Interactivity has become ambient. Individual people are no longer isolated resulting from the scaling up of networks and the scaling down of the apparatus for transmission and reception. Various communication devices always carried are continuously emitting and receiving information. This continuous data flow is both invisible and often, by the majority of people, unknown. Today's hand-held devices can be seen as extensions of the human body allow ubiquitous, inescapable network interconnectivity. The 'Sonification of You' aims to make this data flow 'visible' to those people carrying the active devices. Our equipment will passively scan the various radio spectrum frequencies used by mobile phone devices, Bluetooth, WiFi networks, and others used by mobile devices, within a given space. The data information then represented by assigned audio sounds that will indicate activity, distance, and strength of signals. Drawing on methods for monitoring large computer networks, the result is to create a background 'sound' for a space that is representational of the people, and their devices, present. The invisible become audible and therefore visible. Allowing individuals to become aware of their constant connectivity.


This paper focuses on the biomedical implants of bone plates with biodegradable Magnesium composites. ZK30 Mgalloy metal matrix reinforced with five weight fractions ofHydroxyapatite (HAP), have been fabricated using powder metallurgy manufacturing process followed by hot extrusion process. Properties such as Tensile and compression tests were investigated. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) techniques were used for surface fracture analysis. The results obtained shows that the maximum ultimate tensile strength was attained at ZK30 Mg alloy while the least was noted for ZK30/10wt%HAP. In addition, ZK30/2wt%HAP shows a higher ultimate compressive strength. The SEM images of tensile specimen displays ductile fracture for ZK30 Mg alloy and quasi cleavage fracture for Mg composite whereas the compressive specimen indicates ductile fracture for ZK30 Mg alloy and Mg composites. The composite exhibited excellent mechanical properties thereby it can be used for biomedical implants of Bone plates.


There are concerns about the future of coral reefs in the face of ocean acidification and warming, and although studies of these phenomena have advanced quickly, efforts have focused on pieces of the puzzle rather than integrating them to evaluate ecosystem-level effects. The field is now poised to begin this task, but there are information gaps that first must be overcome before progress can be made. Many of these gaps focus on calcification at the levels of cells, organisms, populations, communities, and ecosystem, and their closure will be made difficult by the complexity of the interdependent processes by which coral reefs respond to ocean acidification, with effects scaling from cells to ecosystems and from microns to kilometers. Existing ecological theories provide an important and largely untapped resource for overcoming these difficulties, and they offer great potential for integrating the effects of ocean acidification across scales on coral reefs.


During excavations at the temple of Taharqa at Semna, George Reisner discovered an exceptional New Kingdom private statuette covered with short cryptographic inscriptions. The peculiar texts on this statuette, now in the collection at the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston (MFA 24.743), received a preliminary treatment by Etienne Drioton in the extensive catalogue of the Semna excavations by D. Dunham and J. Janssen (1960).Nevertheless, this object has otherwise garnered little scholarly attention.A new translation of the enigmatic texts raises important considerations for understanding both the function of cryptography in private statuary and the evolution of viceregal authority in the Eighteenth Dynasty. The texts reveal that the statue belonged to a high ofcial from the Egyptian administration in Nubia, the idnw n WAwA.t (deputy viceroy of Wawat), Djehutymose. Several stylistic features of the statuette suggest a date to the reign of Amenhotep III, when Djehutymose would have been deputy to the viceroy Merymose; this administrative relationship nds additional support from a previously overlooked rock inscription in the Wadi Allaqi. This article contends that the idnw n WAwA.t Djehutymose should be identied with the viceroy of the same name dating to the reign of Akhenaten. Representing the earliest-known attestation of the division of the deputy viceroy position into two geographically dened ofces, this small statuette provides insight into hitherto little known aspects of viceregal succession and the evolution of the dual deputy ofces.


In late 1979, Turkey stood in the throes of a foreign exchange crisis, with widespread shortages, negative growth, and inflation into triple digits. A decade later, Turkey has a comfortable balance-of-payments situation, and sits atop considerable foreign exchange reserves. The economy has achieved a remarkable transformation from an inward-oriented outlook to an outwardoriented one. Yet, after some success in the early 1980s, inflation remains unconquered and the public sector budget is out of control. This paper provides an interpretation of the Turkish experience in the 1980s. It is argued that foreign capital inflows in the early 1980s cushioned the fiscal squeeze, and allowed a relatively painless reduction in inflation alongside a process of export-oriented growth. In the best of all possible worlds, the outward-oriented reforms would have taken sufficient root by the mid-1980s to allow the public sector to undertake the delayed retrenchment as the inflows came to an end, at no great cost to output. Instead, policy followed a mix of liberalization with patronage politics detrimental to monetary discipline. Financial liberalization reduced demand for base money at the same time that fiscal balances came under increasing strain due to the external transfer. Inflation was rekindled under the dual influence of fiscal deficits and a shrinking base for the inflation tax.


A simple and efficient method for the synthesis of 6-aryl-3-oxo-2,3-dihydropyridazine-4-carbohydrazide derivatives was developed. The synthesis was achieved via one-pot multicomponent reaction of arylglyoxals, dialkylmalonates, and hydrazine hydrate in pyridine at room temperature. This procedure features high regioselectivity, generally good to excellent yields, the use of easily available starting materials, and operational simplicity. This chemistry provides an efficient and promising synthetic strategy for diversity-oriented construction of the 6-arylpyridazinone skeleton.


Abstract : In this monograph Major General Alvaro de Souza Pinheiro contributes to the discussion of urban guerrillas, their impact on society, and the role of the armed forces in countering criminal elements. The rise of urban guerrillas is a result of an evolution in command and control capabilities, weapons, and doctrine that has given them strong influence over the daily lives of citizens living in neighborhoods where government support and control is limited or absent. The favelas (ghettos, slums) of Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo provide the setting for General Alvaro's monograph. What makes the monograph compelling is that this Brazilian story has universal application in many locales that are under-governed and under-supported by constituted authorities. Criminal groups like the Red Command and Third Command have been able to thrive in the favelas because of ineffective policing and lack of government interest. These Brazilian gangs have filled the void with their own form of governance. Criminal urban guerrillas have latched onto revolutionary doctrine, such as the "Minimanual of the Urban Guerrilla" (a translation is appended), so as to give political legitimacy to their lawlessness. These gangs terrorize the residents of the favelas, holding them hostage to criminal exploits while keeping government legitimacy and security in check. As in the United States, when the general welfare of civil society is at risk, the President may call upon the armed forces to aid the police or take control. A notable difference between the two countries is the expansive role that Brazilian armed forces can take. Chapters are as follows: Introduction; Foundations of Brazilian Organized Criminal Factions; The PCC, Brazil's Most Powerful Organized Crime Faction; The Main Criminal Factions in Rio de Janeiro and Connections with the PCC (Comando Vermelho, Terceiro Comando Puro, and Amigos dos Amigos); Brazilian Organized Crime Foreign Connections; and The Armed Forces' Role.


We review limitations of the traditional paradigm for cultural research and propose an alternative framework, polyculturalism. Polyculturalism assumes that individuals' relationships to cultures are not categorical but rather are partial and plural; it also assumes that cultural traditions are not independent, sui generis lineages but rather are interacting systems. Individuals take influences from multiple cultures and thereby become conduits through which cultures can affect each other. Past literatures on the influence of multiple cultural identities and cultural knowledge legacies can be better understood within a polyculturalist rubric. Likewise, the concept elucidates how cultures are changed by contact with other cultures, enabling richer psychological theories of intercultural influence. Different scientific paradigms about culture imply different ideologies and policies; polyculturalism's implied policy of interculturalism provides a valuable complement to the traditional policy frames of multiculturalism and colorblindness.


This essay, a chapter in a U.S. Institute of Peace sponsored study of various methods and techniques for seeking to manage or resolve international disputes and conflicts, focuses on the role of international adjudication as a method of international dispute settlement. The chapter discusses inter alia: (1) some broad caveats regarding the usefulness of international adjudication, as compared with other the techniques of international dispute settlement, the somewhat different role of adjudication in national legal orders, the preference for non-adversarial methods in some – particularly non-western - societies, and the historic ambivalence of the U.S. government towards international adjudication; (2) the nature of international adjudication, including a description of how international arbitration and international judicial settlement typically operate and the factors that may influence states in choosing between them; (3) a detailed description of the International Court of Justice (ICJ), its jurisdiction, its work, and U.S. attitudes towards the Court; (4) the question whether there are now too many international tribunals; (5) the advantages and disadvantages of adjudication as a dispute management technique; (6) the reasons why the author believes international adjudication deserves the international community's encouragement and support, and (7) a list of measures that might be taken to facilitate and encourage the use of international adjudication.


Web service technology aims to enable the interoperation of heterogeneous systems and the reuse of distributed functions in an unprecedented scale and has achieved significant success. There are still, however, challenges to realize its full potential. One of these challenges is to ensure the behavior of Web services consistent with their requirements. Monitoring events that are relevant to Web service requirements is, thus, an important technique. This paper introduces an online monitoring approach for Web service requirements. It includes a pattern-based specification of service constraints that correspond to service requirements, and a monitoring model that covers five kinds of system events relevant to client request, service response, application, resource, and management, and a monitoring framework in which different probes and agents collect events and data that are sensitive to requirements. The framework analyzes the collected information against the prespecified constraints, so as to evaluate the behavior and use of Web services. The prototype implementation and experiments with a case study shows that our approach is effective and flexible, and the monitoring cost is affordable.


Battle of the Sexes In many species, males compete with one another to propagate their own DNA, often to the detriment of females (see the Perspective by Promislow and Kaeberlein). Shi and Murphy (p. 536, published online 19 December) discovered that mating in Caenorhabditis species causes mothers to shrink and die soon after they have ceased producing progeny. Males appear to hijack the longevity and stress resistance pathways normally employed by the mothers to slow reproduction and somatic aging in times of stress. Maures et al. (p. 541, published online 29 November) explored why the presence of abundant mating-competent males causes a decrease in the life span of nematodes of the opposite sex and found that a secreted substance, possibly a pheromone, reproduced the effect of the males when transferred in the culture medium. Detection of pheromones from a female fruit fly is enough to cause changes in metabolism, reduce resistance to starvation, and shorten the life span of male flies. Gendron et al. (p. 544, published online 29 November) report that the signals from the female appear to be recognized by sensory receptors on the legs of male flies. Sperm and seminal fluid cause Caenorhabditis mothers to die shortly after they produce offspring. [Also see Perspective by Promislow and Kaeberlein] Interactions between the germ line and the soma help optimize reproductive success. We discovered a phenomenon linking reproductive status to longevity: In both hermaphroditic and gonochoristic Caenorhabditis, mating leads to female shrinking and death, compressing postreproductive life span. Male sperm induces germline- and DAF-9/DAF-12–dependent shrinking, osmotic stress susceptibility, and subsequent life-span decrease, whereas seminal fluid induces DAF-16–dependent life-span decrease and fat loss. Our study provides insight into the communication between males and the female germ line and soma to regulate reproduction and longevity, revealing a high-reproduction, low–life-span state induced by mating. Postmating somatic collapse may be an example of the sexually antagonistic influence that males in many species exert on female behavior to maximize their own reproductive success.


Risk factors suggestive of relatively late exposure to EBV have been consistently associated with Hodgkin's disease (HD) in younger adults. In addition, evidence of EBV infection has been found in the Reed-Sternberg cells themselves in about one-third to one-half of all HD cases. However, no study yet published has correlated these childhood social environment risk factors with the presence of EBV in Hodgkin's tumor cells. We examined whether EBV-positive HD occurs in those patients whose childhood environment would predispose them to relatively late exposure to EBV. The study population consisted of 102 cases of mixed cellularity (MC; n = 25) or nodular sclerosing (n = 77) HD. Samples that tested positive for either EBV-encoded RNA or latent membrane protein or both were considered EBV-positive. Of the 102 cases, 83 completed a questionnaire regarding childhood social environment. The association with EBV-positivity was estimated by the odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Twenty-two percent of the cases were EBV-positive. These cases were more likely to be MC (OR, 6.2; CI, 2.3-16.3) and male (OR, 3.4; CI, 1.3-9.0). History of infectious mononucleosis (IM) was not predictive of EBV-positivity, with only 3 of 14 such patients being EBV-positive (P = 0.82). Contrary to our hypothesis, no association between EBV and childhood environment risk factors was identified. The association of EBV with MC histology and male gender agrees with previous reports. The most intriguing finding was the dissociation between IM history and EBV-positivity, in that almost all of the cases with a history of IM were EBV-negative.


A study was conducted on women entrepreneurs in Klang Valley to examine the characteristics and business
profile of women entrepreneurs and to identify the gender needs of women entrepreneurs. The data was
collected by using mailed questionnaires and 33 women entrepreneurs responded. The study revealed that
66.7% of the women were involved in retail services, 36.4% in professional services, 21.2% in manufacturing
and 9.1% in wholesale. The study also showed that among the significant needs women required more
exposure to entrepreneurship, business management training, system of mentoring and career counseling,
networking and better access to credit facilities and better involvement in male-dominated business. Some
recommendations to help develop women entrepreneurs are forth.


Human preferences can effectively be elicited using pairwise comparisons and in this paper current state-of-the-art based on binary decisions is extended by a new paradigm which allows subjects to convey their degree of preference as a continuous but bounded response. For this purpose, a novel Beta-type likelihood is proposed and applied in a Bayesian regression framework using Gaussian Process priors. Posterior estimation and inference is performed using a Laplace approximation. The potential of the paradigm is demonstrated and discussed in terms of learning rates and robustness by evaluating the predictive performance under various noise conditions on a synthetic dataset. It is demonstrated that the learning rate of the novel paradigm is not only faster under ideal conditions, where continuous responses are naturally more informative than binary decisions, but also under adverse conditions where it seemingly preserves the robustness of the binary paradigm, suggesting that the new paradigm is robust to human inconsistency. Pairwise Comparisons, Continuous Response, Gaussian Processes, Laplace Approximation


Inertial tracking is still an area of active research, especially in the context of real-time human motion capture. Existing systems either propose loosely coupled tracking approaches, taking the resulting drawbacks into account, or they propose tightly coupled solutions limited to a fixed chain with few segments, but without any flexibility in changing the skeleton structure. Therefore, this paper proposes a generic approach for tracking arbitrary kinematic chains in a tightly coupled recursive filtering framework. The generic property as well as the tracking stability of the proposed system are demonstrated and initial experimental results concerning its accuracy are also presented.


Set in the second half of the eighteenth century, Barry Lyndon is the fictional autobiography of an adventurer and rogue whom the reader is led to distrust from the very beginning. Born into the petty Irish gentry, and outmanoeuvred in his first love-affair, a ruined Barry joins the British army. After service in Germany he deserts and, after a brief spell as a spy, pursues the career of a gambler in the dissolute clubs and courts of Europe. In a determined effort to enter fashionable society he marries a titled heiress but finds he has met his match. First published in 1844, Barry Lyndon is Thackeray's earliest substantial novel and in some ways his most original, reflecting his views of the true art of fiction: to represent a subject, however unpleasant, with accuracy and wit, and not to moralize. The text is that of George Sainsbury's 1908 Oxford edition which restores passages cut when the novel was revised in 1856. ABOUT THE SERIES: For over 100 years Oxford World's Classics has made available the widest range of literature from around the globe. Each affordable volume reflects Oxford's commitment to scholarship, providing the most accurate text plus a wealth of other valuable features, including expert introductions by leading authorities, helpful notes to clarify the text, up-to-date bibliographies for further study, and much more.


The oxygen regulation of two broad categories of yeast genes is discussed in this review. The first is made up of genes regulated by heme, and the second is made up of genes whose regulation is heme independent. Heme-regulated genes fall into two classes: heme-activated and heme-repressed genes. Activation is achieved through one of two transcriptional activators, the heme-dependent HAP1 protein or the heme-activated, glucose-repressed HAP2/3/4 complex. Some of the properties and the DNA-binding sites of these activators are discussed. Heme repression is achieved through the action of the ROX1 repressor, the expression of which is transcriptionally activated by heme. Once ROX1 is synthesized, its function is heme independent. Evidence that ROX1 binds to DNA or is part of a DNA-binding complex is described. Factors which modulate the function of these regulatory proteins are discussed, and a schematic of heme activation and repression is presented. The mitochondrial subunits of cytochrome c oxidase are induced by oxygen in a heme-independent fashion. The translation of one, cytochrome c oxidase subunit III, is dependent upon three nucleus-encoded initiation factors. One of these, PET494, is itself translationally regulated by oxygen in a heme-independent fashion. The expression of at least four other mitochondrially encoded cytochrome subunits is dependent upon specific translation factors, raising the potential for translational regulation as a general mechanism. Finally, a number of anaerobic genes that show heme-independent, oxygen-repressed expression have been identified. These fall into two kinetic classes, suggesting that there are at least two different regulatory circuitries.


Extraction by solvent is the process used to extract the sugar from sugar beets. In sugar beet processing, the sliced beets are subjected to a thermal treatment by hot water at 70-74°C. This leads to alteration of the cell tissue and loss of pectin into the juice, which consequently needs complicated purification. The application of pulsed electric field (PEF) ensures a non-thermal permeabilization of cellular membrane which ameliorates the juice purity. This study concerns the extraction of sugar from sugar beets, combined with the PEF. Discs of fresh sugar beet were pre-treated by PEF at different intensities and different numbers of pulses. Then they were immersed in water at ambient temperature with liquid-to-solid ratio equal to 1. The extraction kinetics were modelled using a simplified two-exponential kinetic model, which corresponds to mass transfer in two stages. The optimal parameters of PEF, giving the maximal juice yield under the minimal energy consumption, were determined. The influence of energy input on the yield of solute and the effect of agitation speed on the mass transfer rate were studied. The optimal speed of stirring was 250 rpm.


Parity games form an intriguing family of infinitary payoff games whose solution
is equivalent to the solution of important problems in automatic verification and
automata theory. They also form a very natural subclass of mean and discounted
payoff games, which in turn are very natural subclasses of turn-based stochastic
payoff games. From a theoretical point of view, solving these games is one of the few
problems that belong to the complexity class NP intersect coNP, and even more interestingly,
solving has been shown to belong to UP intersect coUP, and also to PLS. It is a major open
problem whether these game families can be solved in deterministic polynomial
time.
Policy iteration is one of the most important algorithmic schemes for solving
infinitary payoff games. It is parameterized by an improvement rule that determines
how to proceed in the iteration from one policy to the next. It is a major open problem
whether there is an improvement rule that results in a polynomial time algorithm for
solving one of the considered game classes.
Linear programming is one of the most important computational problems studied
by researchers in computer science, mathematics and operations research. Perhaps
more articles and books are written about linear programming than on all other
computational problems combined.
The simplex and the dual-simplex algorithms are among the most widely used
algorithms for solving linear programs in practice. Simplex algorithms for solving
linear programs are closely related to policy iteration algorithms. Like policy iteration,
the simplex algorithm is parameterized by a pivoting rule that describes how
to proceed from one basic feasible solution in the linear program to the next. It is
a major open problem whether there is a pivoting rule that results in a (strongly)
polynomial time algorithm for solving linear programs.
We contribute to both the policy iteration and the simplex algorithm by proving
exponential lower bounds for several improvement resp. pivoting rules. For every
considered improvement rule, we start by building 2-player parity games on which
the respective policy iteration algorithm performs an exponential number of iterations.
We then transform these 2-player games into 1-player Markov decision processes
ii
which correspond almost immediately to concrete linear programs on which the
respective simplex algorithm requires the same number of iterations. Additionally,
we show how to transfer the lower bound results to more expressive game classes
like payoff and turn-based stochastic games.
Particularly, we prove exponential lower bounds for the deterministic switch
all and switch best improvement rules for solving games, for which no non-trivial
lower bounds have been known since the introduction of Howard's policy iteration
algorithm in 1960. Moreover, we prove exponential lower bounds for the two most
natural and most studied randomized pivoting rules suggested to date, namely the random
facet and random edge rules for solving games and linear programs, for which
no non-trivial lower bounds have been known for several decades. Furthermore, we
prove an exponential lower bound for the switch half randomized improvement rule
for solving games, which is considered to be the most important multi-switching
randomized rule. Finally, we prove an exponential lower bound for the most natural
and famous history-based pivoting rule due to Zadeh for solving games and linear
programs, which has been an open problem for thirty years.
Last but not least, we prove exponential lower bounds for two other classes of
algorithms that solve parity games, namely for the model checking algorithm due to
Stevens and Stirling and for the recursive algorithm by Zielonka.


For Bayesian learning, given likelihood function and Gaussian prior, the elliptical slice sampler, introduced by Murray, Adams and MacKay 2010, provides a tool for the construction of a Markov chain for approximate sampling of the underlying posterior distribution. Besides of its wide applicability and simplicity its main feature is that no tuning is necessary. Under weak regularity assumptions on the posterior density we show that the corresponding Markov chain is geometrically ergodic and therefore yield qualitative convergence guarantees. We illustrate our result for Gaussian posteriors as they appear in Gaussian process regression, as well as in a setting of a multi-modal distribution. Remarkably, our numerical experiments indicate a dimension-independent performance of elliptical slice sampling even in situations where our ergodicity result does not apply.


Iron is generally removed from groundwater by the process of aeration or chemical oxidation followed by rapid sand filtration. Different mechanisms (physicochemical and biological) may contribute to iron removal in filters but the dominant mechanism depends on the physical and chemical characteristics of the water and process conditions applied. Nowadays, there are increasing numbers of publications on methods of biological iron removal which are reported to be much more efficient and cost effective than conventional physicochemical iron removal. However, the biological iron removal mechanism is not fully understood and there are still controversies about whether the mechanism of iron removal in filters could be solely biological or whether the presence of iron oxidising bacteria supplements the physicochemical iron removal mechanisms under certain specific conditions. This paper reviews the theoretical background of biologically mediated iron removal, the process conditions required, the advantages and limitations of the method and a few case studies. A literature review revealed that biological iron removal is not suitable when pH and oxygen concentrations are high and/or NH 4 + , H 2 S and Zn are present. Physicochemical removal mechanisms can achieve the same removal efficiency under the conditions that are reported to be favourable for biological iron removal. Biological iron removal is likely to be supplementary to conventional physicochemical iron removal.


One of the most fundamental human needs is fresh air. It has been estimated that people spend comparatively much time in indoor premises. That creates an elevated need for high-quality ventilation systems in buildings. The ventilation airflow rate is recognised as the main parameter for measuring the indoor air quality. It has been shown that the ventilation airflow rates have effects on respiratory diseases, on "sick building syndrome" symptoms, on productivity and perceived air quality. Ventilation is necessary to remove indoor-generated pollutants by diluting these to an acceptable level. The choice of ventilation airflow rate is often based on norms or standards in which the airflow rate is determined based on epidemiological research and field or laboratory measurements. However, the determination of ventilation flow rate is far more complex. Indoor air quality in the occupied zone can be dependent of many factors such as outdoor air quality, airflow rate, indoor generation of pollutants, moisture content, thermal environment and how the air is supplied into the human occupied zone. One needs to acknowledge the importance of air distribution which clearly affects the comfort of occupants. To design a ventilation system which considers all aspects of room ventilation can only be achieved by computer modelling. The objective of this thesis is to investigate air diffusion, indoor air quality and comfort issues by CFD (computational fluid dynamics) modelling. The crucial part of the CFD modelling is to adopt BCs (boundary conditions) for a successful and accurate modelling procedure. Assessing the CFD simulations by validated BCs enabled constructing the ventilation system virtually and various system layouts were tested to meet given design criteria. In parallel, full-scale measurements were conducted to validate the diffuser models and the implemented simplified particle-settling model. Both the simulations and the measurements reveal the full complexity of air diffusion coupled with solid contaminants. The air supply method is an important factor for distribution of heat, air velocity and solid contaminants. The influence of air supply diffuser location, contaminant source location and air supply method was tested both numerically and by measurements to investigate the influence of different parameters on the efficiency of room ventilation. As example of this, the well-known displacement ventilation is not fully able to evacuate large 10 μm airborne particles from a room. Ventilation should control the conditions in the human breathing zone and therefore the ventilation efficiency is an important parameter. A properly designed ventilation system could use less fresh air to maintain an acceptable level of contaminant concentration in the human breathing zone. That is why complete mixing of air is not recommended as the ventilation efficiency is low and the necessary airflow rate is relatively high compared to other ventilation strategies. Especially buoyancy-driven airflows from heat sources are an important part of ventilation and should not be hampered by supply airflow from the diffusers. All the results revealed that CFD presently is the only reliable method for optimising a ventilation system considering the air diffusion and contaminant level in all locations of any kind of room. The last part of the thesis addresses the possibility to integrate the CFD modelling into a building design process where architectural space geometry, thermal simulations and diffuser BCs could be embedded into a normal building design project.


In the recent abundance of youth culture vampire books and films, John Ajvide Lindqvist's Let the Right One In (Sweden 2005 / 2008) stands out as a text that holds in careful tension political questions about transgressive sexuality and the image of the child in contemporary culture. This paper seeks to engage with how the text reflects current societal anxieties about social disconnect, children and sexuality, by offering a reading of the 2008 film alongside the novel it is based on, suggesting that some of the adjustments made for the film version can be seen as indicative of critical points in the text that are particularly problematic. In light of Nina Auerbach's (1995) argument that each age 'embraces the vampire it needs and gets the vampire it deserves', the paper seeks to raise questions about the significance in the shift from the purely predatory and immoral vampire to the vampire that cares and wants to do good; from the sexually knowledgeable vampire to the child vampire with connotations of sexual innocence; and the shift away from longstanding metaphors for gender transgressive desires and homoeroticism associated with the vampire to representations of other forms of sexual dissidence and otherness.


In this paper we present an inspection robot to produce gas distribution maps and localize gas sources in large outdoor environments. The robot is equipped with a 3D laser range finder and a remote gas sensor that returns integral concentration measurements. We apply principles of tomography to create a spatial gas distribution model from integral gas concentration measurements. The gas distribution algorithm is framed as a convex optimization problem and it models the mean distribution and the fluctuations of gases. This is important since gas dispersion is not an static phenomenon and furthermore, areas of high fluctuation can be correlated with the location of an emitting source. We use a compact surface representation created from the measurements of the 3D laser range finder with a state of the art mapping algorithm to get a very accurate localization and estimation of the path of the laser beams. In addition, a conic model for the beam of the remote gas sensor is introduced. We observe a substantial improvement in the gas source localization capabilities over previous state-of-the-art in our evaluation carried out in an open field environment.


Chaos and order clash in this riveting exploration of crime and punishment on the Internet.With a new afterword that brings the book's stories up to date, including law enforcement's dramatic seizure of the online black market Silk Road.Once considered a borderless and chaotic virtual landscape, the Internet is now home to the forces of international law and order. Its not just computer hackers and cyber crooks who lurk in the dark corners of the Webthe cops are there, too.In The Internet Police, Ars Technica editor Nate Anderson takes readers on a behind-the-screens tour of landmark cybercrime cases, revealing how criminals continue to find digital and legal loopholes even as police hurry to cinch them closed. From the Cleveland man whose natural male enhancement pill inadvertently protected the privacy of your e-mail to the Russian spam king who ended up in a Milwaukee jail to the Australian arrest that ultimately led to the breakup of the largest child pornography ring in the United States, Anderson draws on interviews, court documents, and law-enforcement reports to reconstruct accounts of how online policing actually works. Questions of online crime are as complex and interconnected as the Internet itself. With each episode in The Internet Police, Anderson shows the dark side of online spacesbut also how dystopian a fully ordered alternative would be.


This dissertation is a discussion and development of hierarchical algorithms for illumination. These algorithms operate through recursive, adaptive refinement of the environment into hierarchical meshes--rather than computing light transport only between elements at the finest level of refinement, the algorithms allow computation of transport between higher level subpatches, as controlled by user specified error bounds. As discussed in this dissertation, employment of hierarchical methods yields significant savings in computation.
The initial work in hierarchical methods was that of Hanrahan and Salzman for the computation of radiosity over unoccluded environments. In this dissertation, we discuss extension of the algorithm to occluded environments, incorporating visibility heuristics and acceleration via radiosity weighting. Given an environment consisting of k polygonal patches and n elements at the finest level of refinement, the algorithm requires at most $O(n+k\sp2)$ transport interactions; traditional methods require $O(n\sp2).$
Application of hierarchical transport to nondiffuse reflection is developed through the derivation of a radiance formulation for discrete three point transport, incorporating a new measure and description of reflectance: area reflectance. This formulation and associated reflectance allow an estimate of error in the computation of radiance across triples of surface elements, and lead directly to a hierarchical refinement algorithm for global illumination.
We have implemented and analyzed this algorithm over surfaces exhibiting glossy and diffuse reflection. Theoretical growth in transport computation is shown to be $O(n+k\sp3)$--this growth is exhibited in experimental trials. Naive application of three point transport would require computation over $O(n\sp3)$ element triples.
Global illumination within nondiffuse environments is ideally suited for computation under importance and radiance driven refinement: a transport interaction is of significance only if it lies within paths of directional reflection of both radiance originating at a light source, and importance originating at the eye. We have thus derived the adjoint to the radiance transport formulation, and present preliminary results of application of this adjoint in the form of an importance driven version of our implementation. These results show significant reduction in computation, and indicate that importance and radiance driven hierarchical techniques possess great potential for efficient evaluation of global illumination over general reflection.


We use administrative payroll data to estimate the effect of the minimum wage on employment and wages. We find that both effects are nuanced. While the overall number of low-wage workers in firms declines, incumbent workers are no less likely to remain employed. We find that firms reduce employment primarily through hiring, and there is significant heterogeneity across the nontradable and tradable sectors. For wages, we find modest spillovers extending up to $2.50 above the minimum wage. Spillovers accrue to both incumbent workers and new hires, but only within firms that employ a significant fraction of low-wage workers.


The financial relationship between banks and microfinance institutions (MFIs) is a key element of the debate on establishing accessible financial systems in sub-Saharan countries. Today, MFIs face strong and growing pressure in terms of resources, especially due to an increasing demand for funding, both in number and volumes. However, there is virtually no academic literature on refinancing between banks and MFIs. Also, the existing empirical literature on microfinance access to external funding has to some extend neglected the importance of bank financing funds, focusing more on international external funds. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the access of MFIs to external funds from the local banking system. Specifically, we examine the link between an MFI's access to Banks funding and its maturity and performance. From a panel of 156 Senegalese MFIs, we have created a fixed-effects model to help explain the influence of key variables (MFI size, profitability, risk, etc.) on an MFI's ability to raise funds from the local banking system. The results show that bank financing generally benefit large MFIs, those with significant tangible assets and with a high quality portfolio. Profitability does not seem to be a key determinant of MFI's access to bank funding. However, the funds deposited by microfinance organizations in banks act as a financing guarantee and strongly help MFIs to raise funds from local commercial banks.


Tree growth limitation at treeline has mainly been studied in terms of carbon limitation while effects and mechanisms of potential nitrogen (N) limitation are barely known, especially in the southern hemisphere. We investigated how soil abiotic properties and microbial community structure and composition change from lower to upper sites within three vegetation belts (Nothofagus betuloides and N. pumilio forests, and alpine vegetation) across an elevation gradient (from 0 to 650 m a.s.l.) in Cordillera Darwin, southern Patagonia. Increasing elevation was associated with a decrease in soil N-NH4+ availability within the N. pumilio and the alpine vegetation belt. Within the alpine vegetation belt, a concurrent increase in the soil C:N ratio was associated with a shift from bacterial-dominated in lower alpine sites to fungal-dominated microbial communities in upper alpine sites. Lower forested belts (N. betuloides, N. pumilio) exhibited more complex patterns both in terms of soil properties and microbial communities. Overall, our results concur with recent findings from high-latitude and altitude ecosystems showing decreased nutrient availability with elevation, leading to fungal-dominated microbial communities. We suggest that growth limitation at treeline may result, in addition to proximal climatic parameters, from a competition between trees and soil microbial communities for limited soil inorganic N. At higher elevation, soil microbial communities could have comparably greater capacities to uptake soil N than trees, and the shift towards a fungal-dominated community would favour N immobilization over N mineralization. Though evidences of altered nutrient dynamics in tree and alpine plant tissue with increasing altitude remain needed, we contend that the measured residual low amount of inorganic N available for trees in the soil could participate to the establishment limitation. Finally, our results suggest that responses of soil microbial communities to elevation could be influenced by functional properties of forest communities for instance through variations in litter quality.


Studies were designed to determine the effect, in diabetic patients, of insulin induced hypoglycemia upon alimentary hyperglycemia. The following results were obtained. 1. In a four-hour study, as a control day, each of four patients was given his usual insulin one hour before the oral administration of 100 gm. of glucose. On another occasion, under identical conditions, hypoglycemia was produced during the hour preceding glucose administration, by intravenous administration of Crystalline Insulin. There was no greater impairment of glucose tolerance during the subsequent three hours than noted in the control study. 2. In ten patients, maintained on constant diets for three consecutive days, blood sugars were determined at frequent intervals from 7 a.m. to 10 p.m. each day. Each patient, if insulin dependent, received his usual dose before breakfast on all three days. On the second day the administration of additional subcutaneous Crystalline Insulin produced hypoglycemia during the forenoon. No carbohydrate supplementation was given and generally the hypoglycemia was corrected only by lunch given at the usual time. The postprandial blood sugar elevations for the balance of that day and throughout the third day were no greater than those of the first or control day. 3. In one patient six identical studies were performed. In each instance 25 gm. of glucose was given by mouth at 7 a.m. on each of three consecutive days. Blood sugars were measured at two-hour intervals from 8 a.m. to 12 noon. On day two hypoglycemia was produced by the administration of 15-25 U. Crystalline Insulin after the 8 a.m. blood specimen was drawn. Although mean blood sugars were statistically significantly higher on day three than on day one at 8 a.m. and 12 noon, the quantitative measurement of urine sugar showed no increase over that of the control day on either the day of hypoglycemia or the following day. These data do not support the concept, in patients with diabetes mellitus, that hypoglycemia is followed by further impairment of glucose tolerance.


Auger photoelectron coincidence spectroscopy (APECS) has been used to study the properties of the Auger and photoelectron emissions from a number of materials in the past. Much of this work has been with members of the first transition series, where the effects of filling the 3d band have been studied. In this current work, we report on a study of the M 4,5-N 4,5N 4,5 emission from two members of the second transition series, Ag and In (in InP), in coincidence with the 3d 5/2, 3d 3/2 and 3p 3/2 photoemission lines. In contrast to the Coster-Kronig (CK)-preceded L 2-L 3M 4,5-M 4,5M 4,5(M 4,5) Auger process seen in Cu, the analogue of Ag, we find that there is no contribution from the CK-preceded M 4-M 5N 4,5-N 4,5N 4,5(N 4,5) process in either Ag or In. In contrast to Ga (in GaAs), individual peaks in the In singles Auger line are not so well reproduced by a single APECS spectrum. There is intensity missing in the main In M 5-N 4,5N 4,5 line in coincidence with the 3d 5/2 line which is only accounted for by intensity coming from the CK-preceded M 3-M 5N 4,5-N 4,5N 4,5(N 4,5) process. It is seen that the CK-preceded M 3-M 4N 4,5-N 4,5N 4,5(N 4,5) and M 3-M 5N 4,5-N 4,5N 4,5(N 4,5) processes contribute to the shape of the M 4,5-N 4,5N 4,5 line of both Ag and In. Interestingly, in contrast to what is observed in the coincidence experiment in Cu, the low-energy tail in Ag is not significantly reduced in the coincidence experiment and the Ag singles line shape is reproduced in the coincidence spectrum. This is interpreted as indicating that the probability for shake-up/shake-off in the initial state is significantly higher for Cu than for Ag, and indicates that the intrinsic processes in Ag are easily identified and assigned to particular photoemission lines. We conclude from these data that the Auger lines of elements from the second row of transition metals show many of the same effects as seen in the first transition series, but now with the added complication of Auger cascades that have greater complexity, and the broader background features due to shake-up/shake-off are not as intense.


Global scientific publishing, including open access publishing, is heavily biased towards journals and authors from the Global North. This has resulted in a knowledge gap between the South and the North. It has led to a situation where scientific knowledge from the Global South is very much underrepresented in the collective scientific output worldwide: a problem which has been described as cognitive injustice. Unfortunately this situation is not helped by the fact that many questionable publishers are based in countries in the Global South. To address these issues the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) started an Ambassador programme in 2016 with the help of funding from the International Development Research Centre (IDRC Canada). The main objective of the programme was to increase the number of quality open access journals published, and the quality of open access publishing, in the Global South.


Would a board-adopted bylaw mandating arbitration of stockholder disputes and eliminating the right to pursue such claims on a class action basis be enforceable? That question came to the fore as a result of late June 2013 decisions from the United States Supreme Court and the Delaware Court of Chancery, which, when read together, suggest that the answer to this question is yes. In American Express Co. v. Italian Colors Restaurant, the United States Supreme Court, interpreting the Federal Arbitration Act, upheld a mandatory arbitration provision, including a class action waiver, in a commercial contract. The decision focused upon the arbitration provision as a contract subject to the FAA. Next, the Delaware Court of Chancery rendered its opinion in Boilermakers Local 154 Retirement Fund v. Chevron Corp. The decision, which emphasized that bylaws are contracts between a corporation and its stockholders, upheld the validity of bylaws adopted by the boards of Chevron Corporation and FedEx Corporation requiring that intra-corporate disputes be litigated exclusively in Delaware courts. Subsequent United States Supreme Court and Delaware Supreme Court decisions addressing forum selection and the board's power to adopt bylaws have only strengthened the argument. In addition to complementing each other, both American Express and Boilermakers address a similar issue, namely, the explosion in class action and derivative litigation that settles primarily for attorneys' fees, most commonly in the context of mergers and acquisitions. Stockholders ultimately bear the costs of such litigation. Class actions and derivative lawsuits are forms of representative litigation, in which named plaintiffs seek to act on behalf of a class of stockholders or the corporation itself. The plaintiffs are customarily represented by attorneys on a contingent fee basis, making the lawyer the "real party in interest in these cases." If mandatory arbitration bylaws barring class actions were enforceable, the logical outcome would be a marked decline in class actions, since the alleged existence of a class is a principal driver of attorneys' fees. This Article examines the legal and policy issues raised by arbitration bylaws, whether adopting such bylaws would be attractive to public companies, likely reaction from stockholders and opportunities for private ordering. Since arbitration is a creature of contract, this article argues that there are opportunities for corporations to craft bylaws that take into account company-specific issues, while responding to many likely criticisms. However, the inherent bias of some stockholders and corporations against arbitration is likely to make experimentation in this area slow and difficult.


Since myocardium at risk (MAR) is the major prognosticator of final infarct size and outcome in patients with acute myocardial infarction, it is highly desirable to estimate the size of the acutely ischemic myocardium, that is the MAR, in these patients. We assessed MAR size by Tc-99m-sestamibi-SPECT and computerized vectorcardiography using autoradiography as reference method. Transient myocardial ischemia was achieved in 12 pigs by coronary artery occlusion with PTCA catheters. During the procedure, computerized vectorcardiography was continuously recorded. After injection of Tc-99m-sestamibi and gadolinium-153-labelled microspheres, MAR size was estimated by SPECT and post-mortem autoradiography. Different cut-off levels (50-70%) were compared with respect to MAR-SPECT. Tc-99m-sestamibi-SPECT showed a good correlation with autoradiography (r = 0.94). Computerized vectorcardiography showed a good correlation with autoradiography as well as with Tc-99m-sestamibi-SPECT (STC-VM: r = 0.75 and 0.80, respectively, ST-VM: 0.75 and 0.87, respectively). It was found that 1) MAR assessed by Tc-99m-sestamibi-SPECT correlates closely with the autoradiographic reference; 2) a lower cut-off point of 60% of maximum uptake for MAR by Tc-99m-sestamibi-SPECT gives the closest correlation with the autoradiographic reference; and 3) ST-VM and STC-VM correlate well with MAR assessed by Tc-99m-sestamibi-SPECT and autoradiography.


Reliable excess returns from active portfolio management derive from informed trading. This article investigates the information content of informed trading in the equity market and the options market. The authors find that informed equity trading and options trading are positively correlated in the time series but virtually uncorrelated cross sectionally. Portfolio-level and stock-level analyses provide robust evidence that the cross-sectional return predictive power of informed trading in each market is distinct. Time-series analyses indicate that aggregate informed options trading is useful for predicting market returns but that the amount of informed trading has declined significantly in more recent years. The time-series patterns of both informed trading measures coincide closely with the decline in equity hedge fund excess returns.


oping one's competencies and continuing lifelong learning is consistently met with fear as the cost of education continues to rise. Educational institutions are combating these high costs with distance education. In a study, 69.1 percent of chief learning officers indicated that online learning is very important to their long term strategies (Allen & Seaman, 2013). The number of learners taking at least one online course is increasing; on the other hand, face-to-face learning in higher education has slowed for the first time in 10 years (Allen & Seaman, 2013). Daniel de Vise, of the Washington Post, cites the number of enrolled non-traditional students as 40 percent (2011, para. 1). How will faculty successfully facilitate this intergenerational mixture of learners: matured (x-1944), baby boomer (1945-1964), generation X (1965-1978) and generation Y (1979-1995) (Burton, 2007)?


Incident and service request fulmillment management is present in every company regardless its size. It's one of the most crucial services, as it is the first point of contact between IT department and end users. System Center Service Manager is one of the products, which among other things, enables working with incidents and user requests. It's a product of System Center family of products, created by Microsoft. System is available to end users as a portal, where they can report incidents, requests, questions, etc. They can check the state of their incidents, and are also notified via e-mail, if there is any change. Support groups use System Center Service Manager console to resolve incidents and requests. The console enables them to see all relevant incidents, users, computers, printers, etc. System also provides reporting and dashboards, for IT department to follow incidents, all open requests, problematic applications, etc.
The objective of this thesis is to successfully implement the system in the current environment and a successful transition to the new way of incident reporting.
In the first part of the thesis there is a brief description of System Center Service Manager, what it consists of and what options it offers. In the central part, actual implementation is described. Installation, reconfiguration, preparation, and implementation of incident management. It also describes the method we have used, to make a smooth transition for the users, to this new system.
The final part of this thesis is dedicated to our conclusions and description of advantages and disadvantages, brought by the implementation of the system for both users and system administrators.


Abstract. We present here the aerosol retrieval technique FAR that uses radiative transfer computations in the process of retrieval rather than look-up tables (LUT). This approach provides operational satellite data processing due to the use of the accurate and extremely fast radiative transfer code RAY previously developed by authors along with approximate analytical solutions of the radiative transfer theory. The model of the stratified atmosphere is taken as two coupled layers. Both layers include aerosol scattering and absorption, molecular scattering and gas absorption. The atmosphere parameters are assumed to change from pixel to pixel in the lower atmosphere layer, but the upper stratified layer of the atmosphere over 2–3 km is supposed to be horizontally homogenous for the frame under retrieval. The model of the land spectral albedo is taken as a weighted sum of two a priory chosen basic spectra. The aerosol optical thickness (AOT), Angstrom exponent and the weight in the land spectral albedo are optimized in the iteration process using the least-squares technique with fast computations of the derivatives of radiative characteristics with respect to retrieved values. The aerosol model and, hence, the aerosol phase function and single scattering albedo, is predefined and does not change in the iteration process. The presented version of FAR is adjusted to process the MERIS data. But it is important that the developed technique can be adapted for processing data of various satellite instruments (including any spectral multi-angle polarization-sensitive sensors). The use of approximate analytical radiative transfer solutions considerably speeds up data processing but may lead to about 15–20% increase of AOT retrieval errors. This approach is advantageous when just the satellite data processing time rather than high accuracy of the AOT retrieval is crucial. A good example is monitoring the trans-boundary transfer of aerosol impurities, particularly in the case of emergencies such as volcano eruptions, or various industrial disasters. Beside, two important problems that determine the accuracy of the AOT retrieval are considered. The first one is the effect of the preliminary choice of the aerosol model, particularly for the retrieval from satellite instruments providing only spectral data (MERIS, MODIS). The second problem is the influence of clouds in adjacent pixels. As for our knowledge, this problem has not been given the required attention up to now and it should be properly accounted for in the AOT retrieval algorithms.


Concern about the impact of discrimination on the well-being of African Americans played a prominent role in Brown v. Board of Education (1954) and has been hotly contested in the ongoing struggle to achieve equal educational opportunities. The importance of this legacy is also reflected in the recent efforts on behalf of gay, lesbian, and bisexual (GLB) students in America. For those seeking to help GLB youth, the similarity between these two struggles means that Brown can provide crucial insights into attempts to undermine these efforts. This article will describe in detail the relationship between Brown and the well-being of African American students in order to shed light on the possibilities and obstacles facing those seeking to support GLB students.


This is one of a series of papers presented at a symposium sponsored by the University of Maryland School of Law titled Bidding Adieu to the Clinton Administration: Assessing the Ramifications of the Clinton Scandals on the Office of the President and on Executive Branch Investigations. The paper had its genesis in two autobiographical facts, the first being that the drama of Watergate moved me to become a lawyer, and the second being that nearly twenty years later I was involved in a very small way in the congressional hearings on the Clinton impeachment. The Nixon impeachment crisis inspired me to a life in the law. The Clinton affair was a dispiriting farce. Reflection on my divergent reactions to the two events led me to ask three questions. First, were the Nixon and Clinton impeachments truly as different as my memory makes them? Second, if the Clinton impeachment was indeed as bizarre and anomalous as it seemed, how could such a thing have happened? Third, what are the implications for the presidency and the project of governance in America of the fact that a president was impeached and nearly removed from office for lying about sexual infidelity. The article concludes that Clinton impeach was distinguishable not only from the Nixon matter but also from all other presidential impeachments or near-impeachments in American history. Its uniqueness and its cause lay in the combination of three factors: the squalid triviality of the underlying conduct, the absence of mature leadership from the elected and appointed guardians of the constitutional system, and a new, mean, criminalized politics. The article discusses the trap that post-Watergate legalism set for ordinary politics, but rejects the notion that the legal structures created in the wake of Watergate were the sole cause of the Clinton disaster. In the end, the cast of characters from all components of the federal government who made the choices that led to impeachment repeatedly failed to understand and protect the American idea of government, which is not merely an abstract embrace of freedom, equality, and democratic self-governance, but is instead a societal compact to promote those ideals within the specific, if historically evolving, governmental framework outlined in the Constitution. The repeated want of respect for both constitutional doctrines (e.g., separation of powers) and constitutional offices and officers displayed by the Congress, the courts, the Independent Counsel, and the President himself suggest that many members of the country's governing classes have fallen out of love with the American idea of politics and governance. The Article concludes with a few preliminary suggestions on falling in love again.


We present a pedagogical and phenomenological introduction to the study of cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarization to build intuition about the prospects and challenges facing its detection. Thomson scattering of temperature anisotropies on the last scattering surface generates a linear polarization pattern on the sky that can be simply read off from their quadrupole moments. These in turn correspond directly to the fundamental scalar (compressional), vector (vortical), and tensor (gravitational wave) modes of cosmological perturbations. We explain the origin and phenomenology of the geometric distinction between these patterns in terms of the so-called electric and magnetic parity modes, as well as their correlation with the temperature pattern. By its isolation of the last scattering surface and the various perturbation modes, the polarization provides unique information for the phenomenological reconstruction of the cosmological model. Finally we comment on the comparison of theory with experimental data and prospects for the future detection of CMB polarization. 1Alfred P. Sloan Fellow


Bandwidth optimization is considered when several classes of Internet traffic are served in generalized processor sharing (GPS) servers. Internet traffic shows self-similar patterns that make it difficult to obtain analytical performance in GPS. Thus, for performance estimation of different classes of traffic, we use fluid simulation techniques that can reduce the simulation complexity, compared to packet-level simulation. Using the relationship between the guaranteed bandwidth vector and the corresponding performance, we propose a bandwidth optimization problem to minimize the total bandwidth such that performance requirements are satisfied. We use an exterior penalty function method to solve the optimization problem. However, a penalized objective function may have local minimum which is not a global minimum. Thus, we propose a new methodology to circumvent the limitation of the exterior penalty function method.


Abstract The mechanisms of discipline and power within the institution of the school constitute, in part, the relationship between society and childhood. This article traces the relationship between official regulative discourses of control and punishment practices over students in primary school. It focuses on the memories of schooling of first-year students in a Department of Primary Education at a Greek University. The concepts of power, discipline and discourse from the theory of Michel Foucault are drawn on to examine the pedagogical control over primary school pupils. The research was carried out using an open questionnaire in which participants were asked to describe their experiences of school punishment. The key findings showed that corporal punishment is dominant in the memory of the majority of research participants. The reason for the pupils' punishment was mainly their making noise in the classroom and their poor performance in core subjects of the curriculum. These findings are significant for the sociology of education as they reveal the real and symbolic violence of school life that endures in memories of childhood, schooling and society.


This Report is a record of the LIFE Project. The Project has been run for one year and its aim is to deliver crucial information about the cost and management of digital material. This information should then in turn be able to be applied to any institution that has an interest in preserving and providing access to electronic collections.

The Project is a joint venture between The British Library and UCL Library Services. The Project is funded by JISC under programme area (i) as listed in paragraph 16 of the JISC 4/04 circular- Institutional Management Support and
Collaboration and as such has set requirements and outcomes which must be met and the Project has done its best to do so. Where the Project has been unable to answer specific questions, strong recommendations have been made for future Project work to do so.

The outcomes of this Project are expected to be a practical set of guidelines and a framework within which costs can be applied to digital collections in order to answer the following questions:

• What is the long term cost of preserving digital material;

• Who is going to do it;

• What are the long term costs for a library in HE/FE to partner with another institution to carry out long term archiving;

• What are the comparative long-term costs of a paper and digital copy of
the same publication;

• At what point will there be sufficient confidence in the stability and
maturity of digital preservation to switch from paper for publications
available in parallel formats;

• What are the relative risks of digital versus paper archiving.

The Project has attempted to answer these questions by using a developing
lifecycle methodology and three diverse collections of digital content. The LIFE Project team chose UCL e-journals, BL Web Archiving and the BL VDEP digital collections to provide a strong challenge to the methodology as well as to help reach the key Project aim of attributing long term cost to digital collections. The results from the Case Studies and the Project findings are both surprising
and illuminating.


EVALUATING THE APPLICATION OF MODULARITY TO REDUCE MARKET RISK IN TECHNOLOGY PUSH PRODUCTS Aaron J. Hopkinson Department of Mechanical Engineering Master of Science Technology push product development presents a number of challenges over the more typical market pull product development. Despite these challenges, enough advantages exist to motivate firms to develop technology push products at greater risk. Modularity is a tool that can address some of these challenges. Currently most research and application of modularity have focused on market pull product development efforts. The research in this thesis explores the value of modularity in technology push product development through the development of methods and the analysis of 68 example products including 35 technology push products. A method has been developed for quantifying the degree to which a product is market pull and technology push by applying scores derived from customer feedback. In the development of the scoring method, the meaning of the terms market pull and technology push have been explored and clarified allowing for beneficial application. The scoring method was applied to 68 example products and then statistically evaluated to determine the effect that the market pull and technology push scores have on the probability of product success. With the market pull and technology push scores as a basis for the probability of success, the effect of modularity in technology push products can be determined. The concept of technology modularity was introduced in comparison to product modularity. Each of the 35 technology push products was evaluated to determine the level of both product and technology modularity present. These levels are used to statistically evaluate the affect of modularity on the probability of product success. This research presents methods for determining if technology modularity can significantly improve the probability of product success with examples indicating its value and application. Technology modularity, and its application, is validated as an important concept for technology push product developers. Three example products are provided to illustrate the application of this research to improve product development decisions. The methods, results, and conclusions of this research provide product developers with a powerful tool to aid them in the successful development and commercialization of technology push products.


TARGET LOCALIZATION IN MIMO RADAR SYSTEMS by Hana Godrich MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output) radar systems employ multiple antennas to transmit multiple waveforms and engage in joint processing of the received echoes from the target. MIMO radar has been receiving increasing attention in recent years from researchers, practitioners, and funding agencies. Elements of MIMO radar have the ability to transmit diverse waveforms ranging from independent to fully correlated. MIMO radar offers a new paradigm for signal processing research. In this dissertation, target localization accuracy performance, attainable by the use of MIMO radar systems, configured with multiple transmit and receive sensors, widely distributed over an area, are studied. The Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) for target localization accuracy is developed for both coherent and noncoherent processing. The CRLB is shown to be inversely proportional to the signal effective bandwidth in the noncoherent case, but is approximately inversely proportional to the carrier frequency in the coherent case. It is shown that optimization over the sensors' positions lowers the CRLB by a factor equal to the product of the number of transmitting and receiving sensors. The best linear unbiased estimator (BLUE) is derived for the MIMO target localization problem. The BLUE's utility is in providing a closed-form localization estimate that facilitates the analysis of the relations between sensors locations, target location, and localization accuracy. Geometric dilution of precision (GDOP) contours are used to map the relative performance accuracy for a given layout of radars over a given geographic area. Coherent processing advantage for target localization relies on time and phase synchronization between transmitting and receiving radars. An analysis of the sensitivity of the localization performance with respect to the variance of phase synchronization error is provided by deriving the hybrid CRLB. The single target case is extended to the evaluation of multiple target localization performance. Thus far, the analysis assumes a stationary target. Study of moving target tracking capabilities is offered through the use of the Bayesian CRLB for the estimation of both target location and velocity. Centralized and decentralized tracking algorithms, inherit to distributed MIMO radar architecture, are proposed and evaluated. It is shown that communication requirements and processing load may be reduced at a relatively low performance cost. TARGET LOCALIZATION IN MIMO RADAR SYSTEMS


Given the parallels between the complexity of human spaceflight and large software systems, there are many things we developers can learn from successful space programs, such as the Soyuz. First, limiting a project's scope and complexity early on can have a dramatic payoff in its success and longevity. In addition, adding generous margins to early estimates (and any subsequent revisions) will ease the pain of development and deployment. Furthermore, gradual evolution with a working program at each step, rather than massive rewrites, benefits from successful architectures and teams, while also retaining the software's customer base and third-party contributors. Finally, a well-defined modular structure can increase the software's versatility yielding economies of scope and scale over its lifetime.


Abstract The paper presents the results of the pre-operational environmental monitoring program for the Experimental Pilot Plant for Tritium and Deuterium Separation. The tritium baseline was established in surface water samples, air, precipitation, crops, fish, meat and milk. The paper also summarizes the azeotropic distillation procedure used to extract water from samples and problems encountered during its use.


Car tire failure is one of the major causes of serious accident. To reduce the accidents, the US National Highway Transport Safety Administration (US NHTSA) has passed a legislation requiring all new passenger cars to be equipped with Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS) starting from November 2006. However, according to automotive experts, tire failure could also originate from excessive tread wear and other several causes.

This research project is proposed to analyze tire tread conditions, and relay the information back to the user. The project is a software that is developed using Matrox Imaging Library and Visual Basic Version 6 (VB6). It consists of an inference engine, image files, selected Matrox Imaging Library modules and a graphical user interface module. The software employs an automatic threshold value selection method, that is developed during this project, to binarize a tire tread image before analyze it. The result shows that the new automatic threshold value selection method is able to binarize an image better than the "Binarize" method that is available in Matrox Imaging Library.

The proposed system uses the "Blob Analysis" module that is available in Matrox Imaging Library to analyze a tire tread image that was binarized. The system is able to categorize an image into seven conditions i.e. worst, bad, over limit, on the limit, nearly reaches limit, beginning and good conditions, instead of only bad and good conditions. The proposed system applies If-Then rules in blob analysis stage.

Moreover, the monitoring system is able to point out the abnormal tread wear location in an image using colored rectangular lines. The system is also able to advice an action needed to be taken by the user.

Based on the test results, the proposed system is able to detect and monitor several types of tire tread wear i.e. abnormal tread wear due to chamber alignment problem, abnormal tread wear due to improper inflation, abnormal tread wear due to excessive usage and normal tread wear. The proposed system is also able to analyze all sizes of tires and various types of tread patterns produced by various manufacturers.


Mark-recapture methods constitute a set of classical ecological tools that are used to collect information on species dispersal and population size. These methods have advanced knowledge in disparate scientific fields, from conservation biology to pest control. Gathering information on the dispersal of mosquito species, such as Aedes aegypti, has become critical since the recognition of their role as vectors of pathogens. Here, we evaluate a method to mark mosquitoes that exploits the rare alkali metals rubidium (Rb) and caesium (Cs), which have been used previously to mark adult insects through feeding. We revised this method by adding Rb and Cs directly to water in which the immature stages of Ae. aegypti were allowed to develop. We then assessed the effect of Rb- and Cs-enriched water on fitness, survival and bioaccumulation in both adult females and their eggs. Results indicated that Cs had adverse effects on Ae. aegypti, even at low concentrations, whereas Rb at low concentrations had no measured effects on exposed individuals and accumulated at detectable levels in adult females. The method described here relies on passive uptake of Rb during immature stages, which has the benefit of avoiding handling or manipulation of the dispersive adults, which enables purer measurement of movement. Moreover, we demonstrated that Rb was transferred efficiently from the marked females to their eggs. To our knowledge, Rb is the only marker used for mosquitoes that has been shown to transfer vertically from females to eggs. The application of Rb rather than more traditional markers may therefore increase the quality (no impact on released individuals) and quantity (both adults and eggs are marked) of data collected during MR studies. The method we propose here can be used in combination with other markers, such as stable isotopes, in order to maximize the information collected during MR experiments.


As the COVID‐19 pandemic spread across the globe in the first quarter of 2020, demand for specialised equipment in hospitals soared. As a result, firms from a variety of sectors repurposed their design and manufacturing to create new products in days. By examining 80 cases of this accelerated innovation, the research investigates how a shared purpose drives change in the innovation process. It applies the lens of exaptation – the discovery of unintended functions for technologies – to explain how product complexity and ecosystem structure affect accelerated innovation in this context. The research extends the application of exaption to manufacturing as well as product design; it identifies a relationship between complexity, exaptation and ecosystems. The research suggests that the ability to exapt design and manufacturing can determine a firm's ecosystem role. These results lead to implications for theory and for practice, during the response to and recovery from the crisis.


OBJECTIVE
This study examined changes in psychosocial outcomes among participants in an eight-week, peer-led, mental illness self-management intervention called Wellness Recovery Action Planning (WRAP).

METHODS
Eighty individuals with serious mental illness at five Ohio sites completed telephone interviews at baseline and one month after the intervention.

RESULTS
Paired t tests of pre- and postintervention scores revealed significant improvement in self-reported symptoms, recovery, hopefulness, self-advocacy, and physical health; empowerment decreased significantly and no significant changes were observed in social support. Those attending six or more sessions showed greater improvement than those attending fewer sessions.

CONCLUSIONS
These promising early results suggest that further research on this intervention is warranted. Confirmation of the efficacy and effectiveness of peer-led self-management has the potential to enhance self-determination and promote recovery for people with psychiatric disabilities.


As a purely theoretical matter, we can predict that a flat ban on all exercises of eminent domain will result in some less development in urban areas (poor or not poor) and some more development in exurban or rural areas. We can also predict that a ban on only economic development condemnations (which allows so-called blight or blight removal condemnations to continue as before) will result in some more development in poor urban areas (but not necessarily in urban areas as a whole) and in exurban or rural ones, and less development in suburban areas (at least non-poor suburbs). We can say almost nothing about how much less or how much more. Moreover, even these minimal predictions must be qualified because restrictions on eminent domain may lead localities in fragmented land markets to rely more heavily on alternative means to reduce the costs of land assembly for developers, such as cash and infrastructure subsidies or zoning exceptions, particularly in markets where the status quo ante was imperfect competition among the localities for new development. The qualitative claims about the nature of the development that will be encouraged or discouraged as a result of eminent domain "reforms" lack both theoretical and empirical support. Stated simply, there is no defensible way to categorize as good or bad, economically viable or non-viable, efficient or inefficient, socially beneficial or socially harmful, the development in urban areas that will be lost as a result of a flat ban on eminent domain or (in poor urban areas at least) that will be gained as a result of a ban on economic development condemnations coupled with continued allowance of blight condemnations. One reason this is so is that the two legal tests for the kinds of "public use" that are sufficient for the exercise of eminent domain - the economic development as public use test and blight removal as public use test - do not necessarily select for "good" new development according to any intelligible criteria of goodness. In sum, we are left with a rather unsatisfying situation: a lack of any assurance as to whether there will be any net benefits, in terms of more "good" development and less "bad" development, as a result of either of the two eminent domain reform alternatives currently on the political agenda, namely, a flat ban (the Florida approach) or a ban on only economic development condemnations coupled with continued allowance of blight condemnations (the approach in most reforming states). Given this unsatisfying situation, and assuming we do care about poorer urban areas, we need to ask, we should ask: is there a different kind of eminent domain reform for which we would have more, at least some more, assurance that it will produce more good development and less bad development in those areas? The debate over eminent domain reform needs to be re-framed.


The purpose of this paper is to develop a generic hotel enterprise framework for operating business processes. That framework will encourage hotel and lodging enterprises to see their activities from a cross-industry process viewpoint instead of a narrow functional viewpoint. The process oriented perspective of business and hotel enterprises may surmount many of the weaknesses of the classical functional organizational structure and vertical management. The transformation of a hotel organization towards a business process management system with horizontal or process management point out the need to leave functional organizational in a hotel, and directs attention of its managers to different types of business processes: operating processes, management processes and support processes. Operating processes are a complete, dinamically coordinated and measurable set of activities or logically related tasks that use one or more input and produce outputs, at the same time creating value for hotel guests. This paper develops classification of operating business process on: the process of hotel housekeeping, the process of supplying necessary inputs, the process of guests arrivals and departures and the process of producing and serving food and beverage. The proposed framework for operating processes are very useful for hotel managers in Serbia, since they point out the relevance of more consistent application of business process management system in dayto-day business activities with the aim of effective decision-making.


This book is aimed at the mainstream class teacher who has little or no experience of providing effective learning experiences for children with visual impairments. It is designed both as an introductory guide to assessment and provision. It also has a strong focus on social interactions, since many teachers are confused as how to help children with visual impairments make friends. The book sets out the basis for addressing the individual with a wide range of visual impairments. Chapters cover: the identification and assessment of aspects of vision visual impairment and individual needs practical advice on the development of concepts, language and literacy and social skills the use of low vision aids, appropriate decor and physical layouts, lighting and IT educational policy and the Code of Practice Drawing on very recent research, this book presents new insights into the needs of children with visual impairments as learners, arguing that it is the quality of the child's social interactions which promotes play, language and learning.


Keywords: Magnetic sensors Fluxgate Ring-type microfluxgate Closed magnetic loop Electroplated FeNi Linear operation range a b s t r a c t In this paper, we present a new microfabricated fluxgate sensor structure using cascaded planar rings as the ferromagnetic core. The planar ring structures provide closed magnetic excitation loops enabling uniform core saturation with relatively small excitation magnetic field. The magnetic excitation is provided with a rod passing through the ring cores. Planar coils placed under the edges of the core are used as sensing elements. By using this structure, fluxgate sensors having a closed core configuration are realized with a developed microfabrication process in a very small area (<0.1 mm 2) with reduced number of via connections. The ferromagnetic rings are realized with a standard FeNi (iron–nickel) electroplating process. The main advantage of this structure is the possibility to arrange the linear operation range of the sensor by only changing the number of ring cores, without affecting the excitation mechanism. This is demonstrated by simulations and microfabricated prototypes having 18 and 12 ring cores with ±300 ␮T and ±550 ␮T linear operation ranges, respectively. A maximum linear operation range of ±2 mT is achieved with a larger size, 4-ring core. This is the widest linear operation range achieved with the microfabricated fluxgate type sensors, without using a feedback loop, to the best of our knowledge.


Since the development of CCS and other process algebras, many extensions to these process algebras have been proposed to model different aspects of concurrent computation. It is important both theoretically and practically to understand the relationships between these process algebras and between the semantic equivalences that are defined for them. In this thesis, I investigate the comparison of semantic equivalences based on bisimulation which are defined for process algebras whose behaviours are described by structured operational semantics, and expressed as labelled transition systems. I first consider a hierarchy of bisimulations for extensions to CCS, using both existing and new results to describe the relationships between their equivalences with respect to pure CCS terms. I then consider a more general approach to comparison by investigating labelled transition systems with structured labels. I define bisimulation homomorphisms between labelled transition systems with different labels, and show how these can be used to compare equivalences. Next, I work in the meta-theory of process algebras and consider a new format that is an extension of the tyft/tyxt format for transition system specifications. This format treats labels syntactically instead of schematically, and hence I use a definition of bisimulation which requires equivalence between labels instead of exact matching. I show that standard results such as congruence and conservative extension hold for the new format. I then investigate how comparison of equivalences can be approached through the notion of extension to transition system specifications. This leads to the main results of this study which show how in a very general fashion the bisimulations defined for two different process algebras can be compared over a subset of terms of the process algebras. I also consider what implications the conditions which are required to obtain these results have for modelling process algebras, and show that these conditions do not impose significant limitations. Finally, I show how these results can be applied to existing process algebras. I model a number of process algebras with the extended format and derive new results from the meta-theory developed.


Background: Given the high prevalence of thyroid disorders during pregnancy and the importance of these disorders in pregnant women and studies on the relationship between thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy and adverse pregnancy outcomes, still there is no consensus on effectiveness of screening all women in early pregnancy regarding thyroid dysfunction and among the international scientific communities recommend the targeted high-risk case finding approach to identify these disorders in pregnancy. The purpose of this study is to compare universal screening with targeted high-risk case finding for diagnosis of thyroid disorders in Iranian pregnant women. Materials and Methods: The present study is a cross-sectional study that was carried out on 1600 pregnant women in their first trimester. After data collection using questionnaires, their risk status in terms of thyroid disorders was estimated by the check lists of risk factors. Then, their incidence to thyroid disorders was characterized based on clinical examinations and measuring serum levels of T4, TSH, TPOab and T-uptake. The prevalence of thyroid disorders were identified and the predictive risk factors of thyroid disorders were determined by regression analysis. Results: The study was conducted on 1,600 pregnant women, the prevalence of thyroid disorders was 36.5% (n=584). According to the results of hormonal tests in the high-risk group 42.9% (n = 386) and in the low-risk group 28.3% (198 patients) were diagnosed with a type of thyroid disorders. Among the risk factors, history of thyroid drug use, family history of thyroid disorders and Previous history of a thyroid disorder, were significant prognostic factors (p<0.005). Discussion: It seems that with lack of universal screening about one-third (33.9%) of women with thyroid disorders are not diagnosed during pregnancy. Further studies are recommended.


An emerging consensus in the teacher education literature confirms that supporting educational reforms and improving designs for national programs can be accomplished simply by maximizing the match between teachers' expressed needs and the content by which those professional development needs are met. This paper presents an interpretation of findings on Turkish teachers' in-service training needs during an era of massive reform. The findings indicate that teachers do not report a strong need for any professional development program content. Analyses are based on survey data from 1,730 Turkish teachers from 352 primary schools. The results raise the discussion of whether teachers simply do not want to participate or actually do not need to participate in any more training during this era of massive educational reforms. The paper concludes by outlining policy and practice implications arising from the research.


Concerns for service computer networks' security and reliability are growing rapidly due to increasing service devices with connections to external networks. This aggravates vulnerability of service networks to cyber attacks through external connections. Though encryption can provide security for user data transmissions, encryption itself could not provide protections against traffic analysis attacks. Techniques against traffic-analysis attacks through statistically controlling the transmission rate of padded and encrypted frames are unsuited for power system applications. This paper proposes three security operation modes for the newly developed security layer, located below DNP3 data-link layer, to strengthen encryption and authentication operations against the effectiveness of trafficanalysis and cryptanalysis attacks. The security models use padding to disguise the amount of user data transmitted and disguise the user data link layer frame amongst a group of manufactured frames similar to statistically controlling data transmission rate. The proposed security operations have been successfully applied to enhance power system security controls.


This compendium is a detailed and comprehensive portrayal of the best and newest interior projects from across the globe. From the pragmatism of North America and the minimalism of Northern Europe to the regionalism of Asian design and lavish Mediterranean interiors, a global diversity of styles are on show. Moreover, this volume will act as inspiration for designers seeking a balance between globalized trends and personalised projects. Readers are offered a visual feast with a collection of 500 masterpieces of interior design, separated into typological categories. "The Atlas of World Interior Design" will serve as a source of pleasure and inspiration to all its readers.


This paper evaluates four approaches to creating "safe assets" or asset portfolios for the euro area: (1) a diversified portfolio of senior tranches of sovereign debt ("national tranching"); (2) a senior security backed by a diversified pool of national sovereign debt ("ESBies"); (3) debt issued by a senior financial intermediary, backed by a diversified pool of national debt ("E-bonds"); and (4) debt issued by a euro area budget or a leveraged wealth fund, based on member state contributions or dedicated direct revenue sources. None of these approaches envisages explicit guarantees by member states, and all could potentially produce safe assets in sufficient quantities to replace euro area sovereign bond holdings in euro area banks. At the same time, the four approaches differ across several important dimensions. A euro area budget or wealth fund could create the largest volume of safe assets, followed by ESBies, E-bonds, and national tranching. A euro area budget or wealth fund is also likely to have the lowest impact on the structure and liquidity of national bond markets, while national tranching would have the largest impact. ESBies and E-bonds occupy an intermediate position. ESBies and potentially bonds issued by a euro area budget would offer their holders greater protection from deep national defaults than the other two proposals. Both ESBies and national tranching would avoid cross-country redistribution by construction, whereas E-bonds and a euro area budget could have significant distributional consequences, depending on their design. E-bonds are unique in that they would raise the marginal cost of sovereign debt issuance at higher levels of debt, thereby exerting fiscal discipline, without necessarily raising average debt costs for lower-rated borrowers.


Radiative forcing by aerosols and tropospheric ozone could play a significant role in recent Arctic warming. These species are in general poorly accounted for in climate models. We use the GEOS‐Chem global chemical transport model to construct a 3‐D representation of Arctic aerosols and ozone that is consistent with observations and can be used in climate simulations. We focus on 2008, when extensive observations were made from different platforms as part of the International Polar Year. Comparison to aircraft, surface, and ship cruise observations suggests that GEOS‐Chem provides in general a successful year‐round simulation of Arctic black carbon (BC), organic carbon (OC), sulfate, and dust aerosol. BC has major fuel combustion and boreal fire sources, OC is mainly from fires, sulfate has a mix of anthropogenic and natural sources, and dust is mostly from the Sahara. The model is successful in simulating aerosol optical depth (AOD) observations from Aerosol Robotics Network stations in the Arctic; the sharp drop from spring to summer appears driven in part by the smaller size of sulfate aerosol in summer. The anthropogenic contribution to Arctic AOD is a factor of 4 larger in spring than in summer and is mainly sulfate. Simulation of absorbing aerosol optical depth (AAOD) indicates that non‐BC aerosol (OC and dust) contributed 24% of Arctic AAOD at 550 nm and 37% of absorbing mass deposited to the snow pack in 2008. Open fires contributed half of AAOD at 550 nm and half of deposition to the snowpack.


This paper examines how the estimation results for a standard New Keynesian model with constant gain least squares learning is sensitive to the stance taken on agents beliefs at the beginning of the sample. The New Keynesian model is estimated under rational expectations and under learning with three different frameworks for how expectations are set at the beginning of the sample. The results show that initial beliefs can have an impact on the predictions of an estimated model; in fact previous literature has exposed this sensitivity to explain the changing volatilities of output and inflation in the post-war United States. The results indicate statistical evidence for adaptive learning, however the rational expectations framework performs at least as well as the learning frameworks, if not better, in in-sample and out-of-sample forecast error criteria. Moreover, learning is not found to better explain time varying macroeconomic volatility any better than rational expectations. Finally, impulse response functions from the estimated models show that the dynamics following a structural shock can depend crucially on how expectations are initialized and what information agents are assumed to have.


Performing gold-catalyzed organic transformations in the presence of fluorinating reagents can lead to both fluorinated and non-fluorinated products. Gold(I) complexes can activate alkynes towards nucleophilic attack by fluoride leading to fluoroalkenes under mild conditions. Fluorinated products can also be prepared upon performing gold-catalyzed transformations in the presence of electrophilic sources of fluorine. In most cases, however, the combination of gold and electrophilic fluorinating reagents does not lead to fluorination but delivers products of oxidative homo- or cross-coupling. In these processes the "F+" source is likely acting as a sacrificial two-electron external oxidant performing the key oxidation of gold(I) to gold(III) in the redox cycle. Oxidative coupling is an emerging field of gold catalysis which, when combined with the well-established reactivity of gold as a soft π-acid, holds promise as a mild and efficient method for the construction of complex organic molecules.