I have published a paper about social network sites in the journal Television & New Media, criticising some ideas of Christian Fuchs, who considers the mere act of surfing on commercial websites using targeted advertising, such as Facebook, a form of labour. His rejoinder deserves some responses from me. We share the same concern about the need to analyse the Internet from a Marxist perspective—revealing its dominative features and its functions as an instrument of exploitation, while considering the counter-hegemonic possibilities allowed by the system structure or, as Fuchs puts it, regarding the fact that "alternatives to Facebook and the capitalist Internet are needed". Although, Fuchs in his response concerns mainly one major idea, he makes the same mistake as Dallas Smythe regarding the labour theory of value. In his rejoinder he refers to some old polemic issues known in the Marxist debate that have nothing to do with the problem itself. Acknowledgement: The two articles, on which this contribution is based, are: Bolano, Cesar R. S. and Eloy S. Vieira. 2015. The Political Economy of the Internet: Social Networking Sites and a Reply to Fuchs. Television & New Media 16 (1): 52–61. Fuchs, Christian. 2015. Against Divisiveness: Digital Workers of the World Unite! A Rejoinder to Cesar Bolano and Eloy Vieira. Television & New Media 16 (1): 62–71.


International human rights state that imprisonment for mothers with babies should be used as a last resort. Currently, there is no international agreement for the age limit of children in prison and a lack of consistency with the treatment of this minority population.

This article is significant in its advocacy of using a theoretical approach that emphasises the benefits of using legislation, including international human rights frameworks. The premise of Therapeutic Jurisprudence (TJ) is that law influences emotional life and psychological well-being (Winick & Wexler, 2003).

Significantly, the duty bearers of the Bangkok Rules (2010) include individuals from non-governmental organisations, local communities and the voluntary sector. This article examines the role of activists who represent the rights of women, practitioners who work in prisons and other potential stakeholders. Moreover it recognises the reality for creating a rights respecting culture in prisons across the globe is complex for babies in prison.


This report, from 2007, shows how, despite limited resources, information and support, women in poor areas of Bangladesh, India and Nepal have started to adapt to a changing climate and can clearly articulate what they need to secure and sustain their livelihoods more effectively.

In order to that ensure adaptation financing mechanisms effectively support poor women's adaptation needs, this report makes a number of recommendations directed to country delegates negotiating adaptation financing and to the bodies responsible for the management of these funds. These apply in particular to the establishment of the Adaptation Fund under the Kyoto Protocol. However, they are also relevant to the UNFCCC, the Least Developed Countries Fund and the Special Climate Change Fund already operational, as well as to other emerging funding mechanisms for adaptation beyond the UNFCCC.


Chrysanthemums are short day plant growth and flower initiation is influenced by long exposure. This study aims to investigate the influence of light colors in addition to the seven varieties of flowering chrysanthemums and get a light color most suitable for the growth and flowering of chrysanthemum. The study consisted of two factors which are arranged in a split plot design, extra light color is the main plots and varieties as subplot. Additional light used include light white, red, blue and green, while yellow varieties used the Aster varieties of red, white daisies, M, 2000, Felling green, white Semifil, Fiji, and Puspita archipelago The results showed that chrysanthemum get additional light has a better growth and longer life, chrysanthemum with additional light LED lights blue and red have the growth that is faster than the other lights. Fiji varieties which gets extra light amber color LED lights have the highest growth 30.4 cm at the age of 4 weeks, the width of the leaves on the flower varieties archipelago has the most rapid growth of 5.5 cm at the age of 4 weeks and the number of leaves of most varieties Fiji many in light blue LED lights which are 21 strands at the age of 4 weeks. Chrysanthemum flower diameter is not affected by the addition of light with different colors


WRKY transcription factors regulate distinct parts of the plant defense transcriptome. Expression of many WRKY genes themselves is induced by pathogens or pathogen-mimicking molecules. Here, we demonstrate that Arabidopsis WRKY33 responds to various stimuli associated with plant defense as well as to different kinds of phytopathogens. Although rapid pathogen-induced AtWRKY33 expression does not require salicylic acid (SA) signaling, it is dependent on PAD4, a key regulator upstream of SA. Activation of AtWRKY33 is independent of de novo protein synthesis, suggesting that it is at least partly under negative regulatory control. We show that a set of three WRKY-specific cis-acting DNA elements (W boxes) within the AtWRKY33 promoter is required for efficient pathogen- or PAMP-triggered gene activation. This strongly indicates that WRKY transcription factors are major components of the regulatory machinery modulating immediate to early expression of this gene in response to pathogen attack.


International Journal of Exercise Science 12(2): 777-785, 2019. Sedentary behavior is a risk factor for the development of chronic diseases, especially those of cardiovascular and metabolic origins. Prolonged sitting is one of the most common sedentary behaviors among adults. Individuals sit for hours every day for several reasons, including work and or physical limitations. Historical accounts regarding the negative health effects of prolonged sitting began with early epidemiological studies, which sparked a breakout of research examining this behavior in the workplace setting. Understanding the risks associated with prolonged workplace sitting is important when considering workplace interventions, such as sit-stand workstations. These interventions appear to be beneficial in reducing sedentary time in the workplace. Other methods of reducing prolonged sitting outside of the workplace have been studied and could, potentially, be implemented in the workplace. These methods include short bouts of physical activity and non-exercise related activity, such as fidgeting. Overall, implementing workplace interventions could potentially alleviate the cardio-metabolic health risks associated with occupational prolonged sitting.


The work presented in this thesis applies the high resolution derivative technique developed in this laboratory to a study of the structure and water
absorption of viscose, dicel and tricel films, prepared in a pure form by techniques develope d during the course of this work. These three materials provide a means of following how progressive acetylation (from 0% in viscose to
88.3% in dicel to 98.3%'in tricel) influences structure and water absorption.

A controlled Temperature and Relative Humidity cell was developed to standardize experimental conditions and to enable reproducible spectra to be recorded especially in spectral regions where temperature sensitive hydrogen
bonding occurred. The use of the call enabled structural and/or water absorption properties of these materials to be observed by changing the temperature or Relative Humidity at which spectra were recorded; or by observing annealed
sample spectra at a standard temperature.

Experiments were undertaken to determine the existence of chain folding in viscose, dicel and tricel films. The results of these experiments support the existence of chain folding in viscose and the nature of the fold is discussed in detail.

A,T,R, absorption spectra of the film surfaces were recorded in an attempt to study water absorption at surfaces and these spectra were correlated where
possible with stereoscan tracings of the surfaces of the films.

Evidence is presented from the results of the work in this thesis for the involvement of CH groups in hydrogen bonding.


Structural variations along the southern sectors of the Western rift, East Africa, have previously been described, but subsurface structures in the northern sector (Uganda, Zaire) are virtually unknown. Our aims are to investigate the along-axis segmentation of the northern sector, thereby adding to the structural picture of the Western rift, and to study the isostatic compensation of the varying rift morphology along the sector's length. This study describes the first gravity survey to be carried out on the shallow Lake Albert, forward models of these and existing gravity data, and the results from inverse modeling of existing aeromagnetic data designed to delimit border and transfer fault systems. Our tectonic model shows that the northern rift sector is segmented along-axis into five 25 to 65-km-wide, 80 to 100-km-long rift segments, characterized by closed-contour Bouguer anomaly lows, and bounded by steep gravity, aeromagnetic, and topographic/bathymetric gradients. Werner and Euler deconvolution results and gravity anomaly data reveal that some faulted basins are separated by structural highs and cross-rift ramps or faults and suggest sedimentary basin depths of 4–6 km. Forward modeling of structural and free-air gravity profiles across individual basins and flanks using a model that assumes flexural compensation also suggests sediment thicknesses of up to 5.5 km, similar to the estimates from magnetic data. The basin and flank morphology can be explained by 6–9 km of extension of a lithosphere with an effective elastic thickness (Te) of 25 km (equivalent to a flexural rigidity of 1.4 × 1023 N m), similar to results in other Western rift basins. Potential field data and lithospheric strength estimates in the Western rift system show small along-axis variations in lithospheric structure, regardless of the presence or absence of Cenozoic magmatism.


In an effort to foster learning by teaching, we propose the development of a canvas system that makes composing e-learning modules intuitive. We try to empower and liberate non-technical module users by lowering the bar for turning them into module authors, a bar previously set far too high. In turn, this stimulates learning through teaching. By making a damn fine piece of software, we furthermore make module authoring more pleasant for experienced authors as well. We propose a system that initially enables users to easily compose H5P modules. These modules are successively easy to share and modify. Through gamification we encourage authors to share their work, and to improve the works of others.


Today's wireless communications landscape is characterized by the coexistence of a plethora of disparate radio access technologies (RATs), which exhibit varying features in terms of capacity and coverage capabilities, mobility support etc. and also offer a great number of applications and services to different types of devices. In such a miscellaneous environment, mobile terminals are provided with a great set of options while setting up the parameters of their operation including among others the RAT, carrier frequency, and must also take into account the latest trend towards a flexible spectrum framework in heterogeneous radio access networks (RANs). As a result, in order to implement the optimal action, a mobile terminal needs to be enabled to acquire knowledge of its environment and established policies. Apart from mobilizing a rather time- and power-consuming operation such as spectrum sensing, the Cognitive Pilot Channel (CPC) concept has been proposed as a solution for providing the terminal with the necessary radio awareness at a given time and place, in a possible flexible spectrum management context. Framed within the above, this paper, developed within the E 3 project, aims at describing the CPC concept by showcasing its twofold role. First, as an enabler of the switch-on process for assisting the mobile terminal to camp onto the network side and second, as an enabler of an efficient decentralized and network-assisted radio resource management during the on-going communication phase.


The analysis of extreme values is often required from short series which are biasedly sampled or contain outliers. Data for sea‐levels at two UK east coast sites and data on athletics records for women's 3000 m track races are shown to exhibit such characteristics. Univariate extreme value methods provide a poor quantification of the extreme values for these data. By using bivariate extreme value methods we analyse jointly these data with related observations, from neighbouring coastal sites and 1500 m races respectively. We show that using bivariate methods provides substantial benefits, both in these applications and more generally with the amount of information gained being determined by the degree of dependence, the lengths and the amount of overlap of the two series, the homogeneity of the marginal characteristics of the variables and the presence and type of the outlier.


We show that sequence information can be encoded into high-dimensional fixed-width vectors using permutations of coordinates. Computational models of language often represent words with high-dimensional semantic vectors compiled from word-use statistics. A word's semantic vector usually encodes the contexts in which the word appears in a large body of text but ignores word order. However, word order often signals a word's grammatical role in a sentence and thus tells of the word's meaning. Jones and Mewhort (2007) show that word order can be included in the semantic vectors using holographic reduced representation and convolution. We show here that the order information can be captured also by permuting of vector coordinates, thus providing a general and computationally light alternative to convolution.


Databases are essential components within large software landscapes, since
they are employed in almost every information system. Based on the growing
complexity of software systems and a steadily increasing amount of data
which is collected, processed, and stored in databases, it is difficult to obtain
a live overview of these software landscapes. This often leads to an insufficient
knowledge of the actual internal structure and behavior of employed
databases. Furthermore, databases are often involved in performance issues
within information systems.

A solution to these problems is employing live visualizations of databases
and related communication from applications within the software landscape.
These visualizations allow operators to understand their databases in detail
and to analyze database queries performed by applications. Based on
established visualization concepts like the entity relationship diagrams and
the 3D city metaphor, operators can be supported in the task of database
comprehension. Established monitoring techniques, like dynamic and static
analysis, can be used to capture necessary information from applications and
databases.

In this paper, we present our live visualization approach of databases and
associated communication for large software landscapes. Our visualization
offers two different views – a landscape-level and a database-level perspective.
The landscape-level perspective provides an overview of monitored applications
and related databases. The database-level perspective reveals database
schemas within a database, shows contained tables and relationships, and
allows for the inspection of executed queries based on the monitoring information
collected at runtime.


Abstract The year 1958 witnessed the birth of the institution GRM, nurtured by the French Radio and Television service (RTF). However, the fifty years of the GRM cannot be dissociated from the preceding period, datable from 1942, when Pierre Schaeffer began experiments with radiophonic sound which led him to musique concrète while bringing into existence the institutional infrastructure of the group. We can therefore see the Studio d'Essai (1942–46), the Club d'Essai (1946–60) with its Groupe de Recherche de Musique Concrète (GRMC, 1951–58) as forebears of the GRM. The fundamental principle, which lies in working with sonic material directly on the recording media through a precise listening to recorded elements, led Schaeffer to affirm that there is another way to access music other than from notation. He used this powerful idea as the fixed point on the compass for all his research. Linked from its origins to the broadcasting services – RTF until 1964, ORTF up to 1974, then INA ever since – the GRM has constantly adapted its theories and its ideas to successive technological developments: smooth disks (shellac records), magnetic tape, computer memory. A fruitful period at the Service de la Recherche (1960–75) allowed Schaeffer and his team to systematically examine the world of sounds from their own listening experience. The Traité des Objets Musicaux (Treatise of Musical Objects) bears witness to this research. Since 1975 another adventure has been under way: that of the preservation and making available of works and discoveries gathered over the years – an exceptional heritage which continues to grow and interest an ever larger public.


In a recent, high-profile ruling, a federal court finally recognized that a substantial delay in executing a death row inmate violated the Eighth Amendment's ban on cruel and unusual punishments. Courts have repeatedly rejected these so-called "Lackey claims," making the federal court's decision in Jones v. Chappell all the more important. And yet it was deeply flawed. This paper focuses on one of the major flaws in the Jones decision that largely escaped attention: the application of the non-retroactivity rule from Teague v. Lane. By comprehensively addressing the merits of the Teague bar as applied to Lackey claims, and making the case for applying the bar, this paper adds to, and challenges, the existing literature on capital punishment, Lackey claims, and Teague doctrine. This paper dissects the Jones ruling on the application of Teague, examining the Supreme Court's "new rule" case law and concluding that Lackey claims, when viewed at the appropriate level of generality, propose a new rule. It then addresses the more complicated aspect of applying Teague in this context, recognizing that the first Teague exception poses the most likely basis for avoiding the Teague bar on a Lackey claim. At a minimum, Lackey claims (like Miller v. Alabama claims, now the subject of substantial Eighth Amendment litigation on collateral review) sit at the intersection of procedural and substantive rules. Nonetheless, this paper makes the case for viewing the claim as procedural and therefore Teague-barred. Ultimately, then, this paper emphasizes a point that could substantially influence existing litigation: litigators and federal judges should take the Teague bar more seriously when considering Lackey claims on federal habeas review, particularly when viewed in light of modern habeas rules and doctrine that limit relief and protect the interests of the states. But the paper also emphasizes an important point about death penalty policy and politics: if the state is to have a death penalty at all, it should be prepared, and willing, to ensure that death sentences are actually carried out.


Studies on emotion recognition (ER) show that combining lexical and acoustic information results in more robust and accurate models. The majority of the studies focus on settings where both modalities are available in training and evaluation. However, in practice, this is not always the case; getting ASR output may represent a bottleneck in a deployment pipeline due to computational complexity or privacy-related constraints. To address this challenge, we study the problem of efficiently combining acoustic and lexical modalities during training while still providing a deployable acoustic model that does not require lexical inputs. We first experiment with multimodal models and two attention mechanisms to assess the extent of the benefits that lexical information can provide. Then, we frame the task as a multi-view learning problem to induce semantic information from a multimodal model into our acoustic-only network using a contrastive loss function. Our multimodal model outperforms the previous state of the art on the USC-IEMOCAP dataset reported on lexical and acoustic information. Additionally, our multi-view-trained acoustic network significantly surpasses models that have been exclusively trained with acoustic features.


Yarn bombing involves the display of knitted or crocheted items in public space, often without permission. This article draws on interviews with yarn bombers in the North West of England and considers who the yarn bombers are, their motivations and experiences and their views on the legal status of yarn bombing. Although the visual is important for yarn bombing—and it is therefore of interest to visual criminology—this article also looks further to consider other sensory experience. In this way, it contributes to an emerging aesthetic criminology concerned with broader sensory, affective and emotive experience. Drawing on Thrift's work on urban affect or mood, as well as Anderson and Young on affective atmospheres, yarn bombing is regarded as a crime of the senses affecting both the look and the feel of the city. The scope for further development of an aesthetic criminology is suggested, including specific methodologies that embrace the full range of sensory experiences associated with crime, disorder or social harm.


Basic Economics has been written with the thought that learning economics should be not only a relaxed experience, but also an enjoyable one.. This is the revised and enlarged edition of a new kind of introduction to economics for the general public-without graphs, statistics, or jargon. In addition to being updated, Basic Economics has also become more internationalized by including economic problems from more countries around the world, because the basic principles of economics are not confined by national borders. While most chapter titles remain the same, their contents have changed considerably, reflecting the experiences of many different peoples and cultures.


Most of society's innovation systems – academic science, the patent system, open source, etc. – are "open" in the sense that they are designed to facilitate knowledge disclosure among innovators. An essential difference across innovation systems is whether disclosure is of intermediate progress and solutions or of completed innovations. We theorize and present experimental evidence linking intermediate versus final disclosure to an 'incentives-versus-reuse' tradeoff and to a transformation of the innovation search process. We find intermediate disclosure has the advantage of efficiently steering development towards improving existing solution approaches, but also has the effect of limiting experimentation and narrowing technological search. We discuss the comparative advantages of intermediate versus final disclosure policies in fostering innovation.


In this paper we document the evolution of the annual flow of inheritances in the UK during the period 1984-2005 and provide estimates for the overall magnitude and the distribution of inherited wealth. Our results indicate that the period under examination the annual flow of inheritance increased markedly, from £22 billion in 1984 to £56 billion in 2005. The main drivers behind this increase were the rise in house prices and to a lesser extent the increase in the proportion of inheritances which included housing assets. Our results, based on analysis of survey data, show that the distribution of inheritances is characterized by a very high degree of inequality (comparable by and large to that observed in personal wealth) and that this has increased over time. However, the inequality increasing effect from the greater inequality in the distribution of inheritance was counterbalanced by the increase in the percentage of the population who received an inheritance. Our results also show that inheritance is positively associated with socio-economic status and that the disparities between groups became slightly more pronounced over time (mainly across educational groups). However, our evidence also shows that inheritance for the majority of recipients is fairly small and that large inheritances are limited to a very small minority of the population.


Growth that reduces poverty is often considered pro-poor regardless of whether the poor benefit from it more than the non-poor. Such growth could simply be termed povertyreducing growth. This paper argues that for growth to be pro-poor it should disproportionally benefit the poor. The paper proposes an operational definition of propoor growth that restricts it to the cases in which the mean income of the poor increases proportionally more than that of the non-poor. A new index is proposed based exclusively on the redistributional component of poverty-gap changes obtained through an exact decomposition. It is then shown that this component measures how pro-poor growth is over a given period based on the above mentioned definition. The paper further presents several indicators for evaluating and monitoring the 'pro-poorness' of growth over time and concludes with an empirical illustration for the case of Honduras.


The cordial letter of November 10th from the British Prime Minister to the President of the European Council is an important document. It sets the stage for deliberations on whether the UK stays in the EU, or quits in an historic act of destructive disintegration for the EU that condemns the UK to what has fittingly been called "the spectre of geo-political irrelevance".

Overall the letter is looking like a plausible move towards settling the Brussels part of the Prime Minister's manifest objective to keep the UK in the EU, argues Michael Emerson in this CEPS Commentary. But there is one major part of the debate that is underdeveloped so far: the clarification of the scenarios and consequences of secession. Eurosceptics have not detailed their positions on how to manage the secession, but what is becoming clearer is that all conceivable options are far more problematic than the status quo.


Triangular fibrocartilage complex is a major stabilizer of the distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ). However, triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) tear is difficult to be diagnosed on MRI for its intrinsic small and thin structure with complex anatomy. The purpose of this article is to review the anatomy of TFCC, state of art MRI imaging technique, normal appearance and features of tear on MRI according to the Palmar's classification. Atypical tear and limitations of MRI in diagnosis of TFCC tear are also discussed.


This paper concerns an analysis of target penetration by a selected armourpiercing (AP) projectile: 7.62x54R with steel core. Numerical and experimental research was carried out. The aim of this work was a comparison of the results obtained in real conditions of ballistic test and computer simulation. In this study, two three-dimensional targets and the core of the projectile were built. The structure of the projectile is complex, but steel core plays the main role in the perforation process. Then the numerical model of the projectile was reduced to describe only steel core dynamics. The 3D Element Free Galerkin method is applied to solve the problem under consideration. The algorithm implemented in the Ls-Dyna code was used. Space discretization of the analyzed problem was prepared by means of the HyperWorks Software (HyperMesh module). The total amount of the elements reaches 500 000 in this model. The Johnson-Cook constitutive model is applied to describe the behaviour of the metallic parts: steel layers and the projectile's core. The experimental results were obtained using a high speed video-camera. The target penetrations by the projectile were recorded. The processing of the data obtained from a high speed camera was carried out by means of the TEMA Software. In this paper, a good correlation between the numerical and experimental results was obtained. A lot of interesting mechanical effects observed during the experiment were analyzed.


The Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) is a form of e-learning environment that is becoming widely adopted in higher educational institutions and universities. The term "Tracking" in relation to an e-learning context is the learner's observation process of any possible interaction with learning activities. Learning activities are a collection of objects designed within e-learning environments to support learners in better understanding and fulfilling the learning objectives during the learning process. A tracking tool is an essential tool fixed within elearning environments. Most current VLEs (e.g. MOODLE and Blackboard) have utilized similar tracking functions, which aim at recording statistical data for each learner. The current e-learning environments are unable to track individual learning activities where the tracked information can be used to support and guide learners. In this thesis, we propose a policy-based runtime tracking system. Such a tracking system is implemented as an integral part of an e-learning environment (e.g. MOODLE). Our proposed approach does the following: 1) keeps track of and captures the learning activity events and learner interaction events within a learning activity; 2) enforces a set of policies at runtime that specify how to manage the learning activities and the way the learners behave during them; and 3) provides the learners with supportive feedback in a timely manner. We present a computational model which defines the behaviour of the system's components and describes the tracking mechanism applied in our proposed approach. We designed architecture for our proposed approach with respect to the computational model. We present learning activity policies based on the ECA model to be enforced at runtime; this is done in response to the captured events about either the learning activities or the interactions of learners within the learning activities. A policy-based enforcement mechanism is proposed where learning activity policies are specified to support and guide learners to achieve the learning objective and thus to meet such requirements. Finally, we present a case study based on a current e-learning environment to evaluate our approach.


Abstract This study is aimed at investigating the production and wear properties of a functionally graded (FG) silicon carbide (SiC)-reinforced composite material, which was produced by stir casting followed by centrifugal casting. SiC powder (5 wt.%) was added into liquid aluminum at 750°C via stir casting, at which temperature a centrifugal force was applied to the mixture to drive the SiC particles toward the outer region of the mold. The results showed that two distinct regions formed in the cast samples after the centrifugation process. The outer region showed approximately 25% SiC particles resulting in almost SiC particle-free area in the internal region of the FG SiC-reinforced composite material. The test results showed that higher hardness and higher wear resistance could be obtained at the SiC-rich periphery of the cast FG composite material.


This article was written as an introduction to the journal by the editors; seeking to examine areas for future research into heritage tourism. The article is one of the most read and most cited of all the articles across the 9 volumes that have been published to date. The paper examined a range of what the authors called 'existing and emerging trends in heritage tourism', including research focused on supply and demand, heritage politics, conservation concerns, heritage economics, authenticity. They also set out more recent and future trends encouraging research in the following: thanatourism, ordinary landscapes, ordinary people, how heritage is linked to other sectors, heritage trails and routes, personal heritage and individual identity, the rise of heritage in the developing world, and religious tourism. The authors (editor and associate editor) set out the case for the need for a journal that focused on heritage tourism research alone and encouraged scholars to develop the field further and publish their findings in the journal.


While questions have been asked about whether ASEAN could, or even should, adopt the United Nation's Women Peace and Security (WPS) agenda, this article is the first to ask why it has not done so already. ASEAN's strong engagement with gender issues beyond the WPS agenda, together with the pressing need to address conflict and security concerns within Southeast Asia, make this an absence that requires an explanation. I argue that the usual explanatory framework deployed to account for ASEAN "not doing" something — the weaknesses caused by consensus, unanimity and the "ASEAN Way" — do not explain the absence of the WPS agenda; ASEAN's engagement with gender is too advanced for the "it does not want to" explanation to hold. Instead, I locate the failure to engage with the WPS agenda in a particular elite understanding of women as both non-political and vehicles for the realization of economic and social well-being. This elite mindset, which both differs from that found within the ASEAN institutions dedicated to gender issues and which serves as the key driver of ASEAN's institutional design, has retarded engagement with WPS because it stands at odds with the active political agency of women that WPS promotes. Revealing this reason for ASEAN's failure to institutionalize WPS provides a way to consider the future of this important set of norms. I argue that efforts to mainstream WPS must take account of this ingrained framing of women as apolitical if they are to be successful.


We present a new method to detect phase as well as generalized synchronization in a wide class of complex systems. It is based on the recurrences of the system's trajectory to the neighborhood of a former state in phase space. We illustrate the applicability of the algorithm for the paradigmatic chaotic Rössler system in the funnel regime and for noisy data, where other methods to detect phase synchronization fail. Furthermore, we demonstrate for electrochemical experiments that the method can easily detect phase and generalized synchronization in non-phase-coherent and even non-stationary time series.


Daily deal sites have become the latest Internet sensation, providing discounted offers to customers for restaurants, ticketed events, services, and other items. We begin by undertaking a study of the economics of daily deals on the web, based on a dataset we compiled by monitoring Groupon and LivingSocial sales in 20 large cities over several months. We use this dataset to characterize deal purchases; glean insights about operational strategies of these firms; and evaluate customers' sensitivity to factors such as price, deal scheduling, and limited inventory. We then marry our daily deals dataset with additional datasets we compiled from Facebook and Yelp users to study the interplay between social networks and daily deal sites. First, by studying user activity on Facebook while a deal is running, we provide evidence that daily deal sites benefit from significant word-of-mouth effects during sales events, consistent with results predicted by cascade models. Second, we consider the effects of daily deals on the longer-term reputation of merchants, based on their Yelp reviews before and after they run a daily deal. Our analysis shows that while the number of reviews increases significantly due to daily deals, average rating scores from reviewers who mention daily deals are 10% lower than scores of their peers on average.


This practice-led research investigates the feasibility of combining glass and ceramics in a
hot state, as a means of artistic expression in studio practice. Glass and ceramics have
many related material qualities and are processed in similar ways. Chemically they are alike
however structurally they are very different, which creates compatibility problems when they
are combined in a hot state. Through controlled processing, material properties can alter
when each is partially converted into the other. It is recognised by artists in the field of studio
ceramics that porcelain can partially convert into a glassy form when high fired to create a
translucent material. Likewise it is recognised in the field of industrial engineering that glass
can partially convert into a ceramic form when processed in a controlled way to create a
glass-ceramic material; this material is not used by practitioners and would be difficult to
develop in a studio environment. A total of 43 contemporary practitioners were found that
worked in both glass & ceramics in their work. Of these only 16 practitioners combined glass
and ceramics in a hot state, the majority combined them in a cold state to avoid compatibility
issues. It became apparent that there is a distinct lack of published material on the
combination of glass and ceramics in studio practice. It was the aim of this investigation to
address this gap by identifying and testing potential hot state processing routes. This
research addresses these issues through a multiple-method approach rooted in creative
practice; directed by the following aims:
• To develop the practical and creative parameters of the combination of glass and
ceramics in a hot state.
• To demonstrate and articulate the possible creative and practical benefits of the new
processing routes as a model for practitioners in the field.
• To articulate the significance of the research methods and results through the mapping of
the field.
Material testing was focused on artistic practice and experimentation which identified the
creative parameters of combining glass and ceramics in a hot state, four potential process
routes that combine glass and ceramics in a hot state were identified and tested. This
testing was further extended and supported by the application of compatibility studies, which
helped to match the expansion rates of glass and ceramics when they are combined. Bone
china was identified as the closest fit to glass in terms of expansion rates; quartz was added
to further improve the fit of the materials. Case studies of artists that work in glass and
ceramics have been used to position the research within the field. New insights have
emerged into the combined processing of glass and ceramics in a hot state. This approach
offers a series of potential processing routes to be viewed as a model for others in the field.
The final submission includes a thesis, a series of materials tests, and a body of related
artworks that demonstrate the hot state combination of the materials.


A novel 3 × 3 transfer-matrix method is developed to propagate off-axis Gaussian beams in astigmatic optical systems that may include tilted, displaced, or curved optical elements. Unlike in a previous generalized ray matrix formalism, optical elements that possess gain or loss such as Gaussian apertures, complex lenslike media, and amplifiers are included; and a new beam transformation is found. In addition, a novel exponential variable-reflectivity mirror, which displaces a Gaussian beam without changing its spot size, and a complex prismlike medium are introduced.


Abstract Thirty-two heavy-mineral separates, each comprising approximately 2000 grains, were analyzed using the Automatic Geological Scanning Electron Microscope (AutoGeoSEM). This analysis was undertaken to study the influence of depositional environment on the distribution of heavy minerals throughout a regressive Pliocene coastal sequence. The majority of these heavy minerals were separated from the Loxton-Parilla sands, the host of the Bondi Main heavy-mineral beach placer deposit in the Murray Basin of southeastern Australia. The remaining heavy minerals were separated from a number of other Neogene units encountered at the deposit. The heavy-mineral suite is dominated by stable to ultrastable minerals such as zircon, rutile, and tourmaline, along with ilmenite, various intermediate titanates, and anatase. Sillimanite, andalusite, topaz, chrome spinel/chromite, monazite, and muscovite also occur. These heavy minerals are heterogeneously distributed throughout both the Loxton-Parilla sands and the remaining Neogene units. The main process controlling the heterogeneous distribution of these heavy minerals throughout the Loxton-Parilla sands appears to have been the hydraulic conditions, which are intimately linked with the environment of deposition. Consequently, the dense heavy minerals (density > ~ 3.5 g/cm3) are concentrated in relatively high-energy environments such as the breaker zone and swash zone. The less dense heavy minerals (density < ~ 3.5 g/cm3) are concentrated in the shoaling zone and shelf environments. The erratic distribution of the various heavy minerals in some of the other Neogene units is also apparently due to varying depositional conditions. Postdepositional weathering has altered the heavy-mineral assemblages in all units. Accordingly, some primary minerals, such as ilmenite, appear to have altered to secondary minerals, such as pseudorutile and anatase.


This paper discusses the performance of electrical spectroscopy using a RESPER probe to measure the salinity s and volumetric content θ W of the water in concrete or terrestrial soil. The RESPER probe is an induction device for spectroscopy which performs simultaneous and non invasive measurements of the electrical RESistivity 1/σ and relative dielectric PERmittivity e r of a subjacent medium. Numerical simulations establish that the RESPER can measure σ and e with inaccuracies below a predefined limit ( 10% ) up to the high frequency band (HF). Conductivity is related to salinity and dielectric permittivity to volumetric water content using suitably refined theoretical models which are consistent with the predictions of Archie's and Topp's empirical laws. The better the agreement, the lower the hygroscopic water content and the higher s ; so closer agreement is found with concrete containing almost no bonded water molecules provided these are characterized by a high σ . A novelty of the present paper is the application of a mathematical–physical model to the propagation of errors in the measurements, based on a sensitivity functions tool. The inaccuracy of salinity (water content) is the ratio (product) between the conductivity (permittivity) inaccuracy, specified by the probe, and the sensitivity function of salinity (water content) relative to conductivity (permittivity), derived from the constitutive equations of the medium. The main result is the model's prediction that the lower the inaccuracy for the measurements of s and θ W (decreasing by as much as an order of magnitude from 10% to 1% ), the higher σ ; so the inaccuracy for soil is lower. The proposed physical explanation is that water molecules are mostly dispersed as H + and OH - ions throughout the volume of concrete but are almost all concentrated as bonded H 2 O molecules only at the surface of soil.


Rice blast is an economically important disease caused by the fungus Magnaporthe grisea, which enters leaves by developing specialized structures called appressoria. Veneault-Fourrey et al. show that during invasion, the fungus undergoes a form of programmed cell death that involves autophagy. Thus, fungal pathogens can use cell death for cellular differentiation and remodeling during host infection. Fungal virulence, the ability of opportunistic fungal pathogens to thrive in mammals, is associated with a transformation from a filamentous, pseudohyphal form that grows at 25°C into a yeast form at 37°C. Using the plant pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens as a tool for T-DNA insertional mutagenesis, Nemecek et al. identified mutants that locked the organism in the filamentous form. One mutant that could not make the yeast form also showed defects in cell-wall formation, sporulation, and expression of virulence factors. The defect lay in a gene encoding a histidine kinase, which appeared to be the global regulator for morphological switching and virulence in several species of dimorphic fungi. C. Veneault-Fourrey, M. Barooah, M. Egan, G. Wakley, N. J. Talbot, Autophagic fungal cell death is necessary for infection by the rice blast fungus. Science 312, 580-583 (2006). [Abstract] [Full Text] J. C. Nemecek, M. Wüthrich, B. S. Klein, Global control of dimorphism and virulence in fungi. Science 312, 583-588 (2006). [Abstract] [Full Text]


Separation of molybdenum from the synthetic chloride leach liquors of spent hydrodesulphurization catalysts was studied by employing cationic (Diphonix) and anionic resins (AG1-x8). The composition of the solution was Mo 394 ppm, Co 119 ppm and Al 1782 ppm. In the HCl concentration range from 1 to 6 kmol/m3, the loading of Co and Al was negligible. As the concentration of HCl increased, the loading percentage of Mo by AG1-x8 increased, while that by Diphonix decreased. The Mo in the loaded AG1-x8 was successfully eluted by using NaOH solution. In terms of the possibility of producing Mo compound from the eluant, AG1-x8 was found to be better than Diphonix. The loading capacity of AG1-x8 for molybdenum was determined. Column experiments verified that it was possible to separate Mo from Co and Al by ion exchange with AG1-x8. [doi:10.2320/matertrans.M2013141]


By 2005 one person in every five UK households suffered with asthma. Research has shown that episodes of poor air quality can have a negative effect on respiratory health and is a growing concern for the asthmatic. To better inform clinical staff and patients to the contribution of poor air quality on patient health, this thesis defines an IT architecture that can be used by systems to identify environmental predictors leading to a decline in respiratory health of an individual patient.
Personal environmental predictors of asthma exacerbation are identified by validating the delay between environmental predictors and decline in respiratory health. The concept is demonstrated using prototype software, and indicates that the analytical methods provide a mechanism to
produce an early warning of impending asthma exacerbation due to poor air quality. The author has introduced the term enviromedics to describe this new field of research.
Pattern recognition techniques are used to analyse patient-specific environments, and extract meaningful health predictors from the large quantities of data involved (often in the region of '/o million data points).
This research proposes a suitable architecture that defines processes and techniques that enable the validation of patient-specific environmental predictors of respiratory decline. The design of the architecture was validated by implementing prototype applications that demonstrate, through hospital admissions data and personal lung function monitoring, that air quality can be used as a
predictor of patient-specific health. The refined techniques developed during the research (such as Feature Detection Analysis) were also validated by the application prototypes.
This thesis makes several contributions to knowledge, including: the process architecture; Feature Detection Analysis (FDA) that automates the detection of trend reversals within time series data; validation of the delay characteristic using a Self-organising Map (SOM) that is used as an unsupervised method of pattern recognition; Frequency, Boundary and Cluster Analysis (FBCA), an additional technique developed by this research to refine the SOM.


This paper presents a novel application of the theory of conformal prediction for distribution-independent on-line learning and anomaly detection. We exploit the fact that conformal predictors give valid prediction sets at specified confidence levels under the relatively weak assumption that the (normal) training data together with (normal) observations to be predicted have been generated from the same distribution. If the actual observation is not included in the possibly empty prediction set, it is classified as anomalous at the corresponding significance level. Interpreting the significance level as an upper bound of the probability that a normal observation is mistakenly classified as anomalous, we can conveniently adjust the sensitivity to anomalies while controlling the rate of false alarms without having to find any application specific thresholds. The proposed method has been evaluated in the domain of sea surveillance using recorded data assumed to be normal. The validity of the prediction sets is justified by the empirical error rate which is just below the significance level. In addition, experiments with simulated anomalous data indicate that anomaly detection sensitivity is superior to that of two previously proposed methods.


Database Management Systems (DBMS) are used ubiquitously. To efficiently access data, they apply sophisticated optimizations. Incorrect optimizations can result in logic bugs, which cause a query to compute an incorrect result set. We propose Non-Optimizing Reference Engine Construction (NoREC), a fully-automatic approach to detect optimization bugs in DBMS. Conceptually, this approach aims to evaluate a query by an optimizing and a non-optimizing version of a DBMS, to then detect differences in their returned result set, which would indicate a bug in the DBMS. Obtaining a non-optimizing version of a DBMS is challenging, because DBMS typically provide limited control over optimizations. Our core insight is that a given, potentially randomly-generated optimized query can be rewritten to one that the DBMS cannot optimize. Evaluating this unoptimized query effectively corresponds to a non-optimizing reference engine executing the original query. We evaluated NoREC in an extensive testing campaign on four widely-used DBMS, namely PostgreSQL, MariaDB, SQLite, and CockroachDB. We found 159 previously unknown bugs in the latest versions of these systems, 141 of which have been fixed by the developers. Of these, 51 were optimization bugs, while the remaining were error and crash bugs. Our results suggest that NoREC is effective, general and requires little implementation effort, which makes the technique widely applicable in practice.


The Main Central thrust of the central Himalaya juxtaposes the Lesser Himalayan sequence (footwall) with the Greater Himalayan sequence (hanging wall), both of which are regarded as components of the northern passive margin of India. Considerable uncertainty surrounds their respective ages and sedimentary derivation. U-Pb and Sm-Nd isotopic studies of samples from the Langtang area, central Nepal, demonstrate important distinctions between the two rock packages. The Greater Himalayan sequence had a sedimentary provenance that included a major source of 0.8–1.0 Ga zircons, implying a Late Proterozoic age. The source of the Precambrian part of the Lesser Himalayan sequence contained 1.87–2.60 Ga zircons, and its depositional age is probably Middle Proterozoic. Nd isotopic characteristics of the two sequences are different: at 21 Ma, the Greater Himalayan rocks had eNd values between −14.6 and −18.5 while their Lesser Himalayan counterparts had values between −21.4 and −25.9, giving rise to major differences in their model ages. The Lesser and Greater Himalayan sequences at Langtang are interpreted as correlative to the lower and upper parts of the Vindhyan Supergroup, currently exposed south of the Gangetic plain in northern India. On the basis of available age data, the exposed hanging wall of the Main Central thrust in central and eastern Nepal contains no Archean-Early Proterozoic basement. If the fault does root into the basement at depth, it must do so farther north than recently published cross sections indicate. This implies a total displacement on the fault that is substantially greater than the 140–210 km required by tectonic overlap in the eastern Himalayas.


Aspects of below-replacement fertility have long been debated among academics. Analyzing 437 popular newspaper and magazine articles from eleven developed countries during 1998-99, this study documents and investigates the corresponding public debate about low fertility. Despite the diversity in the debates of eleven countries, due to the countries´ different socioeconomic, political and demographic backrounds, our study finds important commonalties of the public debates about low fertility: First, countries emphasize consequences and potential interventions rather than causes in their public debate over lover fertility. Second, our study undoubtedly reveals that the public media perceives low fertility as a serious concern with mostly negative implications, despite the fact that many of the causes of low fertility are associated with social and economic progress. Third, the variety of issues and perspectives revealed in the public debate, while cohesive in general ways, invites a role for demographers in informing an accurate public discussion of low fertility, which will help form the most appropriate policy outcomes. (AUTHORS)


Previous research has shown that a less positive emotional tone in adolescents' relationships to parents, but not in their relationships to peers, predicts more of behaviour problems and substance use. The purpose of the present study was to replicate these findings, and to extend this research to deliberate self-harm. In a first study with a variable-oriented approach, correlations were analysed between emotional tone in close relationships and a number of behaviour problems. The main results showed that deliberate self-harm among girls, as well as conduct problems, hyperactivity, aggressive behaviour, and the use of alcohol, were more strongly associated with poor emotional relations to their parents than with poor emotional relations to friends. In a second study, a person-oriented approach was used to investigate girls' profiles of emotional tone in close relationships by means of cluster analysis, and to compare the clusters on measures of deliberate self-harm. The analysis led to the identification of five clusters; of these, deliberate self-harm was most frequent in a cluster of girls who reported poor emotional relations to parents in combination with good emotional relations to friends. Self-harm was also frequent in a cluster of girls characterized by poor emotional relations to both parents and friends. The results are discussed in terms of good emotional relations to friends not necessarily serving as a protective factor against emotional and behavioural problems, and the methodological value of a person-oriented approach as a complement to a traditional variable-oriented approach.


Un-manned aerial vehicle (UAVs) have the potential to change the landscape of wide-area wireless connectivity by bringing them to areas where connectivity was sparing or non-existent (e.g. rural areas) or has been compromised due to disasters. While Google's Project Loon and Facebook's Project Aquila are examples of high-altitude, long-endurance UAV-based connectivity efforts in this direction, the telecom operators (e.g. AT&T and Verizon) have been exploring low-altitude UAV-based LTE solutions for on-demand deployments. Understandably, these projects are in their early stages and face formidable challenges in their realization and deployment. The goal of this document is to expose the reader to both the challenges as well as the potential offered by these unconventional connectivity solutions. We aim to explore the end-to-end design of such UAV-based connectivity networks particularly in the context of low-altitude UAV networks providing LTE connectivity. Specifically, we aim to highlight the challenges that span across multiple layers (access, core network, and backhaul) in an inter-twined manner as well as the richness and complexity of the design space itself. To help interested readers navigate this complex design space towards a solution, we also articulate the overview of one such end-to-end design, namely SkyLiTE-- a self-organizing network of low-altitude UAVs that provide optimized LTE connectivity in a desired region.


OBJECTIVE: To determine whether human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected women have a higher rate of postcesarean morbidity and mortality compared with women without HIV infection. METHODS: A secondary analysis was performed of women with singleton gestations undergoing cesarean delivery with known HIV status. Data were collected as part of a prospective 4-year (1999–2002) observational study and analyzed using logistic regression. Women were surveyed for a large number of intraoperative complications, common perioperative morbidities, and uncommon maternal complications. RESULTS: There were 378 HIV-infected and 54,281 uninfected women who met criteria. Patients infected with HIV were more likely to have postpartum endometritis (11.6% compared with 5.8%, P<.001), require a postpartum blood transfusion (4.0% compared with 2.0%, P=.02), develop maternal sepsis (1.1% compared with 0.2%, P<.001), be treated for pneumonia (1.3% compared with 0.3%, P=.001), and to have a maternal death (0.8% compared with 0.1%, P<.001). After controlling for potential confounders, patients with HIV infection were more likely to have one or more postpartum morbidities (odds ratio 1.6, 95% confidence interval 1.2–2.2). CONCLUSION: Women with HIV infection undergoing cesarean delivery are at increased risk for perioperative morbidity and maternal mortality. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II


Abstract Archivist, essayist and poet, M.K. Jeffreys produced an evocative archive on the Cape's location and functioning within the Indian Ocean world. This article traces the passages by way of which this archive was produced and explores the implications of this archive for our present. It shows how Jeffreys's epistolary relationship with the first Indian Agent to South Africa, Srinivasa Sastri, led to re-conceptualisations of her subjectivity as a white South African, and to the reclaiming of her previously denied South Asian ancestry. Exploring the circuitous, transoceanic route via which her new conceptions of South African identities and histories emerged, it concludes by engaging with Jeffreys's inscriptions of Cape slavery, Islam and creolisation.


Maskless photothermal direct writing technique was investigated to fabricate planar microscale metallic structures. In this technique, we use a tightly focused nanosecond pulsed infrared light to heat the metallic thin film on substrate. With sufficient volumic power density, the metal inside a "hot spot" could be removed from substrate. This technique benefits from not only the enhanced optical absorption, thanks to the surface plasmon resonance of metallic thin film, but also the reduced thermal conductivity, due to the frequent boundary scattering of phonons inside the thin film. To verify the performance of our direct writing technique, a cross-slot periodic array is scribed in gold thin film on silica substrate. Such a pattern can serve as a frequency selective surface at terahertz, which has many applications in terahertz radio system, e. g. rejecting thermal noise before terahertz receiver or serving as reflectors in Fabry-Perot etalon for astronomy spectroscopy.


French Guiana region is one of the most productive in the world and hosts a wide variety of marine vertebrates. In the same time, anthropogenic activities are a growing concern in French Guiana, both in coastal and offshore areas. However, few studies are published on marine mammals, seabirds and potential interactions. Twenty-three marine mammal species are known to occur in the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and important seabird breeding sites are located in the area. Most of the existing literature relates to breeding birds and coastal cetaceans, but the continental slope appears to be an essential habitat for marine mammals and seabirds. Between October 22 and November 23, 2017, an oceanographic survey was conducted on the Guiana slope to study the quality of sediments and water. Three marine fauna observers (MFOs) were onboard to record sightings of marine mammals and seabirds opportunistically. During 462 h of visual effort in good sighting conditions, 313 sightings (824 individuals) were recorded: 61 marine mammals (501 individuals) and 252 seabirds (323 individuals). Seven seabird families were observed: Laridae (42%), Fregatidae (26%), Procellariidae (12%), Stercorariidae (10%), Hydrobatidae (4%), Sulidae (2%) and Phaethontidae (1%). 3% concerned wader species. The most frequently observed seabird species was the magnificent frigatebird ( Fregata magnificens ), as well as the common tern ( Sterna hirundo ), Cory's shearwater ( Calonectris diomedea ) and the pomarine jaeger ( Stercorarius pomarinus ). Many Delphinidae species were observed ( Stenella longirostris , Stenella attenuata , Stenella frontalis , Delphinus delphis , Tursiops truncatus ) in addition to sperm whales ( Physeter macrocephalus ) and humpback whales ( Megaptera novaeangliae ). Only a few sightings of humpback whales have been previously recorded in this area. Sighted individuals were mainly mother-calf pairs suggesting that the area may be an extended part of a calving ground for humpback whales.


Abstract These updated guidelines are based on a first edition of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for biological treatment of schizophrenia published in 2006. For this 2012 revision, all available publications pertaining to the biological treatment of schizophrenia were reviewed systematically to allow for an evidence-based update. These guidelines provide evidence-based practice recommendations that are clinically and scientifically meaningful. They are intended to be used by all physicians diagnosing and treating people suffering from schizophrenia. Based on the first version of these guidelines, a systematic review of the MEDLINE/PUBMED database and the Cochrane Library, in addition to data extraction from national treatment guidelines, has been performed for this update. The identified literature was evaluated with respect to the strength of evidence for its efficacy and then categorised into six levels of evidence (A–F) and five levels of recommendation (1–5) (22,b, World J Biol Psychiatry 9:242, see Table I). This second part of the updated guidelines covers long-term treatment as well as the management of relevant side effects. These guidelines are primarily concerned with the biological treatment (including antipsychotic medication and other pharmacological treatment options) of adults suffering from schizophrenia.


Monitoring and managing High Performance Computing (HPC) systems and environments generate an ever growing amount of data. Making sense of this data and generating a platform where the data can be visualized for system administrators and management to proactively identify system failures or understand the state of the system requires the platform to be as efficient and scalable as the underlying database tools used to store and analyze the data. In this paper we will show how we leverage Accumulo, d4m, and Unity to generate a 3D visualization platform to monitor and manage the Lincoln Laboratory Supercomputer systems and how we have had to retool our approach to scale with our systems.


Synthetic biologists and metabolic engineers seek to design and create organisms with novel functions. A major difficulty with many designed genetic devices is that they lack evolutionary robustness. In this study, our aim was to identify mutations that could enhance the evolutionary stability of green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression from a plasmid in Escherichia coli . To achieve this goal, we created a mutagenized strain library and performed an evolution experiment. To enrich potential mutants with improved GFP stability, we periodically sorted for cells that remained highly fluorescent as this population was propagated for several hundred generations and less-robust strains accumulated inactivating mutations. Further testing of clones isolated from the final evolved population showed that GFP expression was more stable in these strains and suggested mutations in the chromosome were responsible. Re-sequencing the genomes of four of these strains found that, among other genetic differences from the ancestor, all had a mutation in either PolA or PolB. These two types of DNA polymerase mutations may enhance GFP stability by causing a lower point mutation rate in the E. coli host.


C. Harrison B. Eckman R. Hamilton P. Hartswick J. Kalagnanam J. Paraszczak P. Williams This paper describes the information technology (IT) foundation and principles for Smarter Citiesi. Smarter Cities are urban areas that exploit operational data, such as that arising from traff ic congestion, power consumption statistics, and public safety events, to optimize the operation of city services. The foundational concepts are instrumented, interconnected, and intelligent. Instrumented refers to sources of near-real-time real-world data from both physical and virtual sensors. Interconnected means the integration of those data into an enterprise computing platform and the communication of such information among the various city services. Intelligent refers to the inclusion of complex analytics, modeling, optimization, and visualization in the operational business processes to make better operational decisions. This approach enables the adaptation of city services to the behavior of the inhabitants, which permits the optimal use of the available physical infrastructure and resources, for example, in sensing and controlling consumption of energy and water, managing waste processing and transportation systems, and applying optimization to achieve new eff iciencies among these resources. Additional roles exist in intelligent interaction between the city and its inhabitants and further contribute to operational eff iciency while maintaining or enhancing quality of life.


An incorporated limited partnership is defined, rather unhelpfully, in
the Partnership Acts as "an incorporated limited partnership formed
in accordance with [the Act]".1
It might be better defined by reference to limited partnerships
generally. A limited partnership is an association of persons carrying
on business as partners where the liability of at least one of them
is limited and the funds and business are managed by one or more
general partners for the benefit of all of the partners collectively.2
Incorporated limited partnerships could then be defined in those
terms, but with the additional feature of incorporation, meaning
that they also have a corporate identity, a separate legal personality
and perpetual succession. Unlike limited liability companies though,
they do not confer limited liability on all of their members; only the
limited partners are protected. The general partners remain liable,
without limit, for the debts and obligations of the partnership.
Incorporated limited partnerships are currently available in New
South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, Queensland, the Australian
Capital Territory and the Northern Territory.3
New Zealand has
announced that it also intends to introduce a similar body with the
same features and to make it available for similar purposes.


My doctoral research presents my self-enquiry as an Irishwoman who has lived and worked in Ireland and Italy for over thirty five years. This context throws light on my life and practice in Kenya over the last nine years. I then focus more specifically on the evolution of my work with staff and students at Strathmore University in this time span.

Through my research I show how I have sought to understand the meaning of my life and practice in greater depth while trying to improve my teaching practice at Strathmore
University. I express my new knowledge in my living educational theory and show how my work contributes to the knowledge base of practitioner research.

I employ a methodology which I developed using elements of a living educational theory approach which embraces values and diverse forms of meaningful representation such as
personal reflective narrative, autoethnography, intellectual representation and visual narrative. I use philosophical and theological reflection and analysis to explain the deeper meaning of the values that emerge in the course of my research as well as in the explanation of my living educational theory. I provide evidence of my contributions to knowledge using feedback from students, colleagues, friends and family members.

I present the living values which give meaning to my life and practice as creating a spiration of love, in freedom, for personal growth. This expression illustrates how I
understand these values as an analogical mirroring of the free flow of love among the Divine Persons of the Blessed Trinity as I explain in my living theory.


Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis is the aetiological agent of caseous lymphadenitis, a disease affecting sheep and goats. Phospholipase D (Pld), a major virulence determinant of C. pseudotuberculosis, is believed to play a critical role in dissemination of bacteria from the site of infection to the lymph nodes. Although the pld gene has been studied for some time, it is only recently that it has been identified as being down-regulated following heat shock from 37 to 43 degrees C. To gain insights into the mechanisms of Pld action, this study investigated how it was regulated under varying environmental conditions. Studies measuring pld mRNA levels or utilizing a reporter construct containing the pld promoter upstream of a gfp gene were performed. These showed that pld was upregulated in a cell-density-dependent manner, was regulated by heat shock at all cell-culture densities, and was highly expressed in a tissue-culture macrophage-infection model. Finally, the expression of Pld by intracellular C. pseudotuberculosis was shown to play a small but significant role in the reduction of macrophage viability following infection. This study demonstrates that the regulation of C. pseudotuberculosis pld is complex. This regulatory complexity may play an important role in allowing the pathogen to successfully adapt to the changing host environment during infection, migration, establishment and disease progression.


Substance abuse and addiction are among the most challenging health problems facing our society. Breakthrough discoveries in science continue to refine our understanding of drug abuse and addiction and are yielding new opportunities to translate basic research findings into tangible treatment products. Read about the progress being made by the National Institute on Drug Abuse, the world's largest supporter of research on the health aspects of addiction.


The claim that election fraud is a major concern with mail-in ballots has become the central threat to election participation during the COVID-19 pandemic and to the legitimacy of the outcome of the election across the political spectrum. President Trump has repeatedly cited his concerns over voter fraud associated with mail-in ballots as a reason that he may not abide by an adverse electoral outcome. Polling conducted in September 2020 suggests that nearly half of Republicans agree with the president that election fraud is a major concern associated with expanded mail-in voting during the pandemic. Few Democrats share that belief. Despite the consensus among independent academic and journalistic investigations that voter fraud is rare and extremely unlikely to determine a national election, tens of millions of Americans believe the opposite. This is a study of the disinformation campaign that led to widespread acceptance of this apparently false belief and to its partisan distribution pattern. Contrary to the focus of most contemporary work on disinformation, our findings suggest that this highly effective disinformation campaign, with potentially profound effects for both participation in and the legitimacy of the 2020 election, was an elite-driven, mass-media led process. Social media played only a secondary and supportive role.

Our results are based on analyzing over fifty-five thousand online media stories, five million tweets, and seventy-five thousand posts on public Facebook pages garnering millions of engagements. They are consistent with our findings about the American political media ecosystem from 2015-2018, published in Network Propaganda , in which we found that Fox News and Donald Trump's own campaign were far more influential in spreading false beliefs than Russian trolls or Facebook clickbait artists. This dynamic appears to be even more pronounced in this election cycle, likely because Donald Trump's position as president and his leadership of the Republican Party allow him to operate directly through political and media elites, rather than relying on online media as he did when he sought to advance his then-still-insurgent positions in 2015 and the first half of 2016.

Our findings here suggest that Donald Trump has perfected the art of harnessing mass media to disseminate and at times reinforce his disinformation campaign by using three core standard practices of professional journalism. These three are: elite institutional focus (if the President says it, it's news); headline seeking (if it bleeds, it leads); and balance , neutrality, or the avoidance of the appearance of taking a side. He uses the first two in combination to summon coverage at will, and has used them continuously to set the agenda surrounding mail-in voting through a combination of tweets, press conferences, and television interviews on Fox News. He relies on the latter professional practice to keep audiences that are not politically pre-committed and have relatively low political knowledge confused, because it limits the degree to which professional journalists in mass media organizations are willing or able to directly call the voter fraud frame disinformation. The president is, however, not acting alone. Throughout the first six months of the disinformation campaign, the Republican National Committee (RNC) and staff from the Trump campaign appear repeatedly and consistently on message at the same moments, suggesting an institutionalized rather than individual disinformation campaign. The efforts of the president and the Republican Party are supported by the right-wing media ecosystem, primarily Fox News and talk radio functioning in effect as a party press. These reinforce the message, provide the president a platform, and marginalize or attack those Republican leaders or any conservative media personalities who insist that there is no evidence of widespread voter fraud associated with mail-in voting.

The primary cure for the elite-driven, mass media communicated information disorder we observe here is unlikely to be more fact checking on Facebook. Instead, it is likely to require more aggressive policing by traditional professional media, the Associated Press, the television networks, and local TV news editors of whether and how they cover Trump's propaganda efforts, and how they educate their audiences about the disinformation campaign the president and the Republican Party have waged.


Background: Castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) develops as a consequence of hormone therapies used to deplete androgens in advanced prostate cancer patients. CRPC cells are able to grow in a low androgen environment and this is associated with anomalous activity of their endogenous androgen receptor (AR) despite the low systemic androgen levels in the patients. Therefore, the reactivated tumor cell androgen signaling pathway is thought to provide a target for control of CRPC. Previously, we reported that Hedgehog (Hh) signaling was conditionally activated by androgen deprivation in androgen sensitive prostate cancer cells and here we studied the potential for cross-talk between Hh and androgen signaling activities in androgen deprived and androgen independent (AI) prostate cancer cells. Results: Treatment of a variety of androgen-deprived or AI prostate cancer cells with the Hh inhibitor, cyclopamine, resulted in dose-dependent modulation of the expression of genes that are regulated by androgen. The effect of cyclopamine on endogenous androgen-regulated gene expression in androgen deprived and AI prostate cancer cells was consistent with the suppressive effects of cyclopamine on the expression of a reporter gene (luciferase) from two different androgen-dependent promoters. Similarly, reduction of smoothened (Smo) expression with siRNA cosuppressed expression of androgen-inducible KLK2 and KLK3 in androgen deprived cells without affecting the expression of androgen receptor (AR) mRNA or protein. Cyclopamine also prevented the outgrowth of AI cells from androgen growth-dependent parental LNCaP cells and suppressed the growth of an overt AI-LNCaP variant whereas supplemental androgen (R1881) restored growth to the AI cells in the presence of cyclopamine. Conversely, overexpression of Gli1 or Gli2 in LNCaP cells enhanced AR-specific gene expression in the absence of androgen. Overexpressed Gli1/Gli2 also enabled parental LNCaP cells to grow in androgen depleted medium. AR protein coimmunoprecipitates with Gli2 protein from transfected 293T cell lysates. Conclusions: Collectively, our results indicate that Hh/Gli signaling supports androgen signaling and AI growth in prostate cancer cells in a low androgen environment. The finding that Gli2 co-immunoprecipitates with AR protein suggests that an interaction between these proteins might be the basis for Hedgehog/Gli support of androgen signaling under this condition.


5-Methylchrysene has been found to be a complete carcinogen in laboratory animals. However, the tumor promotion effects of (±)-anti-5-methylchrysene-1,2-diol-3,4-epoxide (5-MCDE) remain unclear. In the present work, we found that 5-MCDE induced marked activator protein-1 (AP-1) activation in Cl41 cells. 5-MCDE also induced a marked activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI-3K). Inhibition of PI-3K impaired 5-MCDE–induced AP-1 transactivation, suggesting that PI-3K is an upstream kinase involved in AP-1 activation by 5-MCDE. Furthermore, we found that Akt is a PI-3K downstream mediator for 5-MCDE–induced AP-1 transactivation, whereas another PI-3K downstream kinase, p70S6K, was not involved in AP-1 activation by 5-MCDE. Moreover, inhibition of Akt activation blocked 5-MCDE–induced activation of extracellular signal–regulated protein kinases (ERKs) and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinases (JNKs), whereas it did not affect p38K activation. Consistently, overexpression of a dominant-negative mutant of ERK2 or JNK1 blocked the AP-1 activation by 5-MCDE. These results demonstrate that 5-MCDE is able to induce AP-1 activation, and the AP-1 induction is specifically through a PI-3K/Akt–dependent and p70S6K-independent pathway.


We study how the willingness to enter long-term bilateral relationships affects cooperation even when parties have little information about each other, ex ante, and cooperation is otherwise unenforceable. We experimentally investigate a finitely-repeated Prisoner's Dilemma, allowing players to endogenously select interaction durations. Consistent with prior research, longer interactions facilitate cooperation. However, many individuals avoid long-term commitment, with uncooperative types less likely to commit than conditional cooperators. Endogenously chosen long-term commitment yields higher cooperation rates (98% in one condition) than exogenously imposed commitment. Thus, the willingness to enter into long-term relationships provides a means for fostering - and screening for - efficient cooperation.


Variational Bayesian matrix factorization (VBMF) efficiently approximates the posterior distribution of factorized matrices by assuming matrix-wise independence of the two factors. A recent study on fully-observed VBMF showed that, under a stronger assumption that the two factorized matrices are column-wise independent, the global optimal solution can be analytically computed. However, it was not clear how restrictive the column-wise independence assumption is. In this paper, we prove that the global solution under matrix-wise independence is actually column-wise independent, implying that the column-wise independence assumption is harmless. A practical consequence of our theoretical finding is that the global solution under matrix-wise independence (which is a standard setup) can be obtained analytically in a computationally very efficient way without any iterative algorithms. We experimentally illustrate advantages of using our analytic solution in probabilistic principal component analysis.


In the past seven years, two groups have independently produced tenascin-C-knockout mice. These mice are born alive and, originally, were described as showing no abnormalities. More recent studies, many involving pathological intervention, have shown that tenascin-Cknockout mice have several defects. The mice exhibit abnormal behaviour, as well as abnormalities in brain chemistry. They also show defects in structure and repair of neuromuscular junctions, in the ability to recover from snake-venom-induced glomerulonephritis and in chemically induced dermatitis. Healing of skin wounds is morphologically normal, but the mice exhibit defects in healing after suture injury of corneas. In both skin and corneal wounds, fibronectin expression is abnormally low in tenascin-C-knockout mice. Finally, in vitro studies indicate that haemopoietic activity is defective in bone marrow from these mice. When examined together, these studies provide evidence for precise functions for tenascinC, as well as an explanation for why the sequence of tenascin-C is so highly phylogenetically conserved. SUMMARY


The basic objective of this academic journal is to provide an exchange platform between professors, researchers, and scholars that study, teach, learn or are connected to the educational or educational associated disciplines. Our purpose is to build and maintain a mutually beneficial and long-term bidirectional informational dialogue among our authors and beneficiaries of the published research. The principal scope of the journal of new approaches in sport sciences is to disseminate the latest research findings and scientific advances in the different aspects of health and sports, exploring new methods and modern tendencies, and investigating interdisciplinary methodologies. We invite our collaborators to actively participate with their latest scientific research, with their theoretical and practical experience at the development of this informational platform as a novel tool for the advancement of health and sports science. Our publication provides an active instrument to the authors for publishing and distributing their achievements worldwide according to the Open Access policies and methods as well as a powerful tool for the researcher in order to obtain theoretical and practical knowledge for future research projects. The Journal includes scientific research relating to: The application of physiological and biomechanical principles to specific sporting codes Sporting performance enhancement including nutrition, equipment, and training Motor movement studies and the effects of it on health and performance Different aspects of management in sports Exercise for health Injury prevention


BACKGROUND
Preterm birth and other pregnancy complications have been linked to maternal stress during pregnancy. We investigated the association between maternal exposure to severe life events and risk of preterm birth.

METHODS
Mothers of all singleton live births (n = 1.35 million births) in Denmark between 1 January 1979 and 31 December 2002 were linked to data on their children, parents, siblings and partners. We defined exposure as death or serious illness in close relatives in the first or second trimesters or in the 6 months before conception. Log-linear binomial regression was used to estimate the effect of exposure on preterm birth, very preterm birth and extremely preterm birth.

RESULTS
There were 58 626 (4.34%) preterm births (<37 weeks), 11 732 (0.87%) very preterm births and 3288 (0.24%) extremely preterm births in the study cohort. Severe life events in close relatives in the 6 months before conception increased the risk of preterm birth by 16% (relative risk, RR = 1.16, [95% CI: 1.08-1.23]). Severe life events in older children in the 6 months before conception increased the risk of preterm birth by 23% (RR = 1.23, [95% CI: 1.02-1.49]) and the risk of very preterm birth by 59% (RR = 1.59, [95% CI: 1.08-2.35]).

CONCLUSIONS
Our population-based cohort study suggests that maternal exposure to severe life events, particularly in the 6 months before pregnancy, may increase the risk of preterm and very preterm birth.


area network (SAN) is an emerging technology in the industry with the capability to handle ever growing requirement for data storage in any enterprise. The flexibility provided by storage area network also opens up major security concerns. The security protocols designed for self securing S4 storage server have focused on recovery from intruder attacks and corruption of data by extensive reliance on Audit logs, History pool and Journal based metadata; after the act of intrusion is detected. In this paper, we propose MAZE security protocol, which uses Decoy Documents to isolate the intruder on the fly, in the act, at the time of crime. We also analyze the efficiency of the protocol on a virtual test bed. KeywordsDocuments, MAZE, Storage Area Network, Sand-Trap, Sand-Box, Spike.


In this paper, we propose an optimization method to suitable locating minimum number of transmitter antennas to provide adequately signal coverage in a given indoor environment. This method is based on an integrated realized Ray-Tracing (RT) technique, so-called Ray-Tracing Engine (RTE), and Genetic Algorithm (GA). This integration provides an intelligent system in optimization process. To provide freedom in furniture placement each corner of every room contains a receiver. Therefore, we have a dense map of RSS distribution in propagation environment. According to Simulation results a full coverage using integrated RTE and GA is achieved through suitably locating three transmitters. Furthermore, GA avoids the time consuming process of antenna location finding in an exhaustive search method.


IZA DP No. 14444 JUNE 2021 Capital Fundamentalism and Structural Transformation We revisit the role of Capital Fundamentalism, in the context of the Government of Indonesia's Inpres Desa Tertinggal (IDT or Left Behind Village) Program, which injected capital into poor village economies. We evaluate the impact of the program on village welfare and structural transformation adopting a (fuzzy) regression discontinuity design, which exploits village eligibility for identification. Welfare increased in rural as opposed to urban villages in Java, Sumatra and Bali and Nusa Tenggara, as households exited agriculture in favor of more productive activities in construction, industry and trade. We find no evidence that the program affected structural transformation or welfare in Kalimantan, Sulawesi or Papua, which suggests that structural transformation is a necessary condition for capital injections to foster village development. JEL Classification: L16, H53, H54, E22, O10, O18, I38


Purpose: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of intravitreal dexamethasone implant (Ozurdex) for treating refractory macular edema in retinal vascular diseases. Methods: This is a retrospective consecutive series of 53 eyes with refractory macular edema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion (13 eyes), branch retinal vein occlusion (14 eyes), and diabetic macular edema (26 eyes) treated with a single 0.7 mg dexamethasone implant. Data were collected on best-corrected visual acuity, intraocular pressure, and central macular thickness preoperatively and at 1, 3, and 6 months postoperatively. Results: Baseline best-corrected visual acuity was 20/160 and improved statistically significantly to 20/80 and 20/60 at 1 months and 3 months, respectively (P < 0.05, both postoperative visits), and 20/100 at 6 months (P > 0.05). The central macular thickness at baseline was 569.96 ± 178.11 &mgr;m, and it decreased statistically significantly to 305.81 ± 155.94 &mgr;m, 386 ± 210.79 &mgr;m, and 446.41 ± 221.21 &mgr;m at 1, 3 and 6 months, respectively (P < 0.05, all visits compared with baseline). Fourteen (26%) eyes developed high intraocular pressure after implantation and was successfully controlled with topical medications, and cataract progressed in 1 (1.8%) eye. Conclusion: The dexamethasone implant improved macular edema in refractory cases resulting in statistically significant improvements in best-corrected visual acuity and central macular thickness that remained stable to 3 months and 6 months, respectively.


This concise, self-contained, and cohesive book focuses on commonly used and recently developed methods for designing and analyzing high-throughput screening (HTS) experiments from a statistically sound basis. Combining ideas from biology, computing, and statistics, the author explains experimental designs and analytic methods that are amenable to rigorous analysis and interpretation of RNAi HTS experiments. The opening chapters are carefully presented to be accessible both to biologists with training only in basic statistics and to computational scientists and statisticians with basic biological knowledge. Biologists will see how new experimental designs and rudimentary data-handling strategies for RNAi HTS experiments can improve their results, whereas analysts will learn how to apply recently developed statistical methods to interpret HTS experiments.


My
 dissertation consists of three essays which contribute new theoretical and
 em- pirical results to Volatility Estimation and Market Microstructure theory
 as well as Risk Management. Chapter 2 extends the ACD-ICV method proposed by
 Tse and Yang (2012) for the estimation of intraday volatility of stocks to
 estimate monthly volatility. We compare the ACD-ICV estimates against the
 realized volatility (RV) and the generalized autoregressive conditional
 heteroskedasticity (GARCH) estimates. Our Monte Carlo experiments and
 empirical results on stock data of the New York Stock Exchange show that the
 ACD-ICV method performs very well against the other two methods. As a 30-day
 volatility predictor, the Chicago Board Options Exchange volatility index (VIX)
 predicts the ACD-ICV volatility estimates better than the RV estimates. While
 the RV method appears to dominate the literature, the GARCH method based on
 aggregating daily conditional variance over a month performs well against the
 RV method. Chapter 3 propose to model the aggregate trade volume of stocks in
 a quote- driven (specialist) market using a compound Poisson distribution.
 Trades are as- sumed to be initiated by either informed or uninformed
 traders. Our model treats trade volume endogenously and calibrates two
 measures of informed trading: rela- tive frequency of informed trading and
 relative volume of informed trading. Empiri- cal analysis of daily volatility
 estimates of 50 NYSE stocks shows that trade volume initiated by informed
 traders increase volatility, while trade volume initiated by un- informed
 traders reduce volatility. However, for both informed and uninformed traders,
 the disaggregated effect of trade frequency is to increase volatility. Our
 results also confirm that trade frequency dominates trade volume and trade
 size in affecting volatility. Yet trade volume and trade size have
 incremental information for volatility beyond that exhibited in trade
 frequency. Chapter 4 propose to estimate the intraday Value at Risk (IVaR)
 for stocks using real-time transaction data. Transaction data filtered by
 price durations are modeled employing a two-state asymmetric autoregressive
 conditional duration (AACD) model, and the IVaR is computed using Monte Carlo
 simulation. Empirical analysis of New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) stocks show
 that IVaR estimated using the AACD ap- proach track closely to those using
 the Dionne, Duchesne and Pacurar (2009) and Giot (2005) methods. Backtesting
 results show that our method performs the best among other methods.
 The
 dissertation comprises 3 papers available at:
 1. Estimation of Monthly Volatility: An Empirical
 Comparison of Realized Volatility, GARCH and ACD-ICV Methods
 (2012). Working paper.
 2. Intraday Value-at-Risk: An asymmetric
 autoregressive conditional duration approach (2015).
 Journal of Econometrics, 189, (2), 437-446.


Computing accurate visibility for thin primitives, such as hair strands, fur, grass, at all scales remains difficult or expensive. To that end, we present an efficient visibility algorithm based on spatial line sampling, and a novel intersection algorithm between line sample planes and Bézier splines with varying thickness. Our algorithm produces accurate visibility both when the projected width of the curve is a tiny fraction of a pixel, and when the projected width is tens of pixels. In addition, we present a rapid resolve procedure that computes final visibility. Using an optimized implementation running on graphics processors, we can render tens of thousands long hair strands with noise-free visibility at near-interactive rates.


A limiting optical diode is an asymmetric nonlinear device that is bidirectionally transparent at low power, but becomes opaque when illuminated by sufficiently intense light incident from a particular direction. We explore the use of a phase-transition material, vanadium dioxide (VO2), as an active element of limiting optical diodes. The VO2 phase transition can be triggered by optical absorption, resulting in a change in refractive index orders of magnitude larger than what can be achieved with conventional nonlinearities. As a result, a limiting optical diode based on incident-direction-dependent absorption in a VO2 layer can be very thin, and can function at low powers without field enhancement, resulting in broadband operation. We demonstrate a simple thin-film limiting optical diode comprising a transparent substrate, a VO2 film, and a semi-transparent metallic layer. For sufficiently high incident intensity, our proof-of-concept device realizes broadband asymmetric transmission across the near infrared, and is approximately ten times thinner than the free-space wavelength.


Total power dissipation in the next-generation processors is projected to reach 200 W/cm2. Such high power densities coupled with complex integration of devices, results in high heat dissipation on-chip. Therefore, thermal management and temperature-aware computing techniques are critical in designing energy-efficient systems. In this tutorial, we present temperature modeling, floorplanning, design-time and run-time thermal management techniques to alleviate thermal hotspots. Accurate thermal modeling and prediction mechanisms are critical to invoke the right thermal management decisions. Design-time techniques focus on thermal-aware floor planning and thermal sensor placement. Run-time techniques have two primary goals: to reduce temperature and to maintain a uniform thermal profile by reducing power consumption. We introduce run-time mechanisms such as adaptive thermal management policies; modulating cooling mechanisms for heat balancing, and thermal design considerations for emerging technologies. This tutorial will consist of four parts that cover different aspects of the thermal management design paradigms, as presented below.


The paper seeks to determine whether the use of Private Military and Security Companies strengthens military institutions and the provision of security or, on the contrary, questions the monopoly of the legitimate use of force and generates new challenges to the current role of the military. It analyzes three main realms within the military sphere where the presence of PMSCS may have a direct impact: the exercise of the monopoly of the use of violence, the professionalization of the military, and the process of enrollment of new recruits. The paper highlights that the presence of PMSCS does not affect the continuity of the state's monopoly of the legitimate use of force. It also argues that although PMSCS perform certain activities that enhance the provision of security in a state, the military should always be prepared to overtake those activities delegated to PMSCS and should avoid becoming excessively dependent on private companies to execute them. Likewise, the paper sustains that the privatization of security distorts the conception of professionalism put up front by CMR theorists. Finally, the paper states that the presence of PMSCS obliges today's military to strengthen its recruitment strategies and consolidate a sound enrollment process.


As well-designed decentralized intergovernmental system is key to developing country's ability to achieve its 2015 Millennium Development Goals. And, whereas fiscal decentralization has many facets, there is a necessary condition that must be satisfied for its success: local governments must be given, and then exercise, the authority for own-source taxation. However, in newly implementing a policy of own-local revenues, policymakers face special challenges that range from addressing the broad considerations of their country's fiscal architecture to the more narrow, but critically important, arrangements of tax administration.