The impact of robots on employment is discussed extensively, for example, within the academic literature and the public domain. Disabled people are known to have problems obtaining employment. The purpose of this study was to analyze how robots were engaged with in relation to the employment situation of disabled people within the academic literature present in the academic databases EBSCO All—an umbrella database that consists of over 70 other databases, Scopus, Science Direct and Web of Science and within n = 300 Canadian newspapers present in the Canadian Newsstand Complete ProQuest database. The study focuses in particular on whether the literature covered engaged with the themes of robots impacting (a) disabled people obtaining employment; (b) disabled people losing employment; (c) robots helping so called abled bodied people in their job to help disabled people; or (d) robots as coworkers of disabled people. The study found that robots were rarely mentioned in relation to the employment situation of disabled people. If they were mentioned the focus was on robots enhancing the employability of disabled people or helping so called abled-bodied people working with disabled clients. Not one article could be found that thematized the potential negative impact of robots on the employability situation of disabled people or the relationship of disabled people and robots as co-workers. The finding of the study is problematic given the already negative employability situation disabled people face.


The human lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1), the complement receptor-associated OKM1 molecule, and a previously undescribed molecule termed p150,95, have been found to be structurally and antigenically related. Each antigen contains an alpha- and beta- subunit noncovalently associated in an alpha 1 beta 1-structure as shown by cross-linking experiments. LFA-1, OKM1, and p150,95 alpha- subunit designations and their molecular weights are alpha L = 177,000 Mr, alpha M = 165,000 Mr, and alpha X = 150,000 Mr, respectively. The beta-subunits are all = 95,000 Mr. Some MAb precipitated only LFA-1, others only OKM1, and another precipitates all three antigens. The specificity of these MAb for particular subunits was examined after subunit dissociation by high pH. MAb specific for LFA-1 or OKM1 bind to the alpha L- or alpha M-subunits, respectively, while the cross- reactive MAb binds to the beta-subunits. Coprecipitation experiments with intact alpha 1 beta 1-complexes showed anti-alpha and anti-beta MAb can precipitate the same molecules. In two-dimensional (2D) isoelectric focusing-SDS-PAGE, the alpha subunits of the three antigens are distinct, while the beta-subunits are identical. Biosynthesis experiments showed alpha L, alpha M, and alpha X are synthesized from distinct precursors, as is beta. The three antigens differ in expression on lymphocytes, granulocytes, and monocytes. During maturation of the monoblast-like U937 line, alpha M and alpha X are upregulated and alpha L is downregulated. Some MAb to the alpha subunit of OKM1 inhibited the complement receptor type three. LFA-1, OKM1, and p150,95 constitute a novel family of functionally important human leukocyte antigens that share a common beta-subunit.


This paper, a contribution to the "proto-industrialization" debate, examines the relative advantages of urban and rural locations for cloth manufacturing in later-medieval England and the Low Countries. From the eleventh to the mid-fourteenth century, when the English cloth trade began its seemingly inexorable expansion, the Low Countries had enjoyed a virtual supremacy in international cloth markets, then chiefly located in the Mediterranean basin. The traditional view has attributed the ultimate English victory to the advantages of a rural location, using cheap labour and water-powered fulling. The proponents of this view further contend that in late thirteenth-century England a new rural industry had displaced a centuries-old "traditional" urban cloth industry through such superior cost advantages. To challenge that view, this paper puts forth the following propositions : (1) that England's traditional urban industry had declined, abruptly from the 1290s, chiefly because of steeply rising, war-induced, transaction costs in Mediterranean markets for its chief products: i.e., cheap and light fabrics, which they had sold as price takers; (2) that the Flemish/Brabantine cloth industries, having had a similar industrial-commercial orientation, suffered from the same industrial crisis; and more quickly responded by reorienting production, as price makers, to the very high-priced luxury woollens; (3) that rural locations were not always more advantageous, in lower labour and other costs; (4) that urban locations offered important benefits for luxury-cloth production : a more highly skilled, productive, better regulated labour force; urban and guild institutions to enforce necessary quality controls and promote international reputations for high quality; (5) that England's cloth industry, when it revived from the 1360s, followed suit in shifting to more luxury-oriented exports, while gaining its chief advantages from the fiscal burdens imposed on high-quality wool exports to its overseas competitors; (6) that English export-oriented cloth production also remained more urban than rural until the late fifteenth century (for many complex reasons explored in this paper).


We have developed a method for fabricating thin layers of Ce3+ doped yttrium aluminium garnet, Y3Al5O12 (YAG:Ce) based on a sol-gel approach with propylene oxide as a gelation initiator. A single spin-coating process followed by a sequence of heat treatments allows the fabrication of polycrystalline YAG:Ce thin layers with a thickness of a few hundreds of nanometers. Surface morphology, crystallite size, and quantum efficiency are examined as a function of heat treatment temperature. The optical quality of the layer is further investigated by measuring the enhanced absorption of light coupled into the layer. We fabricate a three-layered slab waveguide system consisting of a fused silica glass substrate, a YAG:Ce layer and a SiO2 upper layer, and excite the system by illumination through a prism. The incident light couples to the fundamental waveguide mode in the YAG:Ce layer where it is eventually absorbed, resulting in an enhancement of absorption by a factor of 30. In correspondence, we observe a similar increase in emission intensity of photoluminescence caused by the enhanced absorption.


Two potentially widespread phenomena, mass standardized contracts and digital rights management systems, could have dramatic impact on how the law of property and contract regulates the distribution of intellectual property. This paper argues these phenomena motivate a more careful consideration of (1) their effect on the knowledge-generation incentives that underlie intellectual property, (2) which aspects of the present property and contract regimes are default, waivable rules and which are inalienable entitlements, and (3) whether legislative approval of regulation by machine is best interpreted as a revision of the law of intellectual property or as an attempt to undermine it.


Aim Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is much more common than familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia (FHH), but there is considerable overlap in biochemical features. Urine calcium indices help with the differential diagnosis, but their reliability in making this distinction is not clear. The aim of this study was to compare urinary calcium values in patients with PHPT and FHH. Methods This was a case–control study of patients with PHPT who had successful surgery and genetically proven FHH between 2011 and 2016. Due to low FHH numbers, patients from neighbouring hospitals and outside study period (2017–2019) were allowed to improve power. Data on demographics and urinary calcium were obtained from electronic records and compared between the two groups. Results During the study period, 250 patients underwent successful PHPT surgery, while in the FHH arm, 19 genetically proven cases were included. The median (IQR) 24-hour urine calcium excretion (UCE) in the PHPT group was 8.3 (5.6–11.2) mmol/24 hours compared with 3.2 (2.1–6.1) mmol/24 hour in the FHH group (p<0.001). Median (IQR) calcium to creatinine clearance ratio (CCCR) in the PHPT and FHH groups was 0.020 (0.013–0.026) and 0.01 (0.002–0.02), respectively (p=0.001). The sensitivity of urinary tests for PHPT was 96% for UCE (cut-off ≥2.5 mmol/24 hour) and 47% for CCCR (cut-off >0.02). The specificity of the urinary tests for FHH was 29.4% for UCE (cut-off <2.5 mmol/24 hour) and 93% for CCCR (cut-off <0.02). Conclusions 24-hour UCE is more sensitive in diagnosing PHPT; however, it is less specific in ruling out FHH as compared with CCCR, when the cut-offs suggested by the International guidelines from the fourth international workshop are used. A significant proportion of patients with PHPT would have also required genetic studies if the guidelines were followed.


WEATHERWISE 47 One cannot adequately describe United States tornado activity in 2012 without first recalling the devastating tornadoes of 2011 (Weatherwise, May/ June 2012). The most recent year provides an intriguing contrast to 2011 when the annual tornado count (1,690) was 148 percent of the 30-year normal (1,145), and the greatest number of tornado fatalities (553) occurred in the modern era. By comparison, 2012, with a preliminary count of 940 tornadoes, was nearly at the opposite end of the spectrum (82 percent of normal). This provides us with a dramatic example of how variable and unpredictable tornado activity can be from year to year, or even from one month to the next. There were intra-annual contrasts in 2012 tornadoes as well. The first few months of the year experienced well above normal tornado activity when compared to most of the remainder of the year. The running tornado count through April 2012 was nearly double the 30-year normal (496 tornadoes through April compared to a 30 year average of 286). In contrast, the months of May and June, historically the most active months, were conspicuously quiet.


Previous studies have shown that decision makers are less other-regarding when their own payoff is risky than when it is sure. Empirical observations also indicate that people care more about identifiable than unidentifiable others. In this paper, we report on an experiment designed to explore whether rendering the other identifiable - via a short speechless video - can affect the relation between other-regarding concerns and attitudes toward social risk. For this sake, we elicit risk attitudes under two treatments differing in whether the actor can see the other or not. We find that seeing the other does not affect behavior significantly: regardless of the treatment, individuals are mainly self-oriented as to social allocation of risk, though they are other-regarding with respect to expected payoff levels.


Because of their abundance and because of the insight into the ancient world offered by the depictions on their decorated surfaces, Attic painted ceramics are an extremely valuable source of material evidence. Knowing the identities and personalities of the artists who painted them not only helps us understand the paintings, but also helps in the process of dating them and, in the case of sherds, reconstructing them. However, few of the artists signed their wares, and the identities of the artists have to be revealed through a close analysis of the style in a process called attribution. The vast majority of the attributions of archaic Attic vases are due to John Beazley whose monumental works set the stage for the dominance of attribution studies in the scholarship of Greek ceramics for most of the 20th century. However, the number of new scholars trained in this arcane art is dwindling as new avenues of archaeological research have gained ascendency. A computer-aided technique for attribution may preserve the benefits of the art while allowing new scholars to explore previously ignored areas of research. To this end, the present study provides a theoretical framework for computer-aided attribution, and using the corpus of the Princeton Painter a painter active in the 6th century BCE demonstrates the principal that, by employing pattern recognition techniques, computers may be trained to serve as an aid in the attribution process. Three different techniques are presented that are capable of distinguishing between paintings of the Princeton Painter and some of his contemporaries with reasonable accuracy. The first uses shape descriptors to distinguish between the methods employed by respective artists to render minor anatomical details. The second shows that the relative positions of cranial features of the male figures on black-figure paintings is an indicator of style and may also be used as part of the attribution process. Finally a novel technique is presented that can distinguish between pots constructed by different potters based on their shape profiles. This technique may offer valuable clues for attribution when artists are known to work mostly with a single potter.


This study concerns the evolutions of some physicochemical characteristics of berries during conditions simulating the beaujolais wine-making process. In this process, a large number of intact berries is kept in a CO2 atmosphere which is produced by ethanolic fermentation of the must in the bottom of the tank. To simulate this, two equivalent samples of ripe Gamay or Carignane berries were placed in the same jar and subjected to carbonic anaerobiosis. One sample was maintained in the gaseous atmosphere and the other submerged in the liquid which was either an aqueous solution of 6 p. cent ethanol (v/v), the same solution with 1 M sorbitol, or grape must obtained from crushed berries. The aim of these experiments was to study, in both submerged and non-submerged samples, the effects of ethanol on rheological properties of berries and on potential extractabilities of colour and soluble nitrogen from skin and berry flesh. Whatever the model, ethanol had a deleterious effect on berries, especially on those which were immersed. For those, the development of anaerobic metabolism was drastically reduced, but nitrogeneous and colouring compounds extractabilities were significantly increased. The anthocyanins and their copigments seem to be preferentially extracted when berries were immersed. The rheological properties were related to the osmotical strength of the submerging liquid. It was assumed that hydratation or dehydratation phenomenons of cell-wall polysaccharides could explained the differences observed in the rheological behaviour of berries and in particular the modifications of their pellicular elasticity.


Pimecrolimus cream 1% is a topical calcineurin inhibitor for the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Minimal systemic exposure to pimecrolimus has been previously observed in Caucasian pediatric patients treated with the cream twice daily for up to 1 year. The objective of this open‐label, non‐comparative, multicenter study was to assess the systemic exposure, tolerability and efficacy of pimecrolimus cream 1% when used twice daily for 3 weeks in pediatric patients of Japanese background. The patient cohort consisted of 17 Japanese infants and children (age range, 3.6 months to 11.6 years) with atopic dermatitis of at least mild severity affecting ≥10% of the total body surface area (range, 10–48%). Pimecrolimus cream 1% was applied twice daily for 3 weeks. Blood levels of pimecrolimus were determined on days 1, 10 and 22. Safety and tolerability were evaluated by monitoring adverse events, laboratory parameters, physical condition and vital signs. Efficacy parameters included the Eczema Area and Severity Index, the Investigators' Global Assessment and the pruritus score. The median exposure to pimecrolimus cream 1% was 22 treatment days (range, 9–29 treatment days). Pimecrolimus blood concentrations were <0.5 ng/mL in 94% of samples on day 1, in 93% of samples on day 10 and in 100% of samples on day 22, with no indication of an increase with increasing body surface area treated (up to 48% of the total body surface area). No drug‐related systemic adverse events or serious adverse events were reported. Treatment was effective according to all efficacy parameters. The findings of this study indicate that the use of pimecrolimus cream 1% results in minimal systemic absorption of the active ingredient in pediatric patients of Japanese background with extensive disease.


Migration is not a natural phenomenon, completely independent of historical and political contexts on the one hand and individual and collective reactions to them on the other. And development does not appear suddenly, as the result of impersonal forces driving migrants to directly or indirectly support it. Migration can generate development only through intentional actions, with community wellbeing in migrants' home countries acting as the anchor for individuals, associations and governments; and by providing a wider setting in which this 'intention' is played out, revealing the place for cultural, symbolic and moral dimensions of transnational community belonging and membership. Community acts as a cultural 'compass', determining migrants' attitudes towards the development of their home country. Strong communitarian membership is generally associated with real engagement in the development issues of members left behind (as part of the collective self), but varies according to the structural features of the migrants' networks, the way in which migrants define networks as their own communities, the results of past communitarian memories and future communitarian imaginations on actual communitarian experience and perceptions. I discuss these issues in the light of recent theoretical debates on structure-agency dynamics.


Metal chelate of bioactive metal ion Cu(II) with eugenol was chelated for improving the ligand's efficiency and the complex synthesized was characterized through FT-IR, TG-DTA, AAS and elemental analysis. The composition of eugenol-copper in complex was found to be 1:1 through Job's method. In vitro antimicrobial test of eugenol, eugenol-copper complex and CuSO4.5H2O was conducted against phytopathogenic fungi Pyricularia grisea Sacc., Helminthosporium oryzae Breda de Haan and Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boedijin through conidial germination test that revealed enhanced fungi-toxicity of the complex compared to either eugenol or CuSO4.5H2O alone especially against the former pathogen.


The problem of the relationship between population and food supply in Menoufiya is a small scale example of that facing the whole of Egypt. The main problem is not as a result of insufficient production of food from the land, but as a result of continuously increasing population with high density which causes pressure on the limited cultivated land. It is important to understand the population characteristics of Menoufiya, which are even distribution of high density; high fertility; a high proportion working in agricultural activities; a majority of young people; and high illiteracy especially among females and farmers. One response to increasing population has been heavy out-migration to the large cities of Egypt. Despite the fact that Menoufiya is facing a great problem in increasing food production caused by decreasing acreage of land; frag mentation of farms; disguised unemployment; limited machinery and increased landless, the region is one of the main agricultural regions in Egypt. It is characterized by one of the highest productivities for food among the governorates of Egypt, because of the excellent environmental conditions - fertile soils with flat surface, abundant water of good quality from the Nile and its canals, and warm temperatures which permit year-round plant growth and the intensive system of farming. The main food crops in the region are maize, wheat, broad and soya beans covering about 50 per cent of the total cropped area. Vegetables are grown all the year-round, especially potatoes, tomatoes and beans. In addition, the region is one of the main producers of : fruit such as citrus, grapes and bananas. There is a large area cultivated with clover as a fodder for animals in winter, but animal feed is in chronic short supply especially in summer. The study of food production in Menoufiya shows that it is abundant and increasing, being able to feed the dense population of the region as well as some of these in major urban centres especially Greater Cairo in most vegetables, fruit, and animal products. In fact, there is no shortage of the majority of foodstuffs (except for wheat) in the region at the present time, but the problem may become more acute in the future as the population will increase more rapidly than food production. The solution of the problem of population and food resources in Menoufiya - as well as in Egypt - must be sought both in accelerating the development of agricultural processes and in slowing down the growth of population through social and economic development. Such development is not in isolation, for Menoufiya provides migrants to Egypt's large cities and to some other Middle Eastern countries. So the problem is not just one of a man-land ratio, but of population in relation to total available resources.


In this paper we present a lossless technique to compress pattern databases (PDBs) in the Pancake Sorting problems. This compression technique together with the choice of zero-cost operators in the construction of additive PDBs reduces the memory requirement for PDBs in these problems to a great extent, thus making otherwise intractable problems able to be efficiently handled. Also, using this method, we can construct some problem-size independent PDBs. This precludes the necessity of constructing new PDBs for new problems with different numbers of pancakes. In addition to our compression technique, by maximizing over the heuristic value of additive PDBs and the modified version of the gap heuristic, we have obtained powerful heuristics for the burnt pancake problem.


Malaysia's animated TV series, Upin & Ipin is one of the biggest names when it comes to the animation industry. Upin & Ipin's ability to attract a large number of local and international fans has inspired an investigation into the internal workings of the elements that contribute to its success. This research aims to identify the content development of the Upin & Ipin series in association with notions of child psychology. By framing Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development, this research explores the development of a child's psychology in efforts to formulate animation content best suited for a young viewership. The research identifies with young children below the age of twelve with regards to their preference and interests through observation and questionnaire survey. Furthermore, this research paper debates Livingstone (2000) who disagrees with Davies's (1989) view that television is an important medium for children. Although they use different media in their everyday life, television remains the most popular medium and occupies a significant proportion of children's time. And up until 2003, Kaiser Family Foundation has revealed the how's and why's of children watching television. Finally, this research paper has discussed the content and type of stories that psychologically impact and appeal to children.


Lack of information about the spatial variability of soil C in different management systems limits accurate extrapolation of C sequestration findings to large scales. The objectives of this study were to: (i) describe and quantify variability of total C in three management systems, chisel-plow (CT) and no-till (NT) with conventional chemical inputs and a chisel-plow organic management practice with cover crops (CT-cover) 15 yr after conversion from conventional management; (ii) assess the strengths of spatial correlation in the three studied systems; and (iii) evaluate contributions of topography and texture to the overall total C variability and its spatial components. The data were collected at 12 60 by 60 m plots at the Long Term Ecological Research site, Kellogg Biological Station, MI. The data consisted of elevation measurements taken on a 2 by 5 m grid and a total of 1160 measurements of total C, sand, silt, and clay contents taken from the 0- to 5-cm depth. Overall variability of total C in NT was more than four times greater than in CT, and in CT-cover the variability was more than two times greater than CT. Spatial correlation of total C was the strongest in NT, followed by CT-cover, and then by CT. Stronger spatial structures in NT and CT-cover were found to form in response to topographical and texture gradients. Effects of texture were largely associated with topographical effects; however, even when topography was controlled for, texture still substantially contributed to explaining total C variability.


Only recently, researchers attempt to provide classification algorithms with provable group fairness guarantees. Most of these algorithms suffer from harassment caused by the requirement that the training and deployment data follow the same distribution. This paper proposes an input-agnostic certified group fairness algorithm, FairSmooth, for improving the fairness of classification models while maintaining the remarkable prediction accuracy. A Gaussian parameter smoothing method is developed to transform base classifiers into their smooth versions. An optimal individual smooth classifier is learnt for each group with only the data regarding the group and an overall smooth classifier for all groups is generated by averaging the parameters of all the individual smooth ones. By leveraging the theory of nonlinear functional analysis, the smooth classifiers are reformulated as output functions of a Nemytskii operator. Theoretical analysis is conducted to derive that the Nemytskii operator is smooth and induces a Frechet differentiable smooth manifold. We theoretically demonstrate that the smooth manifold has a global Lipschitz constant that is independent of the domain of the input data, which derives the input-agnostic certified group fairness.


In Spectacular Accumulation , Morgan Pitelka investigates the significance of material culture and sociability in late sixteenth-century Japan, focusing in particular on the career and afterlife of Tokugawa Ieyasu (1543-1616), the founder of the Tokugawa shogunate. The story of Ieyasu illustrates the close ties between people, things, and politics and offers us insight into the role of material culture in the shift from medieval to early modern Japan and in shaping our knowledge of history. This innovative and eloquent history of a transitional age in Japan reframes the relationship between culture and politics. Like the collection of meibutsu, or ""famous objects,"" exchanging hostages, collecting heads, and commanding massive armies were part of a strategy Pitelka calls """"spectacular accumulation,"""" which profoundly affected the creation and character of Japan's early modern polity. Pitelka uses the notion of spectacular accumulation to contextualize the acquisition of """"art"""" within a larger complex of practices aimed at establishing governmental authority, demonstrating military dominance, reifying hierarchy, and advertising wealth. He avoids the artificial distinction between cultural history and political history, arguing that the famed cultural efflorescence of these years was not subsidiary to the landscape of political conflict, but constitutive of it. Employing a wide range of thoroughly researched visual and material evidence, including letters, diaries, historical chronicles, and art, Pitelka links the increasing violence of civil and international war to the increasing importance of samurai social rituals and cultural practices. Moving from the Ashikaga palaces of Kyoto to the tea utensil collections of Ieyasu, from the exchange of military hostages to the gift-giving rituals of Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi, Spectacular Accumulation traces Japanese military rulers' power plays over famous artworks as well as objectified human bodies.


Background : the aim of the study is to investigate the validity of self-reported incident cardiovascular disease in the Greek EPIC cohort during follow up. Methods : cardiovascular disease was considered in 4 groups: Myocardial infarction (MI), Angina, Cerebrovascular disease, and other coronary heart disease (other CHD). Validation for all reported incident cardiovascular events was sought through medical records of hospitals around the country and local death registries. Results : in total, there had been 121 self reported incident cases of angina, 683 of MI, 622 of other CHD and 855 of cerebrovascular disease. Records were searched for 926 participants with reported cardiovascular disease (CVD), and from those, medical records for the 832 (90%) were obtained from the respective hospitals. Examination of the medical records that were obtained confirmed the self report in 72% of incident strokes, 65% of MIs, 55% of other CHD cases and 32% of angina. Conclusions : it appears that in our study self reported MI and stroke (or transient ischemic attacks) had a higher validity, compared to self reported angina and other CHD. Our results are comparable to those in other cohort studies.


As we approach the end of the century, society at large is looking back and taking stock of the journey we have travelled. The legal profession, I believe, is no exception. It has become fairly unexceptional to encounter in these pages practitioners in various exalted positions. Our Minister of Justice is one. Black judges are ascending to the bench in ever-increasing numbers. Leadership positions in the organised profession are occupied by numerous black practitioners.


The author traces the development of the theme of Krishna as butter thief from its earliest appearance in literature and art until the present. He focuses on the dramas (ras lilas) of Krishna's native Braj and on the Sur Sagar, a collection of verse attributed to the sixteenth-century poet Sur Das that is as familiar to Hindi speakers as Mother Goose is to us. Originally published in 1983. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.


In the Lyell Stream-Bald Hill area, Northwest Nelson, South Island, New Zealand, molybdenite mineralization occurs within brecciated and hornfels-textured Greenland Group low-grade metasediments in contact with minor quartz trondhjemite porphyry intrusions (Lyell porphyry). Potassium-argon ages of mineralized country rocks with hornfels texture, porphyry intrusions, and several granites of the adjacent Karamea granite batholith at Bald Hill range from 103 to 120 m.y. (mid-Cretaceous) and are grouped as follows. 1) Three biotite ages of the Lyell porphyry, 112 to 116 m.y., and three total rock ages of associated biotite hornfels, 103 to 120 m.y., indicate that the porphyry intrusion and probably the molybdenite mineralization occurred about 116 m.y. ago (Aptian). 2) Phyllitic Greenland Group country rocks (Lower Ordovician) immediately outside the thermal aureole, yield four total rock ages, 112 to 226 m.y., indicating partial argon outgassing during younger thermal events. 3) From the Bald Hill granites (informal name), biotite and muscovite ages of a pink gneissic micro-granite, 106 to 110 m.y., gneissic biotite granite, 102 to 109 m.y., and gneissic muscovite leucogranite, 105 to 110 m.y., are not significantly different; they probably reflect the time of tectonic uplift and cooling of the granites or possibly a later thermal metamorphism associated with the Lyell porphyry (informal name). The geological setting of the Lyell porphyry and Bald Hill granites is similar to that of the Berlins Porphyry and Buckland Granite of the Lower Buller Gorge. The molybdenite mineralization parallels that of other Northwest Nelson occurrences, being associated with minor mid-Cretaceous granitic porphyry intrusions, emplaced in Paleozoic metasediments, close to the margins of the Karamea and Separation Point granite batholiths.


We report a theoretical analysis of nonlinear optical sum-frequency generation from the bulk of a chiral liquid in the dipole approximation. In our theoretical formulation the circular birefringence effect of a chiral medium was properly taken into account. The angular dependence of the reflected and transmitted sum-frequency signals on the incident angles of two input beams was calculated to yield the optimal geometry for probing bulk chirality. We also derived a microscopic expression for the totally antisymmetric part of a second-order nonlinear optical susceptibility to elaborate unique features in the studies of chirality-related properties with sum-frequency generation.


The use of wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) for surveillance applications has attracted the interest of many researchers. As with traditional sensor networks, it is easy to deploy and operate WMSNs. With inclusion of multimedia devices in wireless sensor networks, it is possible to provide data to users that is more meaningful than that provided by scalar sensor-based systems alone; however, producing, storing, processing, analyzing, and transmitting multimedia data in sensor networks requires consideration of additional constraints, including energy, processing power, storage capacity, and communication. Furthermore, as multimedia sensors produce much more data than scalar sensors, more manpower is required to analyze multimedia data. To overcome these constraints and challenges, this paper aimed to propose a system architecture and a set of procedures for WMSNs that facilitate automatic classification of moving objects using scalar and multimedia sensors. Methods and standards for detecting and classifying a moving object, as well as transmission of the results, are described in detail. The hardware for each sensor node includes a built-in camera, a passive infrared motion sensor, a vibration sensor, and an acoustic sensor. An application using our proposed methods was developed and embedded in the multimedia sensor node. In addition, a sink station was set up and the data produced by the sensor network was collected by this server. The classification performance of the application was tested using video recorded by the sensor node. The effect of the proposed methods on power consumption was also tested and measured. The experimental results show that the proposed approach is sufficiently lightweight to be used for real-world surveillance applications.


A state's criminal justice system must serve two masters: it must protect the security of persons and property, and it must respect the liberties of the people. It is bound by both duties and must strike the morally correct balance between them. In this paper, I discuss some principles that I believe must be elements in that balance. I defend these principles as a necessary part of any effective, liberty-respecting criminal justice system; describe the extreme departure from those principles in the United States; and note some recent interest in reforms that, should they take root, could mark the beginning of an American transition towards a safer, less incarcerated and more liberty-affirming country.


Problem statement: Given that historic quarters as an integrated entity best represent the efforts of indigenous cultures to meet the past needs, their compatibility with the present needs and recognizing the opportunities available to them as an accepting capacity for cultural and economically productive functions are worthy of attention. Utilizing creative approaches in line with the historic fabrics adaptability to the new economy and conditions, through focusing on the cultural capital as a means of revitalizing historic neighborhoods and creating new economic activities to replace the declining uses or those being disappeared from the area, is the most significant necessity to Problem statement of the present research. Research objective: The use of innovative policies and creativity-based strategies for the presence of our country's historic fabrics and neighborhoods in the competition arenas, aimed at the cultural-economic growth and development and neighborhood revitalization, is an approach whose absence is noteworthy within both relevant theoretical and applied fields. Research method: This research based on an analytical and descriptive method to assess and measure the capabilities of historic fabrics, indexical contexts. Also, it examines the feasibility of a cultural quarter in a case study of Laleh-zar using the quantitative structural equation modeling through questionnaire and field observations and finally as Conclusion explains a model of historic-cultural quarters according to the priority of the actions. Conclusion: The research findings prove the necessary solutions and measures based on the order of priority in the final model, the proposal and the importance of these relationships empirically.


PURPOSE
To determine the antibacterial effect of nano-structured, sol-gel processed bioactive glasses that may be used for implants, coatings, and as adjuncts to dental restorative materials.

METHODS
Six bioactive glasses (BAG), three made with differing amounts of silica (65, 75 and 85 mole%), and three with different amounts of silica (61, 71, and 81 mole%) and 3 mole% fluoride were prepared by a sol-gel synthesis method and tested against clinically important bacteria species, Streptococcus sobrinus (ATCC33478), Streptococcus mutans (ATCC25175) and Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC19433). Bacterial suspensions were independently incubated with bioactive glass in particulate form (< 3 µm) for 4 and 24 hours. Viability was determined by colony-forming units.

RESULTS
At 4 hours, all BAG produced an order of magnitude reduction in all three bacteria. After 24 hours, all BAG produced a significant reduction in S. sobrinus colonies, but no further reduction in S. mutans; all BAG, except BAG 61-F, significantly reduced E. faecalis compared to the control. At 4 hours, an increase in the pH of the BAG groups (to pH 9) could also have contributed to the bactericidal effect. In further experiments it was found that the viability of S. sobrinus was significantly reduced following exposure to an extract of BAG in media adjusted to a pH of 7.4. Additionally media with pH adjusted to 9 exerted a significant antibacterial effect against S. sobrinus after 4 hours. To determine the influence of the calcium ions released from the BAG in the absence of the pH effect, a typical dose response was demonstrated after 4 hours of exposure of S. sobrinus to media containing various levels of calcium. The results of this study clearly suggest that the effect of BAG extract on bacteria is not only related to a pH effect, but is also linked to an effect of liberated ions, such as calcium, extracted from the surface of the bioactive glasses.


The sociology of language and the sociology of communication are well-established fields in Israeli sociology, but it is only recently that their departments have grown vigorously in Israel's various universities. They are long-standing, respected disciplines in international sociology, as is evidenced by their academic associations and the reputation of their specialized journals. Language and Communication in Israel, the ninth volume of the Studies of Israeli Society series, presents a broad range of the various approaches and questions that preoccupy Israel's sociologists of language and communication. The collection starts with studies that focus on the presence of language and communication in daily life. Subsequent chapters analyze the relation of language and communication to social and cultural pluralism. Also included is a study of linguistic and communication aspects of politics and elections. A special chapter consists of an examination of the role of language and communication in the Israeli-Arab conflict and an analysis of the intermingling of mass media and the state. In their introduction, the editors discuss each of the chapters under the guidance of a key question, namely, the significance of the studies presented for the profile of the Israeli society, on the one hand, and of the Israeli scholarship of these fields, on the other. Two concluding chapters are also included in this landmark volume, one by Joshua A. Fishman and one by Elihu Katz. Each author emphasizes what he thinks is of major importance to the future of the sociology of language and the sociology of communication. Language and Communication in Israel is an enlightening study of two growing fields. It is essential reading for scholars of linguistics and communications as well as for sociologists and Israeli studies specialists. Hanna Herzog is associate professor in the department of sociology at Tel-Aviv University. She is the author of Political Ethnicity, Contest of Symbols, Realistic Women, and Gendering Politics.


The last thirty years or so have brought a rapid shift toward institutionalization in the financial markets in the U.S., i.e., investment by mutual funds, pension funds, insurance companies, bank trust departments and the like. This paper focuses on the institutional role of the SEC as a seventy-five year old agency in a capital marketplace far different from that of the 1930's. A baseline question about the future of financial regulation in the U.S. is whether the SEC, with such a long and weighty legacy of law-making from a time when public markets were retail markets, is competitively fit to act as a regulator in a capital marketplace that is now so institutional and global. Part I asks whether there is a coherent theory or approach to retail investor protection in today's marketplace, either in terms of enforcement intensity or rule-making. This Part considers two very different contemporary challenges to SEC's orthodoxy: the emergence of the British "light touch" to securities industry regulation, which favors informal suasion to heavy-handed enforcement, and the expansion of knowledge about consumer and investor behavior from research in behavioral economics. Neither, it argues, maps well onto the SEC's mission. Part II then moves to the institutional marketplace for issuer securities and engages in a thought experiment about whether, as many assume, markets that have no appreciable retail participation should properly be governed as "antifraud only." This Part considers what antifraud-only means, and again expresses some skepticism about whether we can expect to see the development of private markets, largely free of regulation, that substitute for the public ones we observe today. Finally Part III takes up whether the SEC's regulatory orthodoxy is stable enough as markets become not only institutional but global. It suggests, contrary to what many believe, that globalization leads to increasingly territorial (rather than listings) based exercise of regulatory jurisdiction over issuer disclosure. It also places the SEC's recent initiatives toward mutual recognition in this context. The unifying theme in all three Parts stems from a long-standing interest in studying the behavior of the SEC: why it acts as and when it does and (often more importantly) what limits it imposes on itself or has imposed from outside.


The Pan-African Ambalavayal granite intrudes the high-grade metamorphic terrain of northern Kerala, South India and is spatially associated with the Moyar and Calicut lineaments. The pluton was aligned nearly parallel to the northeast–southwest and east–west faults in the basement, consistent with magma ascent along pre-existing deep-crustal lineaments in an extensional tectonic regime. The pluton is characterized by the presence of iron-rich hydrous mafic minerals, primary magnetite, fO2 above the Ni–NiO buffer and high initial emplacement temperatures near 1000 °C. Modal and textural analyses reveal two probable compositional zones within the pluton: outer and inner. Major element variations support this zoning and point to a peralkaline to metaluminous outer zone and a metaluminous to slightly peraluminous inner zone. Both zones exhibit major and trace element characteristics of the A-type granites with the outer zone belonging to the A1 subtype and the inner zone to the A2 subtype of Eby. The trace element trends observed from outer zone to the inner zone suggests that crystal fractionation may have been the dominant process in the generation of high levels of the incompatible elements in the case of inner zone samples. The high initial 87Sr/86Sr ratio (0.7135) and high Y/Nb ratios (Y/Nb > 1.2) are in the range expected for rocks derived from crustal protoliths. A petrogenetic model involving partial melting of a charnockitic, mafic to intermediate lower crust followed by limited fractional crystallization of the magma in a high-level magma chamber is proposed. The enrichment of HFSE and REE (except Eu) in the inner zone is considered the ultimate product of crystal–melt and volatile activity during the final stage of crystallization in a highly silicic (SiO2 > 74%) magma chamber.


Gliomas are the most common form of primary tumour of the central nervous system with a lethality rate approaching 80% in the first year of diagnosis. Their highly invasive nature renders local therapies such as surgery and radiation ineffective, whereas novel approaches such as immunotherapy are being actively studied as possible adjuncts in the treatment of patients with malignant gliomas. A number of factors have been proposed to play a role in glioma immune escape. These include their poor immunogenicity since they do not express specific glioma antigens; their location with in the CNS, which is
considered to be an immune-privileged organ and some indications that glioma cells are capable of releasing various immunosuppressive cytokines, which inhibit the cytotoxic function of T cells.
Glioma brain tumours differ from most other cancers by their diffusive invasion of the surrounding normal tissue and frequent recurrence following all forms of therapy. It is this invasive nature that ultimately contributes to their poor 6-12 month prognosis.
Because of their profound devastating effect much research is currently being carried out to investigate gliomas and it seems that the chemosensitivity of gliomas, i.e. the analysis of glioma response to a specific drug, is a focal point of developing treatment, and more recently an idea of prevention.
Tamoxifen is a member of the selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) family, is widely used in the treatment of estrogen receptor (ER)-expressing breast cancer. It has been shown that a high dose of Tamoxifen has cytotoxic activity against gliomas, but whether this effect is drug specific or represents a general property of SERMs is unknown.
Tamoxifen is considered to exert its anitproliferative effect in ER-positive breast cancer neoplasms through blocking the estrogen receptor, thus, inhibiting gene transcription and cellular proliferation. In vitro studies have shown that Tamoxifen can inhibit the growth of a brain tumour cell lines, but whether the mechanism involves oestrogen blockade remains a matter of some debate. As well as its effect in blocking estrogen receptors,
Tamoxifen is also known to exert antiproliferative effects via non-receptor mediated mechanisms including the blockage of Protein Kinase C, inhibition of the Mitogen-7 Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) family among a vast array of cellular signalling
pathways.
This study investigated the expression of sex steroid receptors in glioma cell lines using molecular biology technique (RT-PCR), and immunological tecimique (Dot blot, and Western blot). The cells were then separated in different groups of treatment (Tamoxifen, or estradiol and a combination of the two drugs) to obtain any differences in their
morphological characteristics, the COX-2 immunoreactivity levels, and the levels of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. The results showed a molecular expression of sex steroid receptors on the glioma cells, i finding that was later confirmed employing immunological techniques. The cells later showed significant differences on the treatment groups with the most changes obtaining on the projection (length and number) of the cells. The levels of COX-2 were higher on the treatment group (Tamoxifen) indicating more chances of tumour development in later stages. Furthermore, an increase of saturated fats in comparison with the unsaturated was shown in all the groups of treatment (Tamoxifen, estradiol, and Tamoxifen plus estradiol) but with no significant differences with the control group.
In conclusion, the results of this study showed an expression of Estrogen and Progesterone receptors on the glioma cell lines, as well as morphological differences with significant difference on the projection length and number of projections between the different treatments of drugs (Tamoxifen and estradiol). The tamoxifen treated cell lines showed an increased COX-2 immunoreactivity, and high levels of saturated fatty acids in comparison with the very low levels of the unsaturated fatty acids.


Shared freeform input is a technique for facilitating note taking across devices during a meeting. Laptop users enter text with a keyboard, whereas PDA and Tablet PC users input freeform ink with their stylus. Users can quickly reuse text and freeform ink already entered by others. We show how a new technique, freeform pasting, allowed us to deal with a variety of design issues such as quick and informal ink sharing, screen real estate, privacy and mixing ink-based and textual material.


This study investigates self-employment in South Africa focusing particularly on earnmgs differences among the self-employed. A large earnings gap is present among Blacks and Whites in self-employment and the study examines how much of this earnings gap is attributable to differences in observed characteristics of the self-employed, and how much derives from differences in the returns to these observed characteristics. I estimate earnings equations using data from the September 2004 Labour Force Survey and find that variables representing individual, household and employment characteristics of the self-employed are determining part of their earnings. Using the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition technique, I however, establish that only 55 percent of the earnings differential between Blacks and Whites in self-employment is attributable to differences in observed characteristics. The remainder of the earnings differential may reflect the effects of omitted (unobserved) characteristics, or it may reflect differences in the returns to observed characteristics. Different returns to endowments may be the results of discrimination among the self-employed, including consumer discrimination and discrimination in access to credit or product markets.


Timely identification of critical nodes is crucial for assessing network vulnerability and survivability. This thesis presents two new approaches for the identification of critical nodes in a network with the first being an intuition based approach and the second being build on a mathematical framework. The first approach which is referred to as the Combined Banzhaf & Diversity Index (CBDI) uses a newly devised diversity metric, that uses the variability of a node's attributes relative to its neighbours and the Banzhaf power index which characterizes the degree of participation of a node in forming the shortest path route. The Banzhaf power index is inspired from the theory of voting games in game theory whereas, the diversity index is inspired from the analysis and understanding of the influence of the average path length of a network on its performance. This thesis also presents a new approach for evaluating this average path length metric of a network with reduced computational complexity and proposes a new mechanism for reducing the average path length of a network for relatively larger network structures. The proposed average path length reduction mechanism is tested for a wireless sensor network and the results compared for multiple existing approaches. It has been observed using simulations that, the proposed average path length reduction mechanism outperforms existing approaches by reducing the average path length to a greater extent and with a simpler hardware requirement.

The second approach proposed in this thesis for the identification of critical nodes is build on a mathematical framework and it is based on suboptimal solutions of two optimization problems, namely the algebraic connectivity minimization problem and a min-max network utility problem. The former attempts to address the topological as- pect of node criticality whereas, the latter attempts to address its connection-oriented nature. The suboptimal solution of the algebraic connectivity minimization problem is obtained through spectral partitioning considerations. This approach leads to a distributed solution which is computationally less expensive than other approaches that exist in the literature and is near optimal, in the sense that it is shown through simulations to approximate a lower bound which is obtained analytically. Despite the generality of the proposed approaches, this thesis evaluates their performance on a wireless ad hoc network and demonstrates through extensive simulations that the proposed solutions are able to choose more critical nodes relative to other approaches, as it is observed that when these nodes are removed they lead to the highest degrada- tion in network performance in terms of the achieved network throughput, the average network delay, the average network jitter and the number of dropped packets.


Plagiarism has become a recurrent challenge in higher education institutions, threatening the integrity of universities and their academic standards. The exacerbation of this issue can be largely linked to the escalating presence of online resources, which are easily accessible to knowledge and information communities worldwide. Many universities have thus instituted reactive measures that focus on detecting and policing plagiarism with little consideration of proactive and educational measures that can address the primary reasons for plagiarism and foster a community of academic integrity on their campuses. The purpose of this paper is, therefore, to interrogate the treatment of plagiarism in universities, and provide recommendations for better educational approaches to address this issue in proactive ways that also acknowledge the complex, contextual background of the South African higher education landscape. Understanding the primary reasons students plagiarise is critical in finding educational rather than punitive solutions to address the issue.


The dependence of macroscopic radiation pressure on the velocity of the object being pushed is commonly attributed to the Doppler effect. This need not be the case, and here we highlight velocity-dependent radiation pressure terms that have their origins in the mixing of s and p polarizations brought about by the Lorentz transformation between the lab and the material rest frame, rather than in the corresponding transformation of frequency and wavevector. The theory we develop may be relevant to the nano-optomechanics of moving bodies.


Terminalia catappa Linn. known as Indian Almond tree (Ketapang) is a plant that potential as an antibacterial substance and widely used in aquaculture, in particular, the cultivation of ornamental fish. Ornamental fish that was used in this research was Siamese fighting fish (Betta sp.). One of the threats in Siamese fighting fish is a disease infection by bacteria such as Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. The T. catappa leaf is useful to prevent bacterial infection in Siamese fighting fish culture, because it has efficacy as an antibacterial. The purpose of this research was to know the effectiveness extract of ketapang leaf at concentrations of 500 ppm on the survival (0, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 hours) of Siamese fighting fish and profile blood (96 hours) after the test challenge by S. Typhi. The 500 ppm of liquid extract of T. catappa leaf was added to treatment group and compare with control. Randomize Designs Groups with three replications per groups was used in this research. First group as controls were divided into 3 controls sub-groupvis. The Siamese fighting fish without injecting (K-), Siamese fighting fish injected physiological saline (placebo) (KP), Siamese fighting fish injected bacteria (K+) and second group as treatments was also divided into 3 treatments sub-groupnamely groups, Siamese fighting fish with 500 ppm extract of ketapang leaf (PI), Siamese fighting fish with 500 ppm extract of ketapang leaf and physiological saline injected (placebo) (PII) and Siamese fighting fish with 500 ppm extract of ketapang leaf and injected bacteria S. Typhi (PIII). The results showed that the addition of 500 ppm extract of ketapang leaf, at the 0 and 96 hours for the control group and treatment group, there were no significance difference (p>0,05), however the survival rate was significantly difference (p<0,05) in K+ (64%) as compared with the level of passing Siamese fighting fish lives on K- (95%), followed by PI (94%), the PII (91%), PIII (91%) and KP (87%). It can be concluded that the effectiveness extract of ketapang leaf at a concentration of 500 ppm was useful to increase the survival rate of Siamese fighting fish post-injection but did not significantly affect blood profile of Siamese fighting fish.


PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to determine the susceptibility of human uveal melanoma cells to in vitro and in vivo natural killer (NK) cell-mediated cytolysis and to determine if NK cells influence metastasis from the eye.

METHODS
Four human uveal melanoma cell lines and one melanoma cell line derived from a metastatic lesion from a patient with uveal melanoma were tested for in vitro and in vivo NK cell-mediated lysis in a mouse model. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I antigen expression was evaluated by flow cytometry. The role of NK cells in controlling the metastasis of uveal melanoma cells from the eye to the liver was examined in nude mice.

RESULTS
Sensitivity to in vitro and in vivo lysis by human and murine NK cells was correlated with reduced expression of MHC class I antigens. Uveal melanoma lines expressing normal MHC class I antigen expression were insensitive to NK cell-mediated lysis, both in vitro and in vivo. Metastasis of uveal melanoma cells was inhibited by NK cell activity because disruption of in vivo NK function produced a sharp increase in the spontaneous metastasis of intraocular melanomas in nude mice.

CONCLUSIONS
There is considerable variation in the susceptibility of human uveal melanomas to NK cell-mediated cytolysis. Susceptibility is closely correlated with reduced expression of MHC class I antigen expression. Disruption of NK cell function significantly increases the development of hepatic metastases from human uveal melanoma cells.


Safety is often seen as a requirement or a performance indicator through the design process, andthis does not always result in optimally safe products or systems. This paper suggests integrating the best safety practices with the design process to enrich the exploration experience for designers and add extra values for customers. For this purpose, the commonly practiced safety standards and design methods have been reviewed and their common blocks have been merged forming Safety Cube. Safety Cube combines common blocks for design, hazard identification, risk assessment and risk reduction through an integral approach. An example application presents the use of Safety Cube for design of machinery.


Abstract The article argues that, historically, universities have served a select few individuals as part of modernist not transformative agenda. This highly selective process guarantees students good life. The article argues that university education helps to redress colonial inequities through creating opportunities for graduate employability. However, university education has also served conflicting roles of adhering to the global capitalist imperative and attempting to inculcate social inclusion in developing nations. The roles of university-based adult education is analyzed in terms of its curricula, teaching, and research to demonstrate that adult education serves officialdom and has strayed from the initial adult education focus of social transformation. Drawing some illustrations from the Department of Adult Education at the University of Botswana, the article argues that programs serve state interests through engaging in a neoliberal modernist curriculum that excludes the learners. Finally, it is suggested that adult education should rethink the curricula, strengthen civil society, and mobilize community for social transformation.


type="main" xml:lang="en"> This paper addresses the conflicting evidence on the role of accruals in debt pricing. We show that the two subcomponents of accruals quality, innate and discretionary accruals, both impact the debt pricing. Higher innate accruals increases cost of debt, consistent with the prior evidence ( Francis et al., 2005 ; Gray et al., 2009 ). However, we also find that higher discretionary accruals reduce the cost of debt. This contrasts with the prior evidence of a positive association between discretionary accruals and cost and debt ( Francis et al., 2005 ), and no association ( Gray et al., 2009 ). We show that noisy measurement of cost of debt reconciles these results.


Efficient and optimal prediction of frozen flow turbulence using the complete observation history of the wavefront sensor is an important issue in adaptive optics for large ground-based telescopes. At least for the sake of error budgeting and algorithm performance, the evaluation of an accurate estimate of the optimal performance of a particular adaptive optics configuration is important. However, due to the large number of grid points, high sampling rates, and the non-rationality of the turbulence power spectral density, the computational complexity of the optimal predictor is huge. This paper shows how a structure in the frozen flow propagation can be exploited to obtain a state-space innovation model with a particular sparsity structure. This sparsity structure enables one to efficiently compute a structured Kalman filter. By simulation it is shown that the performance can be improved and the computational complexity can be reduced in comparison with auto-regressive predictors of low order.


Abstract:The Summer 2019 Issue. Ploughshares is an award-winning journal of new writing. Since 1971, Ploughshares has discovered and cultivated the freshest voices in contemporary American literature, and remains prescient in the digital age by providing readers with thoughtful and entertaining literature in a variety of formats. Find out why the New York Times named Ploughshares "the Triton among minnows."As guest-editor Viet Thanh Nguyen writes in his introduction, "We need to work in environments with a diversity of people to make sure that the views of others who are different from us can check; likewise, we need literature written from a variety of perspectives and by a wide range of authors for the same reason—so that literature itself can demand that we see the world differently from how we normally might." Featuring new work from Roxane Gay, Elizabeth Strout, James Hannaham, Laila Lalami, Patricia Engel, and many others, the work in this issue is connected by the medley of voices framing contemporary literature.


Colloquial Tamil is easy to use and completely up to date! Specially written by experienced teachers for self-study or class use, the course offers a step-by-step approach to spoken Tamil. While emphasis is placed on colloquial spoken Tamil, you are given a useful introduction to formal speech and the written language as well. What makes Colloquial Tamil your best choice in personal language learning? * Emphasis on authentic conversational language * clear explanations on how to pronounce and write the language * helpful grammar notes and reference grammar * comprehensive vocabulary lists (Tamil-English and English-Tamil) * lively illustrations and fascinating cultural insights throughout. By the end of this rewarding course, you will be able to communicate confidently and effectively in Tamil in a broad range of everyday situations. These two 60-minute audio CDs complement the book. Recorded by native speakers, they will help you with your pronunciation and listening skills.


Nancy Scheper-Hughes is one of the most prominent critics of markets in human organs. Unfortunately, Scheper-Hughes rejects the view that markets should be used to solve the current (and chronic) shortage of transplant organs without engaging with the arguments in favour of them. Scheper-Hughes's rejection of such markets is of especial concern, given her influence over their future, for she holds, among other positions, the status of an adviser to the World Health Organization (Geneva) on issues related to global transplantation. Given her influence, it is important that Scheper-Hughes's moral condemnation of markets in human organs be subject to critical assessment. Such critical assessment, however, has not generally been forthcoming. A careful examination of Scheper-Hughes's anti-market stance shows that it is based on serious mischaracterisations of both the pro-market position and the medical and economic realities that underlie it. In this paper, the author will expose and correct these mischaracterisations and, in so doing, show that her objections to markets in human organs are unfounded.


Using auditory evoked potential (AEP) methods, a study was conducted on a harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) at the Dolfinarium Harderwijk in The Netherlands. The study measured the audible range of wind turbine sounds and their potential masking effects on the acoustic perception of the animal. AEPs were evoked with two types of acoustic stimuli: (1) click-type signals and (2) amplitude-modulated signals. The masking noise resembling the underwater sound emissions of an operational wind turbine was simulated. At first, the animal's hearing threshold was measured at frequencies between 0.7 and 16 kHz. Subsequently, these measurements were repeated at frequencies between 0.7 and 2.8 kHz in the presence of two different levels of masking noise. The resulting data show a masking effect of the simulated wind turbine sound at 128 dB re 1 µPa at 0.7, 1.0, and 2.0 kHz. This masking effect varied between 4.8 and 7.3 dB at those frequencies. No significant masking was measured at a masking level of 115 dB re 1 µPa. The available data indicate that the potential masking effect would be limited to short ranges in the open sea, but limitations exist to this conclusion and all estimates are based on existing turbine types, not taking into account future developments of larger and potentially noisier turbine types.


The Aim of this thesis research is to analyze the stock price valuation PT. Bukit Asam tbk (PTBA). PT. Bukit Asam tbk. (PTBA) is one of the largest companies in Indonesia which is engaged in the mining sector. Stock valuation analysis is a technique used by investors to get shares in a company's intrinsic value. Stock valuation is intended to determine whether the value of the company's stock price be overvalued or undervalued, and is the stock eligible for investor to invest. Analyze for stock price valuation is using 3 method among others Dividend Discount Model (DDM). Price Earning Ratio (PER), And Using Technical Analysis For projection in future, we calculate the growth of the company and required rate of return by investor (cost of equity). The result of this research as follow : The Intrinsic Value of PTBA using each DDM and PER method are Rp. 5850.88 And Rp. 10590.59, The Stock Price of PTBA in market at the end 2009 is Rp. 17250,- so that can be concluded that the market price of PTBA is overvalued,  Stochastic, MACD, and SMA help investor to know when have to buy or sell stock at the correct time to maximize their gain in profit. The conclusion of this research is that value of the price stock PT. Bukit Asam Tbk is overvalued. So investors are advised not to buy shares of  PT. Bukit Asam Tbk for long term anvestment.


Avian migration is recorded over long distances, but some species winter much closer to their breeding sites or do not migrate at all. Specifically, the family of gulls Laridae shows great within and among species variation in migration. However, the migration ecology of many gull species is still unknown, even for abundant and widespread species such as the Black-headed Gull Chroicocephalus ridibundus. Here, we aimed to map the migration of Black-headed Gulls using GPS-tracking data from eight birds from a declining colony at Griend in the Dutch Wadden Sea to study migration routes and timing as well as wintering habitat of these birds. Furthermore, we used this GPS-data and 199 colour-ring resightings of adult birds from the same colony to study their wintering locations and habitat. The GPS-tagged birds migrated away from the Dutch Wadden Sea between mid-September and late November. All migrated in western to south-western directions to wintering areas at 130 to 560 km from the breeding colony. The GPS-tagged individuals wintered in The Netherlands, France and the United Kingdom and migrated towards these wintering sites both diurnally and nocturnally. The data indicate that most movements over the North Sea were nocturnal, whereas most migratory movements over land were during the day. Colour-ring data showed that females wintered significantly further away than males. We found no indications for differences in timing of migration between males and females and also no sex-specific preference for nocturnal or diurnal migration. We argue that the hitherto undocumented prevalence of nocturnal sea crossings calls for a better assessment of the potential risks of offshore wind energy developments in the North Sea. As such, this and new GPS-tracking data of Black-headed Gulls can aid in the conservation of this common and widespread species by providing novel insights in migration behaviour and the connectivity between breeding and wintering grounds.


With the pressures that today's ecosystems are being placed under, from both environmental change and anthropogenic developments, the speed at which management decisions need to be made has increased. Coastal development means that estuaries are particularly affected and their characteristic species, like wading birds (Charadrii), are now experiencing worldwide declines. In such situations there is a need for predictive ecology to understand in advance how species might react to future changes.

This thesis looks into how we can use individual-based models (IBM) to make accurate predictions of how wading birds are affected by environmental change. Starting with previously validated models I show the importance of measuring size of invertebrates though an IBM investigation into regime shifts and wading birds responses. The models show that by altering their diet preferences, birds adapt to regime shifts in their prey but that this maintenance of population size masks the true changes in the system and limits the use of waders as direct bio-indicators of ecosystem health. Using the current literature, an analysis on empirical responses of wader populations to environmental change revealed the lack of comparability between studies and the scarcity of studies on small scale events.

Data from literature and fieldwork was used to develop a comparable suite of individual-based models for five UK estuaries with up to eleven wading bird species. These models were validated using current BTO Wetland Bird Surveys data to increase confidence in final results. Using these new models, investigations of population thresholds and environmental change were carried out. Increases to current populations revealed that several estuaries are no longer able to support the number of birds around the time of Special Protection Area designation. This, alongside higher populations currently seen since the years of designation, indicates the need for re-assessment of SPA species numbers. When looking at the impacts of two types of environmental change, habitat loss and sea-level rise, certain species declined predictably across sites whilst the individual make up of each estuary had particular impacts on some waders more than others.

The work of this thesis further indicates the great potential of using individual-based models to predict the effects of a wide range of environmental changes. With the new models and a quicker and systematic way of developing IBMs for additional areas, we can aid the conservation and management of estuarine systems for wading birds.


This paper describes a new type of high-power electrostatic motor based on skewed electrodes. The authors have developed several types of high-power electrostatic motors. Among them, Dual Excitation Multiphase Electrostatic Drive (DEMED) has the best performance in terms of power and its power/weight ratio is almost the same as those of the most advanced conventional electromagnetic motors. However, DEMED has large ripple of force and it leads to some defects such as low controllability, much noises and vibrations. To overcome those defects, the authors have proposed to apply skew technique to DEMED and have analyzed the effects of skewing electrodes. The analytical work have shown that the approptiate skewing can suppress the ripple of force considerably. In this paper, further analyses on the shape of electrodes are presented and a new type of motor depending on the analyses is fabricated and experimentd. Using the new DEMED with skewed electrodes, that is called V-DEMED, motion of the slider becomes much smoother, noises and vibrations become much smaller, and efficiency improves, without a lowering of thrust force.


The Finnish possessive suffix constitutes a perennial problem of Finnish syntax, debated, without resolution, for decades. The phenomenon has been approached from (at least) three different viewpoints. According to the first one, the possessive suffix constitutes a non-finite agreement marker, being regulated by phi-agreement (Agree in the current minimalist theory). The second hypothesis regards it as an anaphoric element, subject to binding theory and the binding conditions. The third analysis regards the possessive suffix as a mixed category, sometimes falling under agreement, other times under binding. All these analyses share a common ground in the claim that the possessive suffix must be ccommanded by its "antecedent", whether by agreement or by binding. In this article, we report anomalous data, which does not fall under any of these views: the possessive suffix need not, in fact, be c-commanded by its antecedent. We provide a descriptive account of these facts by stating that, under certain circumstances, a failed search for a c-commanding antecedent triggers a discourse search as a last resort. We then propose that these facts are indicative of the presence of a null pronominal, a non-finite pro, in close proximity of the possessive suffix. In addition, the possessive suffix is an agreement marker for the pro-element.


Abstract The origin of the secondary vortex street, observed in the far wake in the flow past a circular cylinder, is investigated. The Reynolds number, based on the diameter of the cylinder, is 150. The von Kármán vortex street, which originates in the near wake, decays exponentially downstream of the cylinder. Beyond the region of decay, a broad band of frequencies are selectively amplified, leading to the formation of a secondary vortex street consisting of packets of large-scale vortex structures. The streamwise location of the onset of the instability, frequency of the generation of packets and their convection speed are estimated via direct numerical simulation (DNS). Global linear stability analysis of the time-averaged flow reveals the presence of unstable convective modes that travel at almost the same speed and have a structure similar to the packet-like disturbances as observed in the DNS. Sensitivity analysis of the global convective modes to structural perturbations is carried out to locate the region of the wake that is most significant in generating the modes responsible for the appearance of the secondary vortex street. This information is utilized to control the flow. By placing a 'slip' splitter plate along the wake centre line, in the overlap region of the direct and the adjoint modes, the oscillations in the far wake are significantly reduced, though the oscillations related to the primary vortex shedding in the near wake are not. It is also found that suppression of the primary vortex shedding leads to annihilation of the secondary vortex street as well. Linear stability analysis of the steady-state flow does not yield any modes that can explain the appearance of the secondary vortex street. The steady and time-averaged wake profiles, for the $\mathit{Re}= 150$ flow, are compared to bring out the differences in the two. The effect of free-stream oscillations on the evolution of the secondary vortex street is investigated. By reducing the amplitude of inlet excitation, a gradual transition from ordered shedding in the far wake to the appearance of a broad-band spectrum of frequencies, as in the unforced wake, is observed. All the computations have been carried out using a stabilized finite element method.


This thesis is an examination of the evidence for
Dark-age and Viking-age pottery in the Hebrides. A
brief discussion of current knowledge of Hebridean ceramics
shows how unusually ceramic-rich this area is in comparison
with the rest of Scotland and much of the British Isles.
But the Dark Age and Viking Age in the Hebrides and the
pottery of those periods are very poorly known. The
excavation of one major settlement site, the TJdal on
North Uist, by I.A. Crawford, has allowed examination of
stratified pottery groups of the period from c. 400 AD.
to c. 1100 A.D. The stratigraphy, structures and chronology
of this site are described briefly. The problems and
methods involved in analysing a large handmade pottery
assemblage are discussed in some detail. The stratified
pottery from the Udal is described and the characteristic
features of both Dark-age and Viking-age pottery assemblages
are defined. Pottery from other sites in the Hebrides is
then discussed and a series of sites with similar Dark-age
pottery is listed. No close parallels have been found
for this pottery outside the area. The Hebridean sites
with Viking-age pottery are then described and pottery
from other areas is examined in order to define the
geographic range of this style. Close similarities can
be seen with Souterrain Ware assemblages in northern
Ireland and possibly with assemblages in the Faroes.
This evidence suggests that the Dark-age
style developed from the local Iron-age ceramics.
The Viking-age style may indicate influence from Ireland
and the interaction of Norse and native peoples in
Scotland or Ireland. Further research, systematic
fieldwork and excavation are now required to examine
these hypotheses.


Increased human activity in the Arctic calls for accurate and reliable weather predictions. This study presents an intercomparison of operational and/or high-resolution models in an attempt to establish a baseline for present-day Arctic short-range forecast capabilities for near-surface weather (pressure, wind speed, temperature, precipitation, and total cloud cover) during winter. One global model [the high-resolution version of the ECMWF Integrated Forecasting System (IFS-HRES)], and three high-resolution, limited-area models [Applications of Research to Operations at Mesoscale (AROME)-Arctic, Canadian Arctic Prediction System (CAPS), and AROME with Météo-France setup (MF-AROME)] are evaluated. As part of the model intercomparison, several aspects of the impact of observation errors and representativeness on the verification are discussed. The results show how the forecasts differ in their spatial details and how forecast accuracy varies with region, parameter, lead time, weather, and forecast system, and they confirm many findings from mid- or lower latitudes. While some weaknesses are unique or more pronounced in some of the systems, several common model deficiencies are found, such as forecasting temperature during cloud-free, calm weather; a cold bias in windy conditions; the distinction between freezing and melting conditions; underestimation of solid precipitation; less skillful wind speed forecasts over land than over ocean; and difficulties with small-scale spatial variability. The added value of high-resolution limited area models is most pronounced for wind speed and temperature in regions with complex terrain and coastlines. However, forecast errors grow faster in the high-resolution models. This study also shows that observation errors and representativeness can account for a substantial part of the difference between forecast and observations in standard verification.


India's crop insurance program is the world's largest with 25 million farmers insured. Yet 85 million farmer households are not covered. Issues in design, particularly related to delays in claims settlements, explain the low coverage. To address these problems, the World Bank provided actuarial inputs, engaged in policy dialogue, and facilitated the launch of an innovative crop insurance program that will improve equity, risk mitigation, and claims settlement for farmers; provide tools for budget management and agricultural policy for government; and open up the market for public- and private-sector insurers and reinsurers. Initially, the program will be available to an estimated 8 to 10 million farmers, of whom 3 million are expected to participate in the first year with a total sum insured in excess of $1 billion. Over time, this project could be scaled up to be available to India's 110 million farmers. This smart lesson describes lessons learned in developing and implementing the crop insurance program.


Investment poured into Barcelona for the Olympics in 1992. There was so much construction and renovation that for the four year run up to the big event, tourists were not able to see many of the famous monuments. It could have been the perfect opportunity for Barcelona to select and promote environmentally friendly urban planning. Here we analyse the situation leading up to the occasion, exploring the reasons why this was not to be. We go on to look at how the community has succeeded in demanding that environmental issues be taken on board actively in city planning policy in the light of Local Agenda 21. We see how cooperation between unions, residents associations, Non Governmental Organisations (NGO's) and the council have managed to approach and tackle serious environmental issues in a kind of partnership which could serve as an example for future challenges towards a new democratic model of active participation.


The 7.8 angstrom crystal structure of the 70S ribosome reveals a discrete double-helical bridge (B4) that projects from the 50S subunit, making contact with the 30S subunit. Preliminary modeling studies localized its contact site, near the bottom of the platform, to the binding site for ribosomal protein S15. Directed hydroxyl radical probing from iron(II) tethered to S15 specifically cleaved nucleotides in the 715 loop of domain II of 23S ribosomal RNA, one of the known sites in 23S ribosomal RNA that are footprinted by the 30S subunit. Reconstitution studies show that protection of the 715 loop, but none of the other 30S-dependent protections, is correlated with the presence of S15 in the 30S subunit. The 715 loop is specifically protected by binding free S15 to 50S subunits. Moreover, the previously determined structure of a homologous stem-loop from U2 small nuclear RNA fits closely to the electron density of the bridge.


When eighteenth-century American men described "with a swelling of the heart" their friendships with other men, addressing them as "lovely boy" and "dearly beloved," celebrating the "ardent affection" that knit their hearts in "indissoluble bonds of fraternal love," their families, neighbors, and acquaintances would have been neither surprised nor disturbed. Richard Godbeer's groundbreaking new book examines loving and sentimental friendships among men in the colonial and revolutionary periods. Inspired in part by the eighteenth-century culture of sensibility and in part by religious models, these relationships were not only important to the personal happiness of those involved but also had broader social, religious, and political significance. Godbeer shows that in the aftermath of Independence, patriots drafted a central place for male friendship in their social and political blueprint for the new republic. American revolutionaries stressed the importance of the family in the era of self-government, reimagining it in ways appropriate to a new and democratized era. They thus shifted attention away from patriarchal authority to a more egalitarian model of brotherly collaboration. In striving to explore the inner emotional lives of early Americans, Godbeer succeeds in presenting an entirely fresh perspective on the personal relationships and political structures of the period. Scholars have long recognized the importance of same-sex friendships among women, but this is the first book to examine the broad significance ascribed to loving friendships among men during this formative period of American history. Using an array of personal and public writings, The Overflowing of Friendship will transform our understanding of early American manhood as well as challenge us to reconsider the ways we think about gender in this period.


During the last decades more than 100 000 new chemicals have been introduced to the environment. Many of these new chemicals and many common consumer products that include these have been shown to be toxic in animal studies and an increasing body of evidence suggests that they are also impacting human health. Among the suspect chemicals, the endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are of particular concern. One such chemical group is the phthalates, used in soft poly vinyl chloride (PVC) material and in a huge number of consumer products. During the same period of time that the prevalence of these modern chemicals has increased, there has been a remarkable increase in several chronic illnesses, including asthma and allergy in children. In this article we outline the scientific knowledge on phthalate exposure for asthma and airway diseases in children by examining epidemiological and experimental peer review data for potential explanatory mechanisms. Epidemiological data point to a possible correlation between phthalate exposure and asthma and airway diseases in children. Experimental studies present support for an adjuvant effect on basic mechanisms in allergic sensitization by several phthalates. Despite variations in the experimental design and reported result in the individual studies, a majority of published reports have identified adjuvant effects on Th2 differentiation, production of Th2 cytokines and enhanced levels of Th2 promoted immunoglobulins (mainly IgG1 but also IgE) in mice. A limited amount of data do also suggest phthalate-induced enhancement of mast cell degranulation and eosinophilic infiltration which are important parts in the early inflammation phase. Thus, some of the early key mechanisms in the pathology of allergic asthma could possibly be targeted by phthalate exposure. But the important questions of clinical relevance of real life exposure and identification of molecular targets that can explain interactions largely remain to be answered.


Impulse-based Ultra Wideband (UWB) radio technology has recently gained significant research attention for various indoor ranging, sensing and communications applications due to the large amount of allocated bandwidth and desirable properties of UWB signals (e.g., improved timing resolution or multipath fading mitigation). However, most of the applications have focused on indoor environments where the UWB channel is characterized by tens to hundreds of resolvable multipath components. Such environments introduce tremendous complexity challenges to traditional radio designs in terms of signal detection and synchronization. Additionally, the extremely wide bandwidth and shared nature of the medium means that UWB receivers must contend with a variety of interference sources. Traditional interference mitigation techniques are not amenable to UWB due to the complexity of straight-forward translations to UWB bandwidths. Thus, signal detection, synchronization and interference mitigation are open research issues that must be met in order to exploit the potential benefits of UWB systems. This thesis seeks to address each of these three challenges by first examining and accurately characterizing common approaches borrowed from spread spectrum and then proposing new methods which provide an improved trade-off between complexity and performance.


Long-read sequencing technologies enable high-quality, contiguous genome assemblies. Here we used SMRT sequencing to assemble the genome of a Drosophila simulans strain originating from Madagascar, the ancestral range of the species. We generated 8 Gb of raw data (~50× coverage) with a mean read length of 6,410 bp, a NR50 of 9,125 bp and the longest subread at 49 kb. We benchmarked six different assemblers and merged the best two assemblies from Canu and Falcon. Our final assembly was 127.41 Mb with a N50 of 5.38 Mb and 305 contigs. We anchored more than 4 Mb of novel sequence to the major chromosome arms, and significantly improved the assembly of peri-centromeric and telomeric regions. Finally, we performed full-length transcript sequencing and used this data in conjunction with short-read RNAseq data to annotate 13,422 genes in the genome, improving the annotation in regions with complex, nested gene structures.


Alimony: An Anomaly in Family Social Science* One area of family law that has generated considerable public discourse but has received relatively little attention in the social science literature is the awarding of alimony. Because of the paucity of research in this area, we are left with little information about the impact of these support awards and payments on the emotional and economic dynamics between former spouses. In this article, we outline key issues associated with spousal support and call for research on the implications of this neglected aspect of domestic relations. Key Words: alimony, divorce, family, law, spouse, support. Legal scholars have long noted that few aspects of the law, especially in terms of application, can be neatly categorized as either black or white. Rather, the majority of laws, based upon judicial precedent and interpretation, tend to fall into a wide gray area subject to circumstance and changing social mores. Perhaps this chameleon-like character of our legal doctrines is most apparent in domestic law, particularly marital dissolution and spousal-child support. As Foote (1966) noted decades ago: There is scarcely any branch of family law that illustrates more graphically the characteristic gap between the law on the books and the law in action than the enforcement of support. Troublesome as are some of the legal doctrines, they barely give an inkling of the practical difficulties that lie beneath the surface. (p. 936) This article focuses on one of the more controversial and emotional outcomes of marital dissolution, the awarding of alimony. This type of post-divorce reallocation of assets also is referred to by a variety of other terms, including separate maintenance, spousal support, and compensatory payment. Reliable information on the prevalence of alimony is difficult to obtain. The most accurate national data come from the U.S. Bureau of the Census (2000). In relative terms, alimony awards are currently-and have historically been-rare in the United States. The proportion of divorces in which it has been awarded has seldom exceeded 15% (Kelly & Fox, 1993). In absolute terms, however, alimony awards take on more significance. Given that more than one million divorces have occurred in the United States every year for the past 20 years, the annual number of marriages affected would reach at least 150,000. When children as well as their divorced parents are included, the individuals involved could be several times higher. Because the types of alimony and the amounts typically awarded vary considerably from state to state according to existing statutes, local customs, and extent of migratory divorce, among other factors, estimating the true incidence and significance of alimony is extremely difficult. Our purpose is to outline key issues associated with spousal support and to raise a number of questions with respect to the social consequences and implications of such awards for families. We provide an overview of the historical background and current knowledge concerning alimony. Although noticeable progress has been made in illuminating the postdivorce transfer of economic resources, especially with respect to child support, we still need to reckon with Foote's (1966) observation that we lack major scientific investigations designed to determine the complexities and social consequences of alimony. For example, what are the consequences when husbands are jailed for failure to make court-ordered payments? Do alimony decisions have different outcomes in community property states? The vast majority of documented information on this topic comes from the legal literature. In recent years, there also have been several Internet sites dealing with this topic that provide advice and information to the general public. Studies of the consequences of alimony are rare in the social sciences. Indeed, one could argue that the social science literature in this area is almost nonexistent (Kelly & Fox, 1993). …


Online higher education continues to grow, yet its high dropout rates remain a pressing and complex problem. This article presents a scoping review of the recent literature on the theme, focusing on dropout definitions, concepts, and models, study domains and themes, methodological approaches, and findings. A search of relevant databases yielded 138 articles and dissertations. Findings reveal a complex yet disorganized field, lacking standard definitions and models. The bulk of current research is focused on risk factors; the most important ones were course and program factors (student support), student factors (motivation, time management skills, and satisfaction), and environmental factors (time- and financial-related issues). Future research should strive to achieve greater consistency in terminology, methods, and measurement, develop new intervention strategies and produce reliable effectiveness information. Further implications of these findings for future dropout research and the limitations of the study are discussed.


Beneath the modern city of Philadelphia lie countless clues to its history and the lives of residents long forgotten. This intriguing book explores eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Philadelphia through the findings of archaeological excavations, sharing with readers the excitement of digging into the past and reconstructing the lives of earlier inhabitants of the city. Urban archaeologist Rebecca Yamin describes the major excavations that have been undertaken since 1992 as part of the redevelopment of Independence Mall and surrounding areas, explaining how archaeologists gather and use raw data to learn more about the ordinary people whose lives were never recorded in history books. Focusing primarily on these unknown citizens--an accountant in the first Treasury Department, a coachmaker whose clients were politicians doing business at the State House, an African American founder of St. Thomas's African Episcopal Church, and others--Yamin presents a colorful portrait of old Philadelphia. She also discusses political aspects of archaeology today--who supports particular projects and why, and what has been lost to bulldozers and heedlessness. Digging in the City of Brotherly Love tells the exhilarating story of doing archaeology in the real world and using its findings to understand the past.