THE HACKING BIBLE The Dark secrets of the hacking world: How you can become a Hacking Monster, Undetected and in the best way This book is intended to be an exceptionally delicate yet exhaustive manual for the secrets in the universe of hacking and infiltration testing. The book contains an in-depth analysis and essential tips of how to become a hacker. Additionally, it provides you with the darkest secrets of the hacking world and the hidden secret recipes that were used by the most successful hackers of all time. Noticeably, this book will act as a step-by-step guide to those who are new or are starting their journey in the world of hacking by giving you an extensive insight in hacking. You will learn the various types of hacking, the hackers style, hacking tips and how to hack ethically among other insightful yet vital topics in the world of hacking. This book will help you understand how to remain focused on a hacking endeavor and how to overcome various challenges faced by hackers. When you finish reading this book, you will have a vivid understanding of the hacking world and you will have undoubtedly have taken the first and most important step in becoming a hacking monster, undetected and in the best way. Thanks for purchasing this book!!


This chapter is devoted to the analysis of the behavior of the profile curves of the melt menisci for the sapphire crystal growth by edge-defined film-fed growth (EFG) technique. The menisci of the shaped crystals with capillary channels, fibers, and tubes (including cases of outer and inner circular menisci) are considered. Also, we investigated the profile curves of menisci both in the cases of the positive and negative angles between profile curve and the working edge of the die. The cases of outer and inner circular menisci of the tubular crystals and menisci at capillaries and fibers are considered.


One reason for studying sex chromosomes of flowering plants is that they have often evolved separate sexes recently, and the genomes of dioecious species may not yet have evolved adaptations to their changes from the ancestral state. An unstudied question concerns the relative importance of such adaptation, versus the effects of the mutations that led to separate sexes in the first place. Theoretical models for such an evolutionary change make the prediction that the mutations that created males must have sexually antagonistic effects, not only abolishing female functions, but also increasing male functions relative to the ancestral functional hermaphrodites. It is important to test this critical assumption. Moreover, the involvement of sexual antagonism also implies that plant sex-determining genes may directly cause some of the sexual dimorphisms observed in dioecious plants. Sex-determining genes are starting to be uncovered in plants, including species in the genera Diospyros and Actinidia (families Ebenaceae and Actinidiaceae, respectively). Here, we describe transgenic experiments in which the effects of the very different male-determining genes of these two dioecious species were studied in a non-dioecious plant, Nicotiana tabacum. The results indeed support the critical assumption outlined above.


Through an experiment included in a nationwide survey conducted prior to the 2014 European elections, we investigated whether citizens' agreement with policies dealing with the global issue of climate change depends on how such policies are framed and citizens' identification with the national or supranational entities enacting them. Participants were presented with different versions of a statement proposing investments in renewable energy sources, manipulated in terms of hedonic consequences (benefits of adoption vs adverse effects of non-adoption), regulatory concern (growth vs safety) and policy actor group membership (national vs supranational actor). Participants' national/supranational identification was alsomeasured. Participants' agreement with the policy was stronger for congruently framed messages (i.e. messages framed in terms of positive growth-related consequences and negative safety-related consequences) than for incongruently framed messages. The effect of framing was further enhanced when the policy was attributed to a national or supranational actor with whom participants identified.


From the Publisher:
Learning Perl/Tk is a tutorial for Perl/Tk, the extension to Perl for creating graphical user interfaces. With Tk, Perl programs can be window-based rather than command-line based, with buttons, entry fields, listboxes, menus, and scrollbars. Originally developed for the Tcl language, the Perl port of the Tk toolkit liberates Perl programmers from the world of command-line options, STDIN, and STDOUT, allowing them to build graphical, event-driven applications for both Windows and UNIX.
This book is aimed at Perl novices and experts alike. It explains the reasoning behind event-driven applications and drills in guidelines on how to best design graphical applications. It teaches how to implement and configure each of the Perl/Tk graphical elements step-by-step. Special attention is given to the geometry managers, which are needed to position each button, menu, label and listbox in the window frame.
Although this book does not teach basic Perl, anyone who has written even the simplest Perl program should be able to learn Tk from this book. The writing is breezy and informal, and gets right to the point of what you need to know and why. The book is rife with illustrations that demonstrate how each element is drawn and how its configuration options affect its presentation.
Learning Perl/Tk is for every Perl programmer who would like to implement simple, easy-to-use graphical interfaces.


Abstract: Educational management is the process of applying management principles and theories in managing activities in formal educational institutions to streamline the achievement of educational goals. The nuances of Islamic boarding schools which are arguably backward and difficult to open new breakthroughs as a renewal of the education system must be forced to make changes by incorporating Islamic Education Management. Application of management in the management of education in Islamic boarding schools, madrasah, universities must be supported by personnel resources and other resources that are used to realize the performance of high education organizations in order to achieve reliable quality graduates, mobilize these personnel there are elements of motivation, directing and leading them cooperate well and harmoniously. It must all be done in order to answer the challenges of the times like today. Islamic education management will not lose its function in humanizing humans because management of Islamic education is the most important part of managing education in introducing humans to worldly and religious values.


About the book: Modernism is still widely acknowledged as perhaps the most important and influential artistic and cultural phenomenon of the 20th century. Written by expert scholars from around the world and covering hundreds of different topics in a clear, incisive, and critical manner, this reference maps the complex field of modernism in a fresh and original way.

The principal focus of the book is on English-language literary modernism and the period 1890-1939, yet many entries extend beyond those parameters to include important precursors and successors of the movement. The book also covers the crucial European and interdisciplinary dimensions of modernism and provides complementary comparative perspectives from countries and regions not usually included in traditional accounts of the subject. Entries cite works for further reading, and the volume closes with a selected, general bibliography.


This paper presents a novel approach for generating efficient tool paths in machining free-form surfaces. Concept of iso-phote is used to facilitate tool-path generation. An iso-phote is defined as a region on a surface where the normal vector does not differ by more than a prescribed angle from a fixed reference vector. The boundary curves of the iso-phote, called iso-inclination curves, are numerically generated and are served as the initial master tool paths. These iso-inclination curves are then projected to a 2D plane which is perpendicular to the fried reference vector. 2D curve offsetting of the projected iso-inclination curve is then performed. The resulted 2D offset curves are projected back to 3D surface to form final tool paths. The resulted tool paths can guarantee the satisfaction of machining tolerance requirements. A comparison study of this iso-phote based machining with the conventional iso-parametric machining and the iso-planar machining shows favorite result for the new approach.


Summary Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of circular external skeletal fixation (CESF) in treating fractures of the distal radius and ulna in toy breed dogs, and to document the type and frequency of complications associated with this technique. Methods: The medical records of small breed dogs with fractures of the distal radius and ulna admitted to the University of Turin and to the Clinica Ferretti between 2002 and 2009 were retrospectively reviewed. The criteria for inclusion of cases in the study were: body weight of 5 kg or less, transverse or short oblique fracture of the distal third of the radius and ulna, no previous repair attempts, and treatment with CESF as the sole method of fixation. Results: Twenty fractures in 16 dogs satisfied the criteria for inclusion into this study. No signs of infection or failure of fixation were detected in any case. Mean frontal plane alignment was 4.7° ± 2.7° and mean sagittal plane alignment was 12.7° ± 7.2°. Postoperative complications occurred in one patient. All fractures achieved union. Mean time until radiographic evidence of a bridging callus and subsequent implant removal was 71 days (range: 30–120). Conclusions: The results of this study support the use of CESF for treatment of fractures of the distal radius and ulna in toy breed dogs as an alternative to other methods of fracture fixation. However, this technique requires a series of follow-up examinations to evaluate the stability of the apparatus, the soundness of the wires and to determine the appropriate time for implant removal.


In this paper, we are implementing a service mechanism for profit optimizations of both a cloud provider and its multiple users. We consider the problem from a game theoretic perspective and characterize the relationship between the cloud provider and its multiple users as a Stackelberg game, in which the strategies of all users are subject to that of the cloud provider. The cloud provider tries to select and provision appropriate servers and configure a proper request allocation strategy to reduce energy cost while satisfying its cloud users at the same time. For each user, we design a utility function which combines the net profit with time efficiency and try to maximize its value under the strategy of the cloud provider. We formulate the competitions among all users as a generalized Nash equilibrium problem (GNEP). We solve the problem by employing variation inequality (VI) theory and prove that there exists a generalized Nash equilibrium solution set for the formulated GNEP. Finally, we propose an iterative algorithm (IA), which characterizes the whole process of our proposed service mechanism. The experimental results show that our IA algorithm can benefit both of a cloud provider and its multiple users by configuring proper strategies. KeywordsCloud, Utility Function, Iterative Algorithm


According to received literature, vertical integration may enjoy a social superiority due to the ability to internalize the externality that goes back from the pricing policy of the downstream firm to the profits of the upstream firm. We challenge this result introducing process R&D in a broad set of scenarios with vertically symmetric and asymmetric R&D commitments. In some of these contexts a reversed sequence of socially desirable vertical arrangements arises, making outsourcing superior. In other circumstances disintegration is privately superior but socially inefficient. Finally, vertically asymmetric costs of R&D are considered to allow for a wider range of applications.


The Galactic Archaeology with HERMES (GALAH) survey is a large-scale stellar spectroscopic survey of theMilkyWay, designed to deliver complementary chemical information to a large number of stars covered by the Gaia mission. We present the GALAH second public data release (GALAH DR2) containing 342 682 stars. For these stars, the GALAH collaboration provides stellar parameters and abundances for up to 23 elements to the community. Here we present the target selection, observation, data reduction, and detailed explanation of how the spectra were analysed to estimate stellar parameters and element abundances. For the stellar analysis, we have used a multistep approach. We use the physics-driven spectrum synthesis of Spectroscopy Made Easy (SME) to derive stellar labels (T
 eff
 , logg, [Fe/H], [X/Fe], v
 mic
 , vsin i, AK
 S
 ) for a representative training set of stars. This information is then propagated to the whole sample with the data-driven method of The Cannon. Special care has been exercised in the spectral synthesis to only consider spectral lines that have reliable atomic input data and are little affected by blending lines. Departures from local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) are considered for several key elements, including Li, O, Na, Mg, Al, Si, and Fe, using 1D MARCS stellar atmosphere models. Validation tests including repeat observations, Gaia benchmark stars, open and globular clusters, and K2 asteroseismic targets lend confidence to our methods and results. Combining the GALAH DR2 catalogue with the kinematic information from Gaia will enable a wide range of Galactic Archaeology studies, with unprecedented detail, dimensionality, and scope.


Health insurance for poor people in the form of micro health insurance has emerged as a pathway to break the vicious circle of poverty in developing countries. Economists and policy analysts oppose micro health insurance on the grounds of the inherited feature of moral hazards in the insurance sector. In this paper we have tried to evaluate Rashtriya Swasthaya Bima Yojana (RSBY), an innovative mass level micro heath insurance initiative of the Indian Government that attempts to eradicate the healthcare problems of poor people. The results of the study shows that RSBY has helped to improve health outcomes of the poor population but, at the same time, the behavior of poor families towards the utilization of health care has also changed (a symptom caused by the presence of moral hazards). However, this changing behavior in the poor is morally and socially good and represents a step towards their attempt to improve their own living standard.


In this study, the authors propose an efficient embedded processing architecture that uses the vascular pattern extraction (VPE) algorithm to authenticate a user to an embedded system. This study first considers the use of direction-based vascular pattern extraction (DBVPE), and analyses the computational workload involved in running software implementations on an embedded processor. The authors then present a comprehensive performance analysis of the VPE algorithm and examine in detail the various factors that contribute to processing latencies, including VPE recognition processing. In order to improve the efficiency of VPE processing in embedded devices, the authors offer details regarding the process needed to create a highly efficient application-specific processor and extend the base instruction set of the processor by using custom instructions for recognition processing. The authors implemented our proposed methodology in the context of a commercial extensible processor design flow using the Xtensa platform from Tensilica Inc. Our experiments show that our proposed methodology achieves a 3.95-fold increase in the vascular pattern recognition speed. Hence, the authors consider our technique to be efficient.


This discussion paper investigates the differences existing between the Single Point of Entry and the Multiple Point of Entry resolution models and links this question to the issue of support that bank subsidiaries can expect from their parent companies both in resolution and in normal insolvency proceedings. Given that parental support remains imperfect in these two resolution models, the paper concludes that existing safeguards aiming at preserving the corporate interests of subsidiaries remain needed and justified. The paper then identifies potential avenues that could be further explored to reinforce the support model and thereby reduce incentives to adopt ring-fencing measures.


Forecasts from dynamic factor models potentially benefit from refining the data set by eliminating uninformative series. The paper proposes to use forecast weights as provided by the factor model itself for this purpose. Monte Carlo simulations and an empirical application to forecasting euro area, German, and French GDP growth from unbalanced monthly data suggest that both forecast weights and least angle regressions result in improved forecasts. Overall, forecast weights provide yet more robust results.


Aeromagnetic anomaly maps of the North Carolina Piedmont provide confirming evidence of juxtaposed Mesozoic diabase dike sets. Dikes in North Carolina may be divided into four domains, on the basis of dike orientations. Most dikes are olivine normative, but there are apparent systematic differences in chemical compositions that are reflected in different orientations and ages. Two orientations dominate: northwest and north-south. The northwest-trending set dominates in the South Carolina Piedmont, and the north-south set extends through much of the central Virginia Piedmont and under the Coastal Plain in South Carolina. The north-south dikes are part of a set that converges near Charleston and Georgetown, South Carolina, and diverges northward into Virginia. Preliminary information suggests that the north-south dikes are younger than the more common northwest-trending dikes. Current models proposed for stress regimes associated with the breakup of Pangea can accommodate the northwest set, but not the north-south convergent set. This convergent set may be evidence for crustal deformation above a mantle plume centered near Charleston and Georgetown in Middle Jurassic time. It is possible that presumed mafic plutons under the Coastal Plain near Charleston, regional seismicity patterns, and orientations of the diabase dikes are all related to an intersection of zones of crustal weakness inherited from mid-Mesozoic time. The western margin of northwest-trending dikes may be related to tectonic features inherited from pre-Mesozoic time.


Repurchase agreements (repos), reverse repos and securities lending markets permit a variety of institutions to conduct a broad range of financial transactions efficiently. In addition, they allow financial market participants to augment the returns on their cash holdings and securities portfolios. Canadian repo and securities lending markets have grown rapidly in recent years, following the expansion of such markets in major financial centres around the world; the volume of transactions in Canada now averages between $35 billion and $50 billion per day. The author notes that structural and regulatory changes in Canada have played important roles in promoting this growth. The vast majority of repo and securities lending transactions involve securities issued by the Government of Canada -- principally Government of Canada bonds.


The phenylpropanoid pathway gives
rise to a wide variety of specialized metabolites, but the majority of carbon
flux going through this pathway is directed towards the synthesis of the lignin
monomers: p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferyl alcohol and sinapyl alcohol.
Lignin is a major impediment in biomass saccharification, which negatively
affects animal feed and biofuel production. In an effort to improve biomass for
the latter purposes, researchers have altered the polymer through genetic
manipulations and generated biomass with lower recalcitrance to
saccharification; however, in many cases these efforts have resulted in plant
dwarfism. To date, we do not have a full understanding of the extent of lignin
modifications a plant is able to tolerate without affecting its growth. More
importantly, the mechanism that links dwarfism and modifications in lignin
content and composition remains unknown. To contribute to answering these
questions, we designed a strategy to incorporate a novel monomer into the lignin
of Arabidopsis thaliana. We used mutants in genes that code for enzymes
and regulators of the phenylpropanoid pathway to redirect the pathway's flux
towards the synthesis of p-coumaraldehyde and prevent the incorporation
of p-coumaryl alcohol. Despite being mutated for the genes typically
considered to be required for monolignol biosynthesis, the plants we generated
continue to incorporate p-coumaryl alcohol into their lignin. This
result suggests that the pathway's architecture has not been completely
elucidated and that there are more enzymes involved in lignification than
previously thought. Additionally, we explored the connection between
perturbations in phenylpropanoid metabolism and plant growth, by using an
inducible system to track the changes in gene expression and metabolism that
occur when phenylpropanoid metabolism is restored in a lignin biosynthetic
mutant. The use of an inducible system allowed us to not only determine the
metabolic processes affected in this mutant, but the proximal sequence of events
that lead to restored growth when a functional copy of the mutant gene is
induced. Finally, we redirected the flux through the pathway to assess the
effects of simultaneously modulating lignin content and composition. Through
this project we discovered that redirecting phenylpropanoid flux towards the
synthesis of sinapyl alcohol in lignin-deficient mutant backgrounds, results in
plant dwarfism. The growth impairment of these mutants can be overcome by
providing exogenous coniferyl alcohol, suggesting that dwarfism in these
mutants is caused by deficiency in coniferyl alcohol and/or derivatives thereof
and not lignin alone. Altogether these projects allowed us to define the
cellular processes affected by perturbations in phenylpropanoid homeostasis and
the role of other phenylpropanoids besides lignin in this process.


Telomerase is the enzyme responsible for the maintenance of telomere length by adding guanine-rich repetitive sequences. Its activity can be seen in gametes, stem cells and tumor cells. In human somatic cells the proliferative potential is limited, reaching senescence after 50-70 cell divisions, because the DNA polymerase is not able to copy the DNA at the ends of chromosomes. By contrast, in most tumor cells the replicative potential is unlimited due to the maintenance of the telomeric length given by telomerase. Telomeres have additional proteins that regulate the binding of telomerase, likewise telomerase associates, with a protein complex that regulates its activity. This work focuses on the structure and function of the telomere/telomerase complex and how changes in its behavior lead to the development of different diseases, mainly cancer. Development of inhibitors of the telomere/telomerase complex could be a target with promising possibilities.


O vershadowed by the Zika epidemic, concerns about terrorism and security, and the US presidential election, the global HIV/AIDS pandemic persists, with 2.1 million new HIV infections and 1.1 million deaths worldwide in 2015 (http: //bit.ly/2ambo2P). The 21st International AIDS Conference in Durban, South Africa, in July highlighted the remarkable progress since 2000, when the conference was last held in Durban and very few people in Africa received antiretroviral therapy. At present, 3.4 million people in South AfricaarebeingtreatedforHIVinfection,more than in any other country in the world; between 2005 and 2015 overall life expectancy at birth in South Africa increased from 53.5 years to 62.5 years (http://bit.ly/1swJbPo). In 2000, 490 000 new HIV infections occurred among children throughout the world; in 2010 the figure decreased to 290 000 and in 2015 to 150 000 (http://bit.ly/2ambo2P). Unlike the $10 000 annual cost of HIV treatment in 2000, the price tag for some first-line antiretroviral regimens now is only $100 per year. The recent conference aimed to catalyze the work that remains—further scientific advances, addressing stigma, discrimination and other structural barriers within society, and securing the political commitment, including financial resources for prevention, diagnosis and treatment (http://bit .ly/2960ttk). However, fewer people may have been listening than in the past. Among the more than 15 000 participants from 153 countries, including 800 media delegates, few journalists from a US newspaper or television network were on-site in Durban. Although the conference was covered from afar, it was relatively underreported in the United States.


Historians of English crime and criminal justice agree that females are more leniently treated by the criminal justice system. Fewer females are prosecuted for unlawful activities, and, when they are, they are more readily acquitted, or receive lighter sentences than males. However, reasons for this remain elusive. References to the paternalism of those involved in the system, together with notions about masculinity and femininity in a patriarchally ordered society, have been offered in the absence of other more focussed and systematic evidence.
This thesis follows a systematic enquiry about three crimes which attracted the death sentence — shoplifting, pickpocketing, and uttering forged Bank of England notes. The period of the study covers the 1780s to the I830s, and is centred on London and Middlesex. It considers involvement in each crime by gender. The approach seeks to avoid the over-generalisation resulting from synthesis of statistics for a wide variety of offences, and to allow a clearer view of how men and women operated in committing offences. This systematic approach follows the offenders involved in the three crimes through the criminal justice system, so far as it is possible to do so, since the public trial and sentencing at the Old Bailey were not the end of the decision-making story. Previous studies have largely neglected to follow-through to the stage of commutation of sentences and pardons where influences on the decision-makers differed from those on decision-makers at earlier stages of the system.
In particular, this thesis focuses on the gendered context of the specific behaviour of male and female offenders in the selected offences, on the effects of a patriarchal system of justice, and on the needs of the State to make political decisions about the disposal of offenders


Background. Life history theory suggests that organisms face allocation challenges between maintenance and reproduction. In the face of acute illness, organisms may prioritize investments in immune function to improve condition, but do so at some expense to sexuality. Objective. Here, we investigate the effects of acute illness on human female sexuality using a quasi-experimental design.Methods. Both when sick and two weeks later when recovered, thirty women (meanage = 23 y, SD = 1.4 y) completed a questionnaire assessing sociodemographic attributes, symptom severity, and several measures of sexuality. Results. While sick, women reported markedly lower sociosexuality scores in all but one of the four domains: receptivity (female reactions that denote a willingness to engage in copulation). During illness, symptom severity was unrelated to measures of sexuality. Partnering status did not interact with health status in predicting measures of sexuality. Conclusions. These findings show that acute changes in female health status impacted sexuality, consistent with expectations from life history theory. These findings contribute to larger theoretical and empirical discussions regarding context-specific variation in female sexuality.


Distribution This article or presentation is written as part of the Gaudí project. The Gaudí project philosophy is to improve by obtaining frequent feedback. Frequent feedback is pursued by an open creation process. This document is published as intermediate or nearly mature version to get feedback. Further distribution is allowed as long as the document remains complete and unchanged. All Gaudí documents are available at: http://www.extra.research.philips.com/natlab/sysarch/ version: 0.1 status: preliminary draft 24th September 2001


Nowadays the microcomputer has been involved in a variety of
applications. These applications range from a simple ON/OFF operation to intelligent
data acquisition, signal processing and control in individual automation applications.
Moreover it can be utilised in monitoring different physical and electrical quantities.
This study was mainly concerned with the design of 2-channel isolated current
measurement board. The board can be plugged into one of the input/output (I/O)
slots in the IBMlPC/ AT or compatibles. Signal from enzyme electrodes were used in
the analysis to monitor the oxygen consumption or the production of hydrogen
peroxide that represented the input current to the board. Each channel was selected
using a software.


With the advent of massive parallel processing technology, exploiting the power offered by hundreds, or even thousands of processors is all but a trivial task. Computing by using multi-processor, multi-core or many-core adds a number of additional challenges related to the cooperation and communication of multiple processing units. The uneven distribution of data among the various processors, i.e. the load imbalance, represents one of the major problems in data parallel applications. Without good load distribution strategies, we cannot reach good speedup, thus good efficiency. Load balancing strategies can be classified in several ways, according to the methods used to balance workload. For instance, dynamic load balancing algorithms make scheduling decisions during the execution and commonly results in better performance compared to static approaches, where task assignment is done before the execution. Even more important is the difference between centralized and distributed load balancing approaches. In fact, despite that centralized algorithms have a wider vision of the computation, hence may exploit smarter balancing techniques, they expose global synchronization and communication bottlenecks involving the master node. This definitely does not assure scalability with the number of processors. This dissertation studies the impact of different load balancing strategies. In particular, one of the key observations driving our work is that distributed algorithms work better than centralized ones in the context of load balancing for multi-processors (alike for multi-cores and many-cores as well). We first show a centralized approach for load balancing, then we propose several distributed approaches for problems having different parallelization, workload distribution and communication pattern. We try to efficiently combine several approaches to improve performance, in particular using predictive metrics to obtain a per task compute-time estimation, using adaptive subdivision, improving dynamic load balancing and addressing distributed balancing schemas. The main challenge tackled on this thesis has been to combine all these approaches together in new and efficient load balancing schemas. We assess the proposed balancing techniques, starting from centralized approaches to distributed ones, in distinctive real case scenarios: Mesh-like computation, Parallel Ray Tracing, and Agent-based Simulations. Moreover, we test our algorithms with parallel hardware such has cluster of workstations, multi-core processors and exploiting SIMD vectorial instruction set. Finally, we conclude the thesis with several remarks, about the impact of distributed techniques, the effect of the communication pattern and workload distribution, the use of cost estimation for adaptive partitioning, the trade-off fast versus accuracy in prediction-based approaches, the effectiveness of work stealing combined with sorting, and a non-trivial way to exploit hybrid CPUGPU computations.


The genealogical relationship of the ǂ'Amkoe language to the Ju languages in a newly labelled Kx'a family has been recently demonstrated (Heine & Honken 2010). In this paper, we support this relationship with additional etymologies which have been identified through comparison with lexical items documented from ǂ'Amkoe. Further, we discuss the areal relationships apparent in the ǂ'Amkoe lexicon, following Traill's (1973: 27) observation that the proportion of ǂ'Amkoe cognates with other 'Khoisan' languages is "50% Northern, 33% Southern and 17% Central". We will compare lexical items in ǂ'Amkoe with Ju, Khoe and Tuu languages of the Kalahari Basin Area (cf. Guldemann 1998b). Body part terminology is often considered to be an area of the lexicon which is relatively resistant to borrowing, yet we still find high percentages of body part terms which are apparently cognate with unrelated languages such as Gǀui and Taa. These findings underscore the danger inherent in a language classification which relies primarily on lexical data alone.


Relative to the average of the 1980s, U.S. government spending on international affairs has fallen nearly 20 percent in real terms and will decline by as much as another 30 percent under budget-balancing plans proposed by the president and Congress. An independent Task Force by the Brookings Institution and the Council on Foreign Relations was asked to assess the consequences of this trend and to make appropriate recommendations. In its Statement, the Task Force concludes that the cuts adversely affect the ability of the United States to protect and promote its economic, diplomatic, and strategic agendas abroad. Unless the trend is reversed, American vital interests will be jeopardized.


The problem of source separation using an array of microphones in reverberant and noisy conditions is addressed. We consider applying the well-known linearly constrained minimum variance (LCMV) beamformer (BF) for extracting individual speakers. Constraints are defined using relative transfer functions (RTFs) for the sources, which are ratios of acoustic transfer functions (ATFs) between any microphone and a reference microphone. The latter are usually estimated by methods that rely on single-talk time segments where only a single source is active and on reliable knowledge of the source activity. Two novel algorithms for estimation of RTFs using the "Triple N" ICA for convolutive mixtures (TRINICON) framework are proposed, not resorting to the usually unavailable source activity pattern. The first algorithm estimates the RTFs of the sources by applying multiple two-channel geometrically constrained (GC) TRINICON units, where approximate direction of arrival information for the sources is utilized for ensuring convergence to the desired solution. The GC-TRINICON is applied to all microphone pairs using a common reference microphone. In the second algorithm, we propose to estimate RTFs iteratively using GC-TRINICON, where instead of using a fixed reference microphone as before, we suggest to use the output signals of LCMV-BFs from the previous iteration as spatially processed references with improved signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio. For both algorithms, a simple detection of noise-only time segments is required for estimating the covariance matrix of noise and interference. We conduct an experimental study in which the performance of the proposed methods is confirmed and compared to corresponding supervised methods.


Infections encompass a set of medical conditions of very diverse kinds that can pose a significant risk to health, and even death. As with many other diseases, early diagnosis can help to provide patients with proper care to minimize the damage produced by the disease, or to isolate them to avoid the risk of spread. In this context, computational intelligence can be useful to predict the risk of infection in patients, raising early alarms that can aid medical teams to respond as quick as possible. In this paper, we survey the state of the art on infection prediction using computer science by means of a systematic literature review. The objective is to find papers where computational intelligence is used to predict infections in patients using physiological data as features. We have posed one major research question along with nine specific subquestions. The whole review process is thoroughly described, and eight databases are considered which index most of the literature published in different scholarly formats. A total of 101 relevant documents have been found in the period comprised between 2003 and 2019, and a detailed study of these documents is carried out to classify the works and answer the research questions posed, resulting to our best knowledge in the most comprehensive study of its kind. We conclude that the most widely addressed infection is by far sepsis, followed by Clostridium difficile infection and surgical site infections. Most works use machine learning techniques, from which logistic regression, support vector machines, random forest and naive Bayes are the most common. Some machine learning works provide some ideas on the problems of small data and class imbalance, which can be of interest. The current systematic literature review shows that automatic diagnosis of infectious diseases using computational intelligence is well documented in the medical literature.


A literature review revealed that most of the empirical equations introduced for determination of the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of rocks based on the Schmidt hammer rebound number (N) are not sufficiently reliable mostly due to the relatively low coefficient of correlations. This is attributed to the fact that in most cases one formula is used for all types of rocks, although the density of rocks is introduced to the formulae in some cases. On the other hand, if one specific relationship between N and UCS is introduced for one rock type, the equation will yield a much higher coefficient of correlation. During a research program supported by the Shahrood University of Technology, Iran, a third type of approach was considered. The study aimed to establish a relationship between N and UCS of a rock mass under particular geological circumstances. As an example, in this study, the immediate roof rock of coal seams in North-Eastern coal fields of Iran was selected. In order to determine the N and UCS, a significant number of samples were selected and tested, both in-situ and in the laboratory, and a new equation was established. The equation can be used to predict UCS of the roof rock in coal extracting areas in this zone by performing simple in-situ Schmidt hammer tests. It is predicted that such a procedure will be feasible for other geological conditions.


"Stories of Illness and Healing" is the first collection to place the voices of women experiencing illness alongside analytical writing from prominent scholars in the field of narrative medicine. The collection includes a variety of women's illness narratives - poetry, essays, short fiction, short drama, analyses, and transcribed oral testimonies - as well as traditional analytic essays about themes and issues raised by the narratives. "Stories of Illness and Healing" bridges the artificial divide between women's lives and scholarship in gender, health, and medicine. The authors of these narratives are diverse in age, ethnicity, family situation, sexual orientation, and economic status. They are doctors, patients, spouses, mothers, daughters, activists, writers, educators, and performers. The narratives serve to acknowledge that women's illness experiences are more than their diseases, that they encompass their entire lives. The pages of this book echo with personal accounts of illness, diagnosis, and treatment. They reflect the social constructions of women's bodies, their experiences of sexuality and reproduction, and their roles as professional and family caregivers. Finally, and perhaps most importantly, "Stories of Illness and Healing" draws the connection between women's suffering and advocacy for women's lives.


Although recent advances in scaling large language models (LLMs) have resulted in improvements on many NLP tasks, it remains unclear whether these models trained primarily with general web text are the right tool in highly specialized, safety critical domains such as clinical text. Recent results have suggested that LLMs encode a surprising amount of medical knowledge. This raises an important question regarding the utility of smaller domain-specific language models. With the success of general-domain LLMs, is there still a need for specialized clinical models? To investigate this question, we conduct an extensive empirical analysis of 12 language models, ranging from 220M to 175B parameters, measuring their performance on 3 different clinical tasks that test their ability to parse and reason over electronic health records. As part of our experiments, we train T5-Base and T5-Large models from scratch on clinical notes from MIMIC III and IV to directly investigate the efficiency of clinical tokens. We show that relatively small specialized clinical models substantially outperform all in-context learning approaches, even when finetuned on limited annotated data. Further, we find that pretraining on clinical tokens allows for smaller, more parameter-efficient models that either match or outperform much larger language models trained on general text. We release the code and the models used under the PhysioNet Credentialed Health Data license and data use agreement.


Coagulase-positive staphylococci include 3 species, Staphylococcus aureus, S. hyicus and S. intermedius. Of these three species, S. aureus is the most well-known human pathogen. S. aureus is part of the human and animal normal microbiota, however, it is capable of producing several staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) that cause intoxication symptoms of varying intensity in humans after consuming contaminated food. Selective media which are used for the determination of coagulase-positive staphylococci from foods are not able to identify isolates at a species. With the MALDI-TOF MS technique, we can identify S. aureus cheaper and faster than by using molecular methods. This paper describes the results of the study of the presence of coagulase-positive staphylococci and S. aureus in many food products, and the application of three sample preparation methods: direct sample preparation, formic acid suspension and ethanol extraction.


Scholars, lawyers, and, indeed, the public at large increasingly worry about what purposive presidential inaction in enforcing statutory programs means for the rule of law and how such discretionary inaction can fit within a constitutional structure that compels Presidents to "take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed." Yet those who have recognized the problem have been hesitant to assign a role for the court in policing the constitutional limits they articulate, mostly because of the strain on judicial capacity that any formulation of Take Care Clause review would cause. In this Article, I argue that courts still can and do constrain presidential nonenforcement discretion, and that they are far better situated to do so when they operate under the rubric of conventional administrative law. Often caricatured as categorically deferential to questions of enforcement discretion, the law of agency inaction is in fact nimble enough to constrain the most egregious instances of executive overreach in nonenforcement, and unique doctrinal features, such as the doctrine of finality, give courts a safety valve to control strains on judicial capacity.


Earlier forms of distance education were characterized by minimal social interaction like correspondence, television, video and radio. However, the World Wide Web (WWW) and online learning introduced the opportunity for much more social interaction, particularly among learners, and this has been further made possible through social media in Web 2.0. The increased availability of collaborative tools in Web 2.0 has made it possible to have online collaborative learning realized in Higher Learning Institutions (HLIs). However, learners can perceive the online collaborative learning process as challenging and they fail to utilize these collaborative tools effectively. Although a number of challenges have been mentioned in the literature, considerable diversity exists among countries due to diversity in infrastructure support for e-learning and learners' background. This motivated this study to investigate components of online collaborative learning perceived as challenging by learners in HLIs in Kenya. Using a questionnaire, a survey was conducted in two public universities and two private universities to identify students' perceived challenges in an online collaborative learning environment. Through purposive sampling the questionnaire was distributed to 210 students using e-mail and 183 students responded. Based on descriptive analysis the following five major challenges were rated as high: lack of feedback from instructors, lack of feedback from peers, lack of time to participate, slow internet connectivity, and low or no participation of other group members. There was also a relationship between the university type (private or public) with the perceived challenges which included: lack of feedback from the instructor (p=0.046) and work load not shared equally among group members (p=0.000). Apart from slow internet connectivity the rest of the challenges were in line with the observed challenges in the literature.These key challenges identified in this study should provide insight to educators on the areas of collaborative learning that should be improved in order to provide access to quality education that supports effective online collaborative learning in HLIs in Kenya.


In this paper, we establish the global asymptotic stability of an
endemic equilibrium for an SIRS epidemic model with distributed time delays.
It is shown that the global stability holds for any rate of immunity loss, if the
basic reproduction number is greater than 1 and less than or equals to a critical
value. Otherwise, there is a maximal rate of immunity loss which guarantees
the global stability. By using an extension of a Lyapunov functional established
by [C.C. McCluskey, Complete global stability for an SIR epidemic model with
delay-Distributed or discrete, Nonlinear Anal. RWA. 11 (2010) 55-59], we
provide a partial answer to an open problem whether the endemic equilibrium
is globally stable, whenever it exists, or not.


The planning and construction of a facility can affect several interests. Positive effects are, for instance, better communications, better housing and a higher standard of living. However, construction projects inevitably bring varying degrees of deterioration and change at the local level, not least at the construction site. Representatives of these interests are referred to as the project's stakeholders. A project stakeholder can be defined as a person (or group of people) who has a vested interest in the success of a project and the environment within which the project operates. Vested interest is defined as having possession of one or more of the stakeholder attributes of power, legitimacy or urgency for their claims upon the project. There are essentially two categories of stakeholders: internal, who are those actively involved in project execution; and external, who are those affected by the project. The challenge for the project manager is then to plan and implement the project in a manner that fulfils as many external stakeholder needs and concerns as possible without compromising the purpose of the project. The role of the project manager must involve not just an understanding of the technical process, but also an understanding of the links between technique, the environment, the community and the people in it. The purpose of the present research project is to contribute to, and increase, knowledge concerning external stakeholders for construction projects, and to develop methods and tools for the analysis of the influence of external stakeholders. From the perspective of the developer and the project manager, the external stakeholder analysis must be conducted with respect to the project's purpose. The aim must be to complete the project according to the requirements of the project owner. The challenge is then to find trade-offs that fulfil as many external stakeholder needs and concerns as possible. The external stakeholder analysis should provide a basis for forthcoming project decisions. One clear reason for controversy and conflict is that decisions on a course of action for the project were made without analysing the consequences for external stakeholders. The result of this was that the project manager was not prepared for the possible conflict that might arise, and thus had no plan of how to resolve or handle them. (Less)


Field data need to be collected to test wind erosion models under a broad range of
climate, soil, and management conditions. The objective of this study was to test the USDA-ARS
Wind Erosion Prediction System (WEPS) for a field with winter wheat plants in a modest
amount of flat residue. A 600 m by 415 m field was selected near Burlington, CO, USA. Big
Spring Number Eight (BSNE) samplers were used to measure wind blown sediment flux and
automated devices (Sensits) for continuous detection of saltation. A weather station recorded
relevant meteorological data. Detailed measurements of the field surface were taken on three
dates. The experiment was conducted from 25 November, 2000 through 12 April, 2001.
One dust storm occurred during this experimental period, with a net field sediment loss
of 0.06 kg/m 2 . Spatial variability of sediment discharge was high and could be explained by
spatial differences in field conditions. WEPS overestimated the protective power of small wheat
plants. It needs a provision to account for standing biomass that is not uniformly spaced, such
as wheat plants in the field. Wind erosion (and WEPS) is very sensitive to soil surface water
content, which is difficult to measure. Albedo is a good indicator of soil wetness right at the soil
surface, but additional research is needed to use albedo for quantifying soil surface water
content.


This paper provides a cultural critique of the concept of trauma by examining the generational narratives of toroma in the Iranian context and the psychologization of memory in the aftermath of the 1980s. It examines memory-work as a cultural and political resource for witnessing and historicizing the otherwise muted discourse of the Iran-Iraq War and the anomie of the 1980s Iran. The paper elaborates on the concept of rupture, as an alternative to trauma, for its recognition of the complexity, multiplicity, and diffusion of historical conditions and their afterlife. These narratives of rupture show how generations are constructed and negotiated, not temporally, but based on the political and emotional stakes of how, and what, one remembers, thereby informing the identity politics of young Iranians and generating new socialities and cultural forms. The paper approaches the psychological afterlife of social anomie as both a clinical and a cultural/political experience and raises questions about the ethics of engagement with the two constructed concepts of "mental health" and the "Middle East."


In this paper we give a new proof of the (strong) displacement convexity of a class of integral functionals defined on a compact Riemannian manifold satisfying a lower Ricci curvature bound. Our approach does not rely on existence and regularity results for optimal transport maps on Riemannian manifolds, but it is based on the Eulerian point of view recently introduced by Otto and Westdickenberg [SIAM J. Math. Anal., 37 (2005), pp. 1227–1255] and on the metric characterization of the gradient flows generated by the functionals in the Wasserstein space.


Adipose tissue growth has been proposed to involve recruitment of new blood vessels. Here, we test the hypothesis that delivery of an angiogenesis inhibitor in mice may prevent diet-induced obesity, the most common type of obesity in humans. We show that systemic administration of a selective angiogenesis inhibitor, TNP-470 (AGM-1470), prevents obesity in high caloric diet-fed wt mice as well as in genetically leptin-deficient ob/ob mice. Inhibition of obesity in mice by TNP-470 involves a reduction of vascularity in the adipose tissue. This therapeutic strategy appears to selectively affect the growth of adipose tissue as measured by the ratio between total fat and lean body mass. Interestingly, the treatment with TNP-470 results in decreased serum levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Furthermore, insulin levels are reduced, which indicates increased insulin sensitivity, suggesting that angiogenesis inhibitors may prevent the development of type II diabetes. Our findings suggest that similarly to growth and organogenesis in other tissues, adipose tissue growth is dependent on angiogenesis. Our observations may have conceptual implications for the prevention of obesity and related disorders.


This article examines the uses and limitations of the prevailing classificatory schema in the field of human rights—a tripartite framework that delineates first-generation civil and political rights ensuring liberty, second-generation economic and social rights promoting equality, and third-generation group and cultural rights supporting solidarity. When applied strictly, the framework runs the risk of reifying the three categories, exaggerating the impact of the European Enlightenment on contemporary norms, and overlooking the historical contexts in which rights-claims emerge. Though useful for analytic and pedagogical purposes, the existing paradigm fails to capture the full spectrum of human rights violations and solutions in the contemporary world. More precisely, it fails to account for the intersections among different types of rights. To the end of renovating the paradigm, this article advances the principles of holism, globalism, and historicism as tools for human rights educators.


Correct identification of heritage characteristics is a prerequisite for the conservation of historic structures. This study summarizes the developments in image-based documentation techniques and explores a way of combining them with conventional documentation techniques for architectural conservation. The processes of architectural photogrammetry and pictorial photography help the architect-conservator examine the many details of architectural heritage, making the assessment of heritage characteristics easier. Nevertheless, site observations and historical research are indispensable tools that support the evaluation process. A 19th century Ottoman church in western Turkey has been documented by combining the above techniques. Scaled drawings, a 3D model, maps on rectified image mosaics, and image albums make it possible to perceive the spatial qualities and conception of the original construction techniques , together with their alterations. The assessment results are presented in thematic tables with links to visual documents, and the heritage values and conservation problems of the church are clarified. Finally, this study illustrates one example of a successful heritage assessment leading to a conservation design.


Summary Background: In 1962, Methods of Information in Medicine (MIM) began to publish papers on the methodology and scientific fundamentals of organizing, representing, and analyzing data, information, and knowledge in biomedicine and health care. Considered a companion journal, Applied Clinical Informatics (ACI) was launched in 2009 with a mission to establish a platform that allows sharing of knowledge between clinical medicine and health IT specialists as well as to bridge gaps between visionary design and successful and pragmatic deployment of clinical information systems. Both journals are official journals of the International Medical Informatics Association. Objectives: As a follow-up to prior work, we set out to explore congruencies and interdependencies in publications of ACI and MIM. The objectives were to describe the major topics discussed in articles published in ACI in 2014 and to determine if there was evidence that theory in 2014 MIM publications was informed by practice described in ACI publications in any year. We also set out to describe lessons learned in the context of bridging informatics practice and theory and offer opinions on how ACI editorial policies could evolve to foster and improve such bridging. Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational study and reviewed all articles published in ACI during the calendar year 2014 (Volume 5) for their main theme, conclusions, and key words. We then reviewed the citations of all MIM papers from 2014 to determine if there were references to ACI articles from any year. Lessons learned in the context of bridging informatics practice and theory and opinions on ACI editorial policies were developed by consensus among the two authors. Results: A total of 70 articles were published in ACI in 2014. Clinical decision support, clinical documentation, usability, Meaningful Use, health information exchange, patient portals, and clinical research informatics emerged as major themes. Only one MIM article from 2014 cited an ACI article. There are several lessons learned including the possibility that there may not be direct links between MIM theory and ACI practice articles. ACI editorial policies will continue to evolve to reflect the breadth and depth of the practice of clinical informatics and articles received for publication. Efforts to encourage bridging of informatics practice and theory may be considered by the ACI editors. Conclusions: The lack of direct links from informatics theory-based papers published in MIM in 2014 to papers published in ACI continues as was described for papers published during 2012 to 2013 in the two companion journals. Thus, there is little evidence that theory in MIM has been informed by practice in ACI.


Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common cancers in the world. Inflammation has been described as a risk factor for PCa and depends on the production of cytokines in response to tissue damage or the presence of stimuli that induces cellular stress. Interindividual variation in cytokine production is partially controlled by single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that have been associated with differential production of cytokines. We have recently showed that SNP-SNP interactions of cytokine genes are associated with PCa risk. However, little is known about the association of cytokine SNPs and PCa aggressiveness. In this study, we evaluated the association of 15 SNPs in five cytokine genes and aggressiveness of PCa in African- and Caucasian-American individuals. Caucasian Americans with the genotypes IL10-1082GG or IL1B+3954TT had 2.31-fold [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.13-4.72] and 3.11 (95% CI = 1.20-8.06)-fold risk, respectively, of developing aggressive PCa, as compared with individuals without those genotypes. We did not find any associations in the African-American group. Using Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines modeling for exploratory SNP-SNP interactions, our results showed that more aggressive PCa in Caucasians Americans is associated with the CT genotype at IL8-47 [odds ratios (OR) = 3.50; 95% CI = 1.13-10.88] or combined genotypes of IL1B-511CC and IL10-1082GG (OR = 3.38; 95% CI = 1.70-6.71). Unfortunately, the same analysis could not be performed in the African-Americans due to limited number of individuals. With limited sample size, the results from this study suggest that SNPs in cytokine genes may be associated with PCa aggressiveness. More extensive studies are warranted to validate our findings.


In-service training programs have emerged as an ideal training platform for lecturers in various universities to enhance their professional competencies. This becomes a necessity owing to the rapid advances that prompt the acquisition of knowledge to improve the lecturers' competencies especially in sports science. The purpose of this study lies in investigating the relationship between participation in in-service training programs and academic competencies among Sport Science Lecturers in Libya and Malaysia. The need for in-service training among lecturers based on their participation in in-service activities was based on participation in planning (PPL), participation in implementation (PIM) and participation in evaluation (PEV). The competencies of Lecturers place focus on the competencies in planning instruction (CPI), competencies in conducting instruction (Cf.I), competencies evaluating instruction (CEI) and competencies in facilitating student's growth (CFS). Previous studies were reviewed to support the arguments presented in this study using prominent theories such as the Perceptual Psychology Theory, Innovation Theory of planned behaviour (ITPB) and Contingency Theory. To achieve the objectives of this study, a quantitative study based on the survey questionnaire was used to collect primary data from 320 sports science lecturers within 11 Universities in Libya and Malaysia. Non-probability (purposive sampling) was used in this study for sampling selection. The results and findings were analysed using the Statistical Package Social Sciences (SPSS) and Analysis of Moment Structure (AMOS) Software. The final model goodness fit satisfactory explained the value of X2 == 498.637. The NFl, TLI and GFI were above O.90.The eleven (11) major hypothetical statements have some direct effects on selected variables such as CPI, CCI, CEI and CFS tested and they were significant at 0.00 level. Theoretically, this study inferred two mediating variables. Firstly, Cel fully mediated the relationship between CPI and Clil. Secondly, CEI partially mediated the relationship between CCI and CFS. The current study has indicated that the integration of in-service training programs among the sports science lecturers improved the levels of competency to facilitate student's growth. The results obtained in this study depict the increasing need that relates to planning, implementation and evaluation of in-service training programs as an ideal improvement pathway of lecturers' competency at various universities. This suggests that the sports science lecturers should pay more attention towards the participation in in-service training programs that aim at upgrading their respective professional competencies. The implementation of the results of this study in universities in Libya and Malaysia is set to enhance competencies of lecturers as well as student growth which are at the forefront of government educational policies.


The Old Testament records that Cain, the first-born son of Adam and Eve, murdered his younger brother Abel in cold blood. (1) As a consequence of this sin, God cursed Cain to live as a "fugitive and a vagabond" forever after. (2) Cain responded to his plight by crying "every one that findeth me shall slay me." (3) The Lord thus proclaimed that "whosoever slayeth Cain, vengeance shall be taken on him sevenfold." (4) God subsequently set a mark upon Cain, "lest any finding him should kill him." (5) Behavioral psychologists have long sought to pinpoint a similar sort of "mark" in modern day criminals--namely, a genetic or other biological marker that could serve to identify those who may have a propensity to commit violent criminal acts. Efforts to establish a link between criminal behavior and biological or environmental "causes" are nothing new. Cesare Lombroso, the nineteenth century Italian criminologist, was perhaps the first to argue on an allegedly scientific basis that criminals are born, not made. (6) He drew on the emerging theories of evolution and genetics--as well as the pseudo-science of phrenology--to proclaim that individuals possessing a "criminal mind" might be identified by certain peculiar deformations of their skulls. Although Lombroso's theories did not withstand the test of rigorous analysis, psychiatrists (among others) are revisiting the possibility that certain criminal behaviors may possess a biological origin. While sociologists have long advanced environmental and other sociological theories (poor nutrition, poverty, racism, etc.) under the rubric of "root causes of crime" to explain criminal behavior, (7) efforts to identify biological causes for explaining this same conduct have long been viewed as taboo. (8) One's environment, or so it has been perceived, is inherently manipulable, thus an individual's circumstances may be altered to effect a change in the individual's behavior. Identification of an environmental "cause" influencing behavior thus does not challenge prevailing orthodoxies that view man largely as a product of external forces. The concern is that biology, unlike environment, is not quite as easily manipulable (although that notion is itself coming under scrutiny) and thus places the individual at the mercy of her genes. As a result, critics of biological research into human behavior have regarded as suspect any claim that biology forms the basis for behavior. Nevertheless, with the rise of evolutionary psychology, biological psychiatry, and more sophisticated tools for understanding and mapping basic brain activity, biological theories of human behavior--particularly violent, impulsive conduct--are resurfacing. (9) It is hardly news that the brain has something to do with the way we think and act. Only recently, however, have researchers begun to identify and to understand certain neurochemical and neurophysiological correlates of mentation and behavior. (10) The resulting body of knowledge, though in its own right profound, is nevertheless still far from answering many fundamental questions about the causes of criminal behavior or from providing us with a reliable mark of Cain to ferret out those likely to engage in criminal conduct. The prospect that such findings may be in the offing, however, requires us to grapple with some of the most fundamental principles by which we assess--and ultimately criminalize--certain types of behavior. In this essay, I hope briefly to raise several of the more fundamental issues raised by this burgeoning understanding of the mechanisms influencing human behavior--specifically, questions surrounding the meaning of criminal intent and the moral justification for imposing punishment. If, for example, we are better able to understand the biological causes for certain types of behavior, will we be forced to modify ideas of freedom and responsibility because the principal functions these notions serve no longer accurately reflect our understanding of human behavior in light of our discovery of the biological antecedents of decision making? …


Mitochondrial morphology depends on the equilibrium between antagonistic fission and fusion forces acting on mitochondrial membranes. Inactivation of fusion induces the loss of mtDNA. When both fusion and fission are simultaneously inactivated, the loss of mtDNA is alleviated, along with mitochondrial fragmentation. Mechanisms involved in mtDNA maintenance thus seem to depend on a coordinated regulation of fusion and fission forces. We have studied the role of the dynamin Msp1p, a fusion effector in mitochondrial morphology, in relation to the maintenance of mtDNA. Two hydrophobic regions of Msp1p, predicted to be transmembrane segments, were shown to anchor the long form of the protein into mitochondrial membranes, whereas the short form, lacking these two domains, behaved as a peripheral membrane protein. Both domains were essential for the fusogenic activity of Msp1p, but deletion of the second domain alone induced loss of mtDNA and thus lethality. Our results demonstrate that the role of Msp1p in the control of mitochondrial morphology is distinct from that required for genome maintenance, and that only the latter function is essential for cell viability. This parallels recent observations that have distinguished the role of OPA1, the human orthologue of Msp1p, in mitochondrial dynamics from that in cristae organization and apoptosis. Furthermore, our observations may contribute to our understanding of the pathological mechanisms resulting from mutations in OPA1 that give rise to the ADOA syndromes.


The Early Permian Darlington Limestone in the Tasmania Basin consists of fossiliferous
mudstone, siltstone and impure limestone. It was deposited in a somewhat restricted basin
with uplands on the northeast and east, the northwest, and probably the southwest.
Icebergs from glaciers on the uplands or sea-ice may have transported erratic lonestones
into the basin. Cold, low salinity water is indicated by a foramol fauna which contained
many individuals but relatively tew genera and which is rich in foraminifera,
bryozoans, spiriferids, and pelecypods.
Hydraulic energy was generally low. Little sorting and few sedimentary structures
were observed. Evidence of current action is mainly on the periphery of the basin and
suggests currents from the southwest. Such evidence is mostly the orientation of fossils.
Islands such as the Beaconsfield-Frankford island, and shallows probably impeded current
action in the basin.


After decades of civil war, the Basic Services Fund (BSF) with DFID as lead donor, was a major contributor to the reconstruction efforts of the Government of South Sudan to develop its basic services, including improving access to safe water. Between 2006 and 2012, 29 NGOs received grants to improve water supply in the most remote areas of the country. In a post conflict context, sustainability of interventions is often a challenge: the BSF Secretariat took therefore an active role in guiding NGOs towards a more consistent, efficient and sustainable way of implementing WASH projects. Recommendations provided focused on sustainability with the aim to move away from intensive, short-term initiatives inspired by humanitarian concerns to long-term and better planned recovery projects. BSF being recognized as a successful funding mechanism, this article describes the sustainability-focused monitoring approach of the BSF Secretariat, and highlights the main lessons learned.


While freedom of speech has been guaranteed us for centuries, the First Amendment as we know it today is largely a creation of the past 80 years. "Eternally Vigilant" brings together a group of distinguished legal scholars to reflect boldly on its past, its present shape, and what forms our understanding of it might take in the future. The result is a unique volume spanning the entire spectrum of First Amendment issues, from its philosophical underpinnings to specific issues like campaign regulation, obscenity and the new media.


Services Oriented Architecture (SOA) is becoming a popular style for building complex systems-of-systems that allow businesses to work together across organizational boundaries. However concerns have been raised about the comprehensibility and maintainability of SOA composite applications. Integrating and deploying SOA applications requires artifacts in a variety of web-based languages (WSDL, XSD, BPEL, etc.) often produced by code-generation tools. It becomes difficult for a human to discover and understand the dependencies between these artifacts in an existing system. In this paper, we describe ongoing research on using search techniques to facilitate SOA maintenance by allowing users to query collections of artifacts making up a SOA composite application. The main focus in this paper is a case study using our prototype search tool SOAMiner to identify a set of abstractions that extract useful and critical information for maintainers, thereby bridging the heterogeneity of SOA artifacts while opportunistically exploiting their structure. Results of the study indicate that the highest priority abstractions for SOA are datatype summaries, service invocation (calling) relationships, and data usage relationships.


Foodborne disease (FBD) is a common food safety problem in Seoul, Republic of Korea. To identify target areas for improvement of the food safety programs, FBD outbreaks from 2002 to 2006 were analyzed with regard to facility, monthly occurrences, and causative agents. A total of 147 FBD outbreaks were reported, with an average of 29.4 FBD outbreaks per year and 49 cases per outbreak. Restaurants and school lunches were two main facilities associated with 76.2% of the outbreaks. A majority of FBD cases (73.1%) were from school lunches. The highest number of outbreaks and cases occurred in June, followed by March. Among the seven identified causative agents, norovirus was the most significant in the number of outbreaks and cases. Among the outbreaks and cases with causative agents identified, norovirus and Staphylococcus aureus were responsible for 61.7% of outbreaks and 81.5% of cases. The analysis indicates that the efficiency of current food safety programs could be enhanced if critical control points in school lunch programs are identified and incorporated in the training and inspection. Identifying risk factors for contamination of norovirus and Staphylococcus aureus would also be beneficial.


The present Ph.D. thesis has focused on tetrameric hemoglobins (Hbs), both recombinant and natural, both from human origin and Antarctic fish, using a multidisciplinary approach based on spectroscopic, crystallographic and computational techniques. In particular the main scope of the research has been the elucidation of two still unsolved problems in the chemistry of tetrameric Hbs: 1) the role of the bis-histidyl heme coordination in the Hb function and oxidation process and 2) the role of the tertiary and quaternary structure in the modulation of the Root effect (namely drop of oxygen affinity with loss of cooperativity at low physiological pH). The first topic has been mainly approached through a comparative experimental (spectroscopic and crystallographic) / computational study of the β-subunits of human hemoglobin (β-HbA) and of the recombinant β-subunits Hb from Antarctic fish Trematomus bernacchii (β-HbTb), whose heterotetramer, in the ferric state, forms a mixture of aquo-met at the α-subunits and bis-histidyl adduct at the β-subunits. Similarly to the human β-chains, β-HbTb self-assembles to form the homotetramer (β4-HbTb); however, the latter quantitatively forms reversible ferric and ferrous bis-histidyl adducts, which are only partially present in the human tetramer (β4-HbA). The molecular dynamics study of the isolated β-subunit of the two Hbs indicates that the ability to form hemichrome is an intrinsic feature of the chain; moreover, the greater propensity of β-HbTb to form the bis-histidyl adduct is probably linked to the higher flexibility of the CD loop region. These findings are in perfect agreement with the X-ray structure of β4-HbA in the ferric (solved in this thesis) that hosts only aquo-met coordination. The mechanism of hemichrome formation was also investigated by determining the x-ray crystal structure of the fully oxidized Hb from Antarctic fish Trematomus newnesi and by performing a Resonance Raman microscopy study on the Hb crystals from a sub-Antarctic fish (Eleginops maclovinus). The second topic has been investigated through a combined spectroscopic (resonance Raman (RR) /Vis microspectroscopy) and X-ray crystallographic study of oxygen (O2) and nitric oxide (NO) binding to the T-state HbTb (Root-effect Hb) crystals at two different pHs, 6.0 and 8.4. The choice of these pH values is justified by the known tertiary structural differences of their X-ray structure in deoxygenated forms at different pH values. Oxygen binding curves have shown that the low -to- high pH transition induces 2-3 fold increase in oxygen affinity and that about half of the cooperativity present in solution is retained in the crystal. The simultaneous X-ray data collection, on the T-state nitrosyl-HbTb crystals assisted by online Raman acquisition, at the synchrotron Swiss Light Source (PXII beamline), clearly indicates an X-ray induced NO-photodissociation, providing a general physical explanation of the low content of nitrosyl-hemoglobin structures deposited in the Protein Data Bank. RR microscopy supported crystallography in choosing the X-ray dose feasible to collect a fully nitrosylated hemoglobin. The comparison between fully NO ligated and photolized crystal refined structures provides an elegant evidence of heme-heme communication mediated via the CDα region, that involves those interactions that were suggested to be contributor to the Root effect in HbTb.
In addition this Ph.D. thesis also focused on a study at cellular level (via Raman imaging and Optical Tweezers) of healthy and C / S anemic erythrocytes [containing HbS (β6Glu → Val) and HbC (β6Glu → Lys)]. The different photo-sensibility and rigidity of healthy, C and S erythrocytes showed that the Raman micro-spectroscopy analysis combined with the use of Optical Tweezers offers enormous potential in the diagnosis of normal and diseased cells.


Public travel by motor vehicles is often necessary in road and street sections that have been officially closed for construction, repair, and/or other reasons. This authorization is allowed to provide access to homes and businesses located beyond the point of closure. While the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) does address appropriate use of specific regulatory signs at the entrance to closed sections, direct guidance for temporary traffic control measures within these areas is not included but may be needed. However, interpretation and enforcement of common practices may vary among transportation agencies. For example, some law enforcement officers in Iowa have indicated a concern regarding enforcement and jurisdiction of traffic laws in these areas because the Code of Iowa only appears to address violations on roadways open to "public travel." Enforcement of traffic laws in closed road sections is desirable to maintain safety for workers and for specifically authorized road users. In addition, occasional unauthorized entry by motor vehicles is experienced in closed road areas, causing property damage. Citations beyond simple trespass may be advisable to provide better security for construction sites, reduce economic losses from damage to completed work, and create safer work zones.


Objectives: This study aimed to clarify the etiology of women infertility and describe their management in our service with limited technical equipment. Methodology: We conducted a retrospective and descriptive study on 175 women treated for infertility and followed in the gynecology services of the university Hospital center of Treichville from 1st January 2012 to 31st December 2014. Results: During the study, we recorded 12072 consultations in gynecology including 1582 (13.1%) cases of infertility, but only 175 cases were selected for this study. The patients had an average age of 31.3 years and an average socio-economic level in general (78.9%). The etiologies were found in 79.4% of patients, dominated by classical abnormalities: uterine (fibroids: 41.8%), hormonal, tubo peritoneal (5%). We also found some unusual pathologies related to cultural practices (female genital mutilation, caustic stenosis of the vagina). The surgery was performed in several patients, including myomectomy by laparotomy (46.6%), laparoscopy, hysteroscopy and vaginal surgeries. As to drug treatment, they were various combinations, and the ovarian stimulation practices (62.3%) and induction of ovulation (47.2%) were common. The result of this support has been marked by the occurrence of 74 pregnancies (42.3%), with the birth of healthy children in the majority of cases (95.9%). Conclusion: The management of infertile women was frequent and yielded encouraging results despite our limited technical equipment.


In this article we present mathematical programming formulations and solution approaches for the optimal solution of the Double Travelling Salesman Problem with Multiple Stacks (DTSPMS). A set of orders is given, each one requiring transportation of one item from a customer in a pickup region to a customer in a delivery region. The vehicle available for the transportation in each region carries a container. The container is organized in rows of given length. Each row is handled independently from the others according to a Last In First Out stack policy. The DTSPMS problem consists of determining the pickup tour, the loading plan of the container and the delivery tour in such a way that the total length of the two tours is minimized. The formulations are based on different modeling ideas and each formulation gives rise to a specific solution approach. We present computational results on a set of benchmark instances that compare the different approaches and show that the most successful one is a decomposition approach applied to a new model. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2010


In a fall 2008 cruise off the coast of California, on-deck incubations with surface seawater were conducted to compare the effect of increasing carbon dioxide (CO2) on nitrogen (N)limited versus N-replete (+ NO3) phytoplankton. Based on previous laboratory studies, we expected that under N-limitation C:N ratios would be more sensitive to CO2 availability. In particular, we wanted to test whether down-regulation of RuBisCO at high CO2 leads to an increased C:N ratio, since RuBisCO is thought to be a large pool of N in many autotrophs. In 4 out of 5 N limited experiments, the C:N ratio of phytoplankton biomass increased slightly from low to high CO2, and this increase was due chiefly to an increase in particulate organic carbon (POC), with little change in particulate organic nitrogen (PON). In contrast, the N-replete experiments did not show a change in C:N ratio, but some experiments exhibited higher rates of carbon fixation and growth at high CO2. In the one N-limited experiment that did not show a change in C:N ratio with CO2, the ambient population had a higher proportion of cyanobacteria compared with the other experiments. The concentration of RuBisCO decreased at high CO2 in several N-limited experiments, but this reduction only accounted for a minor proportion of the overall change in C:N ratio. An increase in C:N ratios at high CO2 in N-limited phytoplankton could provide negative feedback to increasing atmospheric CO2.


This study is based on a corpus of 2400 clauses taken from
British national newspapers in 1986 and stored in a
computer database with each clause coded for a number of
grammatical (and some semantic) features. These features
relate to the verb phrase (e.g. finiteness), the clause
(e.g. subordination) and the subject (e.g. form).

In the first stage of the investigation the database is
described in terms of the features coded therein. The
scope of the description is on three levels. First, the
data are described in total and are considered to
constitute a representative sample of newspaper English.
Secondly, the database is split into three pre-determined
sub-databases according to their text-type. These are:
news articles, editorials and readers' letters. A pattern
is discovered of 'letters-as-norm' with the other texttypes
on different sides of the average. Thirdly, the
database is split on a different dimension according to
the eight different newspapers included in the sampling.
A pattern of three groups of newspapers; 'quality',
'central' and 'popular', is found for some features.

The second section exploits the database primarily as an
example of written English, rather than emphasising its
newspaper origins. Here some problems of description,
which have implications for the debate about the division
between syntax and semantics, are explored.

The first such 'problem' arises out of a study of the
environment of copula 'BE' and concerns the borderline
between the grammatical functions of subject and subject
complement. Some well-known differences are confirmed and
some new ones discovered. A small area of overlap,
however, remains.

The second problem is the familiar difficulty of deciding
when an -en form is an adjective and when it remains a
participle. It is argued that the contexts of -en forms
are often influential in their interpretation as
adjectival or verbal forms.

The third problem concerns the sequential verbs (sometimes
called 'catenative' verbs) which govern a following nonfinite verb phrase. These verbs, which defy attempts to
classify them syntactically, are shown to be amenable to
semantic classification. The question of restrictions on
sequences of more than two verb phrases (i.e. two
sequential verbs + one 'normal' verb) is explored and some
tentative conclusions are reached.


Particleboards made from both sweetgum ( Liquidambar styraciflua ) and southern pine ( Pinus spp.) were made at a small and large particle size and at 0 and 10% microcrystalline cellulose loading. Modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, work to maximum force, and thickness swell (after 2 and 24 h) were measured for all treatment combinations. An increase in particle size had a positive influence on mechanical properties but also allowed for more thickness swell, particularly for the southern pine furnish. Conversely, adding cellulose actually decreased mechanical properties, increased thickness swell, and decreased springback. In the field, the ability to manipulate particle size to control particleboard mechanical properties is perhaps more cost-effective and practical than cellulose addition. Replacing southern pine with sweetgum was viable with equal or better mechanical and physical properties. This suggests that the hardwood species could be a feasible substitute for pine as the demand for woody resources in the southern US continues to grow.


The most widespread neoplasm of the pleura is malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) with low prevalence rate. The mechanistic target of rapamycin signaling pathway, inhibited by RAD001, was shown to be deregulated in MPM development and considered a novel target for the MPM therapy. The EF24, a curcumin analog, also affects several signaling pathways and kills cancer cells as a single agent or in combination with classical drugs. We aimed to evaluate possible effects of RAD001, EF24, cisplatin, and oxaliplatin treatments on both malignant pleural mesothelioma (MSTO-211H) and nonmalignant mesothelial (Met-5A) cell lines. The effects of the agents on MSTO-211H and Met-5A cells were evaluated in terms of cell viability, cytotoxicity, DNA synthesis rate, quantitation of apoptotic DNA fragmentation, and cleaved caspase 3 levels. Moreover, quantitative messenger RNA (mRNA) analysis of apoptotic (CASP9) and antiapoptotic (BCL2L1 and BCL2) genes were also performed. We found that both EF24 and RAD001 alone treatments decreased only MSTO-211H cell viability, but cisplatin and oxaliplatin affected both cell lines. Pretreatment with EF24 or RAD001 followed by cisplatin increased the effects of cisplatin alone application. EF24 and RAD001 pretreatment decreased DNA fragmentation rate when compared with cisplatin alone treatment in Met-5A cells. Sequential treatments resulted in a significant increase of CASP9 mRNA expression in MSTO-211H cells but not in Met-5A cells. Our preliminary results suggest that pretreatment with EF24 or RAD001 may reduce cytotoxic effect of cisplatin on nonmalignant mesothelial cells and increase cell death response of MPM cells. Further analyses using animal models are needed to confirm these findings in vivo.


Abstract East Asian students regularly take top positions in international league tables of educational performance. Using internationally comparable student-level data, I estimate how family background and schooling policies affect student performance in five high-performing East Asian economies. Family background is a strong predictor of student performance in Korea and Singapore, while Hong Kong and Thailand achieve more equalized outcomes. There is no evidence that smaller classes improve student performance in East Asia. But other schooling policies such as school autonomy over salaries and regular homework assignments are related to higher student performance in several of the considered countries.


Most of organic compounds are partially miscible in water and due to their solubility criteria split into two liquid phases. So design of equipments that separate two liquid phase systems differ from one liquid phase system equipments. A mathematical model and a computer program have been developed to simulate three-phase distillation columns. The proposed procedure is based on linearization of equations and solving them by Newton-Raphson method. Average liquid compositions are chosen as independent variables and temperature, vapor compositions and two liquid phase compositions are obtained by three-phase bubble point calculations on each tray. For predicting thermodynamic properties, equation of state is used.


The South Kelantan Development Authority (KESEDAR) and the Federal Land Development Authority (FELDA) are the two main agencies that develop land schemes in the district of Gua Musang, Kelantan. The nine land schemes developed by FELDA are Kemahang 3, Chiku 1, Chiku 2, Chiku 3, Chiku 5, Chiku 6, Chiku 7, Perasu, and Aring 1. KESEDAR also developed eleven land schemes namely Paloh 1, Paloh 2, Paloh 3, Chalil, Lebir, Meranto, Sungai Terah, Renok Baru, Jeram Tekoh, Limau Kasturi, and Sungai Asap. A large part of the schemes under the FELDA was planted with oil palm (84.7%) while the rest was planted with rubber trees. On the other hand, most of the land schemes under KESEDAR were planted with rubber (67%), while the remainder were planted with oil palm. The question that arises is to what extent is the role of both the agencies in advancing the standard of living of the settlers? What are the problems faced by the settlers and their implications regarding their socio-economic level? This paper will discuss the role played by KESEDAR and FELDA in advancing the standard of living of the settlers as well as identifying the problems faced by the settlers under the two agencies. The study found that many settlers earned between RM600 - RM1200 per month despite the efforts undertaken by FELDA and KESEDAR to improve the living standards of the settlers. The main problems faced by the settlers are: palm oil prices are volatile; oil palm trees are old, the old age of the settlers, and the settlers' chidren migrating to the city.


We study optimal non-linear contracts offered by two firms competing for the exclusive services of workers, who are privately informed about their ability and motivation. Firms differ in their organizational form, and motivated workers are keen to be hired by the non-profit firm because they adhere to its mission. If the for-profit firm has a competitive advantage over the non-profit firm, the latter attracts fewer high-ability workers with respect to the former. Moreover, workers exert more effort at the for-profit than at the non-profit firm despite the latter distorts effort levels upwards. Finally, a wage penalty emerges for non-profit workers which is partly due to compensating effects (labor donations by motivated workers) and partly due to the negative selection of ability into the non-profit firm. The opposite results hold when it is the non-profit firm that has a competitive advantage.


A nickel-catalyzed conjunctive cross-coupling of alkenyl carboxylic acids, aryl iodides, and aryl/alkenyl boronic esters is reported. The reaction delivers the desired 1,2-diarylated and 1,2-arylalkenylated products with excellent regiocontrol. To demonstrate the synthetic utility of the method, a representative product is prepared on gram scale and then diversified to eight 1,2,3-trifunctionalized building blocks using two-electron and one-electron logic. Using this method, three routes toward bioactive molecules are improved in terms of yield and/or step count. This method represents the first example of catalytic 1,2-diarylation of an alkene directed by a native carboxylate group.


While research has been conducted to examine the effects of Kinesio® Tape as a treatment modality and as a preventative measure for injury, little research has been conducted regarding the potential ergogenic effects of Kinesio® Tape on healthy, uninjured shoulders. More specifically, the effect of Kinesio® Tape on healthy shoulders has not been investigated thoroughly in regards to range of motion and strength. PURPOSE: To examine the effect of Kinesio® Tape on joint range of motion and strength in healthy, uninjured shoulders. METHODS: Twelve male subjects were recruited ranging from 19-29 years of age. Only subjects classified as having no prior shoulder injury were allowed to participate. Subjects were allowed 3 familiarity trials for goniometry (5 tests) and the isometric strength test prior to exercise testing. All subjects underwent three experimental trials [Kinesio® Tape treatment (KNT), placebo tape treatment (PLT), and a no tape control (CON)] during a single testing session using a double blind balanced crossover design. During the treatment trials, the subjects were blindfolded and taped with either KNT or PLT on both shoulders and upper back. Each experimental trial was comprised of a test for shoulder/upper back isometric strength, and 5 tests for preferred shoulder joint range of motion via goniometry. Differences in shoulder/back strength (kg) and joint range of motion (°) across the three experimental trials (KNT, PLT, CON) were analyzed using an ANOVA with repeated measures, α=0.05. Post-hoc tests were used to make all pairwise comparisons for specific differences between the three experimental trials while maintaining the overall error rate at 0.05. RESULTS: Shoulder isometric strength did not differ significantly (p>0.05) between the treatments (KNT=65.2±14.1 kg, PLT=65.7±17.3 kg, CON=66.6±19.8 kg). Shoulder horizontal adduction did differ between the treatments (p CON (117.3±7.8°), but neither was significantly different from PLC (119.6±9.5°). The treatments also differed significantly (p PLT (40.7±7.6°), but neither were significantly different from CON (43.0±9.2°). Shoulder abduction, flexion, and extension did not differ significantly between the treatments (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: While Kinesio® Tape had no effect on shoulder/upper back isometric strength, abduction, flexion or extension, KNT did appear to have an effect on motion through the horizontal plane. However, the present sample size appears to have been inadequate to detect specific differences between KNT and both PLC and CON for both horizontal adduction and horizontal abduction.


To honor Bernard Goldstein, this article highlights in the Defense of Theon against George of Trebizond by Regiomontanus (14361476) themes that resonate with leading strands of Goldstein's scholarship. I argue that, in this poorly-known work, Regiomontanus's mastery of Ptolemy's mathematical astronomy, his interest in making astronomy physical, and his homocentric ideals stand in unresolved tension. Each of these themes resonates with Gold-stein's fundamental work on the Almagest, the Planetary Hypotheses, and al-Bitruji's Principles of Astronomy. I flesh out these tensions with an intriguing interpretation of the history of astronomy, in which Regiomontanus contrasts the two-dimensional eccentric astronomy attributed to the Almagest and the Arabs with the three-dimensional spheres of the later astronomers. A similar contrast reappears when Regiomontanus portrays as a fictitious art an astronomy that does not go beyond the accommodation of computations to the appearances. To conclude, I use Regiomontanus's expression to reinstate (pace Goldstein and Barker in this journal, 1998) fictionalism as an actor's category in Osiander and sixteenth-century astronomy.


I build a theory of movement cycles that explains under what conditions social movements either become radical insurgencies or are incorporated into institutional politics. Synthesizing from various social movement frameworks, I theorize that radicalization of social movements is heavily conditioned by three key variables: repression type, protest tactics, and the emergent pattern of interaction between the two. The type of repression against an early movement heavily conditions whether the movement diffuses along preexisting networks or fractures internally. At the same time, subsequent protest tactics can either legitimate or delegitimate the initial repression used by the state. This paper finds that governments can address emergent movements to increase the prospects of stable political competition. For instance, even radical movements can be induced to use institutional channels by selective accommodation and repression. It may be costly in the short run, results from the model suggest that suppressing early movements often radicalizes activists and increases public support for militant means of protest.


The suppression of magnetic order with pressure concomitant with the appearance of pressure-induced superconductivity was recently discovered in CrAs. Here we present a neutron diffraction study of the pressure evolution of the helimagnetic ground state towards and in the vicinity of the superconducting phase. Neutron diffraction on polycrystalline CrAs was employed from zero pressure to 0.65 GPa and at various temperatures. The helimagnetic long-range order is sustained under pressure and the magnetic propagation vector does not show any considerable change. The average ordered magnetic moment is reduced from 1.73(2) mu(B) at ambient pressure to 0.4(1) mu(B) close to the critical pressure P-c approximate to 0.7 GPa, at which magnetic order is completely suppressed. The width of the magnetic Bragg peaks strongly depends on temperature and pressure, showing a maximum in the region of the onset of superconductivity. We interpret this as associated with competing ground states in the vicinity of the superconducting phase.