This is a compact review and analysis of the state of equality law in South Africa .  Specific reference is made to what has been called "remedial" or "restitutionary" equality. From the analysis it appears that current equality law shows certain imbalances that are difficult to reconcile with the provisions of the Constitution. To point out shortcomings in equality law which is well intended to resolve the burning problems of inequality, can easily be misunderstood in the contemporary circumstances as a reactionary resistance against a necessary process of a justifiable drive for equality. Such is certainly not the purpose of this review. The intention is however to argue the position that striving for equality must be a balanced process in order to ensure that the boundaries of equality themselves are not transgressed, since that would contradict the very essence of equality.  In the first section the constitutional provisions on equality are briefly described. It is noted that the Constitution does not establish "a right to equality", but that it consistently deals with equality as a value. The wording of section 9 does however justify a term such as "the equality right."  Next the approach of the judiciary to equality, in which the analytical steps of interpretation that were developed by the Constitutional Court are set out, is reviewed with special mention of the role that has been allocated to the value of human dignity in the interpretation and application of equality rights.  In the third section an answer is sought to the question what "equality" means. As opposed to the choice of equality jurisprudence in the USA for a formal notion of equality, the South African courts operate with the concept of substantive equality. It is in this context that mention is made of "remedial or restitutionary equality".  Equality is given a meaning which implies action.  This is supported partly by the wording of sections 1 and 9(2) of the Constitution, but not by the formulation of sections 7(1), 9(1), 36(1) or 39(1). The only constitutional provision which imparts meaning directly to the notion of equality, is section 9(2), providing that "equality includes the full and equal enjoyment of all rights and freedoms." This gives meaning to equality as a value, to the equality rights and to equality as a description in the Constitution of the nature of the society that is being striven for. The complexity and multi-faceted nature of equality does not allow for a simplistic approach to its meaning. The boundary between equality and inequality is quite sharp and the mobilization of equality for the achievement of political, ideological or pragmatic goals can readily lead to inequality and injustice.  Against this background the most important pieces of equality legislation, the Employment Equity Act, 1998 and the Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act, 4 of 2000, are discussed. These Acts were adopted "to promote the achievement of equality, legislative and other measures designed to protect or advance persons, or categories of persons, disadvantaged by unfair discrimination" in terms of section 9(2) of the Constitution. Both however contain provisions that go beyond the scope of the Constitution by e.g. the addition of grounds upon which unfair discrimination is prohibited and by excluding affirmative action measures from the meaning of unfair discrimination.  The Constitution can not be interpreted in a manner that would allow unfair discrimination for any purpose. The legislation however seem to disregard the possibility of affirmative action becoming discriminatory in itself. This resonates with the view that "substantive equality" allows for measures "that favour relatively disadvantaged groups at the expense of those who are relatively well off". It is however submitted that not the current ideology behind affirmative action, nor one's preferred understanding of equality or the analytical model that is being used, can determine what the justifiable content of equality law should be:  the question is rather what may be justified in law, specifically under the Constitution.  The form in which elements of the equality legislation are cast, viz. guidelines for its application and illustrative lists of unfair practices, harbours the danger that uncareful interpreters of the law could be seduced to give precedence to the legislation above the Constitution. This would result in a persecutory application of equality law in terms of examples in stead of the constructive and principled approach required by the Constitution.  The equality laws also attempt to extend the list of grounds contained in section 9(3) of the Constitution upon which discrimination is presumed to be unfair by the addition of HIV status, family responsibility, political opinion, socio-economic status, nationality and family status. The constitutionality of amending section 9(3) in this manner by means of ordinary legislation is suspect, especially if it is considered that differentiation which is justifiable under the Constitution may be rendered unfair discrimination under ordinary legislation.  It is concluded that an emphasis on only the restitutionary element causes a conceptual tension to occur within the multi-faceted notion of equality. This can not be explained only in terms of the distinction between formal and substantive equality, since an over-emphasis of restitution will inevitably bring about imbalances in the outcome of equality actions, i.e. within the framework of striving for substantive equality. Some commentators, courts and the legislature tend to attempt to improve on the Constitution insofar as the achievement of equality is concerned. It is submitted that such attempts are unnecessary, since the Constitution makes sufficient provision for the restitutionary process while the balance of a comprehensive notion of equality is maintained in the form of equality as core value. The limitation of the concept of equality to restitutionary equality will unjustifiably impoverish and partially neutralize the constitutional text. Lessons must in this regard be learnt from the pre-constitutional errors of positivistic legal interpretation.


Metabasites representing an extensive differentiated sill-complex (with minor dykes) now form two c. 10 km-wide NE-SW 'belts' in western Inverness-shire: a Western Belt, overlapping the 'Quoich Line', and an Eastern Belt, beside the Great Glen Fault. Regional evidence and, where interpretable. Rb-Sr isotope data, imply Grenvillian emplacement. More than one intrusive episode may be represented by contrasting adjacent discordant/unfoliated versus concordant/foliated bodies. although some such contrasts reflect later tectonism. Despite variations in form, size, internal homogeneity, paragenesis, grain-size and fabric, 120 newly analysed metabasites have much more uniformly tholeiitic chemistry than metabasites in the Moine of Ross-shire or Sutherland. Discriminant analysis nevertheless reveals that the Eastern Belt is compositionally invariable from NE to SW. whereas the Western differs between three sub-areas studied in detail, and shows more numerous evolved compositions. A single andesitic rock (c. 57% SiO2) is the most evolved metabasite so far reported from the Moine. Metabasite–country rock interactions during igneous emplacement and/or regional metamorphism caused major chemical transfers. For example, host psammites and granite-gneisses gained Ca. causing hornblende to crystallize; metabasites in limestones gained Ca, Mg, Sr, and lost Fe, Ti, Rb, Rb, Y and Zr, totally suppressing garnet; metabasites in pelites lost Na, enhancing garnet relative to plagioclase; metabasites within psammites gained K and Rb, enhancing biotite; and metabasites within granite-gneisses gained Na, K, Mn, Rb and Sr, suppressing epidote. Overall chemical differences between metabasites with or without biotite, epidote and garnet may reflect the same interactions, rather than original magmatic variations. Even the 'immobile' element chemistry of high-grade metabasites may be an unreliable tracer of magmatic chemistry, unless country rock interactions are allowed for.


Len Platt charts a fresh approach through one of the great masterpieces of twentieth-century literature. Using original archival research and detailed close readings, he outlines Joyce's literary response to the racial discourse of twentieth-century politics. Platt's account is the first to position Finnegans Wake in precise historical conditions and to explore Joyce's engagement with European fascism. Race, Platt claims, is a central theme for Joyce, both in terms of the colonial and post-colonial conflicts between the Irish and the British, and in terms of its use by the extreme right. It is in this context that Joyce's engagement with race, while certainly a product of colonial relations, also figures as a wider disputation with rationalism, capitalism and modernity


This study aims at reviewing the curriculum design by including video games in the implementation of the Malay language course at an Institute of Higher Learning. The
objective of this study is to obtain expert opinion on the expected manner of implementation of video games in learning the Malay language. The Fuzzy Delphi technique (FDM) is used to obtain the consensus among 30 selected experts from various fields and backgrounds using an instrument specifically designed for the purpose. The
instrument consists of six sub items. The findings show that experts reached a consensus and agreed that the curriculum design based video games could be tailored to the learning of the Malay language among foreign students (defuzzified value: 0.680). Overall, the experts had consensus and strongly agreed that video games have potential in implementing Malay language learning among foreign students at a university. The impact from the expert consensus was that a decision was made for a new framework for curriculum design based on the potential of video games as a medium of instruction for scaffolding learning of Malay language among foreign students at a selected university. Thus, this study suggests the implementation of new education policies among stakeholders particularly at the Department of Higher Education and Ministry of Education (MOE) to highlight the possibility of using video games as a teaching tool for all universities nationwide. The Curriculum Development Centre at the Centre for Language and other
faculties in all universities should view the development of this technology to enable application of a more interesting, interactive and motivating language learning process as a medium of learning the Malay language among foreign students.


. Gray and collaborators have recently demonstrated that line-depth ratios are a powerful tool for temperature discrim-ination, able to resolve di ff erences (cid:20) 10 K. The method has been applied to detect temperature variations in the 5–15 K range due to activity cycles (e.g. Gray et al. 1996a, 1996b) or to rotation modulation produced by large surface features, called "star-patches", like that detected in (cid:24) Boo A by Toner & Gray (1988). Cool starspots of a few tenths of the stellar surface produce bumps in a line profile, which migrate through the line profile allowing Doppler-imaging in fast rotating stars. In the hypothesis that in slowly-rotating stars the passage of dark spots produces modulation of the center line depth of di ff erent amount in lines of di ff erent sensitivity to temperature, we have made test observations on three active binaries of the RS CVn type. Based on observations made at the Catania Astrophysical Observatory at a resolution R = 14 000, we show that line-depth ratios can be e ff ectively used to determine spot temperatures of active binary systems. Using, on average, ten line pairs, selected in the 6100–6300 Å wavelength range, with the help of observations of 30 main sequence and giant stars, we have derived a calibration relation of line-depth ratios (LDR) in an absolute temperature scale, taking into account the gravity e ff ect in the calibration relation. Single LDRs converted to temperature through the calibration relations have led to clear rotational modulation of the average surface temperature with amplitudes of 177 K, 119 K, and 127 K for VY Ari, IM Peg and HK Lac, with average estimated errors of about 10 K. We show that the observed temperature variation amplitude allows us to define a minimum fractional spotted area coverage as a function of spot-photosphere temperature ratio. Adopting the maximum value of average temperature, determined from the LDRs, as that of the unspotted photosphere, we computed the average spot temperature corresponding to the minimum spot coverage. Although not univocally constrained, the temperature di ff erence ( ∆ T = T ph − T sp ) obtained for the three systems, ∆ T = 890 K for VY Ari, ∆ T = 750 K for IM Peg, and ∆ T = 810 K for HK Lac, are in good agreement with values derived with other methods.


In its traditional conception, international law regulates relations between sovereign states. This definition is challenged by current developments of international law, especially in the area of human rights. The human person is arguably a bearer of rights and duties under international law. However, recognizing this individual legal personality is not enough. International bodies and treaties need to acknowledge that individuals are subjects of international law within a pluralistic world. In other words, the law of nations must crystalize the idea that individuals are, with all their cultural differences, subjects of international law. The Inter-American Court of Human Rights recognizes this view through its pro homine principle, which informs that human rights instruments must seek the best possible protection for the human person. In this interpretative framework, the Inter-American Court crystalized a body of norms protecting indigenous rights and their cultural and historical backgrounds within the general protection system of the American Convention. The extensive interpretation of rights articulates a new view on the individual legal personality. Accordingly, this article seeks to understand this approach based on key decisions of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights on indigenous cases.


All students need to master a variety of mathematical tools and concepts at the start of their university career. This distinctive book helps students learn these by doing. The approach is interactive, using experiments, performed in the symbolic algebra package Mathematica, to impart the fundamentals of many of the topics students encounter. A clear exposition of the topic accompanies every experiment.The modular style of the book allows students to study each topic independently. The sheer power of computer algebra software lets students develop and test their own conjectures, obtaining quick and instructive results. The software modules accompanying this course includes many custom functions designed to facilitate learning and testing process.Students who have some familiarity with the material will find their understanding refreshed and deepened through this approach. The exposure to modern computer algebra software will also benefit students in their subsequent studies, research, and professional careers.This classroom-tested book covers Calculus; Complex Numbers; Vectors and Matrices; Functions and Graphs; Trigonometry; and Series. It should therefore also be of use to many secondary school and high school students.Requires: Mathematica 2.2 or later (to be purchased separately); notebook interface. Software modules for this book are available with the hardback edition and via the Internet, or directly from the authors. For further details of the book, including licensing information for certain UK higher education institutions, visit the book's WWW site at http: //metric.ma.ic.ac.uk/


Abstract Using the IAB Employment Sample (IABS) covering 1980–2001, we investigate what impact the fall of the Iron Curtain has had on the skill structure of employment and wages in the western German districts neighboring the Czech Republic. The introduction of free trade and capital mobility in this region, which has one of the world's largest wage differentials, can be seen as a natural experiment. Even though full liberalization of the labor markets has not yet occurred, integration of product and capital markets should lead to significant shifts in economic activities. We presume that changes in skill and wage structures are particularly apparent in the regions situated immediately on the open border. Distinguishing three skill categories we obtain rather unexpected results. Though we observe a general shift from low‐skilled jobs towards skilled jobs and a convergence trend of border regions towards the national average, we do not find a special effect for the period after the opening of the border, neither concerning the skill structure nor the wage differentials.


The rise of high-stakes, standardized, teacher performance assessments (TPAs) is central to the industry being created out of the regulation, policing, and evaluation of university-based teacher education In addition to reinforcing a narrow and counter-critical framework, TPAs can shift responsibility for the evaluation of teacher candidates from university-based teacher educators with a comprehensive and nuanced fluency in candidates' preparedness to external scorers trained to standardize and depersonalize effective practice. In this article, four social justice-oriented teacher educators from three different states examine the practical and political effects of TPAs in their local contexts. By analyzing the curricular, pedagogical, and political implications of this high-stakes standardization of their field, they speak back to a policy landscape that too often marginalizes the voices of the teachers and students it purports to serve. Throughout, they examine the dilemmas of practice created by TPAs, as teachers and teacher educators seek to redefine what it means to enact justice-oriented professional agency in an increasingly regulated context. A critical counternarrative methodological approach was used to collect and process the authors' lived stories and then to collaboratively reflect upon each other's personal/professional experiences with TPAs. Several strategies are identified for enacting agency in response to TPAs, including curricular acts of resistance, resistance through participation in state legislative processes, policymaking within teacher education programs, the production of activist scholarship, and refusal to participate at all. Ways are suggested for teacher educators to minimize, mitigate, and resist unjust policy through curricular, political, and scholarly activism.


1. INTRODUCTION Increased attention to student engagement and active learning strategies have become particularly relevant in today's classroom environments. Researchers (Bonwell and Eison, 1991; Chernay, 2008; Graffam, 2007) across a range of disciplines have agreed that to be actively involved requires students to use higher order thinking including analysis, synthesis and evaluation. Incorporating strategies that support this kind of learning are also considered more relevant and meaningful when teaching "net generation" students who were born between 1982-1991 (Oberlinger and Oberlinger, 2005). Net generation learners have different styles and expectations that require faculty to reconsider pedagogical approaches (Prensky, 2001). Traditional classroom structure and teaching strategies are challenged by the learning needs of these students who process information differently. Faculty must consider the impact of net generation characteristics such as preferences for digital literacy, experiential learning, interactivity and immediacy on all areas of course design and delivery (Skiba and Barton, 2006). The purpose of this paper is to address these challenges through the development and implementation of an interdisciplinary, active learning experience that increases information technology literacy of business students through the use of Web 2.0 tools. The information systems (IS) curriculum is widely acknowledged to have an interdisciplinary background; it is also a key component in other business disciplines (Benbaset and Weber, 1996; McBride and Hackney, 2003). As such, and in response to the current contraction and elimination of separate IS programs, faculty seek to provide the application of information technology concepts in other classes. Such integration actually strengthens both the application of those concepts to problem solving across business disciplines and it improves the network connections to other faculty and the business community (McBride and Hackney, 2003). The research questions under consideration are: * Can information technology literacy skills be effectively developed in an interdisciplinary setting? * How does the development of an experiential learning activity enhance student engagement and learning outcomes? Using Web 2.0 tools builds on the previous experiences that net generation learners have with social networking. In addition, students are provided with opportunities to analyze the use of these tools in a classroom context, and to assess the potential of broader application in business environments and in their future lives. This study includes a discussion of the active learning literature and the appropriateness of such strategies with net generation learners. It also details the implementation of this experience within the curriculum, and assesses the benefits and challenges related to enhanced student learning and engagement as well as literacy outcomes. 2. BACKGROUND 2.1 Active Learning Engaging students in learning can be both challenging and rewarding for educators. Chapman (2003) defined student engagement in association with classroom learning and stated that three inter-related criteria must be considered as part of the process: cognitive investment, active participation and emotional engagement. The focus on active learning is supported by numerous researchers (Bonwell and Eison, 1991; Chernay, 2008; Graffam, 2007) and is defined by Bonwell and Eisen (1991) as instructional activities involving "students in doing things and thinking about what they are doing" (p. 2). Bonwell and Eisen (1991) also supported the notion that the adoption of active learning pedagogies contributes to increased student learning. Common characteristics associated with active learning include the use of higher level thinking and engagement of students in activities that encourage exploration and subsequent evaluation of their involvement. …


One of the critical factors in seismic analysis is selecting appropriate attenuation equations. This formula, also known as ground motion relation, is a simple mathematical model that relates a ground motion parameter (i.e. spectral acceleration, velocity and displacement) to earthquake source parameter (i.e. magnitude, source to site distance, mechanism) and local site condition (Campbell, 2002). It is considered one of the critical factors in seismic hazard analysis. It may lead the design load for building either become too conservative or under design. There has been a number of attenuation equations derived in the last two decades since the record of ground motions becomes more available. In general, they are categorized according to tectonic environment (i.e. subduction zone and shallow crustal earthquakes) and site condition. There are several attenuation relationships derived for subduction zone earthquake, which are commonly used such as Crouse (1991), Youngs (1997), Atkinson and Boore (1997), Petersen (2004). Whereas attenuation relationships, which are developed by Abrahamson and Silva (1997), Campbell (1997, 2002), Sadigh et al. (1997), Toro (1997), are frequently used to estimate ground motion for shallow crustal earthquake. The shortcomings of this method are by the limitation of the attenuation relationship itself. Usually attenuation relationship is derived for near source earthquake. Therefore, most of the attenuation relationships have a distance limitation. Except attenuation developed by Toro (1997), and Campbell (2002), all of the attenuations are only valid to be applied for distances between 80 km and 400 km. Since there is no attenuation relationship has been derived directly for Malaysia region, which is affected by long distance earthquake, therefore selection or development of appropriate attenuation relationship for Malaysia is needed. This research is collaborating with related institutions such as Malaysian Meteorological Department (MMD), Jabatan Mineral dan Geosciences Malaysia (JMG) and United States Geological Survey (USGS). There are 481 recordings from 40 mainshocks and aftershocks which magnitude greater than 5.0 in the full data set. Recordings with unknown or poor estimates of the magnitude, mechanism, distance, or site condition were excluded from the data set used in the regression analysis. This reduced the data set used in the analysis to 91 recordings from 14 earthquakes.


Semantic technologies provide flexible and scalable solutions to master and make sense of an increasingly vast and complex data landscape. However, while this potential has been acknowledged for various application scenarios and domains, and a number of success stories exist, it is equally clear that the development and deployment of semantic technologies will always remain reliant of human input and intervention. This is due to the very nature of some of the tasks associated with the semantic data management life cycle, which are famous for their knowledgeintensive and/or context-specific character; examples range from conceptual modeling in almost any flavor, to labeling resources (in different languages), describing their content in terms of ontological terms, or recognizing similar concepts and entities. For this reason, the Semantic Web community has always looked into applying the latest theories, methods and tools from CSCW (Computer Supported Cooperative Work), participatory design, Web 2.0, social computing, and, more recently crowdsourcing to find ways to engage with users and encourage their involvement in the execution of technical tasks. Existing approaches include the usage of wikis as semantic content authoring environments, leveraging folksonomies to create formal ontologies, but also human computation approaches such as games with a purpose or micro-tasks. This document provides a summary of the Dagstuhl Seminar 14282: Crowdsourcing and the Semantic Web, which in July 2014 brought together researchers of the emerging scientific community at the intersection of crowdsourcing and Semantic Web technologies. We collect the position statements written by the participants of seminar, which played a central role in the discussions about the evolution of our research field. Seminar July 6–9, 2014 – http://www.dagstuhl.de/14282 1998 ACM Subject Classification I.2.9 Robotics Artificial Intelligence / Robotics, D.3.1 Formal Definitions and Theory – Semantics, H.1.2 User/Machine Systems – Human information processing


The coronavirus pandemic has impacted global society in many ways, not least education, with schools and universities moving many teaching and learning practices online. This paper examines the response of educational institutions in employing learning analytics, an approach which includes the collection and analysis of student data to understand and optimise teaching and learning. A systematic review of publications is undertaken and key themes identified in an attempt to answer the question: How did learning analytics allow educators to respond to learners' risks and challenges during the pandemic? This study illustrates issues around the rapid adoption of technological solutions outside of the institution; inequality of internet access; considerations of data privacy and longer term consequences; and the need for an agile, but considered policy response.


Numerous recent studies on macroeconomic policy--including monetary policy and tax policy--have incorporated private information in their models of the economy. In such models, characterization of Pareto-optimal allocations is an important step of analysis. In this article, we study Pareto optima in a simple model economy with heterogeneous agents. We characterize and compare all Pareto-optimal allocations both with and without private information. We also demonstrate the limits to redistribution and intertemporal distortions that arise as implications of Pareto optimality with private information.


The radiative effects from increased concentrations of well-mixed greenhouse gases (WMGHGs) represent the most significant and best understood anthropogenic forcing of the climate system. The most comprehensive tools for simulating past and future climates influenced by WMGHGs are fully coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs). Because of the importance of WMGHGs as forcing agents it is essential that AOGCMs compute the radiative forcing by these gases as accurately as possible. We present the results of a radiative transfer model intercomparison between the forcings computed by the radiative parameterizations of AOGCMs and by benchmark line-by-line (LBL) codes. The comparison is focused on forcing by CO2, CH4, N2O, CFC-11, CFC-12, and the increased H2O expected in warmer climates. The models included in the intercomparison include several LBL codes and most of the global models submitted to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4). In general, the LBL models are in excellent agreement with each other. However, in many cases, there are substantial discrepancies among the AOGCMs and between the AOGCMs and LBL codes. In some cases this is because the AOGCMs neglect particular absorbers, in particular the near-infrared effects of CH4 and N2O, while in others it is due to the methods for modeling the radiative processes. The biases in the AOGCM forcings are generally largest at the surface level. We quantify these differences and discuss the implications for interpreting variations in forcing and response across the multimodel ensemble of AOGCM simulations assembled for the IPCC AR4.


Eddy‐correlation measurements of sediment oxygen uptake rates in aquatic systems are increasingly used to obtain areal‐averaged fluxes with a high temporal resolution. Here we discuss the effects of coordinate rotation and averaging time scale for Reynolds decomposition on flux estimates. Using 119 hours of continuous eddy‐correlation measurements of sediment oxygen fluxes in an impounded river, we demonstrate that rotation of measured current velocities into streamline coordinates can be a crucial and necessary step in data processing under complex flow conditions in non‐flat environments with complex topography. We found that under these conditions neither time series detrending nor coordinate rotation can remove low‐frequency velocity variations completely. These variations result in spurious flux contributions and in a pronounced dependence of the derived fluxes on averaging time scales. Application of the planar fit transformation was found to provide an alternative means for transforming measured velocities into streamline coordinates for longer‐term observations. The observed sensitivity of estimated fluxes to coordinate transformation and selection of averaging time scale is discussed in the context of the theoretical concepts underlying eddy‐correlation measurements and a set of recommendations for planning and analyses of flux measurements are derived.


George Hurrell (1904--1992) was the creator of the Hollywood glamour portrait, the maverick artist who captured movie stars of the most exalted era in Hollywood history with bold contrast and seductive poses. This lavishly illustrated book spans Hurrell's entire career, from his beginnings as a society photographer to his finale as the celebrity photographer who was himself a celebrity, and a living legend. From 1929 to 1944 Hurrell was the "Rembrandt of Hollywood," creating portraits of Marlene Dietrich, Norma Shearer, Bette Davis, Carole Lombard, and Joan Crawford that were a blend of the ethereal and the erotic. His photos of Jane Russell sulking in a haystack made the unknown girl a star--without a film credit to her name. He immortalized leading males stars of the day from the Barrymores to Clark Gable and Gary Cooper. Latter photo shoots magnified the glamour of the likes of Warren Beatty and Sharon Stone. Through newly acquired photos and in-depth research, photographer and historian Mark A. Vieira, author of Hurrell's Hollywood Portraits, offers not only a wealth of new images but a compelling sequel to the story presented in his earlier book on Hurrell. Hurrell was himself a star--rich, famous, successful. Then, at the height of his career, he suffered a vertiginous fall from grace. George Hurrell's Hollywood recounts, for the first time anywhere, Hurrell's rise from the ashes--how movie-still collectors and art dealers pulled the elderly artist into a nefarious world of theft and fraud; how his undiminished powers gave him a second career; and how his mercurial nature nearly destroyed it. The photographs that motivate this tale are luminous, powerful, and timeless. This book showcases more than four hundred, most of which have not been published since they were created. George Hurrell's Hollywood is the ultimate work on this trailblazing artist, a fabulous montage of fact and anecdote, light and shadow.


Abstract This paper describes a randomised controlled trial conducted with 10 secondary schools in England to evaluate the impact and feasibility of Fresh Start as an intervention to help new entrants with low prior literacy. Fresh Start is a synthetic phonics programme for small groups of pupils, here implemented three times per week over 22 weeks. The intervention was led by the schools themselves and assessed in cooperation with the independent evaluators. A group of 433 year 7 pupils (first year of secondary school) were identified by schools as having literacy attainment below "secure" KS2 level 4, and individually randomised to a treatment group or a waiting-list control. The pupils were assessed via GL's New Group Reading Test. Missing data at pre- and post-test amounted to 3% of the total. The overall "effect" size in terms of gain scores from pre- to post-test was +0.24, and this was repeated in a sub-group analysis involving only FSM-eligible pupils. However, there was some imbalance between the two groups at the outset, and this must lead to a slight caution about the findings, and to some doubts about whether one or more schools unwittingly subverted the randomisation. Other than this, the aggregated trial shows that schools can conduct evaluations of their own interventions with firm guidance from experts, and under favourable conditions such as individual randomisation and lack of extended involvement by developers with a conflict of interests.


Terrestrial locomotion that is produced by creating and exploiting frictional anisotropy is common amongst animals such as snakes, gastropods, and limbless lizards. In this paper we present a model of a bristlebot that locomotes by generating frictional anisotropy due to the oscillatory motion of an internal mass and show that this is equivalent to a stick–slip Mathieu oscillator. Such vibrational robots have been available as toys and theoretical curiosities and have seen some applications such as the well-known kilobot and in pipe line inspection, but much remains unknown about this type of terrestrial locomotion. In this paper, motivated by a toy model of a bristlebot made from a toothbrush, we derive a theoretical model for its dynamics and show that its dynamics can be classified into four modes of motion: purely stick (no locomotion), slip, stick–slip, and hopping. In the stick mode, the dynamics of the system are those of a nonlinear Mathieu oscillator and large amplitude resonance oscillations lead to the slip mode of motion. The mode of motion depends on the amplitude and frequency of the periodic forcing. We compute a phase diagram that captures this behavior, which is reminiscent of the tongues of instability seen in a Mathieu oscillator. The broader result that emerges in this paper is that mobile limbless continuum or soft robots can exploit high-frequency parametric oscillations to generate fast and efficient terrestrial motion.


Although for decades attempts have been made to persuade young people toward careers in science, there still exists a global shortage of science and engineering graduates. As there is growing evidence to suggest that young children's early
childhood experiences can influence career choices, this research explores how primary school children's engagement with fictional representations of science and scientists may be shaping their perceptions of the same. In this regard, the research seeks to frame interventions, using stories, to encourage more positive impressions of a life in science.
The qualitative methodology draws upon reader response theory wherein the reader is positioned as the maker of meaning for any text; and also upon the associated theory of interpretive communities which acknowledges that the ways in
which the reader comes to create/recreate meaning are drawn from the interpretive communities to which she or he belongs.
The research engaged 46 primary school children, 9-10 years of age, from two Year 5 cohorts, over two years, in a school in the North of England. By writing, reading, sharing and discussing their own and others' stories about science and scientists, the children were encouraged via two unstructured and four semi-structured group
interviews to share their thoughts and ideas about their own and others' fictional
scientists, and about how they felt those ideas related to real scientists in the real world. The children's words were transcribed, thematically coded and analysed, and emerging themes further explored.
The children felt that 'being a scientist' presents a lonely and unhappy landscape,
devoid of friends or family, as one's life remains dedicated to the pursuit of doing good in the world at the expense of one's own happiness. They felt, too, that 'doing science' for a living is a lot of work, dangerous and can even kill you and, although the children felt that it isn't particularly intellectually difficult work, it is
still something that 'other people', smarter or more maths-oriented people, do.
Primary school children do not think about putting science and scientists into stories
– and they are never asked to do so. When asked, specifically, to write a story within which at least one character has to be a scientist, the aesthetic as opposed to efferent stance with which the children re/create their texts, precipitates unique de/reconstructions and re/creations of meaning with respect to not only what it might mean to do fantastic fictional science and be a fantastic fictional scientist but with respect to what it might mean to do real science and be a real scientist, too.
When asked to share their stories about science and scientists, the children, by calling into being texts re/created by others as well as themselves, re/create and re/generate – both as authors and as readers from within their own unique interpretive communities – fresh cascades of fluid meaning about both fictional and
real science and scientists.
If we wish to persuade more young people toward careers in science and engineering, we could harness this phenomenon: in encouraging children to re/generate cascades of de/reconstructions and re/creations of meaning about science and scientists, the identity that is 'scientist' will come to be de/reconstructed many times, as will the identity of the child herself or himself in association with the same; and if ideas about one's life design begin in childhood, any interventions developed in order to encourage young people toward a life in science might best be employed, therefore, at primary school.
Hence, the first intervention is a reflection of the research itself, wherein, using their own unique aesthetic transactional stance, children are given the opportunity – that is, they are specifically asked – to create, share and discuss their own and others' stories about science and scientists. The children, thereby, will call into
being myriad cascades of fresh, unique, fluid meaning about doing fictional and real science and about being fictional and real scientists – meaning that, otherwise, would never occur.
The second intervention – requested, in part, by the children themselves – engages both an aesthetic and an efferent transactional stance simultaneously. As long as fictional (literary) stories about science and scientists are rare, more are needed.
These stories, however, besides being aesthetically pleasing should also embrace
an efferent informational stance; that is, the children felt that if fictional stories about science and scientists incorporated some real science, they might be more inclined to engage with the same and might re/consider the idea of being a real scientist doing real science in the real world.
In both these interventions, because the children clearly understood the fictional evil or mad scientist to be a story trope, the Scientist in Fiction – the character that is the evil or mad scientist – should remain as she or he already is as their raisons d'etre lie entirely in the making of the type of fun or funny, exciting and
entertaining stories that the children are interested in reading.


Open-ended rectangular waveguides are widely used for microwave and millimeter-wave nondestructive testing (NDT) applications, such as detecting disbond and delamination in multilayered composite structures, thickness evaluation of dielectric sheets and coatings on metal substrates, etc. When inspecting a complex multilayered composite structure that is made of generally lossy dielectric layers with arbitrary thicknesses and backing, the dielectric properties of a particular layer may be of particular interest (e.g., radome inspection). The same is also true when one is interested in the thickness, or, more importantly, thickness variation, of a particular layer within such complex structures. An essential tool for closely estimating the complex permittivity and/or thickness is an accurate forward electromagnetic model for simulating the reflection coefficient at the aperture of the probing open-ended waveguide. To this end, this paper provides a full-wave accurate forward model for calculating the reflection coefficient from a generally lossy multilayered composite structure possessing an arbitrary number of layers and respective thicknesses while accounting for the influence of higher order modes. This model is subsequently validated through comparisons with a commercial numerical tool and actual measurements. Furthermore, a measurement model is provided, which results in an iterative inverse technique for estimating the complex permittivity and thickness of a dielectric layer. Subsequently, this technique is applied to the measured reflection coefficients of several structures. To evaluate the accuracy of this technique, an analysis on its sensitivity to various sources of errors, and, most importantly, the effect of a finite flange size, is also demonstrated by using the simulated data. Finally, the potential of this model to accurately estimate the thickness of an individual layer, which represents a thin disbond, in a multilayered composite structure is presented.


Diarrhoea causes 1.8 million deaths each year worldwide and 90016of the deaths occur in children under 5 years. In less developed countries, a child has 6 to 8 episodes of diarrhoea per year. Kenya is one-amoung 15 countries in Africa and Asia that account for 75% of childhood diarrhoea deaths in children under 5 years. Kenya has an average of 4-5 episodes per child per year. At Nakuru general hospital, out of 1070 childhood diarrhoea admissions, there were 61 deaths in 2007. Policies such as Control of Diarrhoeal Diseases (CDD) 1993, lMCI 1997, IMCIIHousehold Component 2000, Hand Washing Policy 2009 and Revised CDD 2010 were formulated to provide guidelines on the control and management of childhood diarrhoea yet diarrhoea disease continues to be a major cause of disease burden, Various programmes such as maternal child health (MCH), expanded programme on immunization (EP!), control of diarrhoea diseases (CDD) and integrated management of childhood illnesses (IMC!) were introduced in order to improve the quality of care and reduce morbidity and mortality and improve child survival. Studies have shown that mothers can give ORSat home, reduce hospital visits and therefore cut down on the treatment cost for diarrhoea disease. In Nakuru municipality in 2007, Baharini location diarrhoea was the second commonest cause of morbidity after pneumonia Mothers were not able to provide appropriate treatment regimes leading to deterioration of the condition and delay in treatment. This is a barrier to achievement of MDG No.4 on child survival and achievement of Kenya's Vision 2030 of economic growth. This study was conducted in this peri-urban cosmopolitan area. The aim of the study was to assess the knowledge of mothers on signs of dehydration and complications of diarrhoea, determine the management regimes used by mothers during diarrhoea and identify household risk. factors for diarrhoea transmission in children under 5 years of age in Baharini location, Nakuru municipality. Data was collected using pre-tested questionnaires and an observation checklist. Four hundred mothers of children under 5 years of age were interviewed. The respondents in the study were identified using simple random sampling where households/house blocks were selected using a table of digits. Data was analyzed using Chi-square test. The results showed that at the time of the study, there had been 41.5% diarrhoea episodes in the previous 6 months. Eleven point five percent (11.5%) of the respondents knew early signs of dehydration. Although 17.25% of the respondents knew that ORS was used to treat diarrhoea, only 7.75 % used ORS. Chi-Square test = 21.48 P value> 0.05 and the differences were considered significant. Eighteen point two percent (18.25%) of the respondents had adequate skill for preparing ORS. ~ . Carbohydrate foods were offered to children by 66% of the respondents but only 2% offered protein foods. It was observed that 51.75% of the households had poorly disposed domestic refuse although 73.25% of the respondents knew proper method of refuse disposal. Chi-square test = 34.44 and P value> 0.05, the differences were considered significant. Excreta was poorly disposed by 36.75% of the households. The study concluded that majority of the mothers had inadequate knowledge on signs of dehydration and complications of diarrhoea. Most mothers used inappropriate treatment regimes to manage diarrhoea. The methods used to dispose refuse and excreta in the household were high risk. factors for diarrhoea transmission. The study recommended that the clinicians should communicate appropriate information and skills to mothers on identification of early signs of dehydration and complications of diarrhoea and appropriate diarrhoea management regimes. The Ministry of Medical services should ensure that ORS sachets are available and accessible to mothers in the location. The Ministry of water should consider developing policies that promote chlorination of drinking water at the household level The department of public health should ensure that proper standards of sanitation in refuse and excreta disposal are maintained to reduce risk of diarrhoea transmission. The department should also consider methods of increasing excreta facilities in some of the estates such as Manyani and Lakeview.


Microbes are known to affect ecosystems and communities as decomposers, pathogens, and mutualists. However, they also may function as classic consumers and competitors with animals if they chemically deter larger consumers from using rich food-falls such as carrion, fruits, and seeds that can represent critical windfalls to both microbes and animals. Microbes often use chemicals (i.e., antibiotics) to compete against other microbes. Thus using chemicals against larger competitors might be expected and could redirect significant energy subsidies from upper trophic levels to the detrital pathway. When we baited traps in a coastal marine ecosystem with fresh vs. microbe-laden fish carrion, fresh carrion attracted 2.6 times as many animals per trap as microbe-laden carrion. This resulted from fresh carrion being found more frequently and from attracting more animals when found. Microbe-laden carrion was four times more likely to be uncolonized by large consumers than was fresh carrion. In the lab, the most common animal found in our traps (the stone crab Menippe mercenaria) ate fresh carrion 2.4 times more frequently than microbe-laden carrion. Bacteria-removal experiments and feeding bioassays using organic extracts of microbe-laden carrion showed that bacteria produced noxious chemicals that deterred animal consumers. Thus bacteria compete with large animal scavengers by rendering carcasses chemically repugnant. Because food-fall resources such as carrion are major food subsidies in many ecosystems, chemically mediated competition between microbes and animals could be an important, common, but underappreciated interaction within many communities.


In just 24 sessions of one hour or less, the reader picks up all the skills needed to increase the effectiveness and reliability of Access applications. Using a straightforward, step-by-step approach, each lesson builds upon the previous one, allowing the reader to quickly learn the essentials of Access programming from the ground up. The book helps the reader to understand the fundamentals of the Access architecture, gain fast knowledge of the new features that Access offers, learn how to effectively use the latest tools and features of Access by following practical, real-world examples, and get expert tips from the best-selling author, Alison Balter. This book is designed for the way readers learn. They can go through each step-by-step chapter or just choose the lessons that interest them the most.


In survival data analysis, a central interest is to identify the relationship between a possibly censored survival time and explanatory covariates. In this article, a new censored quantile regression method is proposed and studied in the framework of reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces (RKHS). We first establish the joint piecewise linearity of the regression parameters as a function of regularization parameter λ and quantile level τ . An efficient algorithm is then developed to compute the entire two-dimensional solution surface over the (λ × τ)-plane. Finally, a piecewise linear conditional survival function estimator is constructed based on the solution surface. The method provides a new and flexible survival function estimator without requiring such rigid model assumptions as linearity of the survival time or proportionality of the hazards. One important advantage of the estimator is that it can handle moderately high-dimensional covariates. We carry out an asymptotic analysis to justify the proposed method theoretically, and numerical results are shown to illustrate its competitive finite-sample performance under various simulated scenarios and real applications.


This paper addresses a phenomenon often noted in association with programs aimed at stabilizing high rates of inflation: a rise in the ex post real interest rate following implementation of the disinflation strategy. Such increases have been observed in connection with the stopping of European hyperinflations in the 1920s, as well as during the more recent experiences of disinflation in Argentina and Israel. To better understand this behavior, we develop a very general model of interest rate determination in a small open economy with two goods--traded and non-traded--and three assets--money, domestic bonds, and foreign bonds. We show that in partial portfolio equilibrium, a reduction in the fiscal deficit leads to a fall in inflation exceeding the decline in nominal interest rates, so the real interest rate rises; this effect derives from the increase in money demand resulting from the disinflation. In partial goods-market equilibrium, however, a reduction in the fiscal deficit reduces goods demands and lowers the real interest rate. In consequence, the general equilibrium response of the real interest rate to a disinflation program based on fiscal contraction is shown to be indeterminate. ; The framework described above is used to examine the response of real interest rates to Argentina's disinflation in 1985. We show that the reduction in the fiscal deficit, as well as the government's shift away from money-financing, should have increased real interest rates substantially. However, the imposition of the Austral Plan appears to have exerted an independent effect in reducing interest rates, so that the impact of the program on the real rate of interest was largely neutralized.


This paper presents the design and the experimental measurements of a 24 GHz fully integrated fractional PLL, for ISM band, with a new low power prescaler. This circuit is implemented in a 0.25 /spl mu/m SiGe:C process from STMicroelectronics (BiCMOS7RF). The PLL power dissipation is 170 mW and fulfills a 23.7 to 24.9 GHz frequency locking range, while exhibiting a phase noise of -100 dBc/Hz at 100 kHz from the carrier. The simulated PLL unity-gain bandwidth is 36 MHz, with a phase margin of 54/spl deg/. The PLL uses a new latch-based prescaler (SRO) which exhibits a power dissipation of 0.68 GHz/mW.


Groundwater resource is a very important water resource that has stable temperature, clear, tidy and confident. In recent years, population growth, industrialize and need to food and water, have exposed the groundwater resource on the risk. Reduction of water resources is a main problem in throughout the world. In this research groundwater potential mapping was obtained in Norabad plain, Lorestan, Iran. Twelve parameters were selected, and used as the input data. The parameters influencing in potential groundwater mapping in the study area were altitude, slope aspect, slope angle, plan curvature, Topographic Wetness Index (TWI), land use, soil, lithology, drainage density, distance from river, fault density and fault distance. Then, 106 wells with productivity higher than 10 (m3/s) were mapped in ArcGIS10.2. Subsequently, 70% of groundwater dataset (74 wells) were selected randomly as training and 30% remaining (32 wells) as testing data set. Then groundwater potential maps were created using Frequency Ratio (FR), Weights of Evidence (WoE) and Multi Influencing Factors (MIF) models in ArcGIS10.2. The final map of groundwater potential for FR, WoE and MIF model was classified into five classes (very low, low, moderate, high and very high) using quantile method. Finally, ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) curves obtained for validation of FR, WoE and MIF models using SPSS19. Subsequently, Area under curves (AUC) was calculated. The AUC values of FR, WoE and MIF models were almost the same and set in the excellent class. Hence, the provided mapping of groundwater potential in this area is a reliable tool for planning in future.


The article proposes a new approach for measuring, understanding, and managing risk in the asset management industry. Consider the recent failures of Amaranth, MotherRock, and Bayou, as well as the still-cited failures of Long Term Capital Management, Lipper, and Beacon Hill. Each of these failures ignited great debate about sources of risk and breakdowns in detecting risk. After each failure, numerous constituencies looked for forensic evidence to identify the root cause that triggered the failure. Was it market, credit, liquidity, operational or geopolitical risk? The approach in this article is based on utilizing business process analytics to quantitatively understand manager skill and risk discipline. By approaching asset management firms as holistic businesses rather than silos of securities and risk, investors and managers alike can work from a transparent, efficient, quantitative framework to understand the risk of investment portfolios, business infrastructures, and counterparties as a whole


We have used carbocyanine dyes (DiI and DiO) to generate fate maps for the epiblast layer of the chick embryo between stage X and the early primitive streak stage (stages 2-3). The overall distribution of presumptive cell types in these maps is similar to that described for other laboratory species (zebrafish, frog, mouse). Our maps also reveal certain patterns of movement for these presumptive areas. Most areas converge towards the midline and then move anteriorly along it. Interestingly, however, some presumptive tissue types do not take part in these predominant movements, but behave in a different way, even if enclosed within an area that does undergo medial convergence and anterior movement. The apparently independent behaviour of certain cell populations suggests that at least some presumptive cell types within the epiblast are already specified at preprimitive streak stages.


Isoetes genus is commonly known as the "quillworts" and considered to be "fern allies". There are about 200-250 species, with a cosmopolitan distribution but often scarce to rare. Isoetes genus members often grow in extremely sensitive aquatic environments such as temporary ponds, streams and lakes. They are therefore good indicators of environmental quality. Isoetes anatolica Prada & Rolleri is an endemic plant grows on calcareous sediment/soil on the edges of seasonal ponds located in a mountainous area near the southern coast of the Black Sea at 1400 m above sea level at Bolu, Turkey. In this study, mineral element uptake statuses of I. anatolica populations were studied on the background of plant-sediment/soil-water interactions. The study materials were collected from the place where this narrow endemic species only lives in the world (Abant Region, Bolu/Turkey) by using standard methods and plant and sediment/soil mineral element measurements (Al, B, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni and Zn) were done. ICP-OES was employed for the measurements during the study. Interrelations between mineral element contents in the sediment/soil, water and plant were discussed. The data revealed that I. anatolica is capable of accumulating considerable amounts of certain mineral elements (B, Ca, Mn and Na).


This Essay discusses the Supreme Court's tendency in recent opinions to covertly expand the reach of the qualified immunity defense available to public officials in § 1983 civil rights suits. In particular, the Essay points out that the Court, often in per curiam rulings, has described qualified immunity in increasingly broad terms and has qualified and retreated from its precedents, without offering any explanation or even acknowledging that it is deviating from past practice.In making this claim, I focus on three specific issues: the manner in which the Court characterizes the standard governing the qualified immunity defense; the question whether lower court opinions can clearly establish constitutional law so as to defeat a claim of qualified immunity; and the relationship between qualified immunity and Fourth Amendment doctrine. In each of these areas, the Essay demonstrates, the Court has inexplicably broadened the protection qualified immunity affords government officials in § 1983 litigation.The Essay concludes that, while the most troubling aspect of this pattern is the suggestion that only the Supreme Court can create clearly established law, terminology and tone matter as well. The increasingly broad brush the Supreme Court uses in characterizing the qualified immunity defense is not likely to escape the attention of government actors seeking immunity or the lower courts tasked with resolving their claims.


Current state-of-the-art document retrieval solutions mainly follow an index-retrieve paradigm, where the index is hard to be directly optimized for the final retrieval target. In this paper, we aim to show that an end-to-end deep neural network unifying training and indexing stages can significantly improve the recall performance of traditional methods. To this end, we propose Neural Corpus Indexer (NCI), a sequence-to-sequence network that generates relevant document identifiers directly for a designated query. To optimize the recall performance of NCI, we invent a prefix-aware weight-adaptive decoder architecture, and leverage tailored techniques including query generation, semantic document identifiers, and consistency-based regularization. Empirical studies demonstrated the superiority of NCI on two commonly used academic benchmarks, achieving +21.4% and +16.8% relative enhancement for Recall@1 on NQ320k dataset and R-Precision on TriviaQA dataset, respectively, compared to the best baseline method.


Beer is the most consumed alcoholic beverage in Brazil. In this paper, wood aged beer was made with some Brazilian wood species, that is, chestnut, Cariniana sp., balsam, oak, and amburana. This maturation process can be done with wooden cubes, chips or in barrels. The main differences between the processes are related to the surface area of wood in contact with the beer as well as where it is stored. They provide different sensorial and visual characteristics, such as turbidity, colour, and their effects on drinkability. In view of the great variety of wood in Brazil, one may wonder about their application to this end; however, for the purpose of maturation it is crucial to collect data regarding the characterisation of several types of wood. Brazilian wood samples were analysed in order to use their cubes in a lager beer sample. Thus the objective of this study was the chemical characterisation of roasted wood so they could be applied as a technological innovation in the maturation process to produce wood aged beers. In order to do so, the wood's physicochemical and sensorial effects on the beer were compared to their effects on a standard base beer. It was observed that they have characteristic flavours and aromas that com e from the wood's structural compounds, through the thermal degradation of lignin and holocellulose. The trained panel related increasing the complexity of the beer lagered with wood. Physicochemical and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analys es verified the samples' sensorial results. According to the results, lagering with wooden cubes is an effective technique to be used in beer aging, influencing organoleptic characteristics.


In this paper, we propose a novel intelligent control scheme for a class of discrete-time nonlinear uncertain systems operating under multiple environments/control situations. First, based on the deterministic learning theory, artificial neural networks (NNs) are employed to accurately learn/identify the uncertain system dynamics under each individual environment. The learned knowledge is then utilized to: (i) achieve improved control performance by developing a family of experience-based controllers (EBCs), each of which is tailored to an individual environment; and (ii) determine real-time activation of the EBCs by developing a pattern recognition mechanism for online identifying the active control situation. In addition, a robust quasi-sliding mode controller is further designed and embedded in the overall control scheme to guarantee system stability during the transition process among multiple environments. The novelty of the proposed control scheme lies in its intelligent capabilities of knowledge acquisition and re-utilization in real-time control, enabling self-adaption to uncertain changing control environments. A simulation example is included to verify the effectiveness of the proposed results.


The athleisure phenomenon has initiated a fast-paced evolution in the activewear industry and challenged brands to design and market activewear that fulfills consumer needs. Existing sport consumer behavior research has neglected to understand the structural relationships that connect attributes of sport products with values of sport consumers to inform values-based product design and marketing strategies. The current research utilizes the means-end chain theory and its corresponding soft laddering method to investigate the activewear consumption experience of female consumers. Findings revealed means-end chain structural relationships connecting five product attributes to three end-state values through four consequences associated with activewear consumption. Findings extend the sport management literature by understanding how sport product attributes fit into abstract consumer values and drive practical implications to enlighten activewear design and marketing.


In vector analysis, it is important to classify three flow primitives as translation, rotation and divergence. These three primitives can be detected utilizing line integral and surface integral according to the knowledge of vector analysis. In this paper, we introduce a method for extracting these three primitives utilizing edges in an image based on vector analysis, namely edge field analysis. The edge has the information of inclination. However, the edge has no information of the direction unlike vector. Hence, line integral and surface integral can not be directly applied to detect these three primitives utilizing edges. We firstly formulate the problem and describe the algorithm for detecting the three primitives in vector analysis. We then propose an algorithm for estimating three primitives regarding edge image as pseudo-vector field. For illustration, we apply edge field analysis to quasi-motion extraction and feature extraction. We also show the experimental results in terms of estimating the center of the flowers, the cell body of neuron, the eye of the storm, the center of the explosion and so on.


The USA, European Union, and Japan have begun a trilateral process to confront the Chinese economic model, including its use of industrial subsidies and deployment of state-owned enterprises. This paper seeks to identify the main areas of tension and to assess the legal-economic challenges to constructing new rules to address the underlying conflict. It begins by providing a brief history of subsidy disciplines in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and World Trade Organization predating any concerns introduced by China. It then describes contemporary economic problems with China's approach to subsidies, their impact, and the apparent ineffectiveness of the World Trade Organization's Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures to address them. Finally, it calls for increased efforts to measure and pinpoint the source of the problems—in a manner analogous to how the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development took on agricultural subsidies in the 1980s—before providing a legal-economic assessment of proposals for reforms to notifications, evidence, remedies, enforcement, and the definition of a subsidy.


A major application area of microphone array processing is the localization of sound sources, mainly of speaking persons. In contrast to most state-of-the-art approaches that are based on correlation measures, we propose a neurologically inspired system that generalizes findings about human spatial hearing to the multi-channel case. It mimics the processing in the human cochlea and the auditory mid-brain. To enhance the localization quality, a new spike generation approach is introduced, termed peak-over-average position (PoAP). A fuzzy combination is used to remove putative artifacts. In contrast to a human listener we employ multiple sensors to gain robustness in reverberant and noisy environments. Post-processing estimates the locations of concurrent speakers. The robustness of the proposed system is shown by comparison with the wellknown steered response power approach. Finally, we show the applicability of our realtime neuro-fuzzy model to the concurrent speaker localization task using real reverberant recordings.


The luminescence sensitivity of natural quartz is significantly enhanced if heated beyond the first and second crystal phase transitions, in the temperature range 500-1100 °C. This work employs a number of complementary spectroscopic methods to obtain a fuller understanding of the mechanisms of this sensitization process. Spectrally resolved radioluminescence is used to study the role played by hole trapping recombination sites. Linearly-modulated optically stimulated luminescence is used to probe a number of different optically active electron donor defects. Spectrally resolved thermoluminescence simultaneously monitors the processes of electron eviction from donor centres, and recombination at acceptor sites. Finally, high-frequency electron paramagnetic resonance is used to monitor changes in population and structure of defects present within the lattice, some of which partake (either directly or indirectly) in the emission processes of the samples. The work leads to the conclusion that luminescence is generally sensitized in quartz by the removal of oxygen vacancy E' centres (which act either as non-radiative recombination centres, or as luminescence centres emitting in the deep UV, beyond the range of our instrumentation). In some samples, further luminescence enhancement is accompanied by heat induced creation of donor defects. The spectral results show that, not only is there competition between the acceptors for recombining electrons, but also that the emission undergoes significant thermal quenching at elevated temperatures. Comparison of the radioluminescence and thermoluminescence measurements enables the quenching energies of two emission bands (360, 470 nm) to be obtained directly.


The authors estimate the effect of the 2004–6 New York State (NYS) minimum wage increase from $5.15 to $6.75 per hour on the employment rates of 16- to 29-year-olds who do not have a high school diploma. Using data drawn from the 2004 and 2006 Current Population Survey, they employ difference-in-difference estimates to show that the NYS minimum wage increase is associated with a 20.2% to 21.8% reduction in the employment of less-skilled, less-educated workers, with the largest effects on those aged 16 to 24. Their estimates imply a median employment elasticity with respect to the minimum wage of around −0.7, large relative to previous researchers' estimates. The authors' findings are robust to their choice of geographically proximate comparison states, the use of a more highly skilled within-state comparison group, and a synthetic control design approach. Moreover, their results provide plausible evidence that state minimum wage increases can have substantial adverse labor demand effects for low-skilled individuals that are outside previous elasticity estimates, ranging from −0.1 to −0.3.


BACKGROUND
Ureteral stents are commonly employed following ureteroscopy to treat urinary stone disease, but the devices impose a substantial burden of stent-associated symptoms (SAS), including pain and urinary side effects. The NIDDK Urinary Stone Disease Research Network sought to develop greater understanding of SAS causes and severity among individuals treated ureteroscopically for ureteral or renal stones.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
We designed a prospective, observational cohort study comprising adolescents and adults undergoing ureteroscopic intervention for ureteral or renal stones. Participants will undergo detailed symptom assessment using validated questionnaires, a psychosocial assessment, and detailed collection of clinical and operative data. Quantitative sensory testing will be utilized to assess pain sensitization. In addition, a small cohort (~40 individuals) will participate in semistructured interviews to develop more granular information regarding their stent symptoms and experience. Biospecimens (blood and urine) will be collected for future research.

RESULTS
The Study to Enhance Understanding of sTent-associated Symptoms (STENTS) enrolled its first participant in March 2019 and completed nested qualitative cohort follow-up in August 2019. After a planned pause, enrollment for the main study cohort resumed in September 2019 and is expected to be completed in 2021.

CONCLUSION
STENTS is expected to provide important insights into the mechanisms and risk factors for severe ureteral SAS following ureteroscopy. These insights will generate future investigations to mitigate the burden of SAS among individuals with urinary stone disease.


The Corrib Gas Field contains in excess of 1012 SCF (28.3×109 Sm3) of gas in place in a Triassic fluviatile sandstone reservoir, sealed by late Triassic evaporites and trapped in a relatively simple, but underfilled, NE–SW-trending anticlinal structure. In contrast, the post-Triassic overburden manifests a more complex evolution with indications of flipped polarity, extensional faulting on a crestal detachment structure during the Jurassic, succeeded by alternate episodes of burial and exhumation from the Early Cretaceous onwards. Compactional, thermal and stratigraphic frames of reference have been used to assess the magnitude and timing of the principal exhumation episode, which occurred during the early Cretaceous. Large uncertainty is associated with exhumation estimates derived from individual techniques, but stratigraphic analysis and seismic interpretation support the conclusion that kilometre-scale (800–1700 m) exhumation and erosion of the Jurassic overburden has occurred in the Corrib area. A number of post-Aptian re-burial and exhumation events also occurred but are unlikely to have exceeded the earlier maximum burial of source, reservoir and seal rocks achieved during the Late Jurassic. Continued local extensional reactivation of the listric detachment structure, post-Aptian, has resulted in a pattern of heterogeneous exhumation within the field area. However, the severely attenuated post-rift stratigraphic record throughout the Slyne Basin suggests that long-wavelength processes, such as mantle hotspot activity and shoulder uplift linked to the rifting and thermal subsidence of the Rockall Basin, were the primary drivers of exhumation in the Corrib area during the Cretaceous-Tertiary period.


Introduction: Malignant otitis externa (MOE) is an infection of the temporal bone usually affecting elderly diabetic patients, which can potentially be life threatening. The causative organism is most commonly Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Objective: Objective of the study was to review our experience of managing patients with MOE. The second objective was to compare the outcome of patients with and without cranial nerve paralysis and bony erosions evident on computed tomography (CT ) scan. Materials and Methods: Our departmental database was searched for all patients hospitalized with the diagnosis of MOE between January 2000 and December 2009. A total of 21 patients were included in the study based on our inclusion criteria. Variables studied were: Clinical features including edema and granulations in external auditory canal (EAC), presence of otalgia, exudate, bony erosions of EAC, mastoid or petrous apex on CT scan and diabetes mellitus or other immunocompromised state. Outcome was assessed in terms of mortality and cure. Fisher′s exact test was applied to find out effect of nerve palsies and bony erosions on outcome. Result and Conclusion: MOE is an aggressive and life-threatening infection. The mortality rate was found to be 14.3%. Analysis of findings revealed no statistically significant effect of temporal bone erosions and neuropathies on outcome.


This research aims to improve scholarly understandings of doctoral feedback practices, thereby exploring how doctoral students develop their academic writing abilities. Specifically, I was interested in how individual writers incorporate all the information available to them and how each source of feedback interacts with the others in the writing process. Unlike previous studies, feedback in this study also includes various forms of advice that can influence an understanding of a task as well as discipline-specific knowledge and linguistic accuracy. To address the contextualized nature of this project, I employed a case study approach (Yin, 2009). This approach involved the coded content analysis of interviews with students and their professors, drafts with written feedback, and observations of literacy practices in doctoral courses embedded in a graduate school in the mid-Atlantic region. Two separate coding systems were developed for this research: one for the types of feedback that students received and one for the learning outcomes that the participants reported throughout the semester. Drawing on the frameworks of academic socialization (Duff, 2007) and communities of practice (Lave & Wenger, 1991), the results of this study corroborate and extend the limited empirical evidence to date by showing that graduate feedback addresses professional enculturation in a broad sense. Feedback needs to be understood as a situated social practice that facilitates a multidirectional academic socialization. Developing academic writing is an ongoing process of academic socialization and constructing a professional identity, which enables students to learn ways of writing and presenting arguments in specific disciplines. This is partly grounded in the dynamics between learner agency and the diverse, overlapping communities of practice to which student writers belong. The participants' networks of feedback are manifestations of their diverse patterns of membership in these overlapping communities. From a pedagogical perspective, the present research also reveals the full extent of the positive impact of multiple sources of feedback. This study moves the knowledge of academic writing forward by situating the empirical evidence for the nature of doctoral feedback within the current efforts of understanding doctoral writing, especially during the initial years of doctoral education.


The US National Park Service (NPS) has long used large-scale panoramas, also known as bird's-eye views, to portray park sites where buildings and other human-made features are plentiful. This paper examines these bird's-eye views, most of which were produced by nationally renowned contract illustrators in a wide range of artistic styles. Both their traditional and digital work receive attention. A brief historical review looks at the antecedents of current NPS products dating back to the Renaissance. The practical second half of the paper focuses on how the NPS now designs these bird's-eye views with 3D software, with an eye toward cost savings. Topics include viewing parameters in a 3D scene, preparingDEMs, modeling buildings, designing trees, and creating environmental special effects. Two dozen full-color illustrations supplement the text.


African philosophy as an academic discipline orginated in the post-war period. Attempts to establish African philosophy as an independent academic discipline must be seen against the background of Western political, economic and cultural domination in Africa. The prevailing colonial attitude regarding Africans as pre-logical human beings helped to stimulate the search for an independent African philosophy. It represents an attempt to devise Africa's own epistemological, ideological and methodological systems, in much the same way that African nationalism and African socialism represented a reaction against foreign political and ideological domination. Those who are engaged in the practice of African philosophy differ in their views concerning the nature and content of this discipline. Some refuse to accept that African philosophy is any different from other philosophical systems. Others are convinced that there is, and should be, a peculiar African element in it. The debate about the autonomy of African philosophy focuses in particular on the ideal of cultural and economic independence in Africa. African philosophy must then be seen in the context to attempt to bring about a ""decolonisation of the mind"" in Africans. This will, it is hoped, lay the foundation for meaningful social and economic change on the continent.


Recently, it has become increasingly clear that boundaries play a significant role in the understanding of the non-perturbative phase of the dynamics of strings. In this thesis we propose to study the effects of boundaries in non-critical string theory. We thus analyse boundary conformal field theories on random surfaces using the conformal gauge approach of David, Distler and Kawai. The crucial point is the choice of boundary conditions on the Liouville field. We discuss the Weyl anomaly cancellation for Polyakov's non-critical open bosonic string with Neumann, Dirichlet and free boundary conditions. Dirichlet boundary conditions on the Liouville field imply that the metric is discontinuous as the boundary is approached. We consider the semi-classical limit and argue how it singles out the free boundary conditions for the Liouville held. We define the open string susceptibility, the anomalous gravitational scaling dimensions and a new Yang-Mills Feynman mass critical exponent. Finally, we consider an application to the theory of non-critical dual membranes. We show that the strength of the leading stringy non-perturbative effects is of the order e(^-o(1/βst)), a result that mimics those found in critical string theory and in matrix models. We show how this restricts the space of consistent theories. We also identify non-critical one dimensional D-instantons as dynamical objects which exchange closed string states and calculate the order of their size. The extension to the minimal c ≤ 1 boundary conformal models is also briefly discussed.


The aim of this investigation is to improve the method for calculating design wind speed used for wave run up at water reservoirs. It is focused on the relation between extreme flood and wind events, and between wind speed and duration. Water flow data from fourteen Norwegian river basins and wind data from neighbouring airfields are correlated. Some positive correlation is found for areas situated at the coastal side of the mountains where a further analysis is carried out. Extreme value analysis of the wind and flood series provides estimates of T -year events for each of the two variables. The best-fitted equation linking the square of the maximum 10-minute wind speeds to the daily mean water flow is established. It is observed that the expected wind speed during the 1000-year daily flood event has approximately one year return period. The risk for higher wind speed is high, so the effect of adding 1 and 1.65 standard deviations of the maximum wind speed is assessed, increasing the expected return period to 5 and 20 years respectively. Continuous records of 10-minute wind speed are used to establish transfer coefficients from the extreme 10-minute value to durations of 20 minutes to 6 hours.


Hybrid III-V/Silicon lasers based on evanescent coupling are one of the most advanced and the most promising devices in the ongoing efforts to build an efficient light source on a silicon platform. Most of the recently reported devices are based on direct die-towafer bonding of III-V epitaxial layers to silicon waveguides, which might prove difficult to implement in an industrial-scale fabrication process. As an alternative approach, in this paper, we present an evanescently-coupled, hybrid III-V/silicon laser based on adhesive DVS-BCB bonding. The device layout, the fabrication process and the achieved results are presented and discussed.


The strongly typed syntax of grammar formalisms such as CCG, TAG, LFG and HPSG offers a synchronous framework for deriving syntactic structures and semantic logical forms. In contrast—partly due to the lack of a strong type system—dependency structures are easy to annotate and have become a widely used form of syntactic analysis for many languages. However, the lack of a type system makes a formal mechanism for deriving logical forms from dependency structures challenging. We address this by introducing a robust system based on the lambda calculus for deriving neo-Davidsonian logical forms from dependency trees. These logical forms are then used for semantic parsing of natural language to Freebase. Experiments on the Free917 and Web-Questions datasets show that our representation is superior to the original dependency trees and that it outperforms a CCG-based representation on this task. Compared to prior work, we obtain the strongest result to date on Free917 and competitive results on WebQuestions.


Hans, or Jean, Arp (1886--1966) is internationally renowned as one of the foremost sculptors and visual artists of the twentieth century. A founder member of the Dada group, he was also associated with Surrealism and with Concrete Art and Minimalism. Such acclaim has overshadowed the fact that he considered himself above all a poet. This book, the first major English-language study of Arp in nearly half a century, is also the first to reveal that Arp's practices as poet, painter, and sculptor are not only complementary but mutually dependent facets of a coherent aesthetic strategy. Eric Robertson discusses Arp's lifelong practice of moving freely between his different expressive forms and his two languages (French and German), and his tendency to alter his earlier works. Examining major works in the light of recent critical and theoretical perspectives, the book addresses key questions relating to Arp's practices and reappraises his relationship to the avant-garde as well as his standing in art-historical and literary contexts.


Acute and chronic (overuse) musculoskeletal soft-tissue injuries are common as a result of sports and occupationally related physical activities. These injuries have no single cause—instead, they result from a complex interaction of intrinsic and extrinsic factors which include genetic factors.1 2 Specific genetic elements have been identified for certain soft-tissue injuries,3,–,7 and I will summarise those in this editorial. I also explore the possible clinical implications of including genetic risk factors in multifactorial models developed to understand the molecular mechanisms of musculoskeletal soft-tissue injuries.

A familial predisposition and/or an association of specific genetic sequence variants have been proposed for conditions affecting the Achilles and rotator cuff tendons, as well as for shoulder dislocation and cruciate ligament ruptures.3 6 As summarised in table 1, initial investigations using genetic association (case–control) study designs showed that sequence variants (or polymorphisms) within several genes that encode for extracellular matrix proteins are likely associated with some of the previously mentioned injuries.3,–,8

View this table:

Table 1
Genes associated with soft-tissue injuries

The results of these pioneering sports medicine genetics studies suggest that soft-tissue injuries, like other more extensively investigated complex disorders (eg, obesity, type 2 diabetes), are caused by the interaction of multiple genetic and environmental factors. They also suggest that there might be similarities and differences with respect to the genetic sequence variants associated with (1) tendon and ligament injuries, (2) acute and chronic injuries and (3) injuries within males and females. Further work is required to better understand these …


Using data on the US and EU top R&D spenders from 2004 until 2012, this paper investigates the sources of the US/EU productivity gap. We find robust evidence that US firms have a higher capacity to translate R&D into productivity gains (especially in the high-tech industries), and this contributes to explaining the higher productivity of US firms. Conversely, EU firms are more likely to achieve productivity gains through capital-embodied technological change at least in medium and low-tech sectors. Our results also show that the US/EU productivity gap has worsened during the crisis period, as the EU companies have been more affected by the economic crisis in their capacity to translate R&D investments into productivity. Based on these findings, we make a case for a learning-based and selective R&D funding, which – instead of purely aiming at stimulating higher R&D expenditures – works on improving the firms' capabilities to transform R&D into productivity gains.


The use of molecular markers associated with quantitative trait loci (QTL) can improve the effi ciency of breeding programs. In previous research, randomly amplifi ed polymorphic DNA marker alleles AD9.950 + derived from the root rot resistant snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivar Puebla 152 and S18.1500 – derived from the susceptible cultivar Eagle were linked in repulsion phase and mapped to the same locus. The alleles were associated with a major QTL that explained 25 and 49% of the variation for the root rot complex for plant vigor and plant biomass, respectively. The objective of the current study was to estimate the average effect of allelic substitution in BC 1 F 3 families that were indirectly selected for root rot resistance or susceptibility based on the AD9.950 and S18.1500 marker phenotypes. Four BC 1 F 3 inbred backcross populations were developed by crossing two susceptible snap bean cultivars (Hercules and Nicelo) with two root rot resistant donor inbred lines. When evaluated in a fi eld with high levels of root rot inocula, families carrying the AD9.950 + / S18.1500 – marker alleles had a mean plant vigor of 3.95 ± 0.96 and mean plant biomass of 25.09 ± 0.89 g plant –1 compared with 7.01 ± 0.96 and 7.05 ± 0.90, respectively, in families that lacked these alleles. Realized gains in plant biomass and plant vigor validate the effectiveness of substituting the AD9.950 + and the S18.1500 – marker alleles to introgress root rot resistance into susceptible genetic backgrounds.


This paper shows that electoral incentives deter politicians from supporting trade liberalization. We focus on all major trade liberalization bills introduced since the early 1970s in the U.S. Congress, in which House and Senate members serve respectively twoand six-year terms and one third of senators face elections every two years. We show that senators are more likely to support trade liberalization than House representatives. However, this result does not hold for the last generation of senators, who face elections at the same time as House members, suggesting that inter-cameral differences are driven by term length. Considering senators alone, we find that the last generation is less likely to support trade liberalization than the previous two. This result is pervasive and holds both when comparing the behavior of different senators voting on the same bill and that of individual senators voting on different bills. The protectionist effect of election proximity disappears for senators who are retiring or hold safe seats. JEL classifications: D72, F10.


Although the cause of Duchenne muscular dystrophy has been recently found, there is no causal treatment to alter the natural course of this disease. Based on the recommendations by Glorion and Rideau with early treatment of contractures of the hips and the lower limbs we performed a modified release of the spina muscles, resection of tensor fasciae latae and a lengthening of the tendo calcaneus in 32 patients. The mean ae of DMD patients at time of operation was 6.1 yrs. The mean follow-up was 3.4 yrs. All children underwent mobilization the day after surgery. Complete correction of all contractures was immediately achieved after operation and kept in all but two cases up to the follow-up examination. No loss of ambulation was observed. Our results demonstrate that early selective surgery in DMD patients before or just at the onset of contractures without performing an additional aponeurectomy of the iliotibial band and percutaneous tenotomy of the hamstrings according to the original Glorion-Rideau-technique safely prevents severe contractures and should prolong ambulation.


This study sought to examine the relationship between social interaction and tacit knowledge transfer, as a dyadic exchange of critical knowledge between a Subject Matter Expert (SME) and a Knowledge Recipient (KR). Knowledge was defined as information and know-how, not merely as organized data or a system, but an active social process that was perceptually constructed consisting of individual beliefs, values, and assumptions. The primary focus of this paper was to better understand how social interaction influenced critical tacit knowledge transfer, transition, transformation, diffusion, or conveyance within the confined and highly compartmentalized environment of the United States Intelligence Community (USIC). This study examined the evolving and dynamic role social interaction played when the source-recipient dyad socially engaged in an intense problem-solving social dialogue. This study used a qualitative descriptive approach to observe the effects of mutual contact in relation to knowledge construction, sharing, and transfer. A qualitative method with subject interviews was used to collect evidentiary data. This study confirmed that several social attributes, behaviors, and/or actions were highly effective for critical knowledge transfer even when the dyads were constrained by organizational cultures, legal statutes, policies, or other environmental factors. Further examination of the data revealed key themes linking social interaction and increased knowledge transfer rate. For example, the effects of knowledge transfer were particularly evident when dyadic interactions included focused participation, willing cooperation, creative reflection, insightful questioning, or reflective listening. The study results showed that these and other characteristics markedly improved mutual trust, increased resilience and mutual adaptation, and strengthened social cohesion that reduced SME-KR knowledge distance. In effect, these dynamics were shown to be important ingredients for effective and harmonious critical knowledge transfer within the USIC.
In summary, this study affirmed six major conclusions revealing key aspects of interaction that reduced obstacles in knowledge transfer. These were: (1) Mutual Trust Increased Tie Strength which Improved the Depth of Knowledge Transfer; (2) Participant Motivation, Attentive Listening, and Ability to Self-express Increased both Quality and Tempo of Knowledge Transfer; (3) The Source-Recipient Asymmetric Structure Impacted the Source Transfer Capacity; (4) Constrained Environment of the Intelligence Community did not Impinge Tacit Knowledge Transfer; (5) Knowledge Sharing Experimentation Sessions using Analogies, Metaphors, or Models were Effective for Tacit Knowledge Transfer; and (6) Working in Close Physical Proximity Increased the Rate of Tacit Knowledge Transfer. These conclusions were drawn after close examination and thematic analysis of the empirical data which were compared and contrasted with historical and contemporary literature findings. This work revealed that individuals were more inclined to collaborate in solving mutual problems if specific social attributes, personal behaviors, and/or actions were present.


This article recovers the institutional alternatives to judicial enforcement of civil liberties during the New Deal. Based on archival research, it demonstrates that the court-based strategy was deeply contested and remained controversial well after the foundational First Amendment victories. Today, theories of civil liberties are premised on state neutrality in the domain of public debate; in the 1930s, the most prominent accounts demanded affirmative government intervention to correct distortions in the marketplace of ideas or to advance substantive rights. In examining these forgotten traditions, the article highlights the close and unexplored connection between civil liberties and organized labor during the New Deal. Surprisingly, early proponents of civil liberties understood the term to encompass, above all, the rights to organize, picket, and strike. Reconstructing the competing visions of civil liberties and their optimal enforcement before and after the "Constitutional Revolution" reveals the anticipated trade-offs of the judicial strategy, with important implications for theoretical accounts of constitutional change.


We describe the earliest evidence for neoplastic disease in the hominin lineage. This is reported from the type specimen of the extinct hominin Australopithecus sediba from Malapa, South Africa, dated to 1.98 million years ago. The affected individual was male and developmentally equivalent to a human child of 12 to 13 years of age. A penetrating lytic lesion affected the sixth thoracic vertebra. The lesion was macroscopically evaluated and internally imaged through phase-contrast X-ray synchrotron microtomography. A comprehensive differential diagnosis was undertaken based on gross- and micro-morphology of the lesion, leading to a probable diagnosis of osteoid osteoma. These neoplasms are solitary, benign, osteoid and bone-forming tumours, formed from well-vascularised connective tissue within which there is active production of osteoid and woven bone. Tumours of any kind are rare in archaeological populations, and are all but unknown in the hominin record, highlighting the importance of this discovery. The presence of this disease at Malapa predates the earliest evidence of malignant neoplasia in the hominin fossil record by perhaps 200 000 years.