this analysis. We show that HrpN elicits lesion formation in Arabidopsis and tobacco and triggers systemic resistance in Arabidopsis. Establishment of resistance is accompanied by the expression of salicylic acid (SA)-dependent, but also jasmonate/ethylene (JA/ET)-dependent, marker genes PR1 and PDF1.2, respectively, suggesting that both SA-dependent and JA/ET-dependent defense pathways are activated. Use of pathway-specific mutants and transgenic NahG plants show that both pathways are required for the induction of resistance. Arabidopsis plants treated simultaneously with both elictors PehA, known to trigger only JA/ET-dependent defense signaling, and HrpN react with accelerated and enhanced induction of the marker genes PR1 and PDF1.2 both locally and systemically. This mutual amplification of defense gene expression involves both SA-dependent and JA/ET-dependent defense signaling. The two elicitors produced by E. carotovora subsp. carotovora also cooperate in triggering increased production of superoxide and lesion formation.


Increasing energy and housing demands are impacting wildlife populations throughout western North America. Greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus), a species known for its sensitivity to landscape-scale disturbance, inhabits the same low elevation sage-steppe in which much of this development is occurring. Wyoming has committed to maintain sage-grouse populations through conservation easements and policy changes that conserves high bird abundance "core" habitat and encourages development in less sensitive landscapes. In this study, we built new predictive models of oil and gas, wind, and residential development and applied build-out scenarios to simulate future development and measure the efficacy of conservation actions for maintaining sage-grouse populations. Our approach predicts sage-grouse population losses averted through conservation action and quantifies return on investment for different conservation strategies. We estimate that without conservation, sage-grouse populations in Wyoming will decrease under our long-term scenario by 14–29% (95% CI: 4–46%). However, a conservation strategy that includes the "core area" policy and $250 million in targeted easements could reduce these losses to 9–15% (95% CI: 3–32%), cutting anticipated losses by roughly half statewide and nearly two-thirds within sage-grouse core breeding areas. Core area policy is the single most important component, and targeted easements are complementary to the overall strategy. There is considerable uncertainty around the magnitude of our estimates; however, the relative benefit of different conservation scenarios remains comparable because potential biases and assumptions are consistently applied regardless of the strategy. There is early evidence based on a 40% reduction in leased hectares inside core areas that Wyoming policy is reducing potential for future fragmentation inside core areas. Our framework using build-out scenarios to anticipate species declines provides estimates that could be used by decision makers to determine if expected population losses warrant ESA listing.


The role of aquatic biology in the water
pollution control program of the U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency includes field
and laboratory studies carried out to establish
water quality criteria for the recognized
beneficial uses of water resources and to
monitor water quality.
Field studies are employed to: measure the
toxicity of specific pollutants or effluents to
individual species or communities of aquatic
organisms under natural conditions; detect
violations of water quality standards ; evaluate
the trophic status of waters ; and determine
long-term trends in water quality.
Laboratory studies are employed to : measure
the effects of known or potentially deleterious
substances on aquatic organisms to estimate
"safe" concentrations ; and determine environmental
requirements (such as temperature, pH,
dissolved oxygen, etc.) of the more important
and sensitive species of aquatic organisms. Field
surveys and water quality monitoring are
conducted principally by the regional
surveillance and analysis and national enforcement
programs. Laboratory studies of water
quality requirements, toxicity testing, and
methods development are conducted principally
by the national research programs.


During a previous, exploratory project in our group, it was observed that duplexes formed by oligonucleotides modified with polar 2'-O-substituents were more tolerant towards the addition of 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) than RNA and DNA duplexes [1]. Inspired by these results, we developed the hypothesis that such polar 2'-O-substituents could provide some kind of "autonomous" solvation of nucleic acid duplexes through H-bonding with the polar sites of the minor groove (that are normally associated with water molecules). In this work, the systematic study of the pairing properties of such oligoribonucleotide analogues is presented. A total of 18 different modifications were prepared on the basis of a general design, consisting of polyhydroxylated chains linked to the 2'-O-position of ribonucleosides by a formacetal linker. The variation among the different modifications included the length and the configuration of the polyol chains. For the synthesis of the corresponding phosphoramidite building blocks, an efficient general method was developed and the assembly of the oligonucleotides could be carried out under standard RNA or DNA coupling conditions. The pairing properties of these analogues were determined under various conditions, including the presence of organic solvents. The configuration of the stereocenters of the modifications was very important for the strength of the pairing of these new oligonucleotides, with a very strong preference for a DL-configuration at the first two stereocenters. Among the 18 different systems, the (DL)-C4 modified oligonucleotides (2'-O-substituents derived from L-threitol) showed the strongest pairing with RNA and DNA, while the pairing with itself was much weaker. The length of the modifications did not influence the stability of RNA-Mod and DNA-Mod duplexes to a great extent, whereas a strong effect on the stability of the Mod-Mod duplexes was observed. In general, the order of stability of the different duplexes was: Mod-Mod < DNA-Mod < RNA-DNA < DNA-DNA < RNA-Mod < RNA-RNA. Substitution of the canonical set of nucleotides by 2,6-diaminopurine riboside (D), 5-methyluridine (T), 5-methylcytidine (M) and guanosine led to a strong increase of the stability of all the duplexes, but qualitatively, the pairing properties remained unchanged. With this new pairing system, RNA-Mod and DNA-Mod duplexes were stronger than their corresponding natural RNA or DNA duplexes, respectively. The addition of up to 40% of DME led to a decrease of the stability of DNA and RNA duplexes, whereas all duplexes containing at least one of our modified strands were stabilized. Importantly, these oligonucleotides were able to induce an efficient and highly selective strand invasion of RNA duplexes and RNA hairpins, which was the basis for a new design of molecular beacons, combining a high affinity for the RNA target, fast kinetics at room temperature and a high signal-to-noise ratio. With (the more interesting) DNA duplexes, however, such a double-strand invasion did not occur, most likely because the Mod-Mod duplexes were too stable. The introduction of amino groups in our modifications led to a strong decrease of the stability of Mod-Mod duplexes, while DNA-Mod duplexes were more stable as compared to their HO-homologues. Consequently, these new modifications allowed us to induce a double-strand invasion of DNA duplexes, which was, however, less efficient than the one of RNA with HO-modifications, and still needs to be optimized. An NMR structure analysis of an RNA duplex containing (DL)-C4 modified nucleotides revealed that the modifications were, as originally expected, pointed towards the minor groove of the duplex. However, the polar groups were not directly interacting with the nucleobases, but covering the groove by contacting each other. The C4-NH2 modified building blocks could be used to introduce a tether with a reactive NH2-group at a specific position of a RNA hairpin, which then could be used for conjugation reactions. In this context, we developed a new EDTA building block for the preparation of EDTA-oligonucleotide conjugates. Such oligonucleotide conjugates are used for accurate structural investigations of RNA folding and help to identify intermolecular contacts between two oligonucleotides. In collaboration with Philipp Wenter [2], we have prepared the four 13C5-ribose labeled 2'-O-TOM phosphoramidites and their corresponding solid supports. These labeled building blocks were used for the preparation of short oligoribonucleotides with labeled ribose units at specific positions. In the group of Prof. Frederic Allain (ETH Zurich), these labeled oligoribonucleotides were very successfully used for the structure determination of protein-RNA complexes.


ABSTRACT One of the distinguishing features of legal discourse is the highly restricted institutionalization of its authorship which is mirrored in the specialized character of the legal audience (cf. Goodrich 1987:117). This paper seeks to explore the various distinctions that can be drawn on the recipient side of legal communication on the basis of two legal instruments: statures and judgments. It is argued that it is the communicative function of specific legal texts that determines the type and, consequently, the identity of their recipients. The function in question is, in turn, crucially conditioned by the illocutionary intention manifested in a legal text by its producer. The notion of an illocutionary intention originates from speech act theory which provides a theoretical framework for the recipient-oriented analysis of legal texts carried out in the current study. Compatibility of speech set theory with the fundamental concepts of the positivist theory of law ensures, it is hoped, that the proposed account of recipient design is justified not only on pragmalinguistic but also on legal grounds. 1. Introduction In this paper, I want to examine recipient statuses that can be distinguished in statutes and judgments. Although these instruments are central to legal discourse, neither jurists nor linguists can agree on such fundamental issues as to whether or not the texts in question are directed at addressees, who these addressees may be, and what functions they fulfill. My aim, therefore, is to tackle all these questions from the vantage point of speech act theory--a framework of inquiry which, since its inception, has been successfully applied in many studies of institutional (including legal) speech acts (cf. Austin 1962; Samek 1965; Nowak 1968; Hancher 1976; Tiersma 1986). However, traditional speech set theory has been preoccupied, on the recipient side, almost exclusively with the addressees of illocutionary acts, as a result of which the different roles that other participants in legal discourse may perform have remained largely unaccounted for. In order to overcome this drawback, my research is based on a modified version of Clark and Carlson's (1982) model in which the whole recipient design of legal texts is determined by the producer's illocutionary intentions. (1) One merit of employing the concept of illocutionary intention, along with other basic notions of speech act theory, is that the account proposed here becomes compatible with the positivist theories of law and legal acts. As a consequence, the insights into the recipient design of statutes and judgments that a speech act analysis provides are subsequently corroborated also by the world of law from which these acts originate. 2. Theoretical background Austin (1962) and Searle (1969), as well as most of their followers, adopt a model of communication in which the speaker produces an illocutionary act directed at the hearer who is at the same time the addressee of that act. Scholars working in the standard speech act framework analyze exchanges between two parties only, ignoring other roles that participants in discourse may assume. Yet, in speech acts it is possible to distinguish, apart from the traditional functions of the speaker (addresser) and the hearer (addressee), further participant statuses as well. Different positioning of speech act interactants and the effects of the presence of a third party on the significance of the speaker's utterance to the hearer may have far-reaching consequences for the interpretation of speech acts. All these factors should therefore be examined not only in the analysis of everyday conversation but, as will be shown below, of more formalized types of discourse as well. The various roles to which hearers and other parties in a conversation can be assigned by speakers, and the ways in which speakers produce their utterances with these participants in mind, are collectively known as "recipient design"--a notion originating in the studies of the sequential organization of conversation (cf. …


In this article we discuss the development of city regional governance leadership in two sub-regions of the North East of England, and use Local Enterprise Partnerships as the key unit of analysis. We examine empirical data on the institutional framework, power relations, social capital and levels of trust to gain a deeper understanding of the processes involved in leading governance networks. In doing so, the main aim is to challenge existing models of heroic leadership, in particular those embodied in existing leadership theories. Any attempt to understand leadership needs to appreciate that it is a complex social phenomena, lacking clear boundaries and where clear definitions are likely to be elusive (Antonakis et al, 2004). Leadership can be meaningfully analysed from a variety of perspectives as it is a multi-dimensional, multi-level and complex concept (Chen et al, 2007, Bass, 1990). Furthermore, the focus can move from individual to group levels, motives, styles and behaviours, situations and other aspects. For Northouse leadership is a process whereby an individual influences a group or individual to achieve a common goal (Northouse, 2010) but there it is generally agreed that there is no single definition of leadership (Yukl, 2009). In analysing some of the processes of leadership in governance networks, we emphasise the importance of complexity, power relations and development of trust, by revisiting some classic texts on leadership and authority (Weber), power (Lukes), and Urban Regime Theory (Stone) to illustrate how leaders mediate between public, private and other sectoral interests in that 'amorphous' gap between formal regulation and informal inter-relationships and connections. The paper is organised as follows. An introduction to LEPs and city regions in England is followed by a section examining existing models of strategy and leadership, then a comparative analysis of leadership in two governance networks, the NELEP and Tees Valley LEP, facilitates discussion on how leaders bridge formal and informal elements of economic development and develop trust, social capital and power relationships within specific institutional contexts. We then revisit some classic political texts as exploratory aids to challenge perceived notions of leadership. We conclude by offering a more robust understanding of collective/distributed leadership as a key to driving urban and regional change.


Background: It is well accepted that exercise can decrease breast cancer risk. Limited clinical evidence suggests that this risk could be mediated through changes in estrogen metabolism in premenopausal women. Our objective was to investigate the effects of exercise on premenopausal estrogen metabolism pertinent to breast cancer risk. Methods: Sedentary, healthy, young eumenorrheic women were randomized into an intervention of 30 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous aerobic exercise five times a week for approximately 16 weeks (n = 212), or into a usual-lifestyle sedentary control group (n = 179). Urinary levels of estrogens [estrone [E1], estradiol, and estriol] and nine estrogen metabolites were measured at baseline and at study end by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. The ratios of 2-hydroxyestrone to 16α-hydroxyestrone (2-OHE1/16α-OHE1) and 2-OHE1 to 4-hydroxyestrone (2- OHE1/4-OHE1) were also calculated. Results: The exercise intervention resulted in significant increases in aerobic fitness and lean body mass and a significant decrease in percent body fat. For exercisers who completed the study (n = 165), 2-OHE1/16α-OHE1 increased significantly (P = 0.043), whereas E1 decreased significantly (P = 0.030) in control participants (n = 153). The change from baseline in 2-OHE1/16α-OHE1 was significantly different between groups (P = 0.045), even after adjustment for baseline values. Conclusions: The exercise intervention resulted in a significant increase in the 2-OHE1/16α-OHE1 ratio but no differences in other estrogen metabolites or ratios. Impact: Our results suggest that changes in premenopausal estrogen metabolism may be a mechanism by which increased physical activity lowers breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 22(5); 756–64. ©2013 AACR.


Why do poor countries give aid to others? This book critically examines how aspirations for providing aid have coexisted with experiences of receiving aid and have transformed the practice of giving aid, with particular reference to the experiences of Japan and China. It highlights the historical sources that explain the pattern and strength of foreign aid that these new donors provide. The book has systematically examined the situation unique to middle income countries that are receiving and giving aid simultaneously. It sheds light on the endogenous elements embedded in the socio-economic conditions of emerging donors, as well as their learning process as aid recipients. This book examines not only the perspectives of recipients, but also those of donors: Japan in the case of China, and the USA and the World Bank in the case of Japan. By bringing in the donor's perspective, we come to a holistic understanding of foreign aid as a product of interaction between the various agents involved. The book provides not only an in-depth case study of Japan from a historical perspective, but also stretches its scope to cover contemporary debates on "emerging donors," including China, India and Korea who have received substantial amount of aid from Japan in the past. This book connects the often separated discussion of Japanese aid and the way it developed in relation to outside forces. In short, this book represents the first attempt to empirically examine the "life of a donor" with a clear focus on the origins, struggles, and futures of non-western donors and their impact on established aid regime.


This study evaluated the changes occurring in intermodal (piggyback) transportation and the impacts of these changes on the infrastructure system. Past and present structures of the intermodal system were documented both nationally and in the state of Washington. An on-site review of the remaining "hub" centers was conducted. It was found that the impact of these changes is mixed. Traffic is up in some areas and down in the others. Ninety-two percent of the traffic is in western Washington but most of the infrastructural damage is at eastern or central Washington locations. Continued monitoring will be useful.


A cross-sectional study was carried out from November 2008 - April 2009 to estimate the prevalence of mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus , to assess the associated risk factors and to determine the antimicrobial resistance pattern in Adama town, East Shoa, Ethiopia. From 102 markets oriented small holder dairy farms, a total of 300 lactating cows were tested for mastitis using the California Mastitis Test (CMT). One hundred and forty of the cows (46.7%) had mastitis, of which 10.0% (30/300) and 36.7% (110/300) showed clinical and sub clinical mastitis, respectively. The quarter level prevalence was 29.0% (348/1200); from which the clinical form was 5.4% (65/1200) and the subclinical was 25.6% (283/1200). Of the 65 quarters with clinical cases, 18 had blind teats while 47 had active mastitis. A total of 140 (30 from clinical and 110 from subclinical cases) milk samples were collected and cultured for S. aureus of which 59 resulted in growth of the bacterium (10 from clinical and 49 from subclinical cases). Mastitis prevalence showed significant variation among cows of different age groups ( p = 0.005), different housing systems ( p = 0.000) and at different lactation stages ( p = 0.016). Thus, bovine mastitis was more likely to occur in cows above 6 years of age (OR = 3.4, 95% CI = 0.9, 13.7), that were kept in muddy houses (OR = 5.3, 95% CI = 3.2, 8.9) and were at a lactation stage of above 6 months (OR = 3.6, 95% CI = 1.44, 9.03). The results of antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that S. aureus was highly susceptible to chloramphenicol (100%) followed by gentamycin (91.7%), kanamycin (88.9%) and streptomycin (86.1%). In contrast, isolates were highly resistant to penicillin (94.4%), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (58.3%) and amoxicillin (36.1%). In conclusion, this study confirms the importance of S. aureus as a mastitis causing bacterium and identifies risk factors associated with the disease in the Ethiopian setting.


The study identifies the communicative needs of Pakistani nursing students and their priorities of needs of Pakistani nursing students? 2. Does speaking skills have high priority for the nursing students in clinical setting? Quantitative research method was used.120 nursing students have been randomly selected as the sample of the study from six nursing colleges of Lahore. The sample was further classified as undergraduate (diploma) nursing students (n = 60), and graduate (Post RN) students (n = 60).20 respondents have been selected from each nursing college. Closed ended questionnaire was used as research instrument and developed on a five-point Likert-scale. Its reliability was calculated by Cronbach's Alpha. ANOVA and t-test were used to find out the mean difference of the score of the respondents. The study concludes that speaking skills have priority over others language skills. Diploma and B.Sc. nursing students face similar language difficulties in clinical setting. They face the problem in communication during ward rounds of other health care professionals. Their communicative needs vary from age, class, and clinical experience.


The oxidation behavior of nickel matrix/ aluminum particle composite coatings in air at (600800°C) for 25 hrs. was studied. The composite coatings were applied to Inconel 600 alloy by the electrodeposition technique and heat treated under argon atmosphere for three hours at 800 °C prior to oxidation testing. During heat treatment, coating morphological development was found to occur by the exothermic reaction Ni +Al = NiAl. For all samples, weight gain kinetics was obtained from furnace exposure and the composition and morphology of the oxidation products were examined using XRD analysis and light optical microscopy. An outer Al2O3 layer was formed on the composite coating surface. At test temperatures such as 800 °C, the coatings benefits from a small grain size that enhances Al diffusion to the surface to form the protective alumina layer.


We overview current problems of audio retrieval and time-series
subsequence matching. We discuss the usage of subsequence
matching approaches in audio data processing, especially in
automatic speech recognition (ASR) area and we aim at improving
performance of the retrieval process. To overcome the problems
known from the time-series area like the occurrence of
implementation bias and data bias we present a Subsequence
Matching Framework as a tool for fast prototyping, building,
and testing similarity search subsequence matching
applications. The framework is build on top of MESSIF (Metric
Similarity Search Implementation Framework) and thus the
subsequence matching algorithms can exploit advanced similarity
indexes in order to significantly increase their query
processing performance. To prove our concept we provide a
design of query-by-example spoken term detection type of
application with the usage of phonetic posteriograms and
subsequence matching approach.


In this article, four trajectories will be followed with a view to further developing the linkages that exist between the EU Single Market and fundamental (social) rights and to examining to what extent the EU Single Market, apart from putting constraints on the realization of social rights, offers the chances to enhance and even strengthen the social face of the EU. The question is whether the current approach to EU free movement law by the EU Institutions and most notably the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) could benefit the protection of fundamental social rights. The article also examines the potential impact of the EU Charter and the changes brought about by the Lisbon Treaty, strengthening the social face of the EU.


Psychosocial Concerns and Childhood Overweight in Pediatric Primary Care Clinics Serving Rural Appalachia by Suzanne Allen Objective: To examine the prevalence of psychosocial concerns presenting in 3 pediatric primary care clinics serving rural Appalachia. The association between pediatric weight status and psychosocial concerns was examined. Methods: Caregivers of children presenting in one of 3 pediatric primary care facilities completed a demographic questionnaire and the Pediatric Symptom Checklist. Results: Approximately 21.4% of children were identified as having a clinically significant behavioral health concern. Among children with available weight status data, ~53% of the children were identified as overweight. Children identified having significant behavioral concerns were more likely to have a lower weight status than those with nonsignificant behavioral concerns. Specifically, children with lower z-BMI tended to have more attention problems. Conclusions: Psychosocial concerns and childhood overweight are prevalent concerns in pediatric primary care serving rural residents. Further research is needed to understand the complex relationship between weight status and psychosocial concerns to development more effective prevention and intervention programs.


The Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), and Computed Tomography (CT) scan plays an important role in Brain Tumor detection. The tumor means abnormal cells growth in a human body. In this paper, comparison of abnormal brain with normal brain is done and exact position and area of the tumor using NI LABVIEW software was found out. This technique is carried out in two steps: i) First acquire gray scale image from MRI and CT scan images[1] and then comparing the tumor images using IMAQ tools ii) Applying edge detection, FFT filter techniques and measurement technique to find out exact location and area of the brain tumor. The edge detection technique is based on drastic changes in intensities of brain and tumor region. Fast Fourier Transform is used here to study the tumor region of MRI Brain Image in terms of its pixel intensity as it helps in removing the frequency components of edge detected MRI scan image. Not only for the brain tumor, this techniques can also be used for the analysis of clots in the brain


The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of recommendation of adjuvant chemotherapy by UK-based general veterinary practitioners (GVPs) for canine patients with high-grade mast cell tumours (HGMCTs), splenic haemangiosarcomas (SHSs) and appendicular osteosarcomas (AOSs); to determine which chemotherapeutic protocols are used by GVPs; and to evaluate reasons why chemotherapy may or may not be recommended postoperatively. An internet survey was created in 2013 using an online programme and was distributed to GVPs. Questions relating to the use of adjuvant chemotherapy for three tumours were selected. In total, 300 responses were generated. Surgery was seen as primary therapy by most GVPs for HGMCT (91 per cent) and SHS (88 per cent), but less frequently for AOS (59 per cent). Also, 90, 40 and 57 per cent of respondents recommended adjuvant chemotherapy for HGMCT, SHS and AOS, respectively. Of these, an appropriate chemotherapy protocol was not known by 25, 51 and 36 per cent of GVPs for HGMCT, SHS and AOS, respectively. From the GVPs not recommending chemotherapy, 29, 64 and 66 per cent did not believe chemotherapy to be efficacious for these tumours. The frequency of recommendation regarding postoperative chemotherapy is variable by tumour type. Reasons given why postoperative chemotherapy is not recommended also vary by tumour type.


Assemblies of ferromagnetic cylinders made of Ni with diameters ranging from 35 to 250 nm were produced by electrodeposition in nanoporous membranes. The large coercive fields of Ni nanowires at low temperature could be accounted for by the curling mode of magnetization reversal, taking into account the distributions of wire diameters and orientations. The coercive field of the nanowires of the smaller diameter range decreased from 1500 Oe at 20 K to 200 Oe at 300 K nearly linearly.


A VLSI chip can today contain hundreds of millions transistors and is expected to contain more than 1 billion transistors in the next decade. In order to handle this rapid growth in integration technology, the design procedure is therefore divided into a sequence of design steps. Circuit layout is the design step in which a physical realization of a circuit is obtained from its functional description. Global routing is one of the key subproblems of the circuit layout which involves finding an approximate path for the wires connecting the elements of the circuit without violating resource constraints. The global routing problem is NP-hard, therefore, heuristics capable of producing high quality routes with little computational effort are required as we move into the Deep Sub-Micron (DSM) regime. In this thesis, different approaches for global routing problem are first reviewed. The advantages and disadvantages of these approaches are also summarized. According to this literature review, several mathematical programming based global routing models are fully investigated. Quality of solution obtained by these models are then compared with traditional Maze routing technique. The experimental results show that the proposed model can optimize several global routing objectives simultaneously and effectively. Also, it is easy to incorporate new objectives into the proposed global routing model. To speedup the computation time of the proposed ILP based global router, several hierarchical methods are combined with the flat ILP based global routing approach. The experimental results indicate that the bottom-up global routing method can reduce the computation time effectively with a slight increase of maximum routing density. In addition to wire area, routability, and vias, performance and low power are also important goals in global routing, especially in deep submicron designs. Previous efforts that focused on power optimization for global routing are hindered by excessively long run times or the routing of a subset of the nets. Accordingly, a power efficient multi-pin global routing technique (PIRT) is proposed in this thesis. This integer linear programming based techniques strives to find a power efficient global routing solution. The results indicate that an average power savings as high as 32% for the 130-nm technology can be achieved with no impact on the maximum chip frequency.


Between 1990 and 1996, over 54,000 midwives were introduced in most of Indonesia's 68,000 villages as part of its safe motherhood strategy. I combine the quasi-experimental nature of the program with the panel dimension of Indonesian Family Life Survey to carefully examine the long run impacts of the program on cognition and education. This paper empirically tests and corroborates the findings in the medical literature that environmental influences while in utero and during the first two years of life mark the most critical periods that influence later human capital. Estimates suggest that the safe motherhood program led to an increase of about 0.28 to 0.45 years of education and 0.15 to 0.36 s.d. on standardized cognitive test scores depending on intensity of exposure of the child to the program.


The Sponges described hereafter were all preserved in spirit. Those which were treated with chromic acid or some similar reagent were in a state that did not allow any investigation whatever. On the other hand some of the Sponges preserved in spirit were also in a bad condition, so that I could only make out something about the skeleton or the spicules. Some on the contrary were very well preserved so that even a few histological details could be observed. This is one of the reasons why I have treated the Sponges in the unequal manner that the reader will notice. Another reason is that I began my task when I was lecturer in the Hague and had much more time at my disposal than is now the case. I feel obliged to apologise. In the middle of 1882 I had the honour to be called as assistant at Prof. Dohrn's Station in Naples and since then I could, of course, not devote very much time to my Polar Sponges. Still I had accepted the task and was thus obliged to finish it. I am convinced that many points more are to be found out with the material I had, but I thought it my duty not to spend more time. I hope the Commitee for publishing the results of the Barents-Expedition will excuse me for having made them wait so long a time and giving them so little.


Gaming on phones, tablets and laptops is very popular. Cloud gaming - where remote servers perform game execution and rendering on behalf of thin clients that simply send input and display output frames - promises any device the ability to play any game any time. Unfortunately, the reality is that wide-area network latencies are often prohibitive; cellular, Wi-Fi and even wired residential end host round trip times (RTTs) can exceed 100ms, a threshold above which many gamers tend to deem responsiveness unacceptable. In this paper, we present Outatime, a speculative execution system for mobile cloud gaming that is able to mask up to 120ms of network latency. Outatime renders speculative frames of future possible outcomes, delivering them to the client one entire RTT ahead of time, and recovers quickly from mis-speculations when they occur. Clients perceive little latency. To achieve this, Outatime combines: 1) future state prediction; 2) state approximation with image-based rendering and event time-shifting; 3) fast state checkpoint and rollback; and 4) state compression for bandwidth savings. To evaluate the Outatime speculation system, we use two high quality, commercially-released games: a twitch-based first person shooter, Doom 3, and an action role playing game, Fable 3. Through user studies and performance bench- marks, we find that players strongly prefer Outatime to traditional thin-client gaming where the network RTT is fully visible, and that Outatime successfully mimics playing across a low-latency network.


A programming methodology that violates most of the rules of good programming has shown spectacular reductions in simulation times on several benchmarks. Applying this technique in logic-level VLSI circuit simulation also improved simulation performance. For a new VLSI circuit, faster simulation translates into faster time to market, so even the most peculiar programming type is worth exploring if the carrot is increased performance. Discovering efficient and effective metamorphic programming techniques across a range of problems outside simulation will require a concerted effort across the software community. The most important problem is the lack of metamorphic constructs in mainstream high-level languages.


Recent work motivates the design of Information-centric routers that make use of hierarchies of memory to jointly scale in the size and speed of content stores. The present paper advances this understanding by (i) instantiating a general purpose two-layer packet-level caching system, (ii) investigating the solution design space via emulation, and (iii) introducing a proof-of-concept prototype. The emulation-based study reveals insights about the broad design space, the expected impact of workload, and gains due to multi-threaded execution. The full-blown system prototype experimentally confirms that, by exploiting both DRAM and SSD memory technologies, ICN routers can sustain cache operations in excess of 10Gbps running on off-the-shelf hardware.


The Ming dynasty Confucian philosopher Wang Yangming (1472–1529) has been the subject of a European and North American literature since at least the 18th century. But the rich history of writing about him in the West has been largely obscured by an English-language scholarship published in the 1960s and 1970s. This earlier literature nevertheless provides one window into the broader history of intellectual encounter between China and the West, shedding light on it from the angle of the discovery of one of late imperial China's most influential scholar-officials. This article's goal is to provide a history of writing about Wang Yangming in Europe and North America from the 17th century to 1950, demonstrating both how historical circumstances shaped his reception and interpretation, and that these earlier accounts shared valuable insights yet worthy of our attention today.


This document describes how to use the 'static-static Elliptic
Curve Diffie-Hellman key-agreement scheme (i.e., Elliptic Curve
Diffie- Hellman where both participants use static Diffie-Hellman
values) with the Cryptographic Message Syntax. In this form of key
agreement, the Diffie-Hellman values of both the sender and receiver
are long-term values contained in certificates. This document is not
an Internet Standards Track specification; it is published for
informational purposes.


Metal ions are essential elements in all living systems. Their detections and identifications in biological processes require different methodologies. Mass spectrometry is one of the commonly used techniques in bioinorganic analyses to fulfill these requirements. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) is a method of choice and the present work takes benefit of the electrochemical aspects of ESI and of the source design flexibility for studying the interactions between metal ions and biomolecules. In positive ionization mass spectrometry, an electrospray device acts as an anode, which implies oxidation reactions. Thus, transition metal electrodes can be used to generate metal ions in addition of sustaining the electrospray process. Sacrificial copper electrodes, coupled to polyimide microchips, are used first in order to study copper complexes. Firstly, it is shown that, when using different chelating agents for copper(II) and copper(I) ions, the electrodissolution of copper leads to the formation of the respective complexes that are directly analyzed in MS. This methodology offers a direct route to synthesize copper(I) complexes in aqueous solutions. Following this concept, the interactions between copper ions and peptides are investigated. On-line electrogeneration of copper-peptide complexes is achieved either by using a sacrificial copper electrode or by mixing the peptide solution with a copper(II) salt by applying a high voltage via a platinum electrode. The latter yields mainly copper(II) complexes with histidine residues or with the peptide backbone (copper(I) complexes can be also formed due to gas-phase reactions), whereas the former can generate a mixture of both copper(I) and copper(II) complexes that yields different complexation patterns. In addition, the influence of these cations on peptide fragmentation is reported. The role of copper in cysteine-containing peptide oxidation is studied with the same procedure. Using peptides containing one, two and three cysteines, we have compared the different chemical and electrochemical oxidation pathways of cysteine (RS-IIH) to cysteine (RS-IS-IR) and to sulfenic, sulfinic and sulfonic acid (RS0OH, RSIIO2H and RSIVO3H, respectively). In the absence of copper ions, intra-molecular reactions are the most abundant, whereas inter-molecular reactions are found to be enhanced by the presence of copper ions. These cations favor the formation of 2:1 (peptide : copper) complexes compared to 1:1 complexes, thus enhancing the formation of inter-molecular bridges. This study highlights the importance of the cysteines position inside a peptide in the disulfide bridges formation. The concept of sacrificial electrodes is then employed to tag molecules on-line instead of studying interactions. Phosphopeptides tagging reactions by dinuclear zinc(II) complexes are performed with a dual-channel microsprayer in ESI-MS. This device consists in a polyimide microchip with two microchannels etched on each side of the structure and connecting only at the tip of the microchip. The reaction is first studied ex situ and analyzed with a commercial electrospray source. On-chip reactions (i.e. inside the Taylor cone) are achieved with a dual-channel microsprayer both with the tag synthesized chemically before the experiments and with the tag electrogenerated by an in situ oxidation of a zinc electrode, also used to apply the electrospray current. It is thus demonstrated that mixing two solutions with different physico-chemical properties inside the Taylor cone can be used to selectively tag target molecules. Finally, a biphasic electrospray ionization (BESI) source has been built in the goal of probing interfacial complexes in MS. Based on the dual-channel microsprayer design, the two channels are filled with immiscible liquids and put in contact only within the Taylor cone. Two types of interfacial complexation reactions have been studied: the interfacial complexation of aqueous lead ions by thioether crown molecules, and the interfacial complexation of an aqueous dipeptide by dibenzo-18-crown-6 as ionophore. The mass spectra also give valuable information on the stoichiometry of the complexation reaction. BESI is also applied to the study of phospholipids, which are known to adsorb at the liquid-liquid interfaces, like their interactions with metal ions and peptides. Metal ion-phospholipid complexes show the formation of clusters containing one metal ion, where the size depends on the valence of the ion. As for the peptide-phospholipid complexes, it could be formed under these conditions and the stability of these non-covalent complexes are related to their structure. Hence, BESI sources offer new analytical opportunities in different research fields.


Signaling pathways are chains of interacting proteins, through which the cell converts a (usually) extracellular signal into a biological response. The number of known signaling pathways in the biological literature and on the Web has been increasing at a very high rate, thus demanding a need for efficient ways of storing, visualizing, querying, and mining signaling pathways. In this paper, first we briefly compare the data modeling and visualization capabilities of existing signaling pathways systems. Then, we present a signaling pathway data model and its visualization that subsumes the existing models. Our model visualizes a signaling pathway (a) as a nested graph, (b) with explicit location information (e.g., cell, tissue, organelle, nucleus, etc.), and (c) in four abstraction levels, namely, the levels of molecule-to-molecule signaling steps, collapsed sub-pathways, molecule-to-pathway connections, and pathway-to-pathway connections. We model (1) the effects of specific signaling steps, (2) state changes of signaling molecules, (3) various (extensible) structural/physical changes of signaling molecules such as complex formation, dissociation, assembly, oligomerization, di-/trimerization, cleavage and degradation, (4) condensation/hydrolysis signaling steps, and (5) exchanges and translocations as signaling steps. The visualization model gracefully models incomplete information and hierarchical levels of signaling molecules. Finally, we introduce a completely new visualization dimension for pathways, namely, gene ontology (GO)-based functional visualizations of pathways. We believe that functional visualizations of pathways provides new opportunities in understanding, defining and comparing existing pathways, and in helping discover new ones


ABSTRACT
 We describe here a new Lawrenciella Poplin, 1984 specimen from the Upper Carboniferous (Missourian, Pennsylvanian) from Oklahoma, USA. This specimen is three dimensionnally preserved in a phosphatic nodule. It was scanned by X-Ray microtomography. The neurocranium shows some morphological differences from Lawrenciella schaefferi Poplin, 1984, which might represent individual variability. The parasphenoid and a pair of intercalar bones are associated with the braincase. The presence of intercalars as an anterior extension covering the otico-occipital fissure have not been yet documented in "paleonisciforms" and may have a phylogenetic signal. A discussion about the evolutionary role of such intercalars in the closure of the otico-occipital fissure in modern actinopterygians is provided.


OBJECTIVE
To determine the immediate behavior and the prognostic value in terms of late survival of serum troponin I measurement in patients undergoing myocardial revascularization surgery with extracorporeal circulation.

METHODS
We studied 88 random patients, 65 (73.8%) of the male sex, who underwent myocardial revascularization surgery with extracorporeal circulation. Troponin measurements were performed as follows: in the preoperative period, right after intensive care unit admission, and on the first and second postoperative days. Values below 0.1 nanogram per milliliter (ng/mL) were considered normal. The cut points for late prognostic assessment were 0.5 ng/mL; 1 ng/mL; 2.5 ng/mL; and 5 ng/mL.

RESULTS
The serum troponin I levels were elevated on the first postoperative day, suggesting the occurrence of specific myocardial damage. Patients with a poor prognosis could be identified, because the serum levels above 2.5 ng/mL and 5 ng/mL in the postoperative period resulted, respectively, in mortality rates of 33% and 50% in a maximum 6-month follow-up.

CONCLUSION
Troponin I values around 2.5 ng/mL in the postoperative period should call attention to the need for more aggressive diagnostic or therapeutical measures.


The P2Y14 receptor is the most recently identified member of the P2Y family of receptors for adenine and uridine nucleotides and nucleotide sugars. It is activated by UDP, UDP-glucose and its analogues, as well as the synthetic analogue MRS2690, which exhibits greater potency and selectivity at the P2Y14 receptor. The principle aim of this study was to investigate the functional expression of the P2Y14 receptor in porcine pancreatic arteries, and the signalling pathways underlying the vasoconstriction evoked by P2Y14 receptor agonists, together with an examination of the effects of UDP-glucose and MRS2690 on insulin secretion from the rat INS-1 823/13 ┚-cell line.

Segments of porcine pancreatic arteries were prepared for isometric
tension recordings in warmed oxygenated Krebs'-Henseleit buffer. Agonists were applied after preconstriction with U46619, a thromboxane A2 mimetic. ATP induced vasoconstriction followed by a vasorelaxation in pancreatic arteries; the contraction was blocked by NF449 (a P2X1 receptor selective antagonist), while the relaxation to ATP was blocked by an adenosine receptor antagonist. Neither the contraction, nor the relaxation to ATP were affected by removal of the endothelium. ADP evoked vasorelaxation, which was inhibited in the presence of SCH58261 (a selective adenosine A2A receptor antagonist). UTP-induced vasoconstriction was attenuated significantly in endothelium-denuded arteries. UDP, UDP-glucose and MRS2690 induced concentration-dependent contractions in porcine pancreatic arteries with a rank order of potency of MRS2690 (10-fold) > UDP-glucose = UDP. The contractions evoked by UDP-glucose and MRS2690 were significantly attenuated in the presence of PPTN (a selective
P2Y14 receptor antagonist), indicating actions at P2Y14 receptors. The
iii expression of P2Y14-like receptor was shown by immunohistochemical and contractile studies to be on the endothelium of the pancreatic arteries. UDP-glucose and MRS2690 inhibited forskolin-stimulated cAMP production. UDP-glucose and MRS2690 increased the level of MLC2 phosphorylation; this effect was blocked by PPTN, indicating the involvement of P2Y14 receptors. UDP-glucose increased the level of ERK1/2 phosphorylation. UDP-glucose and MRS2690 inhibited glucose-induced insulin release from
the rat INS-1 823/13 ┚-cell line; this effect was blocked by PPTN, indicating actions through P2Y14 receptors. PPTN itself was able to elevate significantly basal insulin secretion from INS-1 823/13 ┚-cells, which may suggest a constitutive release of UDP-glucose from these cells.

These results suggest that, in porcine pancreatic arteries, ATP induces a
vasoconstriction mediated by P2X1 receptors followed by a vasorelaxation evoked by adenosine receptors present on the vascular smooth muscle. ADP induced a relaxation mediated by adenosine A2A receptor. Moreover, my data indicate for the first time, an endothelium-dependent contraction evoked by UTP. A novel vasocontractile role of P2Y14 receptors in porcine pancreatic arteries was also documented. The contractile response was mediated largely by the endothelium. P2Y14-mediated contraction involves a cAMP-dependent mechanism, which is consistent with P2Y14 receptor coupling to Gi protein, and an elevation in phosphorylated MLC2 and ERK1/2. Activation of the P2Y14 receptor evoked a decrease in the level of insulin secreted from the rat pancreas. The current data have identified novel roles of the P2Y14 receptor as a mediator of pancreatic artery contractility and in regulation of insulin secretion. If its role within the vasculature is shown to be more widespread, the P2Y14 receptor may be a novel target for the treatment of cardiovascular disease.


The three introductory chapters are intended to summarise the available knowledge prior to the experimental work and to provide useful background information for chemists, with little or no understanding of firearms, who are required to undertake the chemical aspects of firearms casework examination.

Chapter 1 provides a much condensed outline of the historical development of firearms and ammunition, with emphasis on ignition systems up to the development of the percussion primer and self contained ammunition. The second chapter presents a comprehensive literature search on the chemical nature of modem ammunition and firearms, with particular attention to priming compositions and projectiles. The final introductory chapter deals with the nature and properties of firearms discharge residues and outlines the most important developments in the search for a satisfactory detection and identification method.

The objective of the experimental work is to record experience gained from the 26 year terrorist campaign in Northern Ireland and to use such experience, coupled with further research and development, to substantially improve existing procedures for firearms and explosives residue detection.

The experimental work conducted is detailed in Chapter 4. Chapter 5 deals primarily with the Particle Analysis method for the detection and identification of firearms discharge residue, particular attention being directed towards the particle classification system and discharge residue from mercury fulminate and Sintox primed ammunition. Chapter 6 covers suspect handling procedures and contamination avoidance and makes recommendations for permanent improvements in and regular monitoring of the environment in which suspects are sampled. Chapter 7 outlines the development of a method for the detection of the organic constituents of firearms discharge residues, which is compatible with existing inorganic firearms discharge residue and organic explosive residue detection techniques and which enables all suspects to be routinely screened for inorganic and organic firearms discharge residue and organic explosives residue. The final chapter summanses the conclusions, recommendations and comments arising from the work. .


A molecular clutch couples actin-based contractions to changes in cell shape that drive morphogenesis. All embryos, from worms to humans, are shaped during development by morphogenetic steps that tug, bend, fold, and sculpt epithelial sheets into forms that resemble, or are the precursors of, the final adult structure (1). Most of these changes are the consequence of constrictions of the apical surfaces of epithelial cells that are powered by pulsatile contracting cytoskeletal (actomyosin) networks. On page 1232 of this issue, Roh-Johnson et al. (2) show that, just as in a car where the power of the engine is linked to forward movement by means of a clutch, clutch control is also the rate-limiting step for contracting cells in tissues.


In 1965, the United States government enacted legislation to provide low-income individuals with quality health care and related services. Initially viewed as the friendless stepchild of Medicare, Medicaid has grown exponentially since its inception, becoming a formidable force of its own. Funded jointly by the national government and each of the fifty states, the program is now the fourth most expensive item in the federal budget and the second largest category of spending for almost every state. Now, under the new, historic health care reform legislation, Medicaid is scheduled to include sixteen million more people. Laura Katz Olson, an expert on health, aging, and long-term care policy, unravels the multifaceted and perplexing puzzle of Medicaid with respect to those who invest in and benefit from the program. Assessing the social, political, and economic dynamics that have shaped Medicaid for almost half a century, she helps readers of all backgrounds understand the entrenched and powerful interests woven into the system that have been instrumental in swelling costs and holding elected officials hostage. Addressing such fundamental questions as whether patients receive good care and whether Medicaid meets the needs of the low-income population it is supposed to serve, Olson evaluates the extent to which the program is an appropriate foundation for health care reform.


Abstract In West Polynesia, monumental structures with a volume [greater than or equal to] 2500 [m.sup.2] include mounds of earth or stone that in traditional history were used to house or bury chiefs, as well as being the focus of ceremonial and religious activity. We review archaeological theory about the initiation of monumental architecture and examines how chiefly and high-status activity might be identified. Large structures with monumental dimensions often have a complicated construction history that spanned several centuries indicating change to the social structure, particularly the power of elites. As a result archaeologists need to develop ideas that relate episodes of architectonic change to alterations in the prehistoric socio-political system. ********** Complex societies are associated worldwide with monumental architecture, making the examination of massive structures integral to the study of the origins and development of socio-political complexity (Childe 1949; Peebles and Kus 1977; Trigger 1990). In Polynesia the hierarchically organized chiefdoms encountered by early European visitors displayed substantial variation in their size, organization and degree of stratification, as well as sharing fundamental features denoting a common origin (Sahlins 1957; Kirch and Green 1987). Such socio-political similarities and differences were manifested in the settlement landscapes of island groups, which often contained examples of monumental architecture made in earth, stone or a combination of the two (Kirch 1990; Graves and Green 1993). [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] This paper examines the origins of monumental structures in West Polynesia (Figure 1), and reviews archaeological approaches to the study of massive structures. These include methods for assessing chiefly power from the evidence offered by large constructions, and how the study of monumental architecture might inform us about the development of late-prehistoric societies in the Central Pacific. Our approach draws on literature from Polynesia and other parts of the world, and illustrates conceptual perspectives on the study of monumental architecture, using examples from Samoa, particularly the Pulemelei mound, and Tonga, with which we are familiar. The review demonstrates the way in which different readings of monumental architecture, each containing a range of inbuilt assumptions, can be created for complex structures like the Pulemelei mound, and the importance of archaeological data to examine their validity. Several factors have been used to explore variability in Polynesian socio-political institutions and they provide a context for understanding the development of monumental architecture. They include the productivity of island environments (Anderson and Walter 2002; Ladefoged 1992), the population growth cycle (Kirch 1984), and the nature of the ancestral political system (Kirch and Green 2001). The nature of island environments clearly sets limits on the level of social complexity able to be supported by a Neolithic technology. Sahlins (1958) and Goldman (1970), for example, noted in their synchronic analyses of Polynesian chiefdoms that the least stratified societies came from resource-poor coral atolls that were unable to support large populations and where large-scale architecture was absent (see also Adler and Wilshusen 1990). The attainment of large, high-density populations in much of Polynesia has been argued by Kirch (2000:307-11) to follow some form of logistic pattern, in which high rates of initial growth eventually slowed as human numbers began to exert various kinds of pressure. In island ecosystems with plentiful productive resources, particularly arable land, population size and density could reach levels where intensification of the political, economic and social systems comprising a chiefdom were expressed in monumental construction. In addition to the demographic trajectory, political development was shaped by the social divisions and architectonic features of an Ancestral Polynesian Society (APS), hypothesized to be located in West Polynesia about 2200-1900 BP, and transported by colonists to East Polynesia (Kirch and Green 2001:79). …


A great deal of public excitement and controversy has been associated with advances in gene technology, especially the idea that humans could be experimentally "enhanced." However, based on the recent history of transgenic experiments in animals, the prospects are much less rosy than portrayed, and even successful efforts could not affect human evolution. These realities should temper unduly restrictive legislation that could impede the course of scientific progress.


Real-time high-throughput identification, screening, characterization, and processing of biological specimen is of great interest to a host of areas spanning from cell biology and medicine to security and defense. Much like human biometrics, microorganisms exhibit natural signatures that can be used for identification. In this paper, we first overview two optical techniques, namely digital holographic microscopy and holographic optical tweezers which can non-invasively image, manipulate, and identify microorganisms in three dimensions. The two methods bear similarities in their optics and implementation. Thus, we have proposed a new approach to identification of micro/nano organisms and cells by combining the two methods of digital holographic microscopy and holographic optical tweezers which can be integrated into a single compact hardware. The proposed system can simultaneously sense, control, identify, and track cells and microorganisms in three dimensions. New possibilities that arise from the proposed method are discussed.


In Part1 of this two-part paper, the orifice equations were solved for the case of externally-induced ingress, where the effects of rotational speed are negligible. In Part 2, the equations are solved, analytically and numerically, for combined ingress (CI) where the effects of both rotational speed and external flow are significant. For the CI case, the orifice model requires the calculation of three empirical constants, including Cd,e,RI and Cd,e,EI , the discharge coefficients for rotationally-induced (RI) and externally-induced (EI) ingress. For the analytical solutions, the external distribution of pressure is approximated by a linear saw-tooth model; for the numerical solutions, a fit to the measured pressures is used. It is shown that, although the values of the empirical constants depend on the shape of the pressure distribution used in the model, the theoretical variation of Cw,min (the minimum nondimensional sealing flow rate needed to prevent ingress) depends principally on the magnitude of the peak-to-trough pressure difference in the external annulus. The solutions of the orifice model for Cw,min are compared with published measurements, which were made over a wide range of rotational speeds and external flow rates. As predicted by the model, the experimental values of Cw,min could be collapsed onto a single curve, which connects the asymptotes for RI and EI ingress at the respective smaller and larger external flow rates. At the smaller flow rates, the experimental data exhibit a minimum value of Cw,min , which undershoots the RI asymptote. Using an empirical correlation for Cd,e , the model is able to predict this undershoot, albeit smaller in magnitude than the one exhibited by the experimental data. The limit of the EI asymptote is quantified, and it is suggested how the orifice model could be used to extrapolate effectiveness data obtained from an experimental rig to engine-operating conditions.Copyright © 2010 by ASME


The BFI "Companion to German Cinema" is a concise and authoritative source of reference. Over two hundred entries on film actors, directors, producers, cinematographers, critics, film industry, film movements and festivals covers the entire spectrum of German-speaking cinema from the 1890s to the popular comedies of the 1990s. In-depth articles consider the artistic peaks of Weimer cinema, the emigre directors, film politics, and the star system of Nazi cinema, women and film, the New German Cinema and the revival of genre cinema since. Entries evaluate such notables as Fritz Lang, Marlene Dietrich, Leni Riefenstahl, Erich Pommer, Conrad Veidt, Wim Wenders and R.W. Fassbinder, as well as popular genres (the "Heimat" film, literary adaptations, musicals) alongside the major studios (UFA and DEFA) and international personalities such as Klaus Kinski, Wolfgang Petersen, and Michael Ballhaus. Leading international scholar Thomas Elsaesser also contributes an introductory essay on developments in post-unification German cinema, placing it in the context of its recent history and of general relations between Hollywood and European cinema.


Participatory watershed development has proved to
be an attractive approach to rural development over recent
decades (see for example, Farrington et al., 1999; and
Hinchcliffe et al., 1999). Projects and programmes have
been implemented across Latin America, Africa and South
Asia, but it is perhaps in India where the approach has been
most popular and enduring. Here, central government
investment has been running at over US$ 500 million a
year.
This paper considers the impacts of participatory watershed
development on rural water supplies for domestic use.
Do watershed development projects lead to improved
water resource availability and supply? Do they help to
address the increasing competition for scarce water resources
between domestic users, industry and irrigation?
Or can they worsen the water supply situation in villages?
It is focused on dryland India.


As the challenge of our time, Big Data still has many research hassles, especially the variety of data. The high diversity of data sources often results in information silos, a collection of non-integrated data management systems with heterogeneous schemas, query languages, and APIs. Data Lake systems have been proposed as a solution to this problem, by providing a schema-less repository for raw data with a common access interface. However, just dumping all data into a data lake without any metadata management, would only lead to a 'data swamp'. To avoid this, we propose Constance, a Data Lake system with sophisticated metadata management over raw data extracted from heterogeneous data sources. Constance discovers, extracts, and summarizes the structural metadata from the data sources, and annotates data and metadata with semantic information to avoid ambiguities. With embedded query rewriting engines supporting structured data and semi-structured data, Constance provides users a unified interface for query processing and data exploration. During the demo, we will walk through each functional component of Constance. Constance will be applied to two real-life use cases in order to show attendees the importance and usefulness of our generic and extensible data lake system.


Two approaches to achieve conservation objectives in Natura 2000 sites have recently received much attention from the Dutch government. The first approach applies to Natura 2000-sites where active investments in the site's conservation objectives are stimulated by combining economic development and ecological restoration. The second approach relates to providing space for natural processes or restoration projects with a focus on the functioning of the ecosystem, rather than only species or habitat type specific approaches. While the Ministry of Economic Affairs considers both approaches very promising for speeding up the process towards achieving the Natura 2000 conservation objectives, the approaches can turn into dilemma's because at least some characteristics of the approaches appear to be problematic in view of the European case law relating to article 6 of the Habitats Directive. The aim of the research was to investigate whether the two dilemmas are also experienced in Austria, England and Flanders and, if so, how they address the legal challenges. This report first discussed the legal framework of article 6 of the Habitats Directive, with special attention for the terms 'deterioration' and 'integrity of the site', and the precautionary principle. Next, the outcomes of the comparative research are described. In the final part of the report, the main findings have been summarised and the spotlight is turned on the Netherlands again: What could we learn from views and approaches in other Member States and could these lessons learned limit or solve the dilemmas in the Netherlands?


A preliminary analysis of regional groundwater movement has been done for the Niger Delta, Nigeria. The Niger Delta covers an area of about 75,000 km in southern Nigeria. The Delta is underlain by clastic Tertiary sediments, from top to bottom: the Benin, Agbada, and Akata Formations. The Delta is one of the most hydrocarbon rich regions in the world, where petroleum has been produced from the Agbada Formation by several oil companies. Oil and gas production has resulted in environmental degradation of the delta. In this study, a preliminary analysis of groundwater movement in the delta is performed to determine groundwater flow pathways, discharge and recharge areas, and average residence time of water movement through the flow systems. The USGS three-dimensional finite-difference code, MODFLOW, was used to simulate steady-state flow. No regional flow system occurred, and flow was concentrated in intermediate and local systems. A major discharge area was found that collects water from local flow systems in the coastal plains and from intermediate systems that originate from the mid topographic elevations. The depth to length ratio of the Niger Delta, its low regional slope, and its significantly undulating surface relief make the delta a hydrogeologically shallow basin. *The author would like to thank Margaret and Herman Sokol for the financial support for this research work through the Montclair State University Sokol Faculty Fellowship Award.


Lean Basics Materials Management Traditional Planning and Control Framework Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) Problems with ERP in Make-to-Order Environments Five Lean Principles Specify What Creates Value from the Customer's Perspective Identify All Steps across the Whole Value Stream Make Those Actions That Create Value Flow Only Make What Is Pulled by the Customer Just inTime Strive for Perfection by Continually Removing Successive Layers of Waste Lean Focuses on Three Major Areas of Waste House of Toyota Framework Operational Stability Just in Time Jidoka Goals Improvement and Respect Lean: Additional Considerations A Toyota Leader's View of the Toyota Production System Technical Management Philosophy/Basic Thinking Planning and Control Hierarchy Lean Planning and Control Chart Leveling Production Pull Systems Flow Interval as Lot Size Executive S&OP, Forecasting, and Customer Relationships Executive Sales and Operations Planning Role of Executive S&OP in Lean Lean Manufacturing Executive S&OP What Is Executive S&OP? Executive S&OP Focus Executive S&OP Process Product Families Aligning Families and Resources Takt Time and Executive S&OP Forecasting Forecasting Perspective Forecasting Basics Demand Patterns General Methods of Forecasting Forecasting as a Process An Alternative to Forecasting: Supplier Partnerships Leveling and Heijunka Leveling Value Streams Mix and Volume Variability Definitions Buffer with Finished Goods Inventory (a la TPS): Make to Stock Bill of Materials Shape Helps Dictate Strategy How Lean Fits In: Make to Stock Leveling Production Mix vs. Sales Mix: Heijunka Scheduling Buffer Demand Variability with Lead Time (Backlog): Make to Order Managing Backlog Chase Hybrid How Lean Fits In: Postponement MPS and Heijunka Master Production Schedule Concluding Observations Dependent Demand Materials Benefits of Creating Flow Batch Manufacturing Lean Process Flow Operator Balance Chart Batch Flow One-Piece Flow First-In-First-Out Flow Typical FIFO Lane Rules Material Planning Material Planning Horizons Mix Issues Capacity Management and Shop Floor Control Issues with Traditional Capacity Planning Capacity Planning in Lean Value Stream Loops Capacity and Pull Standardized Work in Process Shop Floor Control Heijunka, Flow, and Visual Control as Shop Floor Control Staffing and Takt Time Operator Balance Chart Inventory Management Traditional Inventory Management The Importance of Inventory Management: Customer Satisfaction and Company Financials Concepts of Traditional Inventory Management Order Quantity When to Order Lean Inventory Management Inventory as Waste Inventory Management in Lean Visual Control Approaches to Reducing Inventories Supermarket Sizing as a Way to Reduce Inventory Kanban Sizing WIP Inventory: FIFO Management Reducing Pipeline Inventory: Kanban-Visual Card Inventory Reduction through Reducing Lot Sizes Point of Sale Data Lot Sizing Lot Sizing in Lean One Piece Every Part Every Interval (EPEI) Why Should We Strive for Smaller Intervals? So How Do We Determine the Interval? An Example: Murphy's Toys Trim Data Interval and Capacity Balancing Work (Operator Balance Charts) Lot Sizing as Part of Scheduling Applying the EPEI to Traditional Planning Systems: The Period Order Quantity Mix Issues Volume Variability Mix Variability Making Sense of High-Mix Value Streams What Do We Gain by Increasing the Interval? Interval as Goal Setting High-Mix Interval Determining the Interval Interval in Value Stream Loops Warehousing and Logistics Traditional Physical Control of Inventories Traditional Relationships Packaging-Readying an Item for Shipment Overall Warehouse Setup and Item Locations Traditional Logistics Logistics Skill Freight Cost Distribution Requirements Planning Lean Warehousing Controlling Space Controlling Labor Lean Logistics Inbound Logistics Outbound Logistics Zone Skipping Packaging Product Availability and Its Effect on Logistics Collaboration Visibility and Reliability Quality Control Lean Quality Lean and Total Quality Management-Visual Control Poka-Yoke Methods and Examples Lean and Quality Control-Jidoka/Autonomation Lean and Total Quality Control Management-Companywide TS 16949 Seven Lean Quality Tools Purchasing Developing a Systems Perspective for Purchasing Traditional Purchasing Lean Purchasing Keiretsu Lean Partnership Quality Supplier Quality Audits Cost Lean Purchasing and the China Price Delivery Improving Delivery and Flexibility by Reducing Lead Times and Lot Sizes Reducing Supplier Base Keeping Critical Items Internal Measuring Delivery Performance Technological Capabilities Design and Development Lean System Summary and Conclusions Appendices: The Myth of the Bell -Shaped Curve: Inventory Level and Customer Service The Bullwhip Effect Lean Implementation Methodology Using your Value Stream Map for Green Initiatives and Risk Management Index


Ongoing discussions on the nature of storage in visual working memory have mostly focused on 2 theoretical accounts: On one hand we have a discrete-state account, postulating that information in working memory is supported with high fidelity for a limited number of discrete items by a given number of "slots," with no information being retained beyond these. In contrast with this all-or-nothing view, we have a continuous account arguing that information can be degraded in a continuous manner, reflecting the amount of resources dedicated to each item. It turns out that the core tenets of this discrete-state account constrain the way individuals can express confidence in their judgments, excluding the possibility of biased confidence judgments. Importantly, these biased judgments are expected when assuming a continuous degradation of information. We report 2 studies showing that biased confidence judgments can be reliably observed, a behavioral signature that rejects a large number of discrete-state models. Finally, complementary modeling analyses support the notion of a mixture account, according to which memory-based confidence judgments (in contrast with guesses) are based on a comparison between graded, fallible representations, and response criteria. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).


Shaft-rotor systems consisting of hollow profiled shafts with uniform bore are taken into consideration. The computation of deflection, slope, shear force and bending moment at the extremities of the hollow-shaft are done using conventional mathematical procedures. Whirling frequency conditions are computed using transfer matrix method. The response of the rotating system for different profiles, lengths and speeds are computed and plotted for better understanding. The results are compared with previous published works. The step response of the system is also plotted to show the effects of gyroscopic couples at different speeds. Further, combined FEM and transfer matrix method is demonstrated for analyzing the non-rotating shafts with complex geometries.


The Human Immunodeficiency (HIV) epidemic has been around for more than three decades and South Africa has more people living with HIV infection than any other country in Africa. Since nurses are the backbone of the healthcare system, they are the most involved in providing healthcare services to people living with HIV. For this reason, their training is expected to equip and enable them to function as soon as they have graduated, congruent to the expectations of the employers. This research investigates how new graduate nurses provide care and management for HIV and AIDS patients in South Africa while emphasising the reported weaknesses in this care. Individual interviews were conducted with 17 participants who included recent graduates, nurse educators, nurses in practice, members of the nursing governing body, and persons living with HIV. The data were analysed by using a deductive thematic content analysis. Shortcomings were reported relating to aspects required by nurses for HIV and AIDS care and management; including areas such as knowledge, holistic safe practice, and policy. The identified shortcomings should be included in the nurses' pre-service training with the purpose of comprehensively preparing graduates to provide effective care and management for HIV patients and to respond to HIV/AIDS healthcare needs which is a national priority.


Abstract To create good educational interventions and assess their effectiveness, it is important for developmental educators to understand the complex nature of students' academic achievement motivation and self-regulation. The purpose of this study was to illustrate an approach to this by identifying underprepared college students' motivation and use of self-regulated learning strategies in a Personalized System of Instruction (PSI) General Psychology course. This study explored whether successful and unsuccessful college students in this course differed in learning beliefs, self-efficacy, self-regulation, time and study environment, and effort regulation as measured by the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ; Pintrich, Smith, Garcia, & McKeachie, 1991). Results suggest that these students differ on the self-efficacy, effort regulation, and time and study environment scales. (ProQuest Information and Learning: ... denotes text missing in the original.) Underprepared students enter college despite histories of poor prior academic performance. A 1995 Survey by the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) found that 78 percent of higher institutions that enrolled freshman offered at least one remedial reading, writing, or mathematics course. Some of the students enrolled in these remedial courses may be characterized by learned helplessness and fail to put forth reasonable efforts when necessary. Others may appear to be motivated, but are primarily worried about poor performance and thus avoid the challenges of difficult tasks or new academic experiences (Dweck, 1975). Academic aptitude alone does not explain why some of these students are successful and others are not. Academic achievement motivation may be a critical factor in understanding the success of underprepared college students. The challenge for developmental educators is to understand the development of students' academic achievement motivation and create interventions that foster high levels of academic achievement (Bempechat & Wells, 1989). Academic achievement motivation affects not only how well a student learns new skills and information, but also how well the student uses existing skills and knowledge in both familiar and novel situations (Lepper, 1983). There is convincing evidence that a variety of achievement deficits, such as those observed in underprepared students, are the result of motivational problems rather than factors directly attributable to specific cognitive abilities (Resnick & Klopfer, 1989). Therefore, approaches to the design of effective instructional practices should be guided by knowledge of factors that impede or contribute to academic achievement motivation. A fairly recent model that attempts to explain academic achievement motivation is achievement goal theory (Ames, 1992; Urdan, 1997). This theory contends that individuals' interpretations of their achievement outcomes, rather than motivational dispositions or actual outcomes, determine achievement strivings by their effect on cognitive self-regulation processes. Cognitive self-regulation refers to students being actively engaged in their own learning, including analyzing the demands of school assignments, planning for and utilizing their resources to meet these demands, and monitoring their progress toward completion of assignments (Pintrich, 1999). In order for students to accept responsibility for their own learning, they must be motivated to succeed and possess the skills and abilities to engage in appropriate self-regulated learning strategies (McCombs, 1988). The cause of underpreparation for college may be partially explained by the examination of self-regulated learning strategies. These strategies have been defined as a set of metacognitive, motivational, and behavioral techniques a learner may use to control his or her own learning process (Zimmerman, 1990). Zimmerman suggests that in a given situation, self-regulated learners are aware of the information and skills they must possess, and they take the steps necessary to acquire these skills. …


A Man's Game explores the development of American literary naturalism as it relates to definitions of manhood in many of the movement's key texts and the aesthetic goals of writers such as Stephen Crane, Jack London, Frank Norris, Edith Wharton, Charles Chestnutt, and James Weldon Johnson. John Dudley argues that in the climate of the late 19th century, when these authors were penning their major works, literary endeavors were widely viewed as frivolous, the work of ladies for ladies, who comprised the vast majority of the dependable reading public. Male writers such as Crane and Norris defined themselves and their work in contrast to this perception of literature. Women like Wharton, on the other hand, wrote out of a skeptical or hostile reaction to the expectations of them as woman writers. Dudley explores a number of social, historical, and cultural developments that catalyzed the masculine impulse underlying literary naturalism: the rise of spectator sports and masculine athleticism; the professional role of the journalist, adopted by many male writers, allowing them to camouflage their primary role as artist; and post-Darwinian interest in the sexual component of natural selection. A Man's Game also explores the surprising adoption of a masculine literary naturalism by African-American writers at the beginning of the 20th century, a strategy, despite naturalism's emphasis on heredity and genetic determinism, that helped define the black struggle for racial equality.


Calcium cobaltite Ca3Co4O9 is a promising p-type oxide thermoelectric material for applications between 600 °C and 900 °C in air. The properties and the morphology of Ca3Co4O9 are strongly anisotropic because of its layered crystal structure. By aligning the plate-like grains, the anisotropic properties can be assigned to the component. Hot-pressing of tablets is a well-known technology for grain alignment of Ca3Co4O9 and increases the thermoelectric properties in a/b-direction remarkably [1-3]. However, hot-pressing of tablets is limited by the tablet size. An interesting alternative for larger components is the pressure assisted sintering of panels from tape casted layers. Tape casting already leads to grain orientation during green body forming. By combining tape casting and pressure assisted sintering (50 kN maximum force) of Ca3Co4O9, high densities and high thermoelectric properties can be reached for large components up to 200 mm edge length.
The morphology of Ca3Co4O9-grains can be designed by doping as well as by varying the powder synthesis conditions. For example Bi-doping increases the anisotropy of the grains, and reaction sintering of uncalcined powder leads to a fine grained microstructure and increases the electrical conductivity for pressure-less sintered specimens.
Doped and undoped Ca3Co4O9 powders were successfully tape cast with the doctor blade technique. Several layers of tape were stacked and laminated to 7 cm x 7 cm panels. These panels were sintered in a LTCC sintering press with combined in-situ shrinkage measurement. Pressure-less sintered panels from undoped powder have a 2.5 times higher electrical conductivity at room temperature than dry-pressed test bars with randomly orientated particles. By applying a uniaxial pressure of 10 MPa during sintering, the electrical conductivity (σ25°C=15000 S/m) increases by the factor of 6 compared to the pressure-less sintered panels, which is in good accordance to the values reported in literature for conventional hot pressing [1, 3]. It is not possible to assign the increased anisotropy of Ca2.7Bi0.3Co4O9 to the pressure-assisted sintered panels, as Bi leads to an abnormal grain growth (up to 500 µm) with randomly oriented grains. This decreases the electrical conductivity (σ25°C=5000 S/m). Such an abnormal grain-growth is reported for Bi over-doped Ca3Co4O9 [4] but not because of hot-pressing.


In this dissertation, I explore the educative effects of deliberation through interviews and observation at two community mediation organizations in Toronto. Theorists have long claimed that participation in deliberation can change the skills and dispositions of participants in ways that make them better citizens. Despite the normative work such claims perform in justifications for participatory and deliberative democracy, they remain theoretically and empirically underscrutinized. I seek to address this by developing empirically grounded insights about the educative potential that can realistically be attributed to deliberative processes. I argue that educative claims can best be examined when parsed into three categories of efficacy, interests and relationships. I identify empirical contexts ripe for the study of deliberation's educative effects by sorting the deliberative field according to 1) collective decision making, 2) issue scope, and 3) participative intensity. One such context is community mediation, a process of facilitated negotiation for addressing small scale citizen disputes convened by staff and volunteers at Community Dispute Resolution organizations (CDRs). I study this case empirically through in-depth interviewing and observation at two CDRs in Toronto. I find limited evidence that participation in deliberation in this context can strengthen the efficacy or clarify the interests of participants. Furthermore, the efficacy and interest effects I do find are often limited to the specific context of the mediated relationship. I find that relationship effects are the most salient in participants' post-deliberation narratives, but that they frequently characterize their renegotiated relationships in terms of mistrust, indifference, and avoidance. This runs contrary to the thrust of theorizing about the potential for deliberation to strengthen civic bonds between citizens. Yet participants praise this avoidance suggesting that it should be viewed, at least in some cases, as an appropriate ideal. I conclude that a wholly dismissive view of educative claims is not borne out by the evidence of modest educative effects reported by a minority of participants. It does however, provide reasons to moderate educative claims considerably and to reinterrogate standard conceptions of what constitutes "better citizens". DOES DELIBERATION MAKE BETTER CITIZENS? EXAMINING THE CASE OF COMMUNITY CONFLICT MEDIATION.


Silicon is not an electro-optic material by itself but the required second-order optical nonlinearity can be induced by breaking the inversion symmetry of the crystal lattice. Recently, an attractive approach has been demonstrated based on a surface-activation in a CMOS-compatible HBr dry etching process. In this work, we further investigate and quantify the second-order nonlinearity induced by this process. Using THz near-field probing we demonstrate that this simple and versatile process can be applied to locally equip silicon nanophotonic chips with micro-scale areas of electro-optic activity. The realization of a first fully integrated Mach-Zehnder modulator device - based on this process - is applied to quantify the nonlinearity to an effective χ((2)) of 9 ± 1 pm/V. Analysis of the thermal stability of the induced nonlinearity reveals post-processing limitations and paths for further efficiency improvements.


This article deals with the sociolinguistics of Kriol, an English-lexifier creole widely used among Aboriginal people in the north of the Northern Territory in Australia. Some views and ideologies about their own language expressed by four first-language Barunga Kriol speakers in a series of speech interactions are presented, and possible interpretations are suggested, based on understanding of speakers' local and personal backgrounds as well as sociolinguistic and historical clues. While the youngest speaker was somewhat critical of Kriol, older and middle-aged speakers expressed affection and pride for it, even though their depiction of Kriol as "in between" English and traditional Aboriginal languages was in line with the youngest speaker's views. One must be cautious about drawing general conclusions from such a small number of cases, but two possible factors triggering the discrepant evaluations may be the older speakers' greater awareness of the history of Kriol and of its recognition as a respectable language and their mastery of ancestral Aboriginal languages.


We studied the hypothesis that the BclI polymorphism of the glucocorticoid receptor gene is associated with an increased probability of being a (heavy) smoker and a decreased ability to quit smoking. The study cohort consisted of all subjects in the Rotterdam Study, a Dutch population‐based cohort of people aged 55 years and older, for whom BclI genotyping and smoking status at baseline were available. In prospective analyses, the smoking status was reassessed during three additional examination rounds. Logistic regression analysis was used to study the association between BclI polymorphism and being a smoker or a heavy smoker at baseline. Furthermore, the relationship between BclI polymorphism and incident smoking cessation was tested with Cox proportional hazards analysis within those who smoked at baseline. In total, 6358 subjects were included in the study. The presence of a G‐allele was not associated with current smoking at baseline [odds ratio (OR) = 0.96, 95%confidence interval (CI): 0.85–1.09] or with the incidence of smoking cessation during follow‐up [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.98, 95%CI: 0.80–1.19]. Within current smokers, having a G‐allele was not significantly associated with the risk of being a heavy smoker when measured by pack‐years smoked (OR = 1.07, 95%CI: 0.85–1.35) or daily consumption of tobacco (OR = 1.10, 95%CI: 0.88–1.37). We were not able to replicate the earlier findings indicating that the proportion of current smokers is lower among carriers of the CC‐genotype of the BclI glucocorticoid receptor. Furthermore, the BclI glucocorticoid receptor polymorphism did not predict the incidence of smoking cessation in the general elderly population.


Barrett's epithelium (BE) is a premalignant condition resulting from chronic gastroesophageal reflux that may progress to esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). Early intervention holds promise in preventing BE progression. However, identification of high‐risk BE patients remains challenging due to inadequate biomarkers for early diagnosis. We investigated the effect of prolonged chronic acid and bile exposure on transcriptome, methylome, and mutatome of cells in an in‐vitro BE carcinogenesis (BEC) model. Twenty weeks acid and bile exposed cells from the BEC model (BEC20w) were compared with their naïve predecessors HiSeq Illumina based RNA sequencing was performed on RNA from both the cells for gene expression and mutational analysis. HELP Tagging Assay was performed for DNA methylation analysis. Ingenuity pathway, Gene Ontology, and KEGG PATHWAY analyses were then performed on datasets. Widespread aberrant genetic and epigenetic changes were observed in the BEC20w cells. Combinatorial analyses revealed 433 from a total of 863 downregulated genes had accompanying hypermethylation of promoters. Simultaneously, 690 genes from a total of 1,492 were upregulated with accompanying promoter hypomethylation. In addition, 763 mutations were identified on 637 genes. Ingenuity pathway analysis, Gene Ontology, and KEGG PATHWAY analyses associated the genetic and epigenetic changes in BEC20w cells with cellular and biological functions. Integration of high resolution comparative analyses of naïve BAR‐T and BEC20w cells revealed striking genetic and epigenetic changes induced by chronic acid and bile exposure that may disrupt normal cellular functions and promote carcinogenesis. This novel study reveals several potential targets for future biomarkers and therapeutic development. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


The kinetic of chromium(VI) catalyzed oxidation of 1-phenylalcohol has been studied by the rate of disappearance of [Cr(VI)]. The reaction is zero order with respect to [Cr(VI)]. The reagent supported on anion exchange resin was found to be more efficient in the oxidation reaction. The reagent is very easily separated from the reaction mixture and can be manually removed from the reaction mixture, which remains clear during and after the reaction. The kinetic of oxidation of 1-phenylethanol with chromic acid supported on anion exchange resin like Amberlite IRC-178 [Cl] in 1, 4-dioxane has been studied. The reaction is found to be of zero order each in concentration of alcohol and oxidant. The reaction constants involved in the mechanism and the activation parameters have been calculated. There is a good agreement between observed and calculated rate constants under different experimental conditions. Acetophenone was detected as end product.


Chapter 7 Introduction - People living in the tropical Pacific have a strong affinity for rivers – an identity that
is reflected in local languages1. On Kadavu Island in Fiji, for example, river names
describe many of the traditional fishing and subsistence activities, such as:
Nubunisici – 'snail pool' a pool where edible freshwater snails (sici) can be
found;
Waidoidoi – 'doi stream' where the bark of doi trees, a buckthorn variety
(Alphitonia zizyphoides), can be used to tie bundles of
fish together;
Wainituva – 'tuva stream' source of tuva or derris vine (Derris trifoliata) roots
yielding a poison used to stun and collect fish and
prawns;
Nubuniura – 'pool of prawns' Macrobrachium spp.;
Waikana – 'food stream' a river known to contain edible species, a rich source
of food.
Throughout the tropical Pacific, from the large rivers in Papua New Guinea (PNG),
to the small streams on high islands, freshwater fish and invertebrates contribute
to food security. Although the quantities harvested for subsistence are still poorly
quantified2,3 (Chapter 10), awareness of the reliance on freshwater and estuarine
resources is increasing.
There is concern that the freshwater and estuarine habitats in the region that support
these subsistence fisheries, by providing areas and structures where fish and
invertebrates can reproduce, feed, recruit, grow and migrate, may be vulnerable to
climate change. Consequently, the rich culture of people who use these rivers as part
of their daily lives may also be at risk.
In this chapter, we describe the nature of freshwater and estuarine habitats in the
tropical Pacific, their role in supporting fisheries, and the critical requirements
needed to maintain them. We then evaluate the vulnerability of freshwater and
estuarine habitats to climate change and consider the interactions between the
effects of a changing climate and existing impacts on these habitats. We conclude by
assessing the constraints to adaptation, the gaps in knowledge to be filled by future
research, and the management interventions needed to help maintain the resilience
of freshwater and estuarine habitats in the face of climate change.