While the vast majority of fatally afflicted persons have a powerful wish to remain alive, some stricken persons may, for any of a host of reasons, desire to hasten death. Some persons are afflicted with chronic degenerative diseases that take a grievous toll. Chronic pain may be severe and intractable, anxiety about a future treatment regimen may be distressing, and helplessness may erode personal dignity and soil the image that the afflicted person wants to leave behind. A dying patient's interest in hastening death is often said to be in tension with a bedrock social principle that respect for sanctity of life demands suppression of all intentional killing, including suicide (self-killing) and killing motivated by a desire to relieve suffering. Mercy killing has long been anathema in American law. Even though compassion for a dying person may tempt a health care provider or other observer to relieve suffering by any means possible (at least when the patient is requesting such relief), a ban on mercy killing is a symbolic reminder of the preciousness of human life and of the moral worth of every human. Letting die, but not intentional hastening of death, is said to be compatible with the sanctity of life. This article argues that this pat framework is simplistic and deceptive. Current medical ethics and the jurisprudence of death and dying authorize practices that intentionally hasten death. Lawful forms of hastening death include: a physician who, at a competent patient's behest, pulls the plug on a life-sustaining medical intervention while sharing the patient's wish to end a torturous dying process; a physician who cooperates with a gravely afflicted person's fatal decision to voluntary stop eating and drinking (VSED); a physician who administers deep sedation to a preservable but suffering patient while knowing that the patient has already declined artificial nutrition and hydration (ANH) and hence will soon die; and a physician who administers pain relief in a known lethal dosage (even with the primary intention to relieve intractable suffering). These ways of hastening death (with concomitant physician participation) are probably legal and probably in widespread use. Do these modes of hastening death make bans on physician-assisted suicide (PAS) and/or voluntary active euthanasia (VAE) anomalous? Do they obviate any strong need for legalization of PAS or VAE? Do they meet the common objective of providing competent, dying persons with a means of shaping a dying process to assure a modicum of dignity? The currently legal modes of hastening death often entail a period when the dying patient lingers in unconsciousness or semi-consciousness before expiring. A short period of insentience or unawareness as a prelude to death - usually lasting for no more than a few days - does not violate intrinsic human dignity. Therefore, publicizing the current availability of legal modes of hastening death and making them readily accessible might make the legal status quo morally tolerable. But then some dying persons will have to undergo an unwanted period of lingering helplessly (for days). And we will continue to live with the hypocritical pretense that physician-assisted death is lawful only in Oregon.


Interpersonal process recall (IPR) interviewing uses video-assisted recall to access conscious yet unspoken experiences in professional caregiving interactions. Although IPR has been employed across the helping professions, little has been written about effectively conducting IPR interviews. Drawing on their IPR-based counseling research on hope, the authors provide a framework for the use of IPR interview strategies and for addressing challenges unique to IPR. Specific issues include (a) preparing the research team and setting, (b) issues specific to IPR interviewing, including framing IPR questions, (c) working with heightened emotion, and (d) negotiating professional/researcher roles. Finally, they discuss participant experiences and potential applications of IPR.


Modern wildlife management has dual mandates to reduce human-wildlife conflict (HWC) for burgeoning populations of people while supporting conservation of biodiversity and the ecosystem functions it affords. These opposing goals can sometimes be achieved with non-lethal intervention tools that promote coexistence between people and wildlife. One such tool is conditioned taste aversion (CTA), the application of an evolutionary relevant learning paradigm in which an animal associates a transitory illness to the taste, odor or other characteristic of a particular food item, resulting in a long-term change in its perception of palatability. Despite extensive support for the power of CTA in laboratory studies, field studies have exhibited mixed results, which erodes manager confidence in using this tool. Here we review the literature on CTA in the context of wildlife conservation and management and discuss how success could be increased with more use of learning theory related to CTA, particularly selective association, stimulus salience, stimulus generalization, and extinction of behavior. We apply learning theory to the chronological stages of CTA application in the field and illustrate them by synthesizing and reviewing past applications of CTA in HWC situations. Specifically, we discuss (1) when CTA is suitable, (2) how aversion can be most effectively (and safely) established, (3) how generalization of aversion from treated to untreated food can be stimulated and (4) how extinction of aversion can be avoided. For each question, we offer specific implementation suggestions and methods for achieving them, which we summarize in a decision-support table that might be used by managers to guide their use of CTA across a range of contexts. Additionally, we highlight promising ideas that may further improve the effectiveness of CTA field applications in the future. With this review, we aspire to demonstrate the diverse past applications of CTA as a non-lethal tool in wildlife management and conservation and facilitate greater application and efficacy in the future.


This is a reflection on the relationship of lawyering and artificial intelligence. Its goal is a better understanding of the theoretical constraints of the latter. The first part is an assessment of one particular and crucially important aspect in the theory of machine thinking – determining if the program being run will reach a conclusion. This is known as the "Halting Problem." One question at the far reaches of AI capability is whether any physical machine presently conceivable could always, on its own, for every possible program, determine whether the program will ultimately generate an answer. The essence of the Halting Problem is that the answer to that specific question is "no." Hence, unless a human programs the machine to decide it short of a final answer being generated, the machine won't itself be able to decide whether it had thought enough and it was time to fish or cut bait. The second part is a philosophical reflection on what it means to decide something as opposed merely to think about it. Humans don't have a Halting Problem. Even if they think as logically and formally as a machine, they also act. The thesis is that humans seem always in the case of every problem to be able to stop thinking and start doing, even if they don't know whether the thinking is or will ever be complete. The third part is an assessment of what a law school of the future ought to look like, given this moderate view of the interaction between thinking machines and deciding humans.


Social justice is undeniably grounded in efforts at circumventing provisions that seek to uphold ostracism and exclusionary practices which have permeated South Africa and many other societies worldwide for extensive periods of time. Vast incongruities and/or inequalities between better resourced urban communities and neglected rural areas impinge on the provision of and access to education. This paper, grounded in a distributive paradigm that views social justice as a proper distribution of social benefits and burdens among members of society, traverses the positive and negative features of rural education related to social justice. It concedes that difference is an inherent, inevitable and indispensable feature of social existence and education, arguing that rural education needs to embrace difference, shape demands and model social benefits in accordance with the realities of a particular rural setting. This implies that social justice should be perceived as a humanising process – a response to human diversity in terms of ability, socio-economic circumstances, choice and rights.


We examine the evolution of environmental discourse in conference calls and whether and how this discourse affects firm valuation. We measure the amount of environmental discourse as the frequency count of environmentally-related topics in the transcripts of conference calls. We find that environmental discourse increased substantially from 2006 to 2020 and that discourse is incrementally informative – beyond environmental performance metrics and environmental disclosures – for firm valuation. Specifically, we find that greater environmental discourse in conference calls is associated with higher cost of capital and lower share price, which we interpret as suggesting that discussion of environmental topics increases uncertainty. We also find that the amount of discourse in the prepared remarks portion of conference calls dominates that in the Q&A portion as an explanatory factor for firm value. We complement our analysis by examining the value-relevance of general ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) discussion and show that more general ESG discourse is associated with lower cost of capital and higher share price, implying a more favorable valuation impact of general discussions of social and governance issues.


This research was conducted in Nusa Lembongan Island, Bali, with the aim to know the waste management model which using model of pond with plant media, in accordance with Government Regulation No. 82 Year 2001 on the management of water quality and air pollution control. In maintaining the environment (green tourism) since 2000, Bali has developed Tri Hita Karana Award and Accreditation Program (THK Awards Program) to hotels in Bali. Water recycling process is one of the conditions that must be possessed by hotel industry with environmental vision. The tourism industry in Bali has a positive impact on economic growth but is suspected as a polluter of the environment. Tourism industry activities cannot be separated from the need to water. Disposable waste discharges cannot cause contamination of the environment itself. Result of physical, chemical and biological quality parameter analysis either in situ (in location) or laboratory. Quantitatively, the manmade pond has potential to become an alternative water resource and needs some process. One method of pond treatment in Indonesia are constructed wetlands due to the diversity of vegetation, the simple construction, flexible, easy and inexpensive operation and maintenance and has aesthetic value. The pollutant reducing vegetation in the pond at this research is jasmine because it is easy to grow, doesn't need special maintenance, and from some studies it was proofed to be effective in reducing BOD and COD at average of 73%.


As part of an undergraduate first-year engineering course, a five-week module on leadership was offered in addition to two other modules focused on more traditional engineering topics, bioengineering and mechanical engineering. Students were able to choose two out of the three modules as part of their requirement for the course. The leadership module presented mechanisms for developing professional skills and also provided hands-on application of these skills through K-12 service learning at a local science museum. Because women tend to be drawn to engineering sectors that give back to society, we hypothesized that the confidence levels of women would reflect the benefit of the leadership module. To assess the impact of the module, we developed a survey based on the eleven ABET criteria and the National Academy of Engineering's (NAE) ten criteria. We also asked open-ended questions for student feedback on the course. The survey was administered to all students at the beginning (pre-course) and end (post-course) of the semester. Results from our preand postcourse surveys reveal that women in our leadership module increased their confidence in all of the amalgamated NAE-ABET engineering skills while women who did not participate in our module showed no significant increased confidence in these skills. Furthermore, we found women's confidence in the leadership module to have improved considerably compared to men in all modules. Finally, qualitative responses from women indicate overwhelming appreciation for the experience and skills gained from the leadership module, as well as an increase in confidence for women as engineers.


Prior studies have provided conflicting evidence regarding the contribution of key ligamentous structures to atlantoaxial (AA) joint stability. Many of these studies employed cadaveric techniques that are hampered by the inherent difficulties of testing isolated-injury scenarios. Analysis with validated finite element (FE) models can overcome some of these limitations. In a previous study, the authors completed an FE analysis of 5 subject-specific craniocervical junction (CCJ) models to investigate the biomechanics of the occipitoatlantal joint and identify the ligamentous structures essential for its stability. Here, the authors use these same CCJ FE models to investigate the biomechanics of the AA joint and to identify the ligamentous structures essential for its stability.Five validated CCJ FE models were used to simulate isolated- and combined ligamentous–injury scenarios of the transverse ligament (TL), tectorial membrane (TM), alar ligament (AL), occipitoatlantal capsular ligament, and AA capsular ligament (AACL). All models were tested with rotational moments (flexion-extension, axial rotation, and lateral bending) and anterior translational loads (C2 constrained with anterior load applied to the occiput) to simulate physiological loading and to assess changes in the atlantodental interval (ADI), a key radiographic indicator of instability.Isolated AACL injury significantly increased range of motion (ROM) under rotational moment at the AA joint for flexion, lateral bending, and axial rotation, which increased by means of 28.0% ± 10.2%, 43.2% ± 15.4%, and 159.1% ± 35.1%, respectively (p ≤ 0.05 for all). TL removal simulated under translational loads resulted in a significant increase in displacement at the AA joint by 89.3% ± 36.6% (p < 0.001), increasing the ADI from 2.7 mm to 4.5 mm. An AACL injury combined with an injury to any other ligament resulted in significant increases in ROM at the AA joint, except when combined with injuries to both the TM and the ALs. Similarly, injury to the TL combined with injury to any other CCJ ligament resulted in a significant increase in displacement at the AA joint (significantly increasing ADI) under translational loads.Using FE modeling techniques, the authors showed a significant reliance of isolated- and combined ligamentous–injury scenarios on the AACLs and TL to restrain motion at the AA joint. Isolated injuries to other structures alone, including the AL and TM, did not result in significant increases in either AA joint ROM or anterior displacement.


Previous efforts to prepare tetraazafulvalenes derived from imidazolium salt precursors have met with little success (one anomalously favourable example is known), and this is in line with the predicted reactivity of these compounds. However, we now report the preparation of a series of these tetraazafulvalenes formed either by deprotonation of 1,3-dialkylimidazolium salts or by Birch reduction of biimidazolium salts. The tetraazafulvalenes are highly reactive; for example, they act as Super-Electron-Donors towards iodoarenes. The two most reactive examples are formed more efficiently by Birch reduction than by the deprotonation route. Nevertheless, even in cases where the deprotonation approach affords a low stationary concentration, the mixture of precursor salt and base still produces the same powerful reductive chemistry that is the hallmark of tetraazafulvalene electron donors.


This is volume 3 of the set A Short History of the British Working Class Movement (1937). The volumes reprinted here provide a general narrative of the history of the working class movement in all its main aspects - Trade Unions, Socialism and Co-operatives. The historical focus is upon the latter part of the eighteenth century, set against a background of economic and social history.


The increases in human population and rising standard of living, large fraction of forestland has been converted to agricultural and urban uses, thus the importance of the world remaining forests together with the challenge to manage and sustain this critical resource continue to increase. Tropical rainforest which harbour the highest diversity of species of all ecosystem of the world also experience massive changes due to deforestation. Recent deforestation of primary stands of tropical forest, especially lowland forests, is unprecedented so that much of what remains of primary lowland forests is now fragmented in isolated patches. The impacts of such large-scale removal of tropical forests are apt to be considerable, ranging from loss of soil nutrients and increased sedimentation into rivers and streams, loss of biodiversity and impacts to climate on a worldwide scale. Deforestation increases soil loss and sedimentation considerably with cumulative downstream effects. Previous hydrological research has tended to focus on small upstream catchments, generating more knowledge about in situ effects of land use upon water yield, water quality and nutrient losses and sedimentation. Much less is known about the cumulative effects downstream to be meaningful for management purposes. While results from small catchments studies show rapid hydrological recovery following selective logging, this does not necessarily follow for larger catchments of say 100km2 or more where sedimentation tends to exacerbate as it moves downstream. Up-scaling of results from small experimental catchments is often risky owing to large spatial and temporal variations in the hydrological variables. Hence, monitoring of hydrological variables over large catchments is necessary to fully capture the cumulative effects of land use activities in the upstream. This paper examines integrated Remote Sensing for assessment of forest water yield as an indicator of impact assessments of landscape development in large scale tropical rainforest catchments in Malaysia. This technique offers sound alternative approach for future management of water resources in Malaysia.


In ongoing efforts to understand the "exceptionalism" of the American labor movement, historians have proposed a reason why American unions never fully embraced the independent and social democratic politics of their European counterparts: a hostile legal system, they argue, fostered a deep distrust of state intervention among early labor leaders. Thomas Clark joins revisionists in questioning this "apolitical" and "antistatist" characterization of the early labor movement, but from a new perspective. By focusing on law and labor activity at the state level rather than the national level and using California as his case study, Clark shows how legal hostility pushed labor into politics on a local level with greater urgency and failed to compel labor to oppose state intervention more generally. Focusing on California provides Clark a unique opportunity to investigate the law's impact in two different settings - "closed shop" San Francisco and "open shop" Los Angeles - within the parameters of a single state legal system. Clark describes how local court and police hostility pushed labor into periodic experiments with third-party politics, and, as in San Francisco, sometimes helped labor achieve some measure of control over the police. Since employers could still turn to state courts for injunctions, unions began an anti-injunction campaign through interest-group lobbying and building coalitions with Progressive reformers. As it sought to limit state intervention in labor disputes, the movement still pursued an array of state-sponsored reforms. Such approaches to law and politics, argues Clark, forecast the labor-liberal alliance that would become the hallmark of the New Deal coalition.


The Kegan Paul imprint was created and its reputation for a distinguished list of titles established during a forty-year period from 1871 to 1911. Several publishers, and their firms, were involved in the development of the imprint during this period, beginning with Henry S. King and Company, and following in 1877 with Charles Kegan Paul and his partner Alfred Chenevix Trench. A financial crisis in 1889 forced an amalgamation with two other businesses and the new firm changed managers periodically until George Routledge and Son took over the business in 1911.Leslie Howsam combines biography and analytic bibliography in her study of the Kegan Paul imprint to demonstrate the value of publishing history as a contribution to the scholarly study of the book. Basing her research on intensive work in the company's surviving archives and supplemented by extensive library work with the actual books, Howsam looks at the wide range of significant titles published for the imprint. In addition, she reconstructs a biographical and business history of the firm based on published and unpublished accounts of the individuals involved, including the publishers and their families, and looks at the effects of changing business practices. The focus of Victorian Imprint Kegan Paul is the duality of imprint: the publisher's imprint upon a list of books, and publisher's personalities, the imprint of their taste and judgment on the culture in which they lived.


Hospitalization of nursing home residents is costly and potentially exposes residents to iatrogenic disease and psychological harm. This article critically reviews the association between the decision to hospitalize and factors related to the residents' welfare and preferences, the providers' attitudes, and the financial implications of hospitalization. Regarding the resident's welfare, factors associated with hospitalization included sociodemographics, health characteristics, nurse staffing, the presence of ancillary services, and the use of hospices. Patient preferences (e.g., advance directives) and provider attitudes (e.g., overburdening of staff) were also associated with increased hospitalization. Finally, financial variables related to hospitalization included nursing home ownership status and state Medicaid policies, such as nursing home payment rates and bed-hold requirements. Most studies relied on potentially confounded research designs, which leave open the issue of selection bias. Nevertheless, the existing literature asserts that nursing home hospitalizations are frequent, often preventable, and related to facility practices and state Medicaid policies.


The platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) family of ligands and receptors play a pivotal role in the development of various organs. The critical importance of the PDGF-mediated signaling during embryonic development and adult physiology of the kidney and the common mesonephric origin of the epididymis and kidney pomted us to investigate the immunohistochemical localization of PDGF Aand B-chain and of PDGF receptor (PDGFR) αand β-subunit in rat and mouse epididymis, the expression profiles of the corresponding mRNAs, and the consequences of a loss-of-function mutation at the PDGF-A, PDGF-B and PDGFR-β loci on mouse epididymis phenotipic appearance. Prenatally, PDGF-A and PDGFR-α immunohistochemical staining was seen in both species while PDGF-B and PDGFR-β were absent. The cellular localization of PDGF-A within the epithelium and of the αreceptor in the mesenchyme either in mouse and in rat before birth suggests that the PDGF-A/PDGFRα system might be involved in the epididymal epithelial-mesenchymal interaction during the fetal period of life. Postnatally, PDGF Aand B-ligand and PDGFR αand β-subunit were confined in the epithelium. The identity of PDGF and PDGFR proteins were further confirmed by immunoblotting. In line with the immunohistochemical studies PDGF-A and PDGFR-α mRNAs were seen by RT-PCR in rat and mouse tissue before birth while PDGF-B and PDGFR-β were almost not detectable. During the first days of life PDGF-B and PDGFR-β genes started to appear and the overall trend in mRNAs expression throughout postnatal development showed that the transcripts levels for PDGF-A, PDGF-B, PDGFR-β and PDGFR-α were constant with the only exception of a progressive decrease of PDGFR-α in adult rats. The PDGF-A null mutation, strongly influenced the epididymal phenotype starting from puberty; only fetal PDGF-B and PDGFR-β -/mice were available and no differences were seen in the epididymis of these animals compared with wild type littermates. Taken together, these data indicate that the PDGF system is highly expressed in the epididymis and suggest that PDGF could be involved in the mainteinance of morphological structure and functional control of this organ.


Tensegrity structures are attractive as deployable space structures since they are composed mainly of flexible tension members and can thus easily be folded. To automatically deploy such structures it is proposed that the tension members are replaced or enclosed by thin-film tubes, which form a continuous volume. The structure deploys when this volume is pressurised. This concept was studied by numerical simulations of the deployment process in a zero-gravity environment using the control volume method for the fluid-structure interaction. First, single z-folded and coiled tubes were analysed to determine suitable element size, number of control volumes and gas flow rate. Then one- and three-stage tensegrity masts were modelled, folded and finally deployed. The study showed that the deployment concept is feasible.


Lower Jurassic successions of the Dinaric Carbonate Platform (DCP) margins were analyzed for sedimentology and fossil content at Trnovski gozd in Slovenia and at Rumija in Montenegro. The succession at Trnovski gozd (northern DCP margin) ranges in age from the Pliensbachian to the Aalenian and consists of: i) peritidal lithiotid limestone; ii) peloidal grainstone with oncoids; iii) brownish-reddish condensed limestone with hardgrounds; and iv) crinoidal-ooidal limestone. At Rumija (SW DCP margin) the most distal succession ranges from the Triassic-Jurassic boundary to the Aalenian and consists of; i) micritic limestone, directly overlying the Dachstein limestone; ii) fine-grained calcareous turbidites with chert, and a middle subunit of chert-free oolitic limestone; iii) marly limestone with radiolarians and sponge spicules; and iv) bioclastic limestone with abundant brachiopods. With two complementary sections, a depositional system of a southwest dipping carbonate ramp was reconstructed for the Pliensbachian: lithiotid limestone in the inner platform, oolitic lime-stone in mid-ramp and resedimented limestone with chert in outer-ramp setting. The Trnovski gozd succession is lithologically almost identical to the most proximal succession with lithiotid limestone at Rumija. Contrary to this, the outer-ramp limestone with chert has so far been documented only on the SW DCP margin in Montenegro. The first order transgressive-regressive cycle is clearly recognized in all sections, with the major early Toarcian transgressive peak being recorded in condensed facies with hardgrounds at Trnovski gozd, and marly limestone at Rumija. Regionally, the studied successions are correlative to formations of the western part of the Trento Plateau, i.e. to the Calcari Grigi Formation and the San Vigilio Group.


The great footballers and coaches are rarely glimpsed from up close. They shield themselves from the tabloids, hide their personalities behind professionalism, and in the words of the cliche, 'do their talking on the pitch'. This book gets up close to them. The Football Men is not a series of celebrity profiles, and it doesn't attempt to unearth secrets in the players' private lives. Rather, it portrays these men as three-dimensional human beings. It describes their upbringings, the football cultures they grew up in, the way they play, and the baggage that they bring to their relationships at work. This multimillion-pound, multinational world is mostly inhabited by ordinary men. The profiles in this book are sometimes funny, but never breathless or sensational. Some of the profiles in this book are based on interviews; others are the results of time the author spent with that person; sometimes the profile is a story of a country. All are fascinating and shed light on their subject to reveal things you wouldn't expect. From one of the great sports writers of our time this is a penetrating and surprising collection of articles on the figures that have defined the modern sporting world.


We experimentally investigated complexation of oppositely charged bottle polymer brushes at the single-molecule level using AFM and CryoTEM. It was found that polyelectrolyte complexes have "scrambled-egg" morphology where oppositely charged polymer chains are not oriented parallel to each other but are intercrossed. Moreover, we observed that in CryoTEM polymer chains in IPEC appear brighter compared to the background that is in contrast to darker polymer chains of the individual components. We believe that the reason for this effect is the release of counter ions of the polymer brushes due to the neutralisation of the charged side groups of the polymer chains.


Developing countries spend hundreds of billions of dollars each year on schools, educational materials and teachers, but relatively little is known about how effective these expenditures are at increasing students' years of completed schooling and, more importantly, the skills that they learn while in school. This paper examines studies published between 1990 and 2010, in both the education literature and the economics literature, to investigate which specific school and teacher characteristics, if any, appear to have strong positive impacts on learning and time in school. Starting with over 9,000 studies, 79 are selected as being of sufficient quality. Then an even higher bar is set in terms of econometric methods used, leaving 43 "high quality" studies. Finally, results are also shown separately for 13 randomized trials. The estimated impacts on time in school and learning of most school and teacher characteristics are statistically insignificant, especially when the evidence is limited to the "high quality" studies. The few variables that do have significant effects – e.g. availability of desks, teacher knowledge of the subjects they teach, and teacher absence – are not particularly surprising and thus provide little guidance for future policies and programs.


In 1992, Pickrell published a seminal piece examining the accuracy of ridership forecasts and capital cost estimates for fixed-guideway transit systems in the US. His research created heated discussions in the transit industry regarding the ability of transit planners to properly plan largescale transit systems. Since then, evidence has arisen to suggest that ridership forecasting and capital cost estimation of both new transit systems and extensions to existing transit system has improved. However, no statistical analysis has been conducted of US transit systems to determine this. This research fills this gap in the literature by examining 47 fixed-guideway transit projects planned in the US between 1972 and 2005 to see whether or not a Pickrell Effect can be observed whereby ridership forecasting and capital cost estimations improved due to Pickrell's work.


Claude Johnson was born in the Mars Hill area of Acworth, Georgia, and attended the local Roswenwald school. He left school at the age of 14 to work in food service at the Lockheed-Georgia Company in Marietta, retiring as a cook after 25 years. He joined Hewlett-Packard afterwards and retired as the head of shipping and receiving after 30 years. Willie Mae Johnson was born in Marietta, Georgia, but moved to Acworth to live with her grandparents, Lizzie and William Cicero (Bud) Furr, at the age of 8 after the death of her parents. She attended the Rosenwald school in Acworth and Lemon Street High School in Marietta. Mrs. Johnson served as Vice President of the Parent-Teacher Association at the Roberts school. Her aunt and uncle owned Lucy Mae and Price Oliver's Cafe in Acworth. Both Mr. and Mrs. Johnson attend the Zion Hill Missionary Baptist Church.


Mathematica Cookbook helps you master the application's core principles by walking you through real-world problems. Ideal for browsing, this book includes recipes for working with numerics, data structures, algebraic equations, calculus, and statistics. You'll also venture into exotic territory with recipes for data visualization using 2D and 3D graphic tools, image processing, and music. Although Mathematica 7 is a highly advanced computational platform, the recipes in this book make it accessible to everyone -- whether you're working on high school algebra, simple graphs, PhD-level computation, financial analysis, or advanced engineering models. Learn how to use Mathematica at a higher level with functional programming and pattern matching Delve into the rich library of functions for string and structured text manipulation Learn how to apply the tools to physics and engineering problems Draw on Mathematica's access to physics, chemistry, and biology data Get techniques for solving equations in computational finance Learn how to use Mathematica for sophisticated image processing Process music and audio as musical notes, analog waveforms, or digital sound samples


Correlations between magnetism and morphology of iron nanostructures of monatomic height on Pt997 substrates are studied using x-ray magnetic circular dichroism as well as scanning tunneling microscopy and helium scattering. A drastic collapse of the average magnetization by more than a factor of 4 is observed when increasing the iron coverage from 0.1 to 0.2 ML. This effect goes along with a softening of the magnetic anisotropy energy and a gradual reorientation of the magnetic easy axis from in plane to out of plane. The experimental findings together with electronic density-functional calculations suggest the formation of a complex magnetic phase in corrugated rim regions of Fe islands, leading to both ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic exchange couplings of Fe moments depending on their various local bonding configurations.


In 2000, the American Water Works Association (AWWA) and California Urban Water Conservation Council partnered to study the merits of the United States National Plumbing Efficiency Standards. The study develops information on the value of the national plumbing standards, based on a nationwide survey of water supply utilities. Using base year 1999 water production levels, the study found forecasted water production due to the national plumbing code reduced by 5 per cent in 2010, climbing to 8 per cent water savings by 2020. Average utility savings of US$26 per person extrapolated to the United States as a whole amount to about US$7.5 billion in reduced infrastructure costs due to the national plumbing code. Including energy benefits from hot water savings, the total dollar savings to communities is higher at US$35 billion in the United States. This paper highlights an example methodology into the overall assessment of water and coat savings from water conservation programs. This methodology, more fully presented in the original report document, is particularly useful for water agencies quantifying benefits when seeking to avoid acquiring new source water supplys and/or defer building capital projects.


Alumina rf windows are used at the output portion of the klystrons (2856 MHz, 50 MW in maximum, 4 μs, 50 pps) in KEKB linac. Breakdown of the windows is one of the most serious problems as klystron failures. The breakdown is caused by 1) multipactor, and 2) surface discharges. The multipactor is the resonant multiplications of the secondary electrons in the rf fields and the surface discharges are probably due to the release of the electrons accumulated on the surface. In both cases, the alumina surfaces are considered to be charged. In this report, the surface potentials are evaluated by two ways. One way is to measure the surface potentials with the window structure. The measured potentials are the potentials by which incident electrons are affected. Another way is to measure the potentials with the reverse side connected to the earth. The measured potentials correspond to the surface charge density. The surface potentials at multipactor region (3 MW) and surface discharge region (220 MW) are measured. The higher surface potentials at higher transmission power are obtained. The accumulated charges are considered to be determined by the field-emitted current mainly emitted at the edges of the ceramics. The threshold of the rf breakdown is considered to be improved by thicker TiN coating around the periphery of the ceramics, which reduces the primary electrons.


We present SWAN, a system that boosts the utilization of inter-datacenter networks by centrally controlling when and how much traffic each service sends and frequently re-configuring the network's data plane to match current traffic demand. But done simplistically, these re-configurations can also cause severe, transient congestion because different switches may apply updates at different times. We develop a novel technique that leverages a small amount of scratch capacity on links to apply updates in a provably congestion-free manner, without making any assumptions about the order and timing of updates at individual switches. Further, to scale to large networks in the face of limited forwarding table capacity, SWAN greedily selects a small set of entries that can best satisfy current demand. It updates this set without disrupting traffic by leveraging a small amount of scratch capacity in forwarding tables. Experiments using a testbed prototype and data-driven simulations of two production networks show that SWAN carries 60% more traffic than the current practice.


Internal migration is the most significant process driving changes in the pattern of human settlement across much of the world, yet remarkably few attempts have been made to compare internal migration between countries. Differences in data collection, in geography and in measurement intervals seriously hinder rigorous cross-national comparisons. We supplement data from the University of Minnesota IPUMS collection to make comparisons between 28 countries using both five year and lifetime measures of migration, and focusing particularly on migration intensity and spatial impacts. We demonstrate that Courgeau's k (Courgeau 1973) provides a powerful mechanism to transcend differences in statistical geography. Our results reveal widespread differences in the intensity of migration, and in the ages at which it occurs, with Asia generally displaying low mobility and sharp, early peaks, whereas Latin America and the Developed Countries show higher mobility and flatter age profiles usually peaking at older ages. High mobility is commonly offset by corresponding counter-flows but redistribution through internal migration is substantial in some countries, especially when computed as a lifetime measure. Time series comparisons show five year migration intensities falling in most countries (China being a notable exception), although lifetime data show more widespread rises due to age structure effects. Globally, we estimate that 740 million people, one in eight, were living within their home country but outside their region of birth, substantially above the commonly cited figure of 200 million international migrants.


The Simple Science of a Healthy LifeFrom fitness to diets to emotional health and longevity, what do people who feel and look healthy do differently than those who are overtired, depressed, or out of shape? Every day we face an avalanche of studies and statistics that tell us what we should or shouldn't eat, how long we need to exercise, or how to protect ourselves from secondhand smoke and the harmful rays from the sun. Not only are these studies often contradictory, but the actual scientific information is usually inaccessible.Moving beyond the myths and misinformation, the advice in these pages is not based on one person's opinions or one expert's study. For the first time the research available on the health of average Americans has been distilled into one hundred essential ways that we can become healthier and happier. Each of the core findings is accompanied by a real life example showing these results in action.Eat more often. Oxford University researchers found that people who ate five or six times a day had a 5 percent lower total cholesterol than average and were 45 percent more likely to be able to sustain their target weight than people who ate once or twice a day.Who says caffeine is bad for you? The majority of scientific evidence shows that, for a healthy adult, moderate quantities of caffeine (about three cups of coffee per day) pose no significant health risks.Home sweet home. People who described their home lives as satisfying were 24 percent more likely to live beyond normal life expectancy, according to a UCLA study.


Is our system of social security, which involves an annual dispersement of thirty billion dollars, as effective and as equitable as it might be? J. Douglas Brown's analysis of the policies of this program and the philosophy on which it was built offers insights into its relation to our social and political systems.He was one of a small number of people who drafted the original Social Security program enacted in 1935.He views a national welfare system as a necessary adjunct to our national system of social insurance (Social Security, Medicare, etc.) and fears that without it the role of social insurance to prevent dependency may be distorted. Social insurance, according to Dr. Brown, should extend normal self-sufficiency when contingencies interrupt income normally received, whereas public assistance should remain distinct from social insurance and protect those unable to support themselves.Dr. Blown also addresses himself to the questions of graduated income as a source of social insurance revenues, determination of benefits as related to an individual's imputed needs based on his average earnings, and permanent vesting of pension credits accrued under private programs.The most urgent need is tor a better distribution of health services to alleviate a situation in which doctors are seemingly more concerned with preserving an obsolete but lucrative system of compensation than with cooperating to reorganize an essential service.Originally published in 1972.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.


What are bills of attainder? The traditional view is that bills of attainder are legislation that punishes an individual without judicial process. The Bill of Attainder Clause in Article I, Section 9 prohibits the Congress from passing such bills. But what about the President? The traditional view would seem to rule out application of the Clause to the President (acting without Congress) and to executive agencies, since neither passes bills.This Article aims to bring historical evidence to bear on the question of the scope of the Bill of Attainder Clause. The argument of the Article is that bills of attainder are best understood as a summary form of legal process, rather than a legislative act. This argument is based on a detailed historical reconstruction of English and early American practices, beginning with a study of the medieval Parliament rolls, year books, and other late medieval English texts, and early modern parliamentary diaries and journals covering the attainders of Elizabeth Barton under Henry VIII and Thomas Wentworth, earl of Strafford, under Charles I. The Article then turns to America, where it illustrates the influence of English practices in revolutionary New York and Pennsylvania, drawing primarily on legislative records, correspondence, memoirs, and early histories. The Article then leverages this historical research to argue in favor of interpreting the Bill of Attainder Clause to apply to summary legal proceedings conducted by the Executive.


The annually laminated oil shale from the Eocene maar lake at Messel (Germany) provides unique palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatological information for the Palaeogene greenhouse phase. Two palynological analyses of 6.3 and 70 kyr long records with a temporal resolution of 70 and 700 years respectively confirm vegetation and climate variability in the sub-Milankovitch range. This variability clearly corresponds to cyclic climate fluctuations indicating the influence of solar activity and a millennial-scale variability of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation also seen during the Quaternary icehouse system. This provides strong evidence of cyclic fluctuations in the sub-Milankovitch frequency band that represent a pervasive and persistent system not only of the Quaternary icehouse, but also throughout the entire Neogene and the Palaeogene greenhouse. This is proof for the long-term stability of the driving forces of natural climate change on Earth. Fluctuations in the frequency of palynomorphs indicate cyclic short-term quantitative changes in the composition of the vegetation. These changes were related to precipitation and corresponding fluctuations of the lake level as well as to changes in pollen production, transport and deposition. Supplementary material: A complete list of variables and palynomorphs used for pollen diagrams and statistical analyses, as well as additional time series analyses, are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.3458778


ABSTRACT Video is used widely to support teachers' learning and enactment of responsive instruction. Informed by principles of video club design, we designed a video club to support secondary science teachers developing a vision of responsive teaching, attention to student thinking, and a critical discourse to analyze their own and others' efforts to enact responsive practices. In this study, we investigate if and how teachers developed a critical discourse in this context. Analysis reveals that the group developed a more collaborative, interpretive, and evidence-based discourse about teaching and learning. These findings contribute to research on video clubs as a professional development model to support teacher learning, as well as make visible how teachers shifted to develop a more critical lens for discussing teaching and learning. This study has implications for designing professional learning that will result in sustained, generative development in the context of instructional reform.


With the recent legalization of recreational cannabis in Canada, employers, particularly those with safety sensitive operations, are forced to evaluate the impact that cannabis will have on their workplaces. This article argues that the law has not yet fully evolved with the advances in scientific understanding of the effects of cannabis or the advances in the technology for testing methodologies. The article explores the current legal framework for workplace drug testing and provides best practices regarding drug testing programs and related workplace policies. It cautions that unless carefully designed, these policies may be found to be contrary to human rights or privacy legislation, or, in the case of unionized employers, unreasonable and outside the scope of the collective agreement.


A key question for firms nowadays is how to organise work with quality management. This naturally includes the role of the quality managers and it appears as if the profession of quality managers is at a crossroads. Alternatives are that the role of a quality manager broadens to include quality at a strategic level in the firm and that Six Sigma specialists and Lean Production managers drive the development of quality management in the future. In this paper, we present the results from a survey of 212 quality managers in Swedish organisations. The purpose is to contribute to an understanding of how the management of quality is designed and practised in contemporary organisations. This study shows that a quality manager's operational responsibility is quite narrowly defined. The agenda of the quality manager is mainly related to quality standards, such as ISO 9000 and environmental management systems. These programmes frame the work of the quality manager, which in many cases leaves other programmes, such as Six Sigma and Lean Production, to other departments or parallel improvement structures.


Ad hoc networks are expected to be used in many different situations. A common characteristic among these situations is that the nodes have to cooperate with each other. This problem is particularly crucial, if each node is its own authority. Reckoning the relevance of this issue, several groups of researchers have proposed different incentive mechanisms, in order to foster cooperation between the nodes, notably for packet forwarding. However, the need for these incentives was not formally justified. In this paper, we address the problem of cooperation without incentive mechanisms and propose a simple model based on game theory. We investigate by simulation a realistic scenario, which includes a real network topology as well as a mobility model. We show that the level of contribution of the nodes to reach cooperation is much higher than in the theoretical model, and we quantify the relationship between mobility and cooperation. We conclude that spontaneous cooperation is easier to reach when mobility is higher.


Like his other two works on Athenian Figure Vases, John Boardman offers a detailed survey of the important painters and workshops of the time, providing readers with over five hundred illustrations and a complete bibliography. Particular attention is paid to the technique and to the production and marketing of these outstanding vases as well as to the information they provide about everyday life and the way this reflects the changing fortunes of Athens through the period. We see how the increasingly diverse subject matter throws much light on Greek myths and religious practice, and how the appearance of flamboyant vases in the final phases of the Classical period seems to show Athenian painters looking back to earlier achievements in their craft. 566 illus.


Lateral epicondylalgia (L.E) is a common diagnosis in elbow pathology. The aetiology is poorly understood but it is generally accepted to be as a result of repetitive microtrauma, affecting the proximal end of the extensor carpi radialis brevis tendon. Elbow bracing and exercise modification are often utilised by sufferers in order to reduce symptoms. In addition, there have been multiple treatment regimes used in practice to treat L.E, but none has stood out as being more effective than another. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the relative clinical effectiveness of therapeutic exercises alone and in combination with orthotic bracing, in terms of subjective and objective clinical findings. Methods This stratified, quantitative, prospective clinical trial consisted of two equal groups (n=15) diagnosed with L.E. Group One consisted of a strengthening and stretching programme alone, and Group Two consisted of a combination of the same programme and an orthotic brace. The participants performed the programme daily at home for six weeks, and the brace was worn throughout the day for six weeks. Each participant was assessed before, during and after the programme, in terms of subjective and objective clinical data which was then statistically analysed using SPSS version 18. Repeated measures ANOVA testing was also used to compare the outcomes between the groups over the time points. Results Both groups showed significant statistical improvement in terms of all the outcome measures. The groups also showed a clinically significant improvement for all the outcome measures except pressure pain threshold where Group Two showed clinically significant improvement over Group One. v Conclusion The results show that there was negligible benefit when combining an orthotic brace with therapeutic exercises as opposed to performing the therapeutic exercises alone.


The state's commitment to educating all children can be framed as a matter of human capital development, or the economic benefits accrued to individuals and society as a result of educational attainment; it can be framed as a matter of capabilities, or the development of functionings that enable human flourishing; and it can be framed as a matter of rights. In this essay Sigal Ben-Porath considers the relative merits of the three approaches, elaborating the implications each of these different frameworks has for the education of children with disabilities. While the capabilities approach, which arises from and relates to the rights approach, is sensitive to the needs of individuals with disabilities (more than the human capital approach is, in any case), Ben-Porath concludes that a rights framework can best express through educational policy the state's commitment to the education of all children, regardless of ability.


Studies using isolated sinoatrial node (SAN) cells indicate that rhythmic spontaneous sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca release (Ca clock) plays an important role in SAN automaticity. However, it is difficult to translate these findings into intact SAN because the SAN is embedded in the right atrium (RA). Cross contamination of the optical signals between SAN and RA prevented the definitive testing of Ca clock hypothesis in intact SAN. We use a novel approach to selectively map intact SAN to examine the Ca clock function in intact RA. We simultaneously mapped intracellular Ca (Cai) and membrane potential (Vm) in 7 isolated, Langendorff perfused normal canine RA. Electrical conduction from the SAN to RA was inhibited with high potassium (10 mmol/L) Tyrode's solution, allowing selective optical mapping of Vm and Cai of the SAN. Isoproterenol (ISO, 0.03 μmol/L) decreased cycle length of the sinus beats from 586±17 ms at baseline to 366±32 ms, and shifted the leading pacemaker site from the middle or inferior SAN to the superior SAN in all RAs. The Cai upstroke preceded the Vm in the leading pacemaker site by up to 18±2 ms. ISO-induced changes to SAN were inhibited by ryanodine (3 μmol/L), but not ZD7288 (3 μmol/L), a selective If blocker. We conclude that a high extracellular potassium concentration results in intermittent SAN-RA conduction block, allowing selective optical mapping of the intact SAN. Acceleration of Ca cycling in the superior SAN underlies the mechanism of sinus tachycardia during sympathetic stimulation.


Epigenetic histone modification is emerging as a critical player in the cellular actions of ethanol. In this context, we administered ethanol intraperitoneally to rats, to mimic binge drinking in humans. A dose response and time course experiments revealed that histone H3 phosphorylation and phosphoacetylation increases in vivo in liver. H3 serine 28 phosphorylation was more sensitive than serine-10 to low dose of ethanol, 1.75 g/Kg, but both were not observed at 5 g/Kg. In contrast, phosphoacetylation was observed at 5 g/Kg. There was a biphasic response in phosphorylation of both serines with time while phosphoacetylation increased rapidly at the highest time point (4h). Phosphorylation of JNK, p38, and ERK MAP kinases increased along with liver injury i.e. apoptosis, necrosis, and steatosis. The mRNA expression of genes (i.e. c-Fos, c-Jun, MKP-1, LDL-r, TNF and PAI-1) that play role in alcoholic liver injury, were also modulated. ChIP assays revealed differential association of site specific phosphorylation and phosphoacetylation with gene promoters, i.e. serine 10 phosphorylation with c-Fos and c-Jun; serine 28 phosphorylation with c-Jun, and PAI-1; and K9/S10 phosphoacetylation with PAI-1. We demonstrate for the first time that ethanol binge induction of histone H3 phosphorylation and phosphoacetylation in vivo in liver are associated with the promoters of genes. Taken together, these data are relevant to the identification of "early" molecular processes involved in the binge induced liver injury.


the property of the Texas Education Agency (TEA) and may not be reproduced without the express written permission of TEA, except under the following conditions: (1) Texas public school districts, charter schools, and Education Service Centers may reproduce and use copies of the Materials and Related Materials for the districts' and schools' educational use without obtaining permission from TEA; (2) residents of the state of Texas may reproduce and use copies of the Materials and Related Materials for individual personal use only without obtaining written permission of TEA; (3) any portion reproduced must be reproduced in its entirety and remain unedited, unaltered and unchanged in any way; and (4) no monetary charge can be made for the reproduced materials or any document containing them; however, a reasonable charge to cover only the cost of reproduction and distribution may be charged. Private entities or persons located in Texas that are not Texas public school districts, Texas Education Service Centers, or Texas charter schools or any entity, whether public or private, educational or non-educational, located outside the state of Texas MUST obtain written approval from TEA and will be required to enter into a license agreement that may involve the payment of a licensing fee or a royalty.


Urban studies today is marked by many active debates. In an earlier paper, we addressed some of these debates by proposing a foundational concept of urbanisation and urban form as a way of identifying a common language for urban research. In the present paper we provide a brief recapitulation of that framework. We then use this preliminary material as background to a critique of three currently influential versions of urban analysis, namely, postcolonial urban theory, assemblage theoretic approaches and planetary urbanism. We evaluate each of these versions in turn and find them seriously wanting as statements about urban realities. We criticise (a) postcolonial urban theory for its particularism and its insistence on the provincialisation of knowledge, (b) assemblage theoretic approaches for their indeterminacy and eclecticism and (c) planetary urbanism for its radical devaluation of the forces of agglomeration and nodality in urban-economic geography.


Sewing has attracted a great deal of attention as a method to improve the delamination performance of carbon fibre laminate composites. A critical factor in the commercial exploitation of the technology is the development of a suitable sewing yarn, with other researchers looking at a variety of commercial fibres such as Kevlar. It would appear from the literature that fundamental research into what properties a suitable yarn should have has not been carried out. In this work, a commercial fibre designed for sewing applications was sourced from Toho Tenax (Germany) and used as a control. Unlike in published works, rather than relying on yarns which could be purchased commercially, selection criteria were drawn up and promising polymers identified and then extruded as a yarn. Based on the selection criteria, thermoplastic yarns were extruded using polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyphenylsulfone and polyetheretherketone. It was found that despite the fact that the commercial fibre had much better mechanical properties as a straight fibre, when it was knotted or looped (to try and simulate the effects of sewing), there was a dramatic decrease in the mechanical properties (the ultimate tensile strength dropped by 88% due to a single knot). There was no significant change in the mechanical properties of the thermoplastic yarns. As a result, it is concluded the thermoplastic fibres created could potentially be better suited for sewing applications compared to commercial fibres such as Kevlar and further work is planned to sew the yarns and test the delamination performance.


The motivation for this research arose from two projects in which the author advised on inventory centralisation. Since it was found that the literature was of limited value, inventory centralisation was identified as a suitable topic for research.

Operationalisation is not adequately addressed in the literature on centralisation models. 'Operationalisation' denotes the translation of abstract concepts such as 'inventory service' into measures enabling observations to be recorded. In the literature, 'inventory service' is often equated to 'probability of stock-out' but many other measures are used in practice. This thesis presents a network of relationships between six commonly used measures. This is useful when decentralised depots do not share a common measure, or when the measure changes after centralisation.

This thesis argues that, under all circumstances which arise in practice, it will be possible to achieve inventory availability benefits from centralisation with no added investment in stocks. A counter-example to the universal application of this rule have been presented in the literature but it is shown that such counter-examples are artificial.

Since savings from centralisation may be offset by increases in transport costs, the reduction in stock-holdings needs to be estimated. The models presented in the literature assume that the estimation of demand variance and the correlation of demand between depots is not problematic. In practice, reliable estimates may be difficult to obtain, particularly for slow-moving items. Consequently, it is difficult to decide which items should be centralised and which, if any, should not This thesis proposes a 'quadratic variance law' approach', linking the variance of demand to its mean. This approach is underpinned by a model which allows correlation effects to be taken into account The 'variance law' approach is a contribution towards the operationalisation of centralisation models, since reliable estimates of mean demand are easier to obtain than estimates of variance and correlation.

The 'quadratic variance law' is examined empirically using a sample of 230 stockkeeping units from an engineering supplies company. The approach is shown to be well-supported by the data. All the model assumptions are supported except one. The postulated independence between mean order-size and mean demand is rejected since a weak correlation was found. However, the simpler quadratic law is found to be more robust than a more complex law which would have taken this correlation into account.


Despite the abundance and quality of recent historical writing on consumerism, it cannot be said that the modern Co-operative movement (Co-op) has been well served. It has also been by-passed in studies that locate Britons' identity in their consumption. The reasons for this can be found in the widely perceived decline of the Co-op since the 1950s, but also in various historiographical agendas that have resulted in its relative invisibility in modern British history. This book, by demonstrating the variety of broader issues that can be addressed through the Co-op and the vibrancy of new historical research into consumption, seeks to remedy this. Taking stock, both of the Co-op in a broader context and of new approaches to the history of consumption, combines the work of leading authorities on the Co-op with recent scholarly research. It explores the Co-op's distinctive interface between everyday issues and grander idealistic concerns. The chapters intersect to examine a broad range of themes, notably: the politics of consumerism including consumer protection, ethical and fair trading and alternatives to corporate commerce; design and advertising; the Co-op's relations with other components of the labour movement; and its ideology, image and memory. The collection looks at the Co-operative movement locally (through specific case studies), nationally and also in comparison to the European movement. This collection will appeal to academics, researchers, teachers and students of the economic, cultural and political history of twentieth-century Britain. It will also be of interest to academics and students of business studies, and co-operative members themselves


Using nationally representative data from the NLSY97 and a simultaneous equations model, this paper analyzes the financial motivations for and the effects of employment on U.S. college students' academic performance. The data confirm the predictions of the theoretical model that lower parental transfers and greater costs of attending college increase the number of hours students work while in school, although students are not very responsive to these financial motivations. They also provide some evidence that greater hours of work lead to lower grade point averages (GPAs).


OBJECTIVES
This study was conducted to better understand the characteristics of chronic pain patients seeking treatment with medicinal cannabis (MC).

DESIGN
Retrospective chart reviews of 139 patients (87 males, median age 47 years; 52 females, median age 48 years); all were legally qualified for MC use in Washington State.

SETTING
Regional pain clinic staffed by university faculty.

PARTICIPANTS

INCLUSION CRITERIA
age 18 years and older; having legally accessed MC treatment, with valid documentation in their medical records. All data were de-identified.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Records were scored for multiple indicators, including time since initial MC authorization, qualifying condition(s), McGill Pain score, functional status, use of other analgesic modalities, including opioids, and patterns of use over time.

RESULTS
Of 139 patients, 15 (11 percent) had prior authorizations for MC before seeking care in this clinic. The sample contained 236.4 patient-years of authorized MC use. Time of authorized use ranged from 11 days to 8.31 years (median of 1.12 years). Most patients were male (63 percent) yet female patients averaged 0.18 years longer authorized use. There were no other gender-specific trends or factors. Most patients (n = 123, 88 percent) had more than one pain syndrome present. Myofascial pain syndrome was the most common diagnosis (n = 114, 82 percent), followed by neuropathic pain (n = 89, 64 percent), discogenic back pain (n = 72, 51.7 percent), and osteoarthritis (n = 37, 26.6 percent). Other diagnoses included diabetic neuropathy, central pain syndrome, phantom pain, spinal cord injury, fibromyalgia, rheumatoid arthritis, HIV neuropathy, visceral pain, and malignant pain. In 51 (37 percent) patients, there were documented instances of major hurdles related to accessing MC, including prior physicians unwilling to authorize use, legal problems related to MC use, and difficulties in finding an affordable and consistent supply of MC.

CONCLUSIONS
Data indicate that males and females access MC at approximately the same rate, with similar median authorization times. Although the majority of patient records documented significant symptom alleviation with MC, major treatment access and delivery barriers remain.


In this thesis, we focus on solving multidimensional HJB equations which are derived from optimal stochastic control problems in the financial market. We develop a fully implicit, unconditionally monotone finite difference numerical scheme. Consequently, there are no time step restrictions due to stability considerations, and the fully implicit method has essentially the same complexity per step as the explicit method. The main difficulty in designing a discretization scheme is development of a monotonicity preserving approximation of cross derivative terms in the PDE. We primarily use a wide stencil based on a local coordination rotation. The analysis rigorously show that our numerical scheme is `∞ stable, consistent in the viscosity sense, and monotone. Therefore, our numerical scheme guarantees convergence to the viscosity solution. Firstly, our numerical schemes are applied to pricing two factor options under an uncertain volatility model. For this application, a hybrid scheme which uses the fixed stencil as much as possible is developed to take advantage of its accuracy and computational efficiency. Secondly, using our numerical method, we study the problem of optimal asset allocation where the risky asset follows stochastic volatility. Finally, we utilize our numerical scheme to carry out an optimal static hedge, in the case of an uncertain local volatility model.


The evidence about the effectiveness of anti‐smoking legislation on smoking behavior is mixed. We provide new estimates for Italy using unexplored data drawn from the Household Budget Survey. We show that the smoking ban introduced in 2005 has a significant effect on smoking incidence. According to our baseline specification, the ban reduces household‐based smoking prevalence by 1.3 percentage points. Results are robust to the various empirical strategies proposed in the literature, even accounting for seasonality.


In the wake of the 2013 United States Supreme Court decision of McBurney v. Young (569 U.S. 221), this Article calls for policymakers at the federal and state levels to ensure governmental records remain open and accessible to the public. It urges policymakers to call not only for strengthening of the Freedom of Information Act and the various state public records law, but to pursue an amendment to the United States Constitution providing a right to public information.

This Article proposes a draft of such an amendment:

The right to public information, being a necessary and vital part of democracy, shall be a fundamental right of the people. The right of the people to inspect and/or copy records of government, and to be provided notice of and attend public meetings of government, shall not unreasonably be restricted.

This Article analyzes the benefits of the amendment and concludes the enshrining of the right to public information in both the United States Constitution as well as various state constitutions will ensure greater access of public records and documents to the general public, consistent with the democratic value of open, transparent government.


Neuritic plaques are one of the stereotypical hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. These structures are composed of extracellular accumulations of fibrillar forms of the amyloid‐β peptide (Aβ), a variety of other plaque‐associated proteins, activated glial cells, and degenerating nerve processes. To study the neuritic toxicity of different structural forms of Aβ in the context of regional connectivity and the entire cell, we crossed PDAPP transgenic (Tg) mice, a model with AD‐like pathology, to Tg mice that stably express yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) in a subset of neurons in the brain. In PDAPP; YFP double Tg mice, markedly enlarged YFP‐labeled axonal and dendritic varicosities were associated with fibrillar Aβ deposits. These varicosities were absent in areas where there were nonfibrillar Aβ deposits. Interestingly, YFP‐labeled varicosities revealed changes that corresponded with changes seen with electron microscopy and the de Olmos silver staining technique. Other silver staining methods and immunohistochemical localization of phosphorylated neurofilaments or phosphorylated tau were unable to detect the majority of these dystrophic neurites. Some but not all synaptic vesicle markers accumulated abnormally in YFP‐labeled varicosities associated with neuritic plaques. In addition to the characterization of the effects of Aβ on axonal and dendritic structure, YFP‐labeled neurons in Tg mice should prove to be a valuable tool to interpret the localization patterns of other markers and for future studies examining the dynamics of axons and dendrites in a variety of disease conditions in living tissue both in vitro and in vivo. J. Comp. Neurol. 456:375–383, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


This paper uses the marked divergence in labour force participation trends between the US and the UK to probe underlying drivers and implications for recent US poor performance. Contrary to a common US narrative, our comparative perspective suggests that the relative decline in US labour force participation is not confined to the (white) male population: the divergence in female participation rate is even more pronounced. We also do not find evidence that the poor US performance is linked to some structural changes brought about by the financial crisis; instead, it is a more pervasive, longer-run phenomenon. Our multivariate analysis seeks to disentangle age, cohort, and period effects, and shows that the US is particularly ill-equipped to deal with the looming ageing of the Baby Boom generation. An Oaxaca decomposition shows that the relative decline of US participation rates with respect to the UK is roughly equally attributable to characteristics, which have become less favourable over time, and the impact of those characteristics, which have become more adverse to participation.


Objectives
Interesterified (IE) fats are commonly used as hard fat alternatives to trans fats. However, their health effects are unknown. Postprandial lipemia is an independent risk factor for CVD; a prolonged postprandial lipemia may detrimentally impact lipoprotein remodelling. We compared the postprandial lipoprotein profiles of palmitic acid-rich IE and non-IE fats and an unsaturated control oil.

Methods
A double blind, randomized controlled trial in healthy adults (n = 20) aged 45-75 years, assessed effects of single test meals (897 kcal, 50 g fat, 16 g protein, 88 g carbohydrate) on postprandial plasma triacylglycerol (TG) concentrations by colorimetric assay and lipoprotein profiles by NMR. Test fats were: a commonly consumed IE [80:20 palm stearin/palm kernel fat], the equivalent non-IE fat, and a control high-MUFA rich oil (canola oil, CO) as a reference point. Blood was collected at baseline, and hourly thereafter for 8h. Lipoprotein statistical analysis used linear mixed effect regression modelling (lme4 package on R). Metabolites were considered as response and treatment as predictor along with various covariates: time, period, baseline values, and subject (random effect), with post hoc adjustment for multiple comparisons.

Results
There was a significant time x treatment interaction (P = 0.006) in change from baseline for plasma TG concentrations (Figure 1), with significant differences between the IE fat and CO and the non-IE fat and CO (both P = 0.001), but no difference between IE and non-IE fats. NMR analysis of lipoprotein (VLDL, HDL, LDL) particle size, composition and number, revealed an increase in particle and cholesterol concentrations following IE and non-IE fats versus the CO at T + 8h for the following lipoprotein fractions: chylomicron remnants and extremely large VLDL (non-IE vs CO P < 0.05; IE vs CO P < 0.001; Figure 2), and very large VLDL (non-IE vs CO P < 0.01; IE vs CO P < 0.005).

Conclusions
Interesterification of a commonly consumed palm-based fat did not modify lipoprotein particle size or composition. Despite a reduction in postprandial lipemia, the generation of atherogenic TG-rich lipoprotein remnant particles in the late postprandial phase may in part explain the atherogenic potential of saturated rich fats compared with unsaturated rich fats.

Funding Sources
BBSRC DRINC, UK.

Supporting Tables Images and/or Graphs


The impacts and costs of natural disasters on people, properties and environment is often severe when they occur on a large scale or when not prepared for. Factors such as impacts of climate change, urban growth, poor planning to mention a few, have continued to significantly increase the frequencies and impacts of natural disasters across the world, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) inclusive. While the frequencies of natural disasters might not be controlled easily, the need for more effective early warning systems has become highly important. In recent years, existing researches and international organisations such as the United Nations (UN) have identified lack of Early Warning System (EWS) and the lack of integrated approach to disaster response as one of the reasons many deaths occur when natural disasters happen especially in developing countries. For instance, some communities in the (UAE) have suffered the impact of natural disasters in recent years due to lack of EWS deployment and lack of community knowledge of risks of natural disasters. These problems emphasises the importance of this research which aims to decrease the vulnerability of communities in the Emirates by developing a framework for integrated early warning systems in community in order to increase response capabilities against the risk of natural disasters in the United Arab Emirates.
This research used case study, semi-structure interview and questionnaire techniques to investigate deployment of EWS and current practice of EWS in the emirates of Abu Dhabi and Fujairah. The effectiveness of the EWS in the UAE was evaluated international best practice in EWS and ten principles which guides EWS deployment in seven countries. While this influenced the collection of secondary data, it also influenced the collection of primary data through semi-structured interviews with 12 strategic officers from organisations involved emergency, crisis and disaster management in the UAE from the Emirates of Fujairah and Abu Dhabi. Questionnaires were also administered to a total of 1,080 respondents from the two emirates. The research outcomes show that EWS in Abu Dhabi and Fujairah lacked the essential elements of EWS. The results also emphasised the need to promptly develop the specific elements which are lacking and to improve the ones which were ineffective. The conclusion of this research have emphasised that community-centred EWS can be applied in the UAE, but can only be effectively applied by using the framework developed in this research which captures areas for further development and areas of improvement.


Between 1930 and 1950, the Student Christian Movement and the Evangelical Union were among the largest and most active student societies at the University of Sydney. They engaged the interest and involvement of thousands of undergraduates, and of numerous academics, bishops and other churchmen. Significantly, these two groups represented very different strands of Christianity – one liberal, one conservative – and championed contrasting views of the role of Christians in both the University and wider society. This paper will explore their divergent interpretations of and responses to the peace movement of the mid 1930s, the outbreak of war in 1939 and post-war reconstruction.

Meredith Lake is PhD graduand from Sydney University and historian for Hammond Care.


WHAT ROLE DOES HUMOR IN THE HIGHER EDUCATION CLASSROOM PLAY IN STUDENT-PERCEIVED INSTRUCTOR EFFECTIVENESS? Stephen Paul Halula Marquette University. 2013 Everyone has had college instructors who they thought were excellent and those who were not. In pondering what attributes might have made the difference between these groups, the idea of "humor" came to mind, setting the researcher on course to study the research question "What role does humor in the higher education classroom play in student-perceived instructor effectiveness?" A qualitative approach to acquiring data was chosen. An entry-level history class led by a college instructor at a major Midwestern university known for his sense of humor was selected. Nine students were given a survey on instructor effectiveness; five of the survey respondents were chosen for a series of three, 30-45 minute interviews to discuss the research question topic, i.e., the role humor plays in the higher education classroom. The goal was to hear what students actually had to say about the importance of humor in their classrooms. In reviewing the extant literature, it was found that many books and articles wrote about humor and education but were typically anecdotal and prescriptive in nature with little or no research backing. While studies about humor and education could be found, a large number of them were concerned with primary and secondary school settings. Of all the studies a very small number of these listened to the voice of the student. As a majority of the extant literature focused on a lecture-based, teacher-centric, large-classroom educational paradigm, this study chose that model as well as a basis for analysis to be able to be able to compare and contrast findings and data points with this literature. A number of studies showed affirmatively the link between humor and education, pointing out that that humor helps create a learning-conducive environment helping students retain classroom subject matter, i.e., learn better. The results of the survey and interviews aligned with a majority of the extant literature that humor did indeed play an important role in the efficacy of their instructors by creating this learning-conducive environment, where the atmosphere was less stressful, where questions could be asked without fear, and information would be better and longer retained.


Governments in many developing countries have stepped up efforts to provide water and sanitation services sustainably to as many people as possible. In some instances, time frames for provision of services to all of their citizens have been set. While these are commendable efforts, the question whether these services are provided efficiently remains unanswered. In South Africa, although the government conducts consumer satisfaction surveys, seldom are citizens consulted for their views. While its efforts have been hailed as a success in the postapartheid era, there have been many obstacles in the supply process. The assumption has been that the government knows what the citizens want and gives it them, irrespective of their concerns. This study interrogated this assumption as its overall research objective, aiming to evaluate whether a supply-driven approach is effective in satisfying the demands of the consumers. As such the study sought to gain insight into the perceptions of Ohlange Township residents in Inanda, Durban, regarding water supply and sanitation services. The study found out that many of these residents could not afford to pay for basic services, although they are currently expected to pay for some of the costs of service provision. However, in a resource-constrained environment, the government can no longer sustainably provide these services without recovering costs. In this case, the government faces the challenge of balancing its constitutional mandate of providing all citizens with basic services and the demand by the poor for improved services they cannot afford. In this case, supply-led delivery system is severely limited in fully addressing consumer demands. This approach also results in poor service delivery due to inefficient resource management. It also disempowers communities because they are not involved in decision-making processes. Based on the study findings, the demand-led approach, one that is consumer-driven, is recommended. This approach puts the consumer at the centre of the delivery of basic services; allows consumers to participate in decision-making processes and encourages them to honour their obligations by paying for the services received.


Obesity is a major health problem in the Western world. Mean birth weight has increased during the last 25 years. One explanation is that the proportion of large for gestational age (LGA) infants has increased. Such infants risk developing obesity, cardiovascular disease and diabetes later in life. Despite the risk of neonatal hypoglycemia, their postnatal metabolic adaptation has not been investigated. Our data, obtained with stable isotope labeled compounds, demonstrate that newborn LGA infants have increased lipolysis and decreased insulin sensitivity. After administration of glucagon, the plasma levels of glucose and the rate of glucose production increased. The simultaneous increase in insulin correlated with the decrease in lipolysis, indicating an antilipolytic effect of insulin in these infants.We also demonstrated an intergenerational effect of being born LGA, since women born LGA, were at higher risk of giving birth to LGA infants than women not born LGA. Further, the LGA infants formed three subgroups: born long only, born heavy only, and born both long and heavy. Infants born LGA of women with high birth weight or adult obesity were at higher risk of being LGA concerning weight alone, predisposing to overweight and obesity at childbearing age. In addition we found that pregnant women with gestational diabetes were at increased risk of giving birth to infants that were heavy alone. This could explain the risk of both perinatal complications and later metabolic disease in infants of this group of women.To identify determinants of fetal growth, 20 pregnant women with a wide range of fetal weights were investigated at 36 weeks of gestation. Maternal fat mass was strongly associated with insulin resistance. Insulin resistance was related to glucose production, which correlated positively with fetal size. The variation in resting energy expenditure, which was closely related to fetal weight, was largely explained by BMI, insulin resistance, and glucose production. Lipolysis was not rate limiting for fetal growth in this group of women. Consequently, high maternal glucose production due to a high fat mass may result in excessive fetal growth.


In recent years, much attention has been devoted to the problems of overpopulation and attempts at slowing population growth. The number of people is expanding at an alarming rate, thereby threatening the physical environment as well as the quality of human life. The United Nations has not adequately dealt with the population problems. This paper outlines the existing problem and its ramifications, and discussses the UN position regarding human rights in the area of family planning. Questions are raised, as to what the rights consist of, if they are absolute, and if protection of the quality of life should limit population growth. In light of the shortcomings of the UN position, a more realistic approach is offered, focusing on the particular problems facing the world today. The role of law in the population area is considered. Possible population policies are discussed and evaluated in light of the aforementioned human rights and population realities.


Emergence and dissemination of antibiotic resistance plasmids are major concern for hospital care system and increases the cost and decreases effectiveness of available antibiotics used in treatment of hospitalized patients. In this study two Pseudomonas aeruginosa, two Escherichia coli, and a Klebsiella pneumoniae were isolated from Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of a university hospital, in Kerman, Iran. K. pneumoniae exhibited resistance to all antibiotics routinely used in our hospital for treatment of patients except meropenem, while, the other isolates were sensitive to carbapenems and ciprofloxacin. Plasmid analysis of the selected isolates showed the presence of a single plasmid with molecular weight 65Kb in the P. aeruginosa isolate1. The plasmid was named as pKUM and belonged to incompatibility group -2 (IncP-2). Conjugation by filter mating revealed that resistance associated with gentamicin, kanamycin, cefotaxime, and ceftazidime phenotypes were transferred to E. coli ATCC25922 (Rif r ) recipient cells at the frequencies of 3.13 × 10-5 and 5.3 ×10-7 respectively. The results were further supported by curing and transformation experiments. MIC to cefepime was ≥30 μg/mL both in donor as well as the transconjugants while decreased to 0.5µg/ mL in cured derivative. The plasmid pKUM was quite stable (86%) in both donor cells and the recipient. From above results we concluded that resistances to third generation of cephalosporins, aminoglycosides and cefepime in P. aeruginosa isolate1 were indeed encoded by a conjugative plasmid. Acquisition of cefepime resistance through plasmid complicates the therapy of neutropenic patients in ICU and increases the cost and mortality of these patients.


This paper investigates the effect of regional borders on trade in Asia. The regional borders define the three regions of Asia : South, Southeast, and East Asia. Regional trade indicates the flows of trade within a region, whereas regional border trade means trade across regions. A gravity model is augmented with the region dummies to estimate the regional border effects that capture any and all time-invariant factors promoting or impeding regional trade. The main finding is that regional border effects are asymmetric on the three regions in Asia. There is a large and significant regional border effect on South Asia, small on Southeast Asia, and negligibly negative on East Asia. The significant and positive regional border effect in South Asia suggests that countries share intrinsic factors facilitating trade between the countries in this region. Although the regional border effect of Southeast Asia is positive, its magnitude shows little difference between its regional trade and regional border trade. Finally, the estimate on East Asia presents a completely different picture from the actual data. It implies that there exist some factors leading to active regional border trade between East Asia and other Asian regions.


This paper presents an overview of the emergence of mobile ethnography and its potential benets to the discipline of geography. The rise of mobile ethnography has been linked with the so-called "new mobilities paradigm", which has become especially important in geographical thinking over the past ten years. Erstwhile focused on more static concepts, such as space, place or landscape, geography is today rife with theories and analyses of movement, mobility and ow. In spite of that, mobile ethnography can soon claim a preeminent status within the discipline. In this paper, I document the rise of this methodology, focusing myself on three main aspects. The rst is to attempt a denition of mobile ethnography itself. The second is to enlist some recent examples of its usages. The third is to provide several strategies and techniques arising from my own work. This paper might, thus, be useful to senior undergraduate and postgraduate students focused on qualitative research methods in geography.


This collection of collaborative, high-impact learning experiences in information literacy teaches librarians how to engage students in hands-on, experiential learning.
 The Association of American Colleges and Universities (AAC&U) has identified 11 practices that are highly impactful to student learning to designate as high-impact educational practices (HIP). These practices engage students deeply in a meaningful, connected way to their work. Librarians teach and support student learning in many ways that assist these AAC&U practices, such as information literacy instruction for capstone, writing, and first-year seminars and research support for collaborative assignments and projects.
 Engaging Students through Campus Libraries calls attention to work in information literacy that goes beyond a traditional librarian role; it features librarians and faculty partners who engage in projects that highlight salient, experiential facets of the AAC&U practices in order to teach information literacy. In this book, librarians will learn high-impact, experiential learning models for working with students. They will understand how to think about and describe how AAC&U best practices are currently embodied in their organizations. They will also imagine future learning experiences for students with HIPs in mind, resulting in information literacy that is integrated into disciplinary work in a vital and transformative way.


Support for using market‐based mechanisms (carbon taxes or emission‐trading systems) to deal with climate change is based on a number of premises. This article discusses those premises, focusing on the claim that the promise of ever‐rising implied carbon prices under such market‐based mechanisms will support induced innovation in low‐ or no‐carbon technologies. It notes that this claim assumes that promise to be credible and sufficient to induce the innovations required. It argues that the assumed credibility of such very long commitments is questionable, and hence, even in the best of worlds, the implied benefits are unlikely to arise. For a small country like Australia, the problems are then compounded by the absence of a credible, global agreement on emission reduction. Given that, the marginal benefits of investing in carbon abatement are likely to be very low or negative.


Impact between the water and ship, i.e. slamming can cause important global and local effects. A numerical method has been applied to predict water entry loads on three-dimensional bodies. When the local angle between the water surface and the body surface is not small at impact position, local hydroelastic effects are not important for slamming. The problem is solved as an initial value problem using the boundary element method. The Green's second identity is used to represent the velocity potential as a distribution of Rankine sources and dipoles over the body surface and free surface. The problem is stepped up in time using the information from the boundary conditions. The kinematic free surface condition is used to determine the intersection between the body surface and free surface at each time step. The exact body boundary condition is used, whereas the dynamic free surface condition Φ=0, is approximated on to a horizontal line and not on the exact free surface profile. This generalization of Wagner's(1932) theory, was presented by Zhao, Faltinsen and Aarsnes (1996) for two-dimensional water entry problems and is hereafter referred to as the 'simplified method'. In the present work, this 'simplified method' is extended to arbitrary three-dimensional bodies, along with the local solution matching techniques and time stepping procedures. Pressure is calculated using complete Bernoulli's equation, excluding the gravity term, since fluid acceleration is much higher than gravitational acceleration. The numerical method has been compared with experimental results for axisymmetric bodies and the agreement between the results is considered to be good. The numerical method has been extended for general three-dimensional bodies to study bow impact problem of ships, by applying the method to bodies with bow shaped geometry. An idealized shape, which consists of cylindrical mid-body and hemispherical ends, was studied. The wetted body surface is considered to be more important and is calculated with great detail than the free surface elevation away from the body. Drop tests have been carried out to verify and validate the numerical simulation. The effect of the angle between the free surface and the body surface has also been studied. The agreement between theory and experiments is good and the effect of three-dimensionality is accounted. Important non-dimensionalised parameters have been identified in the course of the analyses. The experimental and numerical results have also been compared with strip theory solutions and other published results. Possibilities to extend the numerical simulation in to full-scale application and its full-scale meaning are also looked in to. The presented computational method is found to be robust for engineering use and computationally less demanding. The experimental results for vertical force have a strong oscillatory nature and this has been analyzed using a simplified hydroelastic model. The hydroelastic model gives reasonable representation of the dynamic oscillations found in the vertical force. Reasons for the observed deviations between the numerical and the experimental results are documented. Recommendations for conducting drop tests, with minimal dynamic effects are also presented.


Because of the variation in emissivity of tungsten within the visible spectrum, the relative spectral energy distribution of a tungsten ribbon filament lamp calibrated as CIE source A will deviate from the Planckian distribution adopted and tabulated by the CIE for this source. Likewise, the energy distributions of standard sources B and C, when used with a calibrated tungsten ribbon filament lamp, will deviate from those generally given. It is shown that this deviation can introduce a change in chromaticity coordinates which is bigger than the smallest chromaticity differences distinguishable in a large field of view under good observing conditions. Reasons are given for believing that the relative energy distribution values of a source A lamp with coiled filament will be nearer to the tabulated data. The actual relative energy distribution of a properly calibrated source A lamp may therefore vary somewhat according to the type of filament used in the lamp. Two ways of defining the standard source A lamp and its energy distribution so as to reduce this uncertainty are suggested.


From recent experimental results, the usual fiber model with infinite outer cladding fails to give an accurate description of the mode behavior beyond cutoff. The finite dimensions of the actual fiber must be taken into account; the leaky mode formalism is then replaced with a theory of coupling between a core mode and discrete, lossy cladding modes. The excitation and attenuation of the modes resulting from this coupling are considered in some detail; this more realistic model allows a better agreement with experiment.