An important mechanism contributing to cell cholesterol efflux is aqueous transfer in which cholesterol diffuses from cells into the aqueous phase and becomes incorporated into an acceptor particle. Some compounds can enhance diffusion by acting as shuttles transferring cholesterol to cholesterol acceptors, which act as cholesterol sinks. We have examined whether particles in serum can enhance cholesterol efflux by acting as shuttles. This task was accomplished by incubating radiolabeled J774 cells with increasing concentrations of lipoprotein-depleted sera (LPDS) or components present in serum as shuttles and a constant amount of LDL, small unilamellar vesicles, or red blood cells (RBC) as sinks. Synergistic efflux was measured as the difference in fractional efflux in excess of that predicted by the addition of the individual efflux values of sink and shuttle alone. Synergistic efflux was obtained when LPDS was incubated with cells and LDL. When different components of LPDS were used as shuttles, albumin produced synergistic efflux, while apoA-I did not. A synergistic effect was also obtained when RBC was used as the sink and albumin as shuttle. The previously observed negative association of albumin with coronary artery disease might be linked to reduced cholesterol shuttling that would occur when serum albumin levels are low.


Background: This study examined possible income differences in the impact of a national reimbursement policy for smoking cessation treatment and accompanying media attention in the Netherlands in 2011. Methods: We used three waves of the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Netherlands Survey, a nationally representative longitudinal sample of smokers aged 15 years and older (n = 1912). The main analyses tested trends and income differences in outcome measures (smokers' quit attempt rates, use of behavioral counseling, use of cessation medications, and quit success) and awareness variables (awareness of reimbursement possibilities, the media campaign, medications advertisements and other media attention) with generalized estimating equations analyses. Results: In the first half of 2011, there was a significant increase in quit attempts (odds ratio (OR) = 2.02, p < 0.001) and quit success (OR = 1.47, p < 0.001). Use of counseling and medications remained stable at 3% of all smokers in this period. Awareness of reimbursement possibilities increased from 11% to 42% (OR = 6.38, p < 0.001). Only awareness of the media campaign was associated with more quit attempts at the follow-up survey (OR = 1.95, p < 0.001). Results were not different according to smokers' income level. Conclusions: The Dutch reimbursement policy with accompanying media attention was followed by an increase in quit attempts and quit success, but use of cessation treatment remained stable. The impact of the policy and media attention did not seem to have decreased or increased socioeconomic inequalities in quit attempts, use of cessation treatment, or quit success. © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.


This essay demonstrates that U.S. courts apply two mutually inconsistent models in cases where individual litigants raise claims or defenses on the basis of treaties. I refer to these as the nationalist and transnationalist models of treaty enforcement. As applied to the Geneva Conventions, the transnationalist model holds that: the Geneva Conventions have the status of law in the United States; courts should interpret the Conventions in accordance with international law; the Conventions protect individual rights; and it is the judiciary's responsibility to provide remedies for individuals whose treaty rights are violated. In contrast, the nationalist model holds that: the Geneva Conventions lack domestic legal force in the absence of implementing legislation; courts should interpret the Conventions in accordance with executive branch policy preferences; the Conventions do not create individually enforceable rights; and it is not the judiciary's responsibility to provide remedies for violations of the Geneva Conventions. The essay has three objectives. First, it provides a conceptual overview of the distinction between the nationalist and transnationalist models. Second, it illustrates the application of the two models by reference to recent judicial decisions implicating the Geneva Conventions. The analysis shows that U.S. courts have applied both models in Geneva Convention cases, even though the two models are mutually inconsistent. Third, the essay shows that the transnationalist model has deep historical roots, dating back to the eighteenth century, whereas the emergence of the nationalist model is largely a post-World War II development. This essay does not present original historical analysis: it merely summarizes the historical analysis developed by this author and other scholars in previous publications.


A great deal of information has come to light over the past several decades about the role of arbitration between the Greek states. Arbitration and mediation were, in fact, central institutions in Hellenistic public life. In this comprehensive study, Sheila Ager brings together the scattered body of literary and epigraphical sources on arbitration, together with up-to-date bibliographic references, and commentary. The sources collected here range widely; Ager presents an exhaustive record of documents ranging from the settlement of a minor territorial squabble between two tiny city-states to the resolution of major conflicts separating the great powers of the day. In addition, Ager's introduction sets the documents in historical context and outlines distinctions among categories of arbitration. The work also includes indices to literary passages, inscriptions, persons, places, subjects, and Greek and Latin terms in the documents. This collection of many previously inaccessible texts will become a primary resource for any scholar or student working in the field of Hellenistic history.


The Arctic Ocean receives a net freshwater input from land and from the atmosphere. This flux of freshwater, along with net surface heat loss, acts to transform the water mass properties of inflowing Atlantic and Pacific waters. In this study, model simulations are used to quantify the Arctic water mass transformation in salinity and temperature space, and its explained variance due to variability in the largest freshwater source to the Arctic: river runoff. This explained variance is quantified using a novel tool, the seasonal climate response function, which describes the magnitude and time scale of adjustment to a runoff perturbation at monthly resolution. Using this method, the transient response of Arctic water mass transformation is reconstructed over time scales ranging from several months to a decade. Model simulations with variable runoff indicate a significant explained model variance of several terms contributing to salinity transformation, including diffusion, the formation and melt of sea ice, and a possibly model‐dependent surface salinity‐restoring term. Most notably, an increase in river runoff strengthens the diffusion of salt and heat, which ultimately leads to an increase in the advective salt and heat import into the Arctic. These results provide evidence for the potential predictability of the Arctic system based on variability in river runoff.


Epoetin beta is a recombinant human glycoprotein used to correct anemia in dialysis patients. When administered with dosing 30 000 to 60 000 IU per week, epoetin beta has recently shown an interest in prevention and treatment of anemia induced by cancer chemotherapy in adults with solid and liquid tumors. The development of a sensitive and specific analytical method is necessary to individualize and optimize treatments in non-responding patients, and in responders to determine effective maintenance doses. We have developed a new strategy based on mass spectrometric analysis of epoetin beta isolated after depletion of major human plasma proteins, and digested by trypsin before chemical labelling used for quantification. The first step of enrichment of epoetin beta from human plasma uses affinity chromatography to remove the seven major plasma proteins (HU-7, Agilent Technologies). Epoetin beta enriched fraction is desalted and purified by reversed phase chromatography before tryptic proteolysis. To quantify the erythropoietin, tryptic peptides obtained are labelled on lysine residues (68.03 Da increment). Epoetin beta tryptic peptides labelled by the same reagent bearing an isotopic label (72.06 Da increment) are used as internal standards for absolute quantification. In a first development phase, analysis was made in MALDI ionization mode. Analysis with an ESI-Q-TOF spectrometer identified three labelled peptides, one of which was used for quantification. This quantitative analysis strategy has two major interests, because it does not require a synthetic labelled reference peptide and this methodology can be used for the analysis of other plasma protein drugs.


In the fall of 2011, I was appointed to the Chair of Religious Studies in the Department of Religious Studies and Theology in the Faculty of Humanities. As I soon realized, my appointment occurred amid major transitions regarding the institutionalization of the study of religion at Utrecht University. This is part of a broader trend of renegotiating the space between 'theology' and 'religious studies'. This trend echoes a wider process of 'unchurching': as the number of students of theology declines nationwide, religion in new and unexpected guises has become both a hot item and an intriguing socio-cultural and political phenomenon. Over the past year, as part of the process of adapting to my new post, I have grappled with these complicated institutional transformations.


Monitoring and discriminating co-epidemic diseases and pests at regional scales are of practical importance in guiding differential treatment. A combination of vegetation and environmental parameters could improve the accuracy for discriminating crop diseases and pests. Different diseases and pests could cause similar stresses and symptoms during the same crop growth period, so combining growth period information can be useful for discerning different changes in crop diseases and pests. Additionally, problems associated with imbalanced data often have detrimental effects on the performance of image classification. In this study, we developed an approach for discriminating crop diseases and pests based on bi-temporal Landsat-8 satellite imagery integrating both crop growth and environmental parameters. As a case study, the approach was applied to data during a period of typical co-epidemic outbreak of winter wheat powdery mildew and aphids in the Shijiazhuang area of Hebei Province, China. Firstly, bi-temporal remotely sensed features characterizing growth indices and environmental factors were calculated based on two Landsat-8 images. The synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) algorithm was used to resample the imbalanced training data set before model construction. Then, a back propagation neural network (BPNN) based on a new training data set balanced by the SMOTE approach (SMOTE-BPNN) was developed to generate the regional wheat disease and pest distribution maps. The original training data set-based BPNN and support vector machine (SVM) methods were used for comparison and testing of the initial results. Our findings suggest that the proposed approach incorporating both growth and environmental parameters of different crop periods could distinguish wheat powdery mildew and aphids at the regional scale. The bi-temporal growth indices and environmental factors-based SMOTE-BPNN, BPNN, and SVM models all had an overall accuracy high than 80%. Meanwhile, the SMOTE-BPNN method had the highest G-means among the three methods. These results revealed that the combination of bi-temporal crop growth and environmental parameters is essential for improving the accuracy of the crop disease and pest discriminating models. The combination of SMOTE and BPNN could effectively improve the discrimination accuracy of the minor disease or pest.


The present study was undertaken to examine the positions of Spanish health professionals on a variety of bioethical issues and to determine the relationships between these positions and the professionals' religious beliefs and political views. The study sample consisted of 50 individuals randomly selected from a database of Spanish health professionals who had received solid training in bioethics. A structured questionnaire was designed that contained six closed questions on positions on biomedical advances and science and biotechnology (eugenics, use of nonimplanted embryos for experimental purposes, human cloning, and the idea that science should have limits) and the respondents' sociopolitical and religious views, and assessment scales were developed for the responses. The distribution of the responses was subjected to statistical analysis using analysis of variance (ANOVA). For the items with responses scored on a Likert scale, the positions taken were moderately adverse, and the vast majority of respondents believed that there should be limits to science. Religious convictions had greater influence on the responses than political orientation. There was evidence that liberal beliefs corresponded with what the authors consider to be more progressive ideas about the bioethics issues addressed in the study. The important questions of bioethics require an interdisciplinary approach and a combination of state and private-sector action to strengthen the links between religion and science, keep general knowledge up to date, and properly train biotechnology professionals.


Acute kidney injury (AKI) is defined as a rapid loss of renal function resulting from various etiologies, with a mortality rate exceeding 60% among intensive care patients. Because conventional treatments have failed to alleviate this condition, the development of regenerative therapies using human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) presents a promising new therapeutic option for AKI. We describe our methodology for generating renal progenitors from hiPSCs that show potential in ameliorating AKI. We established a multistep differentiation protocol for inducing hiPSCs into OSR1+SIX2+ renal progenitors capable of reconstituting three‐dimensional proximal renal tubule‐like structures in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, we found that renal subcapsular transplantation of hiPSC‐derived renal progenitors ameliorated the AKI in mice induced by ischemia/reperfusion injury, significantly suppressing the elevation of blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels and attenuating histopathological changes, such as tubular necrosis, tubule dilatation with casts, and interstitial fibrosis. To our knowledge, few reports demonstrating the therapeutic efficacy of cell therapy with renal lineage cells generated from hiPSCs have been published. Our results suggest that regenerative medicine strategies for kidney diseases could be developed using hiPSC‐derived renal cells.


ABSTRACT Community-based legal aid (CBLA) has been promoted as a promising intervention to reach rural marginalized populations who face barriers to accessing formal legal services and is increasingly implemented with the specific goal of protecting women's rights. This study evaluates the impact of a twelve-month CBLA program in northwestern Tanzania on intrahousehold gender relations using a clustered-randomized control trial across 139 villages. Among 1,219 women, the study finds those in treatment villages are more likely to refer others to paralegals for a variety of domestic issues; however, there are no measureable impacts on aggregate knowledge of marital law, intrahousehold decision making, or reported experience of twelve-month intimate partner violence. These overall results are robust to a number of other sensitivity analyses, including accounting for spillovers, attrition bounds, and modeling choices. While these results indicate limited potential for intrahousehold and gender-progressive change, program duration and intensity likely affected measurable positive impacts.


A longitudinal study of the social processes of organizational sensemaking suggests that they unfold in four distinct forms: guided, fragmented, restricted, and minimal. These forms result from the degree to which leaders and stakeholders engage in "sensegiving"—attempts to influence others' understandings of an issue. Each of the four forms of organizational sensemaking is associated with a distinct set of process characteristics that capture the dominant pattern of interaction. They also each result in particular outcomes, specifically, the nature of the accounts and actions generated.


This report presents the major findings from the three-year Australian, Child Protection and Mothers in Substance Abuse Treatment study.

Parental substance use has received particular attention as a child protection concern in recent years, but it is an area in which there has been little research and in which a number of research questions remain unanswered. Evidence has shown that parental substance misuse is associated with high rates of child maltreatment, but substance use by a parent does not necessarily mean that they are abusing or neglecting their children. Research from overseas has also found that families in which alcohol or other drug use is present are more likely to come to the attention of child protection services, more likely to be re-reported, more likely to have children removed from their care, and more likely to have them remain in out-of-home care (OOHC) for long periods of time, than are families with the same characteristics but no substance use. A small number of overseas studies have also found that, among substance-using mothers, factors other than the severity of substance use are associated with child protection involvement. The applicability of these overseas studies to the child protection system in Australia is, however, unknown.

This study provides an enhanced understanding of parenting issues and child protection involvement among women with a history of illicit drug use in Australia.

Methods: Women with at least one child aged under 16 years were recruited through nine public and private opioid treatment clinics across Sydney. One hundred and seventy-one women were interviewed between May 2009 and May 2010. Their drug treatment and child protection records were also used as a source of information where they consented.

Major findings: Just over one-third of the women were involved with child protection services at the time of interview, with one-third of their children (n = 99) in OOHC.

Women who were involved with child protection were compared with those who were not to determine the factors associated with child protection involvement. Logistic regression analysis revealed that those variables which significantly increased the likelihood of being involved with child protection (while controlling for the other variables) were: (1) having a greater number of children, (2) being on psychiatric medication, and (3) having less than daily contact with their own parents. Although women who had a more extensive substance use history were more likely to be involved with child protection (when no other factors were taken into account), this association was no longer significant in the logistic regression model.

Other findings: Consistent with previous research on this population, these women were highly disadvantaged, having little formal education (median 10 years), tending to be single (32.4% married or de facto), on government benefits (87.1%), experiencing financial problems (80.6%) and living in public housing (58.3%). The women had extensive substance use and drug and alcohol treatment histories, again consistent with previous research. A significant number also had mental health problems (54.2% had been recently diagnosed with a psychiatric illness), had a history of criminal involvement (41.9% had prison history) and had some type of physical or sexual abuse as a child (64.5% reported this), with sexual abuse the most common (55.4%). Recent domestic violence was less common (18.0% had recently taken out an apprehended violence order).

Since starting on the New South Wales Opioid Treatment Program (OTP), the women reported improvements in a number of areas, again consistent with previous research. Reductions in substance use, criminal involvement, number of problem areas and time spent with illicit drug-using friends (along with improvements in parenting ability, financial situation and sources of support) were reported by the women since starting on the OTP. Heroin use reduced markedly, both in the number reporting any heroin use in the past month (from 88.3% to 21.6%) and in the number of times used (27.6 to 5.6 days per month). Despite these improvements, women involved with child protection stayed no longer on the OTP than women who were not.

Women generally chose to enter the OTP, and many did so for child-related reasons. Women who were currently involved with child protection services reported receiving more services through the program than did the women who were not involved, the services most commonly received being counselling, legal assistance and childcare. Women who were being treated through public programs were more likely to have a caseworker than women at private programs.

Most of the women were young when they had their first child, the median age being 21 years, much lower than the median age of first-time mothers across Australia (28 years). More than one-third (39%) were teenagers when they had their first child. Surprisingly, 38% of the women in the study started using opioids after they had had their first child.

The women mostly gave birth to two children. One in five of their children were reported to have major health or behavioural problems, and these children were much more likely to be in OOHC.

Many of the women were single (41.8% were not in a relationship) and most were either the only adult living in their household (46.8%) or lived alone (11.7%). They were more likely to spend time with family than with anyone else and particularly relied on their family for help with their children. Support from their parents was particularly important to these women.

Most lived in public housing (58.3%) and they appear to be less trusting of neighbours and feel less safe in their community than do other women, even those living in disadvantaged areas.

The majority of the 99 children in OOHC at the time of interview were in kinship or relative care, generally living with their grandparents. Younger children were more likely to be in care than were older children. Many of the children in care (42%) had been removed from their mother at birth and placed in OOHC, and this was even more likely among the younger children (73% of those under five years of age had been removed at birth). Children placed in foster care had less contact with their mother than those living with relatives and were more likely to have supervised contact visits.

Another 57 children were not living with their mother because of Family Court orders or informal arrangements for family to care for their children.

Around one-third of the women (31.7%) reported having undertaken a parenting course, with those involved with child protection (most of whom had children in care) significantly more likely to have done so. Although half the women acknowledged that their parenting was adversely affected by their substance use, many also reported that they went to great lengths to keep their children unaware of their substance use and/or their being in pharmacological treatment.

Half the women (52.1%) said that their substance use had affected their ability to parent their children, while slightly less than half (45.5%) said that it had not. Where substance use had not affected their parenting, women reported that they had always prioritised their children's needs and only used substances when the children were being cared for by family.

Discussion: The results of this study are important for the child protection field. They show that, rather than severity of substance use being associated with mothers' involvement with the child protection system, other factors are of greater importance. Of particular interest was the finding that having greater social support, particularly from parents, significantly reduced the likelihood of being involved with the child protection system. Women made great improvements while on their treatment program, particularly in relation to reduced substance use.

In terms of policy and practice implications, this study supports the call by overseas researchers to intervene earlier with girls who have been abused themselves prior to the escalation of problems associated with abuse, such as mental health problems and substance misuse, and prior to them becoming mothers. The provision of targeted women-only services is essential for girls in such circumstances, and for most women in opioid pharmacological treatment, in order to help them deal with their mental health problems and to enhance parenting, coping skills and social supports. It is important that such services are provided if we are to reduce the high rates of intergenerational abuse, trauma and disadvantage among these women and their children.


We derive eigenvalue beamformers to resolve an unknown signal of interest whose spatial signature lies in a known subspace, but whose orientation in that subspace is otherwise unknown. The unknown orientation may be fixed, in which case the signal covariance is rank-1, or it may be random, in which case the signal covariance is multirank. We present a systematic treatment of such signal models and explain their relevance for modeling signal uncertainties. We then present a multirank generalization of the MVDR beamformer. The idea is to minimize the power at the output of a matrix beamformer, while enforcing a data dependent distortionless constraint in the signal subspace, which we design based on the type of signal we wish to resolve. We show that the eigenvalues of an error covariance matrix are fundamental for resolving signals of interest. Signals with rank-1 covariances are resolved by the largest eigenvalues of the error covariance, while signals with multirank covariances are resolved by the smallest eigenvalues. Thus, the beamformers we design are eigenvalue beamformers, which extract signal information from eigen-modes of an error covariance. We address the tradeoff between angular resolution of eigenvalue beamformers and the fraction of the signal power they capture.


An investigation into the hydrodynamic performance and flow field characteristics
of a novel high-speed supercavitating hydrofoil concept proposed by
Elms (1999) is presented. The hydrofoil is wedge-shaped with a supercavity
detaching from geometric discontinuities at its trailing edges. Lift is generated
by the asymmetry of the cavity/flow field created by trailing edge forwardand
backward-facing steps. In this way bi-directional lift can be created from
a symmetric hydrofoil. To ensure establishment and maintenance of a stable
supercavity air is introduced by external ventilation via the hydrofoil base.
The formation of the trailing edge steps would be practically realised by the
deflection of a trailing flap. At zero incidence and flap deflection there would
be no supercavity formed and no lift produced. The cavity formation from a
hydrofoil by this mechanism is analogous to the separated flow over an 'interceptor'
device fitted to the transom of a high-speed hull for trim and/or
steerage control. Due to this similarity the concept has been termed an 'intercepted
hydrofoil'.
This hydrofoil configuration is analysed using a potential based 2-D nonlinear
boundary element method. For a given cavity length, the resulting
cavity surface velocity and shape are determined in an iterative manner under
prescribed constant pressure and flow tangency boundary conditions. Both
infinite and confined flow domain cases of the boundary element analysis are
presented. The latter case is of interest in providing blockage correction information
for a future companion physical experimental program.
An optimum base-ventilated supercavitating hydrofoil profile is a compromise
between limiting of the pressure minimum at the leading edge and maintaining
stable cavity detachment from the trailing edges. These are both necessary
so as to maintain the hydrofoil surfaces in a wetted condition, thereby
ensuring that the generated forces remain steady and predictable. The greatest
efficiency is obtained by using the smallest thickness to chord ratio with a
sufficient margin against cavity breakdown allowing for variance in operating
conditions.
Hydrodynamic performance of the 'interceptor' in isolation from the foil,
i.e. cavitating flow over a wall-mounted fence, is also presented. Classical
analytical, boundary element and Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equation
based computational fluid dynamics methods were used for this analysis. The
'ideal' optimum hydrodynamic performance obtained from potential flow analysis
is compared with the viscous flow numerical results.


Abstract: This study proposed and tested a model of informal church support networks among African Americans. Consistent with research in family relations, age and gender were significantly associated with the frequency of interaction with church members. In addition, the degree of subjective closeness and the frequency of interaction were both significantly associated with the frequency of receiving support from church members, suggesting that conceptualizations of family solidarity may extend to church networks. Practice implications emphasize the importance of recognizing church members as integral members of the informal networks of African Americans. Key Words: African Americans, extended family, family solidarity, nonkin network, religion, social support. Extended family relationships and religion are important aspects of the daily lives of African Americans. Hill's classic monograph (1972) notes that ties with religious and extended kin networks are two major strengths of Black families. In the ensuing 30 years since the publication of Hill's monograph, there has been a tremendous growth in research on extended family relationships, coupled with more limited research on religious participation among Black Americans (Taylor, Chatters, & Levin, 2004). The two bodies of work have intersected in important ways to produce new lines of research investigating the role of church members in informal social support networks (Krause, 2002; Krause, Ellison, & Wulff, 1998; Taylor & Chatters, 1986, 1988). Given the relatively high levels of church attendance among African Americans (Taylor et al.), church networks and their constituent members are likely an important source of informal support on par with family and friendship relationships. Church networks are certainly deserving of serious inquiry, particularly among population groups such as African Americans that evidence high levels of religious involvement. The purpose of this paper was to investigate a model of the receipt of informal support from church members among African Americans. Informed by the research of Bengtson and colleagues (Bengtson, Olander, & Haddad, 1976; Bengtson & Schraeder, 1982; Silverstein & Bengtson, 1997) on family support networks, the present study proposed and tested a model of church member-based informal social support networks using structural equation modeling techniques and data from a national probability sample of Black Americans. Literature Review The role of church members in the informal social support networks of Black Americans is important for several principal reasons. First, churches and religious participation have played a particularly important role in addressing various supportive needs in African American communities through their involvement in health and social welfare initiatives, community organizing, educational development, and civic endeavors (Billingsley, 1999; Lincoln & Mamiya, 1990; Taylor et al., 2004). Ethnographic and historical research indicates that because of the exclusion and disenfranchisement of African Americans from mainstream societal establishments, religious institutions play a pivotal supportive role in Black communities and are responsive to the support needs of individuals and families (Billingsley; Lincoln & Mamiya). These supportive functions are particularly important given persistent low levels of education and income, relatively high rates of poverty, and access barriers to formally organized services (e.g., health) that characterize segments of the African American population. Research among older Blacks (Taylor & Chatters, 1986) and adult Blacks overall (Taylor & Chatters, 1988) indicate that two-thirds of respondents receive some level of assistance from their church members. Church-based support networks provide a variety of types of assistance, and although the majority of respondents report receiving socioemotional support (e. …


'The new European criminology' gathers together leading criminologists from all over Europe to consider crime and responses to crime within and across national borders. For the first time it allows students to experience the most exciting work in European criminology and to compare approaches to crime in different parts of Europe.

The five sections of the book look at:

* the effects of European harmonisation on crime

* criminal justice, law enforcement and penal reform

* organised crime, from the Mafia in Italy to drug running in the Balkans

* local crime in international contexts

* possible future directions for criminology and some suggestions for a new criminology of war.


Horticulture provides many developing countries with opportunities for export diversification, poverty alleviation and rural development. However, stringent public and private-sector food-safety standards, for example EurepGap, pose a challenge especially to small export farmers. Compliance with these standards entails costly investments that may be a burden to smallholder farmers, failure to which might lead to their exclusion in the global market. A number of questions which require empirical research arise to confirm or refute these concerns. The study assesses awareness of the EurepGap standards among smallholder farmers and analyzes the critical factors influencing their compliance. It also identifies the costs of complying with these standards and their implications on profitability of smallholder French bean farming business in Kirinyaga District in Kenya. The study uses simple random sampling technique to collect primary data from 103 respondents. Descriptive statistics, costbenefit accounting (partial budgeting) and binomial probit model are used to analyze the data. The results show that an information gap exits as regards to awareness of EurepGap standards especially among the non-compliant farmers. Compliance with the standards requires high costs of investment and this is a major constraint to the smallholder farmers. Strategies such as contract farming and collective action through group membership were found to enhance compliance among smallholder farmers. Further, empirical analysis shows that compliance with the standards is positively influenced by socio-economic and farm characteristics such as area under French beans production, and availability of external support from extension services, but negatively influenced by access to off-farm income. In addition to high cost of compliance, farmers face other constraints such as high cost of recommended chemicals and that of hiring extra personnel. Results also show that compliance is not for profit enhancement but may be for market assurance. However, farmers are enjoying non-financial benefits from compliance such as skills on good farm management and record keeping. Since the standards require high cost of compliance with EurepGap standards, the study suggests that the government and other stakeholders in this sub-sector should assist the smallholder farmers to ensure their continued access to the lucrative markets. The government should lead in disseminating information about the standards through extension training, besides encouraging farmers to form groups to share the cost of compliance. A policy to ensure the right prices translate to the farmers should be put in place. It is also worth exploring less strict market where Kenyan products can be channeled to.


Abstract New detailed mapping and related field studies, together with re-assessment of prior investigations, have revealed that three groups of faults, orientated broadly NE, N and NW, have been the primary controls on stratigraphical, structural and geomorphological evolution in the upper Firth of Clyde since their initiation by proto-Variscan stresses in Late Devonian time. Extended control has been achieved through repeated episodic reactivation, during which existing lines of fracture were rejuvenated and others of similar orientation initiated. Movements on two (if not all three) groups of faults persisted until middle Palaeogene time at least. The faults have been augmented by two sets of irregularly distributed, open, plunging folds, broadly N–S and E–W in their axial orientations. Some N–S folds may be attributed to oblique or strike-slip movement on reactivated caledonoid faults, others to intermittent transpression, probably in Namurian–Westphalian times, affecting mainly the northeastern Midland Valley but stretching beyond the massif of the Clyde Lava Plateau to register a weakened presence as far W as the upper Firth. The N–S folds and dextral strike-slip movements on some faults may be far-field expressions of the Uralian Orogeny, whereas earlier, sinistral displacements on NE faults and the development of small, later and less-significant E–W folds may be related to different phases of long-lived Variscan compression from the S.


Solar cells based on the photovoltaic effect are the source of energy which compete with known fossil fuel sources and another renewable energy sources. According to the Plank's law, estimated efficiency of solar energy conversion may reach in the ideal case up to 93%. However, many physical and technical restrictions significantly decrease this perfect value. The Shockley-Queisser limitations show the possible boundaries for energy production using photovoltaic effect. At the same time, many researchers in the world are looking for the ways to circumvent these limitations. Various possible ways for improvement of solar cells efficiency are considered in this review. Specific attention was applied to plasmon enhanced solar cells.


Violence risk and threat assessments have coexisted for decades as mutually exclusive endeavors of academia and law enforcement. In the years following September 11th, 2001, extremist violence has demanded that law enforcement and intelligence agencies identify, prevent, and respond to potential attacks perpetrated by radicalized civilians. This challenge has highlighted the gaps in the current risk and threat assessment methodologies. We seek to inform and improve these two processes by integrating theory into this process of violence risk and threat assessment, while focusing specifically on the radicalization of women to extremist violence. We present a Moral-Situational Action model for extremist violence which seeks to integrate theoretical tenets of Situational Action Theory with practiced principles of risk and threat assessment. The goal is to provide a causative model which will guide operational analyses and empirical research concerning an individual's progressive involvement in or desistence from extremist violence. The model explores risk and protective factors as intertwined constructs on the same continuum. The model further integrates the quantitative coding of risk factors with a formulation-based outcome that includes behavior, motivation, and vulnerabilities, to assess fluctuating levels of risk, and individual-specific risk and threat management strategies. We describe the coding protocol that is being used to quantitatively examine this theory and posit that with modest revision it will be applicable to men.


OBJECTIVES
Biomechanics is one of the main factors for achieving long-term success of implant supported prostheses. Long-term failures mostly depend on biomechanical complications. It is important to distinguish the effects of macro design of the implants.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
In this study, the photoelastic response of four different types of implants that were inserted with different angulations were comparatively analyzed. The implant types investigated were screw cylinder (ITI, Straumann AG, Basel, Switzerland), stepped cylinder (Frialit2, Friadent GmbH, Manheim, Germany), root form (Camlog Rootline, Alatatec, Wilshelm, Germany), and cylindrical implant, with micro-threads on the implant neck (Astra, AstraTech, Mölndal, Sweden). In the test models, one of the implants was inserted straight, while the other one was aligned mesially with 15° angles. The superstructures were prepared as single crowns. A 150N loading was applied to the restorations throughout the test.

RESULTS
A comparison of the implant designs showed that there were no significant differences between the straight implants; however, between the inclined implants, the most favorable stress distribution was seen with the stepped cylinder implants. The least favorable stress concentration was observed around the root formed implants. Microthreads around the implant neck appeared to be effective in a homogenous stress distribution. Observations showed that misaligned implants caused less stress than straight implants, but the stress concentrations were not homogenous.

CONCLUSION
As there were observable differences between the implant types, straight placed cylindrical implants showed better stress distribution characteristics, while inclined tapering implants had better stress distribution characteristics.


Abnormal action potential (AP) properties, as occurs in long or short QT syndromes (LQTS and SQTS, respectively), can cause life-threatening arrhythmias. Optogenetics strategies, utilizing light-sensitive proteins, have emerged as experimental platforms for cardiac pacing, resynchronization, and defibrillation. We tested the hypothesis that similar optogenetic tools can modulate the cardiomyocyte's AP properties, as a potentially novel antiarrhythmic strategy. Healthy control and LQTS/SQTS patient–specific human induced pluripotent stem cell–derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) were transduced to express the light-sensitive cationic channel channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) or the anionic-selective opsin, ACR2. Detailed patch-clamp, confocal-microscopy, and optical mapping studies evaluated the ability of spatiotemporally defined optogenetic protocols to modulate AP properties and prevent arrhythmogenesis in the hiPSC-CMs cell/tissue models. Depending on illumination timing, light-induced ChR2 activation induced robust prolongation or mild shortening of AP duration (APD), while ACR2 activation allowed effective APD shortening. Fine-tuning these approaches allowed for the normalization of pathological AP properties and suppression of arrhythmogenicity in the LQTS/SQTS hiPSC-CM cellular models. We next established a SQTS–hiPSC-CMs–based tissue model of reentrant-arrhythmias using optogenetic cross-field stimulation. An APD-modulating optogenetic protocol was then designed to dynamically prolong APD of the propagating wavefront, completely preventing arrhythmogenesis in this model. This work highlights the potential of optogenetics in studying repolarization abnormalities and in developing novel antiarrhythmic therapies.


Hydrogen peroxide is used in formulations to control biofouling and for disinfection purposes in technical water systems or in the medical field. In this work the efficiency of hydrogen peroxide in combination with silver- and iron ions and peracetic acid, respectively, was investigated mainly against bacteria in biofilms. Experiments were performed with pure cultures of the strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa and mixed populations of drinking water bacteria.
In experiments with biofilms, grown in batch culture, it was detected that the presence of 150 mg/L hydrogen peroxide with a contact time of 24 h had neither a killing nor a detaching effect; also not with the addition of silver ions (150 µg/L). Only the addition of iron(II)ions enhanced the antimicrobial activity of hydrogen peroxide but did not influence the detachment of biofilms. The generation of hydroxyl radicals via the Fenton reaction has been proved. Biofilm bacteria always showed a higher resistance than planctonic bacteria of the batch culture. In the Annular Reactor, which was modified during this work, investigations concerning the long term treatment of biocides against biofilms as well as their resistance and regrowth were per-formed. Biofilms were grown in Annular Reactors and treated daily with the combination hydro-gen peroxide and peracetic acid over a period up to 42 days. The application of high concen-trations caused a decrease in microbial activity but no bacterial detachment. The maint enance of the dead cells on the surfaces causes a selection of single resistant organisms that can start to multiply and lead to regrowth in the test system. According to practical conditions also lower concentrations of the combination hydrogen per-oxide and peracetic acid were applied. Neither a killing nor a detaching effect was observed. It was shown that after the third biocide treatment hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid, respec-tively, were consumed significantly; a possible explanation would be the adaptation by in-creasing the catalase activity. The direct investigation of the biofilms in the confocal laser scan-ning microscope showed a changing in the biofilm architecture caused by the biocide treat-ment. The treated biofilms seemed to be more aerated. That could have an positive effect on e.g. heat exchange systems where the tested biocides are applied.
Finally the different methods for testing the efficiency of biocides were compared and evaluated concerning their relevance in practice. From the findings of this study it becomes clear that the methods for detection of the efficiency of biocides should be adapted to practical conditions. In addition to this, supplementary additional microscopic investigation can give useful on the effi-ciency of biocides against biofilms.


From the Publisher:
He is Thomas Edison and Henry Ford rolled into one-except that William Henry Gates III maybe smarter and more successful than either. He is America's richest man, and on the corporate landscape, he may well be the most feared. In less than a generation, Bill Gates has done nothing less than change the way we live and work.
Here is Bill Gate's story, taking you inside the mind of this brilliant visionary and inside the rise of Microsoft, the world's mosst succesful corporation. What unique combination of historical factors and personal qualities made Gates the right man at the right time? How did he invent an industry from scratch, and what choices-from people to products-made Microsoft the resounding success it has become? How has the company faces Apple, Netscape, and its other competitors and partners? From Microsoft's Redmond, Washington, campus to Gates' relationships with women and with other business people, like fellow billionaire Warren Buffett, here is a compelling portrait of a unique American citizen at the dawn fo the twenty-first century: a man whose career, and his effect on our world, has only begun.
He is Thomas Edison and Henry Ford rolled into one-except that William Henry Gates III maybe smarter and more successful than either. He is America's richest man, and on the corporate landscape, he may well be the most feared. In less than a generation, Bill Gates has done nothing less than change the way we live and work.
Here is Bill Gate's story, taking you inside the mind of this brilliant visionary and inside the rise of Microsoft, the world's mosst succesful corporation. What unique combination of historical factors and personal qualities madeGates the right man at the right time? How did he invent an industry from scratch, and what choices-from people to products-made Microsoft the resounding success it has become? How has the company faces Apple, Netscape, and its other competitors and partners? From Microsoft's Redmond, Washington, campus to Gates' relationships with women and with other business people, like fellow billionaire Warren Buffett, here is a compelling portrait of a unique American citizen at the dawn fo the twenty-first century: a man whose career, and his effect on our world, has only begun.


This paper analyses the opportunities and challenges of integrating inland waterways into transport corridors. Less than a fifth of the world's 623 000 kilometres of navigable inland waterways is currently used for freight transport. Although river transport has expanded in some countries, it is actually declining in others due to lagging investments or co-ordination. At the same time, urban development is encroaching on inland ports, reducing the space for logistics activities in many river ports, creating challenges for policy makers.


Recent advances in technology have brought major changes in pedagogy methods. Distance Learning (DL) has emerged as an innovative teaching method and it is becoming very popular in today's education. We study a business simulation game in a DL environment and examine the learning outcomes and benefits of using the game in this environment. We also compare our test results to a game conducted in a traditional face-to-face class. Our findings show that students do not consider the DL teaching method to be worst than the traditional one. However, technical difficulties deterred the students to declare this method s superior. We conclude that further study of DL is necessary to: (1) realize its benefits; and (2) address the many challenges the creation of a DL learning environment poses.


Tree biomass is typically estimated using statistical models. This review highlights five limitations of most tree biomass models, which include the following: (1) biomass data are costly to collect and alternative sampling methods are used; (2) belowground data and models are generally lacking; (3) models are often developed from small and geographically limited data sets; (4) simplistic model forms and predictor variables are used; and (5) variation is commonly averaged or grouped rather than accounted for. The consequences of these limitations are highlighted and discussed. Several recommendations for future efforts are presented including the following: (1) collection of field measurements of tree biomass using consistent protocols; (2) compilation of existing data; (3) continued evaluation and improvement of existing models; (4) exploration of new models; and (5) adoption of state-of-the-art analytical and statistical techniques. Given the increasing importance of accurately estimating forest biomass, there is a critical need to understand, evaluate, and improve current tree biomass prediction methods.


Objective: The aim of this study is to report a case of aesthetic and prosthetic rehabilitation of a male 6-year-old patient diagnosed with Hipohidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia, attended at the clinic of special patients held in the extension project of the Federal Fluminense University. Methods: This is a clinical, observational and descriptive study where the restorative and rehabilitative treatment was conducted and reported corresponding to the functional and aesthetic needs of the patient. Results: It was  realized the reconstruction of the anatomical shape of the teeth 51 and 61 and also was made a partial removable prosthesis to cover the absence of the teeth 71, 72, 74, 81 and 82, offering function, aesthetics and satisfaction reported by the patient. Conclusion: This case reports contributed to the increase of knowledge about the forms of Ectodermal Dysplasia on the importance of the differential diagnosis of the same, as well as to the teaching of the extension project of undergraduate students.


A major east-west structural discontinuity, termed the Minas Basin - Chedabucto Bay - Orpheus fault zone, transects Nova Scotia and the adjacent Nova Scotian continental shelf. To the north of this discontinuity, the geophysical evidence indicates structural continuity between the late Precambrian basement rocks of south-eastern newfound lane and Eastern Cape Breton Island. The generally dense basement rocks of the northern Scotian Shelf are pierced by intrusions of magnetic granite and traversed by linear belts of volcanic rocks. The basement is depressed into a regional east-west trough which is filled by Palaeozoic and younger sedimentary rocks. To the south of the major east-west discontinuity, the southern Scotian Shelf consists of a south easterly dipping early Palaeozoic basement complex intruded by granite and overlain by a wedge of late Palaeozoic and younger sedimentary rocks which reach their maximum thickness east of Sable Island. The most notable feature on the Nova Scotian continental shelf is the Orpheus Graben which lies along the Minas Basin - Chedabucto Bay - Orpheus fault zone and which is filled with Mesozoic sedimentary rocks. Many of the basement structural features on the Nova Scotian continental shelf appear to be products of continental collisions during the early Palaeozoic Era while other features are probably due to continental separation in the late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic Eras. In particular, the Minas Basin - Chedabucto Bay - Orpheus fault zone was probably initiated in Siluro-Devonian times as the result of the thrusting of the north-western portion of Africa into the late Precambrian rocks of the Avalon (Acado-Baltic) Platform of south-eastern New Brunswick, eastern Cape Breton Island and south-eastern, Newfoundland. Later on, the Orpheus Graben was formed along the existing zone of weakness probably in Triassic or Jurassic time as a result of continental break-up and the formation of the present-day Atlantic Ocean.


Abstract The red panda Ailurus fulgens is categorized as Endangered on the IUCN Red List and is threatened by anthropogenic pressures such as livestock grazing. We surveyed people living in or near protected areas and people living away from protected areas in Nepal, to understand human attitudes towards red panda conservation. Given Nepal's participatory approach to managing protected areas, we hypothesized that local people living in or near protected areas would have more positive attitudes towards red panda conservation than those in non-protected areas. Ninety percent of the 142 respondents had positive attitudes, with people living in or near protected areas expressing less positive attitudes than those in non-protected areas. Despite this difference between protected and non-protected areas, people were generally positive towards red panda conservation. However, positive attitudes did not necessarily translate to sustainable resource-use behaviour. We found there was a high prevalence of both livestock grazing and livestock disease in red panda habitat. We suggest that alternative farming practices (e.g. stall-feeding of livestock) and awareness programmes (e.g. education on the conservation status and legal protection of red pandas, and livestock–wildlife disease transmission) could be important tools to improve conservation attitudes and protect red pandas in Nepal.


Mussels of the family Mytilidae occur worldwide on soft-bottoms of temperate coastal waters, forming dense epibenthic aggregations. Since associated species abundances and diversity within mussel beds are usually higher than in surrounding sand flats, these aggregations are generally considered hot spots of biodiversity. In this study, we tested whether this pattern is common in soft bottom mussel beds worldwide. We investigated beds of different species of mytilid mussels and their associated species communities in comparison to adjacent areas without mussels in Germany (beds of Mytilus edulis), Chile (mixed beds of Perumytilus purpuratus and Mytilus edulis), South Korea (Musculista senhousia) and Australia (Xenostrobus inconstans). Two major types of mussel beds were identified: i. beds with most mussels lying attached to one another on the sediment surface (Germany, Chile); ii. beds consisting of bivalves and accumulated sediments forming hummocks on the bottom (South Korea, Australia). Type ii. beds are considered semi-endobenthic, because mussels sit in the accumulated sediment. In all systems investigated, species assemblages in mussel beds were significantly different from communities of the surrounding sand flats. Many species were restricted to one habitat type. In addition, species diversity of mussel aggregations may depend on mussel bed structure. Epibenthic mussel beds (Germany and Chile) showed a strongly increased species number in comparison to the surrounding sediments. In semi-endobenthic beds, by contrast, the number of associated species was lower (Korea) or similar (Australia) to adjacent sand flats. We think that the high structural complexity of epibenthic beds causes the observed pattern. We conclude that mussel beds have an important function as ecosystem engineers in coastal systems worldwide. They generally enhance diversity by increasing habitat heterogeneity. However, within mussel beds only the epibenthic type constitutes a hot spot of biodiversity.


Due to the huge power consumption and expensive fabrication methods required, down scaling silicon devices to sub-100 nm dimensions is becoming very unattractive. On the other hand, it is easier to build electronic circuits using molecules since they are small and their properties can be tuned. In this review, we first discuss the building blocks of molecular electronics. We then describe how these building blocks can be used to build single molecule based digital logic such as AND, OR and XOR gates. The distinction of these molecular electronic building blocks is that for first time, (i) the Tour wires are used as the conductive backbone for the rectifying junctions, (ii) donor/acceptor principles are implemented in the molecular wire itself and (iii) the logic gates are realized using molecular rectifying diodes embedded in the molecular conducting wire itself.


The World-Wide Web is increasingly used for commerce and access to personal information stored in databases. Although the Web is "just another medium" for information exchange, the fact that all the information is stored in computers, and all of the activity happens in computers and computer networks, makes it easier (cheaper) than every to track users' activities. By recording and analyzing user's activities in the Web, activities that may seem to be quite private to many users, it is more likely than ever before that a person's privacy may be threatened. In this paper I examine some of the technology in the Web, and how it affects the privacy of Web users. I also briefly summarize some of the efforts to regulate privacy on the Internet.


The Vanderbilt Schedule Optimizer Prototype (VSOP), which uses genetic algorithms as search methods for job shop scheduling problems, is discussed. A job shop is a facility that produces goods according to prespecified process plans, under several domain-dependent and common sense constraints. The scheduling of orders in a job shop is a multifaceted problem. VSOP uses domain-specific chromosome representations, recombination operators, and local enumerative search to increase efficiency. Experimental results from a fully implemented VSOP package are presented.<<ETX>>


Central nervous system organization of masticatory muscles determines the magnitude of joint and muscle forces. Validated computer-assisted models of neuromuscular organization during biting were used to determine organization in individuals with and without temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Ninety-one individuals (47 women, 44 men) were assigned to one of four diagnostic groups based on the presence (+) or absence (-) of pain (P) and bilateral temporomandibular joint disc displacement (DD). Electromyography and bite-forces were measured during right and left incisor and molar biting. Two three-dimensional models employing neuromuscular objectives of minimization of joint loads (MJL) or muscle effort (MME) simulated biting tasks. Evaluations of diagnostic group and gender effects on choice of best-fit model were by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey-Kramer post hoc tests, evaluations of right-left symmetry were by Chi-square and Fisher's exact statistics, and evaluations of model accuracy were by within-subject linear regressions. MME was the best-fit during left molar biting in +DD individuals and incisor biting in men (all p < 0.03). Incisor biting symmetry in muscle organization was significantly higher (p < 0.03) in healthy individuals compared with those with TMD. Within-subject regressions showed that best-fit model errors were similar among groups: 8 to 15% (0.68 ≤ R2 ≤ 0.74). These computer-assisted models predicted muscle organization during static biting in humans with and without TMDs.


Abstract The development of protocols for the identification of metal phosphates in phosphate-treated, metalcontaminated soils is a necessary yet problematical step in the validation of remediation schemes involving immobilization of metals as phosphate phases. The potential for Raman spectroscopy to be applied to the identification of these phosphates in soils has yet to be fully explored. With this in mind, a range of synthetic mixed-metal hydroxylapatites has been characterized and added to soils at known concentrations for analysis using both bulk X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy. Mixed-metal hydroxylapatites in the binary series Ca -Cd, Ca -Pb, Ca -Sr and Cd -Pb synthesized in the presence of acetate and carbonate ions, were characterized using a range of analytical techniques including XRD, analytical scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared spectroscopy (IR), inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and Raman spectroscopy. Only the Ca -Cd series displays complete solid solution, although under the synthesis conditions of this study the Cd5(PO4)3OH end member could not be synthesized as a pure phase. Within the Ca -Cd series the cell parameters, IR active modes and Raman active bands vary linearly as a function of Cd content. X-ray diffraction and extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (EXAFS) suggest that the Cd is distributed across both the Ca(1) and Ca(2) sites, even at low Cd concentrations. In order to explore the likely detection limits for mixed-metal phosphates in soils for XRD and Raman spectroscopy, soils doped with mixed-metal hydroxylapatites at concentrations of 5, 1 and 0.5 wt.% were then studied. X-ray diffraction could not confirm unambiguously the presence or identity of mixed-metal phosphates in soils at concentrations below 5 wt.%. Raman spectroscopy proved a far more sensitive method for the identification of mixed-metal hydroxylapatites in soils, which could positively identify the presence of such phases in soils at all the dopant concentrations used in this study. Moreover, Raman spectroscopy could also provide an accurate assessment of the degree of chemical substitution in the hydroxylapatites even when present in soils at concentrations as low as 0.1%.


Gaussian random field has been widely applied to quantify high-dimensional uncertainties in the spatial or temporal domain. A common practice in Gaussian random field modeling is to use the exponential function to represent the covariance matrix. However, the exponential function-based covariance formulation does not allow negative values, thus it cannot capture the negative correlation between two locations in the input domain. To resolve this issue, this work reports new formulations of the covariance matrix based on oscillating functions, and a process of reconstructing Gaussian random field models from observation data. The proposed covariance functions are compared with the traditional exponential covariance functions on two test cases, where the datasets show negative correlations. The results of comparative studies demonstrate that the proposed formulations improve the accuracy of Gaussian random field models effectively.


BACKGROUND
HIV rapid tests (RT) are a quick and non-technically demanding means to perform HIV voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) but understanding their limitations is vital to delivering quality VCT.

OBJECTIVE
To determine the sensitivity and specificity of HIV rapid tests used for research and voluntary counselling and testing at four sites in East Africa.

DESIGN
Cross-sectional study.

SETTING
Masaka District, Uganda; a sugar plantation in Kakira, Uganda; Coastal Villages in the Kilifi District of Kenya; and the Urban slum of Kangemi located West of Nairobi, Kenya.

SUBJECTS
Six thousands two hundred and fifty five consenting volunteers were enrolled into the study, and 675 prevalent HIV infections were identified.

RESULTS
The RT sensitivity tended to be high for all assays at all sites (97.63-100%) with the exception of the Uni-Gold assay (90.24% in Kangemi, 96.58% in Kilifi). Twenty four RT results were recorded as 'weak positives', 22 (92%) of which were negative by ELISA. There was a high rate of RT false positives in Uganda (positive predictive values ranging from 45.70% to 86.62%).

CONCLUSIONS
The sensitivity and specificity of the RT varied significantly across sites. The rate of RT misclassification in Uganda suggests that a multiple test algorithm may be preferable to a single test as screener for HIV VCT.


Design The Division of Design educates and trains designers to create and develop concepts that optimize the function, value, and appearance of communications, products, and systems for the benefit of both industry and society. We offer a Bachelor of Design (BDes) degree in the following majors: Industrial Design, Interaction Design, and Visual Communication Design. At the graduate level, a Masters of Design (MDes) degree is available. Student Work Design Show 2016


This thesis investigates how groups of learners use asynchronous dialogue to build shared knowledge together over time. To do this, it takes a sociocultural approach, with a situated focus on learners' social and temporal settings as well as on the tools they employ. It utilises concepts developed to support understanding of knowledge co-construction in face- to-face environments, particularly the social modes of thinking identified by Mercer and his colleagues (Mercer, 1995, 2000, 2002; Mercer & Littleton, 2007; Mercer & Wegerif, 1999) and the improvable objects described by Wells (1999).

Analysis shows that, over short periods of time, groups of learners construct shared vocabulary, history and understanding slowly through the use of a series of discursive devices including those identified here as 'constructive synthesis', the 'proposal pattern' and 'powerful synthesis'. Over longer periods they may engage in 'attached dialogue', a form of asynchronous dialogue that is mediated by improvable objects. The development of these improvable objects involves learners engaging in exploratory dialogue that builds into progressive discourse, a coordinated form of co-reasoning in language. While doing this, they actively work to avoid unproductive interaction by consistently shifting responsibility from the individual to the group.

Previous studies have suggested that asynchronous dialogue may act to limit learners to cumulative exchanges (Littleton & Whitelock, 2005; Wegerif, 1998). The analysis over time presented here shows that asynchronous exchanges are enriched by the use of textual affordances that are not available in speech. In the case of attached dialogue, groups of learners are prompted to share knowledge, challenge ideas, justify opinions, evaluate evidence and consider options in a reasoned and equitable way. They do this more successfully when their co-construction of knowledge is not solely task-focused but also focuses on tool use and on the development of social knowledge about the group.


Abstract Minerals formed at high pressures are sensitive indicators of extreme pressure-temperature conditions that occur in nature. The discovery of the high-pressure polymorph of (Fe,Ni)2P, allabogdanite in the surficial pyrometamorphic rocks of the Hatrurim Formation (the Mottled Zone) surrounding the Dead Sea basin in Israel is the first terrestrial occurrence of a mineral previously only found in iron meteorites. Stepwise annealing experiments demonstrate that allabogdanite is metastable at ambient pressure and that it irreversibly transforms into its low-pressure polymorph, barringerite, upon heating to 850 ± 50 °C. High-pressure, high-temperature diamond-anvil cell (DAC) experiments confirm the results of annealing experiments. The DAC data indicate that Hatrurim allabogdanite is metastable below 7.4 GPa, and the low- to high-pressure phase transition (barringerite → allabogdanite) occurs at 25 ± 3 GPa and 1400 ± 100 °C. The observed transition pressure of Hatrurim allabogdanite is significantly higher than that of pure synthetic Fe2P (8 GPa) due to partial substitution of Fe for Ni (4 wt%) and Mo (2.5 wt%). Because the influence of substituting impurities on the conditions of phase transitions can be unexpectedly strong, our findings confirm that caution should be exercised when extrapolating data from experiments on synthetic compounds to natural systems. Based on the discovery of terrestrial allabogdanite (Fe,Ni)2P coupled with experiments probing the phase transitions in this natural composition, we contend that terrestrial allabogdanite formed via transformation from barringerite and posit potential scenarios of its formation.


This contribution offers a new, critical bibliography of translations and editions of the five extant Greek romances in the early modern era, from the beginning of printing to the eighteenth century. By consulting catalogues of libraries, digitalised copies, and secondary literature, I expand, update and correct earlier bibliographies. I identify alleged editions and include creative treatments of the texts as well as incomplete versions. As an interpretation of my survey, I give an overview of broad, changing tendencies throughout the era and filter the dispersion over Europe in a wider area and period than was available so far, in order to get a more complete picture of their distribution. Furthermore, I point to some peculiar (tendencies in) combinations, among the lemmata themselves, as well as with other stories.Kirsten Ricquier studied Classical Philology at Ghent University (Belgium). She is currently a researcher at this institution funded by the European Research Council Starting Grant Novel Saints under the supervision of Professor Koen De Temmerman. Her research concerns the afterlife of ancient prose fiction in medieval Greek hagiography and the early modern era, the classical tradition (particularly in the long 18th century), and genre theory.


A focus on constructing regional advantage requires an 'unpacking' of what makes territorial agglomerations important for innovation and competitiveness by disclosing and revealing the contingencies, particularities and specificities of the various contexts and environments where knowledge creation, innovation and entrepreneurship take place. In order to achieve more effective regional innovation policy, this paper presents and discusses three dimensions along which such unpacking can take place. These dimensions refer to (1) specific industrial knowledge bases, (2) globally distributed knowledge networks and (3) different territorial competence bases.


Nanocomposites comprised of poly(ethylene oxide), molybdenum disulfide, and graphene were prepared by the hydrolysis of lithiated molybdenum disulfide in an aqueous solution of PEO and graphene. Structural analysis by XRD shows the nanocomposites are disordered with an expansion of ∼6 Å in the interlayer spacing. During the first discharge, the nanocomposites electrochemically dissociates irreversibly into Li2S and Mo and are able to continously cycle as Li2S +Mo/Lix ↔ S + Mo + Lix+2 as shown by XRD of the discharged electrodes at different depth of discharge (DOD), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and high resolution TEM. A significant increase of the reversible capacity is found in as‐prepared MoS2/PEO/graphene composite. The results suggest a new electro‐interaction between lithium and molybdenum metal that only occurs in the nanoregime and is enhanced by PEO. The addition of 2 wt% of graphene to the nanocomposites greatly increases the rate capability with rates as high as 10000mA g−1 yielding > 250mAh g−1 and recovering to > 600 mAhr g−1 at 50mA g−1.


With the evolution of digitized data, our society has become dependent on services to extract valuable information and enhance decision making by individuals, businesses, and government in all aspects of life. Therefore, emerging cloud-based infrastructures for storage have been widely thought of as the next generation solution for the reliance on data increases.Data Intensive Storage Services for Cloud Environments provides an overview of the current and potential approaches towards data storage services and its relationship to cloud environments. This reference source brings together research on storage technologies in cloud environments and various disciplines useful for both professionals and researchers.


Alcohol is a widely consumed substance in the United States, however its effect on aging remains understudied. In this study of young adults, we examined whether cumulative alcohol consumption, i.e., alcohol years of beer, liquor, wine, and total alcohol, and recent binge drinking, were associated with four measures of age-related epigenetic changes via blood DNA methylation. A random subset of study participants in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study underwent DNA methylation profiling using the Illumina MethylationEPIC Beadchip. Participants with alcohol consumption and methylation data at examination years 15 (n = 1,030) and 20 (n = 945) were included. Liquor and total alcohol consumption were associated with a 0.31-year (P = 0.002) and a 0.12-year (P = 0.013) greater GrimAge acceleration (GAA) per additional five alcohol years, while beer and wine consumption observed marginal (P = 0.075) and no associations (P = 0.359) with GAA, respectively. Any recent binge drinking and the number of days of binge drinking were associated with a 1.38-year (P < 0.001) and a 0.15-year (P < 0.001) higher GAA, respectively. We observed statistical interactions between cumulative beer (P < 0.001) and total alcohol (P = 0.004) consumption with chronological age, with younger participants exhibiting a higher average in GAA compared to older participants. No associations were observed with the other measures of epigenetic aging. These results suggest cumulative liquor and total alcohol consumption and recent binge drinking may alter age-related epigenetic changes as captured by GAA. With the increasing aging population and widespread consumption of alcohol, these findings may have potential implications for lifestyle modification to promote healthy aging.


What if we told you that the texts collected in this project (Women and Sport) might serve to maintain stereotypical views about women in sport? What if we told you that scientifi c knowledge often cannot meet or fulfill the expectations placed on it of being able to support and promote women's participation and performance in elite competitive sports? What if we told you that sports science is, in fact, not equipped to deal with sports practice on a practical and individual level? our aim in saying this is not to disavow the impact of sports science on the development of women's sport, but rather to warn against an overly simplistic approach to research. Both of us are researchers; that makes us confident in confronting the most obvious problems arising from the use of scientific knowledge in the promotion of women's sport during the past decades. In this chapter, we highlight the significance of the 'practical knowledge' of coaches and its sometimes ambiguous relation with scientific knowledge about sex and gender differences.


Hyperparameter tuning is the black art of automatically finding a good combination of control parameters for a data miner. While widely applied in empirical Software Engineering, there has not been much discussion on which hyperparameter tuner is best for software analytics.To address this gap in the literature, this paper applied a range of hyperparameter optimizers (grid search, random search, differential evolution, and Bayesian optimization) to a defect prediction problem. Surprisingly, no hyperparameter optimizer was observed to be "best" and, for one of the two evaluation measures studied here (F-measure), hyperparameter optimization, in 50% of cases, was no better than using default configurations. We conclude that hyperparameter optimization is more nuanced than previously believed. While such optimization can certainly lead to large improvements in the performance of classifiers used in software analytics, it remains to be seen which specific optimizers should be applied to a new dataset.


Apelfröjd, R. 2018. Channel Estimation and Prediction for 5G Applications. Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology 1642. 116 pp. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. ISBN 978-91-513-0263-8. Accurate channel state information (CSI) is important for many candidate techniques of future wireless communication systems. However, acquiring CSI can sometimes be difficult, especially if the user equipment is mobile in which case the future channel realisations must be estimated/predicted. In realistic settings the predictability of radio channels is limited due to measurement noise, limited model orders and since the fading statistics must be modelled based on a set of limited and noisy training data. In this thesis, the limits of predictability for the radio channel are investigated. Results show that the predictability is limited primarily due to limitations in the training data, while the model order provides a second order limitation effect and the measurement noise comes in as a third order effect. Then, a Kalman-based linear filter is studied for potential 5G technologies: Coherent coordinated multipoint joint transmission, where channel predictions and the covariance matrix of the prediction error are used to design a robust linear precoder, evaluated in a three base station system. Results show that prediction improves the CSI for the pedestrian users such that system delays of 10 ms are acceptable. The use of the covariance matrix is important for difficult user groups, but of less importance with a simple user grouping system proposed. Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) in frequency division duplex (FDD) systems were a reduced, suboptimal, Kalman filter is suggested to estimate channels based on nonorthogonal pilots. By introducing a fixed grid of beams, the system generates sparsity in the channel vectors seen by each user, which then estimates its most relevant channels based on unique pilot codes for each beam. Results show that there is a 5 dB loss compared to orthogonal pilots. Downlink time division duplex (TDD) channels are estimated based on uplink pilots. By using a predictor antenna, which scouts the channel in advance, the desired downlink channel can be estimated using pilot-based estimates of the channels before and after it (in space). Results indicate that, with the help of Kalman smoothing, predictor antennas can enable accurate CSI for TDD downlinks at vehicular velocities of 80 km/h.


This piece of work is an evaluation on the performance of a farm credit Cooperative in the state of Minas Gerais with 12 service agencies in different cities. For such purpose the Modelo de GestA£o EconA´mica ( Economic Management Model )-GECON was used, which is a tool for managerial analysis developed by the GECON Nucleus researchers staff, supported by the FIPECAFI foundation of the University of SA£o Paulo. The GECON is a model which can be applied on several types of organizations and has been broadly used on banking organizations. Through analysis it was verified that the cooperative analysed has a structure of relatively high costs and expenses, which compromises its economic results and makes it necessary to promote an effective reduction/rationalization in its expenditures, as well as to seek to exploiting the potentialities available in such area of operation.


Recent considerations of steam and air mixture dynamics in operating condensers has led to a more thorough understanding of how condenser performance is affected by air in-leakage. Results of this model-based theoretical description, which are in agreement with measurement data from operating condensers, are reviewed and used to propose beneficial design features for new and re-tubed condenser assemblies. It is anticipated from this work, that condensers can be designed which significantly reduce the amount of dissolved oxygen in condensate from locations of free air ingress above the hotwell level. This reduction also applies to other undesirable noncondensables that enter condensate driven by the same mechanism contributing to dissolved oxygen. When air in-leakage becomes sufficiently high, it contributes to excess back pressure on the turbine. In this region of high air in-leakage, the amount of dissolved oxygen can become very high. The design therefore, minimizes or eliminates the corrosive effects of air inleakage, both high and low, which is particularly important during periods of high demand when load must be maintained.Copyright © 2002 by ASME


We present an experimental study showing that soft memory errors can lead to serious security vulnerabilities in Java and .NET virtual machines, or in any system that relies on type-checking of untrusted programs as a protection mechanism. Our attack works by sending to the JVM a Java program that is designed so that almost any memory error in its address space will allow it to take control of the JVM. All conventional Java and .NET virtual machines are vulnerable to this attack. The technique of the attack is broadly applicable against other language-based security schemes such as proof-carrying code. We measured the attack on two commercial Java virtual machines: Sun's and IBM's. We show that a single-bit error in the Java program's data space can be exploited to execute arbitrary code with a probability of about 70%, and multiple-bit errors with a lower probability. Our attack is particularly relevant against smart cards or tamper-resistant computers, where the user has physical access (to the outside of the computer) and can use various means to induce faults; we have successfully used heat. Fortunately, there are some straightforward defenses against this attack.


ClevaDeals is a web application that is primarily aimed at helping local businesses to attract more customers. Over the past 20 years' internet shopping has grown exponentially and by 2021 it is expected that Irish consumers will spend €14.1 billion online (The Irish Times, 2017). While the growth of online shopping has been hugely beneficial to the consumer and has resulted in much greater ranges of choices of products at times lower prices this has not been a wholly advantageous development.

Of the €14.1 billion that is expected to the spent only half of this is expected to be spent purchasing goods from Irish businesses with the other 50% going to overseas companies (The Irish Times, 2017). Indeed, by 2013 high street retail sales had fallen by 25% from their pre-recession levels and this trend has continued in recent years (The Irish Times, 2017). This not only has a negative effect on the retailers, with that amount of money leaving the local economy it has a knock-on effect to entire locality.

However, there are a number of advantages that local retailers and businesses have over online stores such as the fact that being local customers can call into the store and physically see the product before they purchase it. Also, some products and services are by their nature more suitable to local sales, such as food and drink or items that are large and bulky where delivery costs may be expensive.

To try and attract customer's businesses often try to offer special promotions where for a limited time or at specific periods they make their products and services available at reduced prices. While this is a tried and tested way to attract customers one of the drawbacks of this is while the special offers may be attractive to customers they can be in-effective if the customer does not know about them.

While technology and the internet in particular may appear to be the main protagonist for the continued increase of online sales they can also be utilized by local shops and businesses to counteract the negative effects of the e-commerce revolution. In fact, there is already a cross-over between local and online stores. 42% of consumers while shopping in store use their smart-phones to research products (KYROS, 2017)). This can be to check availability and price in other local stores or to check for other customer reviews before purchasing.

The aim of ClevaDeals is to create a platform that will allow local shops and businesses to promote these special offers while allowing customers to search for them. The challenge, as is the case for any new online application, is to not only create the service but to also make it attractive so people want to use it. To this extent ClevaDeals is not a simple website but it also includes features that make sure it will continually engage with users to ensure they will want to use the application on a regular basis.

Part of this process was also determining that there was a real need for this type of service and to fulfil this requirement market research was carried out. This market research involved identifying a number of questions that were then put to local businesses and consumers. The results of this research confirmed that there is an appetite for this type of product and also helped identify the design and requirements that would need to be included.


The paper is concerned with the online rescheduling of mass rapid transit (MRT) trains after sudden increases of passenger flow. In particular, the use of predictive fuzzy control (PFC) for carrying out the train dwell-time control in an event-driven framework is considered. Two fuzzy expert systems for improving the performance of MRT systems and for enhancing functions of the typical automatic train control (ATC) systems are proposed. Using the event-driven approach, the only decisions to be made in each of the two fuzzy expert systems will be whether or not to dispatch the train at a proposed reschedule time. Due to its simplicity, the proposed methodology is fast enough for online implementation. An object-oriented environment has been developed for implementing the control and simulation algorithms that reduces the efforts required for understanding the interactive operation of railway subsystems and for preparing study data. Therefore, the efforts for future development will be reduced. The proposed approach is used for adjusting the train dwell time and for studying the effects on the MRT performance. Results show that the train dwell time adjustment is an effective means of maintaining the quality of train service after sudden load disturbances. Several simulated case studies are included to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.


In this paper we present an integrated system developed in order to record, construct, pre-process, manage,
visualize and visually navigate 3D models reality based of large archeological and architectural sites for
eHeritage GIS systems. The framework integrates structured geometrical and documentary information
resulting from multiple sources with the aim to enhance the knowledge of those sites within the frame of its
historical evolution and its institutional management in a 3D GIS/DB. The developed applications were
designed for different types of users, with a largely scalable interface, able to support different output
devices and to work at different levels of iconicity. The system allows a full comprehension of the buildings
in their own context, permitting to discover unknown relationships, to evaluate their architectural occupancy
and to quickly access a complex system of information. The framework has been tested in two different
systems - designed and developed to satisfy both internal (cataloguing, documentation, preservation,
management of archaeological heritage) and external (communication through the web portal) purposes:
the first, in Pompeii, developed in order to have a web-based system that uses Open Source software and
complies with national and international standards; the second one, a prototype designed to make available
on the Google Earth platform the complete Palladian corpus documentation implemented by the CISAAP.


Abstract. The 2006–2007 El Nino event, an unusually weak event, was predicted by most models only after the warming in the eastern Pacific had commenced. In this study, on the basis of an El Nino prediction system, roles of the initial ocean surface and subsurface states on predicting the 2006–2007 El Nino event are investigated to determine conditions favorable for predicting El Nino growth and are isolated in three sets of hindcast experiments. The hindcast is initialized through assimilation of only the sea surface temperature (SST) observations to optimize the initial surface condition, only the sea level (SL) data to update the initial subsurface state, or both the SST and SL data. Results highlight that the hindcasts with three different initial states can all successfully predict the 2006–2007 El Nino event 1 year in advance and that the hindcast initialized by both the SST and SL data performs best. A comparison between the various sets of hindcast results further demonstrates that successful prediction is more significantly affected by the initial subsurface state than by the initial surface condition. The accurate initial surface state can trigger the easier prediction of the 2006–2007 El Nino, whereas a more reasonable initial subsurface state can contribute to improving the prediction in the growth of the warm event.


Background and Objectives B cell activating factors of TNF family (BAFF) is associated with the survival and maturation of B cells. BAFF is widely expressed in the rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovium which is characterised by the presence of synovial niches of autoreactive B cells and sustain in situ autoantibody production. Importantly, B cell niches remain functional in the RA-SCID model in the absence of recirculating cells, suggesting that autocrine mechanisms support ongoing B cell activation in the RA synovium. BAFF exerts its functional role both as a membrane bound protein and in soluble form. Here we investigated whether resident stromal cells in the RA synovium, synovial fibroblasts (RASF), are capable of producing either forms of BAFF and thus contribute to local B cell activation. Methods mRNA BAFF in RASF stimulated with TLR2, TLR3 and TLR4 ligands was assessed by quantitative Taqman PCR RA dermal fibroblasts (RADF) and osteoarthritis SF (OASF) were used as controls. The cytoplasmic, membrane bound and/or soluble forms of BAFF were investigated by 1) Western blot using total and membrane-enriched protein extracts, 2) flow cytometry, 3) ELISA and 4) immunocytochemistry. Results In vitro stimulation of TLR3, and to a significantly lesser extent TLR4, but not TLR2 on RASF led to strong induction of BAFF mRNA. In response to TLR3, soluble BAFF was time-dependently released in the supernatant of RASF (~600 pg/ml) and, to a lesser extent, OASF and RADF. RASF constitutively expressed both cytoplasmic and membrane bound BAFF as demonstrated by WB, FACS and immunocytochemistry which was upregulated upon TLR3 stimulation and was significantly increased as compared to RADF. Conclusions Here we provide conclusive evidence that SF in the RA synovium are a pivotal source of the B cell survival factor BAFF at both mRNA and protein level. In addition to their significant constitutive expression, RASF can further up-regulate cytoplasmic, membrane-bound and soluble BAFF in response to TLR3 stimulation. Overall, our data strongly support a fundamental role for RASF in sustaining functional B cell activation and antibody production in the inflamed RA synovium.


Although speech and language therapy practitioners commonly place great weight on standardised, static assessment, the procedures may not be fully representative, and reveal little about the child's learning potential or the direction that intervention should take. Vygotsky's theories, particularly his notion of the Zone of Proximal Development, underpin a range of approaches within the complementary assessment paradigm known as Dynamic Assessment (DA) (Vygotsky 1986). The term is used for assessments consisting of 'active intervention by the examiners and assessment of examinees' response to intervention" (Haywood and Lidz 2007 P1)

The current project investigated the application of Dynamic Assessment to a population of children with previously identified Language Impairments. As in parallel studies of intelligence, both manifest skills of language, and underlying processes used in manipulating and constructing language as a tool, were elucidated. The contribution that such an assessment can make to extending the understanding of language impairment, and in devising intervention programmes was investigated.

This thesis describes the development of a Dynamic Assessment task requiring implicit knowledge of syntactic structure. The construction of the procedure was a novel adaptation and combination of established DA methodologies that are described and evaluated in Chapter 1. The task, which is essentially a sentence anagram, comprised 12 items specifically selected to assess particular grammatical structures reported in Chapter 2 to be problematic in children with Specific Language Impairments (SLI). The details of the task construction are reported in Chapter 3. The measure was employed on 24 children aged 8-10, with identified language impairment, and the results are reported in Chapter 4. Inter-rater reliability of the test measure was 88%, and the sensitivity of the test to change over time was demonstrated. Information about participants' ability to transfer learning between items, their ability to use less directive prompts, their strategy use, and their metalinguistic and metacognitive awareness was extracted, and reported to the speech and language therapists working with the children. Evaluation of the test is discussed in Chapter 5.

The thesis also reports on an investigation of the role of the information derived from the DA in informing intervention programmes (Chapter 6). The same cohort of 24 children with SLI was randomly allocated to two groups. Reports from the DA were used to inform the ongoing language intervention of one of the groups of children. In Chapter 7 the outcomes of therapy from that group were compared to the outcomes of the group receiving regular intervention. Differences between groups were nonsignificant although the gains achieved by subgroups of children were predicted, and in particular children making little progress in their ongoing therapy were shown to derive most benefit from the modified intervention. The information was rated as useful by participating SLTs who altered the nature of their intervention strategies. Discussion of the results and identification of factors such as emotional and behavioural issues that affect progress in intervention are discussed in Chapter 8. Implications for further development of the DA paradigm are discussed, and conclusions are summarized in Chapter 9.


This paper presents the gravity balancing reliability and sensitivity analysis of robotic manipulators with uncertainties. The gravity balancing reliability of the robot is defined as the probability that the reduction torque ratio of the robot reduces below a specified threshold. This index is of great importance for assessing and guaranteeing the balancing performance of the robot in the presence of uncertainties in input parameters. In this work, the balancing design for an industrial robot using the gear-spring modules (GSMs) is proposed with the adoption of a simulation-based analysis of the gravity effect of the robot. The Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) method with normally distributed variables (i.e., link dimensions, masses, and spring stiffness coefficients) is employed to analyze and simulate the reliability. A case study with an industrial robot is then given to illustrate the reliability performance and the sensibility of the uncertain parameters. It is found that the gravity balancing behavior is achieved even when the uncertainties are applied. The uncertainties could deteriorate the balancing performance when increasing the standard deviations by more than seven percent of their means. The dimensional parameters enjoy the most critical influence on the balancing performance.


International audience

 British philosopher and reformer Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) left over 60,000 folios of unpublished manuscripts. The Bentham Project, at University College London, is creating a TEI version of the manuscripts, via crowdsourced transcription verified by experts. We present here an interface to navigate these largely unedited manuscripts, and the language technologies the corpus was enriched with to facilitate navigation, i.e Entity Linking against the DBpedia knowledge base and keyphrase extraction. The challenges of tagging a historical domain-specific corpus with a contemporary knowledge base are discussed. The concepts extracted were used to create interactive co-occurrence networks, that serve as a map for the corpus and help navigate it, along with a search index. These corpus representations were integrated in a user interface. The interface was evaluated by domain experts with satisfactory results , e.g. they found the distributional semantics methods exploited here applicable in order to assist in retrieving related passages for scholarly editing of the corpus.