OBJECTIVE
This study was designed to investigate the long-term results using the technique of canal wall up mastoidectomy and reconstruction of the posterior canal wall using bone pâté and auricular cartilage in the treatment of chronic otitis media with cholesteatoma.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
A retrospective review was performed on 42 patients who underwent canal wall up mastoidectomy and posterior canal wall reconstruction at a single institution between November 2005 and November 2012.

RESULTS
Of the 42 patients, postoperative tympanic membranes were normal in 38 (90.5%), perforated in 1 (2.4%), and retracted in 3 (7.1%). Mean preoperative and postoperative values of the air-bone gap (ABG) were 29.4±12.8 and 23.4±11.7 dB, respectively, which represented a significant average improvement. For patients with ossiculoplasty (n=24), the mean preoperative and postoperative ABG values were 34.7±6.0 and 27.5±8.0 dB, respectively, which also represented a significant average improvement. Thirty-one (73.8%) of the patients were followed up without any complication, but 5 had otorrhea (11.9%), 4 had dizziness (9.5%), and 2 had facial palsy (4.8%).

CONCLUSION
A canal wall up mastoidectomy with reconstruction of the posterior canal wall using auricular cartilage and bone pâté provides successful preservation of the anatomic structure and a significant improvement in hearing without the long-term disadvantages of a canal wall down mastoidectomy.


'Knowledge of God' is one of the key concepts in the book of Jeremiah. This essay attempts to define its meaning. It also shows that an 'inner-intertextual' study of this concept can help (1) to demonstrate the progress of the deterioration of the relationship between YHWH and Israel, (2) to underline the unity of the first part of the book of Jeremiah, and (3) to show that the relationship between the deuteronomistic history and Jeremiah is due to the fact that the prophet's mission was not to proclaim a new message but to remind the people of their covenant responsibilities.


NiNiC-TodoroviC, J., v. ogNJaNov, Z. KeseroviC, s. CeroviC, s. BiJeliC, J. CuKaNoviC, a. KurJaKov and r. CaBilovsKi, 2012. Turkish hazel (Corylus colurna l.) offspring variability as a foundation for grafting rootstock production. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 18: 883-888 The production of Hazel planting material grafted on Turkish Hazel rootstocks in the Faculty of agriculture nursery rimski sancevi had commenced in 1989. Preliminary research in the selection of Turkish Hazel parent trees for seed production and collection dates back to 1983. Quality seeds are a prerequisite for the successful production of seedlings. in the agro-ecological conditions of the nursery, monitoring of the oneand two-year-old Turkish Hazel seedling growth indicators demonstrated that one-year-old plants were not viable rootstocks. However, two-year-old seedlings, based on the development of the root neck and the achieved plant height, showed potential for grafting Hazel on Turkish Hazel rootstocks. In the first ten days of april 2010, tongue grafting was performed. The grafting success ranged from 53.10% on the rootstock a1 for the decorative form Corylus avellana 'atropurpurea', to 92.60% on the rootstock B9 and Tonda Gentile Romana variety.


This paper presents a continental‐scale phenological analysis of African savannas and woodlands. We apply an array of synergistic vegetation and hydrological data records from satellite remote sensing and model simulations to explore the influence of rainy season timing and duration on regional land surface phenology and ecosystem structure. We find that (i) the rainy season onset precedes and is an effective predictor of the growing season onset in African grasslands. (ii) African woodlands generally have early green‐up before rainy season onset and have a variable delayed senescence period after the rainy season, with this delay correlated nonlinearly with tree fraction. These woodland responses suggest their complex water use mechanisms (either from potential groundwater use by relatively deep roots or stem‐water reserve) to maintain dry season activity. (iii) We empirically find that the rainy season length has strong nonlinear impacts on tree fractional cover in the annual rainfall range from 600 to 1800 mm/yr, which may lend some support to the previous modeling study that given the same amount of total rainfall to the tree fraction may first increase with the lengthening of rainy season until reaching an "optimal rainy season length," after which tree fraction decreases with the further lengthening of rainy season. This nonlinear response is resulted from compound mechanisms of hydrological cycle, fire, and other factors. We conclude that African savannas and deciduous woodlands have distinctive responses in their phenology and ecosystem functioning to rainy season. Further research is needed to address interaction between groundwater and tropical woodland as well as to explicitly consider the ecological significance of rainy season length under climate change.


Introduction: The factors that have an impact on the stay and discharge of geriatric patients who were admitted to palliative care center (PCC) were investigated. Materials and Method: 111 were included in the study. Age, gender, marital status, primary diagnoses, nutritional status, decubitus ulcer, pain issues, palliative performance scale (PPS) scores, duration of PCC and "wanting to be discharged" status of patients were recorded. Results: Distribution of patients were as follows: neurological disease 47 (42.3%), cancer 26 (23.4%), chronic systemic conditions 46 (41.4%), infections 12 (10.8%), nutritional problems 58 (52.2%), decubitus ulcers 45 (40.5%) and pain 14 (12.6%). The median duration of PC was 24 days. Duration of hospitalization in patients with nutrition and decubitus ulcers were detected longer (p<0.05). "Wanting to be discharged" rate was lower in patients with neurological disease, poor PPS scores, decubitus ulcer and nutritional problems whereas higher in patients with cancer. According to the binary logit model, a diagnosis of cancer and PPS score were increased whereas nutritional problems and decubitus ulcers were decreased the probability of wanting to be discharged. Conclusions: A coordinated effort between palliative care and home health care may shorten the duration of in-patient palliative care and hasten the process of discharge.


ABSTRACT PM Viktor Orbán's government in Hungary is often seen as one of the paradigmatic cases of illiberalism and an intense contestation of immigration. This paper argues that the Hungarian government's strong focus on immigration and its hardline positions on the issue proved to be a political jackpot for the governing party. Besides presenting the claims and frames Fidesz has used regarding migration since 2015, three analytical aspects are covered in this article, based on Eurobarometer, European Social Survey and Hungarian domestic polling data. First, the trends in the perception of the importance of migration for the Hungarian voters are compared to the European public opinion. Second, the changes in the attitudes of Hungarians to immigration are also analysed in European comparison. Third, I also present what role the fears related to immigration played at the 2018 parliamentary elections. On the whole, the Hungarian centre-right successfully politicised the issue of migration, and acted as an agenda-setter rather than a follower. It was able to sustain a sense of crisis between 2015 and 2018; it exacerbated the rejection of immigration in society; and it was successful in entrenching migration as one of the top fears among its potential voters.


ABSTRACT Projected global growth in wind energy development has the potential to negatively affect wildlife populations, and yet the indirect effects of wind turbines on wildlife (e.g., displacement from otherwise suitable habitat) remain largely understudied, compared with investigations of direct effects (e.g., collision mortality). Thus, over a 3-yr period (2009–2011), we used 2 alternative survey methods to study displacement in breeding grassland songbirds at an operational wind facility in the southern Great Plains, USA. Using a line transect method in 2009 and 2010, we estimated the densities of Dickcissels (Spiza americana), Eastern Meadowlarks (Sturnella magna), and Grasshopper Sparrows (Ammodramus savannarum) within 500 m of wind turbines. Dickcissel density was positively related to vegetation structure and was highest 301–400 m from wind turbines in both years; however, this relationship was confounded by fence lines bisecting transects within this single distance bin. By contrast, we found no such relationships in Eastern Meadowlarks or Grasshopper Sparrows. Using a plot-based method in 2011, we estimated Dickcissel and Grasshopper Sparrow densities within 750 m of wind turbines. Again, we found a strong positive relationship between Dickcissel density and vegetation structure. With the change in survey method, however, the confounding effect of fence lines was removed and the relationship between distance to turbine and Dickcissel density disappeared. Variation in Grasshopper Sparrow density in 2011 was not explained by any variable we measured. In summary, we found no evidence of displacement within 500–750 m of wind turbines in the 3 most abundant breeding grassland songbirds at our site. We caution that it may be difficult to isolate the effect of distance to turbine from other factors that covary with distance (e.g., presence of fence lines) when using a line transect method to study displacement at operational wind facilities.


With the conclusion of almost every round of hostilities between Israel and one of its neighbours the idea of international forces is being raised once again. This is basically an improved and revised initiative for stationing international forces to supervise (and perhaps impose) a ceasefire between the parties. In the Arab–Israeli framework, it is in essence the old approach which has been in service since 1948. Only one force, UNEF, stands out as not having been approved by the Security Council and clearly failing its intended but vaguely defined mission. The current analysis leads to the conclusion that in this particular regional conflict, the positioning of international forces must always come within the context of a more comprehensive settlement. That way, by violating a force's mandate, each party would lose either land or diplomatic recognition. Moreover, if a Middle Eastern peacekeeping operation is to take place in the future, it has to include organic units of the warring parties, encouraging peaceful interactions. Such units should reinforce organic units from countries acceptable to all parties. Hopefully, future missions, taking into consideration some of the approaches suggested here, can continue to contribute to regional processes for peace.


The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the technique for in vitro synthesis of multiple copies of a given DNA molecule. Primers are the most important components of PCR and success of PCR largely depends on the primers. A primer is an oligonucleotide. It is utilized as the starting point for the synthesis of the DNA fragment in a PCR.
Primers bind to its complementary sequences on the DNA template and extend in length by addition of nucleotide to its 3' end. Amplification of specific regions of the
template DNA depends on the design of primer sequences.


The opening mechanism in a beverage package, where a mixed mode failure occurs, is a rather complex phenomenon. A better knowledge in respect of fracture mechanics is needed for the proactive prediction of the overall opening performance. Reliable material data used for virtual simulation of the opening mechanism is extracted by characterization and calibration of the packaging materials. Knowledge of how to choose appropriate constitutive models for the continuum material and how the damage initiates and propagates to various loading conditions is of great interest. The virtual tests, replicating the physical tests, are performed with the aid of the finite element method. Non-linear material response, anisotropic material behaviour, large deformation and fracture mechanics are identified effects that are all included in the virtual model. The results presented in this paper show possible selections of material models in conjunction with material damage models, adequately describing thin polymer films behaviour. Comparison between the physical test and the virtual test, exerted to fracture Mode I – Centre Cracked Tension, showed a good correlation for the chosen modeling technique.


This study sought to determine the factors affecting the relative competitiveness (RC) measured as the normalized profit per acre, of cassava farmers in South Western Trinidad through a determination of the factors affecting the mean and variance of the RC inefficiency term of the farmers. A sample of 112 small farmers growing cassava as their main crop provided the data for the study. A normalized translog stochastic RC frontier model was estimated. The model also determined the factors affecting the variance of the symmetric random error. The results showed that the variance of the symmetric error was affected by age as well as the number of parcels of land owned by the farmer. Wage rate, crop acreage, wage rate squared and the cross product term of wage rate and family labour were significant variables affecting the RC. The study found that the larger the number of parcels of land owned by the farmer, the greater was the RC efficiency and the smaller the variance associated with that RC efficiency. In addition men had a higher RC efficiency, but women tended to have a lower variance in their RC efficiency. Increasing age significantly increased the variance of the RC efficiency, but reduced the variance of the symmetric random error term.


In this work we report for the first time facile enzymatic synthesis of aqueous temperature-responsive poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) (PVCL) microgels with a glucose oxidase (GOx)-based initiation system. GOx catalyzes the oxidation of β-D-glucose to D-glucono-lactone and hydrogen peroxide by the consumption of molecular oxygen. The addition of ferrous ions (Fe2+) induces the formation of hydroxyl radicals from the hydrogen peroxide, which act as initiating species for the microgel synthesis. PVCL microgels were synthesized by precipitation polymerization initiated by the enzyme and a conventional azo-initiator 2,2′-azobis(N-(2-carboxyethyl)-2-methylpropionamidine) tetrahydrate (ACMA) (reference). In the performed polymerization runs, the content of the crosslinker N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide (BIS) as well as the amounts of the GOx/Glu/Fe2+ and conventional azo-initiator ACMA were varied. The polymerization process was analyzed by reaction calorimetry and it was found that enzymatically initiated polymerization is slower compared to the conventional process, and leads to lower polymer yields. The nucleation and growth of the microgels was investigated with in situ dynamic light scattering. Dynamic light scattering experiments performed at different temperatures confirmed the temperature-responsive behavior of the obtained PVCL microgels. We demonstrate that the use of enzymes in precipitation polymerization leads to the encapsulation of enzymes in formed microgels. After the GOx-induced polymerization and purification of the microgels, high enzyme activity could be determined in the microgels, enabling facile synthesis of core–shell microgels and interesting application possibilities.


In this research, the response of the plant Gypsophila arrostii Guss. to boron (B) under in vitro conditions was examined. The seeds were cultured on MS medium including 0, 10, 20, 40, 80 mg B l-1. Seedlings obtained from germinated seeds and grown in a culture medium for 8 weeks were analyzed. At the end of this period, stem length (cm), root length (cm), plant weight (g) and elemental content (mg kg-1) of the plants were determined. According to the results, the seeds of G. arrostii Guss. could germinate on media with up to 80 mg B l-1, and the seedlings demonstrated an ability to survive, albeit poorly, a dose of boron as high as 80 mg B l-1. In the experiment, the highest stem length (7.5 cm) was obtained from the 20 mg B l-1 treatment and the highest stem fresh weight (0.9 g) and stem dry weight (0.19 g) were measured in the 10 mg B l-1 variant. No significant statistical difference was determined between the boron treatments in terms of root length, root fresh weight and root dry weight. Our evaluation of the elemental content of plants demonstrated that the amount of boron in the root and stem increased parallel to its increase in the growth media. In the 80 mg B l-1 treatment, 601.9 mg kg-1 boron in root and 1,035.4 mg kg-1 boron in stem were determined. Besides, it was discovered that the contents of K, Mg, Zn, Na in root decreased while the contents of P, B, Mn, Cu in root increased in response to the growing amount of boron in the environment. In response to the increasing boron concentrations, the content of K, P, Mn, Cu, Zn and S increased while the amount of Ca, Mg and Na in the plant stem decreased. Consequently, G. arrostii Guss. was found to be a boron hyperaccumulator, collecting boron in tissues (in the roots and stems), in which it resembled some other types of Gypsophilla.


Abstract Background The Hospital Frailty Risk Score (HFRS) has made it possible internationally to identify subgroups of patients with characteristics of frailty from routinely collected hospital data. Objective To externally validate the HFRS in France. Design A retrospective analysis of the French medical information database. Setting 743 hospitals in Metropolitan France. Subjects All patients aged 75 years or older hospitalised as an emergency in 2017 (n = 1,042,234). Methods The HFRS was calculated for each patient based on the index stay and hospitalisations over the preceding 2 years. Main outcome measures were 30-day in-patient mortality, length of stay (LOS) >10 days and 30-day readmissions. Mixed logistic regression models were used to investigate the association between outcomes and HFRS score. Results Patients with high HFRS risk were associated with increased risk of mortality and prolonged LOS (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.38 [1.35–1.42] and 3.27 [3.22–3.32], c-statistics = 0.676 and 0.684, respectively), while it appeared less predictive of readmissions (aOR = 1.00 [0.98–1.02], c-statistic = 0.600). Model calibration was excellent. Restricting the score to data prior to index admission reduced discrimination of HFRS substantially. Conclusions HFRS can be used in France to determine risks of 30-day in-patient mortality and prolonged LOS, but not 30-day readmissions. Trial registration: Reference ID on clinicaltrials.gov: ID: NCT03905629.


Fireworks display during festive celebrations can cause acute short term air pollution. Deepawali –the festival of light– is celebrated in India, every year during October or November with great fireworks display. Concentration of air pollutants such as SPM (suspended particulate matter), PM10, PM2.5, SO2 y NO2 were monitored for six consecutive days during Deepawali in Salkia, a densely populated residential area near Kolkata, India, for assessing the impacts of fireworks on ambient air quality. The pollutant concentrations as recorded on Deepawali were found to be several times higher (6.44 times for SPM, 7.16 times for PM10, 5.35 times for PM2.5, 1.73 times for SO2 and 1.27 times for NO2) compared to a typical winter day value. The results indicated the huge contribution of fireworks on the pollutant levels. The particulate concentrations on Deepawali exceeded its respective 24 hour residential standards by several times (11.6 times for SPM, 22.3 times for PM10, and 34.3 times for PM2.5). Concentrations of metals like Ba, Cu, Cd, Pb, Hg, Al in collected PMPM2.5 were found to be increased by many times on Deepawali (56.72, 79.00, 16.67, 14.86, 12.00 and 6.26 times, respectively) compared to the previous day. The probable health impact of this huge though short-lived deterioration of the ambient air quality is estimated through Monte Carlo's simulation in terms of increase in relative risk of mortality and morbidity in exposed individuals and found to be extremely high. It suggests some controls on fireworks during festive celebrations.


We typically observe large‐scale outcomes that arise from the interactions of many hidden, small‐scale processes. Examples include age of disease onset, rates of amino acid substitutions and composition of ecological communities. The macroscopic patterns in each problem often vary around a characteristic shape that can be generated by neutral processes. A neutral generative model assumes that each microscopic process follows unbiased or random stochastic fluctuations: random connections of network nodes; amino acid substitutions with no effect on fitness; species that arise or disappear from communities randomly. These neutral generative models often match common patterns of nature. In this paper, I present the theoretical background by which we can understand why these neutral generative models are so successful. I show where the classic patterns come from, such as the Poisson pattern, the normal or Gaussian pattern and many others. Each classic pattern was often discovered by a simple neutral generative model. The neutral patterns share a special characteristic: they describe the patterns of nature that follow from simple constraints on information. For example, any aggregation of processes that preserves information only about the mean and variance attracts to the Gaussian pattern; any aggregation that preserves information only about the mean attracts to the exponential pattern; any aggregation that preserves information only about the geometric mean attracts to the power law pattern. I present a simple and consistent informational framework of the common patterns of nature based on the method of maximum entropy. This framework shows that each neutral generative model is a special case that helps to discover a particular set of informational constraints; those informational constraints define a much wider domain of non‐neutral generative processes that attract to the same neutral pattern.


Abstract Many plutons preserve evidence of magma mixing between hydrous mafic magmas and resident felsic crystal-rich mushes. To investigate water transfer processes in such systems following thermal equilibration, we conducted 24 h experiments to establish the petrological evolution of a water-undersaturated (4 wt% H2O in the interstitial melt) quartz-bearing dacite crystal mush (0.5−0.8 in crystal fraction) intruded by a water-saturated (≥6 wt% H2O), initially crystal-free, andesite magma at 950 °C and 4 kbar (12 km depth). Our results show isothermal undercooling resulting from a change in liquidus temperatures of the interacting magmas due to their changing water content. Specifically, mafic samples dramatically crystallize during water escape into the felsic end-members and consequent increase in liquidus temperature. Conversely, the addition of water to the felsic mush reduces the liquidus temperature, leading to an increase in melt fraction. The experiments provide insights into how volatiles contribute to crystal mush rejuvenation (i.e., increase of melt fraction). However, H2O diffusion alone is not sufficient to promote melt extraction from short- and long-lived mushes in the Earth's crust.


Because the federal government is a party, as plaintiff or defendant, in between one-fifth and one-quarter of all civil cases in the federal courts, any student of federal litigation should develop an understanding of the unique principles, rules, and statutes that govern when the sovereign is a party to a court action. As but one concrete indication of the importance of the subject, the Supreme Court continues to devote substantial attention to recurring questions of sovereign immunity, the distinctive jurisdictional statutes governing litigation with the United States, special forums for adjudication of particular types of governmental disputes, the limitations on governmental liability in tort and contract, and the availability of and standards for awards of attorney's fees against the government and its agencies. The concept of sovereign immunity - that is, the immunity of the United States from suit without its express permission - underlies and permeates this field of litigation with the federal government. As Justice Holmes admonished nearly a century ago, "[m]en must turn square corners when they deal with the Government." Rock Island, A. & L.R. Co. v. United States, 254 U.S. 141, 143 (1920) (Holmes, J.). Yet, far too often, attorneys representing clients against the government fail to heed - or even recognize - this classic proverb of federal government litigation. The reason is that they fail to appreciate the persisting influence of sovereign immunity. The purpose of this article is to provide something of a primer on the doctrine of federal sovereign immunity, for both practicing lawyers and scholars. In this article, the author draws together the sometimes scattered pieces of the federal sovereign immunity puzzle, including a consideration of the opposing arguments on the legitimacy of the doctrine, the contested history of the doctrine, a discussion of its evolution in Supreme Court decisions, a summary of the current state of the doctrine, an outline of the tapestry of statutory authorizations for suit against the federal government, and an analysis of the continuing tension underlying the doctrine as now played out in judicial construction of statutory waivers. [This article is adapted from a chapter in Gregory Sisk's forthcoming treatise on Litigation with the Federal Government, which is scheduled for publication in 2005 by the American Law Institute - American Bar Association.]


Ubuntu Mobile is quickly being adopted by mobile device manufacturers and provides Web browsing, e-mail, media, camera, VoIP, instant messaging, GPS, blogging, digital TV, games, contacts, dates/calendar, and simple software updates on every mobile device. As the first book on Ubuntu Mobile, this resource is authored by one of the top experts for Ubuntu Mobile who shows how to implement solutions for original equipment manufacturers and independent software vendors wishing to go to market using Ubuntu Mobile. The material also covers setting up Linux for mobile application development, the difference between developing on a mobile Internet device and a regular desktop environment, step-by-step tutorials, and much more.


Abstract. The NASA Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) project provides observed flux and cloud products for the climate science community. Geostationary satellite (GEO) imager measured clouds and broadband derived fluxes are incorporated in the CERES SYN1deg product to provide regional diurnal information in between Sun-synchronous Terra and Aqua CERES measurements. The recently launched GEO imagers with onboard calibration systems have active calibration teams that incrementally update the calibration in order to mitigate calibration drifts. However, short-term L1B radiance anomalies and calibration adjustment discontinuities may still exist in the record. To avoid any GEO cloud and flux artifacts in the CERES SYN1deg product, these calibration events must be addressed while scaling the GEO imagers to the Aqua-moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) calibration reference. All-sky tropical ocean ray-matching (ATO-RM) and deep convective cloud invariant target (DCC-IT)-based monitoring algorithms are presented to detect calibration-driven daily anomalies in the GOES-16 Advanced Baseline Imager L1B visible (0.65  μm) radiance measurements. Sufficient daily ATO-RM sampling was obtained both by ray-matching GOES-16 with multiple MODIS and visible-infrared imaging radiometer suite imagers as well as by increasing the grid resolution. Optimized angular matching and outlier filtering were most effective in reducing the ATO-RM daily gain algorithm noise. The DCC-IT daily calibration algorithm utilized a larger domain and included more GOES-16 scan times. The DCC-IT daily gain uncertainty was reduced by normalizing the DCC regional reflectance on a regional, seasonal, and diurnal basis. The combination of ATO-RM and DCC-IT daily monitoring algorithms is shown to detect, with a high degree of confidence, daily GOES-16 L1B calibration-driven radiance anomalies >2.4  %  , while keeping false positives at a minimum. Remarkably, the ATO-RM and DCC-IT daily gains are mostly within 0.5%. The ATO-RM and DCC-IT daily monitoring algorithms can be easily adapted to other GEO imagers and visible channels.


Photonic neural networks benefit from both the high-channel capacity and the wave nature of light acting as an effective weighting mechanism through linear optics. Incorporating a nonlinear activation function by using active integrated photonic components allows neural networks with multiple layers to be built monolithically, eliminating the need for energy and latency costs due to external conversion. Interferometer-based modulators, while popular in communications, have been shown to require more area than absorption-based modulators, resulting in a reduced neural network density. Here, we develop a model for absorption modulators in an electro-optic fully connected neural network, including noise, and compare the network's performance with the activation functions produced intrinsically by five types of absorption modulators. Our results show the quantum well absorption modulator-based electro-optic neuron has the best performance allowing for 96% prediction accuracy with 1.7×10-12 J/MAC excluding laser power when performing MNIST classification in a 2 hidden layer feed-forward photonic neural network.


A deceptively simple question — how many juvenile justice laws did the 50 states enact during the 1990s? — was the genesis of our collaboration and this essay. Our attempt to answer this and related questions accurately and efficiently prompted us to consider the significance of digital computing for the field of American legal history. In this essay, we first analyze the challenges and opportunities in applying digital techniques to legal history that include the comparability of sources, completeness of source material, and how to make "data" out of unstructured text. We then sketch some organizing concepts that guided our approach, such as the value of large data sets, computational transparency, and an explicit grounding in the methods and concerns of the historical profession. We describe our particular tools and methods that include full text document search in a custom database, document similarity comparison and clustering at a variety of scales, and weighted term ranking. To conclude we assess what we learned from trying to answer empirical questions about juvenile justice lawmaking during the 1990s, and reflect on the implications of digital computing for legal historians.


A brief review of System 3 as it applies to atomic theory, relativity and cosmology illustrates that the universe is projected as a very rapid succession of synchronous still frames in a cosmic movie. Atoms are three dimensional particles in each still frame alternating with timeless and formless quantum energy equivalents in quantum frames that collectively constitute the boundless Void. Because the Void is timeless atoms are waves and particles at the same time. The Void spans and integrates history such that historic integration is an evolutionary theme consistent with the universal hierarchy of System 4 that is plainly evident in nature. There are four active interfaces in the System 4 hierarchy that define nine possible Terms that mutually transform through interacting sequences. Because of the self-similar nature of universal hierarchies each of the four active interfaces elaborated with four active interfaces nested within it. In succeeding articles this aspect of the universal System 4 hierarchy will be shown clearly evident in the evolutionary record.


Known for their repeating motifs and signature tropes, the films of Ingmar Bergman also contain extensive variation and development. In these reflections on Bergman's artistry and thought, Irving Singer discerns distinctive themes in Bergman's filmmaking, from first intimations in the early work to consummate resolutions in the later movies. Singer demonstrates that while Bergman's output is not philosophy on celluloid, it attains an expressive and purely aesthetic truthfulness that can be considered philosophical in a broader sense. Through analysis of both narrative and filmic effects, Singer probes Bergman's mythmaking and his reliance upon the magic inherent in his cinematic techniques. Singer traces throughout the evolution of Bergman's ideas about life and death, and about the possibility of happiness and interpersonal love. In the overtly self-referential films that he wrote or directed (The Best Intentions, Fanny and Alexander, Sunday's Children) as well as the less obviously autobiographical ones (including Wild Strawberries, The Seventh Seal, and the triad that begins with Through a Glass Darkly) Bergman investigates problems in his existence and frequently reverts to childhood memories. In such movies as Smiles of a Summer Night, Scenes from a Marriage, and Saraband, Bergman draws upon his mature experience and depicts the troubled relationships between men who are often weak and women who are made to suffer by the damaged men with whom they live. In Persona, Cries and Whispers, and other works, his experiments with the camera are uniquely masterful. Inspecting the panorama of Bergman's art, Singer shows how the endless search for human contact motivates the content of his films and reflects Bergman's profound perspective on the world. Irving Singer is Professor of Philosophy at MIT. He is the author of Reality Transformed: Film as Meaning and Technique, Three Philosophical Filmmakers: Hitchcock, Welles, Renoir (both published by The MIT Press), and many other books.


Abstract A significant vegetational change occurs in the Late Mississippian (Serpukhovian, Namurian A) across the Enna Marine Zone (EMZ), Upper Silesian Basin, Czech Republic. All plant clades were impacted, including both spore-producing and seed-producing taxa; wetland taxa were unaffected. Similar vegetational responses are not identified elsewhere although, basinwide, thick marine zones (e.g., Barbora Marine Zone, BMZ) also developed at various times during the Serpukhovian. Examination of sedimentological and petrophysical (gamma-ray log) trends in both marine zones indicates that different mechanisms generated accommodation space during each interval. Placed in a genetic stratigraphic context, the EMZ records sedimentation in at least four (or more) genetic sequences, each equal in duration to individual 100-kyr cyclothems identified in the coalfield. Discrete maximum flooding surfaces (MFSs) with associated condensed sections and macrofaunas are prominent in distal areas and were identified using gamma-ray log responses. In contrast, the petrophysical expression of distal regions of the BMZ shows no strong positive gamma-log excursions interpreted as MFSs. Rather, this interval is a succession equal in duration to two cyclothems. The BMZ represents sedimentation in a glacial-interglacial cyclothemic framework; in contrast, the EMZ represents accumulation under continued eustatic sea-level rise in response to southern hemisphere deglaciation and global warming. Late Mississippian vegetational response to paleoequatorial climate change is interpreted to represent a shift toward greater seasonality, with an increased number of dry months (monsoonal rainfall pattern?) resulting in statistically significant extinction or extirpation several million years prior to the onset of maximum glaciation and sea-level drawdown at the Mississippian–Pennsylvanian boundary.


Structural genomics has as its goal the provision of structural information for all possible ORF sequences through a combination of experimental and computational approaches. The access to genome sequences and cloning resources from an ever-widening array of organisms is driving high-throughput structural studies by the New York Structural Genomics Research Consortium. In this report, we outline the progress of the Consortium in establishing its pipeline for structural genomics, and some of the experimental and bioinformatics efforts leading to structural annotation of proteins. The Consortium has established a pipeline for structural biology studies, automated modeling of ORF sequences using solved (template) structures, and a novel high-throughput approach (metallomics) to examining the metal binding to purified protein targets. The Consortium has so far produced 493 purified proteins from >1077 expression vectors. A total of 95 have resulted in crystal structures, and 81 are deposited in the Protein Data Bank (PDB). Comparative modeling of these structures has generated >40,000 structural models. We also initiated a high-throughput metal analysis of the purified proteins; this has determined that 10%-15% of the targets contain a stoichiometric structural or catalytic transition metal atom. The progress of the structural genomics centers in the U.S. and around the world suggests that the goal of providing useful structural information on most all ORF domains will be realized. This projected resource will provide structural biology information important to understanding the function of most proteins of the cell.


Traditionally, the Australian High Court has relied heavily on the legalist model of decision making in order to protect its legitimacy. Because of the unique debate between the Labor and Liberal parties about the basic institutions of Australian government, the High Court has found it particularly expedient to use the legalist model to convince the legal community of its complete impartiality. Recently, however, Australian legal scholars have begun to cast doubt upon the appropriateness of the legalist model, hypothesizing instead that an attitudinal model might more closely represent the decision making processes of the High Court. This hypothesis is tested using both a probit model and an ordered probit model of dissenting votes. The results show support for the idea that judicial attitudes do, in fact, influence decision making on the High Court.


This study aims to employ low-cost agro waste biosorbent tamarind (Tamarindus indica) pod shells and activated carbon prepared by complete and partial pyrolysis of tamarind pod shell for the removal of hexavalent chromium ions from aqueous solution. The effect of parameters namely, initial metal ion concentration, pH, temperature, biomass loading on chromium removal efficiency were studied. More than 96.9% removal of Chromium was achieved using crude tamarind pod shells as biosorbent. The experimental data obtained were fitted with Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Redlich-Peterson adsorption isotherm models. The experimental data fits well to Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherms with regression coefficient R 2 more than 0.9. For Redlich-Peterson adsorption isotherm the experimental data does not fit so well. The crude tamarind had maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of 40 mg/g and a separation factor of 0.0416 indicating it as best adsorbent among the three tested adsorbent. Further, an attempt is made to fit sorption kinetics with pseudo first order and pseudo second order reactions. Pseudo second order kinetics model fits well to the experimental data for all three adsorbents.


Recent evidence shows that the frequently proclaimed collapse of the traditional career model is actually not supported by job tenure data. This paper argues that the observed stability of job tenure might be explained by an increasing number of shamrock organizations. This organizational form has three types of workers: core employees, professional freelancers, and routine workers. In such an organization, two very different career models coexist. The organization largely determines the career of the core employee, whereas the individual essentially shapes that of the professional freelancer. This paper studies extensively the career of this second group: the professional freelancer, a growing phenomenon in many developed countries but not yet the focus of many career studies. We develop a freelance career success model on basis of the intelligent career framework augmented by insights from literature on entrepreneurship. Data are from a web survey with responses from about 1600 independent professionals in the Netherlands, in combination with 51 in-depth interviews. We provide two main contributions. First, we report findings from the first large-scale quantitative study into freelance career success. Second, this study enhances our understanding of the success of the modern career by building bridges between career and entrepreneurship literatures. We conclude that the external environment in which an individual freelancer operates is the most important factor determining career success. The study therefore suggests that more work needs to be performed on the relationship between the environment and individual career success.


Supply chain relationships are now becoming more important due to efficient and effective information sharing and leading to integration. The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of trust and commitment on integrated logistics capabilities. A second purpose is to explore the influence of integrated logistics capabilities on supply chain agility, resilience and robustness. The study employed a cross-sectional web-based survey of 183 logistics and supply chain professionals from Indian Manufacturing firms for data collection. Confirmatory factor analysis was employed for testing the reliability and validity of the measurement instrument. Further, partial least squares was utilized for testing the proposed relationships. The study found positive effects of trust and commitment on integrated logistics capabilities which in turn positively affect the development of supply chain capabilities viz. agility, resilience and robustness. Further, trust was found to have a positive effect on commitment. The study is the first to empirically validate the relationship between integrated logistics capabilities and three dominant supply chain capabilities viz. agility, resilience and robustness. Secondly, it also addressed the impact of two dominant relational attributes that have not been explored. The study empirically explored that logistics is an integral part of supply chain management as suggested in its definition. Further, our study undersigned IT integration as a significant moderator in the enabler-mechanism-outcome paradigm.


Background: Whether due to climate change or due to bad urban planning, flooding is an important issue. Climate change impact on see level and precipitation amount is well known and will eventually increase the number of flooding areas. Another reason for change in flooding area is the urban development and bad water management planning. Flooding area maps are been updated to take into account new risk. Been in these new flooding risk area is likely to have an impact on real estate value.Purpose: This paper intend to bring a contribution about the value lost in flooding area. The paper present preliminary result using UK and Quebec (Canada) data.Methodology/Design: We use transaction databases, geographic information system (GIS) and building characteristics in order to analyze the impact of been in flooding area on the value of a residential building. Since houses near water usually has value added we control for the water shore distance. Literature shows that flooding area usually has impact on real estate value. Nevertheless some study show mitigated results. We suspect that it is due to value added to houses which are on water shore. UK database is UK has 3 flooding area maps definition, we compute the regression for all of them. Quebec city data are been gathered at this moment and descriptive statistics will be available at the moment of the conference.Results: As of now, results are preliminary but at the time of the conference, we will results for at least one of the two location. We expect the impact to be in line with the literature for UK using historical flooding maps while we expect mitigated for flood risk maps. For Quebec, we expect some area to have more impact due to the very strong media coverage. Limitations For UK, individual characteristic of the building are limited. We use postal code and building type to assume similarity of hedonic characteristics. If houses among the same postal code and type are very heterogeneous the results could be biased.Practical implications: The implication are relevant to compute the value of mitigation installations (dam) or to assess the compensation to be offered to owner impacted by new flood risk area.Originality: We use GIS data allowing to discriminate between water shore proximity and flooding area. We use original data from Quebec which include a high media profile area and several "normal" area.


To improve road safety on parts of the road network carrying low traffic volumes, road designs are proposed including single-lane road segments and periodic overtaking lanes. These roads have been proven to contribute to substantial benefits in terms of road safety. However, overtaking of slower vehicles is only possible on segments including an overtaking lane and not on the single-lane road segments. Driver and vehicle heterogeneity resulting in differences in desired speeds are consequently decisive for the traffic performance. Sufficient quality of service is relying on an appropriate design and distribution of single-lane segments and overtaking lanes. In this paper, we study the effect of the desired speed distribution on traffic performance on single-lane road segments. Expressions are derived for the travel time, delay and percent time spent following. The derived expressions link the desired speed distribution, the single-lane segment length and the traffic flow to the resulting traffic performance. The results are verified through comparison with measures based on microscopic traffic simulation. The conclusion is that there is a good agreement between derived measures and simulation results. The derived measures should therefore not only be of theoretical interest, but also of practical use to estimate traffic performance on single-lane road segments.


BACKGROUND
This European phase IIIb, expanded-access multicenter trial evaluated the safety of EVE plus EXE in a patient population similar to BOLERO-2.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
Post-menopausal women aged ≥18 years with hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor-receptor-2-negative advanced breast cancer (ABC) recurring/progressing during/after prior non-steroidal aromatase inhibitors were enrolled. The primary objective was safety of EVE plus EXE based on frequency of adverse events (AEs), and serious AEs (SAEs). The secondary objective was to evaluate AEs of grade 3/4 severity.

RESULTS
The median treatment duration was 5.1 months [95% confidence interval (CI) 4.8-5.6] for EVE and 5.3 months (95% CI 4.8-5.6) for EXE. Overall, 2131 patients were included in the analysis; 81.8% of patients experienced EVE- or EXE-related or EVE/EXE-related AEs (investigator assessed); 27.2% were of grade 3/4 severity. The most frequently reported non-hematologic AEs were (overall %, % EVE-related) stomatitis (52.8%; 50.8%) and asthenia (22.8%; 14.6%). The most frequently reported hematologic AEs were (overall %, % EVE-related) anemia (14.4%; 8.1%) and thrombocytopenia (5.9%; 4.6%). AE-related treatment discontinuations were higher in elderly (≥70 years) versus non-elderly patients (23.8% versus 13.0%). The incidence of EVE-related AEs in both elderly and non-elderly patients appeared to be lower in first-line ABC versus later lines. The incidence of AEs (including stomatitis/pneumonitis) was independent of BMI status (post hoc analysis). Overall, 8.5% of patients experienced at least one EVE-related SAE. Of the 121 on-treatment deaths (5.7%), 66 (3.1%) deaths were due to disease progression and 46 (2.2%) due to AEs; 4 deaths were suspected to be EVE-related.

CONCLUSIONS
This is the largest ever reported safety dataset on a general patient population presenting ABC treated with EVE plus EXE and included a sizeable elderly subset. Although the patients were more heavily pretreated, the safety profile of EVE plus EXE in BALLET was consistent with BOLERO-2.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION
EudraCT Number: 2012-000073-23.


A vibration based micro-generator is an energy harvesting device that couples a certain transduction mechanism to the ambient vibration and converts mechanical energy to electrical energy. In order to maximize available power, micro-generators are typically inertial devices that operate at a single resonant frequency. The maximum output power is generated when the resonant frequency of the generator matches the ambient vibration frequency. The output power drops significantly if these two frequencies do not match due to the high Q-factor of the generator. This thesis addresses possible methods to overcome this limit of vibration based micro-generators, in particular, method of tuning the resonant frequency of the generator to match the ambient vibration frequency. This thesis highlights mechanical and electrical methods of resonant frequency tuning of a vibration based micro-generator. The mechanical frequency tuning is realized by applying an axial tensile force to strain the cantilever structure of the generator. A tunable micro-generator with a tuning range from 67.6 Hz to 98Hz and a maximum output power of 156.6?W at a constant low vibration acceleration level of 0.59m·s-2 was designed and tested. The tuning mechanism was found not to affect the damping of the generator. A closed loop frequency tuning system as well as the frequency searching algorithms has been developed to realize automatic frequency tuning using the proposed mechanical tuning method. The model of duty cycle of the system was established and it was proved theoretically that a reasonable duty cycle can be achieved if the generator and tuning system is designed properly. The electrical tuning method is realized by changing the load capacitance of the generator. Models of piezoelectric and electromagnetic generators using electrical tuning methods were derived. The model of the electromagnetic generator has also been experimentally verified. The electrically tunable generator tested has a maximum 3dB bandwidth of 4.2Hz. In conclusion, resonant frequency tuning using mechanical methods presented in the thesis have larger tuning range than that using electrical methods. However, frequency tuning using electrical tuning methods consumes less power than that using mechanical methods for the same amount of tuning range.


A metamaterial, arranged by stacking layers of planar constituents suitably shaped to be responsive to arbitrarily linearly polarized incident waves is here shown to exhibit 2D-isotropic effective negative refractive index (NRI). The general concept underlying this metamaterial design consists of closely pairing two metallic particles to accomplish, as a result of their tight coupling, both symmetric and antisymmetric resonance modes, whose proper superposition can lead to an effective negative refraction response. The proposed structure is composed by layers of periodically arranged pairs of face coupled loaded tripoles printed on the opposite sides of a single dielectric substrate. Through a comprehensive characterization of the transmission properties of such metamaterial, together with the analysis of its dispersion diagram, conclusive evidence that the medium exhibits effective NRI properties as well as good impedance matching to free space is provided. We also describe some guidelines to design the proposed metamaterial with a prescribed operational frequency bandwidth, dependently on the structure parameters.


ABSTRACT The relationships among the genera of fungus gnats in the mycetophilid subfamily Leiinae are unclear, and the monophyly of this group is questionable. This monograph provides an extensive phylogenetic study of the Leiinae based on morphological data from a large taxonomic sample, including all genera that have ever been assigned to the subfamily and a wide outgroup sampling to properly test subfamilial monophyly. A data matrix with 128 morphological features of 117 terminal taxa was carried out under parsimony using different implicit weight schemes. All recovered topologies support a monophyletic Leiinae that is more restricted than the usual delimitation of the subfamily. We found no consistent evidence that a clade with Docosia Winnertz, Novakia Strobl, Ectrepesthoneura Enderlein, and Tetragoneura Winnertz group together with the remaining genera of Leiinae. A name with subfamily rank—Tetragoneurinae, already present in the literature—is used here to refer to this group. The allactoneurine genera Sticholeia Søli and Allactoneura de Meijere form a clade with the leiine genus Leiella and the genera of Manotinae, which is deeply nested within the Leiinae. The male terminalia patterns found within the subfamily are analyzed and illustrated. A classification for the Leiinae is proposed grouping 33 genera in seven clades ranked as tribes: Selkirkiini Enderlein, Megophthalmidiini, trib. nov., Rondaniellini, trib. nov., Cycloneurini Shaw and Shaw, Manotini Edwards, Anomalomyiini, trib. nov., and Leiini Edwards. A key for the world genera of Leiinae is also provided. The Cretaceous mycetophilid fossil record is revisited and the biogeographic evolution of the Leiinae is discussed.


The judicial accountability reform in China introduced the concept of lifelong accountability, which requires prosecutors to be responsible for the cases they handle by tying their reputation and career prospects to the quality of the cases, regardless of whether they still hold those positions. To explain this lifelong accountability, this article analyzes key issues surrounding prosecutorial accountability in the Chinese context, critically examining the accountability system before the reform and the transformations brought about by the new accountability regime. It argues that although lifelong accountability is expected to be a deterrent to prosecutorial misconduct, the feasibility of the accountability mechanism is subject to doubt. The reform tries to form collective responsibility, enabling frontline prosecutors to exercise greater autonomy. However, it has not led to a paradigm shift from the predominantly bureaucratic model to prosecutorial professionalism, which demonstrates profound distrust in the prosecutor's judgment at a fundamental level.


Most cancer deaths occur when cells in a primary tumor metastasize, yet the mechanisms by which tumor cells acquire metastatic properties remain poorly understood. Ishikawa et al. explored the role of mitochondria in this process by taking mouse tumor cell lines with either a high or low propensity to metastasize and swapping their mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Interestingly, the recipient cells acquired the metastatic potential of the cells donating the mtDNA. In one tumor cell line examined in detail, the mtDNA conferring high metastatic potential was found to harbor mutations that led to overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and up-regulation of nuclear genes involved in metastasis. Pretreatment of tumor cells with ROS scavengers reduced their ability to metastasize in mouse models, suggesting a possible avenue for the development of therapies to suppress metastasis. K. Ishikawa, K. Takenaga, M. Akimoto, N. Koshikawa, A. Yamaguchi, H. Imanishi, K. Nakada, Y. Honma, J.-I. Hayashi, ROS-generating mitochondrial DNA mutations can regulate tumor cell metastasis. Science 320, 661-664 (2008). [Abstract] [Full Text]


This study is proposed for obtaining simultaneous measurements of the level and specific gravity of a liquid using a dual-optical-fiber-sensor system comprising a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) level sensor and a Fabry-Pérot (FP) pressure sensor. In the FBG level sensor, the liquid level is derived from the FBG wavelength shift induced when the buoyancy is applied on a cantilever beam. Meanwhile, in the FP sensor, the pressure is calculated from the change in cavity length which takes place when the sensor is immersed. The experimental results show that the FBG level and FP pressure sensors have sensitivities of 0.01491 nm/cm and 0.1569 μm/kPa, respectively. Analytical formulae are derived for the level and specific gravity of the liquid in terms of the Bragg wavelength shift, the change in cavity length, and the vertical separation distance between the two sensors. The average measurement errors of the liquid level and specific gravity are found to be 0.0323 and 0.0528 m, respectively.


There have been two major auctions of the Indian Premier League (IPL) of cricket. Since 2008, three IPL tournaments have also taken place. We first estimate hedonic price equations for the auction of 2011. We find that runs scored in the shorter formats of the game, wickets taken in Test cricket, age of the player, and nationality of the player are important determinants. We investigate whether our equations suffer from a sample selection bias employing Heckman selection methods. Hedonic price equations for the auction of 2008 are also estimated using the specification used for the 2011 auction. This helps us examine if the valuation of players has undergone a change between the two auctions. By and large, the process of valuing players has remained unchanged. Finally, we examine if the availability of information on performance in IPL tournaments makes a difference to player valuations. We find this to be the case.


Today, a great number of regional-scale active networks are established all over the world for multiple applications. High accuracy real time positioning services are provided via Internet and continuous GNSS data from permanent stations are freely available through public data files for post-processing. Both solutions should be referred to a compatible realization of European Terrestrial Reference System when they are combined. This paper presents the current status of a regional active network in southern Spain (Andalusian Positioning Network, RAP) and analyzes the difference, in terms of availability, time required to fix ambiguities, precision, accuracy and repeatability of RTK positioning, between single-base Real Time Kinematic (RTK) and network RTK (NRTK) approaches, both based on this dense active network. To check the RTK performance an extensive process control was undertaken across Andalusia (Southern Spain). The initial results of the tests applied on 60 geodetic sites are presented. The tests results show that, in the case of regional active networks with distances "reference-rover" less than 30 km, NRTK and nearest single-base RTK solutions present the same level of precision and accuracy. The spatial distribution of RAP stations guarantees an effective coverage within the region, but their altimetric distribution should be adjusted to the actual terrain morphology in order to achieve reliable, homogeneous and high accuracy positioning across the network. The results achieved in this applied research may be of interest to RAP users and also to other regional and local networks covering a similar area and with analogous structural characteristics.


BACKGROUND
This study aimed to explore how critical and acceptable practice are defined in anaesthesia and how this influences the discussion and reporting of adverse incidents. Method. We conducted workplace observations of, and interviews with, anaesthetists and anaesthetic staff. Transcripts were analysed qualitatively for recurrent themes and quantitatively for adverse events in anaesthetic process witnessed. We also observed departmental audit meetings and analysed meeting minutes and report forms.

RESULTS
The educational value of discussing events was well-recognized; 28 events were discussed at departmental meetings, of which 5 (18%) were presented as 'critical incidents'. However, only one incident was reported formally. Our observations of anaesthetic practice revealed 103 minor events during the course of over 50 anaesthetic procedures, but none were acknowledged as offering the potential to improve safety, although some were direct violations of 'acceptable' practice. Formal reporting appears to be constrained by changing boundaries of what might be considered 'critical', by concerns of loss of control over formally reported incidents and by the perception that reporting schemes outside anaesthesia have purposes other than education.

CONCLUSIONS
Despite clear official definitions of criticality in anaesthesia, there is ambiguity in how these are applied in practice. Many educationally useful events fall outside critical incident reporting schemes. Professional expertise in anaesthesia brings its own implicit safety culture but the reluctance to adopt a more explicit 'systems approach' to adverse events may impede further gains in patient safety in anaesthesia.


This paper presents a decentralized, peer-to-peer web cache called Squirrel. The key idea is to enable web browsers on desktop machines to share their local caches, to form an efficient and scalable web cache, without the need for dedicated hardware and the associated administrative cost. We propose and evaluate decentralized web caching algorithms for Squirrel, and discover that it exhibits performance comparable to a centralized web cache in terms of hit ratio, bandwidth usage and latency. It also achieves the benefits of decentralization, such as being scalable, self-organizing and resilient to node failures, while imposing low overhead on the participating nodes.


We live in a liberal, pluralistic, largely secular society where, in theory, there is fundamental protection for freedom of conscience generally and freedom of religion in particular. There is, however, both in statute and common law, increasing pressure on religious believers and conscientious objectors (outside wartime) to act in ways that violate their sincere, deeply held beliefs. This is particularly so in health care, where conscientious objection is coming under extreme pressure. I argue that freedom of religion and conscience need to be put on a sounder footing both legislatively and by the courts, particularly in health care. I examine a number of important legal cases in the UK and US, where freedom of religion and conscience have come into conflict with government mandates or equality and anti-discrimination law. In these and other cases we find one of two results: either the conscientious objector loses out against competing rights, or the conscientious objector succeeds, but due to what I consider unsound judicial reasoning. In particular, cases involving cooperation in what the objector considers morally impermissible according to their beliefs have been wrongly understood by some American courts. I argue that a reasonable theory of cooperation incorporated into judicial thinking would enable more acceptable results that gave sufficient protection to conscientious objectors without risking a judicial backlash against objectors who wanted to take their freedoms too far.

I also venture into broader, more controversial waters concerning what I call freedom of dissociation – the fundamental right to withdraw from associating with people, groups, and activities. It is no more than the converse of freedom of association, which all free societies recognise as a basic right. How far should freedom of dissociation go? What might society be like if freedom of dissociation were given more protection in law than it currently has? It would certainly give freedom of religion and conscience a substantial foundation, but it could also lead to discriminatory behaviour to which many people would object. I explore some of these issues, before going back to the narrower area of freedom of conscience and religion in health care, making some proposals about how the law could strengthen these basic pillars of a liberal, free society.


The objective of this study was to determine shifts in the microbial community structure and potential function based on standard Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) storage procedures for sediment cores. Standard long-term storage protocols maintain sediment temperature at 4°C for mineralogy, geochemical, and/or geotechnical analysis whereas standard microbiological sampling immediately preserves sediments at −80°C. Storage at 4°C does not take into account populations may remain active over geologic time scales at temperatures similar to storage conditions. Identification of active populations within the stored core would suggest geochemical and geophysical conditions within the core change over time. To test this potential, the metabolically active fraction of the total microbial community was characterized from IODP Expedition 325 Great Barrier Reef sediment cores prior to and following a 3-month storage period. Total RNA was extracted from complementary 2, 20, and 40 m below sea floor sediment samples, reverse transcribed to complementary DNA and then sequenced using 454 FLX sequencing technology, yielding over 14,800 sequences from the six samples. Interestingly, 97.3% of the sequences detected were associated with lineages that changed in detection frequency during the storage period including key biogeochemically relevant lineages associated with nitrogen, iron, and sulfur cycling. These lineages have the potential to permanently alter the physical and chemical characteristics of the sediment promoting misleading conclusions about the in situ biogeochemical environment. In addition, the detection of new lineages after storage increases the potential for a wider range of viable lineages within the subsurface that may be underestimated during standard community characterizations.


The nation is mired in immigration reform debates again. Leaders vow that this time will be different. The two groups most targeted by immigration control law over the last century, Hispanics and Asians, have increased in numbers and in political power. Conservative leaders are realizing that hostile policies toward people perceived as foreign are alienating rising demographic groups and that reform can be a peace offering. Yet, as in the past, the debate over immigration reform continues to be dominated by a focus on alleged "amnesty for lawbreakers" and a fierce divide that doomed reform proposals in 2005, 2006, 2007, and 2010. One side calls for legalizing an estimated eleven million undocumented people while the other side decries rewarding lawbreakers. Overlooked in the clash are problems in the nation's swollen "crimmigration complex" that endanger values important to each side. This Article is about curbing the most problematic excesses of the "crimmigration complex." The Article uses the term crimmigration complex in two senses, to evoke both the prison-industrial complex and the complex that distorts behavior in psychoanalytic theory. First, crimmigration complex refers to the expanding array of government agencies and private contractors using the expensive artillery of criminal sanctions to enforce civil immigration law. Second, crimmigration complex refers to the competing passions, fears, and history that distort law and policy choices and fuel immigration criminalization, blocking the ability to pursue more cost-effective approaches. Breaking free of crimmigration complex domination requires bridging the fiercely competing worldviews that have repeatedly stymied immigration reform. This Article argues that continuing to feed the ravenous crimmigration complex endangers values important to both sides of divide. The Article explores how the impasse-bridging interests of power, demography, and fiscal responsibility counsel for crimmigration reform.


Helping tech-savvy marketers and data analysts solve real-world business problems with Excel Using data-driven business analytics to understand customers and improve results is a great idea in theory, but in today's busy offices, marketers and analysts need simple, low-cost ways to process and make the most of all that data. This expert book offers the perfect solution. Written by data analysis expert Wayne L. Winston, this practical resource shows you how to tap a simple and cost-effective tool, Microsoft Excel, to solve specific business problems using powerful analytic techniques and achieve optimum results. Practical exercises in each chapter help you apply and reinforce techniques as you learn. * Shows you how to perform sophisticated business analyses using the cost-effective and widely available Microsoft Excel instead of expensive, proprietary analytical tools * Reveals how to target and retain profitable customers and avoid high-risk customers * Helps you forecast sales and improve response rates for marketing campaigns * Explores how to optimize price points for products and services, optimize store layouts, and improve online advertising * Covers social media, viral marketing, and how to exploit both effectively Improve your marketing results with Microsoft Excel and the invaluable techniques and ideas in Marketing Analytics: Data-Driven Techniques with Microsoft Excel.


Introduction: Moral Distress (MD) is a common experience among nurses and if it is not recognised and treated, it may lead to serious consequences on nurses' health and quality of care. MD has been studied in several healthcare contexts. However, there are only few studies on MD in psychiatry and in Italy there are no data in this field. Objective: To assess the presence of MD among mental health nurses in Italy and verify whether there is a relationship between MD and burnout. Methods: We conducted a multicentre survey among nurses of Mental Health services of four hospitals in Milan. The MD Scale for Psychiatric NursesItalianrevised (MDS-PItarev) and the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) were used for data collection. Factor analysis and calculation of content validity index (CVI) and Cronbach's alpha were performed on the Italian version of the MDS-PIta. Three items of the old version of the scale were removed, because judged not relevant in the Italian context. The revised scale maintained excellent CVI (0.89) and Cronbach's alpha (0.93). Results: Of 285 questionnaires distributed, 228 (80%) were returned. The median of MD was 2 (scale range 0-6); MD is correlated with two burnout dimensions: emotional exhaustion (rho(ρ)=0.28, p<0,001) and depersonalization (ρ=0.20, p<0,001). Conclusions: This is the first study about MD among psychiatric nurses in Italy. We found a medium-low level of MD among nurses who participated in the survey. We also found a modest but significant correlation between MD and two dimensions of MBI. Further studies are needed to confirm these results.


Twenty years after it was proposed, STED nanoscopy has evolved into a powerful tool in far-field fluorescence imaging which achieves resolutions below 20nm. Nevertheless, the application of STED nanoscopy in life sciences on a large scale is hindered by the high effort which the method requires. This effort is in great part due to the STED laser. So far, lasers which can be utilized for STED, e.g. titanium-sapphire lasers, show both, technical and practical shortcomings, resulting in complex nanoscopy systems.
Semiconductor lasers which are compact, reliable and controllable without effort, are predestinated to improve this situation if they are adapted to meet the pulse requirements for STED. Therefore, this thesis examines the potential of different types of semiconductor lasers for STED. Fabry-Perot laser diodes in overdriven gain switched operation are demonstrated to be suitable STED lasers. Even more suitable STED pulses, with pulse energies of up to 5nJ in 1ns, are obtained from a second semiconductor laser system. Based on a tapered amplifier, this system is constructed to be operated flexibly in various modes of ns pulse generation. With this semiconductor STED laser subdiffraction imaging of fluorescent nuclear track detectors is successfully performed for the first time. Thereby the size of tracks of carbon ions and protons in this material can be determined.
Furthermore, a method for all-semiconductor picosecond-pulse generation at wavelengths of 532nm, 561nm and 593nm is presented. This was so far not possible and provides a convenient source of excitation light for red emitting organic dyes, not only for STED nanoscopy.
With its findings this thesis proves that STED imaging with a fivefold resolution enhancement is possible with user-friendly and affordable lasers. This paves the way to a wide spread use of STED nanoscopy.


In high-dimensional settings, where the number of features p is typically much larger than the number of samples n, methods which can systematically examine arbitrary combinations of features, a huge 2^p-dimensional space, have recently begun to be explored. However, none of the current methods is able to assess the association between feature combinations and a target variable while conditioning on a categorical covariate, in order to correct for potential confounding effects. We propose the Fast Automatic Conditional Search (FACS) algorithm, a significant discriminative itemset mining method which conditions on categorical covariates and only scales as O(k log k), where k is the number of states of the categorical covariate. Based on the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel Test, FACS demonstrates superior speed and statistical power on simulated and real-world datasets compared to the state of the art, opening the door to numerous applications in biomedicine.


This volume contains contributions from the conference on 'Algebras, Representations and Applications' (Maresias, Brazil, August 26 - September 1, 2007), in honor of Ivan Shestakov's 60th birthday. This book will be of interest to graduate students and researchers working in the theory of Lie and Jordan algebras and superalgebras and their representations, Hopf algebras, Poisson algebras, Quantum Groups, Group Rings and other topics.


The paper presents KERMIT, a Knowledge-based Entity Relationship Modelling Intelligent Tutor. KERMIT is a problem-solving environment for the university-level students, in which they can practise conceptual database design using the Entity-Relationship data model. KERMIT uses Constraint-Based Modelling (CBM) to model the domain knowledge and generate student models. We have used CBM previously in tutors that teach SQL and English punctuation rules. The research presented in this paper is significant because we show that CBM can be used to support students learning design tasks, which are very different from domains we dealt with in earlier tutors. The paper describes the system's architecture and functionality. The system observes students' actions and adapts to their knowledge and learning abilities. KERMIT has been evaluated in the context of genuine teaching activities. We present the results of two evaluation studies with students taking database courses, which show that KERMIT is an effective system. The students have enjoyed the system's adaptability and found it a valuable asset to their learning.


In this research, the relationship between NCPI and CACO indices with autumn precipitation of Southern Coast of Caspian Sea (SCCS) was investigated. In this regard, two sets of data were used (Aphrodite and Station). And the days with more rainfall than long-term average rainfall station and on condition that the rainfall is more than 70% of the region rainfall, were chosen as a day of widespread rainfall. The sea level pressure data was extracted and by cluster analysis and coalition method was clustered. Then, a representative of the widespread precipitation days from station dataset was selected, investigated and analyzed accordingly. The results state that within all patterns there exists a high pressure on the upper side of the Caspian Sea, or a margin of high pressure is extended on to the sea itself. These high pressure regions have relatively cold nature that can cause currents in the northern direction while intersecting with the relatively warm water during the summer. These currents can absorb moisture during their motion towards south which can lead to their instability. In addition, one should not forget the fact that in each three investigated patterns, dynamic factors at high levels have intensified the abovementioned phenomenon and enhanced the instability, which as a result brought about widespread precipitation. Continuously, the abovementioned Remote bond indices were extracted on a daily basis and their relation to north coast widespread rainfalls was studied, which came to a meaningful relationship between these index sets and fall index sets. The relationship is direct with NCPI or surveyed stations, and it's an inverse relationship with CACO. On the other hand, the study of indexes anomalies on the days without rainfall and with rainfall was done by One Way ANOVA and Tukey test. The result was a meaningful index anomaly on the days with and without rainfall.


The development of chemoresistance in a variety of cancers seems related to overexpression of the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) drug pump. Nephroblastoma, the most common malignant renal tumor of childhood, usually is responsive to treatment, and prognosis is favorable in most cases. However, the disease in a subset of patients is refractory to treatment, and the disease follows an aggressive course. To study P-gp expression in this tumor and its correlation with outcome, tumor samples from 93 patients were examined by immunohistochemical analysis. P-gp expression was determined separately in both tumor cells and intratumoral capillary endothelium. The likelihood ratio test, the Kaplan-Meier method, and the log-rank test were used to evaluate its association with clinical course, grade, stage, and administration of preoperative chemotherapy. The results for the majority of nephroblastomas were variably positive; in 43 (46%) of them, newly formed capillary endothelial cells also stained positive. While no association of P-gp expression in tumor cells with clinical course, stage, and grade could be demonstrated, positivity in endothelial cells correlated significantly with unfavorable outcome, suggesting that chemoresistance depended on an active blood-tumor barrier. Previous chemotherapy induced P-gp overexpression in tumor cells.


Rosalie Wahl holds a special place in the hearts of Minnesota lawyers. Many women and girls, especially, were gratified when Governor Rudy Perpich appointed her the first woman on the Minnesota Supreme Court in 1977. There were no more than nine other women on supreme courts around the country at the time, and none on the U.S. Supreme Court. She served on the court until 1994, when the law mandating judges' retirement at age seventy caused her to step down from the bench. This essay highlights the significance of Wahl's work as a clinical legal educator and activist for legal education. It begins with a brief account of Wahl's growth into her work as a lawyer. The article then focuses on her time as a clinical law teacher and, later, as a leader in the ABA Section of Legal Education and Admissions to the Bar. It closes with thoughts about what Wahl's example means for law teachers.


In recent years, epoxy is used as the matrix for manufacturing composites that are used in medical and mechanical applications. For examples reinforced epoxy is applied in manufacturing human prostheses, scaffolds, fiberglass pipelines and other applications. In this work, we have applied a vinyl butadiene reactive modifier to systematically improve the failure resistance of an epoxy resin and its reinforcing composite. Vinyl-based modifier is known as a powerful toughening agent for epoxy-based thermoset polymers. Several mechanical tests including Impact resistance test and compression test has been performed. In order to evaluate the effect of rubber toughening on thermal resistance of reinforced epoxy, the dynamical scanning calorimeter has been utilized. In addition, damaged surfaces of fractured samples were investigated using scanning electron microscopy techniques. It is found that vinyl modifier improve the failure resistance of the reinforced epoxy resin. This can be attributed to the high cavitations of oligomer particles. However this improvement is accompanied with decreasing the thermal resistance of the material. This is the result of solving vinyl-based oligomer in the matrix during the mixing. [Fakhar A, Aabaadiaan M, Farhat M. Effect of reactive vinyl-based modifier on thermal and failure resistance of reinforced epoxy used in pipelines and medicine. Life Sci J 2013;10(1):170-174] (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 25


Back in print, revised, and enlarged to bring the discussion to the present, Manis shows how two conflicting civil religions emerged in the South during the civil rights movement, each with its own understanding of America's calling and destiny as a nation. Using black and white Baptists in the South as case studies, Manis interprets the civil rights movement as a civil religious conflict between southerners with opposing understandings of America. Originally published in 1987, this new, expanded edition further argues that the civil rights movement and its opposition, with their conflicting images and hopes for America, foreshadowed the ongoing "culture wars" of recent days.In the aftermath of World War II, citizens of every region drew together to affirm their common inheritance as a people and to celebrate the nation's military and moral victories. Such triumphs seemed to confirm America as a beacon to the nations, a "city on a hill." When America and particularly the South turned inward to think about "the American dilemma" of race, the South became a battlefield of conflicting civil faiths. The growing civil rights movement, calling on the nation to "live out the true meaning of its creed, " revealed within the South two separate civic creeds -- one based on freedom by law and equality under God; the other finding in the Constitution a guarantee of individual rights and in the Bible a divine sanction of segregation.Manis explores the southern reaction to civil rights through the words and actions of black and white Baptists, ministers, and laypersons whose rhetoric embodied the conflicting civil religions in the South. Responding to the Supreme Court's ruling in Brown v. Boardof Education, both black and white Baptists urged their fellow citizens to answer God's summons and help bring America to its God-given destiny. But as Brown gave way to the events of the civil rights movement, the segregationist dream of the Southland remaining "white man's country" was increasingly challenged as African Americans began, more militantly and more successfully, to claim the historic promise of the nation.Tracing the civil religious implications of the 1950s, Manis shows that as the civil rights movement divided Americans, desegregation became a crucial symbol for Americans who saw the nation as a land of equality and inclusion, as well as for Americans who continue to view America as properly and predominantly white and Protestant. In two new chapters, Manis connects this earlier conflict over civil religion and civil rights with what sociologist James D. Hunter called the "culture wars." In contrast to Hunter and others who have commented on it, Manis views the culture wars as centrally about the problem of race and difference in American life. What has broadened into partisan conflict about social issues such as prayer in schools, abortion, and family values, began as and largely remains at heart the question first raised by the civil rights debate: How racially diverse should America be?


Many former addicts who have not been taking drugs for a while suffer from the so-called depersonalizationderealization disorder (DPD-DR) –a peculiar sensation of unreality and strangeness towards the environment, something like "living in a permanent dream". It is not an altered conscious state but a different conscience of the world which makes the individual become a virtual spectator of a life that sometimes looks real to them, and sometimes looks illusory. Nearly all studies on the depersonalization-addiction binomial refer to current drug addicts, but there are no studies on former addicts.
Objective: To find out the prevalence of depersonalization-derealization disorder in former addicts.
Method: 68 former addicts were compared with 59 individuals from the control group. CDS (Cambridge Depersonalization Scale) scale, version CDS-11, and DES (Dissociative Experiences Scale by Bernstein & Putnam) scale were applied.
Results: Nearly 25% of drug-free addicts (former addicts) suffer or have suffered from severe depersonalization disorder (DES scale). If we consider mild depersonalization disorder, the number rises up to 43.55% (DES scale) and 19.38% (CDS-11 scale). It should be noted that DPD-DR prevalence in the general population is 1.5%.
Conclusions: Depersonalization-derealization disorder is a surprise both for former addicts and their relatives, as well as for the clinical staff, who is usually unaware of this phenomenon and can mistake it for nostalgia towards the consumption environment. Who knows how many drug-free or former addicts have been victims of a mistake by their therapist? DPD-DR can be overcome through an adequate intervention in 3-6 months from onset. We think healthcare professionals should be well aware of this phenomenon.


The paper describes a modern technology of biomass lowtemperature thermochemical conversion for production of biogenic fuels in gaseous, liquid and solid phases. The equipment which was acquired during the life of the project "Building Research Centre AgroBioTech", ITMS code: 26220220180, allows carrying out long-term experiments in pilot conditions. As an example of the high efficiency of the biomass conversion we present results of experiments with the use of agro pellets, while using the dose input of 63 kg/h a highly energy valuable synthesis gas with the average flow rate of 10 m3/h, liquid component reactor oil in the volume of 20 l/h, and the solids carbon in the amount of 21 kg/h was obtained.


Meiofauna are a major food source for estuarine juvenile fish despite the fact that meiofauna often live in close contact with sediment-associated contaminants. Although there is laboratory evidence that fish feeding on contaminated meiofauna can build up significant contaminant body burdens, whether or not fish predation on meiofauna is affected by sediment contamination in the field has not been well established. To answer thls question, the number and taxa of meiobenthic prey items consumed by fish were compared between contaminated and uncontaminated habitats. A model predator, luvenile spot Leiostomus xanthurus (Pisces) was allowed to feed on natural meiobenthic communities in experimental sediment microcosn~s. Significantly more meiofauna were observed in the uncontaminated reference site (1060 nematodes per 10 cm2, 177 copepods per 10 cm2) than in the contaminated site (278 nematodes per 10 cm2. 97.5 copepods per 10 cm2). Although harpacticoid copepods were found in the foreguts of spot from both contaminated (mean 22.1 prey per fish) and uncontaminated (mean 13.7 prey per fish) sediments, there were few, if any, significant reductions in meiofauna abundance due to predation. There were differences between contaminated and uncontaminated sediments in taxa eaten by spot, but these differences were most likely due to differences between the meiofauna communities from the 2 sites, not differences in fish feeding behavior. Despite the potential adverse effects of eating meiofauna from contaminated sediments, juvenile spot do not avoid them.


Today, the phenomenal traffic growth of Internet leads to the dramatic
expansion of the transmission lines in the Internet Protocol (IP) network. Fibre optics
as the key of the future transmission networks has evolved to provide almost
limitless information carrying capacity via its Wavelength Division Multiplexing
(WDM) technology. However, the relatively sluggish development in switching
technology which still operates in electronics domain might creates bottleneck in
various part of the network. Thus, the concept of All-Optical Network has been
introduced. Here a lot of approaches have been proposed to bring IP closer to the
optics technology such as IP over WDM. On the other hand, IP technology itself has
evolved from pure connectionless system to connection-oriented in order to cope
with the Quality of Service (QoS) demanded by the end users. Thus, the concept of
Multi Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) has been standardized to achieve this.
In this thesis, connection-oriented Optical Label Switching (OLS) network
implementing MPLS system has been proposed as a viable and future proof network architecture.


The aim of this study is to develop a long lasting, sequential anaerobic/aerobic biological activated carbon barrier. In the biobarrier, pollutant adsorption on granular activated carbon (GAC) and biodegradation occur simultaneously. Trichloroethene (TCE), chlorobenzene (CB), and benzene were used as model pollutants. In the first barrier, that was operated under anaerobic conditions with sucrose and ethanol as auxiliary substrates, TCE was completely converted to lower chlorinated metabolites, predominantly cis-dichloroethene (cis-DCE). The reductive dechlorination process was stable for about 300 d, although the concomitant sulphate-reducing and methanogenic processes varied considerably. In the second barrier, that was operated with addition of hydrogen peroxide and nitrate, dechlorination was limited by a lack of oxygen and restricted mainly to CB biodegradation. Additional aerobic batch tests revealed that the metabolites of anaerobic TCE dechlorination, i.e. cis-DCE and vinyl chloride, were oxidatively dechlorinated in the presence of suitable auxiliary substrates such as ethene, CB, benzene, or sucrose and ethanol. During periods of low biological activity, elimination of TCE and CB occurred by adsorption in the GAC barriers. The pre-sorbed pollutants were available for subsequent biodegradation resulting in a bioregeneration of the activated carbon barriers.


One of the underlying assumptions in the effective medium theory describing the propagation of acoustic waves through bubble clouds is that the probability of an individual bubble being located at some position in space is independent of the locations of other bubbles. However, bubbles within naturally occurring clouds may be influenced by the dynamics of the fluids in which they are entrained so that they become preferentially concentrated, or clustered, leading to statistical dependence in their positions. For bubble clouds in which the important scattering terms include those with interactions between at least two bubbles, statistical dependence between bubble positions leads to a reduction in the attenuation of the coherent acoustic pressure field from that which would be predicted for a nonclustered bubble cloud. Bubble clustering can be accommodated in effective medium theories using correlation functions describing the relationship between the positions of the bubbles. For double scattering, the two-bubble correlation (i.e., the pair correlation function) must be used, for triple scattering, the three bubble correlation must be used, and so on. In contrast to the three attenuation of the coherent field, making the assumption of independent bubble positions leads to an underestimate of the incoherent field. Both the coherent and incoherent acoustic fields for bubble clouds exhibiting correlated bubble positions are explored in this paper with the use of numerical simulations.


In continental Europe, the unemployment rate has risen continuously from a low level of below 3 percent in the early 1970s to more than 10 percent in the late 1990s. If those who are in governmental employment schemes and in early retirement are included, the unemployment rate runs as high as 20 percent in quite a few European countries, including France and Spain. The basic rule for a stable employment situation in an economy is: nominal wages should stay in line with labor productivity growth plus the increase in producer prices. In a situation of high unemployment, however, when the unemployed are to be integrated into the labor market, the productivity rule has to be modified: the increase in real wages should stay below the productivity growth rate until a satisfactory level of employment has been obtained. The most elegant approach to creating more employment is to improve labor productivity. If an economy succeeds in raising labor productivity, there is more scope for real wage increases or for more employment. We should, however, not overestimate the potential of an economy to increase labor productivity. If we want to integrate the unemployed, average labor productivity in the economy is likely to decrease. We should be realistic enough as to expect trends in Europe to be similar to those in the United States, where labor productivity per hour has increased by less than 1 percent per year since 1980. The task for Europe is to change the institutional setup of labor relations, to move wage formation closer to the market process, and to allow greater wage differentiation. It is unlikely that the "social partners", i.e., the trade unions and employers' associations, will be able to change the rule system sufficiently. Therefore, it is necessary to change the legal rules, especially those in favor of the unemployed, for instance, by introducing a legal right for each individual to enter the labor market at a wage of his or her choice. If continental Europe wants to reduce unemployment, it will have to change the impact of the welfare state. With respect to the level of benefits provided by unemployment and health insurance, a distinction should be made between large risks and small risks for the individual. Such a distinction between large and small risks would allow the costs of the social security system to be reduced, thus lowering the tax on labor. Insurance against large risks would be mandatory, small risk coverage would be optional. With respect to financing the welfare state, more choice should be given to the individual as concerns the insurance coverage that he/she desires. One serious issue concerning social welfare payments is determining the extent to which the level of social welfare benefits should be scaled down for those who are able to work in order to increase the incentive to work and the intensity of the search for work. A related issue is whether unemployment benefits should be reduced in their level or in the length of time they are paid in order to intensify the job search and reduce the reservation wage. • Shifting the employment issue to the EL) level would take attention away from the need to decentralize wage formation, i.e., to negotiate wages at the level of firms. It would be an incentive not to undertake the necessary steps to solve national unemployment problems and it would shift the financial burden to those countries that are successful in reducing unemployment. It would elevate the national labor market cartels to the EU level and it would blur the lines of responsibility. National governments would shift their responsibility to the EU level. This would be an extremely dangerous development for European integration because the European cause would become the scapegoat of failed national policies.