This paper is a brief reply to two responses to a paper I published previously in this journal. In that first paper I presented a summary of part of the long-standing literature critical of the use of significance testing in real-life research, and reported again on how significance testing is abused, leading to invalid and therefore potentially damaging research outcomes. I illustrated and explained the inverse logic error that is routinely used in significance testing, and argued that all of this should now cease. Although clearly disagreeing with me, neither of the responses to my paper addressed these issues head on. One focussed mainly on arguing with things I had not said (such as that there are no other problems in social science). The other tried to argue either that the inverse logic error is not prevalent, or that there is some other unspecified way of presenting the results of significance testing that does not involve this error. This reply paper summarises my original points, deals with each response paper in turn, and then turns to an examination of how the responders use significance testing in practice in their own studies. All of them use significance testing exactly as I described in the original paper – with non-random cases, and using the probability of the observed data erroneously as though it were the probability of the hypothesis assumed in order to calculate the probability of the observed data.


The flow of ecosystem services derived from forests and grasslands in the Southwestern United States may change in the future. People and communities may be vulnerable if they are exposed, are sensitive, and have limited ability to adapt to ecological changes. Geospatial descriptions of ecosystem services, projected climate-related ecological changes, and socioeconomic conditions are used to assess socioeconomic vulnerability to changes in the provision of ecosystem services by national forests and grasslands in the Southwest. Vulnerability is uneven in the Southwest due to varying projected effects of climate on forest ecosystem services, and different levels of exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity of people in the region.


The purpose of this study was to explore the learning strategies that are used by successful science students. In addressing this purpose, a mixed methods approach was adopted in which both quantitative and qualitative methods of data production were used. The participants were both successful and less successful high school science students from grades ten to twelve inclusive. Quantitative data was collected through questionnaires and analysed. The qualitative data was collected through individual semistructured interviews and focus group interviews. This was analysed using a qualitative thematic approach. The research questions were first about the learning strategies that successful science students seemed to use in order to do well academically, and secondly the question of the factors which influenced these successful students. The findings are that there are differences in the use of strategies between the successful students and their less successful counterparts. The successful students in general reported using more learning strategies more often than the less successful students. Successful students also reported that they engaged in strategies for regulating the effort they applied to work on difficult or boring tasks. They engaged more in cognitive strategies that involved deep processing of information, while the less successful students relied more on rehearsal and more superficial strategies like text underlining. Successful students also engaged more in self-regulatory activities that allowed them to monitor and regulate the way they learn. The findings also revealed that the successful students reported that they are influenced in their studies more by such factors as family support, the love of the subject and their goals or ambitions.


We present sensitive, multifrequency Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) images of the nuclear radio sources of NGC 1068. At 5 and 8.4 GHz, the radio continuum source S1, argued to mark the location of the hidden active nucleus, resolves into an elongated, ~0.8 pc source oriented nearly at right angles to the radio jet axis but more closely aligned to the distribution of the nuclear H2O maser spots. S1 is detected at 5 GHz but not at 1.4 GHz, indicating strong free-free absorption below 5 GHz, and it has a flat spectrum between 5 and 8.4 GHz. A 5-8.4 GHz spectral index map reveals an unresolved, inverted spectrum source at the center of the S1 structure that may mark the AGN proper. The average brightness temperature is too low for synchrotron self-absorption to impact the integrated spectrum significantly. In addition, a careful registration with the nuclear H2O masers argues that the S1 continuum source arises from the inner regions of the maser disk rather than a radio jet. The emission mechanism may be direct, thermal free-free emission from an X-ray-heated corona or wind arising from the molecular disk. We demonstrate that the hidden active nucleus is sufficiently luminous, to within the current estimates, to provide the requisite heating. The radio jet components C and S2 both show evidence for free-free absorption of a compact, steep-spectrum source. The free-free absorption might arise from a shock cocoon enveloping the compact radio sources. The presence of H2O masers specifically at component C supports the interpretation for the presence of a jet-ISM interaction. Component NE remains a steep-spectrum source on VLBA baselines and appears to be a local enhancement of the synchrotron emissivity of the radio jet. The reason for the enhancement is not clear; the region surrounding component NE is virtually devoid of narrow-line region filaments, and so there is no clear evidence for interaction with the surrounding ISM. Component NE might instead arise in an internal shock or perhaps in denser jet plasma that broke away from an earlier interaction with the circumnuclear ISM.


Abstract: In this essay we provide a brief account and interpretation of The Theory of Moral Sentiments showing that it departs fundamentally from contemporary patterns of thought in economics that are believed to govern individual behavior in small groups, and contains strong testable propositions governing the expression of that behavior. We also state a formal representation of the model for individual choice of action, apply the propositions to the prediction of actions in trust games, report two experiments testing these predictions, and interpret the results in terms directly related to the model. In short, we argue that the system of sociability developed by Adam Smith provides a coherent non-utilitarian model that is consistent with the pattern of results in trust games, and leads to testable new predictions, some of which we test.


Security is one of the major issues in any network and on the Internet. It encapsulates many different areas, such as protecting individual users against intruders, protecting corporate systems against damage, and protecting data from intrusion. It is obviously impossible to make a network totally secure, as there are so many areas that must be protected. This thesis includes an evaluation of current techniques for internal misuse of computer systems, and tries to propose a new way of dealing with this problem.

This thesis proposes that it is impossible to fully protect a computer network from intrusion, and shows how different methods are applied at differing levels of the OSI model. Most systems are now protected at the network and transport layer, with systems such as firewalls and secure sockets. A weakness, though, exists in the session layer that is responsible for user logon and their associated password. It is thus important for any highly secure system to be able to continually monitor a user, even after they have successfully logged into the system. This is because once an intruder has successfully logged into a system, they can use it as a stepping-stone to gain full access (often right up to the system administrator level). This type of login identifies another weakness of current intrusion detection systems, in that they are mainly focused on detecting external intrusion, whereas a great deal of research identifies that one of the main problems is from internal intruders, and from staff within an organisation. Fraudulent activities can often he identified by changes in user behaviour. While this type of behaviour monitoring might not be suited to most networks, it could be applied to high secure installations, such as in government, and military organisations.

Computer networks are now one of the most rapidly changing and vulnerable systems, where security is now a major issue. A dynamic approach, with the capacity to deal with and adapt to abrupt changes, and be simple, will provide an effective modelling toolkit. Analysts must be able to understand how it works and be able to apply it without the aid of an expert. Such models do exist in the statistical world, and it is the purpose of this thesis to introduce them and to explain their basic notions and structure.

One weakness identified is the centralisation and complex implementation of intrusion detection. The thesis proposes an agent-based approach to monitor the user behaviour of each user. It also proposes that many intrusion detection systems cannot cope with new types of intrusion. It thus applies Bayesian statistics to evaluate user behaviour, and predict the future behaviour of the user. The model developed is a unique application of Bayesian statistics, and the results show that it can improve future behaviour prediction than existing ARIMA models. The thesis argues that the accuracy of long-term forecasting questionable, especially in systems that have a rapid and often unexpected evolution and behaviour. Many of the existing models for prediction use long-term forecasting, which may not be the optimal type for intrusion detection systems.

The experiments conducted have varied the number of users and the time interval used for monitoring user behaviour. These results have been compared with ARIMA, and an increased accuracy has been observed. The thesis also shows that the new model can better predict changes in user behaviour, which is a key factor in identifying intrusion detection.
The thesis concludes with recommendations for future work, including how the statistical model could be improved. This includes research into changing the specification of the design vector for Bayesian. Another interesting area is the integration of standard agent communication agents, which will make the security agents more social in their approach and be able to gather information from other agents


Background: Anthocyanin, a subcategory of flavonoid, is a natural water-soluble pigment. There are many plants rich in anthocyanins, and a high intake of anthocyanin food has been shown to have potential beneficial effects on various chronic diseases. Objective: The objective was to evaluate the contents of total anthocyanin and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C-3-G) and their contribution to the antioxidant activities in commonly consumed pigmented plants. Materials and Methods: The total anthocyanin in Lonicera caerulea L., Rubus fruticosus L., Ribes nigrum L., Morus alba L., Zea mays L. seed, Z. mays L. cob, Brassica oleracea L., and Dioscorea alata L. was extracted by tissue-smashing extraction method, and then the contents of total anthocyanin (TAC) and C-3-G contents (C-3-GC) in the purified extracts were determined by pH differential method and high-performance liquid chromatography, respectively. Antioxidant activities were assessed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, ferric-reducing antioxidant power, and total reducing power (TRP) assays. Results: TAC ranged from 97.11 to 320.27 milligrams cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalents per Gram of dry weight. TAC, C-3-GC, and antioxidant activities in most berry extracts were higher than that in vegetables. Z. mays cob showed the similar TAC, C-3-GC, and antioxidant activities to L. caerulea, and the two vegetables were the lowest. The major anthocyanin in the berries and grains was identified as C-3-G. There was a significant positive correlation between antioxidant activity and TAC. Conclusions: The closer the plant color is to black, the higher TAC is, and the stronger its antioxidant activity is. Z. mays cob will be a promising source of anthocyanin. This study provides a theoretical basis for the use of anthocyanin in functional food and further pharmacological research. Abbreviations used: C-3-G: cyanidin-3-O-glucoside; C3GC: cyanidin-3-O-glucoside contents; DPPH: 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; FRAP: Ferric-reducing antioxidant power; HPLC: High-performance liquid chromatography; TAC: Total anthocyanin content; TAE: Total anthocyanin extract; TE: Trolox equivalent; TRP: Total reducing power; TPTZ: 1,3,5-tri (2-pyridyl)-2,4,6-triazine; TSE: Tissue-smashing extraction.


Designers spend more resources to develop better mobile experiences today than ever before. Researchers commonly use visual search efficiency as a usability measure to determine the time or effort it takes someone to perform a task. Previous research has shown that a computational visual saliency model can predict attentional deployment in stationary desktop displays. Designers can use this salience awareness to co-locate important task information with higher salience regions. Research has shown that placing targets in higher salience regions in this way improves interface efficiency. However, researchers have not tested the model in key mobile technology design dimensions such as small displays and touch screens. In two studies, we examined the influence of saliency in a mobile application interface. In the first study, we explored a saliency model's ability to predict fixations in small mobile interfaces at three different display sizes under free-viewing conditions. In the second study, we examined the influence that visual saliency had on search efficiency while participants completed a directed search for either an interface element associated with high or low salience. We recorded reaction time to touch the targeted element on the tablet. We experimentally blocked high and low saliency interactions and subjectively measured cognitive workload. We found that a saliency model predicted fixations. In the search task, participants found highly salient targets about 900 milliseconds faster than low salient targets. Interestingly, participants did not perceive a lighter cognitive workload associated with the increase in search efficiency.


Chronic lymphocytic leukemia is a well-defined lymphoid neoplasm with very heterogeneous biological and clinical behavior. The last decade has been remarkably fruitful in novel findings elucidating multiple aspects of the pathogenesis of the disease including mechanisms of genetic susceptibility, insights into the relevance of immunogenetic factors driving the disease, profiling of genomic alterations, epigenetic subtypes, global epigenomic tumor cell reprogramming, modulation of tumor cell and microenvironment interactions, and dynamics of clonal evolution from early steps in monoclonal B cell lymphocytosis to progression and transformation into diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. All this knowledge has offered new perspectives that are being exploited therapeutically with novel target agents and management strategies. In this review we provide an overview of these novel advances and highlight questions and perspectives that need further progress to translate into the clinics the biological knowledge and improve the outcome of the patients.


Flux transfer events (FTEs) are magnetic structures generated by time‐varying reconnection at the dayside magnetopause. Understanding their generation mechanism is important, because it is necessary in order to understand the global contribution of FTEs to the convection process. We present observations of several FTEs sequentially observed by Cluster at the subsolar magnetopause. Cluster detected also several reconnection jets, which seem to be systematically associated with the trailing edge of the FTEs. This association is expected only in the FTEs formed by single X line reconnection but could be compatible also with the multiple X line model, when reconnection at one X line is dominant. Instead, it does not seem compatible with original mechanism proposed by Russell and Elphic (1978). For a large FTE, not associated with any reconnection jet, the Grad‐Shafranov reconstruction obtained from Cluster 1 data recovers a flux rope, indicative of multiple X line reconnection. This same FTE was detected also by Cluster 3, which observed an asymmetric signature in the magnetic field component normal to the magnetopause. We show that this asymmetric signature was caused by an outward motion of the magnetopause. The orientation of the other FTEs, obtained from a Grad‐Shafranov optimization, shows considerable spread, despite the relatively steady conditions. Our interpretation is that a combination of single and multiple X line reconnection generated these FTEs. The FTEs in the first part of the crossing, associated with reconnection jets, are generated by the single X line model and may therefore not satisfy the Grad‐Shafranov assumptions so well. Instead, the last FTE, slower, bigger, and well separated from the previous ones, may be formed by multiple X line reconnection.


Localized plasmon resonances are proposed in a new concept of 3D photonic crystals stacked by hybrid rods made of dielectric-cores and metallic-nanoshells. The resonant plasmon coupling of inner and outer surfaces of the metallic-nanoshells forms the localized plasmon resonances which can be flexibly tuned by mediating the dielectric cores. At the resonance wavelengths, the strong electromagnetic wave-plasmon interaction leads to the enhancement in the structural absorption by more than 20 times. The tunability of the enhanced absorption is demonstrated in experiments.


A study of the possibilities for a direct photon cross-section measurement is carried out, in the context of expectations for the first LHC collision data from the ATLAS experiment. Comparisons are made between Monte-Carlo predictions and an optimised method of selecting and reconstructing the events from data taken by the detector is described. Also explained is work carried out on the Atlantis event display. The thesis begins with a general overview of current research in particle physics, motivating the building of the LHC and ATLAS. These are described, concentrating on the main motivations for a direct photon measurement. The Atlantis software is described next, explaining its role in ATLAS and some of its features. This is followed by a more detailed description of the work carried out on improving the existing Atlantis features and expanding the scope of the project. Following this the steps required in making a direct photon cross-section measurement are laid out, beginning with a theoretical discussion of what direct photons are and why they are interesting to study. Studies carried out with different Monte-Carlo simulations are described. The methods used for trigger, photon and jet reconstruction are laid out along with cuts that can be applied to select pure photon samples. The final generator and reconstruction selections are then laid out step by step in the final chapter, which finishes with an assessment of the achievable precision on the differential cross-section.


This paper presents a novel combination of two fully integrated phase-locked loops (PLLs) to control the oscillation frequency and modulation frequency of a switched injection-locked oscillator (SILO). The SILO is used as an active reflector transponder in a frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar system. A fractional-N PLL (RF-PLL) with a tri-state phase-frequency detector (TSPFD) sets the oscillation frequency of the voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) to 2.45 GHz. Another integer-N PLL (modulation PLL) switches the tail current source of the VCO to achieve SILO behavior at the time when the RF-PLL is not controlling the VCO. The RF-PLL supports division ratios from 64 to 511 with a frequency resolution of 0.2 Hz. Reference spur levels are below -48 dBc while the out-of-band phase noise is -103 dBc/Hz at a 1MHz frequency offset. The modulation PLL is based on a Maneatis-cell ring-oscillator supporting modulation frequencies between 6MHz and 20 MHz. Furthermore, the duty cycle of the modulation signal can be set in steps of 0.8 %. Due to the novel TSPFD, the oscillation frequency of the SILO changes only by 36MHz within 10 minutes when the RF-PLL is inactive. The complete circuit is manufactured in a 180nm SiGe BiCMOS process and consumes a total power of 128mW.


Market power has been a persistent challenge in designing wholesale electricity markets. Differences in the number or configuration of pricing zones does not impact the ability of a supplier to exercise unilateral market, but only what market outcomes are impacted by this exercise of market power. For this reason, tools able to detect market power conditions are crucial for ensuring the well functioning of all wholesale electricity markets, regardless of number of pricing zones. We first describe the trade-offs that must be balanced in designing a market power mitigation mechanism for any shortterm wholesale electricity market. This is followed by a survey of the market power mitigation mechanisms that currently exist in the California Independent System Operator (ISO), the PJM Interconnection, the New York ISO, Mid-Continent ISO, and Electricity Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT). Finally, we draw lessons from the US experience and try to address potential issues in the adoption of a market power mitigation mechanism in a low carbon electricity market.


The purpose of this study was to discover how relaxation in general works, and how components of Autogenic Training (AT) (Luthe and Schultz, 2001), a relaxation therapy, may be working together and separately in an anxiolytic process. A corollary purpose was to develop recommendations for clinical practice.

Data consisted of personally and historically collected interviews (n=46) and diaries (n=34). Participants with less than moderate anxiety volunteered from the community at large; and, participants with moderate to severe anxiety were drawn from the Royal London Hospital for Integrated Medicine's AT Department and British Autogenic Society therapist's client lists. A classical Glaserian grounded theory analysis methodology was used to determine participants' main concern (self-balancing) and the way they continually resolved this concern (sanctuarying).

The theory of relaxation as a self-balancing sanctuarying process emerged from analysis of what 21 people from the community at large say they do to relax in everyday life. The activities they choose for sanctuarying are self-emergent, and their continuing use is contingent upon managing hindrances and integrating feedback to the process so that the benefits of doing the activity are maximized. Three switching strategies, distracting and blocking, managing and controlling, and letting go and allowing, are central. Benefits which are not consciously or analytically generated are: restoring, refreshing and re-energizing me; maintaining and building me; and growing and developing me. Maintaining and building me are characterized by integrating and strengthening the core self and connecting to the community; growing and developing me is characterized by expanding self-discovery. The theory of self-balancing sanctuarying was used on an emergent fit basis to analyse 25 interviews and 34 diaries gathered from people with symptoms of moderate to severe anxiety whilst learning to practice Autogenic Training. This analysis broadened and deepened the grounded theory.

This thesis contributes to knowledge in many areas. It is the first classical grounded theory of relaxation and of Autogenic Training, theoretically situating and/or challenging extant descriptive and conceptual models of both relaxation and AT. It supports the clinically functional equivalence of certain forms of relaxation and supports Teasdale and Barnard's (1995) Interacting Cognitive Subsystems Model. It supports and challenges certain aspects of core affect theory, of the cognitive appraisal theory of emotions, and of Fredrickson's (2001, 2003) broaden and build theory of positive emotions. It adds a grounded perspective to the spiritual well-being debate, bringing new knowledge to it. It adds new data to the field of the phenomenology of hypnagogic images. It discusses the implication of Self-balancing Sanctuarying for training of AT therapists and for their clinical practice with anxious clients.


ABSTRACT We collected new high‐resolution P ‐wave seismic‐reflection data to explore for possible faults beneath a roughly linear cluster of early to mid‐Holocene earthquake‐induced sand blows to the south of Marianna, Arkansas. The Daytona Beach sand blow deposits are located in east‐central Arkansas about 75 km southwest of Memphis, Tennessee, and about 80 km south of the southwestern end of the New Madrid seismic zone (NMSZ). Previous studies of these sand blows indicate that they were produced between 10,500 and 5350 yr B.P. (before A.D. 1950). The sand blows are large and similar in size to those in the heart of the NMSZ produced by the 1811–1812 earthquakes. The seismic‐reflection profiles reveal a previously unknown zone of near‐vertical faults imaged in the 100–1100‐m depth range that are approximately coincident with a cluster of earthquake‐induced sand blows and a near‐linear surface lineament composed of air photo tonal anomalies. These interpreted faults are expressed as vertical discontinuities with the largest displacement fault showing about 40 m of west‐side‐up displacement at the top of the Paleozoic section at about 1100 m depth. There are about 20 m of folding on reflections within the Eocene strata at 400 m depth. Increasing fault displacement with depth suggests long‐term recurrent faulting. The imaged faults within the vicinity of the numerous sand blow features could be a causative earthquake source, although it does not rule out the possibility of other seismic sources nearby. These newly located faults add to a growing list of potentially active Pleistocene–Holocene faults discovered over the last two decades that are within the Mississippi embayment region but outside of the historical NMSZ.


We previously developed an HPLC method for determination of lanatoside C, digoxin and α-acetyldigoxin in digitalis glycosides isolated from Digitalis lanata leaves. Here, we present an improved HPLC-UV method to determine those compounds and deslanoside. We used the improved method to examine the effects of various pretreatments on the amounts of the four compounds isolated from the leaves, with the aim of maximizing the yield of digoxin. Leaves were extracted with 50% methanol, followed by clean-up on a Sep-Pak C18 cartridge prior to HPLC analysis. The amounts of lanatoside C, digoxin and α-acetyldigoxin per 100 mg of the leaves without pretreatment were 115.6, 7.45 and 23.8 μg, respectively (deslanoside was not detected). Pretreatment with acetic acid, which activated deglucosylation mediated by digilanidase present in the leaves, increased the amounts of digoxin and α-acetyldigoxin, while lanatoside C and deslanoside were not detected. Pretreatment with sodium methoxide, which hydrolyzed lanatoside C to deslanoside, increased the yields of deslanoside and digoxin, while lanatoside C and α-acetyldigoxin were not detected. The combination of both pretreatments afforded only digoxin in a yield of 115.1 μg/100 mg leaves. Use of the combined pretreatments appears to be effective for maximizing the yield of digoxin from the leaves.


This article is based on classroom observations and discusses sexual education that addresses homosexuality. Tolerance of queer lifestyles as well as support for judicial equality between heterosexual and homosexual couples is generally perceived as being high in the Norwegian political context. Norwegian sexual politics is, however, based on a binary understanding of sexuality, linked to stable and authentic sexual identities, and this perspective is highly influential in Norwegian education on sexuality. Homotolerance appears to be the most prominent ambition when teachers deal with homosexuality in their teaching. Informed by queer theory, I intend to investigate how teaching that sets out to create homotolerance reproduces heteronormativity. I will argue that even though education on homosexuality may create increased homotolerance, the very same education does also marginalise and stigmatise homosexuality as well as reproduce binary and heteronormative concepts of sexuality.


Purpose To compare central, regional and relational corneal thickness values obtained with multiple technologies in normal patients and to determine their equivalence and interchangeability. Methods Retrospective analysis of 100 eyes from 50 patients evaluated by ultrasound pachymetry (Pachette II), scanning-slit (Orbscan II), Scheimpflug (Pentacam HR) and spectral-domain ocular coherence tomography (OCT) (RTVue-100) obtained as average values (OCT-A) and point measurements (OCT-P). Measurements included central corneal thickness (CCT) for all technologies and thinnest corneal thickness for scanning-slit, Scheimpflug and OCT. Peripheral thickness measurements were obtained at the 3 mm radius in the superior (S), nasal (N), inferior (I) and temporal (T) regions. Results CCT values were: 563.9±36.1μ ultrasound, 570.9±36.1μ scanning-slit, 552.8±33.8μ Scheimpflug, 550.5±32.7μ (OCT-A), 549.4±32.7μ (OCT-P). Ultrasound and scanning-slit were significantly different from each other (p<0.0001), and both were significantly different from all other devices (p<0.0001), while Scheimpflug was similar to OCT-A and OCT-P (p=0.4). Differences between CCT and thinnest corneal thickness were significantly different from all technologies except scanning-slit and OCT-A. For peripheral values, almost all locations' measurements were significantly different from one another (p<0.0001). Superior–inferior values and ratios were also significantly different from one another for almost all devices with no consistent patterns detectible. Conclusions There are significant clinically relevant differences between regional and relational thickness measurements obtained with ultrasound, scanning-slit, Scheimpflug and OCT devices. Screening metrics devised for one system do not appear directly applicable to other measurement systems.


Seven samples of Siluro-Devonian sedimentary rocks from the Cantabrian and Central Iberian zones of the Iberian Variscan belt have been investigated for provenance and contain four main age populations in variable relative proportion: Ediacaran–Cryogenian (c. 0.55–0.8 Ga), Tonian–Stenian (0.85–1.2 Ga), Palaeoproterozoic (c. 1.8–2.2 Ga) and Archaean (c. 2.5–3.3 Ga). Five samples contain very minor Palaeozoic (Cambrian) zircons and six samples contain minor but significant zircons of Middle and Early Mesoproterozoic (Ectasian–Calymmian, 1.6–1.8) age. These data highlight the transition from an arc environment to a stable platform following the opening of the Rheic Ocean. Variations in detrital zircon populations in Middle–Late Devonian times reflect the onset of Variscan convergence between Laurussia and Gondwana. The presence of a high proportion of zircons of Tonian–Stenian age in Devonian sedimentary rocks may be interpreted as (1) the existence of a large Tonian–Stenian arc terrane exposed in the NE African realm (in or around the Arabian–Nubian Shield), (2) the participation, from the Ordovician time, of a more easterly alongshore provenance of Tonian–Stenian zircons, and (3) an increase in the relative proportion of Tonian–Stenian zircons with respect to the Ediacaran–Cryogenian population owing to the drift of the Avalonian–Cadomian ribbon continent, or the progressive burial of Ediacaran–Cryogenian rocks coeval with the denudation of older source rocks from the craton interior. Supplementary material: Tables with the analytical data and the geochronological results are available at http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18812.


Non-invasive treatment of brain disorders using ultrasound would require a transducer array that can propagate ultrasound through the skull and still produce sufficient acoustic pressure at a specific location within the brain. Additionally, the array must not cause excessive heating near the skull or in other regions of the brain. A hemisphere-shaped transducer is proposed which disperses the ultrasound over a large region of the skull. The large surface area covered allows maximum ultrasound gain while minimizing undesired heating. To test the feasibility of the transducer two virtual arrays are simulated by superposition of multiple measurements from an 11-element and a 40-element spherically concave test array. Each array is focused through an ex vivo human skull at four separate locations around the skull surface. The resultant ultrasound field is calculated by combining measurements taken with a polyvinylidene difluoride needle hydrophone providing the fields from a 44-element and a 160-element virtual array covering 88% and 33% of a hemisphere respectively. Measurements are repeated after the phase of each array element is adjusted to maximize the constructive interference at the transducer's geometric focus. An investigation of mechanical and electronic beam steering through the skull is also performed with the 160-element virtual array, phasing it such that the focus of the transducer is located 14 mm from the geometric centre. Results indicate the feasibility of focusing and beam steering through the skull using an array spread over a large surface area. Further, it is demonstrated that beam steering through the skull is plausible.


Mitochondrial sequence data is often used to reconstruct the demographic history of Pleistocene populations in an effort to understand how species have responded to past climate change events. However, departures from neutral equilibrium conditions can confound evolutionary inference in species with structured populations or those that have experienced periods of population expansion or decline. Selection can affect patterns of mitochondrial DNA variation and variable mutation rates among mitochondrial genes can compromise inferences drawn from single markers. We investigated the contribution of these factors to patterns of mitochondrial variation and estimates of time to most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) for two clades in a co-operatively breeding avian species, the white-browed babbler Pomatostomus superciliosus. Both the protein-coding ND3 gene and hypervariable domain I control region sequences showed departures from neutral expectations within the superciliosus clade, and a two-fold difference in TMRCA estimates. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis provided evidence of departure from a strict clock model of molecular evolution in domain I, leading to an over-estimation of TMRCA for the superciliosus clade at this marker. Our results suggest mitochondrial studies that attempt to reconstruct Pleistocene demographic histories should rigorously evaluate data for departures from neutral equilibrium expectations, including variation in evolutionary rates across multiple markers. Failure to do so can lead to serious errors in the estimation of evolutionary parameters and subsequent demographic inferences concerning the role of climate as a driver of evolutionary change. These effects may be especially pronounced in species with complex social structures occupying heterogeneous environments. We propose that environmentally driven differences in social structure may explain observed differences in evolutionary rate of domain I sequences, resulting from longer than expected retention times for matriarchal lineages in the superciliosus clade.


This is the first in-depth study of the secret society called CUP (Committee of Union and Progress), based on their own papers. It pays special attention to the Young Turks as an intellectual movement which continues to influence the thinking of Turkish intellectuals in the 1990s. It also provides important insights into diplomatic relations between the Ottoman Empire and the so-called Great Powers of Europe at the turn of the century.


Many landfills are currently causing severe environmental problems, such as ground-water contamination. In view of the large number of poorly documented landfills, fast and inexpensive methods for investigating the shallow subsurface are becoming increasingly important. We have tested a variety of non-intrusive geophysical methods at a landfill located within glacio-fluvial sediments in northwestern Switzerland. Three-dimensional georadar, frequency-domain electromagnetic (EM31), and mag net ie surveys have been conducted over part of the landfill and adjacent undisturbed ground. Dense sampling of the subsurface, a self-designed algorithm for sealing the georadar data in a way that suppressed prominent noise, and application of NMO corrections were important steps for obtaining detailed and accurate images of the investigated area. From borehole information, reflections from interfaces between different gravel sheets and from the top of the underlying lacustrine layer could be identified. Timeslices revealed a general SW-NE flow-direction of the ancient river system that deposited the gravels and sands. The lacustrine sediments are an aquitard in this region. Interpolation of the aquitard, an important barrier for contaminants emanating from the landfill, between surveyareas northwest and southeast of the landfill, provide us with an estimate of the maximum dep th of the waste disposal site.


A Case Study of the Springville Museum of Art Pre-Exhibition Workshop Tammara L. Ballard Department of Art, BYU Master of Arts The author designs a traveling professional development opportunity, Pre-Exhibition Workshop, for the Springville Museum of Art (SMA) Educational Outreach Program. All Utah high school art teachers and their students are invited to attend one of twenty-five presentations throughout the state's school districts. This thesis examines the challenges and benefits of including students in the process of preparing their own entries for the 2014 42nd Annual Utah All-State High School Art Show. The curriculum for the workshop follows a new lesson plan model of including enduring understandings and essential questions as outlined by the 2014 National Core Art Standards. The question driving this research project is: Will the schools that participate in a pre-exhibition workshop be better prepared to submit quality entries into the 2014 42nd Annual Utah All-State High School Art Show and be more likely to schedule a field trip to experience the exhibition? To develop the SMA Pre-Exhibition Workshop, the researcher applies a case study methodology that includes some aspects of action research including planning, acting, reviewing, and revising. The collected data measures the effectiveness of this workshop by analyzing observation notes collected during the workshop, reviewing surveys completed by participating teachers, and comparing the SMA 2014 42nd Annual Utah All-State High School Art Show entry data with the data collected from the attendees of the SMA Pre-Exhibition Workshop. It was concluded that most schools participating stated that the workshop did benefit their students by helping them prepare to submit their own art entries. Of the students attending the workshop, none were disqualified from the 2014 42nd Annual Utah All-State High School Art Show due to rule infringements, and several of the participating schools went on a field trip to view the exhibition. In conclusion, the author recommends that the SMA Pre-Exhibition Workshop continue and suggests ways of improving the program's promotions, presentation, and data collection.


"Small . . . finds, rather, that the media had a built-in bias against [Vietnam] protesters--in particular, the television reports sought out scenes of violence, and hence gave disproportionate emphasis to even the smallest counter-demonstration. Small is methodical, indeed, comparing carefully what was supposed to happen, what actually did happen, what the media said had happened about what had happened, and about what 'two thin-skinned presidents, ' Johnson and Nixon, thought about what the media said. . . . This study . . . should be valuable to students of the media, or to those who believe that all questions are political and to be settled by counting heads."--"Rapport""Melvin Small's invaluable book persuasively analyzes media coverage of the antiwar movement and in doing so shatters the persistent and mischievous notion that the media lionized the antiwar movement and undermined support for the War."--George C. Herring, University of KentuckyIt is commonly believed that, during the Vietnam War, journalists relayed a favorable image of antiwar protesters. Melvin Small explodes that myth. Journalists may do their best to be fair, but even fair reporters learn to focus on the violent and bizarre activities that make for dramatic news. They may capture behavior on the fringes of a march, rather than the tone of the march as a whole. They may ignore the arguments of the movement's leaders, which seem boring in comparison to action shots. Small's commentary effectively portrays the battle between activists and the media while painting a compelling picture of Americans' inclination to accept the media's caricaturing lens.


Magnetic reconnection in collisionless magnetohydrodynamic plasmas is studied under controlled conditions in toroidal X-line configurations formed in the center of the Versatile Toroidal Facility [J. Egedal , Rev. Sci. Instrum. 71, 3351 (2000)]. Profiles of key parameters are measured during driven reconnection pulses in the reproducible plasma discharges. The experimental results prove to be highly sensitive to the boundary conditions applied. In the configuration with "open" boundaries reconnection is fast; the measured current densities are about three orders of magnitude below those predicted based on classical Spitzer resistivity. These small current densities are consistent with the electrons following toroidally trapped orbits. Further, the size of the electron diffusion region scales with the drift orbit width of the trapped electrons. Experiments conducted with "closed" boundaries yield significantly different results. In this configuration the electrons are not trapped toroidally and large current densities are permitted to develop. These currents reduce significantly the reconnection rate in the closed configurations. (C) 2004 American Institute of Physics.


ABSTRACT In this paper, we propose an architecture that combines Big Data and Stream Processing which can be applied to the Real Estate Domain. Our approach consists of a specialisation of Lambda architecture and it is inspired by some aspects of Kappa architecture. As a proof of this solution, we show a prototype developed following it and a comparison of the three architecture quality models. Finally, we highlight the differences between the proposed architecture and similar ones and draw some future lines following the present approach.


The feeding of 2 sympatric larval myctophids, Diogenichthys laternatus and Triphoturus mexicanus aff. oculeus, was analyzed in an upwelling area off northern Chile (23° S, 71° W). Diel feeding period, feeding incidence, feeding selectivity and diet overlap was estimated under different environmental conditions: coastal and oceanic areas and 2 depth strata in summer and winter 1997. Analyses were based on larval stomach contents and microplankton abundance estimates. Larval tooth morphology and relationships between larval length, mouth width and prey size were explored. Both species fed on the most abundant microplankton layer during daylight, and both preferred copepods and nauplii, although the diet of D. laternatus was more diverse. As expected, the diets of these species tended to overlap in periods and areas where food was more abundant, but diets dif- fered under conditions of low food availability. The 50 to 100 mm size range dominated the size spec- trum of ingested prey in both species. The smallest prey width was constant for the entire range of larval sizes. The largest prey width was variable both within and between species, and increased with larval size. Regression analyses of mouth size and body length showed a potential relationship in D. laternatus and a linear relationship in T. mexicanus aff. oculeus. Prey ingested by D. laternatus were wider than those ingested by T. mexicanus aff. oculeus at equal larval sizes. The species presented differences in dentition patterns (hook-like teeth and pharyngeal structures in D. laterna- tus, conical teeth in T. mexicanus aff. oculeus). Opportunistic feeding and the feeding characteristics of both species should favor persistence and high abundances in the upwelling area of the Humboldt Current.


Malaysia, especially the Borneo Island state of Sarawak, has a large variety of tropical wood species. In this study, selected raw tropical wood species namely Artocarpus Elasticus, Artocarpus Rigidus, Xylopia spp., Koompassia Malaccensis, and Eugenia spp. were chemically treated with sodium metaperiodate to convert them into plasticized wood (PW). Manufactured plasticized wood samples were characterized using, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and mechanical testing (modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), static Young's modulus (Es), decay resistance, and water absorption). MOE and MOR were calculated using a three-point bending test. Es and decay resistance were calculated using the compression parallel to grain test and the natural laboratory decay test, respectively. The manufactured PW yielded higher MOE, MOR, and Es. PW had a lower water content compared to the untreated wood and had high resistance to decay exposure, with Eugenia spp. having the highest resistance compared to the others.


Wave action stirs up sediments and keeps it in suspension while currents wash it away from the coastal zone. The combined action of the waves and current close to the sediment bed may worsen the situation by creating excessive sediment transport leading to the failure of hydraulic structures. In this study, numerical modeling of local scour under waves and current is carried out using the open source CFD model REEF3D, which solves the Navier-Stokes equation using the finite difference method. The simulated flow field from the Navier-Stokes equations is coupled with sediment transport algorithms in a numerical waves tank. Further, the calculated bedload and suspended load are linked with the Exner formula to calculate bed elevation changes. The free surface and scoured bed surface are captured using the level set method. Two case scenarios, namely scour under waves and scour under current are run until the equilibrium scour condition is achieved. The simulated results are compared with experimental data of Link (2006) and Sumer & Fredsøe (2001). Good comparison between experimental data and simulated results is observed. It is observed that for equal flow velocity in the flume, sediment transport under current only condition is larger than under waves alone.


The purpose of this study was to use Corsi's Block Tapping Test as a spatial analog of Benton's Serial Digit Learning Test, using the cognitive neuroscience approach utilized in the California Verbal Learning Test. 60 normal participants, ages 19–52 years, were included and administered an 8-block sequence for 9 trials or until they recalled the entire sequence for 3 consecutive errorless trials. The score was the number of blocks tapped in the correct serial order. An interference trial was administered. Following a 10-min. delay, free recall of the original sequence, cued recall, and recognition measures were obtained. Retroactive interference was significant, but no proactive interference emerged. Scores showed a strong primacy effect. Most participants who learned the sequence to the criterion of three successive errorless trials recalled the sequence after the 10-min. delay. Scores on the cued recall and recognition trials tended to support their validity as less demanding retrieval tasks. The use of this spatial learning and memory procedure allows finer discriminations among nonverbal memory deficits and may facilitate direct comparisons with scores on verbal memory tasks such as Serial Digit Learning and the California Verbal Learning Test.


Abstract. The glaciers of the Cordillera Blanca, Peru, are rapidly retreating and thinning as a result of climate change, altering the timing, quantity and quality of water available to downstream users. Furthermore, increases in the number and size of proglacial lakes associated with these melting glaciers is increasing potential exposure to glacier lake outburst floods (GLOFs). Understanding how these glaciers are changing and their connection to proglacial lake systems is thus of critical importance. Most satellite data are too coarse for studying small mountain glaciers and are often affected by cloud cover, while traditional airborne photogrammetry and lidar are costly. Recent developments have made unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) a viable and potentially transformative method for studying glacier change at high spatial resolution, on demand and at relatively low cost. Using a custom designed hexacopter built for high-altitude (4000–6000 m a. s. l. ) operation, we completed repeat aerial surveys (2014 and 2015) of the debris-covered Llaca Glacier tongue and proglacial lake system. High-resolution orthomosaics (5 cm) and digital elevation models (DEMs) (10 cm) were produced and their accuracy assessed. Analysis of these datasets reveals highly heterogeneous patterns of glacier change. The most rapid areas of ice loss were associated with exposed ice cliffs and meltwater ponds on the glacier surface. Considerable subsidence and low surface velocities were also measured on the sediments within the pro-glacial lake, indicating the presence of extensive regions of buried ice and continued connection to the glacier tongue. Only limited horizontal retreat of the glacier tongue was observed, indicating that measurements of changes in aerial extent alone are inadequate for monitoring changes in glacier ice quantity.


Neuropathic pain (NP) is an intractable clinical problem without satisfactory treatments. However, certain natural products have been revealed as effective therapeutic agents for the management of pain states. In this study, we used the spinal nerve ligation (SNL) pain model to investigate the antinociceptive effect of triptolide (T10), a major active component of the traditional Chinese herb Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F. Intrathecal T10 inhibited the mechanical nociceptive response induced by SNL without interfering with motor performance. Additionally, the anti-nociceptive effect of T10 was associated with the inhibition of the activation of spinal astrocytes. Furthermore, intrathecal administration of T10 attenuated SNL-induced janus kinase (JAK) signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) signalling pathway activation and inhibited the upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6, interleukin-1 beta, and tumour necrosis factor-α, in dorsal horn astrocytes. Moreover, NR2B-containing spinal N-methyl D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) was subsequently inhibited. Above all, T10 can alleviate SNL-induced NP via inhibiting the neuroinflammation in the spinal dorsal horn. The anti-inflammation effect of T10 may be related with the suppression of spinal astrocytic JAK-STAT3 activation. Our results suggest that T10 may be a promising drug for the treatment of NP.


Parliaments and parliamentarians have a key role to play in promoting and protecting human rights. This Handbook aims to assist parliamentarians and others in efforts to realize the Convention so that persons with disabilities can achieve the transition from exclusion to equality. It seeks to raise awareness of the Convention and its provisions, promote an appreciation of disability concerns, and assist parliaments in understanding the mechanisms and frameworks needed to translate the Convention into practice. By providing examples and insights, it is hoped that the Handbook will serve as a useful tool for parliamentarians to promote and protect the rights of persons with disabilities all over the world.


Abstract:The transition to adulthood is increasingly characterized by complex paths into the world of work and family, especially for young women. Yet how work and family combine to influence stress among young adult women is not well understood. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, we leverage new extensions to latent class analysis (LCA) to identify common combinatios of work and family circumstances among young adult women, their earlier life and contemporaneous correlates, and associations with two stress measures: a multi-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and Epstein–Barr Viral (EBV) antibody titers, a well-validated biomarker of stress-related immunity impairments. We identify seven different common combinations of latent work–family combinations among young adult women ranging from well-compensated professional workers with and without children, mothers without paid employment, and delayed transitions to work and family. Completing a college degree was associated with a higher likelihood of membership in classes marked by professional work irrespective of motherhood, while being raised in a community with greater female labor opportunities was generally associated with membership in child-free classes. Mothers and child-free women in "pink-collar" work with low wages and decision-marking freedom reported higher stress compared to women in "white-collar" work with higher wages and decision-making freedom. These differences are mostly attenuated following adjustments for poverty-related stressors and work–family conflict. While prior work has emphasized the health benefits for women of combining work and family, our research suggests these benefits may be limited to women of higher socioeconomic status with flexible, wellcompensated jobs.


Decision based economic theory stresses the central position of the objective function in the behavior of economic agents. Insufficient knowledge of objective functions hampers the development of economic theory. In this article, a methodology for deriving objective functions from conscious decisions has been developed. Three categories of decisions are concerned: positive, negative, and mutually exclusive decisions. Assuming minimal inconsistency, the objective function can be derived by means of linear or nonlinear programming and using a revealed preference approach. The method has been applied to derive the linear objective function of EC dairy policy. However, applications of this methodology for consumers and producers are similar. A number of issues related to the formulation and interpretation of the objective function are discussed.


This paper presents findings from an interdisciplinary doctoral thesis on the changing discourse of governance in UK education policy. Drawing on sociological accounts of the political economic context of the data, this longitudinal critical discourse study examined a corpus of education policy documents. The analysis investigated the textual representation and legitimation of the identities, roles and power relations involved in late capitalist modes of governing. The methodology combined corpus linguistic software tools with systemic functional analyses of transitivity, and Van Leeuwen�s models of social action (1995; 1996b) and legitimation (Van Leeuwen, 1996a; Van Leeuwen and Wodak, 1999). I illustrate the value of this combined method by discussing two key findings in relation to patterns of historical change in political language. Firstly, the study revealed substantial textual evidence for the increasing role of a personalised, inclusive style of political rhetoric. In particular, I discuss the use of the pronoun �we�. In his analysis of Thatcherite discourse, Fairclough (1989) distinguishes �exclusive� and �inclusive� senses of this pronoun, and points to its importance in political rhetoric. This study goes a step further by using Wordsmith tools to investigate its functional distribution throughout a historical corpus. The study found a dramatic surge in its textual prominence under New Labour, where its referential ambivalence is also systematically exploited to legitimate contentious policy claims. The second finding relates to the management of social action. The increasing significance of �managerialism� in contemporary forms of governance has been widely observed (Clarke and Newman, 1997; Newman, 2001). This can be understood in sociological terms in relation to the move towards more multi-layered forms of governance in the late capitalist state, which is partly a matter of devising new techniques for governing �at a distance� (Jessop, 1996). This paper presents original insights into how this operates at the level of language. Specifically, the analysis postulates a new sociosemantic category of �managed action� (encoding varying degrees of coerciveness) to capture this progressive trend in policy discourse. The paper concludes by discussing its rhetorically systematic use under New Labour, where it helps negotiate a distinctive arrangement of power relations between the government, the private sector, teachers and students.


A computer model capable of integrating mechanisms of biofilm resistance to disinfection by antimicrobial agents was developed. Resistance mechanisms considered included retarded penetration due to a stoichiometric reaction between the antimicrobial agent and biomass, incomplete penetration due to a catalytic reaction between the antimicrobial agent and the biomass, and the existence of a fraction of the cells in a resistant phenotypic state. Mathematical models of these processes were derived and solved in the computer simulation package MATLAB. Four sets of fitted experimental data on the disinfection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms were fit to each of the three models. No one model fit all of the data sets adequately. Killing of a 2-day old biofilm by tobramycin was best described by the physiological limitation model. Killing by hypochlorite was best described by the stoichiometric transport model. Killing by hydrogen peroxide was best simulated by the catalytic transport model. These results suggest that multiple mechanisms of biofilm reduced susceptibility are manifested even in biofilms of the same species and that the particular resistance mechanism depends on the biofilm age, antimicrobial agent, and biofilm thickness. The models presented in this article may be useful for diagnosing mechanisms of biofilm resistance from experimental data.


With the proposed introduction of a common framework for comparing qualifications within the European Union as a result of the Lisbon Agreement of 2000, the question of commonly agreed transnational concepts of skills and qualifications has become a pressing political and practical issue. The paper argues that there are grounds for doubting that there is a ready translation of the English terms 'skill' and 'qualification' in a way that avoids problems of comparing and calibrating German and English vocational qualifications. Reasons for this difficulty are explored, the most important of which relate to: a) the conceptual structure of skill and its cognates in the two languages; b) the differing socio‐political role of qualifications; c) different industrial structures and labour processes; d) differences in institutions regulating vocational education and training. These problems are discussed in relation to examples of similar industries and occupations and apparently similar levels of qualification in England and Germany.


The video game industry is currently estimated to be worth USD 41 billion annually and growing every year. In this industry, the developments in game Artificial Intelligence (AI) typically use traditional techniques such as minimax,
alpha-beta and A* search algorithms in their implementations. More advanced techniques such as evolutionary algorithms are very rarely used. Therefore, this thesis will focus specifically on the implementation of evolutionary algorithms for the automatic generation of military strategies. WARGUS, as the open source RTS
game engine, is chosen to be the research platform due to its extendibility and possibility for integration with an external AI system. This research encompasses three main research questions: (i) can Evolutionary Programming (EP) be adapted successfully as the game AI into an RTS in the form of WARGUS?; (ii) how well can the EP system perform in terms of scoring capability and learning speed using modified EP systems implemented specifically to cope with the RTS environment?; and (iii) will this EP system be suitable for a full game scenario in WARGUS? The experimental results of this series of investigations have showed that: (i) the EP
proved itself to be highly useful when incorporated as the game AI into WARGUS where it outperformed a benchmark random strategy system as well as a hill-climbing system; (ii) after modifying the standard EP specifically for the RTS game environment, a new modified EP was successfully created which is able to obtain high scoring capabilities in a comparatively shorter amount of time; and (iii) the modified EP also performed successfully when plugged into a full RTS game scenario where highly encouraging results as high as 80%, 90% and 100% winning rates were achieved against three state-of-the-art WARGUS full-game strategies
crafted by expert human players which is later refined to full 100% winning rates against all three strategies using an incremental seeding methodology


Objective: To determine risk factors for HIV transmission within married couples in four urban populations in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods: Data from a cross-sectional population-based study were used. Representative random samples approximating 1000 men and 1000 women in each of four cities of Kisumu (Kenya), Ndola (Zambia), Cotonou (Benin), and Yaoundé (Cameroon), were interviewed and tested for sexually transmitted infections (STI). Married couples were identified as concordant negative, discordant, or concordant positive for each STI. After excluding concordant HIV negative couples, analysis of behavioural and STI risk factors for HIV positive concordancy was undertaken across the four cities and in each city separately where sample size allowed. Results: Among 221 couples in which at least one member was HIV positive, we found that the only significant risk factor for positive HIV concordancy was herpes simplex type 2 (HSV-2) status. After adjusting for age and city of residence the odds ratio for HIV concordancy compared to couples with neither spouse HSV-2 positive was 3.4 (95% confidence interval, 0.62–18.4) for couples with one partner HSV-2 positive and 8.6 (95% confidence interval, 1.6–45.0) for couples with both partners HSV-2 positive. The same trends were seen in Kisumu and Ndola when they were analysed separately (numbers were small in the other cities). Conclusions: Although cross-sectional studies are not ideal for delineating the sequence of transmission events, this study adds to the evidence that HSV-2 is a key risk factor in promoting HIV transmission.


Morality as we know it seems inextricably involved with notions of responsibility, desert, and blame. But a number of philosophers (e.g., Pereboom, G. Strawson) have concluded that responsibility in the desert-supporting sense rests upon metaphysical presuppositions that are unsatisfiable whether or not determinism is true. Some of these philosophers go on to argue that we ought - morally ought - to discard the idea of moral responsibility. Is this proposal coherent? Could morality intelligibly be practiced in a way that dispenses altogether with praise, blame, resentment, and desert - the concepts that constitute what we understand as holding agents morally responsible for their deeds? I distinguish three aspects of moral practice, which I term "naming," "shaming," and "blaming." Of the three, only the last, blaming, implicates the idea of moral - as opposed to merely causal - responsibility. I defend what I term the "Enlightened View" that accepts naming and shaming as essential to morality, but holds blaming to be inessential. I distinguish the Enlightened View from the "Abolitionist View" that holds blaming to be not merely inessential to morality but undesirable and unworthy. Crucial to the defense of the Enlightened View is an account of moral guidance restricted to the devices of naming and shaming. This discussion uncovers a modest but significant sense of blame and desert implicit in the practice of morality - one too weak to require any major qualification of the Enlightened and Abolitionist Views.


Project Barca's central research question ¾how can embodied personal and collective memories be shaped into new architectures of identity and belonging in the form of innovative performance works that speak to wider sections of society?¾  has so far generated a number of mixed-media performance outcomes in its two research locations; Barcelona, Catalonia, and Vancouver, Canada. Some major works are the video essay Encounters 3 ; Barca- El otro lado – a performance work that utilizes dancers, actors, musicians and media designers resident in Barcelona, Spain; Here be dragons – a work staged exclusively with performers in Vancouver, Canada; and Here be dragons/Non plus ultra (HBD/NPU) - which brings together separate casts from both cities. HBD/NPU was premiered in Vancouver on January 10th 2013 at the Fei and MiltonWong Experimental Theatre, Goldcorp Centre for the Arts. All three stage works draw generously from the performers personal stories to articulate the research objectives. This paper addresses the 're-routing' thematic of the Barcelona 2013 conference by problematizing the phrase 'going west to find east/going east to find west', a direct reference to Christopher Columbus' 1492 voyage across the Atlantic. It also uses Performance Studies and PaR as navigational constructs in a parallel voyage of exploration and discovery. We present here an abridged version of the mixed-mode paper created for the Performance as Research Working Group, within the IFTR 2013 conference.


Family physicians care for patients in all stages of the life-cycle, while at the same time proceeding themselves through the course of adult development. The purpose of this study was to examine, from the doctor's point of view, changes in the doctor-patient relationship resulting from the physician's pregnancy and child-bearing. Five faculty family physicians participated via individual interviews and group discussion. Two women without children, the clinical psychologist interviewer, and other faculty family physicians joined in the review of the interviews and the group discussion. Comprehensibility, reciprocity, mutuality, identification, credibility, availability for long-term relationships, nurturing, and support emerged as themes in the evolution of relationships with patients. The process of examining the effect of childbearing on our relationships with patients unexpectedly revealed how the dual expectation of career and motherhood causes colleagues without children to feel inadequate. On the other hand, the study itself had the positive effect of facilitating the resolution of long-standing tensions among group members. We conclude that becoming mothers, a significant life change, had a transforming effect on our clinical work with patients and that studying this effect as a group fostered growth in the relationships among the participants.


Anticipation, an increase in severity or decrease in age of onset (AO) inherent in the transmission of the disease gene from affected parent to affected child, has been increasingly described in human disease. To assess anticipation in a large kindred in which autosomal dominant limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD1A) is segregating, age of disease onset was collected from patient interviews of affected family members. A total of 25 parent-offspring pairs, in which the parents are three (3R), four (4R), or five (5R) generations removed from a common founding ancestor, were available for analysis. Life table analyses showed significant decreases in age at first reported symptoms in the offspring of the 3R (chi2=5.55, p=0.02) and 4R (chi2=7.81, p=0.005) parents. Pairwise analyses confirmed this decrease with a median decrease of 13 years in transmission to offspring from 3R parents and 18 years in transmission to offspring from 4R parents. The finding of anticipation in this pedigree suggests that the mutation in LGMD1A may be the result of the expansion of an unstable trinucleotide repeat.


Damage detection and localization in civil or mechanical structures is a subject of active development and research. A few vibration‐based methods have been developed so far, requiring, for example, modal parameter estimates in the reference and damaged states of the investigated structure, and for localization in addition a finite element model. For structures in operation, temperature has been shown to be a major nuisance to the efficiency of such methods because the modal parameters are varying not only with damage but also due to temperature variations. For detection, a few rejection approaches have been developed. Besides the increased complexity, environmental variation is hardly taken into account in localization approaches. In this paper, we propose a sensitivity‐based correction of the identified modal parameters in the damaged state with respect to the temperature field in the reference state, on the basis of a sensitivity analysis with respect to temperature dependent parameters of the finite element model in the reference state. The approach is then applied to the stochastic dynamic damage locating vector method, where its improved performance under nonuniform temperature variations is shown in a numerical application on a beam.


The sharp rise in antimicrobial resistance has been matched by a decline in the identification and clinical introduction of new classes of drugs to target microbial infections. Thus new approaches are being sought to counter the pending threat of a post-antibiotic era. In that context, the use of non-growth limiting small molecules, that target virulence behaviour in pathogens, has emerged as a solution with real clinical potential. We have previously shown that two signal molecules (HHQ and PQS) from the nosocomial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa have modulatory activity towards other microorganisms. This current study involves the synthesis and evaluation of analogues of HHQ towards swarming and biofilm virulence behaviour in Bacillus atrophaeus, a soil bacterium and co-inhibitor with P. aeruginosa. Compounds with altered C6-C8 positions on the anthranilate-derived ring of HHQ, display a surprising degree of biological specificity, with certain candidates displaying complete motility inhibition. In contrast, anti-biofilm activity of the parent molecule was completely lost upon alteration at any position indicating a remarkable degree of specificity and delineation of phenotype.


Vitamins are widely classify as water soluble and fat soluble vitamins. Fat soluble Vitamin K is called as "Forgotten Vitamin" due to the important vitamin that are usually over looked by Scientist and Nutritionist. The name Vitamin K is discovered from German word Koagulation because vitamin K play important role in blood coagulation. Vitamin K is found in the dark green vegetables and vitamin. The main source of this vitamin are not found in leafy green vegetables and that is vitamin K1, which responsible for blood clotting and serves a different Function than K2. KEYWORDS Water soluble vitamins, Koagulation, Vitamin K, green vegetables.


Sexual relationships in the psychotherapeutic setting have always been regarded as unethical and sexual attraction between therapist and client has generally proved to be awkward and anxiety provoking for those involved. Although research indicates that these relationships do occur, and that sexual feelings between therapists and clients are not infrequent, there is little conceptual clarity on the dynamics thereof. Consequently, the available guidelines and ethical rules regulating such sexual contact generally take the form of "thou shalt not..." and provide limited assistance to therapists in managing such situations in a manner that protects the integrity of the therapeutic relationship. This review assumes the presence of the psychodynamic phenomenon of transference in all psychotherapeutic relationships, and constructs sexual attraction and contact as the product of the sub-concept of erotic transference. Against this background, the review presents the dynamics of erotic transference in terms of its nature, impact and management. On this basis, current ethical codes and training issues are reviewed, guidelines for proper prevention and management are suggested and important directions for future research are


The purpose of this thesis is to consider three opposing statements regarding aesthetics in our popular culture. The first statement is that the youth of this age are demolishing the old standards of aesthetic taste and are creating a nonaesthetic; the second statement is that the youth are enlarging the vision and scope of the accepted standard of aesthetic and changing its direction; the thrid statement is that the creations of the youth in our popular culture of today are neither new nor nonaesthetic, but merely a continuation of aesthetics as they are accepted. One statement will be chosen as the most valid of the three.


Abstract. The formation of metamorphic zircon after baddeleyite is
a well-known reaction that can be used to date the metamorphism of igneous
silica-undersaturated rocks. By contrast, metamorphic minerals formed after
igneous zirconolite have rarely been reported. In this paper, we document
metamorphic titanite + zircon pseudomorphs formed from the metamorphic
breakdown of igneous zirconolite in syenodiorite and syenite, in the
southeastern Sveconorwegian Province, Sweden. Water-rich fluid influx during
tectonometamorphism in epidote–amphibolite-facies metamorphic conditions
caused the release of silica during a metamorphic reaction involving igneous
feldspar and pyroxene and the simultaneous breakdown of igneous Zr-bearing
phases. Typical titanite + zircon intergrowths are elongated or platy
titanite crystals speckled with tiny inclusions of zircon. Most intergrowths
are smaller than 15 µm; some are subrounded in shape. Locally,
bead-like grains of titanite and zircon are intergrown with silicate
minerals. The precursor igneous zirconolite was found preserved only in a
sample of near-pristine igneous syenodiorite, as remnant grains of mainly
< 2 µm in size. Two somewhat larger crystals, 8 and 12 µm, allowed semiquantitative confirmation using microprobe analysis.
Analogous with zircon pseudomorphs after baddeleyite, titanite + zircon
pseudomorphs after zirconolite potentially offer dating of the metamorphic
reaction, although the small size of the crystals makes dating with today's
techniques challenging. The scarcity of reports of zirconolite and
pseudomorphs reflects that they are either rare or possibly overlooked.


In November, 2014, President Barack Obama announced the creation of DAPA, a program which instructed executive branch officials to exercise their administrative discretion to defer the deportation of eligible applicants. The President's announcement was met with a firestorm of controversy. Critics charged that, by altering the legal regime from one in which undocumented immigrants were to be deported to one of "executive amnesty," the President had exceeded his authority, turning him into an "emperor" or a "king." The President's supporters saw no such regime change, insisting that the President was acting fully within his executive authority. Understanding this debate requires one both to delve into the complicated legal context, and to look beyond legal doctrine. The firestorm of controversy reflected broader concerns about discretionary executive power and the law, linked to anxiety regarding the sovereign's head of state as "he who decides on the state of exception." It also derived from specific concerns about President Obama as the embodiment of the sovereign: his racialized body, depicted as illegitimate and foreign, furthered the perception of his policies as illegal. Lastly, the fact that undocumented immigrants are not perceived as members of the body politic helped to produce this vision of DAPA as lawless regime change. In this telling, the sovereign actor, the beneficiaries of his action, and the act itself are all cast as illegitimate through a mutually reinforcing logic; all are exceptions that stand "outside the law."


HIGH-LEVEL, PRODUCT TYPE-SPECIFIC, PROGRAMMATIC OPERATIONS FOR STREAMLINING ASSOCIATIVE COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN Nathan W Scott Department of Mechanical Engineering Master of Science Research in the field of Computer Aided Design (CAD) has long focused on reducing the time and effort required of engineers to define three dimensional digital product models. Parametric, feature-based modeling with inter-part associativity allows complex assembly designs to be defined and re-defined while maintaining the vital partto-part interface relationships. The top-down modeling method which uses assembly level control structures to drive child level geometry has proved valuable in maintaining these interfaces. Creating robust parametric models like these, however, is very time consuming especially since there can be hundreds of features and thousands of mathematical expressions to create. Even if combinations of low-level features, known as User-Defined Features (UDFs), are used, this process still involves inserting individual features into individual components and creating all of the inter-part associativities by hand. This thesis shows that programmatic operations designed for a specific product type can streamline the assembly and component-level design process much further because a single programmatic operation can create an unlimited number of low-level features, modify geometry in multiple components, create new components, establish inter-part expressions, and define inter-part geometry links. Results from user testing show that a set of high-level programmatic operations can offer savings in time and effort of over 90% and can be general enough to support user-specified interface layouts and component cross sections while leaving the majority of the primary design decisions open to the engineer.


Integrated photonics has enabled much progress toward quantum technologies. Many applications, e.g., quantum communication, sensing, and distributed cloud quantum computing, require coherent photonic interconnection between separate on-chip subsystems. Large-scale quantum computing architectures and systems may ultimately require quantum interconnects to enable scaling beyond the limits of a single wafer, and toward multi-chip systems. However, coherently connecting separate chips remains a challenge, due to the fragility of entangled quantum states. The distribution and manipulation of entanglement between multiple integrated devices is one of the strictest requirements of these systems. Here, we report, to the best of our knowledge, the first quantum photonic interconnect, demonstrating high-fidelity entanglement distribution and manipulation between two separate photonic chips, implemented using state-of-the-art silicon photonics. Path-entangled states are generated on one chip, and distributed to another chip by interconverting between path and polarization degrees of freedom, via a two-dimensional grating coupler on each chip. This path-to-polarization conversion allows entangled quantum states to be coherently distributed. We use integrated state analyzers to confirm a Bell-type violation of S=2.638±0.039 between the two chips. With further improvements in loss, this quantum photonic interconnect will provide new levels of flexibility in quantum systems and architectures.


BACKGROUND
Phenylalanine hydroxylase (PheOH) deficiency is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. The associated hyperphenylalaninemia phenotype is highly variable, primarily due to great allelic heterogeneity in the PAH locus. The goal of our study was to assess the relationship between individual PAH locus mutations and biochemical and metabolic phenotypes in phenylketonuria (PKU) and mild hyperphenylalaninemia (MHP) patients.

MATERIAL/METHODS
In this study, a total of 184 independent PAH chromosomes (92 unrelated patients with PKU and MHP residing in Lithuania) were investigated. All 13 exons of the PAH gene of all PKU probands tested were scanned for DNA sequence alterations by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE); mutations were identified by direct fluorescent automated sequencing or by restriction enzyme digestion analysis of the relevant exons. PAH genotype-based prediction of metabolic PhOH deficiency phenotype in PKU/MHP patients form Lithuania was estimated by the assigned value (AV) and functional hemizygosity methods.

RESULTS
Our data provide evidence that a simple genotype-phenotype correlation does exist in most patients with PheOH deficiency: we observed a perfect match between the expected and observed phenotypes in 96% of the cases investigated.

CONCLUSIONS
The results obtained confirm that methods of functional hemizygosity and AV sum are applicable for the estimation of the genotype-phenotype correlation in the investigated group of PKU/MHP patients.


Exposure to mating pheromone drives cytoplasmic accumulation of a cell cycle inhibitor that determines whether yeast enter mitosis or wait for a mate. How long the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae waits to divide depends on whether cells are exposed to the mating pheromone α-factor and the concentration of and duration of exposure. High concentrations of α-factor induce cell cycle arrest in G1 by stimulating activity of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) Fus3, which activates the Cdk inhibitor Far1. Because MAPK signaling also induces expression of FAR1, Far1 accumulates in cells exposed to concentrations of α-factor below that which triggers arrest, thus resulting in G1 delay. Doncic et al. report that when cells were arrested in G1 by application of a high concentration of α-factor, most Far1 localized to the cytoplasm, with only a small amount (about 10% of total Far1 in each cell) localized to the nucleus. Upon complete withdrawal of α-factor, cells reentered the cell cycle, and nuclear Far1 was rapidly degraded, but cytoplasmic Far1 persisted and was transmitted to daughter cells. Mother cells that were released from mitotic arrest in medium containing a low concentration of α-factor passed on more cytoplasmic Far1 to their daughters than mothers that were released in medium containing no α-factor. The amount of Far1 inherited by a daughter cell positively correlated with mating efficiency and with the length of time it took the daughter to progress through G1. Photobleaching experiments indicated that there was little exchange of Far1 between the cytoplasm and nucleus, implying that the cytoplasmic pool of Far1 was stable. Cdc24 is a cytosolic guanine nucleotide exchange factor that binds Far1, and various experiments indicated that Cdc24 anchored Far1 in the cytoplasm. In cells with FAR1 mutations that reduced Far1-Cdc24 binding, Far1 was less abundant, less heritable, and less able to mediate G1 delay intergenerationally. Yeast must choose between waiting for a mating partner and committing to cell division, and this mechanism allows the length of the G1 pause to vary according to past pheromone exposure. Abundant cytoplasmic Far1 indicates that finding a mate is likely, thus lengthening the G1 pause. The absence of mating pheromone when the mother cell budded means that finding a mate is unlikely, so the daughter should commit to mitosis instead of pausing in G1 to wait for a mate. A. Doncic, O. Atay, E. Valk, A. Grande, A. Bush, G. Vasen, A. Colman-Lerner, M. Loog, J. M. Skotheim, Compartmentalization of a bistable switch enables memory to cross a feedback-driven transition. Cell 160, 1182–1195 (2015). [PubMed]


Kenya"s cut-flower industry has been praised as an economic success as it has provided jobs, income and infrastructure for the citizens of the country. Conversely, media coverage has criticized cut-flower production for causing negative environmental and social impacts. Cut-flower production in Kenya is concentrated on the southern shores of Lake Naivasha. The pressures of extraction are causing the naturally sensitive and variable lake to experience lake levels much lower than what the models had predicted. The cut-flower industry on Lake Naivasha has also been socially criticized for the poor working wages, the poor working conditions and the impacts of the increased population its employment attracts on the community of Naivasha. This paper looks into the economic, ecological and social implications of this industry, and assesses whether or not it is sustainable. The cut-flower industry"s economic success is completely dependent on European markets, is not equitably distributed, and is vulnerable to business migration. Lake Naivasha is naturally sensitive to climatic changes and experiences much lake level variability. The increased unmeasured water extractions, habitat degradation and lack of adequate management exacerbates this situation. The civilians of Naivasha are suffering from a lack of infrastructure and security due to the population influx accompanying the cut-flower industry, without adequate wages or working conditions to access basic livelihood assets and high quality of life. For these economic, environmental and social reasons, it is determined that Kenya"s cut-flower industry is not sustainable. Recommendations for mitigation of these impacts are given.


In countries such as the UK, the energy used in constructing, occupying and operating buildings accounts for up to 50% of greenhouse gas emissions. Pressure to improve the environmental performance of buildings during both construction and occupancy and, in particular to reduce carbon emissions from buildings, has become intense.
Legislation and regulation are driving green development and compliance, but voluntary measures are also crucial. The approach adopted for this publication is an holistic one. Both mandatory and voluntary techniques are considered and, although the main focus of the study is upon standards for sustainable buildings, such wide ranging areas as constitutional law, planning law and product standards are included amongst the contributions. There are eighteen individual contributors to the twelve chapters of the book and snapshots of the law relating to aspects of green building are presented from nine different jurisdictions.
Some common themes emerge from the contributions, such as the difficulty in determining just what is meant by 'green' or 'sustainable' building and in measuring 'greenness'. Other issues identified by the authors surround the effectiveness of regulation as opposed to voluntary approaches and whether it is preferable to have central or local controls.
This publication contains a selection of outputs that will allow important lessons to be drawn by nations across the globe at all stages of development. It provides some possible directions of travel for states in addressing the challenges that still exist for green building legislation and practice. It is of value to the research community, lawyers and the construction industry as well as to policy-makers.


Area and latitude are thought to be the most important determinants of species richness. The relative importance of these two factors was recently tested, using data on orchid species diversity in various countries in the world and it was found that size of the country (or of the protected areas within the country) is a better determinant of species diversity in orchids than latitude. On the other hand, literature data indicate that in many groups species richness is also heavily dependent on habitat diversity as expressed by the range of altitudes in the region considered. Here we analyze the species richness data for various countries in Latin America, using the above-mentioned altitudinal amplitude as a proxy. Habitat diversity played a role in tropical, but not in temperate countries. The reason may indicate that in the temperate countries only few orchid species grow in higher elevations, so an increase of altitudinal range of habitats there does not entail a corresponding increase of species richness there. Thus, especially in the tropics, efforts should be directed to preservation of protected areas in all altitudes, rather than to increase of existing reserve size only in areas that are not attractive for human development.


This contribution to the Culverhouse School of Law's Capstone Lawyer magazine is a short introduction to a larger, ongoing project on oaths and the Constitution. That project seeks to examine the relationship between oaths and constitutional interpretation, and to argue for the revival of honor, suitably revised, as an essential virtue in citizenship and office-holding.

The focus here is on the intimate connection between the concepts and institutions that I call the "troika": office, honor, and the oath. Office is best thought of not simply in terms of power, and with the officer viewed merely as any individual who happens to exercise a power-wielding office at a given moment. Instead, the key feature of office is duty, and the officer is defined as much by the limits on his or her power as by its exercise.

Honor is the institution that connects the officer to his or her office. Properly understood, it has both internal and external aspects and involves more than the love of fame. Honor is the desire to be thought well of by those whose opinion ought to count, and the desire to *deserve* to be thought well of by that honor group. This "quality of character," as Sharon Krause puts it, this "ambitious desire to live up to one's code and to be publicly recognized for doing so," is essential if office-holders are to fulfill the duties of their office with virtue and excellence. And it provides the office-holder with a valuable sense of energy and agency. The character of the men and women who occupy offices thus remains an essential element of our political and constitutional order.

In our constitutional system, the device that ties individual honor to the ostensibly "impersonal" office is the oath. The oath is a linchpin that connects the individual to the office and the office-holder to the commitment to act honorably. It is imperfect, and in contemporary society both honor and oath require substantial rethinking and revivification to function properly. But the oath is not unimportant and is no mere empty ritual. Taken together, this troika of institutions--office, honor, and oath--encourage the sound and faithful performance of one's duties in a democratic constitutional republic. Thinking about the troika shifts our focus from power to duty, and from substance and doctrine to character and virtue. It helps us to see that a "government of laws and not of men" is and must be powerfully and ineluctably personal.

Comments on the larger project are emphatically welcome. I note that the subject of the oath, and of the importance of duty and character in office-holding, has given rise to a growing literature that is well worth exploring.


A microscope represents one of the most basic tools required for geology and astrobiology, and it is anticipated that most, if not all, future surface missions to the Moon and Mars will carry one. TEMMI (a Three-dimensional Exploration Multispectral Microscopic Imager) has been developed through a collaborative initiative, spearheaded by the Canadian Space Agency, involving two industrial partners – MacDonald, Dettwiler and Associated Ltd (MDA), and National Optics Institute (INO) – and three academic science partners – The University of Western Ontario, The University of New Brunswick and York University – to conduct geological and astrobiological investigations in Lunar and Mars analogue environments. In the fields of geology and astrobiology, the ability to capture a visual record of the terrain – from the regional (km) to outcrop (m to cm) to microscopic (mm to micrometre) scale – and of sites visited, is invaluable. Microscopy, in particular, provides the fundamental context and empirical information required to fully understand the origin and significance of samples.

TEMMI can be used to study the physical and structural properties of surfaces, both of rocks, minerals and the dusty regolith to contribute to the geophysical analysis of an area and to the overall geological and mineralogical interpretation of the sites of interest. Past environmental conditions can be constructed, weathering effects on different lithologies studied, and the transportation of particles across the planetary surface mapped. Specific objectives are to:
 • Investigate the physical properties of minerals;
 • Recognize common minerals and identify unknown phases;
 • Understand the relationships between the internal (composition and structure) and external properties of the minerals;
 • Identify traces of reactions and physical conditions that affect the stability and occurrence of minerals;
 • Interpret the broader significance of mineral compositions and structures;
 • Investigate the effects of heat pressure on properties of minerals;
 • Constrain the sizes and shapes of regolith particles on the surface or particles precipitating out of the atmosphere.

This instrument can also be used to study the morphology of a potential biological sample and identify structures that may be characteristic of past or present biological activity. TEMMI can utilize the interaction of visible and IR light with the crystalline and non-crystalline materials to detect possible biogenic material such as kerogen or fatty acids and proteins preserved within the rocks and minerals. It can also be used to identify biomolecules through UV fluorescence, create 3D images, and aid in identification of a sample return site.


Recent advances in wearable sensor technologies have led to a variety of approaches for detecting physiological stress. Even with over a decade of research in the domain, there still exist many significant challenges, including a near-total lack of reproducibility across studies. Researchers often use some physiological sensors (custom-made or off-the-shelf), conduct a study to collect data, and build machine-learning models to detect stress. There is little effort to test the applicability of the model with similar physiological data collected from different devices, or the efficacy of the model on data collected from different studies, populations, or demographics. This paper takes the first step towards testing reproducibility and validity of methods and machine-learning models for stress detection. To this end, we analyzed data from 90 participants, from four independent controlled studies, using two different types of sensors, with different study protocols and research goals. We started by evaluating the performance of models built using data from one study and tested on data from other studies. Next, we evaluated new methods to improve the performance of stress-detection models and found that our methods led to a consistent increase in performance across all studies, irrespective of the device type, sensor type, or the type of stressor. Finally, we developed and evaluated a clustering approach to determine the stressed/not-stressed classification when applying models on data from different studies, and found that our approach performed better than selecting a threshold based on training data. This paper's thorough exploration of reproducibility in a controlled environment provides a critical foundation for deeper study of such methods, and is a prerequisite for tackling reproducibility in free-living conditions.


The use of nucleic acids as a nanomaterial is becoming increasingly widespread due to the suitability of the hydrogen-bonding patterns and sequence specificity inherent to the double-helix. As minimisation of size becomes ever more important it is imperative to employ nucleic acids in the most efficient and functional manner possible. To this end we have constructed DNA nanostructures on what may be the smallest possible scale (basic components of just 10 bp) that not only reliably self-assemble but also where each unit of a 2-dimensional DNA network can be uniquely identified and selectively functionalized.(1,2.3) On this length scale and using full addressability of the network to engrave specific pathways on the scaffold, energy and electron transfer become efficient for potential information storage applications.(4).


The fourth edition of SUCCESSFUL PROJECT MANAGEMENT covers everything you need to know about working successfully in a project environment, including how to organize and manage effective project teams. Communication is also emphasized, with a focus on how to document and communicate project developments, both within and outside of the team. In-depth coverage of planning, scheduling and cost management is also provided. The authors' goal is to provide many cases that are fun and elicit interesting debates, and this edition includes new end-of-chapter cases. In addition, all new up-to-date Real World Project Management vignettes are included at the beginning and within each chapter, giving you a taste of how project management is practically applied in the workplace. Key points of each chapter are highlighted in Critical Success Factor boxes, providing an overview of the main ideas covered within the chapter. End-of-chapter materials contain questions and Internet exercises that allow you to apply the concepts covered in the chapter. Sprinkled throughout each chapter are boxed questions designed to test your comprehension of key concepts. A trial version of Microsoft Office Project 2007 is included for student use on class projects.