Through a discourse analysis of the 1886 decision of Yick Wo v. Hopkins, this Essay critically examines the decision's capacity to provide terms for reconciling a coming global order with the political protections of the Constitution, especially the protections of the Fourteenth Amendment. That reconciliation involves the protected rights of Chinese launderers in San Francisco. The key terms used in the decision are "person" and "most favored nation," and the Supreme Court crucially applies these concepts to fit "aliens and subjects of the emperor of China" as well as "China," respectively. The decision represents a successful test of the equal protection provisions of the Fourteenth Amendment; Yick Wo expanded the terms of civil rights protections to encompass not only codified discrimination but also practiced discrimination that occurred even in the absence of explicit racial laws. This Essay argues that the decision also makes visible a convergence between claims, on the one hand, for the equal protection of the minority groups who have suffered discrimination and, on the other hand, for an assertion of equality between nations who had signed a treaty to ensure that equal treatment. The Angell Treaty between China and the United States, dated November 17, 1880, granted each "most favored nation" status. The right of the petitioners to operate laundries was therefore protected by that compact, and the majority decision explicitly invoked that agreement as well as the Fourteenth Amendment. The equal protection of persons, as such, under the Fourteenth Amendment and of the terms of equality concomitant with "most favored nation" status, come to figure the rationale of the current world order of neoliberalism under globalization. Just as the concept of the equally protected person has been the championed entity of enlightenment liberalism, the concept of the most favored nation is the protected entity of neoliberalism and global trade. By rereading the Yick Wo decision within the genealogy of


The aim of this study was to evaluate, at site scale, the influence of freezing and freeze/thaw cycles on the survival of fecal coliforms and fecal enterococci in soil, in a climate change perspective. Viable cells of both fecal indicators were counted in ten different soil profiles and at different depths, before and after a winter season. Before the winter period and during grazing, viable cells of fecal coliforms and fecal enterococci were detected only in the first 10 cm below ground, while, after the winter period and before the new seasonal grazing, a lower number of viable cells of both fecal indicators was detected only in some of the soil profiles, and within the first 5 cm. Thus, a significant decrease in viable cells was observed in all soil profiles, due to cold shock, freezing, prolonged exposure to subzero temperatures, and alternating freezing and thawing periods, even though this decrease was not uniform at site scale. Taking into consideration the results of specific investigations, we hypothesised that the non-uniform spatial distribution of grass roots within the studied soil ccould play an important role in influencing this phenomenon, while several abiotic factors, such as organic matter, grain size and specific weight of particles, total porosity, and relative density, did not play any significant role. In a climate change perspective, taking into account also the local trend in air temperature, a different distribution of microbial pollution over time is expected in spring waters, and a higher risk of transmission of infections is expected throughout the year. The progressive increase in air temperature, with emphasis on the minimum one, will cause a progressive decrease in freezing and freeze/thawing at higher altitudes, therefore minimising cold shocks on microbial cells, and causing spring water pollution also during winter, differently from the actual observations.


Abstract New specimens of the arthropod Pectocaris Hou, 1999 have yielded important new information. The entire body of Pectocaris spatiosa Hou, 1999 is known. Odaraia? eurypetala Hou and Sun, 1988 is transferred to Pectocaris. In addition to the finlike lateral flukes, setal imprints and new specimen indicate a median fluke as in the Burgess Shale Odaraia. The cephalic region bears stalked eyes and the crustacean characteristics first and second antennae and mandibles. The mandibles are succeeded by about 53 pairs of branchiopod-type appendages, each corresponding to a head or body segment. Branchiopod characters include endites with setae turned backwards, the elongation of the telson, and its fluke-shaped rami. Pectocaris has a fairly basal position in the phylogenetic tree of the extant crustaceans and probably belongs to the branchiopod crustaceans. It is the first arthropod with definite crustacean characteristics described from strata from below the Upper Cambrian.


D virtual worlds are networked environments designed using the place metaphor. 3D virtual worlds as Computer-aided Design (CAD) tools have shown promising potentials in areas such as design simulation, distant team works as well as interdisciplinary design collaboration. Recent developments in collaborative 3D virtual worlds focus on interactivity, flexibility and adaptability. Rather than creating virtual environments in which the 3D objects have intelligent behaviors, we take a different approach to develop an agent model that is associated with an individual designer in a 3D virtual world as a personal design agent. This paper presents Generative Design Agents (GDA), a kind of rational agents that dynamically and automatically generate, simulate and modify designs in 3D virtual worlds. The core of a GDA's design component is a generative design grammar that is able to generate designs capturing a specific style in 3D virtual worlds. 3D virtual worlds augmented with GDAs provide a grammatical approach to developing autonomous generative design systems.


We analyze EPA's cleanup decisions at over 100 Superfund sites and examine whether and how EPA trades off the cost against the permanence of cleanup. EPA's decisions reveal both a preference for permanent solutions and an aversion to cost. For example, EPA prefers incinerating soils to isolating and containing them in place, but not at any price. At larger sites EPA appears willing to accept additional costs of as much as $40 million to incinerate. With regard to environmental equity, we find little evidence that EPA's cost-permanence tradeoff is affected by socioeconomic characteristics in the communities surrounding the sites.


Strongyloidiasis is an infection caused by the helminth, Strongyloides stercoralis. Up to 370 million people are infected with the parasite globally, and it has remained endemic in the Indigenous Australian population for many decades. Strongyloidiasis has been also reported in other Australian populations. Ignorance of this disease has caused unnecessary costs to the government health system, and been detrimental to the Australian people's health. This manuscript addresses the 12 criteria required for a disease to be included in the Australian National Notifiable Disease List (NNDL) under the National Health Security Act 2007 (Commonwealth). There are six main arguments that provide compelling justification for strongyloidiasis to be made nationally notifiable and added to the Australian NNDL. These are: The disease is important to Indigenous health, and closing the health inequity gap between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians is a priority; a public health response is required to detect cases of strongyloidiasis and to establish the true incidence and prevalence of the disease; there is no alternative national surveillance system to gather data on the disease; there are preventive measures with high efficacy and low side effects; data collection is feasible as cases are definable by microscopy, PCR, or serological diagnostics; and achievement of the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) # 6 on clean water and sanitation.


In the editorial by Dr. Reza Afshari "What is the best research for low income countries" (1), some important issues have been raised, highly relevant to developing countries. In most developing countries including India, emergency medicine is not well established and clinical toxicology is even further a low priority in view of both research and clinical management. The number of poison control and treatment centers is few and if they exist, they are mainly in metro cities. Moreover, we are faced with lack of required resources for such research.
Dr. Afshari's suggestion about the need for epidemiological studies should be regarded as highly important (1). These studies should be prospective and community-based rather than hospital or poison centre based. Unless we know the pattern of poisonings, it will not be possible to formulate the guidelines for treatment and research as poisonings vary in different countries and in different areas of a country (2). Depending on pattern, the treatment and research guidelines can be devised and scarce resources can be allocated. The acute poisonings in developing countries are very often due to toxic chemicals. This is because there is a lack of control on availability of chemicals as laws do exist but implementation is lacking (2). Although specific antidote is available for majority of them, mortality remains high because treatment is often delayed due to non-availability of proper centres and lack of antidotes. Therefore, it is necessary to train health care professionals and to provide better awareness in general public regarding risks of poisonings. Furthermore, not only resources are lacking, western textbooks or literature is only available for management of poisonings and local guidelines are limited. In high income countries, both knowledge and money are available but poisoned patients are in limited number while in developing countries it is other way round.
We must pay the most careful attention to the role of gastric lavage which due to legal reasons in some countries such as India, it is mandatory (3).
It is also crucial to carefully investigate the venomous snakes where more species are required to be identified and antivenoms should be developed. There is a great need to develop low-priced diagnostic kits and cheaper analytic methods for poisons.
More access to information in developing world and South-South collaboration is a highly welcomed idea. We need a standardized format to record, uniform protocols to manage poisonings and low cost healthcare technologies such as self-inflating bag in saving patients with respiratory arrest following snakebite or OPC poisoning or where short term ventilation is required.


Reforestation and afforestation (referred to forestation thereafter) campaigns in the past two decades have resulted in great increases in both forest land area and forest ecosystem productivity in China. Although the ecological benefits of forests are well accepted, the hydrologic consequences of man-made forests by forestation are unclear. Debate and confusion on the hydrologic effects of forestation practices in China remain due to lack of convincing experimental data. This paper reviews worldwide research on the relationship between forest cover and watershed hydrology with special focus on hydrologic effects of reforestation. We limited our review to research conducted using the 'paired watershed' approach. We found most of the existing literature suggests that forestation has potential to reduce annual water yield and baseflow, but have limited effects on peakflow rates and flooding events. We found that the variability of the hydrologic effects is large due to differences in watershed hydrologic processes which are controlled by climate, soils, and the stage of vegetation development. We predict that forestation campaigns in China are not likely to cause large scale changes in streamflow water yield, baseflow, and flood peaks before the hydrologic properties of degraded soils are fully improved. However, baseflow and annual water yield may be reduced in small watersheds to affect local water supply. This situation may be especially true for the semi-arid Loess Plateau region and other areas of Northern China where water shortages are already common. We suggest forest hydrology research should focus on the impacts of forestation on hydrologic processes using a paired watershed approach. Comprehensive science-based evaluation of the positive or negative roles of forest on regulating regional water resources is critical to the current forestation endeavors in China.


Patients with chronic kidney disease, due not only to the complexity and multidimensional nature of problems, but mainly to the long term duration of the disease, are one of the most difficult groups of patients, often suffering from psychiatric morbidity. Depression according to a number of surveys is the most common psychological problem in patients undergoing renal dialysis. The high prevalence of the disease considers necessary for the systematic investigation of the problem and provide an adequate response. This review paper we deal with depressive symptoms in patients with CKD, using the person-centered approach, which is based on the principles of existentialism and phenomenology. Main concept is the equal relationship between therapist and the client, so that the person is able to understand himself/herself, to change the perception of him/her, change espoused attitudes and redefine the way in which he/she directs the behavior.


The aim of this article is to present a novel quaternion based control scheme for the attitude control problem of a quadrotor. A quaternion is a hyper complex number of rank 4 that can be utilized to avoid the inherent geometrical singularity when representing rigid body dynamics with Euler angles or the complexity of having coupled differential equations with the Direction Cosine Matrix (DCM). In the presented approach both the quadrotor's attitude model and the proposed non-linear Proportional squared (P2) control algorithm have been implemented in the quaternion space, without any transformations and calculations in the Euler's angle space or DCM. Throughout the article, the merits of the proposed novel approach are being analyzed and discussed, while the efficacy of the suggested novel quaternion based controller are being evaluated by extended simulation results.


Species can exhibit exaggerated ornamentation that aids in the securement of mates. Sexual selection acts on variation in mating success and is prevalent in the color of plumage of many species of birds. Sexual dimorphism exists in species with conventional sex roles, but in species with comparable amounts of parental investment, females and males are often similarly colored. Eastern bluebirds (Sialia sialis) are a socially monogamous passerine with biparental care that display sexually dichromatic coloration; males have brilliant blue head and rump plumage and chestnut breasts while females have duller color. I used a 9-year dataset to explore evidence of sexual selection on plumage coloration in a southern Appalachian mountain population of eastern bluebirds. I found that females that were more-ornamented tended to lay eggs earlier in the season and had heavier body mass compared to the less-ornamented females. Among males, there were no significant relationships between color and reproductive success. My data suggest that, in this population, female plumage coloration may be driven by sexual selection and could be a signal of quality to conspecifics. Male mate choice for a high-quality partner or female competition over breeding resources may be driving this selection.


This dissertation contains three essays on the implications of complementarities on the equilibrium sorting in the marriage market, and on the optimal bundling of different development policies. This first chapter develops and tests a model of marital sorting on gender-role attitudes and intrahousehold time allocations with search frictions in the marriage market, and endogenous intrahousehold bargaining power. It is shown that individuals develop a marital taste for similar gender culture partners in order to avoid conflict in decision-making within their future households. This incentive for matching assortatively is stronger for individuals anticipating little say in intrahousehold decision-making. Using data from the British Household Panel Survey, it is shown that the ability that a woman has to guide the extensive margin of her labor market supply according to her own gender-role attitudes, is entirely driven by her search for a same-attitudes partner while in the marriage market. The second chapter provides empirical evidence on whether health education and microfinance act as substitutes or complements in reducing neonatal mortality. Identification exploits the randomized placement of a health educational intervention in rural India, stratified by the presence of a pre-existing microfinance intervention, together with the longitudinal dimension of our dataset. We find that the two interventions substituted each other: both were more effective when offered in isolation then when offered together. Further analysis shows that these interventions operated through different and substitutable channels. The health education intervention increased the adoption of hygienic health behaviours in home deliveries, whereas the microfinance intervention increased payments made to traditional birth attendants. These findings challenge the preconceived policy notion that complementarities between these two ingredients for development call for their joint supply. In contrast, they suggest that policy makers may get more out of each by offering them in isolation to their communities. The final chapter analyses a decentralized two-dimensional marriage market model with transferable utility, where individuals' attributes are uniformly distributed on the unit square. I first show that matching of likes along both dimensions is the competitive equilibrium when the geometric average within-attribute complementarity is greater than the geometric average between-attribute complementarity. A finding that nests, as a special case, Becker's assortative matching result, and is in contrast to previous literature suggesting that the concept of assortative matching is not well defined in multi-dimensions. I then show that away from their optimal (similar-type) partners, individuals are willing to compensate mismatches on one of the attributes with opposite mismatches on the other attribute. A finding that in turn sheds new light on the trade-offs that individuals make in less than perfectly competitive multidimensional marriage markets, such as those plagued by search frictions.


Prior research has found that coaches and administrators at NCAA institutions believed distributing resources equally or based on program needs was fairer than distributing them based on program contributions. The current studies build on these findings by examining the views of fairness among college athletes and other college students in a hypothetical intercollegiate athletics setting (N = 150) and a hypothetical sport business setting (N = 150). In both settings, equality of treatment and need are most likely to be chosen as the fairest allocation methods. Although there are no group differences in the sport business setting, chi-square analysis and analysis of fairness ratings indicate some group differences in the intercollegiate athletics setting. Women are stronger supporters of equal distributions and equal reductions, whereas men are more supportive of making decisions based on need and contribution of the program.


Abstract. Parameters of a process-based forest growth simulator are difficult or impossible to obtain from field observations. Reliable estimates can be obtained using calibration against observations of output and state variables. In this study, we present a Bayesian framework to calibrate the widely used process-based simulator Biome-BGC against estimates of gross primary production (GPP) data. We used GPP partitioned from flux tower measurements of a net ecosystem exchange over a 55-year-old Douglas fir stand as an example. The uncertainties of both the Biome-BGC parameters and the simulated GPP values were estimated. The calibrated parameters leaf and fine root turnover (LFRT), ratio of fine root carbon to leaf carbon (FRC : LC), ratio of carbon to nitrogen in leaf (C : Nleaf), canopy water interception coefficient (Wint), fraction of leaf nitrogen in RuBisCO (FLNR), and effective soil rooting depth (SD) characterize the photosynthesis and carbon and nitrogen allocation in the forest. The calibration improved the root mean square error and enhanced Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency between simulated and flux tower daily GPP compared to the uncalibrated Biome-BGC. Nevertheless, the seasonal cycle for flux tower GPP was not reproduced exactly and some overestimation in spring and underestimation in summer remained after calibration. We hypothesized that the phenology exhibited a seasonal cycle that was not accurately reproduced by the simulator. We investigated this by calibrating the Biome-BGC to each month's flux tower GPP separately. As expected, the simulated GPP improved, but the calibrated parameter values suggested that the seasonal cycle of state variables in the simulator could be improved. It was concluded that the Bayesian framework for calibration can reveal features of the modelled physical processes and identify aspects of the process simulator that are too rigid.


We give new algorithms based on the sum-of-squares method for tensor decomposition. Our results improve the best known running times from quasi-polynomial to polynomial for several problems, including decomposing random overcomplete 3-tensors and learning overcomplete dictionaries with constant relative sparsity. We also give the first robust analysis for decomposing overcomplete 4-tensors in the smoothed analysis model. A key ingredient of our analysis is to establish small spectral gaps in moment matrices derived from solutions to sum-of-squares relaxations. To enable this analysis we augment sum-of-squaresrelaxations with spectral analogs of maximum entropy constraints.


The introduction of a standards-based teacher education program in Kentucky was framed by eight New Teacher Standards adopted state wide. At Eastern Kentucky University, the Teacher Education Portfolio was implemented to (1) provide more meaningful, valid indicators of what preservice teachers know and can do, (2) enhance both teaching and learning, and (3) provide useful assessment information for reporting to people outside the classroom or local context. This article presents the eight New Teacher Standards and describes the connection between the content in an assessment course and the standards. A course assignment resulted in a portfolio entry designed to demonstrate the students' knowledge and skills for Standard four, "The teacher assesses learning and communicates results to students and others." The introduction of a restructured standards-based teacher education program at Eastern Kentucky University mandated the inclusion of portfolios for preservice teachers. There were three major expectations for the preservice teacher portfolio. The portfolio was to: (1) provide more meaningful, valid indicators of what preservice teachers know and can do, (2) enhance both teaching and learning, and (3) provide useful assessment information for reporting to people outside the classroom or local context. Recommended practices related to portfolios (e.g., After & Spandell, 1992; Wiggins, 1989; and Wolf, 1991) were reviewed during the design stage of the Teacher Education Portfolios. If preservice teacher portfolios are to be used as assessment, issues of validity and reliability (Ghiselli Campbell & Zedeck, 1981; Mehrens, 1992) must be addressed. The first reliability consideration was the consistency of scoring of both the parts and the whole portfolio. This issue is still being resolved. Portfolio entries are all scored with a four-point rubric, however, the scoring is done by individual instructors/professors. Clearly, the most valid measures of whether or not a student can perform a certain task is to design a performance assessment that requires the student to "show what you can do." However, even readers with only tangential knowledge of assessment can recall the relationship between reliability and validity. Reliability is a necessary but not sufficient condition for validity. That is, a test cannot be valid unless it is reliable. Feldt (1997) recently examined this relationship by exploring the frequently quoted dictum of classical test theory which states that validity can never be greater than reliability (classical test theory offers an equation for calculating the relationship). Felt concluded, "If test authors allow themselves to be overly swayed by the desire to attain high reliability, they might easily favor those items that measure lower order skills" (p. 386). The Teacher Education Portfolio was planned to assess higher order thinking skills (Bloom, 1956). The preservice teacher is required to write a reflection for each portfolio entry, thus including "evaluation," Bloom's highest cognitive category. This article will address two validity issues: (1) the measures taken to assure the content validity of the overall preservice teacher education portfolio and (2) the alignment of the performance based assessment in a newly-created "Assessment in Education" course to assure content validity. Teacher education in Kentucky is Standards based. The Kentucky Standards Board was established with the comprehensive Kentucky Education Reform Act (KERA) of 1990. KERA also mandated an internship year as teacher certification requirement. The eight New Teacher Standards are used as evaluative criteria for the Kentucky Teacher Internship Program (KTIP). Because these standards define what teachers should know and be able to do, they were used as content guides for the Teacher Education Portfolio. The eight standards are: 1. The teacher designs/plans instruction and learning climates that develop student abilities to use communication skills, apply core concepts, become self-sufficient individuals, become responsible team members, think and solve problems, and integrate knowledge. …


Background: There are limited data about the impact of bariatric procedures on androgen milieu, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and free androgen index (FAI) in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Since the changes in these levels can amenably affect fertility in this group of patients, it is necessary to study such effects. Objective: to study the impact of bariatric surgery on androgen hormone levels, SHBG and FAI in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and infertility. Study design: A cohort study. Patients and Methods: 36 obese women with PCOS and infertility, attending at Zagazig University Hospitals, outpatient clinic, who underwent bariatric surgery (gastric sleeve or gastric bypass) for excess weight loss. Evaluation of serum free and total testosterone levels, Sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) by ELISA and calculation of free androgen index (FAI), before operation and compared to 6 months and 1 year after operation. Results: Before bariatric surgery, all women had abnormally high levels of free and total testosterone, low sex hormone binding globulin, and high free androgen index. After surgery, levels of free and total testosterone dropped significantly, with a rise in SHBG and a significant drop in FAI (P < 0.001) 6-month and 1-year after bariatric procedure. Conclusion: excess weight loss by bariatric surgery leads to normalization of androgenic milieu, and improves SHBG and FAI in PCOS patients.


This report provides an analysis of digital transformation (DT) in a selection of policy areas covering transport, construction, energy, and digital government and public administration. DT refers in the report to the profound changes that are taking place in all sectors of the economy and society as a result of the uptake and integration of digital technologies in every aspect of human life. Digital technologies are having increasing impacts on the way of living, of working, on communication, and on social interaction of a growing share of the population. DT is expected to be a strategic policy area for a number of years to come and there is an urgent need to be able to identify and address current and future challenges for the economy and society, evaluating impact and identifying areas requiring policy intervention. Because of the very wide range of interrelated domains to be considered when analysing DT, a multidisciplinary approach was adopted to produce this report, involving experts from different domains. For each of the four sectors that are covered, the report presents an overview of DT, DT enablers and barriers, its economic and social impacts, and concludes with the way forward for policy and future research.


This paper is based on a 2 year study of the contribution of BSc Creative Technologies in the What works? SRS Retention and Success programme. The team carried out several interventions designed to increase student engagement and belonging particularly in year 1. The need for this is further increased as the course is 100% coursework assessed and of a trans disciplinary nature.One of the primary challenges for students on a trans disciplinary course is engaging with subject areas for which they have little experience and as a result lower confidence in the context of other more experienced students. Staff, as partners, must understand that every student is an individual and different (Haggis, 2004) and how they engage is therefore also different.All year 1 modules contain an active learning strategy aimed at making learning participatory, collaborative and engaging. Within the scope of this project we enabled the students to evaluate each module in relation to teaching, learning, collaboration, feedback and assessment. The evaluation encompassed a combination of goal focused and goal free questions.Learning outcomes are influenced by how an individual participates in educationally purposeful activities (Bryson and Hand, 2007). Based on initial student evaluation staff worked to ensure each module delivers the appropriate activity and environment for all students.Constructivist learning theory forms the main structural approach, with consideration that: "learning is more effective when content is structured to provide scaffolding for problem solving" (Jonassen, 1997) and participants are more actively involved in the content vs. the traditional passive access to theoretical module content. Experiential Learning (Klob, 1984) Learning though play (Prensky, 2001) and Collaborative Learning (Bruffee, 1993) are also fundamental to this approach.


This paper presents an application of heuristic methods to the restoration of distribution networks after disturbances. The heuristic approach is proposed since the problem needs more reasoning than pure calculation. Due to the combinatorial aspect of the restoration of a distribution network, the search method must be guided by some heuristics. The problem has been divided into two parts. In the first, the final topology is determined according to the actual problem (branch outage or line overload). The second deals with the order in which all modifications have to be done to avoid creating new temporary overloads or outages in the network. These methods have been tested on a rural distribution network and the solution shows the efficiency of the method


Preliminary PetrograPhy and geochemistry of the cretacic basalts of the sierra de las Quijadas and cerrillada de las cabras, san luis Province, argentina. We present preliminary results of the petrology and geochemistry of Cretaceous basalts exposed in the anticlines of the sierra of Las Quijadas and cerrillada of Las Cabras. In the mountainous western of San Luis crop out at least two depositional sequences which together exceed the 1500 m thick and consists mainly of clastic sedimentary sequences typical continental red beds belonging to the Giant Group and Lagarcito Formation. Within this group, recognizes two types of basalt events, represented by lava flows and dykes. The lava flows were described in the northeastern sector of the anticline, in a landscape of gentle hills. The dykes were found on the western flank of the anticline, northern sector of that mountain. Basalt lava flows have porphyritic texture with phenocrystals show idiomorphic olivine with clinopyroxene, amphibole and plagioclase, while the basaltic dykes show olivine in porphyritic texture embedded in a plagioclase paste without orientation, amphibole and apatite needles. The basalts of the cerrillada de Las Cabras presented as a volcanic breccia associated with basaltic bombs. They have phenocrystals of olivine and clinopyroxene in paste with plagioclase oriented. The basalts are classified as alkali basalts and related to intraplate basalts. When analyzing rare earth elements chondrite normalized according to Nakamura's design are observed with a steep negative slope for the heavy rare earth elements, a design that is similar to that found in alkaline basalts from the Sierra Chica de Cordoba. Palabras claves: magmatismo cretacico, depositos basalticos, petroquimica, ruptura Gondwana


In 2008, Martha Nussbaum published Liberty of Conscience: In Defense of America's Tradition of Religious Equality. She believes that tradition to be under threat, not only from Christian fundamentalists but also from "new atheist" public intellectuals like Daniel Dennett. (1) To defend our tradition of religious freedom and pluralism, a tradition she esteems, Nussbaum begins her book with a chapter on perhaps the most important founder of that tradition, Roger Williams, who established the colony of Rhode Island on the principle of unlimited religious liberty. In works such as his 1644 book The Bloudy Tenent of Persecution, Williams anticipates and goes deeper than John Locke's more famous treatise of 1689, A Letter concerning Toleration. Nussbaum argues that Williams is concerned not only, or even primarily, with civil peace but also with the nature of human personhood, dignity, and equality. He found their source in conscience, which for him meant the capacity for moral choice and aspiration, or for self-determination. In this, Nussbaum notes, he was influenced by Stoic natural-law doctrine. She also points to the striking similarity with Kant's later ideas of human autonomy and dignity. The link between this natural-law tradition of philosophical anthropology; with its emphasis on conscience as the source of human dignity, and freedom of conscience in the specific sense of religious liberty, is that individuals must be permitted and encouraged to seek God or ultimate meaning in their own way. (2) In the first years of the 20th century, Roger Williams was known by Russian liberals, who appreciated him for the same reasons Martha Nussbaum does today. In 1901, Petr Struve, the leader of the Russian Liberation Movement that would culminate in the Russian revolution of 1905, published an important essay, "What Is True Nationalism?" which lays out his liberal theory. (3) Struve calls Williams the first apostle of the idea of the inalienable rights of man, beginning with freedom of conscience--the "first word of liberalism," in Struve's phrase. He refers in this connection to the work of his Russian colleague, Pavel Novgorodtsev, who devoted a few pages of his History of the Philosophy of Law to Williams. (4) Struve and Novgorodtsev were then organizing Problems of Idealism, conceived as a defense of liberty of conscience and of its importance in liberalism. (5) By the time it was published in November 1902 as a type of philosophical companion to Struve's famous emigre newspaper Osvobozhdenie, the Russian Liberation Movement was well under way. Freedom of conscience was its common platform. "The desire for religious freedom in the empire had ... accomplished what seemed beyond the capacity of all other public issues," writes John Basil in one recent study. "It drew together for one purpose all but a handful of Russians." (6) That purpose seemed to be achieved when Nicholas II issued the Manifesto of 17 October 1905, though, as Paul Werth and others have recently shown, the October Manifesto granted freedom of conscience more as a promise that was to be implemented through future legislation--legislation that was in fact never enacted. (7) Before 1905, the autocracy generally described its policy toward non-Orthodox religions in the empire as "religious toleration," which meant something different from freedom of conscience. The nature of this difference is one of the main themes of this forum. Toleration in imperial Russia was a revocable privilege or concession granted by the state to recognized religious groups, while freedom of conscience is an inalienable individual right. Freedom of conscience, because it specifies an intrinsic and inviolable entitlement or right, is incompatible in principle with autocratic state power--and for that reason the tsarist regime resisted recognizing it as long as possible. This is also why, as Werth indicates in his article here, scholars have tended to treat it (naturally) as a problem in the history of Russian liberalism, which aimed to transform autocratic Russia into a constitutional regime under the rule of law. …


The Central Highlands of the Scottish Caledonides are dominated by a sequence of poly-deformed metasedimentary rocks largely belonging to the Grampian and Appin groups of the Dalradian Supergroup. In the northern part of the area these are separated from a suite of variably gneissose to locally migmatitic rocks by a number of prominent mid-crustal shear zones. The early evolution of the Central Highlands is interpreted in terms of regional (D1–D2) folding and N- to NW-directed thrusting accompanied by kyanite-grade metamorphism (P=7.0–8.0 kbar, T= 500–600°C). The later stages of this event were characterized by continued ductile shearing along the pre-existing shear zones under sillimanite-grade metamorphic conditions (P=4.7–5.9 kbar, T=585–695°C). The exact age of this progressive tectonothermal event remains uncertain, however, available geochronological data can be interpreted as indicating an entirely Precambrian age (c. 840–800 Ma). This questions previously held views of an entirely Caledonian age for deformation throughout the Highlands.


Abstract The current study examined the association between subjective cognitive dysfunction and objective test performance in persons enrolled in drug treatment and stabilized on methadone maintenance therapy (MMT). A total of 177 participants completed the self-reported brief inventory of neurocognitive impairment (BINI) and NIH Toolbox test battery. In participants with neurocognitive dysfunction, scores on all BINI subscales were negatively associated with objective performance on the NIH Toolbox (BINI Global r = −0.26, p = 0.01; BINI Subscales ranging −0.22 to −0.32, all p's < 0.03). Using cutoff scores, results showed participants who scored above the cutoff on the BINI Learning subscale demonstrated significant evidence of objective neurocognitive dysfunction on the NIH Toolbox (65% vs. 35%; χ 2 = 6.57, p = 0.02), suggesting possible clinical utility. Future studies are needed to determine the feasibility of using the BINI to inform the accommodation of patients with specific neurocognitive profiles to optimize treatment outcomes.


Hugh Saul, a native of Guyana, qualified as a manager. In recent years he has managed agricultural research and development projects in the Caribbean for several international and regional organizations. He is currently the Deputy Executive Director (Development) of the Caribbean Agricultural Research and Development Institute (CARDI).

Livestock development contributes to national agricultural output, so saving foreign exchange on imports, and can be a powerful stimulus to change among small and subsistence farmers. Small-scale dairying has been shown to be a harbinger of new disciplines and management practices that can be applied with great benefit in other agricultural enterprises.

Agriculture in the Caribbean, in common with most ACP countries, is based mainly on crops rather than livestock. In the recent past, export crops have been predominant in terms of national priority and farmer prestige. Except in a few countries, livestock have been relegated to marginal lands and they have been farmed mostly in traditional ways to produce meat, hides and a little milk. Only in rare instances have they received supplementary feeding and other improved management techniques, such as pest and disease control on a sustained basis. Nor has livestock performance been recorded so as to permit more selective breeding and more advantageous feeding. Yet, in the Caribbean certainly, and possibly in many countries in Africa and the Pacific, the potential for improving livestock output is substantial and, with the improvement of livestock, comes the potential for the improvement of under-developed agriculture in general.

As a result of the Caribbean region's specialization in export crops such as sugar, bananas, cotton, cocoa, coconut and spices, food self-sufficiency has suffered and costs of imported foods have risen. Livestock products, and feeds for livestock, now account for 53% of the total food import bill. These imports include meat, and the full range of dairy products: liquid milk, butter and cheese. Grains and soya beans are also imported at considerable cost to feed the relatively modest livestock sector that does exist.

Only recently have we begun to realise that the Caribbean is quite capable of growing excellent pasture grasses and legumes and in addition has available a range of suitable animal feed from byproducts of our traditional export crops and their associated industries. Also, the Caribbean has long had its own breeds of cattle and sheep adapted to the region and with a proven track record as milk and meat producers: the Jamaica Hope and Jamaica Red cattle, the Barbados Blackbelly sheep and the Buffalypso, a beef strain of water buffalo developed in Trinidad.

Resource-poor farmers wisely avoid overdependence on any single farm enterprise and so initially livestock are required for more than one purpose: and in the case of cattle, for meat and milk. But it is milk production which may have the most interesting potential. Dairying is a challenge in that it requires high standards of management to breed and feed animals in order to achieve regular and sustained production of a sufficient quantity and quality of milk. Dairying also demands development of a collection, processing and distribution infrastructure if it is to go beyond the level- of localized self-sufficiency. But if these twin challenges (on and off the farm) are met, the benefits permeate other sectors of agricultural production, processing and distribution.

Experience in Western Europe and in North America showed that the development of milk production for urban centres provided the financial, technical and management catalyst to farming in general. The most immediate benefit of milk production is the regular income it provides virtually all-year-round. To produce milk of saleable quality, disciplines of regular milking and hygiene must be practiced. Records must be kept to itemize milk sold and to identify high-yielding animals that need supplementary feeding and whose female calves should be retained for breeding. To be productive, pastures need year-round management including timely grazing, cutting for conservation and fertilizing. Since milk should be produced throughout the year, cows must be mated so that calving and lactations are spread. The farmer who is introduced to these disciplines will surely also apply them to his or her other farm enterprises.

CARDI has identified three main problems that must be addressed if the Caribbean States are to achieve their potential in livestock production: the improvement of management of all classes of livestock, including control of parasites; the upgrading of livestock, particularly sheep and goats, by crossing with improved breeds; and the development of our pasture grasses, legumes and forage tree species to substitute for imported feedstuffs.

A new generation of young people is entering agriculture in the Caribbean. They are open to new ideas and will respond to farming systems that offer the stimulus of more technical inputs in place of the drudgery of past agricultural practices. Where governments have provided the right incentives by managing imports and encouraging infrastructure, the signs are that our farmers are interested in developing livestock, particularly dairying, as part of their farm production and that, as a result, the entire farm output will benefit.

The views expressed are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of CTA.


This study evaluates the hydrometric monitoring maintained within the Canadian pan-Arctic and is based on the hydrometric gauges closest to northern seas for 76 river systems throughout 1950–2008. Monitoring is quantified by compiling time series of total gauged area and discharge values from the available hydrometric records. We further evaluate the quality of hydrometric data by examining the availability of hydrometric records, the continuity of individual records, and the influence of water regulation on river systems. The maximum gauged area of the Canadian pan-Arctic was 64% in 1990 before it slowly decreased to 56% in 2008. Larger river systems typically had the most hydrometric data available, though each river system had an average of 46% of their records available. In 1998, a maximum of 22 river systems had more than 30 years of continuous records, which is the maximum attained throughout the study period. For future improvements in hydrometric monitoring, additional gauges on relatively small rivers will need to be deployed. We suggest new gauges should be implemented in the Eastern Hudson Bay, Ungava Bay and Labrador Sea basins in spite of the tremendous need for more in the Arctic Archipelago.


Recent literature has suggested that for many lakes and rivers, the respiratory breakdown of organic matter (R) exceeds production of organic matter by photosynthesis (gross primary production [GPP]) within the water body. This metabolic balance (GPP > R; "heterotrophy") implies that allochthonous organic matter supports a portion of the aquatic ecosystem's respiration. Evidence that many lakes are heterotrophic comes from diverse approaches, and debate remains over the circumstances in which heterotrophy exists. The methods used to estimate GPP and R and the limited extent of lake types studied, especially with respect to dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations, are two reasons for differing conclusions. We deployed O2 and CO2 sondes to measure diel gas dynamics in the surface waters of 25 lakes. From these data, we calculated GPP, R, and net ecosystem production (NEP = GPP − R). Over the broad range in TP and DOC among the lakes, diel CO2 and O2 changed on a near 1 : 1 molar ratio. Metabolism estimates from the two gases were comparable, except at high pH. Most lakes in our data set had negative NEP, but GPP and R appeared to be controlled by different factors. TP correlated strongly with GPP, whereas DOC correlated with R. At low DOC concentrations, GPP and R were nearly equal, but, at higher DOC, GPP and R uncoupled and lakes had negative NEP. Strong correlations between lake metabolism and landscape related variables suggest that allochthonous carbon influences lake metabolism.


The Meteosat geostationary satellites carry a filtered radiometer channel centered at 6.2 μm for the measurement of upper tropospheric humidity. The operational calibration is derived from radiative transfer calculations applied to radiosonde measurements; large fluctuations in the calibration have been noticed. Here, we apply another method based on collocations with NOAA/High-Resolution Infrared Radiometer Sounder (HIRS) channel 12. Radiative transfer calculations show that Meteosat measurements can be accurately predicted from HIRS channel 12 brightness temperatures. In addition, the HIRS instrument has onboard calibration of the complete optics, which makes it suitable as a reference for the calibration of other spaceborne radiometers. Application of the method to 3 years of Meteosat-5 data shows calibration fluctuations significantly smaller than those provided by the operational method. This result indicates that the short-term stability of the instrument calibration is much better than 5%, the variability given by the operational calibration. The proposed calibration coefficient is smaller by about 10–15%, which results in equivalent brightness temperatures biased by about 3–4 K and 35–50% relative error on the upper tropospheric humidity. Hypotheses of the causes for such large differences between the two calibration procedure results are proposed.


This informative volume presents the first comprehensive review of research and theory on dual-process models of social information processing. These models distinguish between qualitatively different modes of information processing in making decisions and solving problems (e.g., associative versus rule-based, controlled versus uncontrolled, and affective versus cognitive modes). Leading contributors review the basic assumptions of these approaches and review the ways they have been applied and tested in such areas as attitudes, stereotyping, person perception, memory, and judgment. Also examined are the relationships between different sets of processing modes, the factors that determine their utilization, and how they work in combination to affect responses to social information.


In the multiple-plane phase retrieval technique, adjacent intensity patterns are sequentially processed to recover the phase of a test object wave. For smooth objects and stemming from the small change in amplitude between the adjacent planes, the reconstruction may tend to converge slowly or stagnate. A novel algorithm using a reference passage plane which effectively increases the propagation distances, thereby, increasing the change in amplitude is proposed. The technique improves the reconstructions as demonstrated through simulations and experiments.


Integrate physical sciences, engineering, and biomedicine For decades, scientists have called for more collaboration between the life and physical sciences, and in the past 5 years, we have been among those calling for a new national research strategy—one we call "convergence"—that would integrate engineering, physical, computational, and mathematical sciences with biomedical science (1). Thanks to the accelerating pace of biological discovery, the expanding power of computation, and a new focus in engineering on biocompatible materials and nanotechnology, the potential of such a strategy for advances in health care is greater than ever (see the photo). Technologies emerging from such efforts have potential implications far beyond health care: creating jobs; speeding products to market; and improving everything from agriculture and the environment to defense, the economy, and energy production. It all adds up to a moment of unprecedented opportunity, if we choose to invest in it meaningfully. But so far we have not. We detail below, and in greater depth in a new report with colleagues from across the country (2), the stakes in the convergence revolution and what we should do to capitalize on it.


We propose a highly efficient approach to generating multihelix beams that contain more than one helical mode, and the power distribution over helical modes is adjustable. A multihelix beam embedded with three collinear helical modes is demonstrated by use of a spatial light modulator.


Objective Imaging necrosis on MRI scans was assessed and compared to outcome measures of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer 26101 phase III trial that compared single-agent lomustine with lomustine plus bevacizumab in patients with progressive glioblastoma. Methods MRI in this post hoc analysis was available for 359 patients (lomustine = 127, lomustine + bevacizumab = 232). First, imaging necrosis at baseline being formally measurable (>10 × 10 mm, given 2 slices) was assessed. At weeks 6 and 12 of treatment, it was analyzed whether this necrosis remained stable or increased >25% calculated by 2 perpendicular diameters or whether necrosis developed de novo. Univariate and multivariate associations of baseline necrosis with overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were tested by log-rank test. Hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence interval were calculated by Cox model. Results Imaging necrosis at baseline was detected in 191 patients (53.2%) and was associated with worse OS and PFS in univariate, but not in multivariate analysis. Baseline necrosis was predictive for OS in the lomustine-only group (HR 1.46, p = 0.018). At weeks 6 and 12 of treatment, increase of baseline necrosis and de novo necrosis were strongly associated with worse OS and PFS in univariate and multivariate analysis (PFS both p < 0.001, OS univariate p < 0.001, multivariate p = 0.0046). Conclusion Increase of and new development of imaging necrosis during treatment is a negative prognostic factor for patients with progressive glioblastoma. These data call for consideration of integrating the assessment of imaging necrosis as a separate item into the MRI response assessment criteria.


Recent advances in technology have brought major breakthroughs in data collection, enabling a large amount of data to be gathered over time and thus generating time series. Mining this data has become an important task for researchers and practitioners in the past few years, including the detection of outliers or anomalies that may represent errors or events of interest. This review aims to provide a structured and comprehensive state-of-the-art on unsupervised outlier detection techniques in the context of time series. To this end, a taxonomy is presented based on the main aspects that characterize an outlier detection technique.


Strong gravitational lenses are a rare and instructive type of astronomical object. Identification has long relied on serendipity, but different strategies—such as mixed spectroscopy of multiple galaxies along the line of sight, machine-learning algorithms, and citizen science—have been employed to identify these objects as new imaging surveys become available. We report on the comparison between spectroscopic, machine-learning, and citizen-science identification of galaxy–galaxy lens candidates from independently constructed lens catalogs in the common survey area of the equatorial fields of the Galaxy and Mass Assembly survey. In these, we have the opportunity to compare high completeness spectroscopic identifications against high-fidelity imaging from the Kilo Degree Survey used for both machine-learning and citizen-science lens searches. We find that the three methods—spectroscopy, machine learning, and citizen science—identify 47, 47, and 13 candidates, respectively, in the 180 square degrees surveyed. These identifications barely overlap, with only two identified by both citizen science and machine learning. We have traced this discrepancy to inherent differences in the selection functions of each of the three methods, either within their parent samples (i.e., citizen science focuses on low redshift) or inherent to the method (i.e., machine learning is limited by its training sample and prefers well-separated features, while spectroscopy requires sufficient flux from lensed features to lie within the fiber). These differences manifest as separate samples in estimated Einstein radius, lens stellar mass, and lens redshift. The combined sample implies a lens candidate sky density of ∼0.59 deg−2 and can inform the construction of a training set spanning a wider mass–redshift space. A combined approach and refinement of automated searches would result in a more complete sample of galaxy–galaxy lens candidates for future surveys.


Conventional models are failing throughout the world. In the developed world, the welfare state-compensation model has been in retrenchment for some time, and the drawbacks of the neoliberal conception that has superseded it are increasingly evident. Yet there is no compelling alternative on offer. In the developing world, the conventional, tried-and-tested model of industrialization has run out of steam. In both sets of societies a combination of technological and economic forces (in particular, globalization) is creating or exacerbating productive/technological dualism, with a segment of advanced production in metropolitan areas that thrives on the uncertainty generated by the knowledge economy co-existing with a mass of relatively less productive activities and communities that neither contributes to nor benefits from innovation. The sizes of these two sectors and the trajectories leading into them may vary, but otherwise the nature of the underlying problem seems to have converged in the developed and developing worlds.


Abstract. Several hydrological analyses need to be founded on a reliable estimate of the design storm, which is the expected rainfall depth corresponding to a given duration and probability of occurrence, usually expressed in terms of return period. The annual series of precipitation maxima for storm duration ranging from 15 min to 1 day, observed at a dense network of raingauges sited in northern central Italy, are analyzed using an approach based on L-moments. The analysis investigates the statistical properties of rainfall extremes and detects significant relationships between these properties and the mean annual precipitation (MAP). On the basis of these relationships, we developed a regional model for estimating the rainfall depth for a given storm duration and recurrence interval in any location of the study region. The applicability of the regional model was assessed through Monte Carlo simulations. The uncertainty of the model for ungauged sites was quantified through an extensive cross-validation.


'Making Ghosts from Empty Landscapes' grapples with the issues of connecting traditional instrumental practices from China and Ireland within the framework of contemporary music composition featuring electroacoustic elements. The project might be best summarised as attempting to create a distributed 'meta-instrument' as a unifying structure which is loosely based on the structure and common role of the Irish uilleann pipes. This instrument is frequently used in the performance of Irish traditional music in roles which combine the relatively constant accompanying backdrop its instrumental drones with foregrounded melodic materials which frequently highlight a gestural imperative and gravitational axis through the effort required to sustain accurately-tuned notes in higher registers and the common idiomatic imperative of the addition of melodic ornamentation with rapid grace notes. In addition, in terms of its cultural resonance, its recognisable status as a signature Irish traditional instrument clearly colours any ensemble in which it is deployed, making its integration within a new performance style or genre a particular challenge. This structural/textural idea is related to one piece which, in my opinion, successfully engages with these challenges-- Roger Doyle's 'Under the Green Time' (1995-- which utilises a similar structural model based on the instrument's combination of relatively static drones and foregrounded melodic gestures. However, Doyle's piece focusses on a different aspect of the pipes, creating a 'cyborgian' meta-instrument through rhythmic and gestural potential as the drones are replaced by the motoric gestures of a pitched-down electric typewriter mechanism, providing a rhythmic framework for edited melodic gestures which explore the 'off-grid' potential of the pipes as intended melodic ornaments are combined with the unintended by-products of the instrument's chanter, from brief squeaks to extended squawks. Whilst this piece occasionally engages in exploiting the creative possibilities of such by-products of sound production and performance gesture, it explores variation of tuning and texture, through the instrument itself, and through spectral editing (using the SPEAR software) for the introduction of microtonal glissandi and cross-fading of various materials derived from the instrument's drones to reinforce its textural structures. REFERENCES: Bregman, A. 1990. Auditory Scene Analysis. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.Doyle, R. 1995. Under the Green Time. On Audio CD: Contemporary Music from Ireland, Volume 2. Dublin: Contemporary Music Centre (CMC CD002.)


Evolving spiking neural networks (eSNN) are computational models that evolve new spiking neurons and new connections from incoming data to learn patterns from them in an on-line mode. With the development of new techniques to capture spatio- and spectro-temporal data in a fast on-line mode, using for example address event representation (AER) such as the implemented one in the artificial retina and the artificial cochlea chips, and with the available SNN hardware technologies, new and more efficient methods for spatio-temporal pattern recognition (STPR) are needed. The paper introduces a new eSNN model dynamic eSNN (deSNN), that utilises both rank-order spike coding (ROSC), also known as time to first spike, and temporal spike coding (TSC). Each of these representations are implemented through different learning mechanisms - RO learning, and temporal spike learning - spike driven synaptic plasticity (SDSP) rule. The deSNN model is demonstrated on a small scale moving object classification problem when AER data is collected with the use of an artificial retina camera. The new model is superior in terms of learning time and accuracy for learning. It makes use of the order of spikes input information which is explicitly present in the AER data, while a temporal spike learning rule accounts for any consecutive spikes arriving on the same synapse that represent temporal components in the learned spatio-temporal pattern.


Livestock losses caused by wild carnivores foster negative attitudes and promote retaliatory killings, threatening the future of carnivore populations. Measures to bring about coexistence between humans and carnivores are of great importance to carnivore conservation. The study questionnaire survey involved 180 respondents from Eastern Serengeti tribes (Maasai and Sonjo), all of which owned livestock. Reported livestock depredation in 2016 by the Maasai tribe (pastoralists) was higher than that by the Sonjo tribe (agropastoralists) because the Maasai own many livestock and live closer to the Serengeti National Park boundary. Most livestock depredation occurred during the day when livestock were out feeding and during the dry season. Spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) were the most commonly reported carnivore responsible for livestock depredation. Livestock depredation caused by lions (Panthera leo) and cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) was only reported by the Maasai tribe. Leopards (Panthera pardus), jackals (Canis spp.), and African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) were responsible for more livestock depredation of the Maasai livestock. A similar study was performed six years earlier, in 2010. Therefore, this study brings insight to the temporal changes of livestock depredation patterns and changes of carnivorous species causing livestock depredation in the Eastern Serengeti ecosystem. The Maasai and Sonjo are the main tribes living in the Eastern Serengeti ecosystem. The Maasai preferably use knives and/or spears, whereas the Sonjo use bows and poisoned arrows to protect their livestock against depredation by wild carnivores, and both tribes prefer the use of multiple techniques to increase the efficiency of livestock protection.

 Key words: Boma, herding, Maasai, preferences, Sonjo, tribe, weapons.


Alkoxy side-chain-flanked diarylsulfonamide serves as a reliable structural motif for constructing macrocyclic aromatic tetrasulfonamides. This 90 degrees structural motif is persistent both in solution and in the solid state, which allows the one-step formation of tetrasulfonamide macrocycles. These macrocycles adopt a cone-shaped conformation in solution and in the solid state. For each molecule, an interior cavity surrounded by the aromatic residues is formed. The cavity sizes of the macrocycles can be tuned by incorporating aromatic residues of proper sizes. Guest (solvent) molecules are found in the cavities and bound by side chains. In solution, 1H NMR shows that the cone conformations undergo rapid interconversion at room temperature. The alkoxy side chains are found to be indispensable for maintaining the cone conformation. In addition, these porous molecules self-assemble into hollow tubular structures in the solid state. A variety of host molecules and building blocks for constructing nanoporous solid-state structures can be expected from these molecules.


A model for simulating clusters of standing column wells (SCWs) for use in geothermal heating and cooling systems is described in this paper. The model is three-dimensional, dynamic and solves the governing equations using a finite volume discretisation scheme with a fully implicit algorithm. The slower-acting field equations are solved using a wider time interval than that used for the faster-acting well equations and the two sets of equations are coupled through the field equation source terms. A groundwater bleed feature is incorporated. The model is applied to two evaluative test cases the first of which involves heating only and the second, heating and cooling. Results of the applications suggest that SCWs can deliver substantially higher rates of heat transfer than conventional closed loop borehole heat exchanger arrays especially when groundwater bleed is operational. An important practical consequence of this is that far less geotechnical drilling is needed when using SCWs than is the case with closed loop arrays.


This paper describes an algorithm for distributed acoustic navigation for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs). Whereas typical AUV navigation systems utilize pre-calibrated arrays of static transponders, our work seeks to create a fully mobile network of AUVs that perform acoustic ranging and data exchange with one another to achieve cooperative positioning for extended duration missions over large areas. The algorithm enumerates possible solutions for the AUV trajectory based on dead-reckoning and range-only measurements provided by acoustic modems that are mounted on each vehicle, and chooses the trajectory via minimization of a cost function based on these constraints. The resulting algorithm is computationally efficient, meets the strict bandwidth requirements of available AUV modems, and has potential to scale well to networks of large numbers of vehicles. The method has undergone extensive experimentation, and results from three different scenarios are reported in this paper, each of which utilizes MIT SCOUT Autonomous Surface Craft (ASC) as convenient platforms for testing. In the first experiment, we utilize three ASCs, each equipped with a Woods Hole acoustic modem, as surrogates for AUVs. In this scenario, two ASCs serve as Communication/Navigation Aids (CNAs) for a third ASC that computes its position based exclusively on GPS positions of the CNAs and acoustic range measurements between platforms. In the second scenario, an undersea glider is used in conjunction with two ASCs serving as CNAs. Finally, in the third experiment, a Bluefin12 AUV serves as the target vehicle. All three experiments demonstrate the successful operation of the technique with real ocean data.


In recent years several tools based on statistical methods and machine learning have been incorporated in security related tasks involving classification, such as intrusion detection systems (IDSs), fraud detection, spam filters, biometrics and multimedia forensics. Measuring the security performance of these classifiers is an essential part for facilitating decision making, determining the viability of the product, or for comparing multiple classifiers. There are however relevant considerations for security related problems that are sometimes ignored by traditional evaluation schemes. In this paper we identify two pervasive problems in securityrelated applications. The first problem is the usually large class imbalance between normal events and attack events. This problem has been addressed by evaluating classifiers based on cost-sensitive metrics and with the introduction of Bayesian Receiver Operating Characteristic (B-ROC) curves. The second problem to consider is the fact that the classifier or learning rule will be deployed in an adversarial environment. This implies that good performance on average might not be a good performance measure, but rather we look for good performance under the worst type of adversarial attacks. In order to address this notion more precisely we provide a framework to model an adversary and define security notions based on evaluation metrics.


[1] Total ozone trends are typically studied using linear regression models that assume a first-order autoregression of the residuals [so-called AR(1) models]. We consider total ozone time series over 60°S–60°N from 1979 to 2005 and show that most latitude bands exhibit long-range correlated (LRC) behavior, meaning that ozone autocorrelation functions decay by a power law rather than exponentially as in AR(1). At such latitudes the uncertainties of total ozone trends are greater than those obtained from AR(1) models and the expected time required to detect ozone recovery correspondingly longer. We find no evidence of LRC behavior in southern middle-and high-subpolar latitudes (45°–60°S), where the long-term ozone decline attributable to anthropogenic chlorine is the greatest. We thus confirm an earlier prediction based on an AR(1) analysis that this region (especially the highest latitudes, and especially the South Atlantic) is the optimal location for the detection of ozone recovery, with a statistically significant ozone increase attributable to chlorine likely to be detectable by the end of the next decade. In northern middle and high latitudes, on the other hand, there is clear evidence of LRC behavior. This increases the uncertainties on the long-term trend attributable to anthropogenic chlorine by about a factor of 1.5 and lengthens the expected time to detect ozone recovery by a similar amount (from ∼2030 to ∼2045). If the long-term changes in ozone are instead fit by a piecewise-linear trend rather than by stratospheric chlorine loading, then the strong decrease of northern middle- and high-latitude ozone during the first half of the 1990s and its subsequent increase in the second half of the 1990s projects more strongly on the trend and makes a smaller contribution to the noise. This both increases the trend and weakens the LRC behavior at these latitudes, to the extent that ozone recovery (according to this model, and in the sense of a statistically significant ozone increase) is already on the verge of being detected. The implications of this rather controversial interpretation are discussed.


Abstract. Interannual variations in AIRS and MOPITT retrieved CO burdens are validated, corrected, and compared with CO emissions from wild fires from the Global Fire Emission Dataset (GFED2) inventory. Validation of daily mean CO total column (TC) retrievals from MOPITT version 3 and AIRS version 5 is performed through comparisons with archived TC data from the Network for Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) ground-based Fourier Transform Spectrometers (FTS) between March 2000 and December 2007. MOPITT V3 retrievals exhibit an increasing temporal bias with a rate of 1.4–1.8% per year; thus far, AIRS retrievals appear to be more stable. For the lowest CO values in the Southern Hemisphere (SH), AIRS TC retrievals overestimate FTS TC by 20%. MOPITT's bias and standard deviation do not depend on CO TC absolute values. Empirical corrections are derived for AIRS and MOPITT retrievals based on the observed annually averaged bias versus the FTS TC. Recently published MOPITT V4 is found to be in a good agreement with MOPITT V3 corrected by us (with exception of 2000–2001 period). With these corrections, CO burdens from AIRS V5 and MOPITT V3 (as well as MOPITT V4) come into good agreement in the mid-latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere (NH) and in the tropical belt. In the SH, agreement between AIRS and MOPITT CO burdens is better for the larger CO TC in austral winter and worse in austral summer when CO TC are smaller. Before July 2008, all variations in retrieved CO burden can be explained by changes in fire emissions. After July 2008, global and tropical CO burdens decreased until October before recovering by the beginning of 2009. The NH CO burden also decreased but reached a minimum in January 2009 before starting to recover. The decrease in tropical CO burdens is explained by lower than usual fire emissions in South America and Indonesia. This decrease in tropical emissions also accounts for most of the change in the global CO burden. However, no such diminution of NH biomass burning is indicated by GFED2. Thus, the CO burden decrease in the NH could result from a combination of lower fossil fuel emissions during the global economic recession and transport of CO-poor air from the tropics. More extensive modeling will be required to fully resolve this issue.


ABSTRACT The concatenation effect hypothesis predicts that indirect translations (translations of translations) tend towards a so-called imperialist stand, where they omit elements of the text that are identifiable with the source culture, and also describe themselves as something other than translations. The aim of this article is to ask whether the hypothesis stands in situations where indirect translators who, as well as having access to the translation that they are using as their main source, also have access to additional translations of the same text in the same language. It focuses on the chains of translations of the Thousand and One Nights that led from Arabic to French, from French to English, and from English to both Scottish Gaelic and Japanese. The article demonstrates that if successive translators all adopt a defensive stand, where they omit or elide identifiably foreign elements, but still overtly describe themselves as translations, the final effect will not necessarily be imperialist. However, the translations' stands are likely to become increasingly defensive. This finding demonstrates that the four stands currently used to categorise the concatenation effect give no mechanism to describe these highly variable phenomena, and should be reworked as fuzzy sets.


Hydrops fetalis. M. J. Becker. Department of Morbid Anatomy, Wilhelmina Gasthuis, Amsterdam. Hydrops fetalis is characterized by an abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in the tissues and body cavities, and infants who show this condition are usually either stillborn or die soon after birth. Hydrops fetalis is not a symptom of a specific disorder, but can be caused by various diseases. In a series of 9 necropsies on hydropic infants various conditions were diagnosed as underlying the hydrops fetalis. Blood group incompatibility occurred in only 2 cases. Hydrops fetalis in the remaining 7 cases was due to syphilis, viral infection, cystic lung disease, premature closure of the ductus arteriosus with hypoplasia of the lungs, aneurysm of the umbilical artery, angiomyxoma of the umbilical cord, and a chorangioma of the placenta. Although bloodgroup incompatibility is the most frequent cause of hydrops fetalis, it does not account for the majority of cases.


Abstract. Numerical studies of small-scale forced, two-dimensional turbulent flows on the surface of a rotating sphere have revealed strong large-scale anisotropization that culminates in the emergence of quasi-steady sets of alternating zonal jets, or zonation. The kinetic energy spectrum of such flows also becomes strongly anisotropic. For the zonal modes, a steep spectral distribution, E(n)=CZ (Ω/R)2 n-5, is established, where CZ=O(1) is a non-dimensional coefficient, Ω is the angular velocity, and R is the radius of the sphere, respectively. For other, non-zonal modes, the classical, Kolmogorov-Batchelor-Kraichnan, spectral law is preserved. This flow regime, referred to as a zonostrophic regime, appears to have wide applicability to large-scale planetary and terrestrial circulations as long as those are characterized by strong rotation, vertically stable stratification and small Burger numbers. The well-known manifestations of this regime are the banded disks of the outer planets of our Solar System. Relatively less known examples are systems of narrow, subsurface, alternating zonal jets throughout all major oceans discovered in state-of-the-art, eddy-permitting simulations of the general oceanic circulation. Furthermore, laboratory experiments recently conducted using the Coriolis turntable have basically confirmed that the lateral gradient of ''planetary vorticity'' (emulated via the topographic β-effect) is the primary cause of the zonation and that the latter is entwined with the development of the strongly anisotropic kinetic energy spectrum that tends to attain the same zonal and non-zonal distributions, −5 and , respectively, in both the slope and the magnitude, as the corresponding spectra in other environmental conditions. The non-dimensional coefficient CZ in the −5 spectral law appears to be invariant, , in a variety of simulated and natural flows. This paper provides a brief review of the zonostrophic regime. The review includes the discussion of the physical nature, basic mechanisms, scaling laws and universality of this regime. A parameter range conducive to its establishment is identified, and collation of laboratory and naturally occurring flows is presented through which the zonostrophic regime manifests itself in the real world.


Bacteria in biofilm and planktonic bacteria exhibit different properties. The objective of the present study was to compare the growth rates of Streptococcus sobrinus and Streptococcus mutans on different types of biofilm with their planktonic growth rate. Our experimental model consisted of hydroxyapatite beads coated with human saliva (sHA). Glucans or fructans were synthesized in situ on sHA by immobilized cell‐free glucosyltransferase or fructosyltransferase isolated from oral bacteria. S. sobrinus or S. mutans was then adsorbed onto the glucan‐ or fructan‐coated sHA and incubated for different time intervals. The depth of the developing biofilm was measured. Our results show that growth rates of S. sobrinus and S. mutans on both fructan‐ and glucan‐coated sHA were similar during a 23 h period. In addition, the profile was similar to the growth profile of the same planktonic bacteria. The resemblance in growth rates between planktonic and biofilm bacteria may be attributed to the thin and non‐dense biofilm formed in the initial stages of the biofilm formation. The thin biofilm coat, reaching a maximal depth of 11 μm, has only imposed limited diffusion restrictions, thus not affecting the growth of the bacteria in the biofilm. Our study shows that growth of bacteria on surfaces may resemble their growth in suspension if the bacteria are not embedded in a thick dense biofilm.


I would like to discuss the efforts that the United States has made to develop an effective system of international law enforcement, and the difficulties which it has encountered in that process. I will begin with a brief description of the tools which are available and can be employed in international criminal procedure. I will then discuss how these tools have been applied to different types of criminal activity. As I will explain, they have proved highly successful in the areas of narcotics trafficking, organized crime, and money laundering, but have encountered significant problems in the area of terrorism. These problems and the frustrations they have generated have prompted the United States to attempt methods of self-help, such as seizures and military operations to apprehend terrorists abroad. I will conclude with some observations on the wisdom of such remedies and the prospects for improved cooperation.


We report the growth and magnetic properties of all-manganite superlattices composed of ultrathin double-exchange ferromagnetic La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 and noncollinear multiferroic TbMnO3 layers. Spontaneous magnetization and hysteresis loops are observed in such superlattices with individual La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 layers as thin as two unit cells, which are accompanied by pronounced exchange bias and enhanced coercivity. Our results indicate substantial interfacial magnetic coupling between spin sublattices in such superlattices, providing a powerful approach towards tailoring the properties of artificial magnetic heterostructures.


In bridge timbers, wood decay is usually found where water has accessed the end-grain surfaces. In preservative-treated members, end-grain surfaces are most likely to be those resulting from on-site framing cuts or borings. Because these at-risk surfaces are easy to see, it seems feasible to establish a program where diffusible preservatives are repetitively inserted into those critical areas spatially distributed in a grid and on a schedule that will ensure protection, thereby extending the life of the entire structure. The objective of this study was to determine the vertical and lateral distribution and the post-treatment behavior of injected and inserted borate preservatives in wood exposed to natural wetting in field exposure. During this 1and 2-year exposure, rain wetting elevated the moisture content of the wood enough to support growth of decay fungi in wood not protected by borates. Point source treatments consisted of either borate solutions or fused borate rods that were injected or inserted, respectively, into predrilled holes. The longitudinal movement of borates applied as either glycol or aqueous solutions was generally greater than that occurring with treatment of borate rods only. Lateral distribution of borates was similar among treatments. In Southern Pine, differences in both vertical and longitudinal movement of borate from the insertion holes were associated with the type of closure used. Results indicate that borates can be included in a maintenance program consisting of time-sequenced treatment of critical regions of wood bridges that are at risk for internal decay. Grids for placement of point sources of diffusible borates in engineered wood structures could be developed on a wood-species-specific basis. Such treatments would complement the exterior shell of protection provided by the original pressure treatment and enhance long-term durability.


A comprehensive introduction to M2M Standards and systems architecture, from concept to implementationFocusing on the latest technological developments, M2M Communications: A Systems Approach is an advanced introduction to this important and rapidly evolving topic. It provides a systems perspective on machine-to-machine services and the major telecommunications relevant technologies. It provides a focus on the latest standards currently in progress by ETSI and 3GPP, the leading standards entities in telecommunication networks and solutions. The structure of the book is inspired by ongoing standards developments and uses a systems-based approach for describing the problems which may be encountered when considering M2M, as well as offering proposed solutions from the latest developments in industry and standardization.The authors provide comprehensive technical information on M2M architecture, protocols and applications, especially examining M2M service architecture, access and core network optimizations, and M2M area networks technologies. It also considers dominant M2M application domains such as Smart Metering, Smart Grid, and eHealth. Aimed as an advanced introduction to this complex technical field, the book will provide an essential end-to-end overview of M2M for professionals working in the industry and advanced students.Key features:First technical book emerging from a standards perspective to respond to this highly specific technology/business segmentCovers the main challenges facing the M2M industry today, and proposes early roll-out scenarios and potential optimization solutionsExamines the system level architecture and clearly defines the methodology and interfaces to be consideredIncludes important information presented in a logical manner essential for any engineer or business manager involved in the field of M2M and Internet of ThingsProvides a cross-over between vertical and horizontal M2M concepts and a possible evolution path between the twoWritten by experts involved at the cutting edge of M2M developments


Concerns about non-completion and the quality of the first year student
experience have been linked to recent changes in higher education such as
modularisation, increased class sizes, greater diversity in the student intake
and reduced resources. Improving formative assessment and feedback
processes is seen as one way of addressing academic failure and of
enhancing the learning experience and students' chances of success in the
early years of study. This paper argues that if this is to happen a broader
perspective on the purposes of formative assessment and feedback is
required, one that links these processes to the development of learner selfregulation.
It then shows, through two case studies, drawn from the Reengineering
Assessment Practices (REAP) project, how ICT might support
formative assessment processes and the development of self-regulation in
large first year classes. Finally, the paper presents a set of principles for the
effective design and evaluation of formative assessment and feedback
processes in relation to learner self-regulation.


Abstract. Aerosol water extracts and atmospheric humic-like substances (HULIS) obtained from PM2.5-fraction aerosol samples collected in a rural/continental background environment and in an urban environment in spring and summer, and at a tropical site that was heavily impacted by biomass burning were studied. HULIS was obtained as the water-soluble, methanol-elutable material isolated from a solid-phase extraction procedure. The mean organic matter-to-organic carbon mass conversion factor and the standard deviation of 2.04±0.06 were derived for HULIS from biomass burning. Mean atmospheric concentrations of HULIS for the rural and urban environments and for the biomass burning during daylight periods and nights, were 1.65, 2.2, 43, and 60 μg m−3, respectively. This and other abundances indicate that intense emission sources and/or formation mechanisms of HULIS operate in biomass burning. Mean contributions of C in HULIS (HULIS-C) to water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) were 35, 48, 63, and 76%, respectively, for the sample set listed. HULIS-C is the major component of the WSOC in tropical biomass burning. The data also suggest that HULIS most likely do not share common origin in the three environments studied. Differentiation among the possible formation processes was attempted by investigating the optical activity of HULIS through their (electronic and vibrational) circular dichroism properties. The urban HULIS did not show optical activity, which is in line with the concept of their major airborne formation from anthropogenic aromatics. The rural HULIS revealed weak optical activity, which may be associated with one of their important formation pathways by photo-oxidation and oligomerisation, i.e., with the formation from chiral biogenic precursors with one of the enantiomers slightly enriched. The The biomass burning of HULIS exhibited a strong effect in the vibrational circular dichroism as a clear distinction from the other two types. This was related to the contribution of the thermal degradation products of lignins and cellulose. The biomass burning of HULIS resemble Suwannee River Fulvic Acid standard more closely in some aspects than the urban and rural types of HULIS, which may be related to their common origin from plant material.


We relocate earthquakes that occurred near the 1988 (ML = 4.7) and the 1990 (ML = 5.5) Upland, California, earthquakes to map the fault geometry of the poorly defined San Jose fault and to test the static stress triggering hypothesis for this sequence. We adopt the L1 norm, waveform cross-correlation method of Shearer [1997] to obtain precise relocations for 1573 events between 1981 and 1997 in the Upland area. To limit computation time, we only perform waveform cross correlation on 60 of the nearest neighbors of each relocated event. Our final relocations show two linear features. The first is imaged by the locations of the initial month of aftershocks of the 1988 Upland earthquake, which delineate a fault with a dip angle of ∼45° between 7 and 9 km depth, consistent with the mainshock focal mechanism. The second linear feature is a plane dipping at about 74° from 2 to 9 km depth, which is illuminated by both the 1988 and 1990 Upland sequences, in agreement with the inferred location of the San Jose fault at depth. However, below 9 km the event locations become more diffuse, giving rise to two different interpretations of the fate of the San Jose fault at depth. One possibility is that the fault shallows at depth, consistent with our relocations but not with the focal mechanism of a ML = 4.7 deep aftershock. Alternatively, the fault may be offset at depth by the more shallow dipping fault strand broken during the 1988 earthquake. Using these inferred fault geometries, we compute stress changes resulting from slip during the mainshocks to test whether the relocated aftershocks are consistent with the hypothesis that more aftershocks occur where the change in static Coulomb failure stress is positive (on faults optimally oriented for failure). This requires an extension of previous models of changes in the failure stress to three dimensions and arbitrary fault orientation. We find that patterns of change in Coulomb failure stress differ little between the different fault geometries: all are nearly symmetric about the fault and so do not match the aftershock distribution, in which most of the off-fault events occur to one side of the fault plane.


Mysterious dinosaur a swimmer? Dinosaurs are often appreciated for their size and oddity. In this regard, the North African carnivorous theropod Spinosaurus, with its huge dorsal sail and a body larger than Tyrannosaurus rex, has long stood out. This species also stands out because of its history. The unfortunate loss of the type specimen during World War II left much of what we know about Spinosaurus to be divined through speculation and reconstruction. Ibrahim et al. now describe new fossils of this unusual species. They conclude it was, at least partly, aquatic, a first for dinosaurs. Science, this issue p. 1613 New fossils of the sail-finned predatory dinosaur Spinosaurus reveal that it lived in and near water. We describe adaptations for a semiaquatic lifestyle in the dinosaur Spinosaurus aegyptiacus. These adaptations include retraction of the fleshy nostrils to a position near the mid-region of the skull and an elongate neck and trunk that shift the center of body mass anterior to the knee joint. Unlike terrestrial theropods, the pelvic girdle is downsized, the hindlimbs are short, and all of the limb bones are solid without an open medullary cavity, for buoyancy control in water. The short, robust femur with hypertrophied flexor attachment and the low, flat-bottomed pedal claws are consistent with aquatic foot-propelled locomotion. Surface striations and bone microstructure suggest that the dorsal "sail" may have been enveloped in skin that functioned primarily for display on land and in water.


Real-time ridesharing systems such as UberPool, Lyft Line, GrabShare have become hugely popular as they reduce the costs for customers, improve per trip revenue for drivers and reduce traffic on the roads by grouping customers with similar itineraries. The key challenge in these systems is to group the right requests to travel in available vehicles in real-time, so that the objective (e.g., requests served, revenue or delay) is optimized. The most relevant existing work has focussed on generating as many relevant feasible (with respect to available delay for customers) combinations of requests (referred to as trips) as possible in real-time. Since the number of trips increases exponentially with the increase in vehicle capacity and number of requests, unfortunately, such an approach has to employ ad hoc heuristics to identify relevant trips. To that end, we propose an approach that generates many zone (abstraction of individual locations) paths – where each zone path can represent multiple trips (combinations of requests) – and assigns available vehicles to these zone paths to optimize the objective. The key advantage of our approach is that these zone paths are generated using a combination of of-fline and online methods, consequently allowing for the generation of many more relevant combinations in real-time than competing approaches. We demonstrate that our approach outperforms (with respect to both objective and runtime) the current best approach for ridesharing on both real world and synthetic datasets.


As the general purpose graphics processing units (GPGPU) are increasingly deployed for scientific computing for its raw performance advantages compared to CPUs, the fault tolerance issue has started to become more of a concern than before when they were exclusively used for graphics applications. The pairing of GPUs with CPUs to form a hybrid computing systems for better flexibility and performance creates a massive amounts of computations that have a higher possibility to be affected by transient error – a soft error that silently modifies data causing errors to pass unnoticed. This is despite the fact that the newest Fermi generation of GPUs from NVIDIA are equipped with error correcting units to protect their memories. This problem is particularly serious for applications that employ numerical linear algebra since large sections of data are often modified between steps, and therefore even a single error could eventually propagate into a large area of result. In order to give protection to dense linear algebra computations on such hybrid systems, we developed an algorithm that is resilient to soft errors. We chose the right-looking Householder QR factorization as a demonstration of our algorithm for a hybrid system that features both GPUs and CPUs. Algorithm based fault tolerance (ABFT) is used to protect from errors in the trailing matrix and the right factor, while a checkpointing method is used to ensure the left factor is error-free. This work is based on a previous study of fault tolerance in matrix factorizations. Our contribution includes (1) a stable multiple-error checkpointing and recovery mechanism for the left-factor, which is also scalable in performance in the hybrid execution environment and does not cause severe performance degradation. (2) optimized Givens rotation utilities on the GPU to efficiently reduce an upper Hessenberg matrix to upper triangular form, and (3) a recovery algorithm based on QR update inside a hybrid system. Experimental results show that, our fault tolerant QR factorization can successfully detect and correct data altered by soft errors in both the left and right factors and we observe a decreasing percentage of overhead as the matrix size grows.


This Article evaluates the legacy of Israel's Supreme Court former Chief Justice Aharon Barak with respect to the Palestinians in the Occupied Territories. This Article challenges the perception (especially in the US, of both conservatives and progressives) that Barak was an activist, liberal, rights-vindicating judge who restrained the military and limited state power. I contextualize Barak's legacy as internal to a framework of domination and subordination within which he, as a former judge in the Israeli judicial system, operated. Barak as a leading judge and as a Chief Justice did not only work within this framework but also has justified it, refined it, and represented it as a "diplomat-judge." My emphasis will be less on what Barak has said and written, but rather on what he has done, the impact of his opinions on the victims he has left behind, and the alternative narratives he has so powerfully destroyed. The primary source of the distortion in discussing Barak's legacy rests on the emphasis on his "liberal" rhetoric while at the same time ignoring the illiberal outcomes of his Supreme Court opinions. As will become apparent in the course of this article, Barak's legacy is not liberal in any convincing way. The article will also highlight the totally ignored aspect of Barak's work as a "diplomat-judge": a judge who is the main representative of his state's policies abroad.


Gender and Power in Britain, 1640-1990 is an original and exciting history of Britain from the early modern period to the present, focusing on the interaction of gender and power in political, social, cultural, and economic life. Using a chronological framework, the book examines: * the roles, responsibilities, and identities of men and women * how power relationships were established within these various gender systems * how women and men reacted to the institutions, laws, customs, beliefs, and practices that constituted their various worlds * class, radical, and ethnic considerations * the role of the empire in the development of British institutions and identities * the Civil War * industrialization * Victorian morality * twentieth-century suffrage * the world wars * second-wave feminism. Students of both history and gender studies will find this incredibly useful in the pursuit of their degree.