While biometrics has been extensively adopted by industry and governments for identification and forensics purposes relying on dedicated biometric sensors and systems, the consumer market driven by innovations in consumer electronics (smartphones, tablets, etc.) is believed to be the next sector that biometric technologies can find wider applications. Compared to dedicated biometric sensors, the sensors embedded in such general-purposed devices may suffer from sample quality instability, which has significant impact on biometric performance. The concern on sample quality may jeopardize the market confidence in consumer devices for biometric applications. In this paper, we propose an approach to assessing the quality of fingerprint samples captured by smartphone cameras under real-life uncontrolled environments. Our approach consists of a sample processing pipeline during which a sample is divided into blocks and a set of local quality features are extracted from each block, including 3 pixel-based features, 4 autocorrelation based features, and 5 frequency features from the autocorrelation result. Afterwards, a global sample quality score is calculated by fusing all image blocks' qualification status. Thanks to the extracted features' capability in discriminating high-quality foreground (fingerprint area) blocks from low-quality foreground ones and background ones, the proposed approach does not require foreground segmentation in advance and thus we call it a one-stop-shop approach. Experiments compare the proposed approach with NFIQ and the proposed pipeline using standardized quality features, and demonstrate our approach's better performance in qualifying smartphone-camera fingerprint samples. Index Terms — fingerprint recognition, sample quality assessment, smartphone camera, autocorrelation.


Today's smartphone applications expect users to make decisions about what information they are willing to share, but fail to provide sufficient feedback about which privacy-sensitive information is leaving the phone, as well as how frequently and with which entities it is being shared. Such feedback can improve users' understanding of potential privacy leakages through apps that collect information about them in an unexpected way. Through a qualitative lab study with 19 participants, we first discuss misconceptions that smartphone users currently have with respect to two popular game applications that frequently collect the phone's current location and share it with multiple third parties. To measure the gap between users' understanding and actual privacy leakages, we use two types of interfaces that we developed: just-in-time notifications that appear the moment data is shared and a visualization that summarizes the shared data. We then report on participants' perceived benefits and concerns regarding data sharing with smartphone applications after experiencing notifications and having viewed the visualization. We conclude with a discussion on how heightened awareness of users and usable controls can mitigate some of these concerns.


China coastal drainage problems always the significant urbanization issue and closely related to public life. Every year the lots of coastal cities have happened urban water logging, potentially effect on the citizen property, economy and personal security under threat. For this reason, the purpose of the research is pay attention to finding the factors which directly affect the drainage, and seek solutions to improve drainage management system.
To achieve the aim of the research, based on the literature review and concept, a questionnaire was adopted to investigate the problems which would affect drainage management system, the questionnaire included 11 questions. The questionnaire based on Shanghai, Hangzhou, Guangzhou, Shenzhen. After collet the information from the questionnaire, the case study of Tokyo and Shanghai were used to 'in-depth' analyze drainage system based on the objectives. The Tokyo case study was as experience for Shanghai, and SWOT analysis was adopted to analyze the situation and also give the recommendation for urban drainage management and planning.
According to the summarized, conclusion and discussion of the result of each chapter based on the literature review and investigation, finding that China coastal cities drainage system existing unreasonable planning and management situation. China coastal cities now still through increase drainage pipeline, drainage pump station, impounding reservoir and separate discharge rainwater and sewage. These cannot meet the needs of drainage demanded under rapid urbanization. Right now, through use for the reference of Tokyo experience and previous studies, propose a recommendation that main control chain divided into four steps: The first step is 'prevent'; the second step is 'source control'; the third step is 'site control'; the fourth step is 'regional control'. In other word, utilize low effect development assist with drainage facilities which constitute by cement pipeline and so on. This management system through control and guidance from source. Ensure the hydrology after development was similar with before.


INTRODUCTION In this contribution to the Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law symposium on "War Bound by Law," I take the opportunity to discuss European approaches to counterterrorism. I start off by making two preliminary observations. First, while it may be that U.S. authorities have been heavily criticized for not respecting the rule of law because of the detention policies in Camp Delta and Guantanamo Bay and because of the trials before military commissions instead of civilian courts, it is by now very clear that such criticism equally applies to other western democracies, amongst which a number of European states. Countries such as England, Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands have adopted antiterrorism measures that challenge human rights, criminal-justice principles, and due process. Some of these measures will be discussed today. Second, the emphasis on security, which emanates from the fight against terrorism and challenges due process and human rights, is not a recent phenomenon. It is not solely a reaction to the terrorist attacks in New York, Madrid, and London. These tragic events have increased policy makers' attention to security issues, but attention to such issues existed before these events. Policymakers that govern, and citizens that live, in what may be termed the "risk society," are greatly concerned with security. A risk-free society is a goal that can never really be achieved but that is strived for in a society that attempts to manage and control risks. Antiterrorist measures and their effect on the criminal law, are not new developments, but are merely extensions of existing developments. One distinctive feature of European anti-terrorism measures is its emphasis on criminal law enforcement. Unlike the United States, most European states have refrained from adopting measures under the laws of war. Therefore, this contribution to the symposium focuses primarily on criminal law measures. In Part I and Part II, I briefly outline some of the anti-terrorism measures that have been taken in the aftermath of 9/11 at the European Union level and at the Member State level, respectively. In Part III and Part IV, I discuss the characteristics of these measures and their effect on criminal law and its underlying principles, respectively. I conclude with a few comments on the relationship between law and terrorism. I. EUROPEAN UNION AND COUNTERTERRORISM A. EU Framework Decisions On September 28, 2001, a few weeks after the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center, the Council of Ministers of the European Union presented two legislative proposals to the European Parliament: one for a Framework Decision on combating terrorism (1) and one for a Framework Decision on the European arrest warrant (2) ("EAW"). The Framework Decision on combating terrorism contains a definition of terrorism that has been implemented at the Member State level and that harmonizes the laws of the member states as to the definition of terrorism. (3) It defines terrorism as offences under national law, which, given their nature or context, may seriously damage a country or an international organisation where committed with the aim of: --seriously intimidating a population, or --unduly compelling a Government or international organisation to perform or abstain from performing any act, or --seriously destabilising or destroying the fundamental political, constitutional, economic or social structures of a country or an international organisation, shall be deemed to be terrorist offences: (a) attacks upon a person's life which may cause death; (b) attacks upon the physical integrity of a person; (c) kidnapping or hostage taking; (d) causing extensive destruction to a Government or public facility, a transport system, an infrastructure facility, including an information system, a fixed platform located on the continental shelf, a public place or private property likely to endanger human life or result in major economic loss; (e) seizure of aircraft, ships or other means of public or goods transport; (f) manufacture, possession, acquisition, transport, supply or use of weapons, explosives or of nuclear, biological or chemical weapons, as well as research into, and development of, biological and chemical weapons; (g) release of dangerous substances, or causing fires, floods or explosions the effect of which is to endanger human life; (h) interfering with or disrupting the supply of water, power or any other fundamental natural resource the effect of which is to endanger human life; (i) threatening to commit any of the acts listed in (a) to (h). …


PURPOSE
Although contrast injection helps make cancerous lesions more visible in contrast enhanced digital mammograms (CEDM), the overlapping of dense tissue with the lesion could affect the degree of the improvement. In this study, we developed and used a simulation method to investigate such effects.

METHODS
A digital phantom for a compressed breast was generated from cone beam CT images of a mastectomy specimen to represent the stationary anatomy of a breast. The 3D map of a tumor was inserted into the phantom. Published contrast enhancement data and clinical contrast enhanced CT images were used to estimate and assign temporarily varying CT enhancement values to both cancerous and normal tissues following contrast injection. These values were added to the digital phantom to form a 4D digital phantom, which was used to compute digital mammograms to visualize the lesion and measure the time density curve over the lesion. The results were used to investigate and quantify the effects of the lesion size and overlapping with dense tissue structures on the visibility of the lesion, degree of contrast enhancement and time of arrival in CEDM.

RESULTS
We have successfully generated and used a 4D digital breast phantom to simulate CEDM. It was found that the overlapping of the lesion with dense tissue could affect the degree of contrast enhancement and time of arrival information for the lesion. The effects was found to vary with the size of the lesion relative to the breast thickness in the direction of the x-ray path.

CONCLUSION
The benefit of contrast enhancement in digital mammography varies with the size of the lesion relative to the density tissue in the region of interest. The overlapping dense tissue structure could degrade the visibility of the contrast enhanced lesion both in the image and in the time density curves measured. This work was supported in part by grants CA13852 and CA124585 from the NIH-NCI.


The addition of hepatitis C virus (HCV) protease inhibitors (PIs) to interferon and ribavirin therapy has significantly improved the efficacy of treatment for HCV infection. However, for patients who do not respond to therapy, the selection of HCV variants with resistance to PIs is likely. Resistant variants, such as R155K and A156T/V, result in extensive cross-resistance to other HCV PIs. Despite the rapid and frequent appearance of PI-resistant HCV variants, the long-term clinical implications are unknown. In particular, progress in the development of other HCV antivirals, such as NS5A inhibitors, next-generation NS3 protease inhibitors, and NS5B nucleoside and nonnucleoside inhibitors, has provided a broad selection of potent antivirals such that interferon-free therapy is a reality. Promising results from early stages of interferon-free trials will be reviewed.


In this article we define pure intuitionistic Ancestral Logic ( iAL ), extending pure intuitionistic First-Order Logic ( iFOL ). This logic is a dependently typed abstract programming language with computational functionality beyond iFOL given by its realizer for the transitive closure, TC . We derive this operator from the natural type theoretic definition of TC using intersection. We show that provable formulas in iAL are uniformly realizable, thus iAL is sound with respect to constructive type theory. We further show that iAL subsumes Kleene Algebras with tests and thus serves as a natural programming logic for proving properties of program schemes. We also extract schemes from proofs that iAL specifications are solvable.


Parotocinclus adamanteus, new species, is described from a series of specimens collected in the upper portion of the Rio Paraguaçu basin, a coastal river within the Chapada Diamantina domain, a large plateau on the State of Bahia in northeastern Brazil. The description of this new species represents the first record of a member of the Hypoptopomatinae from this relictual area. The new species is diagnosed from other Parotocinclus by having a distinct rostral border forming a fleshy intumescence on the lateral portion of head ornamented with moderately hypertrophied odontodes in adult males. It is also diagnosed from congeners by a remarkable secondary sexual dimorphism in the shape of the pelvic fin, in which the branched rays of males decrease in size, resulting in a pointed posterior fin margin (branched pelvic-fin rays in females have approximately the same size, producing a round posterior fin margin). In addition, the new species can be further distinguished from other species of Parotocinclus by lacking a rostral plate covering the tip of the mesethmoid anteriorly, by lacking abdominal plates between the pectoral girdle and the anus, by having numerous premaxillary teeth (45–61), and by having a short and mesially expanded ventral portion of the cheek canal plate. Recent phylogenetic analysis indicates that Parotocinclus adamanteus, new species, is closely related to P. jequi, P. prata, and P. robustus.


The U.S. industrialist Norman K. Winston, special adviser to the American National Exhibition held in Moscow from 25 July to 4 September 1959, had predicted to This Week magazine earlier that year: We know the life we have is good. By the end of the summer, the millions of Russians who have seen our exhibit will know it too .... Unless I am a completely inept judge of human nature, that experience is going to stir not only hearts but also desires. Let it. Let the Russians want what we have. Let them clamor for it from their leaders. And let the clamor be so loud that it will demand answering. Perhaps then the Russian leaders, to keep their people happy, will divert some of their manufacturing facilities from weapons to the production of furniture, electric mixers, and prefabricated homes. (1) In 2005, Victoria de Grazia invoked the exhibition and the famous Nixon-Khrushchev "Kitchen Debate" that took place there to illustrate a pan-European prostration before America's "irresistible" market empire: By the end of the 1950s, it was clear that the United States had won hands-down on the scorecard of standard of living. True, the left press, as well as a wide band of public opinion, would have agreed that in the United States there were no social safeguards for workers: as Khrushchev was quoted, "if you don't have the money, you sleep on the street." But whatever the defects, the USSR was becoming irrelevant as offering an alternative vision of collective well-being. (2) The American National Exhibition (ANEM) was the first Soviet mass encounter with America--as America wanted itself to be seen--on Soviet turf. "A transplanted slice of the American way of life," emphasizing leisure, consumption, and domesticity, the experience it offered Soviet viewers was a kind of virtual day trip to America in the heart of Moscow, in the absence of any realistic prospect of their being able to travel to see the real thing. (3) It was held in Sokol'niki Park under a September 1958 agreement between the United States and the USSR, according to which national exhibitions demonstrating developments in science, technology, and culture were to be exchanged; the reciprocal Soviet National Exhibition had already opened at New York's Coliseum on 29 June 1959. (4) Among the exhibits at ANEM were a life-size model modern home of "the average American," in whose yellow General Electric kitchen the notorious "Kitchen Debate" between Nixon and Khrushchev took place, three further kitchens including Whirlpool's fully automated "Miracle" kitchen of the future, consumer goods for the home, toys, cars, fashion, voting machines meant to demonstrate the mechanisms of democracy, books, contemporary art, and the Family of Man photographic exhibition. (5) Visited by some 2,700,000 Soviet citizens over its six-week run, did ANEM stir the hearts and desires of these millions, as Winston and others predicted, and make them covet and clamor for what Americans had? (6) Conceived, as he indicates, as a soft weapon of the Cold War against the Soviet Union, did the exhibition have the decisive impact historians have ascribed to it? Was it the fatal close encounter that "led" inexorably to the collapse of the Soviet Union 32 years later, when the United States "won" the standard-of-living race "hands-down" and left the USSR's alternative, socialist vision of collective well-being in the dust? (7) "You are mistaken if you think you can convert [the USSR] to capitalism," Khrushchev warned U.S. governors visiting Moscow a few weeks before the exhibition opened. "The Soviet people are proud of the accomplishments like the Sputnik, et cetera. They will not be converted." (8) Khrushchev would say that, of course. But was his confidence misplaced bravado? Contemporary U.S. reports from this Cold War front, produced during and immediately after the exhibition, were also significantly less confident in its success, as even Walter Hixson's doggedly triumphalist account acknowledges. …


Low levels of literacy and education are often associated with negative interactions with and experiences of the criminal justice system. Low literacy also contributes to the over-representation of Indigenous Australians in the justice system. This paper examines service provider and criminal justice practitioner perspectives of the 'Yes, I Can!' adult literacy campaign. Interviews with 22 workers in regional New South Wales suggest that the majority believe the 'Yes, I Can!' program can potentially improve the type and frequency of interactions between Indigenous Australians and the criminal justice system. Overwhelmingly, participants viewed increasing literacy levels as key in empowering Indigenous Australians and enhancing encounters with criminal justice service providers. Further study and evaluation, including interviewing participants of the 'Yes, I Can!' campaign and community Elders, is of utmost importance.


SV2A is a glycoprotein present in the membranes of most synaptic vesicles. Although it has been highly conserved throughout evolution, its physiological role remains largely unknown. Nevertheless, Levetiracetam, a very effective anti-epileptic drug, has been recently demonstrated to bind to SV2A. At present, our understanding of the normal function of SV2A and its possible involvement in diseases like epilepsy is limited. With this study, we sought to develop a relevant model enabling analysis of SV2A's role in the occurrence or progression of epilepsy. For this purpose, we generated a floxed SV2A mouse model with conditional alleles carrying LoxP sites around exon 3 by means of a gene-targeting strategy. The SV2A lox/lox mouse line is indistinguishable from wild-type mice. When the recombination was observed in all cells, a model of mice with both SV2A alleles floxed around exon 3 recapitulated the phenotype of SV2A KO mice, including seizures. However, the specific invalidation of SV2A in the CA3 hippocampal region was not followed by epileptic seizures or decrease in the epileptic threshold on pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) test. These results demonstrate that the floxed SV2A mouse line has been successfully established. This transgenic mouse model will be useful for investigating SV2A functions related to cell types and developmental stages.


Mapping a source mesh into a target domain while preserving local injectivity is an important but highly non-trivial task. Existing methods either require an already-injective starting configuration, which is often not available, or rely on sophisticated solving schemes. We propose a novel energy form, called Total Lifted Content (TLC), that is equipped with theoretical properties desirable for injectivity optimization. By lifting the simplices of the mesh into a higher dimension and measuring their contents (2D area or 3D volume) there, TLC is smooth over the entire embedding space and its global minima are always injective. The energy is simple to minimize using standard gradient-based solvers. Our method achieved 100% success rate on an extensive benchmark of embedding problems for triangular and tetrahedral meshes, on which existing methods only have varied success.


In the current research, we illustrate the impact that item wording has on the content of personality scales and how differences in item wording influence empirical results. We present evidence indicating that items in certain scales used to measure "adaptive" perfectionism fail to capture the disabling all-or-nothing approach that is synonymous with the individual who is driven to attain perfection. Original and modified versions of two perfectionism measures of high personal standards and modified perfectionistic standards versions of these scales were administered to three samples of participants. A series of analyses established that item wording does indeed matter. In particular, our results differed for a modified version of the Almost Perfect Scale–Revised when the focus was on a conceptualization and assessment of perfectionism that is fundamentally different from conscientious striving. The current findings are discussed in terms of their implications for scale construction and item wording in general and for the measurement of perfectionism in particular. The specific implications of these findings are examined in terms of understanding dysfunctional perfectionism and the current debate about whether certain aspects of perfectionism are adaptive versus maladaptive.


InnoSense LLC has developed a cryogenic insulation (CryoPore™) for use in NASA fuel storage applications. Our project entailed the incorporation of aerogel additives into polyurethane base foams. Aerogels offer much improved insulative properties that, in turn, reduce the boil off rate of expensive NASA fuels. The highly porous structure of aerogels results in significantly lower thermal conductivity. Therefore, incorporating a material of such low thermal conductivity into polyurethane foams will result in a volumetric reduction of thermal conductivity. To compensate for a variety of foaming variations due to additive incorporation, we integrated green blowing agents to improve foam expansion which ultimately led to improved aerogel distribution. The cure and rise time of the foam were modulated by these additives to generate low density foams with a fine cell structure. Such finer cell structures further improved the overall thermal and mechanical properties of the system. We have developed a pour system that can easily be integrated into a wide variety of insulation applications including fuel tanks and refrigeration. Here we present the ability to control cell size, and improved insulation properties through the addition of aerogel additives and additional blowing agents. Our CryoPore™ insulation has been formulated for large-scale industrial spray and pour applications. This project was performed with support from the NASA SBIR program (Contract number NNX11CB53C).


Title of Document: AN EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF AFTER SCHOOL PROGRAM PARTICIPATION ON PROBLEM BEHAVIOR OUTCOMES: DOES PRE-EXISTING RISK MODERATE THE EFFECTS OF PROGRAM PARTICIPATION? Amanda Brown Cross, Ph.D, 2009 Directed By: Professor, Denise Gottfredson, Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice Background: Some prevention programs negatively affect participants. Previous research indicates that peers can cause these negative effects. However, little is known about which students may be most vulnerable to negative peer effects in prevention interventions. Purpose: This study tests the effect of participation in an after-school program (ASP) on student outcomes of peer delinquency, problem behavior and antisocial attitudes and beliefs for students of differing pre-test levels of risk for those outcomes. Drawing on social learning theory, this study examines whether lowand moderaterisk students in the intervention are more likely to acquire delinquent behaviors and beliefs in the ASP than their already-delinquent counterparts. Participants: 447 middle school students attending underperforming schools in Baltimore County, Maryland. Intervention: The data are drawn from an experimental evaluation of an after school program which operated in five middle schools in Baltimore County during the 20062007 academic year. The overall evaluation of the program found null effects on the wide range of measured outcomes (including academic achievement and delinquency). I explore whether the lack of beneficial program effects is partially attributable to negative effects among low and moderate risk participants who absorbed negative beliefs and behaviors from high-risk peers in the ASP. Research Design: Randomized, controlled field trial. Findings: Results indicate that lowand moderaterisk youth are not more likely to experience negative outcomes than high-risk youths. On the contrary, low-risk participants are less likely to experience negative effects than high-risk participants. Students who began the program with elevated negative peer influences grew in this characteristic if they often participated in the ASP but declined in negative peer influences if they less often attended the program. Implications for universal prevention are discussed. AN EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF AFTER SCHOOL PROGRAM PARTICIPATION ON PROBLEM BEHAVIOR OUTCOMES: DOES PRE-EXISTING RISK MODERATE THE EFFECTS OF PROGRAM PARTICIPATION?


This paper provides an overview of conceptual issues and recent research findings concerning the structure and the role of financial systems and an introduction into the new research area of comparative financial systems. The authors start by pointing out the importance of financial systems in general and then sketch different ways of describing and analysing national financial systems. They advocate using what they call a "systemic approach". This approach focuses on the fit between the various elements that constitute any financial system as a major determinant of how well a given financial system performs its functions. In its second part the paper discusses recent research concerning the relationships between financial sector development and general economic growth and development. The third part is dedicated to comparative financial systems. It first analyses the similarities and, more importantly, the differences of the financial systems of major industrialised countries and points out that these differences seem to remain in existence in spite of the current wave of liberalisation, deregulation and globalisation. This leads to the concluding discussion of what the systemic approach suggests with respect to the question of whether the financial systems of different countries are likely to converge to a common structure.


Seasonal adjustment usually relies on statistical models of seasonality that treat seasonal fluctuations as noise corrupting the 'true' data. But seasonality in economic series often stems from economic behavior such as Christmas-time spending. Such economic seasonality invalidates the separability assumptions that justify the construction of aggregate economic indexes. To solve this problem, Diewert (1980, 1983, 1998, 1999) incorporates seasonal behavior into aggregation theory. Using duality theory, I extend these results to a larger class of decision problems. I also relax Diewert's assumption of homotheticity. I provide support for Diewert's preferred seasonally-adjusted economic index using weak separability assumptions that are shown to be sufficient.


Few studies have explored mental health treatment programs for Aboriginal Australian children under the age of 12 years old. Isolated locations, coupled with therapy modalities that are not developmentally and culturally suitable for children who have experienced adversities, exacerbate the typical challenges in providing health services needed for optimum child development. Therapeutic services offered in Aboriginal communities typically follow a traditional delivery of therapy, meeting no more than once a week, or less, as remoteness increases. The purpose of this pilot study was to determine the effectiveness of an intensive child-centered play therapy (iCCPT) program in a remote Aboriginal community with children who have experienced adversity. Pre- and postmeasures, utilizing Goodman's (1997) Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, were collected from parents and teachers. Semistructured interviews were conducted with parents who participated in the program after the intervention ended. Nine child participants attended an average of 15 sessions in a 10-day format. Total difficulties, as reported by both parents and teachers, diminished after the program. In particular, emotional problems, as rated by teachers, decreased over time. If replicated in a randomized control trial, these findings would suggest that an iCCPT program may be feasible and effective in remote Australian Aboriginal communities.


Using mineral elongation lineations for determining movement directions in
porphyroblastic rocks is problematic because they are routinely subjected to reorientation due to
reactivation of compositional layering during subsequent deformation events. Foliation inflexion
or intersection axes preserved within porphyroblasts (FIAs) have been shown by numerous
studies to be a consistent and reliable indicator of movement direction in metamorphic terrains
that have experienced multiple episodes of bulk shortening. Furthermore, they appear to form
orthogonal to the direction of relative plate motion. FIAs have most commonly been measured
using multiple vertical thin sections with different strikes to determine the switch in inclusion
trail curvature asymmetry that takes place across the FIA trend. An alternative method uses the
"FitPitch" computer program to determine FIAs via the measurement of apparent dips of
foliations defined by inclusion trails from a variety of thin section orientations. The results
obtained from both methods are contrasted while the strengths and weaknesses of each approach
are highlighted and discussed. "FitPitch" works best where the inclusion trails are predominately
straight, whereas the "asymmetry" method requires that they display some degree of curvature.
The two techniques compliment each other by permitting FIAs to be obtained from a larger
proportion of samples and they can also be used as independent tests in samples that are suitable
for both methods. The sense of shear operating during progressive bulk shortening is indicated by
inclusion trail curvature recorded in thin sections cut at a high angle to the FIA. Unlike the
"asymmetry" method, "FitPitch" does not give the shear sense directly but can be used to
establish the most suitably oriented thin section in which to look for inclusion trail curvature.

The inclusion trail geometry within a first phase of porphyroblast growth can differ
significantly from that preserved by further enlargement because the porphyroblast forms a rigid
mass up against which the rock preferentially strains during ensuing events. The geometry of the
first overgrown inclusion trails is affected by their primary orientation, including any pre-existing
curvature, combined with any heterogeneous rotation of this foliation about the developing
stretching lineation. This can impact the apparent timing of foliation intersection/inflection axes
preserved within porphyroblasts (FIAs) that nucleated during the development of a sub-horizontal
foliation, but is readily resolved. 3-D computer analysis of sigmoidal inclusion trails reveals that
the asymmetry method for FIA determination is unaffected by the cut location relative to the
porphyroblast core. Significantly, perfect spiral inclusion trail geometries can be produced from a
sigmoidal shape in cuts up 30° away from the FIA. Therefore, since FIAs in most porphyroblasts
bear no relation to matrix structures, there is a 17% chance that thin-sections cut relative to the
foliation lie within 30° of a FIA and could contain such an apparent spiral. FIAs maintain
consistent trends for the first phase of porphyroblast growth accompanying horizontal bulk
shortening but may vary in plunge. FIAs have sub-horizontal plunges for porphyroblasts
nucleating during gravitational collapse, but may vary in trend. For all periods of porphyroblast
regrowth the data available indicates that FIAs remain consistently trending and sub-horizontal
until the relative direction of plate motion causing orogenesis changes.

The progressive development and migration of patterns of deformation partitioning at all
scales through the rock matrix commonly destroys any record of the ductile history associated
with previous events making the problem of similar structures developing through multiple
pathways generally intractable. However, records of the small-scale geometries that form as
deformation commences and begins to partition through a rock are routinely trapped and
protected by porphyroblasts because these large crystals nucleate and/or grow at this time. This
allows examination of the geometry of microstructures formed at the start of deformation
partitioning that were destroyed by the same event in the matrix, or which formed during an event
prior to any preserved in the matrix. Porphyroblasts locally preserve oppositely concave
microfolds ("millipedes"), which, in all examples that we have found, exclusively indicate a
deformation history of bulk inhomogeneous shortening. Very similar structures have been formed
experimentally during inhomogeneous simple shear but can readily be distinguished from those
trapped in porphyroblasts that form during progressive bulk inhomogeneous shortening.
Oppositely concave microfolds in some porphyroblasts reveal that deformation near orthogonal
to a previously developed foliation occurred by axial plane shear driven rotation that led to rapid
reactivational "card-deck-like" collapse of the pre-existing foliation. Differentiated crenulation
cleavages may result from the same process providing yet another reason for the cessation of
porphyroblast growth at the start of differentiation.

The succession of foliation intersection/inflection axes preserved as inclusion trails in
porphyroblasts (FIAs) from the Lebanon Antiformal Syncline of SE New Hampshire, USA,
document changes in bulk shortening geometry associated with emplacement and refolding of a
large-scale recumbent fold (the Blue Hills Nappe). A sequence of four FIAs trending NW-SE,
NE-SW, E-W and NNW-SSE has been distinguished based upon overprinting criteria plus
inclusion trail composition, texture and orientation. This succession indicates a general clockwise
rotation in the direction of horizontal bulk shortening during Acadian orogenesis. Metamorphic
phase relations and pseudosections used to examine the P-T conditions during deformation and
FIA development indicate an increase in both pressure and temperature associated with inversion
of the stratigraphic sequence. Analysis of asymmetries recorded by the inclusion trails reveals a
spectacular dominance of top to the south-east directed, non-coaxial horizontal shear during
nappe emplacement and subsequent refolding that is attributed to repeated episodes of
gravitational collapse in the orogen core to the west that progressively rotated, translated and
amplified originally sub-vertical folds and foliations into sub-horizontal orientations.


This document introduces the forest as an ecosystem and its importance to different species including humans. It describes the relation between forests and humans over history, benefits derived from them and how they are affected by actions such as deforestation. The current deterioration of the forest's health and related issues, such as climate change and dangers to the overall biodiversity around the world, are presented to the reader. These are explained in relation to historical developments such as colonization and industrialization, with a focus on India. In this context, issues faced by forest-based tribals in India over the last two centuries and their struggle for their traditional rights culminating in the Forest Rights Act of 2006 have been presented. It is hoped that this document enables the reader to follow ongoing discussions on climate change, environmental crisis and tribal rights, and encourages them to participate in finding solutions as needed.


In the Arctic Ocean, vertical fluxes of particulate organic carbon (POC) remain low during the dark winter period because POC fluxes are derived from photosynthetic production. Passively sinking dead copepods are traditionally excluded from POC fluxes estimated using sediment traps, resulting in the underestimation of the total POC flux. Here, we present the seasonal variability of total POC export flux measured by a sediment trap moored at ∼ 100 m in the Amundsen Gulf (southeastern Beaufort Sea) over October 2007‐July 2008. Surprisingly, the integrated total POC flux for February (466 mg m−2) was the second highest flux during the study period (the highest was in Jul; 1015 mg C m−2) due to a contribution of 91% from sinking dead copepods. The total POC flux in February 2008 in the Amundsen Gulf was up to two orders of magnitude higher than the previously reported traditional POC winter fluxes that did not include the contribution of sinking dead copepods. Hence, the POC flux in February only could be equivalent to ∼ 18% of the quasi‐annual traditional POC flux. Our observations suggest that a substantial POC export flux occurred during winter 2007–2008 due to zooplankton life cycle.


This dissertation consists of three empirical papers on natural resource, economic growth and institutional quality. The first paper analyzes possible publication bias and the reason for contradictory findings in the natural resource literature, the second paper examines the effect of natural resource exports on manufacturing performance in the 15 former Soviet Union countries, and the last addresses whether similarities in country income size and at the institutional level encourage increased amounts of bilateral trade between countries. An introductory chapter puts these three papers into perspective. In the first paper, I analyze 43 studies providing 605 different regression specifications and found that approximately 40% report a negative and statistically significant effect, another 40% report no effect, and the remaining 20% report a positive and statistically significant effect of natural resources on economic growth. The findings show that including interaction between natural resources and institutional quality, controlling for the level of investment activity, distinguishing between different types of natural resources, and differentiating between resource dependence and abundance are especially effective in explaining the differences in results across studies. In the second paper, I examine the effect of natural resource exports on economic performance during the period from 1996 to 2010 in the 15 independent countries that formerly comprised the Soviet Union. The results suggest that natural resource exports do not crowd out the manufacturing sector only in post-Soviet countries with sufficiently high institutional quality; those with low institutional quality suffer from the natural resource curse. In the third paper, I analyze the effects of similarities in economic size and institutional level on bilateral trade. Using panel data on the bilateral trade of Azerbaijan with 50 different countries from 1995 to 2012, the study finds that similarity of income size is necessary for increasing bilateral trade across countries. The main finding is that high quality rule of law and more control of corruption boost confidence in international trade, therefore, "reliable" countries tend to trade more with each other, and less with "unreliable" countries.


Human creativity thus lies at the heart of Judaism, both from a theological and a legal standpoint. Therefore, there is much scholars who are interested in the creative process from a secular standpoint can learn from the Jewish tradition. On the secular side, legal scholars currently are turning their attention to analyzing law within cultural terms because political "culture" struggles are being waged increasingly on legal turf. This pairing of law and culture requires clear articulations of what culture means and what the relationship between law and culture should look like. This approach enables us to transcend the standard inquiries of what the law is, and what we want it to be, by asking instead what the law makes us. Among those scholars who invoke cultural analysis, there is a general sense that law and culture should not be viewed as two distinct entities but rather as embodiments of one another. When law is seen as culture and culture as law, it becomes logical to discuss how to interpret law in cultural terms. Jewish religious law, known as halakhah, has been influenced by cultural developments both within the Jewish community and outside of it. Cultural analysis reminds us that cultures are not hermetically sealed but continuously interact with the world around them. This reality is especially true with respect to Jewish law given that the history of the Jewish people is such that they have been living in foreign cultures in the Diaspora for thousands of years. This Article illustrates how these cultures, generally and particularly with respect to Hellenism, have exerted an enormous influence on the development and application of Jewish law in its formative period. It adopts a cultural analysis perspective, thus positing that Jewish culture and Jewish law are inextricably intertwined. Further, it argues that from an early stage in the development of Jewish law, its inherent creativity derives from its confrontation with outside cultural influences. Part I of this Article examines the analytical relationship between law and cultural analysis, and establishes the important symbiotic relationship between law and culture. Part II initially explores the fundamental tenets of the Jewish legal system in the law's formative years. It then investigates the influence of the surrounding cultures, particularly the Hellenistic influence, on the development of early Jewish law. Throughout this Part, the Article develops the argument that the need for adaptation to the surrounding environment insured the inherent creativity of the law's development and application. Part III contrasts the situation involving American Jewry in the twenty-first century with earlier times. It posits that the familiar and successful pattern of acculturation that historically insured a creative Jewish legal system is no longer viable in the sociological milieu in which most American Jews live.


Reducing the amount of metal used within a timber structure has many advantages, particularly when dealing with connections. Fire resistance and durability are commonly cited benefits. In addition the use of alternative connector materials minimises thermal bridging and can also provide a lighter weight structural solution. Existing contemporary forms of non-metallic timber connections are commonly provided through the use of adhesives. However, these connections are reliant on a need for careful offsite, prefabricated construction. Traditional green oak carpentry connections provide a mechanically fastened non-metallic solution. However, carpentry connections are not widely compatible with contemporary architectural design or with the use of modern engineered timber products such as glulam. Building upon research completed at the University of Bath, the aim of this thesis was to develop a mechanical, non-metallic connection system suitable for contemporary applications. Specific objectives were to investigate the structural performance of a defined connection system and to develop analysis methods to facilitate design. A review of the literature demonstrated a lack of uptake and use of mechanical non-metallic connections. Guidance for the design of mechanical fasteners reflects the lack of innovation and research into the use of non-metallic materials. Following an initial experimental investigation of non-metallic materials, an experimental testing programme was completed to investigate the use of glass fibre reinforced plastic (GFRP) dowels in conjunction with densified veneer wood (DVW) plates. The findings of the experimental study demonstrate that the use of these materials can provide a robust connection system for contemporary applications. The results of the experimental work provide guidance on dowel spacing requirements, connection response to load and connection failure modes. The failure modes of the proposed connection system were shown to be unique to the materials used and specific strength analysis methods have been developed to predict connection yield and ultimate strength. A method for predicting initial connection stiffness was also developed through the use of a beam on elastic foundation model.


When NASA's rover Curiosity landed successfully on Mars last August, it opened a new chapter in space exploration: the use of laser-based instruments to probe the surface of other planets. The nearly one-ton rover was designed to be a laboratory on wheels that is capable of doing sophisticated analyses on rough terrain.


Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Central China was the scene of important cultural developments, which impacted on agricultural practices and local vegetation. Using phytolith data from 4 archaeological -sites and a survey of a further 11 sites in Henan this project investigates changing crop choices, developments in crop processing and, to a lesser extent, differing local environments both temporally and spatially.
Comparisons of relative levels of phytoliths from crop husks, Panicum, Setaria and Oryza, from each site and period were compared to provide evidence of changes in crop repertoire. Results from these investigations show crop variation both over time and in different parts of the region. Millet farming predominated in the more Northern sites in the Yellow River Valley, while rice was clearly the main crop at Baligang, the southernmost site within the Yangtze catchment. However, rice became more important in the Yellow River valley during the late Neolithic and interestingly despite a changing climate making rice farming more challenging in the Early Bronze Age farmers continued rice cultivation.
Crop processing stages were interpreted by examination of differing proportions of phytoliths from crop husks, weed husks and crop and weed leaves which can illustrate differing cultivation systems, harvesting and processing practices. These can be seen especially clearly in the rice data from Baligang suggesting more successful agricultural practices and possible change in social organisation in the Late Neolithic.
Evidence of local environmental variation was more challenging to unpick as all the phytolith samples available were from cultural contexts. However, the results of the investigation into the changing local environment reflect other proxy data. Differences in occurrence of specific key phytolith short cell morphotypes and changes in the levels of bulliforms, and cone shaped phytolith morphotypes from Cyperaceae indicating wetland were used to interpret local vegetational change, again both spatially and temporally. Rondel and bilobe shaped short cells represent Pooid and Panicoid grasses respectively and short cell morphotypes, such as rondels, bilobes, saddles, can also be used to track variation in levels of C3 and C4 grasses, so changes in proportions of these morphotypes can indicate larger vegetational change.
A comparison between the dataset from Neolithic Central China and one from Neolithic India highlighted possible variations in arable systems with millet and wet rice farming in China contrasting with dry rice in India.


Abstract : A method is presented to couple and solve the optimal control and the optimal estimation problems simultaneously, allowing systems with bearing-only sensors to maneuver to obtain observability for relative navigation without unnecessarily detracting from a primary mission. A fundamentally new approach to trajectory optimization and the dual control problem is developed, constraining polynomial approximations of the Fisher Information Matrix to provide an information gradient and allow prescription of the level of future estimation certainty required for mission accomplishment. Disturbances, modeling deficiencies, and corrupted measurements are addressed with recursive updating of the target estimate with an Unscented Kalman Filter and the optimal path with Radau pseudospectral collocation methods and sequential quadratic programming. The basic real-time optimal control (RTOC) structure is investigated, specifically addressing limitations of current techniques in this area that lose error integration. The resulting guidance method can be applied to any bearing-only system, such as submarines using passive sonar, anti-radiation missiles, or small UAVs seeking to land on power lines for energy harvesting. Methods and tools required for implementation are developed, including variable calculation timing and tip-tail blending for potential discontinuities. Validation is accomplished with simulation and flight test, autonomously landing a quadrotor helicopter on a wire.


The interview was recorded at United Hiss residence, New York City on February 13 and October 11, 1990
 . The Interviewer was James S. Sutterlin
.
Alger Hiss entered government service in 1933, serving in the Departments of Agriculture, Justice and State. In 1944, he was appointed as Special Assistant to the Director of the Office of Special Political Affairs in the United States State Department. That same year he served as the Executive Secretary of the Dumbarton Oaks Conference. Under President Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration, he attended the World War II Yalta Conference of 1945 as an adviser to Roosevelt and later became the Secretary-General to the United Nations Charter Conference in San Francisco. Subsequently, he became the full Director of the Office of Special Political Affairs. In 1946, Mr. Hiss left government service to become the president of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, a post he served until 1949.
In this series of interviews, Mr. Hiss discusses his involvement with the creation and establishment of the United Nations. The first interview, conducted on 13 February 1990, centres on the actual creation of the United Nations Charter, from the discussions held at Dumbarton Oaks, the Yalta Conference and the Conference in San Francisco. The second interview, conducted on 11 October 1990, continues the previous discussion, touching on the major disagreements between Member States at the San Francisco Conference, including the topic of the Security Council veto, the use of military force and collective security.


Abstract Morphometric analyses of sauropod limbs have the potential to illuminate functional aspects of sauropod locomotion and paleobiology. However, analyses of sauropod limb dimensions typically show few discernible morphological trends because of large size differences among the individuals in a sample. For sauropods, combined analyses of both limb dimension and shape may be more desirable. Numerous humeri and femora from Apatosaurus, Diplodocus, and Camarasaurus provide an opportunity to explore and compare limb morphology in contemporaneous, sympatric sauropods. Thin-plate splines were used to analyze landmark-based shape differences in combination with traditional morphometrics. The aims of the analysis were (1) to determine if humerus and femur shape were significantly different among the genera; (2) to determine where shape changes occurred; and (3) to infer the basic functional implications of the shape differences using an Extant Phylogenetic Bracket approach. Few differences were detected among the genera using traditional morphometric analyses, and linear regression revealed a predominantly isometric relationship between most measurement variables and element size. Thin-plate splines revealed significant shape differences among the taxa. Apatosaurus humeri and femora were the most robust, with expanded regions for muscle insertion and more distally placed deltopectoral and caudofemoral landmarks. Diplodocus humeri and femora were gracile, with more proximally located landmarks of muscular insertion. Camarasaurus humeri were surprisingly gracile, with a less extensive deltopectoral crest, but had more robust femora similar to those of Apatosaurus. Few differences distinguished juvenile from adult specimens. These data suggest some locomotor differences were present among the three genera.


In general, such methods as interferometers or wavefront sensors are commonly used for testing of an optical system and optical components. In these cases, the surrounding environments are unlikely to affect the measurements. On the other hand, intraocular lenses of hydrophilic materials with special properties experience a certain difficulty in testing the optical properties. An intraocular lens is dried in the air, which causes deformation and changes the optical characteristics such as index of refraction and thickness. Thus, it is hard to measure the optical characteristics of an intraocular lens by using common methods. In this study, a special structure is used for measuring of the transmission wavefront aberration and effective focal length of an intraocular lens of hydrophilic materials by using a Shark-Hartmann sensor among the various measuring methods. As an application of this measuring method, this study shows a simple method to measure the index of refraction of unknown liquids with a plano-convex lens with a well known index of refraction. Also, this method is used to measure the optical properties of a plano-convex such as index of refraction and curvature by using a liquid with a well known index of refraction.


The study examines the mediating role of work-home interference (WHI) in the relation between job demands/resources and psycho-physic strain which, in its turn, predicts sickness absences. To do so we carried out a multi-method study in a public administration office (� = 409). Workload, job autonomy, and WHI were revealed through a self-report instrument at the beginning of 2010. Workers then underwent the annual medical check-up, in which the occupational physician revealed psycho-physic strain. Lastly, the medically certified sickness absences (MCSA) relative to 2010 were collected from the company database. A positive association emerged between workload and WHI, while there was no association between job autonomy and WHI. Moreover, a positive association emerged between WHI and psycho-physic strain. Finally, psycho-physic strain predicts MCSA. Overall, WHI mediates the relation between workload and psycho-physic strain which, in turn, mediates the relation between WHI and MCSA.


Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA

Purpose: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common causes of cancer-associated mortality worldwide, but it is truly a preventable disease. Accumulating evidence indicates that several dietary botanicals, including curcumin and boswellic acids, have potent anti-inflammatory and anti-tumorigenic properties. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-cancer potential of these compounds remain poorly understood. More recent data suggest that the chemopreventive effects of these botanicals may in part be mediated through regulation of key cancer-related microRNAs (miRNAs), and their downstream gene targets. This study aimed to determine whether curcumin and 3 acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid (AKBA) exert their anti-tumorigenic effects through modulation of specific miRNAs in CRC cell lines and a xenograft mouse model.

Experimental Design: We first determined the effects of curcumin and AKBA on cellular proliferation, apoptosis and cell cycle dynamics in a panel of CRC cell lines. Next, we used Illumina's Human HT-12 V4 array gene expression arrays to systematically identify specific gene signaling pathways regulated by curcumin and AKBA. Subsequently we used combined bioinformatics and in-silico approaches to identify miRNAs and molecular pathways activated by curcumin and AKBA individually, and their combination. We determined the functional role of curcumin and AKBA-related miRNAs in CRC cell lines, and validated these findings for the chemopreventive efficacy of curcumin and AKBA in a xenograft animal model.

Results: Both curcumin and AKBA inhibited cellular proliferation, induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrests in all CRC cell lines, and these effects were significantly enhanced with combined vis-a-vis individual treatments with the botanicals. Gene-expression arrays revealed that curcumin and AKBA regulated key cell cycle controlling genes including: cMYC, CCND1, CCNE1 and CDK4. Combined bioinformatics and in-silico analysis identified apoptosis, proliferation and cell cycle regulatory signaling pathways as the key modulators of curcumin and AKBA-induced anti-cancer effects, and further discovered miR-27a and miR-34a as the most significantly differentially expressed miRNAs following treatment with the two botanicals. In support of our in vitro findings, mouse xenograft experiments further confirmed that both curcumin and AKBA suppressed tumor size and volume in mice, and that these effects were orchestrated through modulation of miR-27a and miR-34a expression in the animal model.

Conclusion: We provide novel mechanistic evidence for the chemopreventive effects of curcumin and AKBA through regulation of specific miRNAs in CRC. The enhanced anti-tumorigenic effect by combined treatment with these botanicals provides a potential rationale for the use of such diet-based botanicals for the chemoprevention of this malignancy.

Citation Format: Shusuke Toden, Yoshinaga Okugawa, Keun Hur, Thomas A. Jascur, Constanze Burhrmann, Durgha Nattamai, Esperanza Anguiano, Mehdi Shakibaei, C. Richard Boland, Ajay Goel. Novel evidence for chemopreventive effects of curcumin and boswellic acid through regulation of mir-27a and mir-34a in human colorectal cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4119. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4119


Previous studies identified several determinants that help explain candidate states' compliance with EU accession conditionality. However, one influence has largely been neglected so far: states' spatial dependency. Is it possible to observe diffusion to the extent that states' interlinkages allow their compliance with the acquis communautaire to be assessed? Are candidate states more – or perhaps even less – likely to comply with EU law when other candidates do? The paper seeks to address these questions. By building on existing research on policy diffusion, it develops a theoretical framework for studying candidates' compliance with EU law over the accession process according to their spatial dependence. The theoretical argument focuses on 'competitive learning' and is tested with quantitative data. The results suggest that candidates' levels of compliance are indeed driven by spatial interlinkages; however, free riding seems more prevalent than enhanced compliance.


A re-analysis of the stratigraphy based on recent dating of palaeo-shores of Neogene to early Pleistocene ages is proposed within a geodynamic context in the Channel and Dover Strait areas. This sector of Europe is controlled by two main geological boundaries: to the North, the Variscan Overthrust and, to the South, the northern branch of the southern Armorican Shearing Zone. These two boundaries border a domain that seems to behave rather homogeneously on a large scale controlled by plate tectonics. Since the Paleogene shorelines have been subsiding North and South of this Channel region. Episodic uplift largely controlled the opened or closed status of the Dover Strait during late Zanclean, by reactivating Variscan structures. Re-analysis of post-Oligocene sandy formations shows that these regions have suffered long wavelength deformations during the Neogene. These deformations, slightly diachronous form South to North, affect the limits of the Miocene and Pliocene transgressions. The periods of maximum accommodation space for sedimentation are the late Tortonian and the late Piacenzian, both coinciding with tectonic relaxation events.


Stress activates the central and peripheral components of the stress system, i.e., the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the arousal/sympathetic system. The principal effectors of the stress system are corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), arginine vasopressin, the proopiomelanocortin-derived peptides α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and β-endorphin, the glucocorticoids, and the catecholamines norepinephrine and epinephrine. Appropriate responsiveness of the stress system to stressors is a crucial prerequisite for a sense of well-being, adequate performance of tasks and positive social interactions. By contrast, inappropriate responsiveness of the stress system may impair growth and development, and may account for a number of endocrine, metabolic, autoimmune and psychiatric disorders. The development and severity of these conditions primarily depend on the genetic vulnerability of the individual, the exposure to adverse environmental factors and the timing of the stressful event(s), given that prenatal life, infancy, childhood and adolescence are critical periods characterized by increased vulnerability to stressors. The developing brain undergoes rapid growth and is characterized by high turnover of neuronal connections during the prenatal and early postnatal life. These processes and, hence, brain plasticity, slow down during childhood and puberty, and plateau in young adulthood. Hormonal actions in early life, and to a much lesser extent later, can be organizational, i.e., can have effects that last for long periods of time, often for the entire life of the individual. Hormones of the stress system and sex steroids have such effects, which influence the behavior and certain physiologic functions of individuals for life. Exposure of the developing brain to severe and/or prolonged stress may result in hyperactivity/hyperreactivity of the stress system, with resultant amygdala hyperfunction (fear reaction), decreased activity of the hippocampus (defective glucocorticoid-negative feedback, cognition), and the mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic system (dysthymia, novelty-seeking, addictive behaviors), hyperactivation of the HPA axis (hypercortisolism), suppression of reproductive, growth, thyroid and immune functions, and changes in pain perception. These changes may be accompanied by abnormal childhood, adolescent and adult behaviors, including excessive fear ('inhibited child syndrome') and addictive behaviors, dysthymia and/or depression, and gradual development of components of the metabolic syndrome X, including visceral obesity and essential hypertension. Prenatal stress exerted during the period of sexual differentiation may be accompanied by impairment of this process with behavioral and/or somatic sequelae. The vulnerability of individuals to develop varying degrees and/or components of the above life-long syndrome is defined by as yet unidentified genetic factors, which account for up to 60% of the variance. CRH has marked kindling and glucocorticoids have strong consolidating properties, hence both of these hormones are crucial in development and can alone produce the above syndrome. CRH and glucocorticoids may act in synergy, as in acoustic startle, while glucocorticoids may suppress or stimulate CRH, as in the hypothalamus and amygdala, respectively. A CRH type 1 receptor antagonist, antalarmin, inhibits both the development and expression of conditioned fear in rats, and has anxiolytic properties in monkeys. Profound stressors, such as those from sexual abuse, may elicit the syndrome in older children, adolescents and adults. Most frequently, chronic dysthymia and/or depression may develop in association with gastrointestinal complaints and/or the premenstrual tension syndrome. A lesser proportion of individuals may develop the classic posttraumatic stress disorder, which is characterized by hypocortisolism and intrusive and avoidance symptoms; in younger individuals it may present as dissociative personality disorder.


Fluctuating asymmetry (FA), measured as random deviations from bilateral symmetry, likely results from developmental disturbances by internal or environmental stresses. However, comparisons of FA in single damselfly species (Odonata: suborder Zygoptera) from stressed environments have often been inconclusive. We measured levels of FA among multiple species of damselflies from the same environment to determine the relative roles of environmental stress and species-specific developmental instability. Damselflies of nine species were collected from a central Texas wetland. Calculations of their FA were based on cell counts of four clearly defined areas (venation patterns) in fore and hind wings. Significant FA of venation occurred in both sexes, both wing positions, and in each of four venation patterns of all nine species. Levels of FA were not significantly different between sexes or between wing positions for any of the nine species. However, FA varied significantly among the four venation patterns. Patterns with lowest mean cell counts had significantly higher FA than the other patterns, despite scaling to remove size bias. More broadly, a three-fold difference in overall FA occurred among the nine species and was not correlated with species mean weight or abdomen length. The wide range of FA levels among multiple species in the same environment calls for caution in designing studies that select a single species expected to be sensitive to environmental stress. Future research must examine the relative roles of species-specific predispositions for FA from internal genetic stresses as well as external stressors.


One of the common ways children learn is by mimicking adults. Imitation learning focuses on learning policies with suitable performance from demonstrations generated by an expert, with an unspecified performance measure, and unobserved reward signal. Popular methods for imitation learning start by either directly mimicking the behavior policy of an expert (behavior cloning) or by learning a reward function that prioritizes observed expert trajectories (inverse reinforcement learning). However, these methods rely on the assumption that covariates used by the expert to determine her/his actions are fully observed. In this paper, we relax this assumption and study imitation learning when sensory inputs of the learner and the expert differ. First, we provide a non-parametric, graphical criterion that is complete (both necessary and sufficient) for determining the feasibility of imitation from the combinations of demonstration data and qualitative assumptions about the underlying environment, represented in the form of a causal model. We then show that when such a criterion does not hold, imitation could still be feasible by exploiting quantitative knowledge of the expert trajectories. Finally, we develop an efficient procedure for learning the imitating policy from experts' trajectories.


"O'Brien (1997) outlined the two primary ways in which data can
 be integrated. One invloves the establishment of a centralised
 data store that meets all the needs of a construction project;
 the other recognises the geographical and functional fragmentation
 of the industry and views data integration as a conceptual
 process. From a purely technical point of view the first is
 perhaps the easiest, but it fails to meet the organisational
 and economic demands of the construction industry. Thus the
 second approach is more likely to be adopted by the participants
 of that industry. The problem then becomes one of mapping the
 meta-data structures of one participant onto those of another.
 Various efforts at the development of standards have attempted
 to address this issue. However, standards can be both complex
 and inadequate. The complexity is a demand of the industry
 while the inadequacy stems from the impossibility of coping
 with every eventuality - a severe problem given the essential
 uniqueness of each building product. This is not to say that
 standards are not required, merely that their limitations are
 fully realised from the outset and that expectations are not
 raised to the point where disappointment sets in and they fall
 into disrepute. EDI is a perfectly good standard but has
 failed to make a great impact on the construction industry.
 The volume of application-to-application communications remains
 small.

 This paper argues that while standards such as EDI can form the
 backbone of data communications - and therefore provide a
 vehicle for data integration in the construction industry - they
 are insufficient to cope with the desired flexibility demanded
 by the industry.

 The paper then develops this idea by suggesting that something
 more is required, something flexible. Extensible markup language (XML)
 is a tool which can help provide the necessary flexibility.

 XML is a language which provides a common syntax for expressing
 the structure of data. While it can be seen as an extension
 of the commonly used Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) this fails
 to recognise that XML has uses beyond the creation of Web pages.
 In its broadest sense XML allows systems developers to define
 the structure of a document. Currently its main uses are for
 data interchange between humans and machines, but the ability
 to facility machine-machine interactions is the most exciting
 concept for construction industry systems.

 Now EDI is a perfectly good tool for such interactions but in the
 event of any new requirements the standards need to be extended.
 This is such a long process that by the time it is completed it
 is of no use to the original users. XML however provides a dynamic
 mechanism which can be adapted as required to meet the needs of
 the users. This is its great strength for the construction industry -
 an industry that is ""document-rich"". In effect by using XML to
 specify meta-data structures one overcomes the differences between
 the data structures of different trading partners. No longer will
 we require all parties to conform to the tramlines of a strictly
 enforced standard, but rather those parties will be able to
 exchange data merely by changing the XML description of their
 documents. Thus in conclusion this paper shows that the use of XML
 within the construction industry will facilitate data, and hence systems,
 integration.

 O'Brien, M.J. 1997. Integration at the limit:construction systems,
 International Journal of Construction Information Technology, Vol 5, No 1,pp 89-98."


The beam quality conversion factor, kQ, can be calculated directly using Monte Carlo simulations. In order to validate the use of these calculated values, an evaluation of the associated systematic uncertainties is required. In a Monte Carlo simulation, the relative statistical uncertainty can be reduced by increasing the number of histories at the expense of computing time. Other sources of uncertainty that must be considered originate from possible variations in photon cross‐sections, stopping powers, chamber dimensions, the choice of source use for the simulation and variation of W/e with beam energy. In this study, these systematic uncertainties are quantified with Monte Carlo calculations using different methods with the EGSnrc code system. In most cases, it is possible to assign an uncertainty on a given quantity (e.g. photon cross‐sections) based on information from the literature. The specific parameter is changed by one standard deviation and the change in kQ, ΔkQ, is calculated separately for each parameter, yielding an uncertainty in kQ from each source of uncertainty. The overall uncertainty in kQ is determined using well‐known methods. Uncertainty due to the variation of photon cross‐sections depends on whether or not the cross‐section uncertainties are correlated. If correlated the total systematic uncertainty in kQ amounts to 0.64%, or 1.0% if one assumes uncorrelated photon cross‐sections. The uncertainty in W/e (0.5%) is a major source of uncertainty which also affects all other calculations of kQ.


Discourses of development in academic institutions must be thoroughly investigated. Using a set of Development Communication (DevCom) syllabi and the theories of Xu Xiaoge (2009) and Arturo Escobar (1995), this paper qualitatively investigated on the nature and process of the constructed discourse of development in an academic setting from sample course syllabi content, topics and activities. Results have shown that the syllabi's content and discourse are either pro-process or pro-participation development. Moreover, the set of studied syllabi have not actively articulated the post-development paradigm. The research suggests that faculty members who teach the course revisit the constructs of DevCom by constantly including development in the content, putting the discourse of alternatives to development, and theorising on the paradigm of development communication to further establish the field.


Teaching has always been at the core of what it means to practice in the health professions. Health professionals generally accept that as part of their role they will be involved in educating future generations in their discipline. However, whilst health professional educators typically have extensive knowledge and skills in their discipline areas, the art and science of teaching, particularly in the clinical setting, is often overlooked in the context of competing priorities. Currently, there is no formal requirement in Australia that health professional educators demonstrate teaching competency. Indeed, teaching pre and post qualification students often goes unrewarded and unsupported, thus suggesting that it is an undervalued element of the health professional educator's role. Furthermore, time-poor health professionals have limited opportunities to attend educational courses and workshops away from their workplaces. This paper discusses how educational design research influenced a hybrid mobile-web learning solution for providing educational professional development to health professional educators. It is argued that educational design research provides a rigorous framework in which to ground educational design and development processes, particularly when dealing with embryonic and unproven learning technologies.


One of the major challenges of developmental biology is understanding the inductive and morphogenetic processes that shape the vertebrate embryo. In a large-scale genetic screen for zygotic effect, embryonic lethal mutations in zebrafish we have identified 25 mutations that affect specification of cell fates and/or cellular rearrangements during gastrulation. These mutations define at least 14 complementation groups, four of which correspond to previously identified genes. Phenotypic analysis of the ten novel loci revealed three groups of mutations causing distinct effects on cell fates in the gastrula. One group comprises mutations that lead to deficiencies in dorsal mesodermal fates and affect central nervous system patterning. Mutations from the second group affect formation of ventroposterior embryonic structures. We suggest that mutations in these two groups identify genes necessary for the formation, maintenance or function of the dorsal organizer and the ventral signaling pathway, respectively. Mutations in the third group affect primarily cellular rearrangements during gastrulation and have complex effects on cell fates in the embryo. This group, and to some extent mutations from the first two groups, affect the major morphogenetic processes, epiboly, convergence and extension, and tail morphogenesis. These mutations provide an approach to understanding the genetic control of gastrulation in vertebrates.


Objective To describe the lived experience of a possible prostate cancer overdiagnosis in men who resisted recommended treatment. Design Qualitative interview study Setting Australia Participants 11 men (aged 59–78 years) who resisted recommended prostate cancer treatment because of concerns about overdiagnosis and overtreatment. Outcomes Reported experience of screening, diagnosis and treatment decision making, and its impact on psychosocial well-being, life and personal circumstances. Results Men's accounts revealed profound consequences of both prostate cancer diagnosis and resisting medical advice for treatment, with effects on their psychological well-being, family, employment circumstances, identity and life choices. Some of these men were tested for prostate-specific antigen without their knowledge or informed consent. The men felt uninformed about their management options and unsupported through treatment decision making. This often led them to develop a sense of disillusionment and distrust towards the medical profession and conventional medicine. The findings show how some men who were told they would soon die without treatment (a prognosis which ultimately did not eventuate) reconciled issues of overdiagnosis and potential overtreatment with their own diagnosis and situation over the ensuing 1 to 20+ years. Conclusions Men who choose not to have recommended treatment for prostate cancer may avoid treatment-associated harms like incontinence and impotence, however our findings showed that the impact of the diagnosis itself is immense and far-reaching. A high priority for improving clinical practice is to ensure men are adequately informed of these potential consequences before screening is considered.


Life on Earth can be traced back over three thousand million years into the past. Many examples of the Earth's past inhabitants are to be found in rocks, preserved as beautiful and fascinating fossils. The earliest life forms were bacteria and algae; these produced the oxygen that enabled more complex life forms to develop. About 600 million years ago multi-cellular organisms appeared on Earth, some of which could protect themselves with hard parts such as shells. Many of these life forms were readily fossilized and are used to subdivide geological time. Numerous species have evolved and most are now extinct. Lineages can be traced and extinctions explained as a consequence of terrestrial and extra-terrestrial events. Lavishly illustrated with photographs and explanatory diagrams Introducing Palaeontology provides a concise and accessible introduction to the science of palaeontology. The book is divided into two parts. The first explains what a fossil is; how fossils came to be preserved; how they are classified; and what information they can tell scientists about the rocks in which they are found. The second part introduces the major fossil groups taking a systematic view from algae and plants, through the numerous examples of invertebrate animals, to the vertebrates and finally to man's ancestors. Technical terms are kept to a minimum and a glossary is provided.


A wild ride to the dark side of Americana The Curse of Lono is to Hawaii what Fear and Loathing was to Las Vegas: the crazy tales of a journalist's ""coverage"" of a news event that ends up being a wild ride to the dark side of Americana. Originally published in 1983, Curse features all of the zany, hallucinogenic wordplay and feral artwork for which the Hunter S. Thompson/Ralph Steadman duo became known and loved. This curious book, considered an oddity among Hunter's oeuvre, was long out of print, prompting collectors to search high and low for an original copy. TASCHEN's signed, limited edition sold out before the book even hit the stores, but this unlimited version, in a different, smaller format, makes The Curse of Lono accessible to everyone.


This note discusses methodological issues and practical concerns for international economists and international business scholars who apply the gravity equation in their research. The most important message of the note is that this equation should correct for multilateral resistance factors. We propose a relatively low-cost specification and estimation to implement such correction, which is robust in the presence of various endogeneity effects and non-stationary variables. In the presence of zero-values in the dataset, however, the multilateral specification is best estimated with a Poisson maximum likelihood.


This technical paper determines the extent to which small and medium enterprises (SMEs) behave responsibly, and propose measures to enhance and promote corporate social responsibility in SMEs. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has taken on a broader view and refers to the actions that firms take to carry out their activities in a responsible manner, respecting the environment, the community and the workforce, and also creating opportunities to enhance them. The study covers eight countries in Latin America and over 1,300 firms surveyed. As SMEs represent over 95 percent of all firms in Latin America, provide between 40 and 60 percent of all jobs, and account for 30 to 50 percent of GDP, their behavior can have a significant impact on society and the environment.


The state of Western Australia, which has a Criminal Justice System similar in many respects to that of England and Wales, has imported and adapted the What Works orthodoxy developed in North America and the UK. Drawing on exploratory research in this region, Anne Worrall highlights the dangers of an 'international trade in penal ideas' which fails to take greater account of issues such as the loss of traditional culture and breakdown of kinship systems in Aboriginal societies.


VANET has grasp the attention of various researchers in this field due to its wide range of applications in different fields i.e comfort, safety and entertainment. It is very expensive to test every network protocol or any network algorithm in real network by connecting a number of routers, computers and data links. Thus, in this paper QOS parameters like throughput, packet drop and collision rate for different routing protocols performed on simulator to prevent from damage or unpredictable result and without spending money.


Background: Indonesia has a huge marine resources. Caroteoid pigment found in many marine organisms is a provitamin A compound that plays an important role in the physiologic function of the body. Researcher want to know whether any acute effect of biopigment carotenoid symbionts marine invertebrate (Jorunna funebris) with bacteria (Virgibacillus salaries) as one alternative source of carotenoid biopigmen.
Method: This experimental Post Test-Controlled Only Group Design study was using 25 male Balb/c mices that were divided into five groups, one control group (K) that had been given standard food, and four treatment group (P1, P2, P3, P4) that had been given biopigment carotenoid symbionts marine invertebrate with bacteria treatment in 5 mg/kg BW, 50 mg/kg BW, 500 mg/kg BW, and 2000 mg/kg BW dosages via gastric sonde once, and being observed for a week. On 8th day, those mices were terminated to be observed the macroscopic appearance and the histopatological appearance. Microscopic data was analyzed by Oneway-Anova test and continued by Post-Hoc test.
Result: There was no significant difference in kidney's macroscopic appearance among groups, whereas there were significant differences in kidney's microscopic appearance, there were: K-P2, K-P3, K-P4, P1-P3, P1-P4, P2-P4 (p=0.001), P2-P3 (p=0.029), and P3-P4 (p=0.002).
Conclusion: Acute treatment of biopigment carotenoid has not make significant difference on the macroscopic appearance of kidney between control and treatment group and within each treatment group, but the treatment makes differences on the microscopic appearance of kidney between control and treatment group and within each treatment group.


Wheat (cv. WW15) was grown as a crop stand in different CO2 concentrations (ambient, ambient plus 200 ± 20 vpm CO2, ambient minus 150 ± 20 vpm CO2) from germination to maturity in naturally lit growth cabinets under winter or summer light conditions, at 21°C by day and 16°C at night. Ambient CO2 concentration during the daylight hours averaged 280-300 vpm. CO2 level had little effect on phenology of the mainshoot; most of the growth response was through tillering. From data on flag leaves in the winter light experiment, there was no indication of any positive or negative feedback on growth acting through maximum leaf net photosynthesis rate. Leaf area index was increased by CO2 at low light and the related self-shading acted as a negative feedback partially countering the effect due to an enhanced rate of CO2 uptake per unit leaf area. Dark respiratory CO2 loss represented a greater proportion of CO2 uptake in the light for the CO2-depleted crop than for the control crop. But the reciprocal effect was not evident for the enriched crop. Contrary to classical ideas on growth responses to variation of colimiting factors, the growth response to CO2 enrichment was relatively greater under the low radiation than the high radiation regime. The grain was the tissue most flexible in its responsiveness to changes in assimilation under the conditions of the summer experiment. For this crop, for which the grain yield of the control was very high (0.97 kgm-2), response of yield to CO2 enrichment corresponded to 0.25% per vpm.


The phenoxyacetic acid type herbicides were used for more than half of the century to control broad leave weeds, brush and certain aquatic weeds. However, the use of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid herbicide (2,4,5-T) was phased out in the 1970's once it was established that it was often contaminated with the highly toxic 2,3,7,8-TCDD. Polychlorinated phenols, which are parent chromophores for phenoxyacetic acid type herbicides, are themselves highly toxic compounds.

The toxicity of polychlorinated phenols depends on the number of chlorine atoms in the molecule, and their relative position with respect to the hydroxyl group. Most chlorinated phenols are released in natural environment from pulp bleaching process, wood preservative, chemical spillage and illegal dumping of waste disposal. Due to its high persistence and generally high stability, traces of these compounds (with their degradation products) are widespread in soils and water. In addition to concerns about their own toxicity, it has been reported that polychlorinated phenols can act as precursors to PCDD/Fs formation.

The formation of PCDD/Fs from polychlorinated phenols has been investigated previously. While the release of PCDD/Fs into the environment is often associated with high temperature thermal processing of commercial materials, it has been speculated that polychlorinated dioxin can be formed from a polychlorinated phenol (pentachlorophenol) via low temperature photolysis in aqueous conditions with or without the aid of a sensitizer. However, previous attempts to establish a mechanism for the formation of dioxin via photodecomposition decomposition of 2,4,5-T were fruitless.

The research to be presented in this paper was undertaken in order to assess the formation of polychlorinated phenols from photodecomposition of 2,4,5-T in pure water under UVC radiation at room temperature. The motivation for this study is associated with a desire to understand the sources, transportation and reaction mechanisms involved when toxic materials are released into the natural environment. We report the formation of chlorinated phenols from 2,4,5-T; other photodegradation products, which were also detected, will not be discussed in this paper.


Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to understand if there is a customer perceived value for shareholders in investing in Islamic stocks, by using KMI30 index of Karachi Stock Exchange as a case study. The findings are then used to devise a conceptual model, highlighting the value of an Islamic branded index and for companies included on the index for market participants, Shari'ah-compliant firms, and governments. Design/methodology/approach - This is an exploratory research paper. A detailed literature review is followed by a quantitative analysis of the return series of 18 constituents of the KMI30 index. The analysis looks at performance before and after the launch of the index, to identify if inclusion on the Islamic index has impacted the average returns and volatility of the constituents and if it is considered as value added by the investors. Findings - Analysis reveals that the KMI30 index is marginally less volatile than the KSE100 index and has relatively better returns, even in the most volatile times at the Karachi Stock Exchange. Most of the constituents under analysis have posted better returns after inclusion on the index, with 40 per cent of them showing less volatility. Though the trends are not clearly visible, there is an indication of increased returns and reduced volatility, both in the Islamic index and its constituents. Research limitations/implications - This study is the first step in analyzing if shareholders perceive inclusion of a company on the Islamic index as value added, resulting in increased share prices, better returns, and decreased volatility. Due to the lack of literature on the subject, the nature of the study is exploratory. Further analysis is required to understand if the changes in returns and volatility are due to investor perceptions. This study has implications for the organizations to understand the perception of investors about including companies on the Islamic index. If investors attach value to this proposition then it will be worthwhile for companies to invest resources in making their organization Shari'ah compliant and marketing it from that perspective. Additionally, this study will add to the knowledge of the regulators regarding whether the Islamic index is achieving its objectives of providing investment opportunities to investors offering better returns with less risk, besides being "Halal". Originality/value - There is a lack of studies that look at Islamic investments from the marketing perspective. Also, to the best of the authors' knowledge, no studies have analyzed the KMI30 index, either from a finance or marketing perspective. This study is the authors' contribution to the interdisciplinary body of knowledge and ever-increasing literature on emerging markets in the context of Islamic investments.


Reverse engineering offers a wide range of application options for engineering production, but its techniques can also be applied while preserving the cultural heritage. The following article highlights the possibilities of spatial digitization of a work of art using affordable means. Gradually describes the digitization process, point cloud processing, and the creation of output formats for the preservation or reproduction of the artwork.


Covering current architectural projects designed by Form, the office of Greg Lynn, this text and interactive CD-ROM explore the potential of time-based animation techniques to inform architectural design. Through the use of animation and special effects software, Lynn seeks to transform space and form into highlt plastic and flexible entities. He uses topological geometries to bend, twist, deform and differentiate structure, creating departures from what Lynn sees as preconceived notions of architecture. The book provides a theoretical context for the experimental projects through a collection of texts by Lynn, illustrated in colour. The CD-ROM, packaged with the text, is an interactive hypertext environment that fully documents the design processes used to generate the projects through animation, renderings, model photographs and video. System requirements for the CD-ROM are: Windows 3.1, or '95; or MAC OS 7.1 or later; 2 MB available RAM.


Text mining is the process to automatically infer relevant information from semantically related text documents. This technique, which has applications from business intelligence to homeland security, terrorism and crime fight, might bring noticeable privacy issues when analyzed documents contain privacy sensitive information. In this paper, we propose a framework for privacy-preserving text analysis, which exploits Homomorphic Encryption, to analyze text documents in a privacy preserving manner. The proposed framework is designed to ensure that there is no disclosure of privacy sensitive information contained in the document to any party, including the analysis engine itself. Furthermore, we present two use cases of analysis based on bag-of-words classification, where the proposed framework manages to obtain good classification results without information disclosure. In particular the two different settings that are considered are: tweet analysis for detection of terrorist Twitter accounts, and out-box email analysis for detection of bot infected devices. Accuracy results with different classifiers, performances and a security analysis of our approach are presented and discussed.


The reactions of crystal violet lactone (CVL) (1) and carbazolyl blue (S-RB) (2) were studied on the acid activated clay Fulacolor.
The colourless leuco dye CVL (1) undergoes lactone cleavage, when adsorbed on Fulacolor, to give a blue zwitterion. CVL (1) was also shown to adsorb as the unchanged lactone which could be photochemically ring opened. The zwitterion could be displaced readily by water vapour. When a high surface acidity was kept, the zwitterion was more resistant to displacement, the humidity and any exchanged cations being important factors. Prolonged exposure to light causes fading of the zwitterion, the products from which are mainly demethylated species.
It was shos.jn that the fading mechanism involves singlet oxygen production, by the dyestuff itself, which subsequently attacks the dye.
Singlet oxygen quenchers retarded the fading process. The slow developing dye S-RB (2) was found to have a rate constant for photo-oxidation (at 30 ° C) of approximately twice that of benzoyl leuco methylene blue (BU€) (4), a previously commonly used dye.
Addition of the Lewis acid aluminium chloride, - greatly enhanced the rate of production of the dye from S-RB (2),f whereas the weaker Lewis acid boron trifluoride, did in fact retard the dye development. A coordination complex with a different ,tmax for 1absorptionwas detected with boron trifluoride and S-RB (2). The oxIdation of S-RB (2) on Fulacolor was shown to occur at two distinct sites: iron atoms in the aluininosilicate lattice and at aluminium Lewis acid lattice edge sites.
A method was devised for promoting the migration of Fe 3 cations back into the damaged octahedral layer of the acid activated montmorillonite Fulacolor, and thus of increasing the rate of S-RB (2) dye development.


Appropriately representing elements in a database so that queries may be accurately matched is a central task in information retrieval. This recently has been achieved by embedding the graphical structure of the database into a manifold so that the hierarchy is preserved. Persistent homology provides a rigorous characterization for the database topology in terms of both its hierarchy and connectivity structure. We compute persistent homology on a variety of datasets and show that some commonly used embeddings fail to preserve the connectivity. Moreover, we show that embeddings which successfully retain the database topology coincide in persistent homology. We introduce the dilation-invariant bottleneck distance to capture this effect, which addresses metric distortion on manifolds. We use it to show that distances between topology-preserving embeddings of databases are small.


Technology both helps and hinders what we know about human rights. Use of Google is of central importance to both the Sociology of Knowledge and the creation of internet literacy. In this study, different search engines are compared regarding content of "child rights" in the fifty United States. Findings include: importance of algorithmic loading of sites; number of hits may not reflect the importance or accuracy of a topic; different search engines produce different findings; and personalized searches result in different results. Personalization of searches in accordance to one's previous search history may result in people being given information that reinforces their views, not challenge them. This means that people opposed to child rights may not be afforded the same information as people who have a search history supporting them. Because searches do not necessarily yield the same information about human rights, scholars and the public must be attentive to assess the accuracy and comprehensiveness of a keyword search.


F
 ew particles offer so much as the axion: Its proponents claim it will iron out a wrinkle in the Standard Model of fundamental particles and forces while solving the mystery of the universe9s missing mass. First, however, this elusive beast must be discovered. Physicists are keenly awaiting the results of two experiments--one just analyzing its first data and the other just starting up--which may finally answer the question of whether these ghostly particles really exist.