" . . . travel as an exploration of 'the other' which becomes an exploration of the self . . . a confirmation of identity."--from the Introduction, by Frank Trommler In an age when travel was more difficult but leisure was more available, those who journeyed across the Atlantic from the Old World to America or back created a wonderful literature about the divergent cultures and the fertile interactions among them. In travel diaries, journals, novels, journalistic reports, and guide books, nineteenth- and early twentieth-century writers recorded impressions and ruminations that not only offer opportunities for comparison and contrast but also shed light on the processes of modernization and the future that would emerge on both sides of the Atlantic. This latest offering from the important Walter Prescott Webb Memorial Lectures series explores themes like urbanization, modernization, education, gender, Jewish identity, nationalism and internationalism, political and cultural values, and the experience of travel itself. Volume editors Thomas Adam and Nils Roemer have assembled a collection of varied studies that permit enlightened reflection on the ways in which travelers from the New and Old Worlds have observed, documented, understood, and negotiated their similarities and differences. The freshness and variety of the previously little-heard voices documented in "Crossing the Atlantic" will serve as an important reminder that an attentive interaction with "foreignness" has been and will continue to be one of the best paths to a more enlightened engagement with the familiar.


This article weaves together insights from the social sciences and humanities to explore the link between Web 2.0 technology, information diffusion, and what we describe as a 'hunger for reality'. Using David Shield's book Reality Hunger as both a critical muse and analytic lens, we explore linkages between form and meaning in the digital age. We suggest that Shields' central argument in Reality Hunger accurately reflects the way new information technologies have altered information production, distribution, and meaning. As a result of opportunities created by Web 2.0 technology, information today is increasingly 'sampled', rather than digested in whole. Information consumption comes in bits and bytes, fragmented and disconnected from original sources; it is repurposed in ways that increasingly valorise creativity over content, social networks over corporations, and collective knowledge over private intellectual property. In this article, we explore the social consequences of this new reality. In particular, we argue that individuals are no longer merely consumers of information; through social networks, they are increasingly both producers and distributors of information in the digital age, satisfying their own hunger to define reality. Through the use of Web 2.0 technology, ordinary people around the world are creating a new digital knowledge commons. We explore the implications of this new knowledge commons for the future and suggest reasons that new forms of reality hunger are likely to emerge.


The term "burden of proof" is one of the "slipperiest members of the family of legal terms," and the correct standard of proof when challenging the validity of a patent is no exception. (l) Section 282 of the Patent Act states that "[a] patent shall be presumed valid" and that "[t]he burden of establishing invalidity of a patent ... shall rest on the party asserting such invalidity." (2) Eighteen years before the Act's codification in 1952, the Supreme Court held that the presumption of validity must be overcome by clear and convincing evidence. (3) In the years following the Patent Act's enactment, the Federal Circuit similarly interpreted Section 282 to require a defendant seeking to overcome this presumption to prove invalidity by clear and convincing evidence. (4) The clear and convincing evidentiary standard is higher than the "preponderance of the evidence" standard commonly used in civil cases, but lower than the "beyond a reasonable doubt" standard for criminal cases. (5) The main rationale for requiring a higher evidentiary standard to prove the invalidity of patents is deference to the decision of the United States Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) to grant the patent in the first place after considering any relevant "prior art." (6) Prior art is defined as the knowledge of, usage of, patent on, or description relating to an invention already in existence before the invention described in the patent application. (7) As part of its duties, the PTO must search for any relevant prior art and consider any prior art relating to the subject matter of the claimed invention before granting a patent. (8) Last Term, in Microsoft Corp. v. i4i Limited Partnership, the Supreme Court held that the clear and convincing evidence standard applies to all invalidity challenges to patents--even when the patent's prior art has not been considered by the PTO. (9) Purporting to defer to Congress's intent as expressed in the Patent Act, the Court found that because the presumption of patent validity articulated in Section 282 of the Patent Act already had a common law meaning at the time the Act was passed, Congress intended the clear and convincing standard to apply to all challenges based on a patent's invalidity. (10) In so doing, however, the Court ignored the fundamental logic behind the presumption, thereby setting the standard for proving patent invalidity higher than Congress actually intended for patents whose prior art was never reviewed by the PTO. Although this mistaken decision might decrease uncertainty about the burden of proof for invalidity defenses, the Court's opinion clears the way for holders of bad patents to stifle innovation and business growth. i4i Limited Partnership (i4i) was a software consulting company that created customized software for its clients. (11) "In June 1994, i4i applied for a patent concerning a method for processing and storing information about the structure of electronic documents." (12) The PTO granted the application in 1998 and issued the patent. (13) In 2007, i4i brought suit against Microsoft for willful infringement, alleging that Microsoft infringed claims of the patent by "making, using, selling, offering to sell, and/or importing Word products capable of processing or editing custom XML." (14) Microsoft counterclaimed and sought a declaration that i4i's patent was invalid and unenforceable. (15) At trial, Microsoft alleged that i4i's patent was invalid under the on-sale bar of Patent Act Section 102(b), which states that an invention is not patentable if it was patented or described in a printed publication or in public use or on sale in the United States more than one year prior to the date of the application. (16) More than one year before filing the application, i4i's predecessor developed and sold a software program known as S4 in the United States. (17) Because the S4 software was never submitted to the PTO examiner, Microsoft challenged i4i's proposed jury instruction that Microsoft was required to prove invalidity by clear and convincing evidence. …


Abstract The prohibition of armed aggression under Article 2(2) of the United Nations Charter is one of the most important developments in international law and international relations in the modern era. The fact that the right to wage war is no longer accepted as falling within the sovereignty of the state has ushered in an appreciably stable international order based on the rule of law and not the rule of might. While states obviously still engage in warfare and numerous wars have been fought by states in the era of the UN, the very fact that the prohibition of armed aggression has assumed universal acceptance as customary international law is a notable achievement. In spite of the prohibition of armed aggression under the UN Charter, self-defence and collective action mandated by the UN Security Council serve as notable exceptions. The US-led invasion of Iraq in 2003 (i.e. Operation Iraqi Freedom) was peculiar because, the justification for the invasion hinged on the enforcement of UN Security Council Resolutions. This justification thus brought to the fore whether, under international law, there was the right to unilaterally enforce Security Council Resolutions. In the current resurgence of unilateralism typified by the US Trumpled withdrawal or threat of withdrawal from multilateral systems of international governance and cooperation, it is important to reiterate the lessons of unilateralism epitomized by the 2003 invasion of Iraq and the instabilities that have become offshoots of this invasion – e.g. the creation of monsters like the so-called Islamic State. This article discusses the resort to unilateralism under the guise of enforcing UN Security Council resolutions. It also engages in a brief discussion on the justifications for war prior to the UN Charter and the provisions on the use of force prescribed in the Charter. It uses the US-led invasion of Iraq in 2003 as a case study to shed light on legality of unilateral enforcement of UN Security Council Resolutions.


Ultra wide band (UWB) is an emerging technology that recently has gained regulatory approval. It is a suitable solution for high speed indoor wireless communications due to its promising ability to provide high data rate at low cost and low power consumption. Another benefit of UWB is its ability to resolve individual multi-path components. This feature motivates the use of RAKE multipath combining techniques to provide diversity and to capture as much energy as possible from the received signal. Potential future and rule limitation of UWB, lead to two important characteristics of the technology: high bit rate and low emitting power. Based on the power emission limit of UWB, the only choice for implementation is the low level modulation technology. To obtain such a high bit rate using low level modulation techniques, significant inter-symbol interference (ISI) is unavoidable. Three N (N means the numbers of fingers) fingers RAKE receiver structures are proposed: the N-selective maximal ratio combiner (MRC), the N-selective MRC receiver with least-mean-square (LMS) adaptive equalizer and the N-selective MRC receiver with LMS adaptive combiner. These three receiver structures were all simulated for N=8, 16 and 32. Simulation results indicate that ISI is effectively suppressed. The 16-selective MRC RAKE receiver with LMS adaptive combiner demonstrates a good balance between performance, computation complexity and required length of the training sequence.


The present paper presents an investigation of financial jargon evident in Norwegian newspapers that can be related to the recent financial crisis. The study is a first step in exploring whether newspapers are useful sources from which to extract Norwegian terminology to be included in for instance termbases. In addition, it will provide a basis for considering whether there may be a need for a planned development of financial terminology in Norway. The paper reports on how financial jargon is used in Norwegian newspapers in relation to the concepts of financial crisis, credit crunch, subprime and hedge fund . In particular, the analysis focuses on whether Norwegian terminology is formed or English terms are maintained to describe these concepts.


We present UBY-LMF, an LMF-based model for large-scale, heterogeneous multilingual lexical-semantic resources (LSRs). UBY-LMF allows the standardization of LSRs down to a fine-grained level of lexical information by employing a large number of Data Categories from ISOCat. We evaluate UBY-LMF by converting nine LSRs in two languages to the corresponding format: the English WordNet, Wiktionary, Wikipedia, OmegaWiki, FrameNet and VerbNet and the German Wikipedia, Wiktionary and GermaNet. The resulting LSR, UBY (Gurevych et al., 2012), holds interoperable versions of all nine resources which can be queried by an easy to use public Java API. UBY-LMF covers a wide range of information types from expert-constructed and collaboratively constructed resources for English and German, also including links between different resources at the word sense level. It is designed to accommodate further resources and languages as well as automatically mined lexical-semantic knowledge.


Populist Authoritarianism focuses on the Chinese Communist Party, which governs the world's largest population in a single-party authoritarian state. Wenfang Tang attempts to explain the seemingly contradictory trends of the increasing number of protests on the one hand, and the results of public opinion surveys that consistently show strong government support on the other hand. The book points to the continuity from the CCP's revolutionary experiences to its current governing style, even though China has changed in many ways on the surface in the post-Mao era. The book proposes a theoretical framework of Populist Authoritarianism with six key elements, including the Mass Line ideology, accumulation of social capital, public political activism and contentious politics, a government that is responsive to hype, weak political and civil institutions, and a high level of regime trust. These traits of Populist Authoritarianism are supported by empirical evidence drawn from multiple public opinion surveys conducted from 1987 to 2014. Although the CCP currently enjoys strong public support, such a system is inherently vulnerable due to its institutional deficiency. Public opinion can swing violently due to policy failure and the up and down of a leader or an elite faction. The drastic change of public opinion cannot be filtered through political institutions such as elections and the rule of law, creating system-wide political earthquakes.


Affective states at work (or job affect), defined as positive and negative feelings induced by commonplace events or circumstances in the workplace, have recently attracted increasing attention in the field of organisational psychology and behaviour. The main focus of interest in job affect has been in terms of its hypothetical positive behavioural consequences on prosocial organisational behaviour. However, existing conceptualisations of job affect leave much to be desired. Job affect is a mood state, and is conceptually distinct from related concepts such as job satisfaction, affective disposition, and emotions. Based on a sample of over 200 nurses working in a London based NHS Trust, the thesis focused on three main aims: a) to gain a better understanding of the nature of affect at work; b) to test the hypothesised link between job affect and prosocial organisational behaviour; and finally c) to explore the potential antecedents of job affect. To achieve the first aim, the structure of affect was first theoretically and empirically explored. In terms of affect structure, a unipolar Four-Factor Model was proposed for the present study as an alternative to the standard bipolar Two-Factor Model of affect found in the literature. The results of confirmatory factor analyses provided support for the proposed Four-Factor Model. Also, the four unipolar affect measures seemed reasonably independent of one another, and demonstrated high reliability and validity. Building on the unipolar Four-Factor Model, the second aim of the thesis was explored by testing the relationship between prosocial organisational behaviour (PSOB) and job affect conceptualised in unipolar terms. Based on this unipolar conceptualisation, two hypotheses were tested, namely that prosocial organisational behaviour is positively related to both positive and negative job affect. Two forms of PSOB important to the nursing context were proposed as the consequences of job affect: altruistic forms of PSOB and continuous-improvement forms of PSOB. Overall, the results supported the two research hypotheses, and the significant relationships were sustained after controlling for job attitudes in the analyses. Having shown that employees' affective experiences in the workplace are important in terms of PSOBs, the third and final aim was to identify key antecedents which generate particular affective experiences, while also looking at the impact of these antecedents on PSOBs. A series of antecedents, including job-design factors, social factors, and individual dispositional factors were hypothesised as the potential determinants of job affect. The findings broadly supported the hypothesised links, while also showing some of the antecedents to have a direct impact on PSOB. Contributions and major research implications as well as future research directions are discussed at the end.


In historical accounts of the world economic crisis of the 1930s, Switzerland is known for its staunch defense of the gold standard and the rise of corporatist policies. Yet, so far, the literature has not discussed the implications of these two features. This paper tries to show how the combination of hard-currency policy and nominal rigidities introduced by corporatist policies proved to be fatal for growth. Estimating a New Keynesian small open economy model for the period 1926-1938, we show that the decision to participate in the Gold Bloc after 1933 at an overvalued currency can be identified as the main reason for the unusual long lasting recession and that price rigidities from 1931 to 1936 significantly slowed down the adjustment process.


The health care paradigm is being challenged to put greater emphasis on promoting a healthy lifestyle and provide patient-customized care in a rapidly changing Korean society. Within such changes, it is worthwhile to identify how the meaning of a good nurse may be changing.This study explores the meaning of a good nurse from the perspective of nurses themselves.In-depth interviews were conducted with ten nurses who worked at senior general hospitals or governmental agencies using purposeful sampling. Individual interviews were done until data saturation was reached. The key question was "What does a good nurse mean to you?" After the interview, content analysis was done.Six main themes and 16 subthemes were identified. The main themes showed that a good nurse was someone who 'leans in toward the patient', 'provides professional care', 'keeps the cornerstone of one's mind with a positive attitude', 'maintains a good relationship with colleagues', 'matures with her/his nursing philosophy and conviction', 'contributes to society'.This study provides basic data for exploring nurses' self-image as a professional. Specifically, social role and macro level responsibilities were identified with nurses' internal aspects such as a positive attitude, and nursing philosophy. The necessity of socio-environmental support for nurses was also emphasized. In addition, the results of this study can be used at the policy level to provide a better balance for development of good nursing.


Northern English is an important variety of British English, which has tended to be neglected in textbooks on the history of English. The chapter describes Northern English from the Early Modern period (1500–1900), based on evidence from a wide range of vernacular texts and styles. The first section of the chapter gives an overview of the foundations of Northern English. The second surveys the main types of texts used as data, and discusses also issues of reliability and limitation. In the third section salient features of 'common core' Northern English from this period are described, and also noteworthy regional variants, on the levels of phonology, morphology, syntaxt, lexis and discourse. Degrees of resilience or recessiveness are indicated, and particular innovations. The chapter as a whole seeks to confirm the distinctiveness of Northern English north of the Humber; and more generally the richness of vernacular literature as a source of data about dialect speech, much of it as yet under-explored.


The aim of this research was to determine the expression of proinflammatory cytokines from alpaca leukocytes through the antigenic challenge with macrocyst extract of Sarcocystis aucheniae at various doses and exposure times. Leukocytes in a concentration of 500 000 cells/ml were exposed to concentrations of 0.5, 1, 50, 500 and 1000 ng of macrocyst extract ofS. aucheniae and incubated for 1, 12 and 24 h. The total messenger RNA (mRNA) was extracted for each treatment using Trizol and used to perform real-time RT-PCR with specific primers for cytokine TNF-α and interleukins IL-1α, IL-1β and IL-6. The generated mRNA levels of IL-1α and TNF-α at 1 h were detectable and higher in comparison to the calibrator (leukocytes not exposed to the extract). IL-1β increased at the 1 ng/ml concentration at 24 h showing a negative kinetic expression when compared with the untreated control group. IL-6 was not evidenced by RT-PCR real time. In addition, the leukocytes viability at 1, 12 and 24 h corroborated the toxic effect of the macrocyst extract ofS. aucheniae at high concentrations.


Oromia is the largest National Regional State of Ethiopia. Here we present the first comprehensive checklist of its birds. A total of 804 bird species has been recorded, 601 of them confirmed (443) or assumed (158) to be breeding birds. At least 561 are all-year residents (and 31 more potentially so), at least 73 are Afrotropical migrants and visitors (and 44 more potentially so), and 184 are Palaearctic migrants and visitors (and eight more potentially so). Three species are endemic to Oromia, 18 to Ethiopia and 43 to the Horn of Africa. 170 Oromia bird species are biome restricted: 57 to the Afrotropical Highlands biome, 95 to the Somali-Masai biome, and 18 to the Sudan-Guinea Savanna biome. 26 species of birds of Oromia are Threatened (three Critically Endangered, nine Endangered, and 14 Vulnerable), and an additional 20 species are classified as Near Threatened. International regulations affect 225 Ethiopian bird species. Of the polytypic species, a total of 620 subspecies can be taxonomically assigned to Oromia. 11 of them are endemic to Oromia, 71 to Ethiopia and 150 to the Horn of Africa. This very high diversity underlines the high responsibility of the Oromia National Regional State for bird conservation.


Anatomy of a Social Network Network researcher Ron Burt has identified two types of activities that create value in small-world networks: brokerage and closure. Brokerage is about developing the weak ties: building bridges and relationships between clusters. Brokers are in a position to see the differences between groups, to cross-pollinate ideas, and to develop the differences into new ideas and opportunities. Closure is about developing the strong ties: building alignment, trust, reputation and community within the clusters. Trust-builders are in a position to understand the deep connections that bond the people together and give them common identity and purpose. These two kinds of activity, bridging and trust-building, demonstrate two very different ways that people and organizations can bring value to a network: Bridging leads to innovation and trust-building leads to group performance. The value that comes from these activities is known as social capital. Like every other form of capital, social capital represents stored valuein this case, relationship valuethat can be translated into meaningful and tangible benefits. The power of an individual node in any network can be considered along three dimensions: Degree, closeness and betweenness. Degree is the number of connections a node has to other nodes; for example the number of people in your family, or on your team at work, or the number of friends attached to your Facebook account. For an organization it could be the number of sales affiliates or business partners. The value of a high degree is potential: the potential to connect and interact with a great number of other nodes in the network. Closeness is a measure of how easily a node can connect with other nodes. For example you are probably very close to your team at work because its easy to connect to them: you can contact any person at any time. But you might be further away from other people in your company. Some you might be able to catch by walking down the hall or popping into their office, while to see others you might need an appointment, or you might need to be introduced by a mutual acquaintance. Anyone who has tried to make a connection on LinkedIn knows that the greater the distance, the harder it is to make a connection. The value of closeness is ease of connection: The shorter the distance between you and other nodes, the fewer network hops you need to make, the easier it is for you to make connections when you need to. Betweenness indicates the degree to which a node forms a bridge or critical link between other nodes. For example, many executives are protected from distractions by executive assistants or secretaries who act as gatekeepers, who control access to the executives time and attention. The value of betweenness is the power you have to block or grant access to others. The more nodes that depend on you to make connections for them, the greater your potential value to them and thus the greater your power. Thus, the most powerful person or organization in any network is one that has a high number of potential connections, all of which are relatively close and thus easily accessible, while at the same time enjoying a position within the network such that it can choose to block or grant access to other nodes.


Quasi-random graphs have the property that the densities of almost all pairs of large subsets of vertices are similar, and therefore we cannot expect too large empty or complete bipartite induced subgraphs in these graphs. In this paper we answer the question what is the largest possible size of such subgraphs. As an application, a degree condition that guarantees the connection by short paths in quasi-random pairs is stated.


Constitutional protections for religious freedom (and related freedoms of conscience, belief and association and equality), once interpreted by courts and tribunals, apply in a precedential manner to future cases. They have an influence well beyond the particular community to which they first applied. For this reason, religious communities have increasingly banded together and sought to intervene or even, on occasion, to initiate legal actions asserting or defending their rights. This article reviews some of the principles around the freedom of religion as understood in South Africa and Canada to show how courts have understood the freedom of religion in its social context. In addition, interfaith cooperation is discussed with particular reference to the recent process which led to the formation of a Charter of Religious Rights and Freedoms pursuant to Section 234 of the South African Constitution (which is attached to the article). This section, a unique provision in any constitution, allows for the creation of additional Charters to give greater specificity to the general language of the Constitution itself. As such, it is an encouragement to civil society to determine what it thinks are the important provisions that should be spelled out to give guidance to politicians and the judiciary. Awide variety of religious groups participated in the creation of the Charter. The Charter does not claim to be, nor could it be, exhaustive of such concerns but demonstrates that religions can cooperate across a host of issues in education, health care, employment and other issues. The next stage – passage into law, is still in the future but the first important hurdle has been crossed with the signing of the Charter in October of 2010. The Charter might be a template for other countries though changes would be necessary to deal with local issues.


Iron (Fe) is an important micronutrient in soils, essential for bacterial growth and carbon metabolism, serving as an enzymatic cofactor for many central carbon metabolic reactions. It has limited bioavailability due to being embedded in Fe oxide and hydroxide minerals. Bacteria secrete high-affinity metal-binding molecules, or siderophores, along with low-affinity organic acids to cope with Fe limitation and facilitate mineral dissolution. In the research presented, I investigated the role of available carbon sources (glucose, succinate, acetate, and citrate) on the secretion of these molecules from the ubiquitous soil bacteria Pseudomonas putida and their effectiveness in dissolving Fe from common soil minerals. Fe limited cells secreted the siderophore pyoverdine in addition to secreting higher levels of small organic acids. Dissolution experiments were carried out with bacterial secretions, substrates, and detected organic acids to determine the amount of Fe released with each organic compound. Overall, bacterial secretions were more effective in dissolving Fe than the individual substrates and organic acids. Additionally, to elucidate the changes in metabolic flux with respect to Fe, kinetic and steadystate isotopic labeling experiments were performed with [U13 C] and [1,213 C] glucose under Felimited and replete conditions. Steady-state experiments were also performed with [2,313 C] succinate under Fe-replete conditions to compare changes in metabolic flux between carbon sources. Overall, most fluxes decreased under Fe-limited conditions with glucose as the sole carbon source, but the flux to the amino acid precursor phosphoenolpyruvate increased. The succinate flux model showed a decrease in flux through the citric acid cycle under Fe-replete conditions, with a corresponding decrease in the amount of CO2 produced compared to Fereplete glucose. These findings indicate that the secretion of organic molecules is substrate and Fe dependent, as are the carbon fluxes through the pathways of the central carbon metabolism. iii BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Samantha Sasnow earned her Bachelor of Science degrees in Chemistry and Environmental Science from DePaul University in 2012. In 2012, she joined the Biological and Environmental Engineering graduate program at Cornell University. Samantha's thesis research was supervised by Dr. Ludmilla Aristilde, PI. In addition, Dr. Larry P. Walker served on her M.S. thesis committee.


Cavities are considered plausible and favorable habitats for life on early Earth. In such microenvironments, organisms may have found an adequate protection against the intense ultraviolet radiation that characterized the Archean ozone-free atmosphere. However, while there is clear evidence that benthic life existed in the Paleoarchean, the oldest traces of cavity-dwelling microbes (coelobionts) have been found in Neoarchean rocks. Here we present the results of a detailed investigation of early silicified cavities occurring in the oldest well-preserved siliciclastic tidal deposits, the 3.22 Ga Moodies Group of the Barberton Greenstone Belt (South Africa). Downward-growing microstromatolitic columns composed of kerogenous laminae are commonly present in planar, bedding-parallel, now silica-filled cavities that formed in sediments of the peritidal zone. In-situ δ13CPDB (PDB—Peedee belemnite) measurements of the kerogen range from –32.3‰ to –21.3‰ and are consistent with a biogenic origin. Scanning electron microscopy analysis of the silicified cavities shows well-preserved chains of cell-sized molds that are interpreted as fossil filamentous microorganisms. The geological context, the morphology of the microstromatolites, the δ13C composition of the kerogen, and the presence of microfossils all suggest that a microbial community inhabited the cavities. These results extend the geological record of coelobionts by ∼500 m.y., supporting the view that cavities were among the first ecological niches to have been occupied by early microorganisms.


Many commercially important catalysts consist of small metal particles dispersed on inorganic oxide surfaces. Although in most cases there is no significant interaction between the metal and the support, strong bonding can be demonstrated in a recently discovered class of supported-metal catalysts. These cases typically involve group VIII metals dispersed on transition metal oxides whose surfaces can be reduced to form cations with lower valences. Spectroscopic measurements indicate that an electron is transferred from the cation (such as Ti(3+) or Nb(4+)) to the metal particle. This, in turn, leads to profound changes in the catalytic and chemisorption properties and the morphology of the metal particles.


In this research, MCNP model for studying mass attenuations coefficients for steel, Red brass, Pearl and Beryl at 661.6, 1173.2 and 1332.5 keV photon energies is investigated. The simulated results of mass attenuation coefficients were compared with the experimental and XCOM results. The results indicate that this process can be followed to determine the data on the attenuation of gamma rays with the several energies in different materials. The modeling for photon interaction parameters was standard for any type of composite samples.


An Age of Science and Revolutions, 1600-1800, tells the colorful story of a pivotal period in human history, an era that is crucial to understanding our own times. The expansion of trade and city life, the spread and reform of religious institutions, the rise of regional empires and local feudal regimes, and revolutionary advances in science and technology laid the foundation for the modern world. Told through the words and experiences of the people who lived it- kings, queens, and commoners, priests and lay people, explorers, scientists, artists, and world travelers- this is a world history for a new generation.


The CSHELL spectrometer at NASA's Infrared Telescope Facility was used in August 1996 to observe Jupiter at 5.18 microns. This wavelength sounds the 3-8 bar region in Jupiter's deep troposphere. A 1-arcsec-wide slit was aligned east-west on Jupiter and stepped from north to south across the Great Red Spot (GRS). Within our spectral bandpass are absorption lines of NH3 and a hot band of CH4. Radiative transfer models indicate that the strength of the CH4 feature is anti-correlated with gaseous H2O between 3 and 6 bars. The CH4 feature is predicted to be very strong for H2O abundances less than 10ppm and it should vanish when H2O > 300ppm. The depths of the observed CH4 and NH3 absorption features varied dramatically near the GRS. The center and east side (planetocentric) of the GRS is dry in both volatiles as indicated by strong CH4 absorption and a weak NH3 line. The CH4 line vanishes and the NH3 feature grows stronger on the west side of the GRS. We interpret this as due to a real variation in both volatiles - H2O and NH3 - due to a common dynamical mechanism. Water clouds are expected to be accompanied by saturated gaseous H2O profiles between 3 and 5 bars. The Galileo imaging team (Banfield et al 1998 Icarus 135, p230) deduced the presence of a cloud near the 4-bar level northwest of the GRS. Our data indicate that this same region is volatile rich; thus the combination of the two datasets provides a compelling case for a water cloud at this location. The deep volatile abundance does not correlate with 5-micron continuum opacity near the GRS. This suggests that the spatial variation of the 5-micron flux near the GRS is due primarily to NH3 clouds, rather than H2O clouds.


Democracy is overrated. Capitalism, on the other hand, doesn't get enough credit. In this provocative and engaging book, John Mueller argues that these mismatches between image and reality create significant political and economic problems--inspiring instability, inefficiency, and widespread cynicism. We would be far better off, he writes, if we recognized that neither system is ideal or disastrous and accepted instead the humdrum truth that both are "pretty good." And, to Mueller, that means good enough. He declares that what is true of Garrison Keillor's fictional store "Ralph's Pretty Good Grocery" is also true of democracy and capitalism: if you can't get what you want there, "you can probably get along without it."Mueller begins by noting that capitalism is commonly thought to celebrate greed and to require discourtesy, deceit, and callousness. However, with examples that range from car dealerships and corporate boardrooms to the shop of an eighteenth-century silk merchant, Mueller shows that capitalism in fact tends to reward behavior that is honest, fair, civil, and compassionate. He argues that this gap between image and reality hampers economic development by encouraging people to behave dishonestly, unfairly, and discourteously to try to get ahead and to neglect the virtuous behavior that is an important source of efficiency and gain.The problem with democracy's image, by contrast, is that our expectations are too high. We are too often led by theorists, reformers, and romantics to believe that democracy should consist of egalitarianism and avid civic participation. In fact, democracy will always be chaotic, unequal, and marked by apathy. It offers reasonable freedom and security, but not political paradise. To idealize democracy, Mueller writes, is to undermine it, since the inevitable contrast with reality creates public cynicism and can hamper democracy's growth and development.Mueller presents these arguments with sophistication, wit, and erudition. He combines mastery of current political and economic literature with references to figures ranging from Plato to P. T. Barnum, from Immanuel Kant to Ronald Reagan, from Shakespeare to Frank Capra. Broad in scope and rich in detail, the book will provoke debate among economists, political scientists, and anyone interested in the problems (or non-problems) of modern democracy and capitalism.


Nitrogen is essential for algal productivity but often reaches limiting concentrations in temperate ecosystems. Increased water motion enhances nitrogen uptake by decreasing the thickness of the diffusion boundary layer surrounding algal surface tissue, allowing for increased nitrogen mass-transfer across this boundary. Macrocystis pyrifera forms large beds that span the water column and can alter the surrounding physical environment by creating bed-wide boundaries that may reduce current and wave propagation to the bed interior; reduced water motion may decrease mass-transfer rates and therefore alter nitrogen uptake. We investigated whether a water mass-transfer gradient across M. pyrifera beds exists by identifying 3 bed types likely to experience different water motion intensities (open, shoreline exterior and shoreline interior) and whether this gradient influenced heterogeneity in M. pyrifera growth and tissue status during low nitrogen (summer) and high nitrogen (winter) conditions. Gypsum dissolution suggested that mass-transfer significantly increased across beds; open bed dissolution rates were approximately 6% higher than the shoreline exterior, which exhibited mean dissolution rates 17% higher than the shoreline interior. Summer kelp growth, pigmentation, tissue %N and C:N paralleled masstransfer, where exterior kelp exhibited higher values than interior kelp. The same trends did not exist during the winter, when ambient nitrogen concentrations were high, suggesting that masstransfer is an important mechanism for nitrogen acquisition during limitation events. This study highlights mass-transfer variability across relatively small macroalgal beds and the corresponding effects on kelp growth and nitrogen status, which previously might have been assumed as uniform due to the general wave exposure.


Throughout human history, scientific advancements have increased our understanding of the physical world. However, as our breadth of knowledge has increased, scholarship and research have become increasingly more specialized in order to add to the body of knowledge. University structures encourage this specialization through disciplinary learning and discovery. Although this model is necessary to continue growing the body of knowledge, the complex issues facing humanity, especially in regards to agriculture, require solutions that no single discipline can provide. These issues require an interdisciplinary approach to integrate the insights across multiple disciplines. Interdisciplinarity can be achieved through collaborative processes, but these efforts are often difficult because of epistemological differences among individuals from various disciplines. Another alternative model is the role of an interdisciplinary generalist that has a broader understanding across disciplines. Agricultural interdisciplinary generalists are being trained to become professional plant practitioners at two universities in the United States, the Doctor of Plant Health program at the University of Nebraska – Lincoln and the Doctor of Plant Medicine program at the University of Florida. The objective of this paper is to provide further insight into the role of interdisciplinary scholarship and research as it pertains to agriculture, and present the professional plant practitioner as a new profession to help meet the complex challenges currently facing agriculture. Chapter 1 of this document focuses on the available literature associated with interdisciplinary scholarship. Chapter 2 presents the challenges facing agriculture and how interdisciplinary research is needed to address them. Finally, Chapter 3 describes the DPH and DPM programs and how interdisciplinarian plant practitioners fit into the challenge. Alumni from these programs and their employers were surveyed to evaluate the effectiveness of the degree programs. These programs are unique in their mission, and the graduates they are producing are filling roles in academia, industry, and government. Graduates reflect positively on their training and employers praise their abilities to perform in various positional roles. The biggest disservice to both programs is the overall lack of recognition by potential employers. To remedy this, graduates are gaining employment in high-level agricultural jobs and performing exceptionally. As the number of graduates continues to grow, the impact of professional-level agricultural interdisciplinary generalists will be realized in solving the challenges facing agriculture in the 21 st century. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the members of my committee, Drs. for their support and mentorship throughout my academic program. Drs. Charles …


The main theoretical contribution of this thesis is in the development and advancing of the organisational receptivity for change (ORC) theory adopting a multilevel perspective. Organisational change is a multilevel, multifaceted and complex phenomena which require cohesiveness of all levels for effective change implementation (Pettigrew et al., 1987; Butler, 2003). The ORC theory has been around for a decade, still, there is not much development on the original model (Bennett and Ferlie 1994; Butler 2003). Butler and Allen (2008) argue that receptivity factors are 'higher order capabilities' that organisations use to achieve intended strategic agendas. According to them higher the receptivity to change, the more flexible the organisation is to adapt to the environmental pressures. Emerging economies and high pace changing industrial sector provide best opportunities for advancing the theory and research on organisational change (Meyer and Gelbuda, 2006). Therefore, the research context of this thesis is the renewable energy sector in India. This study adopts a cross-sectional multilevel research design, and quantitative methods of analysis for the survey based primary data, to assess how organisational receptivity for change affects performance outcomes at different levels within an organisation. The three key findings of this thesis are: (1) ORC factors as higher order dynamic capability interact across the levels and have potential to affect performance outcomes at individual perception and behavior towards change (e.g., resistance to change), project and organisational level. (2) ORC as higher order dynamic capability acts as an antecedent, influences, and foster ambidexterity by enabling a firm to alter its capability based by negotiating the fit between existing and new organisational practices. (3) the key moderators/factors (HR power and competence, social climate and daily work context) act as a process, practices, activities and/or mechanism at various unit levels within an organisation that works effectively along with ORC factors to impact performance outcome variables (including employees response to change).


Strategies for Two-Dimensional Crystallization of Proteins Using Lipid Monolayers presents an overview of different methods that lead to structure determination by electron microscopy. These methods have proven to be extremely successful, especially for elucidating the structure of membrane proteins. Electron crystallography has become an important tool for structure determination of such proteins. This book covers the different practical approaches to two-dimensional crystallization of soluble as well as membrane proteins. From there it takes the reader to equally important issues, such as sample transfer and sample preparation for electron microscopy. In addition, the text provides an introduction to membrane protein structural biology and cryo-electron crystallography, as well as an in-depth discussion on two-dimensional crystallization and surface crystallization.


Relationships between climate and geophysical processes: what climate histories can be inferred from glaciers, lakes, and ice streams? Kathleen Huybers Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Professor Gerard Roe Earth and Space Sciences This dissertation aims to characterize the present and future variability of the Earth's climate by putting it in the context of past variations in climate. Herein I explore how the spatial and temporal fluctuations of climate variables such as temperature, precipitation, evaporation, and sea level are filtered and integrated by the geophysical systems that they influence. I use relatively simple models to explore the scale over which a paleoclimate proxy record is relevant, the physics and parameters to which the system is most sensitive, and how one can distinguish a climate signal from noise. The three geophysical systems explored in this work are detailed below: 1. Glaciers: Glaciers integrate interannual variations in precipitation and temperature and respond with kilometer-scale, multi-decadal terminus fluctuations [Oerlemans, 2000, Reichert et al., 2002, Roe and O'Neal, 2009]. My work extends these studies, and uses reanalysis data and correlation analysis to establish how patterns in precipitation, temperature, and glacier geometry give rise to patterns in glacier advance and retreat. Using a linearized glacier model, I also derive analytic expressions to calculate the expected coherence of regional glacier advance and retreat, and to assess the sensitivity of these glaciers to temperature and precipitation changes. By focusing on how climatic and geometric heterogeneity affect patterns of regional glacier length variations, I isolate the parameters that exert the most influence on the timing and magnitude of glacier response to temporal variations in the climate. 2. Lakes: Like mountain glaciers, lakes integrate year-to-year climate fluctuations to produce large, persistent surface fluctuations on timescales of decades or longer. Using the Great Salt Lake as a case study, I model lake-level variability in response to perturbations in evaporation and precipitation. Though there already exists a body of work that has characterized persistence in observed lakelevel variations [Mason et al., 1994, Lall and Mann, 1995, Abarbanel and Lall, 1996, Mohammed and Tarboton, 2011], my research shows that this persistence not only reflects any autocorrelation in the climate, but is also intrinsic to the dynamics of the lake system. My work also shows how the geometry of the lake influences the magnitude and persistence of lake level fluctuations. These results develop a null hypothesis in expected lake-level variability which can be compared to the magnitude and frequency of paleo lake-level variations. 3. Ice streams: Previous studies have used flowline models to understand the behavior of ice streams on idealized bed geometries [Schoof, 2007, Docquier et al., 2011]. This work applies the flowline model approach to a realistic basal topography beneath the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS), and evaluates changes in grounding line positions and upstream ice profiles in response to changes in model physics and environmental factors. These sensitivity studies demonstrate that the present positions of many Weddell Sea-sector grounding lines lie within an asymmetric trench, implying a strong stability to retreat, but also creating the potential for significant advance due to either sea-level lowering on the order of tens of meters, or conceivably, from precipitation increases of less than 10%. My evaluation reaffirms that the greatest concerns for WAIS retreat or collapse are locations of reverse slopes, muted basal topography, and limited lateral support. This dissertation uses models of low complexity, allowing for a complete understanding of the system, and providing a deeper and richer understanding of the temporal and spatial patterns of Earth's limitless complexity.


David Schearl arrives in New York in his mother's arms to begin his new life as an immigrant in the Golden Land. David is hated by his father - an angry, violent man unable to find his niche in the New World - but is fiercely loved and protected by his Yiddish-speaking mother. An innovative, multi-lingual novel, "Call It Sleep" subtly interweaves the overwhelming love between a mother and son with the terrors and anxieties David experiences, as he seeks to find his own identity amidst the cultural disarray of early twentieth-century America.


Silicon – molybdenum cast iron commonly called SiMo due to its unique properties has becoming more and more interesting engineering material. The history and development of this alloy is relatively long but, due to the significant difficulties during the manufacturing process resulting in the lower final quality than expected, it has not been applied to often in practice. The biggest challenge is its brittleness as a result of the carbides precipitations. During last few years, thanks to the many important researches made and the general foundry technology development, the interest in SiMo iron has been rapidly growing, especially for the castings for heavy duty applications like corrosion, high temperature and wear abrasion resistant parts. In the article the heat treatment attempts to improve the microstructure of SiMo castings has been presented. The goal was to destroy or at least to refine and uniformly distribute the carbides precipitations to improve mechanical properties of the exhaust manifold castings for the cars. The experiments were carried out for the alloy contains approx. 4% Si, 1% Mo and 3.2%C. The range of the research included: hardness measuring, standard mechanical properties and microstructure for as-cast state and after that the subsequent heat treatment process with another properties check. The result of the heat treatment was the elimination of pearlite from the metal matrix. Moreover, the changes of the carbide molybdenum – rich phase morphology were observed. The dispersion of the carbides precipitations in the carbides area was observed. The experiments proved the possibility to control the microstructure and the mechanical properties of the SiMo castings by means of heat treatment but only to some extent.


This paper addresses the problem of finding a minimal and good enough training data set for classification purposes by using active learning and conformal predictors. Active learning means to have control in the selection process of training samples instead of choosing them in a random way. To this end, active learning methodologies look for establishing selection criteria in order to find out the samples that show better discrimination capabilities. In the present case, conformal predictors have been used for these purposes. Results will be presented in a five-class classification problem with images. The features are the vertical detail coefficients of the Haar wavelet transform at level four to diminish the sample dimensionality by reducing the spatial redundancy of the images. The active selection of training sets (through the reliability measures of a conformal predictor) allows the improvement of the classifiers. Here, the word "improvement" refers to obtaining higher generalization properties thereby avoiding overfitting. Support vector machines classifiers, in the one-versus-the-rest approach, have been used as the underlying classifiers.


We build a general equilibrium model with endogenous saving, labor force participation, work hours and Social Security benefit claiming, in which overlapping generations of individuals face income, survival, and health expenditure risks in incomplete markets. We use the model to study the impact of three Social Security reforms: reductions in benefits and payroll taxes, an increase in the early retirement age from 62 to 64, and an increase in the normal retirement age from 66 to 68. We show that a reform can have a significant effect on the budget of Social Security through changes in savings as well as benefit claiming and labor force participation. When the projected aging of the population is taken into account, the case for a reform that encourages labor force participation of the elderly becomes stronger.


An emphasis on assessment and outcomes measures is a drum beat that is growing louder in American legal education. Prompted initially by the demands of regional university accreditation bodies, the attention paid to outcomes assessment is now growing with the forecast that the ABA will revise its accreditation standards to incorporate outcomes measures. For the past three years, the University of Pittsburgh School of Law has been developing a system for assessing the learning outcomes of its students. By describing our experience here at Pitt Law, with both its high and low points, we hope to suggest some helpful pointers for other law schools as they work to develop systems for assessing whether they are accomplishing institutional goals related to student learning.


Netsweeper, a Canadian company, has produced and sold Internet-filtering technology to authoritarian regimes abroad. According to public research from the Citizen Lab, this technology has been used to censor religious content in Bahrain, information on Rohingya refugees in Myanmar and India, political campaign content in United Arab Emirates, and information on HIV/AIDS in Kuwait. This article considers how Canadian export control law deals with technologies that negatively impact human rights abroad and identifies a gap in the existing export control scheme. We suggest this gap could be closed by adopting a proactive human rights due diligence requirement on companies seeking to export products under Canadian law. There is existing precedent in other jurisdictions for imposing a human rights due diligence requirement on companies more broadly as a matter of law. A legislative amendment to Canada's export regime would move Canada towards meaningful compliance with the United Nations Guiding Principles, reflect a growing normative acceptance that companies have a duty to respect human rights under international law, and potentially open avenues for legal remedy.


The purpose of this literature study was to describe how patients experience their quality of life while undergoing a pacemaker implantation. Searches were carried out in the databases Academic Search Elite, Ebsco Host, Pub Med, Pub Med Central, Science Direct and manually. Keywords used were quality of life, treatment outcomes, emotions, pacing and life. This resulted in nineteen peer rewieved articles that were selected for the study results. The results showed that patients undergoing a pacemaker implantation experienced an improvement in their physical health with increased functional status, more energy and strength. From a psychological perspective, some patients experienced an improvement in quality of life while others felt worried and depressed. A common factor among the patients was anxiety and insecurity concerning daily routine activities. The amount of time passed after the pacemaker implantation was also a common factor that had impact on how patients experienced their physical and psychological health. To get a deeper knowledge and understanding when meeting patients undergoing a pacemaker implantation it is important that more research, especially qualitative, is carried out.


Innovation is vital to companies, but also difficult to perform since there are many ways to approach the subject. Typically, a balance between all issues related to innovation is suggested in literature. The empirical study presented in this paper elaborates on two strategies for innovation projects, namely to exploit existing solutions and to explore a market to develop breakthrough solutions. This is done for the purpose to discuss management implications, and thereby also make those transparent for innovation projects. The result indicates that managerial implications for radical innovation projects are to provide internal legitimacy for the projects intentions, to provide for a clear view of balancing aspects by using concepts that fit into opposite ends on a continuum, and to preserve a rich information base about users.


The role of fluoroquinolones (FQs) in the management of drug-susceptible and drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) is under investigation. They are currently being used off-licence to treat TB patients who develop hepatotoxicity on standard therapy, and in patients with drug-resistant disease. Prolongation of ventricular repolarisation, recorded as lengthening of the QT interval on an electrocardiogram, is a recognised adverse effect associated with FQs. Significant prolongation of the QT interval may precipitate torsades de pointe, a potentially fatal tachyarrhythmia. Currently licensed FQs are considered safe, and there are very few reports of associated arrhythmias, but most labels contraindicate concomitant administration of other agents that prolong QT. In many high TB burden countries, malaria is also endemic. Many antimalarials, and possibly malaria infection itself, may prolong QT; under current licence, co-administration of FQs with these antimalarials is contraindicated due to potential risk of additive QT prolongation. This poses significant challenges in planning future policy on FQ use for first-line anti-tuberculosis treatment; the duration of TB treatment makes concomitant malaria treatment inevitable, and options without FQ contraindications are limited. Furthermore, malaria diagnosis is often poor and access to treatment uncontrolled, with many patients buying 'over-the-counter' and/or 'traditional' remedies; concomitant use with anti-tuberculosis treatment is thus likely to be unregulated. Drug interaction studies are urgently required to assess the safety of managing patients with TB and malaria within endemic, resource-poor settings where programmatic management and low-cost monitoring are essential for effective implementation of public health strategies.


Extremely high frequency performances have been reported on InP field effect transistors. These devices are usually grown by molecular beam epitaxy. The use of metal organic vapor phase epitaxy offers interesting prospects for their fabrication. However specific problems are related to the growth of an insulating buffer layer under the FET channel. One solution consists in growing low temperature InAlAs or semi-insulating materials such as Fe-doped InP: high resistivity is obtained due to the concentration of deep centers. We have measured the parasitic effects generated by the InAlAs buffer layers on drain current transients, low-frequency transconductance and output conductance. Investigation on the emission-type transient by an isothermal current relaxation technique has supplied information on trap signatures. This type of analysis makes it possible to search for a good compromise between the high electrical resistance of buffer layers and their parasitic effects. The parasitic effects can be reduced to a minimum by controlling the thickness and the growth temperature of the buffer layer. The presence of the thicker (20 nm instead of 10 nm) 650 /spl deg/C InA1As buffer layer has allowed better electrical results.


The effect of varying physical and chemical properties of activated carbons on the adsorption of Pb2+ was studied by modifying commercial activated carbon with HNO3. The activated carbon was crushed and sieved into 200-300 m in size and modified with different concentration of nitric acid (3, 6 and 9 M) at different reflux time (6, 12 and 24 hours), and labelled as AXCs. A portion of the AXCs was subjected to calcination process and assigned as HTs. Surface area and porosity of AXCs and HTs were characterized. The decreases in the surface area, micropore area and micropore volume of the AXCs was due to the increasing of the surface oxygen group. The presence of carboxylic groups has been proven from the DTG curve and FTIR spectra. The adsorption experiments were performed to investigate the efficiency of Pb2+ removal at different initial concentrations (25, 50, 75 and 100 ppm) and different temperatures (303, 313, 323 and 333 K) by AXCs and HTs. The results showed that adsorption capacity of the AXCs is higher than that of HTs; the higher the concentration of nitric acid and the longer the refluxing time during the oxidation treatment the higher the percentage removal of the lead ion. The adsorption kinetics and adsorption equilibrium of Pb2+ obeyed the pseudo second-order and Langmuir isotherm model respectively, which indicates that the adsorption of Pb2+ by AXCs might be via chemisorption. The adsorption Pb2+ onto AXCs was found to be thermodynamically, spontaneous and exothermic reaction. The adsorption of Pb2+ in multi component system was also investigated. In the single system, the adsorption affinity of AXC(9)24 to the Pb2+ is greater than Cu2+ and Zn2+. The percentage removal of Pb2+ by AXC(9)24 decreased in the binary and ternary mixture system. The percentage removal of Pb2+ by Cu2+-loaded and Zn2+-loaded AXC(9)12 was lower then AXC(9)12. The competitive adsorption amongst Pb2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+ might be apparent for the multi component system.


New stratigraphic and paleontological information from the McCullough Peaks, northern Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, is incorporated into an isotaphonomic faunal database and used to investigate the impact of the latest Paleocene thermal maximum and coincident earliest Wasatchian immigration event on local mammalian community structure. Surface collections from Willwood Formation overbank deposits provide taphonomically consistent and stratigraphically resolved samples of the medium- to large-sized components of underlying mammalian communities. Rarefaction shows that the immigration event caused an abrupt and dramatic increase in species richness and evenness. After this initial increase, diversity tapered off to more typical Wasatchian levels that were still higher than those in the preceding Clarkforkian. Wasatchian immigrants were rapidly incorporated into the new community organization, representing ∼20% of the taxa and ∼50% of the individuals. Immigrant taxa generally had larger body sizes and more herbivorous and frugivorous dietary habits compared to endemic taxa, causing significant turnover in body-size structure and trophic structure. There was a significant short-term body-size decrease in many lineages that may have been prompted by the elevated temperatures and/or decreased latitudinal thermal gradients during the latest Paleocene thermal maximum. Rapid short-term climatic change (transient climates) and associated biotic dispersal can have abrupt and long-lasting effects on mammalian community evolution.


Recent advances in X-ray computed tomography (XCT) have allowed for measurement resolutions approaching the point where XCT can be used for measuring surface topography. These advances make XCT appealing for measuring hard-to-reach or internal surfaces, such as those often present in additively manufactured parts. To demonstrate the feasibility and potential of XCT for topography measurement, topography datasets obtained using two XCT systems are compared to those from more conventional non-contact optical surface measurement instruments. A hollow Ti6Al4V part produced by direct metal laser sintering is used as a measurement artefact. The artefact comprises two component halves that can be separated to expose the internal surfaces. Measured surface datasets are compared by various qualitative and quantitative means, including the computation of ISO 25178-2 areal surface texture parameters. Preliminary results show that XCT can provide surface information comparable with more conventional surface measurement technologies, thus representing a viable alternative to more conventional measurement, particularly appealing for hard-to-reach and internal surfaces.


Several workers have suggested that the locations of melting anomalies (hotspots) and the original locations of large igneous provinces (LIPs) and kimberlite pipes lie preferentially above the margins of two large low-shear-velocity provinces, or LLSVPs, near the bottom of the mantle, and that the geographical correlations have high confidence levels (>99.9999%). They conclude that the LLSVP margins are "plume-generation zones", and that deep-mantle plumes cause hotspots, LIPs, and kimberlites. This conclusion raises questions about what physical processes could be responsible, because, for example, the LLSVPs are apparently dense and not abnormally hot. The supposed LIP-hotspot-LLSVP correlations probably are examples of the "hindsight heresy", of performing a statistical test using the same data sample that led to the initial formulation of a hypothesis. In this process, an analyst will consider and reject many competing hypotheses, but will not adjust statistical assessments correspondingly. Furthermore, an analyst will test extreme deviations of the data, but not take this fact into account. "Hindsight heresy" errors are particularly problematical in Earth science, where it commonly is impossible to conduct controlled experiments. For random locations on the globe, the number of points within a specified distance of a given curve follows a cumulative binomial distribution. We use this fact to test the statistical significance of the observed hotspot-LLSVP correlation using several hotspot catalogs and mantle models. The results indicate that the actual confidence levels of the correlations are two or three orders of magnitude smaller than claimed. The tests also show that hotspots correlate well with presumably shallowly rooted features such as spreading plate boundaries. Nevertheless, the correlations are significant at confidence levels in excess of 99%. But this is confidence that the null hypothesis of random coincidence is wrong. It is not confidence about what hypothesis is correct. The correlations probably are symptoms of as-yet-unidentified processes. These observations emphasize the importance of the distinction between correlation and causation, and underline the necessity of taking geological factors into account. Consideration of the kimberlite data set in the context of geological setting, for example, suggests that the apparent association with the LLSVP margins results from the fact that the Kaapvaal craton, the site of most of the kimberlites considered, lies in southern Africa, and that kimberlite eruptions are sensitive primarily to stress in the lithosphere.


While Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and private subprime lenders have deservedly garnered the bulk of attention and blame for the mortgage crisis, other federal programs also distort our mortgage market and put taxpayers at risk of having to finance massive financial bailouts. The most prominent of these risky agencies is the Federal Housing Administration (FHA). The FHA currently backs an activity portfolio of over $1 trillion. With an economic value of only $2.6 billion, representing a capital ratio of 0.24 percent, relatively small changes in the performance of the FHA's portfolio could result in significant losses to the taxpayer. As the taxpayer is, by law, obligated for any losses above the FHA's current capital reserves, these are not losses that can be avoided. Reasonably foreseeable changes to the FHA's performance could easily cost the taxpayer tens of billions of dollars, surpassing the ultimate cost of the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) bank bailouts. To protect the taxpayer and the broader economy, the FHA should be scaled back immediately, and an emphasis should be placed on improving its credit quality. At the same time, the agency should be placed on a path to ultimately be eliminated, with its risk-taking being transferred back to the private sector.


Pitaya (Hylocereus undatus and H. polyrhizus Britt. & Rose), a perennial succulent plant grown in the tropics, is becoming an emerging and important fruit plant in Taiwan. In September of 2009 and 2010, a number of pitaya plants were found to have a distinctive canker on stems. The disease expanded quickly to most commercial planting areas in Taiwan (e.g., Pintung, Chiayi, and Chunghua). Symptoms on the stem were small, circular, sunken, orange spots that developed into cankers. Pycnidia were erumpent from the surface of the cankers and the stems subsequently rotted. After surface disinfestation with 0.1% sodium hypochloride, tissues adjacent to cankers were placed on acidified potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated at room temperature for 1 week, after which colonies with dark gray-to-black aerial mycelium grew. Hyphae were branched, septate, and brown and disarticulated into 0- to 1-septate arthrospores. Sporulation was induced by culturing on sterile horsetail tree (Casuarina equisetifolia) leaves. Conidia (12.79 ± 0.72 × 5.14 ± 0.30 μm) from pycnidia were one-celled, hyaline, and ovate. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA was PCR amplified with primers ITS1 and ITS4 (2) and sequenced. The sequence (GenBank Accession No. HQ439174) showed 99% identity to Neoscytalidium dimidiatum (Penz.) Crous & Slippers (GenBank Accession No. GQ330903). On the basis of morphology and nucleotide-sequence identity, the isolates were identified as N. dimidiatum (1). Pathogenicity tests were conducted in two replicates by inoculating six surface-sterilized detached stems of pitaya with either mycelium or conidia. Mycelial plugs from 2-day-old cultures (incubated at 25°C under near UV) were inoculated to the detached stems after wounding with a sterile needle. Conidial suspensions (103 conidia/ml in 200 μl) were inoculated to nonwounded stems. Noninoculated controls were treated with sterile medium or water. Stems were then incubated in a plastic box at 100% relative humidity and darkness at 30°C for 2 days. The symptoms described above were observed on inoculated stems at 6 to 14 days postinoculation, whereas control stems did not develop any symptoms. N. dimidiatum was reisolated from symptomatic tissues. To our knowledge, this is the first report of N. dimidiatum causing stem canker of pitaya. References: (1) P. W. Crous et al. Stud. Mycol. 55:235, 2006. (2) T. J. White et al. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. M. A. Innis et al., eds. Academic Press, New York, 1990.


A radiative transfer equation is used to model the diffuse multiple scattering of ultrasound in a medium containing discrete random scatterers. An assumption of uncorrelated phases allows one to write an equation of energy balance for the diffuse intensity. This ultrasonic radiative transfer equation contains single‐scattering and propagation parameters that are calculated using the elastic wave equation. Polarization effects are included through the introduction of an elastodynamic Stokes vector which contains a longitudinal Stokes parameter and four shear Stokes parameters similar to the four Stokes parameters used in optical radiative transfer theory. The theory is applied to a statistically homogeneous, isotropic elastic half‐space containing randomly distributed spherical voids illuminated by a harmonic plane wave. Results on the angular dependence of backscattered intensity are presented. It is anticipated that this approach may be applicable to materials characterization through the study of the ti...


Generally speaking, digital libraries have multiple granularities of semantic units: book, chapter, page, paragraph and word. However, there are two limitations of current eBook retrieval systems: (1) the granularity of retrievable units is either too big or too small, scales such as chapters, paragraphs are ignored; (2) the retrieval results should be grouped by facets to facilitate user's browsing and exploration. To overcome these limitations, we propose a multi-granularity multi-facet eBook retrieval approach.


The elastic energy of a biaxially strained material depends on both the magnitude and the plane of the applied biaxial strain, and the elastic properties of the material. We employ continuum-elasticity theory CET to determine general analytic expressions for the strain tensor, the Poisson ratio, and the elastic energy for materials with cubic crystal symmetry exposed to biaxial strain in arbitrary planes. In application to thin homogeneously strained films on a substrate, these results enable us to estimate the role of elastic energy for any substrate orientation. When calculating the elastic response to biaxial strain in an arbitrary plane by numerical methods, our analytic results make it possible to set up these calculations in a much more efficient way. This is demonstrated by density-functional theory calculations of the Poisson ratio and elastic energy upon biaxial strain in several planes for the case of InAs. The results are in good agreement with those of CET, but show additional nonlinear contributions already at moderate biaxial strain.


This paper does two things. First, it interprets the work of W. E. B. Du Bois to reveal that the meanings of race terms are grounded by both a historical and an aspirational component. Race terms refer to a backwardlooking component that traces the history of the group to its present time, as well as a forward-looking component that sets out values and goals for the group. Race terms thus refer to a complex cluster of concepts that involve biological, sociological, historical, moral, and political properties. Second, the paper defends W. E. B. Du Bois's conservationist thesis about races, which holds that we should maintain race talk and racial distinctions. But instead of offering philosophical evidence, this paper defends the plausibility of the conservationist thesis with evidence from contemporary biology and psychology. It argues that, instead of eliminating race terms or concepts, we should conserve and revise them.


Foundation learning for CCVP voice over IP Kevin Wallace, CCIE® No. 7945 Cisco Voice over IP, Second Edition, is a Cisco®-authorized, self-paced learning tool for Cisco Certified Voice Professional (CCVP) voice over IP (VoIP) foundation learning. This book provides you with the knowledge you need to implement and support data and voice integration solutions at the network-access level. By reading this book, you will gain a thorough understanding of basic IP telephony operation and router configuration, support, troubleshooting, and integration with an existing public switched telephone network (PSTN). Cisco Voice over IP lays the foundation for gaining hands-on skills and a significant understanding of packet telephony. Coverage includes analog and digital voice connections, voice interface configuration, voice dial peer configuration, VoIP fundamentals, VoIP signaling and call control protocols, and voice quality improvement and maintenance. Chapter review questions, practice items, real-world examples, and hands-on lab exercises all help reinforce learning. Whether you are preparing for CCVP certification or simply want to gain a better understanding of VoIP, you will benefit from the foundation information presented in this book. Cisco Voice over IP is part of a recommended learning path from Cisco Systems® that includes simulation and hands-on training from authorized Cisco Learning Partners and self-study products from Cisco Press®. To find out more about instructor-led training, e-learning, and hands-on instruction offered by authorized Cisco Learning Partners worldwide, please visit: www.cisco.com/go/authorizedtraining. Kevin Wallace, CCIE® No. 7945, CCVP, CCNP®, CCDP®, is a full-time instructor for Thomson NETg. With 17 years of Cisco internetworking experience, Kevin has been a network design specialist for The Walt Disney World Resort and a network manager for Eastern Kentucky University. Understand traditional telephony network concepts and operation as well as the building blocks of packet telephony networks Examine the interactions of telephony operations at an electrical level Evaluate strategies for overcoming specific challenges in a VoIP network, such as the transmission of fax and modem tones Attach a Cisco voice-enabled router to existing telephony devices, such as a PBX or an analog phone Add call-routing intelligence to a Cisco voice-enabled router through the use of dial peers Address potential challenges and design considerations associated with sending voice across an IP-based network Understand the theory and configuration of the call control protocols including H.323, SIP, and MGCP Mitigate voice quality issues with various Cisco quality of service (QoS) mechanisms This volume is in the Certification Self-Study Series offered by Cisco Press®. Books in this series provide officially developed self-study solutions to help networking professionals understand technology implementations and prepare for the Cisco Career Certifications examinations. Category: IP Communications Covers: VoIP


The history is told of Functional Grammar (FG), as developed by Simon C. Dik (1940–1995) of the University of Amsterdam and his co-workers. The presentation covers the genesis of the theory, its international recognition, the early death of its originator and main protagonist as well as Dik's Nachleben in current linguistics, including the emergence of a successor theory in the form of Functional Discourse Grammar. The article assesses FG's reception in linguistics, emphasizing its openness to incorporating ideas from other sources, and evaluates its contribution to linguistic theory and descriptive practice.


All over the world the increasing disappearance of natural habitats and ecosystems is concerning policy makers, populations and nongovernmental organizations. Many ecosystems such as forests are multifunctional landscapes and they provide a range of environmental services (benefits that people obtain from the ecosystem) that are vital for humankind and therefore worth preserving. Payment for environmental services (PES) has been applied increasingly in countries with high conservation concerns. PES is a monetary compensation scheme to "reward" environmental service providers for their actions in protecting the ecosystem. Normally the compensation amount is a random value, based on budget restrictions rather than an accurate sum of social net benefits. This is the case for the biggest PES scheme in Brazil; the Bolsa Floresta program in the Brazilian Amazon forest where the local indigenous populations receive a fixed monthly amount for preserving the forest. The paid fixed monthly value of approximately 30USD may not reflect the true value an Amazonian ecosystem- therefore the purpose of this study.
In a tropical rainforest context, as the Brazilian Amazon, the local population plays an important role when conservation is the final objective of an environmental policy. The decision making process requires an assessment of costs and benefits incurred by the local population. A compensation scheme is often proposed as a solution and part of conservation policy. To assess a fair compensation amount, the economic values associated with those services need to be calculated. Such values are calculated for biodiversity preservation, carbon services and foregone benefits of alternative land use. The selected assessment methodology is benefit transfer, which makes uses of the previously estimated costs and benefits drawn from other studies. Benefit transfer uses economic information captured at a study site to make inferences about the economic value of environmental goods and services at a policy site. The biggest advantage of choosing benefit transfer is to reduce the need for costly and time-consuming original study for non market values. However the disadvantage of the method is the requirement for adjustment due to differences between the study and policy sites. The determinants of willingness to pay for an environmental good can greatly vary according to socio-economic and demographic characteristics.
The optimal payment level is obtained by maximizing the society's net welfare, when marginal values for producing both market and non market goods are equal. On the benefit
side, the values were based in previous studies estimates for biodiversity protection and carbon services values were taken from market estimations and international default values. On the cost side, the values were transferred from opportunity cost studies for alternative land use made by Brazilian authors. The choice of using benefit transfer gives access to a broad database but also makes inevitable some degree of imprecision and inaccuracy. The analysis of the studied costs and benefits shows that this PES scheme does not compensate opportunity costs and the optimal payment exceeds current payment schemes.


The new millennium is still very young, so it is too early to declare National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius1 the health law "case of the century," but that title would not be hyperbolic. Never before have we seen a case of such monumental importance for how health care is financed and delivered in the United States. At the Supreme Court, no decision has been more closely watched and more anxiously awaited since Bush v. Gore in 2000. In the balance was the fate of President Obama's signature piece of domestic legislation, one that affects nearly every aspect of the largest segment of our economy, and so is perhaps the most important piece of social legislation since the New Deal. To no one's surprise, the decision was announced at the very end of the Court's term and was split five to four.

What was very surprising, however, was the Court's embrace of the tax power defense of the individual mandate. And what was outright shocking was a seven-to-two majority in favor of finding the Medicaid expansion unconstitutional unless states are allowed to opt out of the expansion.

The case holds great significance not only for the fate of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act—and, thus, for the nation's health care public policy—but also for constitutional doctrine that applies much more broadly than in the health care arena.


We homogenize stationary incompressible Stokes flow in a periodic porous medium. The fluid is assumed to satisfy a no-slip condition on the boundary of solid inclusions and a normal stress (traction) condition on the global boundary. Under these assumptions, the homogenized equation becomes the classical Darcy law with a Dirichlet condition for the pressure.


This paper presents the development and construct validation of an instrument for identification of resilient and less-resilient middle adolescents in high school.
Purpose of this identification is a qualitative in-depth interview study of perceptions of resilient and less resilient middle-adolescents on their school environment. The qualitative study will function as examination of contentvalidity of the presented instrument. A 33-item Resilient Behavior Questionnaire (VVL) and a 105-item personality questionnaire NPV-J (Dutch Personality Questionnaire- Youngsters) were administered to a sample of 400 middle adolescent high school students (age range 14-16). It was hypothesized that scores on specific components in the VVL would correlate highly with relevant factors of personality in the NPV-J. Principal Component Analysis and Correlation Analysis served as methods of investigation. Results of the quantitative study reveal three components in the VVL and a high correlation between the scores on these components and the resilient personality factor perseverance and non-resilient factor inadequacy in the NPV-J. Discussion focuses on explanation of the results and implications for further development of the VVL.


BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Brain AVM, cerebral abscess, and ischemic stroke are among the well known neurologic manifestations of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. However, recently reported data suggest an additional association with malformations of cortical development. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of malformations of cortical development in a population of pediatric patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of brain MRIs from 116 pediatric patients was performed. Each patient was referred from our institution's Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia Clinic. Each MRI included a 3D sequence, most frequently MPRAGE. The 3D sequence was evaluated by a neuroradiology fellow, with specific attention to the presence or absence of malformations of cortical development. Positive studies were subsequently reviewed by 2 attending neuroradiologists, who rendered a final diagnosis. RESULTS: Fourteen of 116 (12.1%) patients were found to have a malformation of cortical development. Among these 14, there were 12 cases of polymicrogyria and 2 cases of bifrontal periventricular nodular heterotopia. CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia have a relatively high prevalence of malformations of cortical development, typically perisylvian polymicrogyria.


The primary emphasis of this thesis is on the potential impact of quality systems on teaching staff and post — 16 education institutions as a whole, with a particular focus on Further Education, the author's area of work. A further emphasis is on the process that attempts to measure quality and an analysis is made of quality systems and various quality models adopted by educational organisations. The variety of quality systems introduced into organisations to promote quality is examined and investigated including the OfSTED/ALI Common Inspection Framework (CIF), Investors in People (liP), the ISO 9000 series, Total Quality Management (TQM), Excellence for Quality Model (EFQM), the National Health Service Commission for Health Improvement and the Self Assessment process. There is a particular focus on the factors that can affect the quality of provision. Broad contextual issues are discussed, particularly the unique, historical background of Further Education and the associated ideological questions that arise in response to this focus. There is recognition within the research and the literature of both external and internal pressures on education and training organisations within the sector from systems that are designed to promote quality. The thesis explores the effect of different systems on individuals within a range of organisations. The research focuses on eight teachers in the post-16 sector who explore the impact of quality systems in their organisations and their perceptions of the effect on themselves and their colleagues. Issues relating to the impact of quality systems on staff are identified; the relationship between the intended and the actual effect of the systems are discussed and ways forward to improve quality in the sector are suggested and explored.


Aerodynamic canopy height (ha) is the effective height of vegetation canopy for its influence on atmospheric fluxes and is a key parameter of surface‐atmosphere coupling. However, methods to estimate ha from data are limited. This synthesis evaluates the applicability and robustness of the calculation of ha from eddy covariance momentum‐flux data. At 69 forest sites, annual ha robustly predicted site‐to‐site and year‐to‐year differences in canopy heights (R2 = 0.88, 111 site‐years). At 23 cropland/grassland sites, weekly ha successfully captured the dynamics of vegetation canopies over growing seasons (R2 > 0.70 in 74 site‐years). Our results demonstrate the potential of flux‐derived ha determination for tracking the seasonal, interannual, and/or decadal dynamics of vegetation canopies including growth, harvest, land use change, and disturbance. The large‐scale and time‐varying ha derived from flux networks worldwide provides a new benchmark for regional and global Earth system models and satellite remote sensing of canopy structure.


It is now broadly accepted that disability is a concept infused with both descriptive and evaluative meaning, such that invoking the concept of disability necessarily involves making judgements of moral value as well as describing certain facts about individuals. This paper aims to map the complex terrain that shapes our current understandings of disability by outlining five distinct 'discourses of disability'. It is shown how the similarities and differences between the discourses hinge on different ways of making sense of the descriptive and evaluative dimensions of the concept, and the relationships between these dimensions. The paper concludes by considering the specific implications that these different ways of elucidating the concept of disability might have for the provision of clinical ethics support, both in terms of shaping ethical decision-making relating to people with disabilities and in terms of framing the process of providing clinical ethics support itself.


Many studies have investigated stretchable conductors, fabricated from silver nanowire (AgNW)-containing nanocomposites, due to their outstanding electrical properties and high-aspect-ratio structures. To retain good conductivity with a high degree of elongation, nanocomposites used as stretchable conductors should maintain a well-connected electrical network with a low mass fraction of AgNWs. A three-dimensional (3D) graphene aerogel (GA) frame provides an excellent scaffold for conductive networks consisting of AgNWs. This research describes, for the first time, the synthesis of a new type of nanostructure, AgNW/GA, formed by coating 3D GA frames with AgNWs. AgNW/GA/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) nanocomposites exhibited high electrical conductivity (∼40 S cm−1) and stable conductivity retention at up to 60% elongation. In addition, the electrical properties of the AgNW/GA/PDMS nanocomposites could be further enhanced by structural changes in the GA induced by optical welding.


ABSTRACT This contribution provides novel information on the anatomy, radula and phylogeny of several species of Phaenomenella Fraussen & Hadorn, 2006, a genus of Buccinoidea Rafinesque, 1815 with unclear affinities. Molecular phylogenetic analysis based on sequences of mitochondrial COI and nuclear 28S rRNA genes of different representatives of Buccinoidea revealed close relationships of Phaenomenella with Siphonalia A. Adams, 1863 both taxa forming a clade with maximal support. The anatomy of two species of the latter genus was examined for the first time for comparative purposes. The subfamily Siphonaliinae Finlay, 1928 was erected for several Recent and fossil genera of Southern Hemisphere Buccinidae Rafinesque, 1815, and is still recognized by current taxonomists (Bouchet et al. 2017). Species of all Recent genera of Siphonaliinae were included in our analysis and the monophyly of the subfamily Siphonaliinae in its original scope is rejected. Molecular and morphological data revealed two still unnamed species of Phaenomenella from the lower bathyal zone of the South China Sea. These species, Phaenomenella nicoi n. sp. and P. samadiae n. sp. are described in the present study.


Basic Principles of Wastewater Treatment is the second volume in the series Biological Wastewater Treatment, and focusses on the unit operations and processes associated with biological wastewater treatment. The major topics covered are: * microbiology and ecology of wastewater treatment * reaction kinetics and reactor hydraulics * conversion of organic and inorganic matter * sedimentation aeration The theory presented in this volume forms the basis upon which the other books of the series are built. About the series: The series is based on a highly acclaimed set of best selling textbooks. This international version is comprised by six textbooks giving a state-of-the-art presentation of the science and technology of biological wastewater treatment. Other titles in the series are: Volume 1: Wastewater Characteristics, Treatment and Disposal; Volume 3: Waste Stabilisation Ponds; Volume 4: Anaerobic Reactors; Volume 5: Activated Sludge and Aerobic Biofilm Reactors; Volume 6: Sludge Treatment and Disposal


Abstract As part of the 'War on Terror' declared in response to the 11 September 2001 attacks, countries introduced legislation to bolster national security, often at the expense of personal freedoms and long-established legal principles. Like the Cold War, the 'War on Terror' is cast as a global struggle of good against evil. New Zealand defied Cold War logic with its anti-nuclear policy. Examining the difficulties of upholding personal freedoms and the rule of law while bolstering national security, this article analyses New Zealand's anti-terrorism legislation and shows that it has steadily moved away from its initial measured approach. It argues that New Zealand could and should develop an anti-terrorism model appropriate to low-risk societies, and that, like its anti-nuclear stance during the Cold War, such an independent approach would be a valuable contribution to the world community.


RATIONALE
For Newborn Screening (NBS) programs all over the world whole blood dried on filter paper, also referred to as dried blood spots (DBS), has been the standard specimen for decades. In recent years DBS have attracted the attention of pharmaceutical companies, mostly due to the low volume of collected sample and simplified, therefore more cost-efficient, transportation requirements. However, the classical NBS workflow did not totally fulfil the needs of their studies, especially with respect to high-throughput unassisted sample processing for tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) analysis. Automated on-line extraction systems for direct analysis have already been tested and proved to be suitable for these pharmaceutical applications.

METHODS
The suitability of the automated CAMAG DBS-MS 500 interface for simultaneous detection of amino acids and (acyl-)carnitines has been tested together with an Acquity TQD tandem mass spectrometer from Waters and MassChrom stable isotope labelled internal standards from Chromsystems. No chromatographic sample treatment was applied; instead, the extract was directly injected into the MS/MS instrument. The feasibility of the instrumental setting for the routine newborn screening was tested on original samples coming from previously diagnosed patients.

RESULTS
The performance of the automated extraction technique and its application in preliminary quantitative screening for amino acids and (acyl-)carnitines for NBS showed very promising results. Several samples from patients, each diagnosed with one of four different inborn errors of metabolism (IEM), were tested and the correlation with the conventional punch-and-elute approach was very good.

CONCLUSIONS
Although the presented method still needs further optimization, our study clearly shows the possibility to use direct on-line analysis in the NBS setting. Our report on direct on-line analysis of newborn samples is a first approach in the development of a fully automated screening method for NBS analysis. With regard to the chemical properties of the analytes, the study resulted in a readily applicable screening method.


The Irish Dalradian was locally heated to garnet zone temperatures prior to the development of major isoclinal fold structures, possibly at moderately high pressures. The peak of Barrovian metamorphism was reached after the major structures had formed. In Connemara, metamorphism may have been initially of Buchan type in the S, where synorogenic intrusions occur. Connemara suffered subsequent development of major northward facing nappe structures and the high grade rocks were thrust over low grade metasediments in the S, possibly indicating continent-continent collision. This deformation was accompanied by uplift, and low pressure assemblages were superimposed on earlier Barrovian metamorphism in the N. Thermal aureoles around post-tectonic granites show that most Irish Dalradian rocks underwent uplift and erosion after folding, and before granite emplacment. The highest metamorphic grades are now exposed in Connemara, Tyrone and in a region from Belmullet to Castlederg that is centred around windows of probable basement.


We show that correlators of the hermitian one-Matrix model with a general potential can be mapped to the counting of certain triples of permutations and hence to counting of holomorphic maps from world-sheet to sphere target with three branch points on the target. This allows the use of old matrix model results to derive new explicit formulae for a class of Hurwitz numbers. Holomorphic maps with three branch points are related, by Belyi's theorem, to curves and maps defined over algebraic numbers $\bmQ$. This shows that the string theory dual of the one-matrix model at generic couplings has worldsheets defined over the algebraic numbers and a target space $ \mP^1 (\bmQ)$. The absolute Galois group $ Gal (\bmQ / \mQ) $ acts on the Feynman diagrams of the 1-matrix model, which are related to Grothendieck's Dessins d'Enfants. Correlators of multi-matrix models are mapped to the counting of triples of permutations subject to equivalences defined by subgroups of the permutation groups. This is related to colorings of the edges of the Grothendieck Dessins. The colored-edge Dessins are useful as a tool for describing some known invariants of the $ Gal (\bmQ / \mQ) $ action on Grothendieck Dessins and for defining new invariants.