ABSTRACT A recent study demonstrated that polyclonal antibodies to Rickettsia conorii and monoclonal antibodies to outer membrane proteins A (OmpA) and B (OmpB) provided effective, Fc-dependent, passive immunity, even in severe combined immunodeficient mice with an established infection. In order to determine the mechanism of protection, mouse endothelial and macrophage-like cell lines were infected with R. conorii that had been exposed to polyclonal antibodies, monoclonal antibodies to OmpA or OmpB, Fab fragments of the polyclonal antibodies, or normal serum or that were left untreated. At 0 h, Fc-dependent antibody enhancement of R. conorii adherence to endothelial and macrophage-like cell lines was inhibited by the presence of normal serum, suggesting Fc receptor-mediated adherence of opsonized rickettsiae. At 3 h, the opsonized rickettsiae had been internalized. After 72 h, inhibited survival of rickettsiae exposed to polyclonal antibodies or monoclonal antibodies to OmpA or OmpB was evident compared with growth of untreated and normal serum-treated and polyclonal Fab antibody-treated R. conorii. Polyclonal antibodies and an anti-OmpB monoclonal antibody inhibited the escape of R. conorii from the phagosome, resulting in intraphagolysosomal rickettsial death. At 48 h of infection, rickettsicidal activity of macrophages by opsonized rickettsiae was inhibited by NG-monomethyl-l-arginine, superoxide dismutase, mannitol, or supplemental l-tryptophan, and endothelial rickettsicidal activity against opsonized rickettsiae was inhibited by NG-monomethyl-l-arginine, superoxide dismutase, catalase, or supplemental l-tryptophan. Thus, Fc-dependent antibodies protected against R. conorii infection of endothelium and macrophages by opsonization that inhibited phagosomal escape and resulted in phagolysosomal killing mediated by nitric oxide, reactive oxygen intermediates, and l-tryptophan starvation.


The COVID-19 pandemic has had huge effects on the daily lives of most individuals in the first half of 2020. Widespread lockdown and preventative measures have isolated individuals, affected the world economy, and limited access to physical and mental healthcare. While these measures may be necessary to minimize the spread of the virus, the negative physical, psychological, and social effects are evident. In response, technology has been adapted to try and mitigate these effects, offering individuals digital alternatives to many of the day-to-day activities which can no longer be completed normally. However, the elderly population, which has been worst affected by both the virus, and the lockdown measures, has seen the least benefits from these digital solutions. The age based digital divide describes a longstanding inequality in the access to, and skills to make use of, new technology. While this problem is not new, during the COVID-19 pandemic it has created a large portion of the population suffering from the negative effects of the crisis, and unable to make use of many of the digital measures put in place to help. This paper aims to explore the increased negative effects the digital divide is having in the elderly population during the COVID-19 pandemic. It also aims to highlight the need for increased attention and resources to go toward improving digital literacy in the elderly, and the need to put in place measures to offer immediate solutions during the COVID-19 crisis, and solutions to close the digital divide for good in the long-term.


A focused plenoptic camera not only captures the spatial information of a scene but also the angular information. The capturing results in a plenoptic image consisting of multiple microlens images and with a large resolution. In addition, the microlens images are similar to their neighbors. Therefore, an efficient compression method that utilizes this pattern of similarity can reduce coding bit rate and further facilitate the usage of the images. In this paper, we propose an approach for coding of focused plenoptic images by using a representation, which consists of a sparse plenoptic image set and disparities. Based on this representation, a reconstruction method by using interpolation and inpainting is devised to reconstruct the original plenoptic image. As a consequence, instead of coding the original image directly, we encode the sparse image set plus the disparity maps and use the reconstructed image as a prediction reference to encode the original image. The results show that the proposed scheme performs better than HEVC intra with more than 5 dB PSNR or over 60 percent bit rate reduction.


This paper proposes the use of synchrophasors for backup transmission line protection for ground faults and power swing detection. The proposed protection approach complements protective distance elements and is suitable for single-pole and three-pole tripping applications. The paper presents the synchrophasor-based protective element performance for challenging fault conditions such as cross-country faults with high fault resistance. The power swing detection algorithm this paper proposes uses angle difference measurements and does not require setting traditional impedance-based out-of-step (OOS) characteristics. Keywords—Negative, Zero, Sequence, Current, Angle, Difference, Frequency, Slip, Acceleration, Swing, Out-of-Step


An experiment was conducted to determine the digestibility of amino acids (AA) and energy in high-protein sorghum dried distillers grain with solubles (DDGS). Six growing barrows (initially 50 lb) surgically fitted with T-cannulas were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 dietary treatments in a 2-period crossover design. The treatments were a diet with the high-protein sorghum DDGS (50% of the diet) as the only protein source and an N-free diet for determining basal endogenous AA loss. Both diets contained 0.25% chromic oxide as an indigestible marker. Fecal and ileal digesta samples were collected during each period for energy and AA analysis. On the basis of these analyses, apparent (AID) and standardized (SID) ileal digestibility and energy values were calculated. The analyzed CP of the product was 44.5% with a lysine:CP ratio of 3.6%. Crude fat, ADF, and NDF were 2.9, 16.1, and 18.8%, respectively. The AID for lysine, methionine, threonine, and tryptophan were 51.9, 73.0, 60.6, and 71.7%, respectively. The SID values were 53.7, 73.8, 63.0, and 73.8% for lysine, methionine, threonine, and tryptophan, respectively. The analyzed GE of the product was 2,317 kcal/lb of DM. The calculated DE, ME, and NE values were 1,759; 1,610; and 1,023 kcal/lb of DM, respectively. In conclusion, the high-protein sorghum DDGS is higher in CP, AA, Ca, and P but lower in AA digestibility and energy compared with reported values for traditional DDGS.


Many institutions have all the tools needed to create a local grid that aggregates commodity compute resources into an accessible grid service, while simultaneously maintaining user satisfaction and system security. In this thesis, the author presents a three-tiered strategy used at Clemson University to deploy and maintain a grid infrastructure by making resources available to both local and federated remote users for scientific research. Using this approach virtually no compute cycles are wasted. Usage trends and power consumption statistics collected from the Clemson campus grid are used as a reference for best-practices. The loosely-coupled components that comprise the campus grid work together to form a highly cohesive infrastructure that not only meets the computing needs of local users, but also helps to fill the needs of the scientific community at large. Experience gained from the deployment and management of this system may be adapted to other grid sites, allowing for the development of campus-wide, grid-connected cyberinfrastructures.


The objective of the study was to determine the work -readiness skills that are regarded as important by employers and graduates in the Fasset Sector of South Africa. A cross-sectional survey design was  used  to  achieve  this  objective.  Two  convenience  samples, namely  24  employers  and  333 graduates, completed  the Work Readiness Skills Scale. This scale was validated as a one-factor model with  an  alpha  coeffcient of  0.88. Oral  and written  communication,  self-discipline,  time management, interpersonal skills and teamwork, problem-solving skills and positive work ethic were rated as important skills for securing employment in this sector by employers and graduates alike. In addition, employers valued numeracy skills and motivation, whereas graduates regarded confidence and  leadership skills as  important. The results have implications for the curriculum design of the Fasset Work Readiness Programme presented to graduates in this industry.


PURPOSE
Referring to the Standard of the Pharmaceutical Industry of the People's Republic of China "Performance and test methods for intensity modulated radiation therapy(IMRT) treatment planning system", we will do a series of tests to an IMRT planning system named RayStation, before its registration and certification.

METHODS
The Standard is put forward by the state food and drug administration(SFDA) of China, and adapted from AAPM TG119 report. Referring to the Standard, the tests include: dose goals used for planning, point dose calculation accuracy and dose distribution calculation accuracy. And test phantoms include: AAPM TG119 report's test cases and solid water phantom for verification, and IMRT test cases include: multitarget, mock prostate, mock head/neck and CShape(easier version and harder version) and so on. Referring to the Standard, we optimize and calculate doses of interest in RayStation, and use the common measurement equipments and tools, such as an ionization chamber, films, a detector array, and etc, to measure the doses on the accelerator, then calculate and analyze the errors between them.

RESULTS
The results of dose goals for five different mock plans meet well with the requirements of the Standard. And the point dose ionization chamber measurements are in line with the requirements of the Standard, and the total error of the mock plans is (0.83 ± 1.65)%. The gamma criteria pass rates of per-field measurements using detector array are all greater than 99.0%, and the pass rates of composite film measurements are all greater than 92.5%.

CONCLUSION
This study has done a set of tests to IMRT performance of RayStation, and the results of three trials are in full compliance with the requirements of the Standard. The test method can also be reference for the user commissioning of IMRT treatment planning system and IMRT clinical dosimetric verification.


This book offers a wide ranging analysis of changing world order at the beginning of the twenty-first century. It examines the progression from international to global governance, focusing on the fundamental change of actors, agendas, collective decision making, and the role of the UN system. Globalization does not only mean a change of relationship between governments and market forces. It also has important implications for the identities and activities of transnational social actors. International governance, the authors argue, faces three different challenges: the technological revolution, globalization, and the end of the Cold War —leading to jurisdictional, operational, incentive, and participatory gaps in governance with which international governance systems cannot adequately cope. In attempting to respond to these new problems, international governance systems have engaged in a multifaceted move toward global governance, reacting to these challenges in part by transforming themselves.The contributors of this volume discuss various aspects of this transformation, extrapolate its trends, and provide suggestions about possible forms of global governance. They address several key issues, such as the roles of states, intergovernmental organizations, the UN system, and non-state actors--market forces as well as civil society--in a future world order. Will they cooperate in global governance systems and, if so, how? To what extent will states still be able to attain their governance goals, providing security, protection, and social welfare? Are international institutions at the regional level more effective in providing security for the peoples of their respective regions? The authors also explore the changing nature and increasing salience of non-state actors such as NGOs and business corporations. They ask whether a democratic world republic is the best model of global governance and address the question of how social justice can be attained or furthered by a transition from international governance systems to a global system of governance.


The CETA program (Distribution des cétacés en Terre Adélie) was launched by the French Polar Institute (IPEV) in 2009 to carry out a first pilot study on cetacean distribution off Adelie Land (IWC Area V). An opportunistic survey conducted in January 2010 allowed the collection of 38 sightings on the continental shelf off the Adélie Land coastline, totalising a minimum of 84 individuals. True blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus) and humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) were identified for the first time in the Adélie Land region. Sightings of antarctic minke whale (Balaenoptera bonaerensis) and killer whale (Orcinus orca) type A and C confirmed the presence of both species in this area. Photo-ID were realised on three blue whales and two humpback whales. One of the two humpback was previously photo-ID in Hervey Bay, East Australia in 2002. A biopsy was collected on one humpback whale. The presence of great whales (8 individuals of blue and humpback whales) in the Adélie Depression raised the issue of the importance of this area for such endangered species. The second year of this pilot study will be conducted in January 2011, after which data will combined to evaluate relative abundance of cetaceans in the region. This work is a part of the Southern Ocean Research Partnerships (SORP) on non-lethal whale research.


Background: A diagnosis of interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) may include surgical lung biopsy (SLB), which is associated with significant morbidity and mortality and also appreciable costs. Transbronchial lung cryobiopsy (TBLC) is adopting an important role. Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic yield (DY) and safety of TBLC and SLB in a large cohort of patients and to perform a systematic review of the literature as well as a meta-analysis. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of 447 cases with ILD undergoing TBLC and/or SLB and a systematic review of the literature (MEDLINE and Embase for all original articles on the DY and safety of TBLC in ILDs up to July 2015). Results: A total of 150 patients underwent SLB and 297 underwent TBLC. The median time of hospitalization was 6.1 days (SLB) and 2.6 days (TBLC; p < 0.0001). Mortality due to adverse events was observed for 2.7% (SLB) and 0.3% (TBLC) of the patients. Pneumothorax was the most common complication after TBLC (20.2%). No severe bleeding was observed. TBLC was diagnostic for 246 patients (82.8%), SLB for 148 patients (98.7%, p = 0.013). A meta-analysis of 15 investigations including 781 patients revealed an overall DY of 0.81 (0.75-0.87); the overall pooled probability of developing a pneumothorax, as retrieved from 15 studies including 994 patients, was 0.06 (95% CI 0.02-0.11). Conclusion: Cryobiopsy is safe and has lower complication and mortality rates compared to SLB. TBLC might, therefore, be considered the first diagnostic approach for obtaining tissue in ILDs, reserving the surgical approach for cases in which TBLC is not diagnostic.


This study empirically examined the influence of the supervising, culture, personality, and training on the completeness of financial statements of the local governments. To collect the data, a research instrument was prepared to participant. Using survey information collected from 50 accountant who prepare the financial statement on Kabupaten Karanganyar Central Java Province, this study uses full regression method. The results of the test show that the supervising and training provide influence on the completeness of financial statements on Kabupaten Karanganyar. The results indicated that the supervising from the higher managers increase the financial statements completeness. And in the same way, training for the accountant increase the completeness of financial statements too.However, the researcher failed to find the influence of the culture and personality on the completeness of financial statements of the local governments.


With his long-running 'Everyday Economics' column in Slate and his popular book, The Armchair Economist, Steve Landsburg has been leading the pack of economists who are transforming their science from a drab meditation on graphs and charts into a fascinating window on human nature. Now he's back and more provocative than ever with surprises on virtually every page. In More Sex is Safer Sex, Professor Landsburg offers readers a series of stimulating discussions that all flow from one unsettling fact. Combining the rational decisions of each of us often produces an irrational result for all of us. Avoiding casual sex can actually encourage the spread of diseases. To solve population pressures, we need more people. In his tantalizing, entertaining narrative, Landsburg guides us through these shocking notions by the light of compelling logic and evidence and makes suggestions along the way: Why not charge juries if a convicted felon is exonerated? Why not let firemen keep the property they rescue? As entertaining as it is inflammatory, More Sex is Safer Sex, will make readers think about their decisions in unforgettable ways-and spark debate over much that we all take for granted.


Enthusiasm of new students in student activities could be seen this morning (10/30) in the motorcycle parking lot of University of Muhammadiyah Malang (UMM). Shortly after the head of the Bureau of Student Affairs, Athok Miftachul Huda, cut flowers signing the opening of the Student Activity Unit/Unit Kegiatan Mahasiswa (UKM) Fair, new students directly fulfilled UKMs stands. The UKM Fair is an annual event. This time, the event would last until tomorrow, Saturday (10/31).
A total of 24 UKMs opened stands there. They sought to promote their units to the new students. Indeed during the first years, Student Affairs Bureau required new students to follow one student organization as part of coaching. "There are over one hundred student organizations to choose. So, there is no reason not to learn to organize, compete and develop the selves," said Vice Rector III, Joko Widodo.


Researchers of industrial relations issues in manufacturing have long recognized that careful study of production has significant implications for labor productivity. Recent theory and analysis has shown the large influence of organizational forgetting. The authors of this study demonstrate that forgetting by workers in an establishment or line of production as a substantive characteristic of actual production processes is overstated and that alternative, simpler theoretical and empirical explanations have at least as good explanatory power. Using inside-the-firm analysis, they find that the omitted-variable bias in other studies due to data limitations has the potential for spurious estimates of large forgetting rates by lines of work. Further, they find that forgetting, although important and interesting, is not as influential as previous work for labor productivity has suggested. Further analysis of the production function and the role of organizational forgetting needs to be fully specified in a model to include internal production and labor relations characteristics, like those in this study, to be a plausible model of the production process within manufacturing establishments.


This paper introduces the CLOCK Community Legal Companion scheme, a collaborative social justice project involving law students, law firms, third sector advice agencies and law courts. Initiated by Keele University's law school due to concerns over the rise in the number of self-represented litigants, following implementation of the Legal Aid Sentencing & Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 (LASPO Act) and the associated reduction in legal aid, the scheme is designed to assist self-represented litigants at courts local to the participating laws schools in the post-LASPO era. Law students acting as Community Legal Companions assist self-represented litigants with legal form-filling; bundle preparation; signposting to appropriate legal and third sector services and accompany litigants in person to hearings along McKenzie Friend principles by taking notes for them.

Drawing on the experiences of the scheme at two of the participating universities: Canterbury Christ Church University and the University of Brighton, Ben Waters and Jeanette Ashton outline the role of the Community Legal Companion and how the scheme operates in their respective court centres. They share their experiences of setting up the scheme and of their students' reflections on volunteering as Community Legal Companions.

Situated within a pedagogical context of experiential learning and clinical legal education, the paper also reflects upon the project based research undertaken at both institutions. This includes the responses provided by the students to an initial questionnaire about their experiences as they embarked upon their Companionship role, and the responses received to a follow-up questionnaire after students had undertaken the role for the three-month period. When presenting the research findings, consideration is given to students' perceptions of the Community Legal Companion role; their motivations for volunteering for the scheme; the preparation and training they received from academic leads, legal partners, third sector partners and the courts; the challenges presented by the role; the supportive link made to their academic studies and the opportunities for key skills acquisition. Perceptions of employability enhancement and the likely impact of the role in supporting students' future careers are also considered.

Whilst there is a considerable body of literature on the well-known and perhaps more established clinical legal education model i.e. that of the university-based law clinic, this paper contributes to the research from the perspective of experiential learning in the context of the court environment through situated learning opportunities. It is argued that such socio-legal active learning initiatives enable law students to learn about law in context, in this case by assisting self-represented litigants who are often at their most vulnerable, with some having poor levels of literacy and many being thoroughly bewildered by the court process.

The findings of the study reveal that the CLOCK Community Legal Companion scheme, as well as bringing benefits to the wider community, enables law student volunteers to develop key skills, build links with legal and third sector partners and to feel part of a community of practice.


This paper presents in-situ measurement results for energy and environmental performance of thirteen cleanroom systems located in the USA, including key metrics for evaluating cleanroom air system performance and overall electric power intensity. Comparisons with the IEST Recommended Practice (IEST-RP-CC012.1) are made to examine the performance of cleanroom air systems. Based upon the results, the paper discusses likely opportunities for improving cleanroom energy efficiency while maintaining effective contamination control. The paper concludes that there are wide variations in energy performance of cleanroom environmental systems, and that performance benchmarking can serve as a vehicle to identify energy efficient cleanroom design practices and to highlight important issues in cleanroom operation and maintenance.


Five new generations of maize streak virus (MSV) resistant varieties were evaluated along with two checks in replicated trials and for two years in a southern guinea savanna ecology of Nigeria, which is an endemic zone for the disease. Difference in grain yield between favourable growing season in 2002 and unfavourable season in 2001 was 1.68 t/ha-1, representing 30.2% yield increase of 2001 performance. Results further showed that while both rust and streak diseases appeared to have been put in check, the genotypes showed slight susceptibility to leaf blight and curvularia leaf spot, ranging from 5-7 and 4-8 percent (%) respectively. Genotypic differences were significant for grain yield, agronomic traits as well as incidences of leaf blight and curvularia leaf spot. Acr 91 Suwan-1- SR C1 was the most productive of new generations of MSV resistant varieties, having yielded significantly higher than OPV check by 32 percent (%) and comparable with the hybrid check for grain yield. The variety could therefore serve as replacement to existing cultivar and also as source of genes for future maize breeding activities in the development of superior maize varieties for the southern guinea savanna ecology. Key words: Genotypes, grain yield, leaf diseases, adaptation.


Representing a new class of tool for biological modeling, Bio Model Analyzer (BMA) uses sophisticated computational techniques to determine stabilization in cellular networks. This paper presents designs aimed at easing the problems that can arise when such techniques - \'14using distinct approaches to conceptualizing networks\'14 - are applied in biology. The work also engages with more fundamental issues being discussed in the philosophy of science and science studies. It shows how scientific ways of knowing are constituted in routine interactions with tools like BMA, where the emphasis is on the practical business at hand, even when seemingly deep conceptual problems exist. For design, this perspective refigures the frictions raised when computation is used to model biology. Rather than obstacles, they can be seen as opportunities for opening up different ways of knowing.


Characterization of Aligned Carbon Nanotube/Polymer Composites By Sumanth Banda, B.Tech. A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2004. Major director : Dr. Zoubeida Ounaies, Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering. The main objective of this thesis is to efficiently disperse and align SWNTs in two different polymer matrices to obtain an orthotropic composite whose strength, stiffness and electrical properties depend on the orientation of the SWNTs. The SWNTs are successfully dispersed and aligned in a polyimide matrix and a polymer blend of UDMA/HDDMA. In-situ polymerization under sonication is used to disperse the SWNTs in polyimide matrix and sonication is used to disperse SWNTs in the UDMA/HDDMA matrix. In both cases, an electric field is used to align the SWNTs in the polymer matrices. In the polyimide, the SWNTs are aligned by electrospinning technique, and in (UDMA/HDDMA) the SWNTs are aligned by applying an AC electric field, while the composite is cured. The electrical and mechanical properties of randomly dispersed SWNT polyimide composites and SWNT/UDMA/HDDMA composite are measured. The dielectric constant and storage modulus of SWNT polyimide composite increased with SWNT concentration. Low percolation (0.06 wt%) and an increase of 113% in storage modulus with 0.2 wt% SWNTs, both indicate good dispersion of SWNTs in the polyimide matrix. The dielectric constants, conductivity for the unaligned SWNT/UDMA/HDDMA composite are isotropic. The electrical and mechanical properties of the randomly dispersed SWNT polyimide composite and SWNT/UDMA/HDDMA composite are used as references when analyzing the aligned counter parts. Different characterization methods are used to assess the alignment of the SWNTs in the polyimide and (UDMA/HDDMA) matrices. A variety of characterization techniques, i.e. microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, electrical conductivity, dynamic dielectric spectroscopy and dynamic mechanical analysis, indicate preferential alignment of SWNTs in two types of polymers: Polyimide and (UDMA/HDDMA). Optical microscope images showed alignment of the SWNTs in the UDMA/HDDMA composite. Inspection of the Raman spectra on aligned SWNT polyimide composite fibers and aligned SWNT/UDMA/HDDMA composite indicates a decrease in the intensity of the tangential peak of the SWNT with increase in the polarizer angle. The difference in the perpendicular and parallel Raman peaks indicate preferential alignment of SWNTs in both the polymer matrices. In the aligned polyimide composite, percolation transition is at 0.2 wt% SWNT concentrations when dielectric constant is measured parallel to the aligned SWNTs. But percolation transition is at 0.65 wt% SWNT concentrations when dielectric constant is measured perpendicular to the aligned SWNTs. Electrical measurements on aligned SWNT polyimide and UDMA/HDDMA composite are highly anisotropic. In both cases, the dielectric constant values parallel to the direction of SWNT alignment are higher than the values perpendicular to the direction of SWNT alignment. To analyze the resulting anisotropy in the dielectric constant, Bruggeman's effective medium approach is used. The effective medium theory predicts the effective dielectric constant of a composite with aligned anisotropic inclusions. The effective dielectric constant, perpendicular to the aligned inclusions and parallel to the aligned inclusions is estimated. The dielectric constant values of aligned SWNT polyimide and aligned SWNT/UDMA/HDDMA composites are compared to the experimental results. Both the values from the theory and experiment show anisotropy in dielectric constant. The theory indicated that the dielectric constant parallel to the aligned inclusions is highly influenced by the dielectric constant of the inclusion and the dielectric constant perpendicular to the aligned inclusions is highly influenced by the dielectric constant of the polymer matrix. Results from the different characterizing techniques indicate that SWNTs are successfully aligned in the polyimide matrix and (UDMA/HDDMA) matrix by electrospinning technique and by an AC electric field respectively. Chapter


Wildlife biologists, traffic planners, and decision makers are increasingly concerned about the effects of landscape fragmentation caused by transportation infrastructure. Data on the degree of landscape fragmentation are urgently needed for monitoring environmental change, identification of trends, and as a basis for investigating the effects of fragmentation on larger scales. The method of effective mesh size is currently used in several countries for national environmental reporting, e.g., as one of 24 core indicators in Germany. The objectives of this paper are to develop a new method for the quantification of landscape connectivity that incorporates variable barrier strengths into the effective mesh size, and to apply it to the question of how the configuration of transportation networks affects landscape connectivity, using empirical data on ungulates and amphibians. The paper also addresses the question of how crossing structures can enhance landscape connectivity most efficiently depending on their placement and spatial arrangement. The outcomes include the following principles: (1) The more crossing structures were implemented, the higher the resulting landscape connectivity. (2) The higher traffic volume, the larger the difference between the configuration with and without crossing structures, and the more pronounced the differences among the various configurations with crossing structures. (3) The more patches can be accessed from any patch by few road crossings (i.e., high number of nearest neighbours and next nearest neighbours), the higher the degree of landscape connectivity. (4) The closer to each other the roads are (i.e., the more bundled the roads are), the higher the degree landscape connectivity. (5) However, putting all traffic on one road can be better or worse for landscape connectivity, depending on how quickly crossing success decreases with increasing traffic volume. (6) The number and quality of crossing structures are highly relevant. Wildlife passages that are not satisfactorily functional provide little benefit to landscape connectivity. (7) Large patches should be connected first. Only once the large patches are well enough connected does the additional connection with smaller patches provide higher additional connectivity than an improvement of the connectivity between the large patches. The results demonstrate that the topology-sensitive effective mesh size is a suitable tool to study the effects of road network configuration and wildlife passage location on landscape connectivity. Because traffic volume may vary over time, landscape connectivity can vary over a day, week, or year. This new method will probably be applied widely in the future as the current lack of quantitative empirical data on the barrier strength as a function of road type, traffic volume, and animal species is currently addressed more and more systematically by wildlife biologists.


Henry Hellyer (1790 -1832), a surveyor for the Van Diemen's
land Company, was a son of John Hellyer and Betsy (Maine) of Portchester, Hampshire, England. He arrived in Tasmania in 1826 and explored the north-west for the V.D.L.Co., especially the district between Port Sorell, Valentine's Peak and Black Buff. He named the country north and south of Valentine's Peak the Hampshire Hills and Surrey Hills and recommended it to the V.D.L.Co. In 1827 he was sent to layout a road from Emu Bay to the Hampshire Hills. He later surveyed most of the district from Black Buff to Mount Bischoff, the Cripps Range, Cradle Mountain and the Murchison River. In 1832, the mapping and surveying needed by the V.D.L.Co. being completed, he was appointed to the Government Survey Department, but committed suicide at Circular Head on 9 September 1832, believing that slanderous reports had been circulated (A.D.B)
A diary or journal of Henry Hellyer, July-August 1827, has been with family papers of the Roberts family in Wales, U.K. for some time, but it is not known how it came to the family. Until recently it was owned by Miss Roberts' grandmother (nee Griffiths) and was brought back to Tasmania by M. Roberts' sister in January 1978.
This diary, 3 July 1827 to 29 August 1827) is entitled: 'H. Hellyer's journal of operations in opening a road from Emu Bay towards the Hampshire Hills'. It is written in an octavo notebook, interleaved with blotting paper, bound in light brown leather, marked 'No.7'. A pencil note inside states: 'H.H.'s diary continued from a memo book opening
lengthwise having yellow edges and green covers and marked No (the number has been omitted). At the bottom of the last entry is a note 'Diary continued in a memo book with green covers and yellow edges marked .No •• (opening lengthwise)' (the number has been omitted~
The diary is illustrated by neat drawings of animals (eg. 'native cat'), plants, trees, scenery and the camp.
At the front are tables of 'the quantity of timber etc. upon one quarter of an acre of heavily timbered land in three different parts of the Forest where the soil is unexceptionable'
In his journal Hellyer noted the weather conditions -they were hampered by rain and their camp was very cold and damp, there were rats and Hellyer was troubled by a sore and inflamed face, but there were sunny days when he commented that 'this climate is certainly far superior, it is never so cold and seldom so hot as the Dog days in England'. He described the timber, dogwood interspersed with Forest Trees of stringy bark, blackwood, etc. -one tree was sixty feet in circumference. The clearing work was done mainly with axe and cross cut saw and occasionally a pile of logs too difficult to move was burnt. Hellyer calculated that it could cost as much as £93 in labour to clear 21/2 acres. The work men mentioned included Richard Frederick, who seems to have acted as second in command, Jones the cook, Harley, McDonald, Wells, Higginson, Isaac, and Mackie. They lived mainly on salt pork, brought from England in the Company's supply ship, and dough boys (flour and water boiled hard). The men would not eat salt mutton even when it was available. Supplies were very short as the expected ship had not arrived and on 14 August Hellyer wrote to Edward Curr the
V.D.L. Company manager complaining of the arrangements for supplies for they were reduced to flour only and they could not work on that.
On one occasion Hellyer went back in the 'long boat' to Circular Head for supplies and described the coast, a cavern, grass tree hearts which he found tasted like walnuts, and pieces of the wreck of the Dotterel (wrecked in March 1827 off Port Dalrymple) which they found. At Circular Head he obtained stores from Mr White, paint from Mr Watson arid medicines from Dr. McNab. He noted that the sheep had foot rot, that the freemen [of the Company] had been on strike owing to the lack of supplies and that ten of the Company's servants, including the prisoner White, had drowned since March.


The rate at which endangered languages can be documented has been highly constrained by human factors. Although digital recording of natural speech in endangered languages may proceed at a fairly robust pace, transcription of this material is not only time consuming but severely limited by the lack of native-speaker personnel proficient in the orthography of their mother tongue. Our NSF-funded project in the Documenting Endangered Languages (DEL) program proposes to tackle this problem from two sides: first via a tool that helps native speakers become proficient in the orthographic conventions of their language, and second by using automatic speech recognition (ASR) output that assists in the transcription effort for newly recorded audio data. In the present study, we focus exclusively on progress in developing speech recognition for the language of interest, Yoloxóchitl Mixtec (YM), an Oto-Manguean language spoken by fewer than 5000 speakers on the Pacific coast of Guerrero, Mexico. In particular, we present results from an initial set of experiments and discuss future directions through which better and more robust acoustic models for endangered languages with limited resources can be created.


Stem cells and fate control in plant stomatal development Kylee M. Peterson Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Professor Keiko U. Torii Department of Biology The plant epidermis is a critical interface between the atmosphere and internal plant tissues, which allows plants to succeed on land by restricting their exposure to the environment. Stomata, closable pores on the plant surface bounded by specialized guard cells, are an integral part of epidermal function. By controlling water loss and carbon dioxide uptake, stomata regulate global carbon and water cycles. Stomata undergo a complex course of development involving cell-cell signaling and sequential action of master regulatory transcription factors, making stomata a suitable system for studying widely applicable developmental processes necessary for tissue and organ development. This dissertation presents an examination of molecular characteristics, gene function, and protein dynamics in stomatal lineage cells, including preliminary results of manipulating cell fate during stomatal development. We performed molecular profiling of the stem-cell-like stomatal precursor, the meristemoid, by enriching cell types through synthetic mutations. This uncovered new genes involved in stomatal development as well as molecular commonalities with the main plant stem-cell niches at the shoot and root apices. A novel gene, POLAR, was found to localize asymmetrically in dividing stomatal-lineage cells. Also uncovered through meristemoid profiling was a transcription factor, HOMEODOMAIN GLABROUS 2 (HDG2), which is highly expressed in stomatal lineage cells and sufficient to convert internal leaf cells to stomata when ectopically expressed. Loss of function in HDG2 hinders stomatal development after initiation and causes aberrant stomata; further loss of its close relative AtML1 magnifies the effect. To further investigate the role of transcription factors in stomatal development, we used time lapse microscopy to observe protein dynamics of stomatal regulators in germinating cotyledons. Cellcell signaling in the cotyledon was perturbed using laser ablation of stomatallineage cells, and preliminary results indicate that cell fate was thus affected. Cotyledon time lapse revealed an unexpected developmental sequence indicating possible epidermal prepatterning, so we employed an embryo time lapse technique to discover that both regulatory genes and signaling components were active in the embryo, indicating that stomatal development begins during embryonic development. This work demonstrates that stomatal development exemplifies crucial developmental processes and provides novel insight into how cell fate is dynamically specified by tissue-level regulation, cell-cell signaling, and cell-autonomous molecular mechanisms in plants.


Compares the application of EEC competition laws and U.S. antitrust laws to exclusive distribution agreements, and noting an interesting development in the two systems. Article analyzes Continental T.V., Inc. v. GTE Sylvania Inc. and concludes it introduced the rule of reason to the U.S. approach for analyzing all nonprice vertical restrictions, but did not provide concrete guidelines for its application. The EEC approach, on the other hand, is designed to promote the goal of Common Market integration by preventing the insulation of national markets. Thus the Commission and the Court of Justice have developed a favorable attitude towards territorial and exclusive supply restrictions, but are stricter with regard to price and customer restrictions. THE APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 85 OF THE EEC TREATY TO EXCLUSIVE DISTRIBUTION AGREEMENTS Helmuth R.B. Schr6"er *


This Opinion of the EFSA Panel on Dietetic products, Nutrition, and Allergies (NDA) deals with the general principles for development and application of Dietary Reference Values (DRVs). These quantitative reference values for nutrient intakes for healthy individuals and populations are based on health criteria. Derived from DRVs, nutrients goals and recommendations take into account other criteria such as food composition or dietary habits, and may be used for assessment and planning of diets. It is proposed to derive the following DRVs: 1) Population Reference Intakes (PRI), 2) Average Requirement (AR), 3) Lower Threshold Intake (LTI), 4) Adequate Intake (AI), 5) Reference Intake ranges for macronutrients (RI). Nutrient requirements differ with age, sex and physiological condition. The Panel proposes to define the age ranges used for each nutrient on a case-by-case basis depending on the available data. For the age group < 6 months requirements are considered to be equal to the supply from breast- milk, except in those cases where this does not apply. Separate reference values will be established for pregnant and lactating women. Interpolation or extrapolation between population groups will be used in instances where no data are available for defined age and sex groups.


has suggested that the local motion contained in upright, scrambled biological motion displays can trigger a simple "life detection" mechanism. The goal of the present study was to further characterize this mechanism. In two experiments, we assessed participants' ability to make accurate direction-facing judgments about point-light displays presented very briefly in central vision. In both experiments, the walkers varied in terms of the amount of the configural information that was available in the displays, and with regard to their orientation (upright or inverted) and facing direction. In the first experiment (in which stimuli were unmasked) we found that heading could be discerned from upright, scrambled displays even with brief (170 ms) exposure durations. In the second experiment, we showed that local motion cues could support accurate heading judgments, regardless of the species depicted (human, cat or pigeon). In contrast, when viewers had to rely solely on global cues to make their heading judgments, their performance was disproportionately better with upright human displays. Exposure times in this experiment were 500 ms, and all stimuli were masked. Whether they had to rely on local or global cues to make their heading judgments, viewers in Experiment 2 (unlike those in Experiment 1) tended to show a bias to report seeing a right-facing walker. We speculate that the right-facing bias may be more apparent when longer exposure durations are used, or in situations where greater attentional resources are required (as is the case when a target must be disembedded from a mask). The right-facing bias is discussed in relation to the literature on attentional biases and specialized scanning habits associated with reading.


Biologic scaffolds composed of extracellular matrix (ECM) are frequently used for clinical purposes of tissue regeneration. Different methods have been developed for this purpose. All methods of decellularization including chemical and physical approaches leave some damage on the ECM; however, the effects of these methods are different which make some of these procedures more proper to maintain ECM structure than other methods. This review is aimed to introduce and compare new physical methods for the decellularization of different tissues and organs in tissue engineering. All recent reports and research that have used at least one physical method in the procedure of decellularization, were included and evaluated in this paper. The advantages and drawbacks of each method were examined and compared considering the effectiveness. This review tried to highlight the prospective potentials and benefits of applying physical methods for decellularization protocols in tissue engineering instead of the current chemical methods. These chemical methods are harsh in nature and were shown to be destructive and harmful to essential substances of ECM and scaffold structure. Therefore, using physical methods as a partial or even a whole protocol could save time, costs, and quality of the final acellular tissue in complicated decellularization procedures. Moreover, regarding the control factor that could be achieved easily with physical methods, optimization of different decellularization protocols would be quite satisfactory. Combined methods take advantage of both chemical and physical approaches.


In this paper we utilised a range of data sources to estimate the extent, density distribution and population size of the feral camel in Australia in 2008. Camels currently occupy 3.3 million km2 and are spread across much of arid Western Australia, South Australia, the Northern Territory and far western Queensland. Up to 50% of Australia's rangelands are reported as having camels present. The research reported here supports a current minimum population estimate for the feral camel in Australia of ~1 million animals at an overall density of 0.29 camels/km2. Densities vary, and the modelling of available data indicates that two substantial areas of high density are present, one centred on the Simpson Desert and the other on the Great Sandy Desert. The high density area covering the eastern part of the Great Sandy Desert has predicted densities in the range of 0.5 to >2 animals/km2 whereas that on the Simpson Desert is in the range 0.5–1.0 animals/km2.


The velocities at multiple points in a space can be examined simultaneously by Particle Image Velocimetry(PIV) without touching the flow fields. PIV is also studied actively because it is an effective measuring method. But, it is well known that many images are not usually obtained in the neighborhood of an obstacle or a wall surface. Therefore, the accuracy of the velocity vector obtained at such a location is still not satisfactory.In this study, we propose the calculation method in which the optimization technique based on N-S equations and the pressure-information in the cell near a wall surface are applied to the velocity vector obtained by PIV. In this report, it is applied to a two-dimensional cavity flow using the simulation data of pressure.


This article, which focuses on plaintiff class actions involving mass torts, posits two models for analyzing and evaluating class actions: (1) an "aggregation" model that recognizes the value of joining forces in a plaintiff class but also attempts to retain as much individual autonomy and control as possible in the prosecution of the action, and (2)an "entity" model, which regards the class itself as the litigant and the client. While recognizing that neither of these models is fully descriptive of actual class actions as they have evolved, the article argues for adoption of the entity model on a number of substantive and procedural grounds. The article then considers a range of practical consequences that would flow from adoption of the entity model. These consequences include the grounds for certifying all or part of a dispute as appropriate for class treatment; the scope of the right to notice and to opt out of the class; questions of the relations among the class, its members, and the attorneys representing the class; the proper role of the judge; and the applicable rules of substantive law. On an institutional level, the article considers the implications of the entity model with respect to the allocation of authority between the federal government and the states, to the choice between adjudication and rulemaking as techniques of law declaration, and to the choice between between courts and legislatures as appropriate rulemakers.


Dyeing is one of the most delightful textile arts which are an important branch in fashion design. Natural dyes is a fascinating phenomenon that enticed researchers to their chemistry and production of fantastic novel hues to explore the point that no other dyes provide a better opportunity teaching how to protect and respect the environment. In this research silk fabric was dyed by a mixture of different percentages of cochineal, turmeric and indigo powders in water-acetone co solvent to possess an ecological acceptable for dye extraction. Extraction and dyeing processes were carried out together in one step at different pH values using sonic energy regarding the promising technique in saving energy. Silk dyeing exhibited a variety of shades according to the evaluated colorimetric data which could be attributed to their resonating structures, where the pH values play important parameter in this phenomenon and control the adsorption capacity of dyes onto silk. So, this research give the chance to produce different hues from the traditional natural dyes to improve the natural dyeing cultural heritage to meet the environmental future demands technology of high quality fantastic dyed patterns through an economical point pf view.


This paper reports on the design and implementation of a multi-abstraction level autonomous control system using the Intelligent Distributed Execution Architecture (IDEA). The basic hypothesis of IDEA is that a large control system can be structured as a collection of interacting control agents, each organized around the same fundamental structure. The control system consists of two IDEA agents, a System level agent and a Mission level agent, and operates the K9 planetary rover prototype in real-time. The system is evaluated in the scenario where the rover must acquire images from a specified set of locations. The IDEA agents are responsible for enabling the rover to achieve its goals while monitoring the execution and safety of the rover and recovering from dangerous states when necessary. Experiments carried out, both in simulation and on the physical rover, produced highly promising results. The rover successfully accomplished its goal while correctly responding to successive alarms. The performance analysis indicates that the system level agent can achieve a 1-2Hz control rate on a 300MHz Pentium, adequate for slow-moving planetary rovers.


Abstract This article constitutes a re-reading of and an attempt to rehabilitate Basil Bernstein, both of which are important in light of the interpretation of Bernstein as a proponent of the verbal deficit view, and the general discrediting of his work on social class differences in the British educational system, as related to what he later called 'codes', by scholars like Jensen (Social class and verbal learning, Holt, 1968) and Labov (The logic of non-standard English, Georgetown University Press, 1970), in particular. Exploring whether the international criticism of Bernstein was justified entails both an analysis of articles written by Jensen (Social class and verbal learning, Holt, 1968) and Labov (The logic of non-standard English, Georgetown University Press, 1970) and by Bernstein, notably 'Language and social class' and 'A critique of the concept of compensatory education', both published in the first volume of Class, codes and control (Bernstein, Class, codes and control, Volume 1. Theoretical studies towards a sociology of language, Schocken Books, 1971). The article argues for the importance of contextualising Bernstein's thoughts on language and society within the socio-political climate framing his scholarship and the development of his ideas as a whole. We show that much of the interpretation of Bernstein is, in fact, a misinterpretation, for which Bernstein was only partly at fault. By rehabilitating some of Bernstein's ideas, it is possible to argue for their relevance today, especially with reference to salient connections between socio-cultural background and performance at school. Furthermore, Labov and Bernstein may not have been so far apart in their thinking as has previously been assumed.


We combine high-resolution ALMA and HST/CANDELS observations of 20 submillimeter galaxies (SMGs), predominantly from the AS2UDS survey at z ≃ 2, with bright rest-frame optical counterparts ( ) to investigate the resolved structural properties of their dust and stellar components. We derive two-dimensional stellar-mass distributions that are inferred from spatial mass-to-light ratio ( ) corrections based on rest-frame optical colors. Due to the high central column densities of dust in our SMGs, our mass distributions likely represent a lower limit to the true central mass density. The centroid positions between the inferred stellar-mass and the dust distributions agree within 1.1 kpc, indicating an overall good spatial agreement between the two components. The majority of our sources exhibit compact dust configurations relative to the stellar component (with a median ratio of effective radii = 0.6). This ratio does not change with specific star formation rate over the factor of 30 spanned by our targets, sampling the locus of "normal" main-sequence galaxies up to the starburst regime, . Unlike typical spiral galaxies in the local universe, our results imply that massive SMGs are experiencing centrally enhanced star formation. The sizes and stellar densities of our SMGs are in agreement with those of the passive population at z = 1.5, which is consistent with these systems being the descendants of z ≃ 2 SMGs.


Quality prediction in the continuous casting process is of great significance to the quality improvement of casting slabs. Due to the uncertainty and nonlinear relationship between the quality of continuous casting slabs (CCSs) and various factors, reliable prediction of CCS quality poses a challenge to the steel industry. However, traditional prediction models based on domain knowledge and expertise are difficult to adapt to the changes in multiple operating conditions and raw materials from various enterprises. To meet the challenge, we propose a framework with a multiscale convolutional and recurrent neural network (MCRNN) for reliable CCS quality prediction. The proposed framework outperforms conventional time series classification methods with better feature representation since the input is transformed at different scales and frequencies, which captures both long-term trends and short-term changes in time series. Moreover, we generate different category distributions based on the random undersampling (RUS) method to mitigate the impact of the skewed data distribution due to the natural imbalance of continuous casting data. The experimental results and comprehensive comparison with the state-of-the-art methods show the superiority of the proposed MCRNN framework, which has not only satisfactory prediction performance but also good potential to improve continuous casting process understanding and CCS quality.


BACKGROUND
Few cases of exudative retinal detachments have been reported in the literature after laser treatment for retinopathy of prematurity, and none of the cases include optical coherence tomography images.

METHODS
Case report.

RESULTS
A 469-g birth weight, 25-week gestational age baby girl at 35-week postmenstrual age received a retinal laser (1,724 spots in the right eye and 1,287 spots in the left eye) for bilateral Stage 3 Zone II plus disease retinopathy of prematurity. The patient developed a large macular exudative retinal detachment seen in the right eye at the first follow-up, 5 days after the laser. Serial handheld optical coherence tomography demonstrated resolution of retinal detachment and intraretinal fluid over the course of 4 weeks with only topical tobramycin/dexamethasone ophthalmic ointment 3 to 4 times daily for 2 weeks. The patient was left with a residual subretinal scar and outer retinal loss on optical coherence tomography, with a later appearance of a dragged macula on funduscopic examination noted at 52-week postmenstrual age. It is unclear whether systemic steroid therapy, intravitreal bevacizumab, or surgery would hasten resolution of exudative retinal detachment after the retinopathy of prematurity laser and avoid photoreceptor damage seen on optical coherence tomography in this case.

CONCLUSION
This case suggests that post-retinopathy of prematurity laser exudative retinal detachments can resolve without aggressive intervention, but may cause permanent retinal sequelae.


Genetic interactions mediate the emergence of phenotype from genotype. Systematic survey of genetic interactions in yeast showed that genes operating in the same biological process have highly correlated genetic interaction profiles, and this observation has been exploited to infer gene function in model organisms. Systematic surveys of digenic perturbations in human cells are also highly informative, but are not scalable, even with CRISPR-mediated methods. As an alternative, we developed an indirect method of deriving functional interactions. We show that genes having correlated knockout fitness profiles across diverse, non-isogenic cell lines are analogous to genes having correlated genetic interaction profiles across isogenic query strains, and similarly implies shared biological function. We constructed a network of genes with correlated fitness profiles across 400 CRISPR knockout screens in cancer cell lines into a "coessentiality network," with up to 500-fold enrichment for co-functional gene pairs, enabling strong inference of human gene function. Modules in the network are connected in a layered web that gives insight into the hierarchical organization of the cell.


Phosphorus pollution of groundwater from small wastewater system is often considered as a major threat for aquatic habitats. Recirculating biofilters are often used to treat small wastewater systems without significant removal of phosphorus. In this paper, a low-cost waste material (dried alum residual) in pre-treated effluents from recirculating biofilters was examined. Two different types of wastewater were used; one collected from a pilot scale biofilter from a municipality and the other generated in the laboratory using bench scale biofilter. Sorption-based treatment system was used to remove phosphorus using alum residual. Batch and fixed bed column tests were conducted. Results indicated that alum residual was effective in removing phosphorus. The presence of organic matter (BOD5) showed to have decreased the phosphorus sorption behaviour. The leaching of aluminium was reasonable and in many cases aluminium was adsorbed onto the alum residual.


Abstract. In urban areas, information concerning very high resolution land cover and especially material maps are necessary for several city modelling or monitoring applications. That is to say, knowledge concerning the roofing materials or the different kinds of ground areas is required. Airborne remote sensing techniques appear to be convenient for providing such information at a large scale. However, results obtained using most traditional processing methods based on usual red-green-blue-near infrared multispectral images remain limited for such applications. A possible way to improve classification results is to enhance the imagery spectral resolution using superspectral or hyperspectral sensors. In this study, it is intended to design a superspectral sensor dedicated to urban materials classification and this work particularly focused on the selection of the optimal spectral band subsets for such sensor. First, reflectance spectral signatures of urban materials were collected from 7 spectral libraires. Then, spectral optimization was performed using this data set. The band selection workflow included two steps, optimising first the number of spectral bands using an incremental method and then examining several possible optimised band subsets using a stochastic algorithm. The same wrapper relevance criterion relying on a confidence measure of Random Forests classifier was used at both steps. To cope with the limited number of available spectra for several classes, additional synthetic spectra were generated from the collection of reference spectra: intra-class variability was simulated by multiplying reference spectra by a random coefficient. At the end, selected band subsets were evaluated considering the classification quality reached using a rbf svm classifier. It was confirmed that a limited band subset was sufficient to classify common urban materials. The important contribution of bands from the Short Wave Infra-Red (SWIR) spectral domain (1000–2400 nm) to material classification was also shown.


Lithium-stuffed garnets attract huge attention due to their outstanding potential as solid-state electrolytes for lithium batteries. However, there exists a persistent challenge in the reliable synthesis of these complex functional oxides together with a lack of complete understanding of the lithium-ion diffusion mechanisms in these important materials. Addressing these issues is critical to realizing the application of garnet materials as electrolytes in all solid-state lithium-ion batteries. In this work, a cubic phase garnet of nominal composition Li6.5Al0.25La2.92Zr2O12 is synthesized through a microwave-assisted solid-state route for the first time, reducing considerably the reaction times and heating temperatures. Lithium-ion diffusion behavior is investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and state-of-art muon spin relaxation (mSR) spectroscopy, displaying activation energies of 0.55 0.03 eV and 0.19 0.01 eV respectively. This difference arises from the high inter-grain resistance, which contributes to the total resistance in EIS measurements. In contrast, mSR acts as a local probe providing insights on the order of the lattice, giving an estimated value of 4.62 10 11 cm s 1 for the lithium diffusion coefficient. These results demonstrate the potential of this lithium-stuffed garnet as a solid-state electrolyte for all-solid state lithium-ion batteries, an area of growing interest in the energy storage community.


Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) increases the risk of HIV-1 infection and, although several reports describe the interaction between these two viruses, the exact mechanism for this increased susceptibility remains unclear. Dendritic cells (DCs) at the site of entry of HSV-2 and HIV-1 contribute to viral spread in the mucosa. Specialized DCs present in the gut-associated lymphoid tissues produce retinoic acid (RA), an important immunomodulator, able to influence HIV-1 replication and a key mediator of integrin α4β7 on lymphocytes. α4β7 can be engaged by HIV-1 on the cell-surface and CD4+ T cells expressing high levels of this integrin (α4β7 high) are particularly susceptible to HIV-1 infection. Herein we provide in-vivo data in macaques showing an increased percentage of α4β7 high CD4+ T cells in rectal mucosa, iliac lymph nodes and blood within 6 days of rectal exposure to live (n = 11), but not UV-treated (n = 8), HSV-2. We found that CD11c+ DCs are a major target of HSV-2 infection in in-vitro exposed PBMCs. We determined that immature monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs) express aldehyde dehydrogenase ALDH1A1, an enzyme essential for RA production, which increases upon HSV-2 infection. Moreover, HSV-2-infected moDCs significantly increase α4β7 expression on CD4+ T lymphocytes and HIV-1 infection in DC-T cell mixtures in a RA-dependent manner. Thus, we propose that HSV-2 modulates its microenviroment, influencing DC function, increasing RA production capability and amplifying a α4β7 highCD4+ T cells. These factors may play a role in increasing the susceptibility to HIV-1.


The flow through meander bends is inherently three dimensional and may be characterized by primary flow in streamwise direction and secondary flow in transverse direction. Although, three dimensional simulations of meander bends are feasible for laboratory scale experiments, temporal and spatial scales of naturally occurring meandering rivers are much larger than those found in laboratory experiments. Therefore, computationally less expensive (reduced) flow models are necessary. Reduced hydrodynamic models are depth-integrated models and therefore require a closure model to resolve the effect of secondary flow. At present, most reduced flow models are linear as they neglect the feedback between the primary and secondary flow, which limits their validity to mild curvature. A non-linear reduced flow model, including this feedback, is compared to experimental data from the laboratory and the field which are both sharply and moderately curved. The model predictions compare well to the global flow structure in the high curvature Kinoshita flume and the moderate curvature Tollense River bend (with extra complicating factors of vegetation and horizontal recirculation zones). A linear model is also used to model the selected cases, showing good agreement for moderate curvature but not for sharp curvature. An analysis of the driving mechanisms reveals the reason for the difference in the model predictions.


Juxtaposing Cherríe Moraga's Loving in the War Years and Luce Irigaray's Speculum of the Other Woman, I explore the ways that sex and race intersect to complicate an Irigarayan account of the relations between mother and daughter. Irigaray's work is an effective tool for understanding the disruptive and potentially healing desire between mothers and daughters, but her insistence on sex as primary difference must be challenged in order to acknowledge the intersectionality of sex and race. Working from recent work on the psychoanalysis of race, I argue that whiteness functions as a master signifier in its own right, and as a means of differentiation between the light‐skinned Moraga and her brown‐skinned mother. Irigaray's concept of blood deepens Moraga's account of her healing and subversive return to her mother. The juxtaposition of Moraga, Irigaray, and contemporary psychoanalysis of race can allow for a necessary revision of Irigaray's psychoanalysis that acknowledges the ways in which sexual difference is indexed by race and sheds new light on her account of the mother–daughter relation.


Governments have encouraged higher education institutions (HEIs) to develop entrepreneurial, innovative and highly employable graduates. Accordingly, employability, enterprise and entrepreneurship are all high on the agendas of United Kingdom (UK) HEIs (Sewell and Dacre Pool, 2010) and the use of constructivist approaches, such as experiential learning and problem based learning, may offer an effective way to develop the entrepreneurial, enterprising and employability skills that both graduates and employers need.

Constructivist approaches in higher education (HE) have become increasingly common across a wide range of disciplines in recent decades. This is particularly true in the field of entrepreneurship where the development of entrepreneurial skills requires different hands-on or experience based approaches to the more traditional didactic lecture based teaching methods (Jones and English, 2004; Jones and Iredale, 2010; Zahra and Welter, 2008). Constructivism lends itself to active based learning approaches which can result in improved problem solving skills, improved knowledge retention, and improved motivation (Bonwell and Eison, 1991; Rhem, 1998; Snyder, 2003). Furthermore, unlike didactic teaching approaches, constructivist active learning can lead to changes in both thought and attitude, and the development of behavioural skills (Bligh, 2000; Grimley et al., 2011).

Whilst there is much practical practitioner based research focusing on the implementation of constructivist enterprise education, there is limited existing research focusing on the constructivist learning theory underpinning constructivism. This has led to a degree of separation between practitioner-based research and constructivist learning theory in abstraction and application.

This thesis addresses three research questions

• How can constructivism be applied to enterprise education in HE?
• What is the relationship between constructivist learning environments and the development of enterprising graduates?
• How can learning environments be created and implemented to effectively support the development of enterprising graduates?

This thesis investigates a range of constructivist pedagogic interventions across a range of academic levels, subjects, and disciplines, both within and outside of formal curricula, to explore their ability to develop enterprising skills and to consider how they can be created, developed and implemented to effectively support the development of these skills.

In addition, the portfolio contains an assessment of the relationship between a range of entrepreneurial attitudes and the likelihood of graduate employment in a professional field six months after graduation in Paper 1. This provides some quantitative evidence that enterprising skills that can be developed by constructivist active learning can have an impact on graduate employability.

This portfolio provides a strong case for the use of constructivist approaches in developing a wide range of entrepreneurial and enterprising skills that graduates require, enhancing their employability and enabling them to be more enterprising. These skills included developing a proactive disposition, achievement motivation, self-efficacy, interpersonal skills, team working, communication skills, planning, attitude to risk, leadership and a preference for innovation. This portfolio found support for the contention that in general, students respond positively to these approaches and satisfaction levels are high e.g. in Paper 5 and in Paper 6. However, Papers 2 and 4 highlighted the importance of adequate temporary scaffolding, where appropriate, to ensure access to learning for all students.

The learning points that can be taken from the portfolio to help develop and create the best pedagogy and constructivist learning environment for students to maximise the benefits of constructivism are summarised in Appendix 2. Paper 7 considers the development of a constructivist intervention that involves external stakeholders. This research focused on the perspectives of students, faculty and stakeholders to better understand the creation, implementation, and development of such pedagogic interventions.

This thesis concludes that enterprise education in HE should be based not only on didactic teaching but should also involve the application of constructivist active learning approaches (particularly experiential learning) based and grounded on constructivist learning theory to develop enterprise skills. Thus enterprise education can be viewed as a mixture or fusion of didactic teaching to impart essential theoretical knowledge and the application of constructivist learning approaches which seek to develop experiential knowledge and skills, which can be developed through both experience and reflection.

This thesis contributes to knowledge by combining constructivist learning theory and practice based research to underpin the application of constructivism in enterprise education. It provides additional depth and breadth to research on constructivist pedagogy, using a range of research methods across a range of educational settings, to support the development of enterprise skills and employability. It identifies how to achieve best practice in the delivery of constructivist learning through the implementation of constructivist learning principles and highlights the pivotal role of the educator in supporting student learning in a constructivist learning environment.


The portrayal of blindness in Western culture has largely constituted of stereotypical representations, branding blind people as either unfortunate, disabled and deprived, or exotic, mysterious and supernatural (Barasch, 2001). Documentaries, such as Black Sun (2005), have followed this trend by imposing themes in relation to memory, trauma, perception, the overcoming of sensorial limitations, and the coping with socio-cultural stigmatisation, resulting in blind people being commonly perceived as "the other" (Pointon 1999, Riley 2001, Corbella and Acevedo 2006).

This exclusive focus on the 'extraordinary' has come at the expense of omitting the 'ordinary'. As Corbella and Acevedo (2010) observe, "it is infrequent to find characters with visual impairment represented as people who do housework, go shopping, or travel; that is, coping with the everyday tasks that are common to all people". Accordingly, the notions of 'ordinariness' and 'quotidian life' prove valuable for representing blindness in documentary film, thus subverting stereotypical portrayals. However, in order to undo "otherness" and ensure an emic (instead of the usual etic) approach, the filmic representation of the ordinary needs to operate on an affective and experiential level of spectatorship (MacDougall 1998, Pennington 2000, Forgas 2001), which requires careful consideration in relation to narrative form and style.
My practice-led research endeavours to map blind people's experience through studying their ordinary everyday practices and spaces with regards to what Ben Highmore (2010) calls the grammar and materiality of ordinariness. Daniel Miller (2010) considers attention to tacitly lived materiality (clothes, objects) the most effective way to understand and convey human subjectivity. Thus, my documentary films depict the material world of the blind characters as an embodiment of their subjectivity, and translate their spatial experience into an indexical (not iconic) experience for the viewer, shifting spectatorship away from ocularcentric interpretation towards synaesthetic experience.


This is the first book-length study of the groundbreaking work of Rey Chow, whose work has transformed the fields of postcolonialism, cultural studies, film, ethnicity and gender. It describes and explains the features and the breadth of Chow's interventions and illustrates Chow's arguments by way of the analysis of a range of engaging examples drawn from the fields of film, popular music, identity and popular culture. Chow's work is of interest and importance to anyone working on questions of international and transnational film; popular culture; postcolonialism; poststructuralism; and Chinese, Hong Kong and Asian identity in different national contexts; as well as sex, gender and ethnic politics in general. This book elaborates on and illustrates Chow's fascinating contributions to scholarship and knowledge across many different fields by arguing that her work can best be understood in relation to the «projects» of cultural studies and postcolonial studies. In this way, the work sets out both the enduring importance of these wider projects and the importance of Rey Chow's contributions to them.


In the case of Ferreira v Levin NO, Justice Laurie Ackermann seemed to make the assumption that the political right to freedom is best explained, and its content therefore best determined, by the fact that all human beings have dignity. That is, he seemed to assume that dignity and the fact that human beings necessarily possess it provide the key to an understanding of the political right to freedom. This is, I think, an assumption made by many. The aim of this essay is to question its validity.


: Due to increase in population growth and the reduction of available land in India, more and more construction of the buildings and the infrastructure works have to be carried out on weak or soft soils. In India, the one of the soft soil is the Clay Soil, which covers an area of approximately 20% of the available land area. It is considered as unsuitable soil for construction purpose due to its swell and shrinkage properties upon wetting and drying. Such soils shows immense swelling while it comes in touch with water; however, it shrinks with decrease of Water content material and develops cracks on drying. Soil stabilization is the process to alter the properties of a present soil to improve the required engineering properties. This paper presents the results of the soil stabilization of Clay Soil using e-waste and Fly Ashwith varying dosages of e-waste i.e. 3%, 5% and 9% and with 20% of Fly Ash. The performance the Stabilized soil was evaluated the use of the familiar soil tests namely; Atterberg's limit, specific gravity, compaction test, unconfined compressive test, California bearing ratio (CBR).After performing Take a look at there was an improvement in angle of friction (Ф). While the proportion of e waste multiplied it became also located that there may be a growth in the Bearing capacity of the clay soil as bearing capacity is depending on C and Ф.


Although often neglected in the literature on Islamic law, contemporary Indonesia is an especially rich source of insight into the diverse understandings and uses of the Islamic legal tradition in the modern world. Indonesian Muslims are engaged in vibrant and far-reaching debates over the terms, relevance, and developmental limits of Islamic law, and Indonesia is home to a variety of dynamic state and non-state institutional structures for the generation and application of Islamic doctrine. The essays in this volume provide focused examinations of the internal dynamics of intellectual and institutional elements of Islamic law in modern Indonesia in its recent formations. The first five chapters address issues relating to Islamic legal theory, both its historical development over the past Century and analysis of the work of specific groups of contemporary scholars, jurists, and activists. The final seven chapters contain studies of more concrete manifestations of Islamic law in modern Indonesia, including court systems, positive law, the drafting of new "Islamic" legislation, and contemporary debates over the implementation of the Shari'a. Taken together these essays offer a series of substantive introductions to important developments in both the theory and practice of law in the world's most populous Muslim society.


A fundamental assumption underlying latent class analysis (LCA) is that class indicators are conditionally independent of each other, given latent class membership. Bayesian LCA enables researchers to detect and accommodate violations of this assumption by estimating any number of correlations among indicators with proper prior distributions. However, little is known about how the choice of prior may affect the performance of Bayesian LCA. This article presents a Monte Carlo simulation study that investigates (1) the utility of priors in a range of prior variances (i.e., strongly non-informative to strongly informative priors) in terms of Type I error and power for detecting conditional dependence and (2) the influence of imposing approximate independence on model fit of Bayesian LCA. Simulation results favored the use of a weakly informative prior with large variance–model fit (posterior predictive p–value) was always satisfactory when the class indicators were either independent or dependent. Based on the current findings and the additional literature, this article offers methodological guidelines and suggestions for applied researchers.


MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression that appear to have important roles in complex processes like development and the development of cancer. Although the abundance of miRNAs increases dramatically during development and is decreased in some cancer cells, how the production of miRNAs is regulated has not been known. Although transcription of miRNAs is one obvious control point, the processing steps mediated by the nuclear ribonuclease III (RNAse III) enzymes known as Drosha and Dicer might also contribute. Thomson et al. therefore monitored expression of the Let-7 family of miRNAs during mouse development. The amount of mature Let-7g increased several thousand-fold during mouse embryogenesis but was not correlated with production of the primary transcript. Rather, the change in abundance appeared more likely to reflect a block in processing of a specific group of miRNAs by Drosha. A set of genes was also identified encoding miRNAs that decreased in abundance in published tumor expression data. Again for this set of genes, there was no correlation between abundance of the primary transcript and the reduced expression of mature miRNA. The authors propose that the Drosha-mediated processing step is an important control point for modulating the abundance of miRNAs in normal and cancer cells. J. M. Thomson, M. Newman, J. S. Parker, E. M. Morin-Kensicki, T. Wright, S. M. Hammond, Extensive post-transcriptional regulation of microRNAs and its implications for cancer. Genes Dev. 20, 2202-2207 (2006). [Abstract] [Full Text]


It is well known that highly 'female' fields of study in tertiary education are characterized by higher fertility. However, existing work does not disentangle the selection-causality nexus. We use variation in gender composition of fields of study implied by the recent expansion of tertiary education in 19 European countries and a difference-in-differences research design, to show that the share of women on study peer groups affects early fertility levels only little. Early fertility by endogamous couples, i.e., by tertiary graduates from the same field of study, declines for women and increases for men with the share of women in the group, but non-endogamous fertility almost fully compensates for these effects, consistent with higher early fertility in highly 'female' fields of study being driven by selection of family-oriented students into these fields. We also show that the EU-wide level of gender segregation across fields of study has not changed since 2000.


The ILR Review invited this group of scholars who work within the fields of sociology, history, and urban planning to share their perspective on the politics of skills. We called on their expertise to draw attention to the politics that drive the definition and development of skill and its use in shaping the rights and voice of workers. The essays in this forum explore the politics of skill along three lines. First, they interrogate the definition and assessment of skill, with particular attention to the ways that structural markers of social difference—such as race, gender, class, and immigration status—shape the valuation of skill. Second, they analyze the ways that the interpretation of skill is shaped by power dynamics at the worksite and in the broader economy. This line of analysis also considers possibilities for industrial renewal and labor mobilization. And third, the essays explore how skill classifications are used to narrow political and civil rights and to justify forms of exploitation and dehumanization.


Composting of deer carcasses was effective in reducing pathogen levels, decomposing the carcasses and producing a useable end product after 12 months. The composting process used in this project involved enveloping the carcasses of road-killed deer in woodchips and allowing those piles with natural air circulation to sit undisturbed. Temperatures were measured and samples from the piles were analyzed periodically for pathogens and for compost parameters. While significant pathogen reduction occurred in several months, it took 12 months for all of the measured pathogens to decline to low levels in all of the 6 piles studied. Samples taken at other sites in New York State that have been composting road-killed deer for over a year also had low pathogen content. We thus suggest a composting duration of 12 months before use. In the interest of being cautious, we also recommend that the end product be used in low public contact settings such as highway rights-of-way.


The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of using the Geometer's Sketchpad software on the academic achievement of students in mathematics among grade nine students of Bedele Secondary and preparatory school. The study utilized a quasi-experimental design using intact group of students from two classes in the indicated school. Two instruments were used to gather information:the students' mathematics achievement and attitudes/ perception of students toward learning Mathematics. A survey questionnaire was used to measure students' perception on the usage of Geometer's Sketchpad in the learning of Geometry and some other topics of mathematics. In the study, the experimental groups used Geometer's Sketchpad-based topics and worksheets and for each student there is an access computer/plasma equipped with the Sketchpad software. The control group used only the textbooks and they were learnt by usual learning method. Both groups took the same pre-test and post-test. This study indicates that the result of experimental group had a significant mean difference compared to the control group on post-test. The use of Geometer's Sketchpad in mathematics classroom has positive effect on the students' mathematics achievement and attitude towards the learning of geometry and some mathematics topics.


Electron and hole escape times from a GaAs-AlGaAs quantum well in an electric field at room temperature are measured by picosecond optical pump-probe techniques on samples containing a single quantum well in a waveguide. The use of a single well avoids multiple well transport and resonant tunneling effects. Carriers excited in the quantum well by the pump beam result in a transient bleaching signal from excitonic saturation, and, as they leave the well, a transient electroabsorption signal because the movement of charge partially screens the electric field. Both processes are modeled, including important electrical equilibration processes of the sample as a whole. This modeling and the use of two samples with asymmetric barrier heights allows the measurement of the electron and hole emission as a function of applied electric field. Preliminary analysis suggests that the emission mechanism is thermionic rather than by tunneling, but the results are not well explained by conventional thermionic emission models. >


DESIGN OF A 4-SEAT, GENERAL AVIATION, ELECTRIC AIRCRAFT By Arvindhakshan Rajagopalan Range and payload of current electric aircraft is limited primarily due to low energy density of batteries. However, recent advances in battery technology promise storage of more than 1 kWh of energy per kilogram of weight in the near future. This kind of energy storage makes possible the design of an electric aircraft comparable to, if not better than existing state-of-the art general aviation aircraft powered by internal combustion engines. This thesis explores through parametric studies the effect of liftto-drag ratio, flight speed, and cruise altitude on required thrust power and battery energy and presents the conceptual and preliminary design of a four-seat, general aviation electric aircraft with a takeoff weight of 1750 kg, a range of 800 km, and a cruise speed of 200 km/h. An innovative configuration design will take full advantage of the electric propulsion system, while a Lithium-Polymer battery and a DC brushless motor will provide the power. Advanced aerodynamics will explore the greatest possible extend of laminar flow on the fuselage, the wing, and the empennage surfaces to minimize drag, while advanced composite structures will provide the greatest possible savings on empty weight. The proposed design is intended to be certifiable under current FAR 23 requirements.


Third Edition The Environmental Dictionary and Regulatory Cross-Reference The answers you need - right at your fingertips Anyone involved in researching environmental regulations in 40 CFR knows that the only definition that matters for any environmental term is the U.S. EPA definition. Unfortunately, EPA definitions can change from one regulatory area to another, and it can be difficult to determine which section of the regulations a particular definition applies to. The Environmental Dictionary and Regulatory Cross-Reference eliminates the confusion and tedium of poring through the Code of Federal Regulations looking for the proper section or definition. Each of the nearly 6,000 definitions is cross-referenced to the section of the code in which it is found, and every possible definition is included for each term listed. Fully revised and updated with more than 1,500 new and modified definitions to reflect code changes through June 1994, The Environmental Dictionary and Regulatory Cross-Reference, Third Edition is a terrific time-saver and "headache remedy" for anyone whose work involves environmental terms and acronyms. It reduces mistakes and confusion and speeds up the process of finding the specific section of the regulation that applies to a particular situation.


To observe art and science in interaction offered a great opportunity for me as cultural anthropologist to learn about the production of climate knowledge. Like ethnographers, artists entered the world of science, observed climate scientists and participated in their daily routines. They dissected elements of the scientific process and focused on science as a social practice. For scientists and artists, a process of "self-identification via the other" [Kramer, 1993] was set into motion. The artwork reflects this process by "mimicking" scientific procedures and by linking human sentiment and material sediments. Introducing the anthropological imagery of the trickster, I suggest that the project challenges a basic modern constitution — the separation of nature and culture — and brings the debate about climate change back into society. Abstract


We analyze optimal policy in a simple small open economy model with price setting frictions. In particular, we study the optimal response of the nominal exchange rate following a terms of trade shock. We depart from the New Keynesian literature in that we explicitly model internationally traded commodities as intermediate inputs in the production of local final goods and assume that the small open economy takes this price as given. This modification not only is in line with the long-standing tradition of small open economy models, but also changes the optimal movements in the exchange rate. In contrast with the recent small open economy New Keynesian literature, our model is able to reproduce the comovement between the nominal exchange rate and the price of exports, as it has been documented in the commodity currencies literature. Although we show there are preferences for which price stability is optimal even without flexible fiscal instruments, our model suggests that more attention should be given to the coordination between monetary and fiscal policy (taxes) in small open economies that are heavily dependent on exports of commodities. The model we propose is a useful framework in which to study fear of floating.


BACKGROUND
Most communities in developing countries rely on traditional medicines for the treatment of diseases. In South Africa, the Limpopo province, within the Lebowakgomo district, uses tuberous roots of Kirkia wilmsii, after infusion in water for the treatment of a wide range of diseases by Sotho communities.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The main objective of the study was to assess the anti-microbial activity of separated aqueous components of the Kirkia wilmsii tuberous roots. The clear aqueous extracts that were obtained after a 0.45 µm membrane filtration (Millipore Millex-HV Hydrophillic PVDF filter), were then injected into a preparative high performance liquid chromatography instrument in which pure components, as shown by peaks, were collected and evaluated for anti-microbial activity against a range of microorganisms.

RESULTS
The eight separated components were obtained, out of which four components showed anti-microbial activity (AMA). The freeze dried components were re-dissolved in deionised water and then evaluated for AMA against Vibrio cholerae, Shigella dysenteriae, Aeromonas hydrophilia, Salmonella typhi Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans and Enterobacter aerogenes. Component one exhibited antimicrobial activity against Shigella dysenteriae, Aeromonas hydrophilia, Salmonella typhi, Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), of 3.445 mg/ml. Component five was only active against Proteus mirabilis with a MIC of 0.08 mg/ml. Component 7, was active against Shigella dysenteriae, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli with a MIC of 0.365 mg/ml against both Shigella dysenteriae and Staphylococcus aureus and 0.091 mg/ml against Escherichia coli. Component 8, was active against Shigella, Aeromonas hydrophilia, Salmonella, Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli with a MIC of 155 mg/ml.

CONCLUSION
Only four out of eight aqueous extracts showed AMA against both gram negative and positive bacteria and showed no AMA against Candida albicans, Enterobacter aerogenes and Vibrio cholerae. Therefore the Kirkia wilmsii plant root may be used as a broad spectrum antibiotic.


Helpers in cooperatively breeding species forego all or part of their reproduction when remaining at home and assisting breeders to raise offspring. Different models of reproductive skew generate alternative predictions about the share of reproduction unrelated subordinates will get depending on the degree of ecological constraints. Concession models predict a larger share when independent breeding options are good, whereas restraint and tug-of-war models predict no effects on reproductive skew. We tested these predictions by determining the share of reproduction by unrelated male and female helpers in the Lake Tanganyika cichlid Neolamprologus pulcher depending on experimentally manipulated possibilities for helper dispersal and independent breeding and depending on helper size and sex. We created 32 breeding groups in the laboratory, consisting of two breeders and two helpers each, where only the helpers had access to a nearby dispersal compartment with (treatment) or without (control) breeding substrate, using a repeated measures design. We determined the paternity and maternity of 1185 offspring from 47 broods using five to nine DNA microsatellite loci and found that: (1) helpers participated in reproduction equally across the treatments, (2) large male helpers were significantly more likely to reproduce than small helpers, and (3) male helpers engaged in significantly more reproduction than female helpers. Interestingly, in four broods, extragroup helper males had fertilized part of the brood. No helper evictions from the group after helper reproduction were observed. Our results suggest that tug-of-war models based on competition over reproduction within groups describe best the reproductive skew observed in our study system. Female breeders produced larger clutches in the treatment compared to the control situation when the large helpers were males. This suggests that male breeder-male helper reproductive conflicts may be alleviated by females producing larger clutches with helpers around. Copyright 2006.


Retrieval analyses disclosed in vivo dissociation of HA in orthopaedic acetabular components, but excellent bone ingrowth into intact HA coatings on dental retrievals. Initial healing and the bone interface between HA-coated and non-coated implants in the posterior maxilla (Mx) and mandible (Md) was assessed in an animal model using light microscopy (LM), including confocal (CM) and Nomarski (NM) microscopy. Seventy-two implants (36 HA-coated; 36 non-coated) were placed into jaws of six dogs; half after extraction, half after 3 months healing. Animals were euthanized 3 months postimplantation. All implants osseointegrated; however, preliminary morphometry showed higher BCL for HA-coated (51%) than non-coated implants (44%) in the Mx (p < 0.05). BCL for HA-coated Md implants was not significantly higher (64%) than non-coated implants (62%). Bone closely apposed both implant types; however, LM suggested a more intimate association with HA coatings. Serial sections disclosed a reddish coating on the HA, possibly analogous to oral tissue proteoglycans, which was not visible with non-coated implants. This material was continuous with similar material coating endosteum, osteoid regions, and osteocyte (Os) lacunae close to the implant. An interdigitating canaliculi network allowed communication between interfacial Os and Os deeper within the bone. Data suggest HA offers enhanced initial bone fixation in the Mx, and that adequate bone exists for non-coated implant stability in the Md. No HA dissociation was seen with implants in the animal study, which was consistent with retrieved human HA dental implants.