Prion proteins are responsible for a variety of neurodegenerative diseases in mammals such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob dis- ease in humans and "mad-cow diease" (Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy or BSE) in cattle. While these diseases are fatal to mammals, a host of harmless phenotypes have been associated with prion proteins in the yeast S. cerevisiae , making yeast an ideal model organism for prion diseases. According to the prion hypothesis, new phenotypes arise when misfolded versions of a protein appears and are joined together in aggregates. The misfolded (prion) state is infectious and can spread to normal proteins within the cell by converting their conformation to the misfolded state. Most mathematical approaches to modeling prion dynamics have focused on either the protein dynamics in isolation, absent from a changing cellular environment, or modeling prion dynamics in a population of cells by considering the "average" behavior. However, such models have been unable to recapitulate in vivo properties of yeast prion strains including experimentally observed rates of prion loss. We have developed physiologically relevant models by considering both the prions and their yeast host. We first gen- eralize a previously developed nucleated polymerization model for aggregate dynamics. We next discuss a stochastic model of prion protein dynamics in the context of a growing yeast culture. Our model is based on a stochastic chemical reaction network within a cell and a Crump–Mode–Jagers branching process model of population growth. In order to simultaneously conform to observations of two distinct prion strains we uncovered several novel aspects of prion biology which had not been previously reported in either the mathematical or biological communities. Most importantly, in conjunction with yeast prion biologists, we demonstrated that prion aggregate transmission depends strongly on aggregate size.


The prominence of the term 'Postmodernism' in critical responses to the work of Alasdair Gray has often appeared at odds with Gray's own writing, both in his commitment to seemingly non-postmodernist concerns and his own repeatedly stated rejection of the label. In order to better understand Gray's relationship to postmodernism, this thesis begins by outlining Gray's reservations in this regard. Principally, this is taken as the result of his concerns over the academic appropriation of his work, and his suggestion that 'postmodernism' is an entity wholly constructed and primarily active within critical theory, with a tendency to elide the political dimension of literature under its own assumed apolitical solipsism. While acknowledging these reservations, this thesis goes on to explore the extent to which theories elaborated under the 'postmodern' heading possess utility as an approach to Gray's work, primarily focussing on the extent to which they necessarily stand at odds with his political concerns. To this end, subsequent chapters go on to read Gray's major works in parallel with appropriate theoretical models drawn from the diverse configurations given postmodernism. Comparison between Gray's project in Lanark of providing contemporary Glasgow with imaginative depiction and the cognitive mapping demanded in Fredric Jameson's account of the postmodern not only highlights their similarities, but identifies this notion of the 'epic map' as a central aspect of the political dimension of Gray's writing. The 'epic map' recurs in consideration of 1982, Janine, which explores the potential political agenda in its narrators' seemingly postmodern fabulism, and its relationship to seemingly less 'postmodern' concerns of the novellas The Fall Of Kelvin Walker, McGrotty and Ludmilla and Something Leather. Likewise, 'mapping' also plays a part in approaching Poor Things in the context of postmodern historiography as described by Jameson and Linda Hutcheon. The penultimate chapter explores A History Maker as a complex negotiation with the very notion of postmodernism, installing, rejecting and subverting tropes drawn from postmodern theories, principally those of Fukuyama, Baudrillard and Jameson. In the concluding chapter, while no final conclusion is reached regarding a fixed relationship between Gray and the postmodern – a notion taken as impossible, given the heterogeneity of the values ascribed to the term – a degree of utility, and certainly of relevance, in approaching even Gray's political concerns is thus established.


In Monrovia Modern Danny Hoffman uses the ruins of four iconic modernist buildings in Monrovia, Liberia, as a way to explore the relationship between the built environment and political imagination. Hoffman shows how the E. J. Roye tower and the Hotel Africa luxury resort, as well as the unfinished Ministry of Defense and Liberia Broadcasting System buildings, transformed during the urban warfare of the 1990s from symbols of the modernist project of nation-building to reminders of the challenges Monrovia's residents face. The transient lives of these buildings' inhabitants, many of whom are ex-combatants, prevent them from making place-based claims to a right to the city and hinder their ability to think of ways to rebuild and repurpose their built environment. Featuring nearly 100 of Hoffman's color photographs, Monrovia Modern is situated at the intersection of photography, architecture, and anthropology, mapping out the possibilities and limits for imagining an urban future in Monrovia and beyond.


The diagnosis of mitochondrial disorders remains a challenging and often unmet need. We sought to investigate a sibling pair with suspected mitochondrial disease and a clinical presentation notable for global developmental delay, poor growth, sensorineural hearing loss, and brain MRI abnormalities, both with early death. Following uninformative exome and genome sequencing of the family quartet, RNA sequencing was pursued as an orthogonal testing strategy. RNA sequencing of fibroblasts from the older sibling identified the presence of a cryptic exon in intron 1 of NDUFB10, that included an in-frame stop codon. NDUFB10 encodes a subunit of mitochondrial OXPHOS complex I. Differential expression analysis relative to control samples suggested significantly decreased expression. The cryptic exon was found to contain a rare intronic variant, NM_004548.3:c.131-442G>C, that was homozygous in both affected siblings and absent from population allele frequency databases. Immunoblot and quantitative proteomic analysis of fibroblasts from the older sibling revealed decreased abundance of complex I subunits associated with NDUFB10, providing evidence of isolated complex I deficiency. Biallelic variants in NDUFB10 have previously been reported in a single individual with infantile-onset mitochondrial disease. We present data implicating a deep intronic variant in NDUFB10 as the cause of mitochondrial disease in two further individuals. This variant results in loss of expression and overall destabilization of mitochondrial OXPHOS complex I and highlights the importance of RNA sequencing as a complementary diagnostic tool in patients undergoing genome-wide diagnostic evaluation.


Although cloud computing technology is at its early stage, it has already transformed our ways of life and has ushered in a wave of new challenges to IT companies and law makers. With this technology, we can access information and be connected with others almost anywhere, any time with Internet connection at much lower cost. The business potential is huge with a forecast of more than US70 billion by 2015. Yet the challenges posed by cloud computing to personal data protection and security are also unprecedented. When our personal data is in remote servers, we may lose control easily, especially when so often, we do not know how, where, by whom our personal data is being processed, not to mention which jurisdictional law should apply. This article focuses on how personal data protection has evolved (1) in the sharing of roles and responsibilities between service providers and data users, with illustrations on the problems of security; and (2) in the particular context of transborder data flow. The meaning of cloud computing and its various deployment models, entailing different personal data concerns will also be explained. Fully aware that legal regulation cannot catch up with technological advancement, this article argues that a co-regulatory regime that requires and enables personal data protection, implementation and compensation at industry, corporate and individual levels is the way to move forward.


In this paper we present a case study of a record low ozone event observed over the UK in January 2006. We focus on the dynamical processes that cause this event. This is done by examining the observations, meteorological analyses and back trajectories calculated by the NAME III atmospheric dispersion model. We show that this model, hitherto only used for tropospheric pollution studies, can be an important and effective tool for the examination of transport in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UTLS) and mid-stratosphere regions. A record low total ozone column of 177 DU was observed at Reading, UK, on 19 January 2006. Low ozone values were also recorded at other stations in Northwest Europe around this date. Ozonesonde measurements indicate the depletion is occurring in two distinct vertical regions, with around a third of the reduction in total ozone column values originating from the mid-stratosphere and the rest from the UTLS region. Evidence suggests that air inside the stratospheric polar vortex was poor in ozone prior to 19 January and the occurrence of a major stratospheric warming shifted this air over Northwest Europe. In addition we show that moderate ozone depletion, related to the lifting of the tropopause and divergence in the lower stratosphere associated with the presence of an anticyclone, is also a plausible mechanism for the record low ozone column that is observed. In order to confirm that both mid-stratosphere and UTLS transport processes are responsible for the record low ozone values, we perform turbulent back trajectory calculations using the Met Office NAME III model. The results show that air parcels in the mid-stratosphere that arrive over the British Isles on 19 January originate in the polar vortex, and furthermore that air parcels near the tropopause arrive from low latitudes and are transported anticyclonically. Therefore this strongly suggests that the record low ozone values are due to a combination of a raised tropopause with increased divergence in the lower stratosphere and the presence of low ozone stratospheric air aloft.


Aspirin inhibits thromboxane A2 and prostaglandin formation in platelets and prostaglandin I2 (prostacyclin) in vascular cells. It prevents platelet aggregation by irreversible acetylation of cyclooxygenase, a key enzyme in the arachidonic acid metabolism. Oral aspirin can be extensively hydrolyzed to inactive salicylate in the stomach and the liver (first-pass) before it enters the systemic circulation. Presystemic acetylation of platelets thus occurs during aspirin absorption, with a concomitant sparing of peripheral vascular cyclo-oxygenase, mainly exposed to salicylate. On the basis of its antiplatelet effect, aspirin has been assessed during the past two decades in patients with a history of myocardial infarction, stroke, transient ischemic attack or unstable angina. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of long term aspirin treatment for secondary prevention of vascular disease indicated that aspirin (300-1500 mg daily) significantly reduced fatal and non-fatal vascular events. More recently aspirin (160 mg daily) produced a significant reduction in hospital vascular mortality and in non-fatal events in patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction. Combination of aspirin with streptokinase was significantly better than either drug alone. On the other hand two primary prevention trials of aspirin in healthy doctors did not show any modification of vascular mortality despite an overall reduction of non-fatal myocardial infarction. Resolution of some problems related to the mechanism of action of aspirin and to selection of trial populations will possibly increase the benefit/risk ratio of aspirin treatment for prevention of vascular disease.


Summary.  There is good empirical evidence that specific flaws in the conduct of randomized controlled trials are associated with exaggeration of treatment effect estimates. Mixed treatment comparison meta‐analysis, which combines data from trials on several treatments that form a network of comparisons, has the potential both to estimate bias parameters within the synthesis and to produce bias‐adjusted estimates of treatment effects. We present a hierarchical model for bias with common mean across treatment comparisons of active treatment versus control. It is often unclear, from the information that is reported, whether a study is at risk of bias or not. We extend our model to estimate the probability that a particular study is biased, where the probabilities for the 'unclear' studies are drawn from a common beta distribution. We illustrate these methods with a synthesis of 130 trials on four fluoride treatments and two control interventions for the prevention of dental caries in children. Whether there is adequate allocation concealment and/or blinding are considered as indicators of whether a study is at risk of bias. Bias adjustment reduces the estimated relative efficacy of the treatments and the extent of between‐trial heterogeneity.


Abstract Gravitational waves (GWs) are propagating ripples of space-time predicted by general relativity. 100 years after Albert Einstein published his theory of GR, the Laser Interferometer GravitationalWave Observatory (LIGO) found the first direct detection of GW in the first Advanced LIGO observing run. The GW signal known as GW150914 (Abbott et al., 2016), was the first of a series of binary black hole mergers observed by LIGO. These detections marked the beginning of gravitational-wave astronomy. The continuous wave (CW) signal emitted by fast spinning neutron stars (NSs) is an another interesting source for a detector like LIGO. The low-mass X-ray binary (LMXB) Scorpius X-1 (Sco X-1) is considered to be one of the most promising CW sources. With improving sensitivity of advanced detectors and improving methods, we are getting closer to being able to detect an astrophysically feasible GW signal from Sco X-1 in the coming few years. Searching for CWs from NSs of unknown phase evolution is computationally intensive. For a target with large uncertainty in its parameters such as Sco X-1, the fully coherent search is computationally impractical, while faster algorithms have limited sensitivity. The cross-correlation method combines all data-pairs in a maximum time offset from same and different detectors coherently based on the signal model. We can adjust the maximum coherence time to trade off computing cost and sensitivity. The cross-correlation method is flexible and so far the most sensitive. In this dissertation I will present the implementation of Cross-correlation method for Sco X-1, its test on a Sco X-1 mock-data challenge (MDC) data set and the Advanced LIGO O1 observations. This search gave the best results in the Sco X-1 mock data challenge and recent LIGO Sco X-1 search. In the O1 run, the Cross-correlation search managed to improve the upper limit on GW strain strength from Sco X-1 closer than ever before to the level estimated from a torque balance argument.Gravitational waves (GWs) are propagating ripples of space-time predicted by general relativity. 100 years after Albert Einstein published his theory of GR, the Laser Interferometer GravitationalWave Observatory (LIGO) found the first direct detection of GW in the first Advanced LIGO observing run. The GW signal known as GW150914 (Abbott et al., 2016), was the first of a series of binary black hole mergers observed by LIGO. These detections marked the beginning of gravitational-wave astronomy. The continuous wave (CW) signal emitted by fast spinning neutron stars (NSs) is an another interesting source for a detector like LIGO. The low-mass X-ray binary (LMXB) Scorpius X-1 (Sco X-1) is considered to be one of the most promising CW sources. With improving sensitivity of advanced detectors and improving methods, we are getting closer to being able to detect an astrophysically feasible GW signal from Sco X-1 in the coming few years. Searching for CWs from NSs of unknown phase evolution is computationally intensive. For a target with large uncertainty in its parameters such as Sco X-1, the fully coherent search is computationally impractical, while faster algorithms have limited sensitivity. The cross-correlation method combines all data-pairs in a maximum time offset from same and different detectors coherently based on the signal model. We can adjust the maximum coherence time to trade off computing cost and sensitivity. The cross-correlation method is flexible and so far the most sensitive. In this dissertation I will present the implementation of Cross-correlation method for Sco X-1, its test on a Sco X-1 mock-data challenge (MDC) data set and the Advanced LIGO O1 observations. This search gave the best results in the Sco X-1 mock data challenge and recent LIGO Sco X-1 search. In the O1 run, the Cross-correlation search managed to improve the upper limit on GW strain strength from Sco X-1 closer than ever before to the level estimated from a torque balance argument.


ABSTRACT Each year thousands of people seeking better lives in Europe make the treacherous journey across the Mediterranean. Many of those struggling or stranded at sea are rescued by 'boat people' comprising NGOs, humanitarian organizations, coast guards and merchant vessels. Under maritime law there is a duty of care towards anyone that experiences difficulty at sea. There is, too, a duty of care by States who under the same law are required to assist ships and allow the disembarkation of those in danger. Yet this practice has important legal, ethical and practical implications and has been challenged by right-leaning political regimes who, making good on election promises to ease immigration, have prohibited such vessels to dock at their ports. This paper, using a case study approach of the humanitarian vessel the Aquarius, considers the ways in which the geographies of care intersect and collide with the geopolitical framing of migrants and refugees. In doing so the paper makes two important contributions. First, it extends conceptualizations of care geographies which are more typically applied to the spatial outworking of health and wellbeing to European migration. It thinks about how care is administered, contested and politicized. The complex concept of care offers a rich lens through which to critique the framing of seaborne migrants and refugees in Europe. Through giving or circumventing legal responsibilities to provide care, seaborne migrants are either humanized or dehumanized. Second, through unpacking the legislative and ethical frameworks shaping search and rescue (SAR) activities in the Mediterranean, we can observe a distinct 'geopoliticizing of care and responsibility' whereby these individuals become pawns in wider power dynamics within the European Union.


Triclosan is an antimicrobial compound that has been widely used in consumer products such as toothpaste, deodorant, and shampoo. Because of its widespread use, triclosan has been detected in various environmental media, including wastewater, sewage sludge, surface waters, and sediments. Triclosan is acutely toxic to numerous aquatic organisms, but very few studies have been performed on estuarine and marine benthic organisms. For whole sediment toxicity tests, the sediment‐dwelling estuarine amphipod, Ampelisca abdita, and the epibenthic mysid shrimp, Americamysis bahia, are commonly used organisms. In the present study, median lethal concentration values (LC50) were obtained for both of these organisms using water‐only and whole sediment exposures. Acute 96‐h water‐only toxicity tests resulted in LC50 values of 73.4 and 74.3 µg/L for the amphipod and mysid, respectively. For the 7‐d whole sediment toxicity test, LC50 values were 303 and 257 mg/kg (dry wt) for the amphipod and mysid, respectively. Using equilibrium partitioning theory, these whole sediment values are equivalent to interstitial water LC50 values of 230 and 190 µg/L for the amphipod and mysid, respectively, which are within a threefold difference of the observed 96‐h LC50 water‐only values. Triclosan was found to accumulate in polychaete tissue in a 28‐d bioaccumulation study with a biota‐sediment accumulation factor of 0.23 kg organic carbon/kg lipid. These data provide some of the first toxicity data for triclosan with marine benthic and epibenthic species while also indicating a need to better understand the effects of other forms of sediment carbon, triclosan ionization, and organism metabolism of triclosan on the chemical's behavior and toxicity in the aquatic environment. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012; 31: 1861–1866. © 2012 SETAC


Background As of 2016, 42 states and the District of Columbia have adopted the Common Core State Standards (CCSS). Tens of millions of students across the country completed high school before their schools were able to fully implement the CCSS. As with previous standards-based reforms, the transition to the CCSS-aligned state education standards has been accompanied by curriculum framework revisions, student assessment redesigns, and school accountability and educator evaluation system overhauls. Purpose Even if the new standards may improve student learning once they are fully implemented, the multitude of changes at the early implementation stage of the reform might disrupt student learning in the short run as teachers, schools, and communities acclimate to the new expectations and demands. The goal of this study is not to evaluate the merits and deficiencies of the CCSS per se, but rather to investigate whether college readiness improved among high school students affected by the early stages of the CCSS implementation, and whether students from different backgrounds and types of high schools were affected differently. Research Design We focus on three cohorts of 8theighth-grade students in Kentucky and follow them until the end of the 11th -grade, when they took the state mandatory ACT tests. The three successive cohorts—enrolled in the 8theighth -grade between 2008 and 2010—each experienced different levels of exposure to CCSS transition. Using ACT scores as proxy measures of college readiness, we estimate cohort fixed-effects models to investigate the transitional impact of standards reform on student performance on the ACT. To gauge the extent to which the implementation of CCSS is directly responsible for any estimated cross-cohort differences in student ACT performance, we conduct additional difference-in-differences analyses and a falsification test. Data Our data include the population of 3 three cohorts of 8theighth -graders enrolled in Kentucky public schools between 2008 and 2010. The total analytic sample size is 100,212. The data include student test scores, student background characteristics, and school characteristics. Findings In the case of the CCSS transition in Kentucky, our findings suggest that students continued to improve their college -readiness, as measured by ACT scores, during the early stages of CCSS implementation. Furthermore, evidence suggests that the positive gains students made during this period accrue to students in both high- and low-poverty schools. However, it is not conclusive that the progress made in student college -readiness is necessarily attributable to the new content standards. Conclusions As we seek to improve the education of our children through reforms and innovations, policymakers should be mindful about the potential risks of excessive changes. Transition issues during the early stages of major educational changes sometimes lead to short-term effects that are not necessarily indicative of the longer-term effects of a program or intervention. Nevertheless, standards-based reforms are fairly frequent, and each takes multiple years to be fully implemented, affecting millions of students. Therefore, we encourage researchers and policymakers to pay more attention to the importance of transitional impact of educational reforms.


Data parallel languages, like High Performance Fortran (HPF), support the notion of distributed arrays. However, the implementation of such distributed array structures and their access on message passing computers is not straightforward. This holds especially for distributed arrays that are aligned to each other and given a block-cyclic distribution. In this paper, an implementation framework is presented for HPF distributed arrays on message passing computers. Methods are presented for efficient (in space and time) local index enumeration, local storage, and communication. Techniques for local set enumeration provide the basis for constructing local iteration sets and communication sets. It is shown that both local set enumeration and local storage schemes can be derived from the same equation. Local set enumeration and local storage schemes are shown to be orthogonal, i.e., they can be freely combined. Moreover, for linear access sequences generated by our enumeration methods, the local address calculations can be moved out of the enumeration loop, yielding efficient local memory address generation. The local set enumeration methods are implemented by using a relatively simple general transformation rule for absorbing ownership tests. This transformation rule can be repeatedly applied to absorb multiple ownership tests. Performance figures are presented for local iteration overhead, a simple communication pattern, and storage efficiency.


It is widely recognised that one of the greatest economic problems facing developed countries is unemployment. An example of this recognition is the recent reports by the OECD ("The OECD Jobs Study", 1994) on unemployment, its causes and possible policies. One issue that is closely associated with unemployment in many people's minds is competitiveness and associated with that is the use of new technology. Indeed, the OECD Jobs Study plots out the relative importance of 'high-tech' manufacturing in each member country. This paper aims to contribute to the debate on this issue by examining the impact of the introduction of new technology on employment growth and profitability. We use two complementary datasets: two large representative cross-sections of establishments in Britain in 1990 and Australia in 1989/90. We investigate the effect of innovation in each country and then compare the outcome.


BACKGROUND
The Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis (RAS) is the most frequently observed painful pathology of the oral mucosa in the society. It appears mostly in idiopathic form; however, it may also be related with systemic diseases like Behçet's Disease (BD).

AIMS
Determining the prevalence of RAS and BD in the Northern Anatolian Region, which is one of the important routes on the Antique Silk Road.

STUDY DESIGN
Cross-sectional study.

METHODS
Overall, 85 separate exemplification groups were formed to reflect the population density, and the demographic data of the region they represent. In the first stage, the individuals, who were selected in random order, were invited to a Family Physician Unit at a certain date and time. The dermatological examinations of the volunteering individuals were performed by only 3 dermatology specialists. In the second stage, those individuals who had symptoms of BD were invited to our hospital, and the Pathergy Test and eye examinations were performed.

RESULTS
The annual prevalence of RAS was determined as 10.84%. The annual prevalence was determined to be higher in women than in men (p=0.000). It was observed that the prevalence was at the peak level in the 3(rd) decade, and then decreased proportionally in the following decades (p=0.000). It was also observed that the aphtha recurrence decreased in the following decades (p=0.048). The Behçet's prevalence was found to be 0.60%. The prevalence in women was found to be higher than in men (0.86% female, 0.14% male; p=0.022).

CONCLUSION
While the RAS prevalence ratio was at an average value when compared with the other societies; the BD prevalence was found as the highest ratio in the world according to the literature.


This report highlights trends and patterns surrounding Islamophobia since the start of the 2016 U.S. presidential election cycle. It does so in the broader context of hatred, violence and social hostilities confronting Muslims as a minority faith group in contemporary America and with a particular focus on acts and threats of violence.Since 2015, the Bridge Initiative has been chronicling Islamophobic political rhetoric by each presidential candidate irrespective of his or her party affiliation while finding Republican candidates to be the worst offenders to date. In this publication, however, we aim to contextualize such statements nationally and internationally while also exploring potentially violent effects.To that end, we examined two distinct but overlapping time periods: January 2015 through December 2015 (entire duration of 2015) and March 2015 through March 2016 (2016 presidential election season).Based upon our analysis, the following observations are noteworthy: The 2016 U.S. presidential season began against a backdrop of already rising Islamophobia in 2015, threatening American Muslim religious freedom. During the course of 2015, there were approximately 174 reported incidents of anti-Muslim violence and vandalism, including: 12 murders; 29 physical assaults; 50 threats against persons or institutions; 54 acts of vandalism or destruction of property; 8 arsons; and 9 shootings or bombings, among other incidents. Anti-Muslim violence remained significantly higher in 2015 than pre- 9/11 levels with American Muslims approximately 6 to 9 times more likely to suffer such attacks. The number of incidents in 2015 is also higher than the total number of anti-Muslim hate crimes reported in 2014: 154. In 2015, American Muslim men were twice as likely to be victims of physical assaults and 5 to 6 times more likely to be victims of murder than American Muslim women.Since the first candidate announced his bid for the White House in March 2015, there have been approximately 180 reported incidents of anti-Muslim violence, including: 12 murders; 34 physical assaults; 49 verbal assaults or threats against persons and institutions; 56 acts of vandalisms or destruction of property; 9 arsons; and 8 shootings or bombings, among other incidents.Since the start of the presidential election cycle, American Muslim men have been twice as likely to be victims of physical assaults and about 11 times more likely to be the victims of murder than their female counterparts.Also during each period, Muslim murder victims were most likely to be aged 18 to 24. Children and youth – as young as 12 years old – were among those responsible for acts and threats of anti-Muslim violence.Although Islamophobia made an appearance during the first GOP debate in August 2015, the first surge of anti-Muslim political rhetoric occurred in September 2015.It corresponded with an international development: the Syrian refugee crisis. The deepening crises dominated news media headlines in the U.S. and Europe potentially highlighting the media impact on political discourse.This surge in September 2015 was accompanied by approximately 10 reported incidents or threats of violence, including 3 murders. In comparison, there was one (1) such incident in August 2015 representing a significant increase in anti-Muslim violence over the course of one month.Donald Trump, the GOP presidential front-runner at the time of publication, escalated anti-Muslim vitriol in the wake of the terrorist attacks in Paris, France in November 2015 rather than urge calm or international unity. The attacks signify an international event that triggered a second surge in Islamophobic rhetoric in addition to the uptick in bias attacks.Trump made many anti-Muslim statements during televised appearances on mainstream news media outlets, impacting millions of viewers across the U.S. and around the world.As Mr. Trump called for shutting down mosques in the wake of the Paris terrorist attacks and the mass shootings in San Bernardino, California in December 2015, anti-Muslim attacks initially tripled with nearly half of those attacks directed against mosques.Anti-Muslim attacks surged once more in December 2015. There were 53 total attacks that month, 17 of which targeted mosques and Islamic schools and 5 of which targeted Muslim homes. By comparison, when the presidential election season began just 9 months earlier, there were only 2 anti-Muslim attacks. Attacks on Muslims during this month constitute approximately 1/3 of all attacks last year. In fact, in December 2015, anti-Muslim attacks occurred almost daily and often multiple times a day.At least three separate incidents of violence involved perpetrators who were public supporters of presidential candidate Donald Trump. There was otherwise a strong perception among American Muslim leaders that political rhetoric created fertile ground for threats and acts of anti-Muslim violence.While anti-Muslim political rhetoric gives cause for alarm, the ensuing violence has inspired expressions of solidarity with the American Muslim community, too.


The concept of communication media repertoires introduced by Watson-Manheim and Belanger (2007) has extended the existing literature by adding a technology-in-practice perspective to the examination of communication media choice in an organizational setting. While Watson-Manheim and Belanger (2007) have focused on describing the existing media repertoires (set of available media and existing usage practices for specific purposes) and actual media usage decisions at two different companies at one point in time, this paper seeks to investigate dynamic transformations of communication media repertoires resulting from the introduction of a new platform technology over time. This paper is based on an in-depth case study on the roll-out of a Real Time Collaboration system to a financial service company. It reports on the resulting transformation of existing and the emergence of new usage practices for the purpose of coordinating team availability, thereby pointing out that (initial) usage practices of a new communication technology can only be understood against the background of already established practices and their history.


NO FULL TEXT AVAILABLE. This thesis contains 3rd party copyright material.  –  – The increased density of many metropolitan areas combined with a trend toward shrinking household sizes is creating an increase in the demand for urban apartments. This increased demand has had a significant impact on the affordability and availability of housing in urban centres globally. The creation of smaller, denser units in the form of the micro units is one attempt to meet this need. Throughout the early 20th century, small studio apartments paired with poor building standards caused major health concerns and some opponents fear micro units will result in a return to such standards. This indicates a lack of knowledge about micro units. Micro units are compliant with building codes and are developed with the idea that the individual unit includes shared amenities with other residents. Opponents also claim that such apartments have negative effects on their occupants, on unit affordability in the adjacent area and lead to gentrification of traditional neighbourhoods. However, these claims are unfounded as very little research has been done on micro units. In most markets, micro units are a new typology for apartment housing and there is no evidence to indicate that such developments would have any negative impact on residents, neighbourhoods or pricing. Currently, several cities, such as New York, San Francisco and Singapore, are developing regulations related to micro units in their jurisdictions; these are in many respects different from one another. As there is no significant knowledge exchange among the planning departments of these cities, local governments, property developers and investors, and small urban households are beneficiaries of this study.
This thesis identifies and analyses the intentions of involved stakeholders in three international cities, each at a different stage in its implementation of micro unit legislation and development, as well as its perception of whether micro units will satisfy the needs of a demographically changing urban population. The three case studies evaluated for this thesis include: New York (pre-development of legislation and micro units), San Francisco (legislation developed, micro units in development), and Singapore (units developed, currently re-assessing legislation). Interviews, site visits and additional material collected in these locations serve as primary data sources to explain recent development decisions on micro units. A cross-case report identifies similarities and differences in the three cities and contributes to the resultant implications for policy makers and practitioners. For policy makers, the research supports the development of zoning regulations identifying minimum apartment sizes; for practitioners, the research offers guidance to assist with development decisions on micro units. In addition, the thesis indicates that micro units are a feasible option for metropolitan centres to provide safer, more affordable, and suitable housing for small households. Finally,…


The time was the Bronze to the Iron Age, the third to first millenniums B.C. Great leaders arose from Iraq to Eygpt-- Sargon of Akkad, Gudea of Lagash, Hammurapi of Babylon, and Akhenaten of Egypt--and from these lands of the Fertile Crescent came the underpinnings of Western civilization: law, science, arts, and the alphabet. But the human spirit wanted more. In a universe run by mercurial gods who kept humankind in bondage, there emerged the need for one all-powerful divinity, one omnipresent as mentor and protector. The book of Genesis, with its narratives of real people struggling to survive, provided that God, and thus the roots of monotheism. Genesis: World of Myths and Patriarchs is an in-depth look at the civilizations that formed the background of the first book of the Bible. Drawing on the great archaeological discoveries in the Middle East over the past century, everyday life of the people of Genesis is viewed through their politics, arts, nomadic migrations, commerce, religion, and moral values. With over 250 illustrations, including sixty-four color plates, this rich visual panorama describes what the authors of Genesis saw, and what events and ideas moved them to write the story of their people's origins. The book includes fourteen maps and charts, a selected chronology, and a list of gods of the Middle East. Cyrus Gordon and Nahum Sarna, two of the most renowned scholars of ancient Near Eastern history and Bible, provide the text. Genesis: World of Myths and Patriarchs acquaints us for the first time with the people we know from this familiar book of the Bible, and with the places they inhabited and the culture they developed. We trace what was borrowed, rejected, and transformed to create a new and unique ethic which has continued to shape the world.


This study investigated sex differences in responding to the pentylenetetrazol (PTZ, a gamma-aminobutyric acid A antagonist) discriminative stimulus and to substitution to PTZ during ethanol withdrawal. The PTZ stimulus has served as an anxiogenic stimulus in numerous studies. Adult male and female rats were trained to discriminate PTZ (16 mg/kg i.p.) from saline in a two-lever food-reinforced task. They were then gonadectomized or sham-operated. Ovariectomized (OVX) rats were also tested during 17beta-estradiol (2.5 mg, 21 days release, s.c.) replacement. The PTZ dose response (0-16 mg/kg i.p.) was tested in all groups. In general, fewer females than males responded to PTZ. Diazepam (DZP; 0-10 mg/kg i.p.) injected before PTZ (16 mg/kg) decreased the number of rats selecting the PTZ lever. This effect was greater in sham female and estradiol-replaced-OVX rats than in male or OVX rats. Rats then received chronic ethanol diet (6.5%) for 10 days. During ethanol withdrawal (12 h after termination of the ethanol diet), they were tested for PTZ lever selection. PTZ lever selection differed between groups: sham or castrated male rats > OVX > sham female or estradiol-replaced-OVX rats. In sham female rats, estradiol concentrations showed a cyclic pattern with an estradiol surge that did not influence their PTZ discrimination performance. After i.p. injection of ethanol (2 g/kg), blood ethanol concentrations were not different in male and female rats. These findings suggest that 1) female rats are less sensitive to the anxiogenic effects of PTZ; 2) female rats are less sensitive to the anxiogenic effects of ethanol withdrawal; and 3) estrogen plays some role in mediation of these sex differences.


Tailorability (or adaptability) of software becomes more important with the increasing use of off-the-shelf-software. On the other hand, computers support the work of many groups which in turn have to tailor a commonly used software to support individual as well as group needs. This includes not only groupware, i. e., software that directly supports collaborative work, but also single user software. Research has shown that often adaptations to single user software are distributed among colleagues, thus leading to a systematization in a group's adaptations. Based on this observation an empirical field-study on the collaborative tailoring habits of users of a particular word processor was carried out. Based on these and literature research an add-on to this word processor was developed which provides a public and a private repository for adaptations as well as a mailing function for users to exchange adaptations. Some notification and annotation mechanisms are also provided. Results of two forms of evaluation indicate that users of different levels of qualification are able to handle the tool and consider it a relevant alternative to existing mailing mechanisms.


The process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) which is required for cancer cell invasion is regulated by a family of E-box-binding transcription repressors, which include Snail (SNAIL1) and Slug (SNAI2). Snail appears to repress the expression of the EMT marker E-cadherin by epigenetic mechanisms dependent on the interaction of its N-terminal SNAG domain with chromatin-modifying proteins including lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1/KDM1A). We assessed whether blocking Snail/Slug-LSD1 interaction by treatment with Parnate, an enzymatic inhibitor of LSD1, or TAT-SNAG, a cell-permeable peptide corresponding to the SNAG domain of Slug, suppresses the motility and invasiveness of cancer cells of different origin and genetic background. We show here that either treatment blocked Slug-dependent repression of the E-cadherin promoter and inhibited the motility and invasion of tumor cell lines without any effect on their proliferation. These effects correlated with induction of epithelial and repression of mesenchymal markers and were phenocopied by LSD1 or Slug downregulation. Parnate treatment also inhibited bone marrow homing/engraftment of Slug-expressing K562 cells. Together, these studies support the concept that targeting Snail/Slug-dependent transcription repression complexes may lead to the development of novel drugs selectively inhibiting the invasive potential of cancer cells.


Making decisions in natural language processing problems often involves assigning values to sets of interdependent variables where the expressive dependency structure can influence, or even dictate what assignments are possible. This setting includes a broad range of structured prediction problems such as semantic role labeling, named entity and relation recognition, co-reference resolution, dependency parsing and semantic parsing. The setting is also appropriate for cases that may require making global decisions that involve multiple components, possibly pre-designed or pre-learned, as in event recognition and analysis, summarization, paraphrasing, textual entailment and question answering. In all these cases, it is natural to formulate the decision problem as a constrained optimization problem, with an objective function that is composed of learned models, subject to domain or problem specific constraints.Over the last few years, starting with a couple of papers written by (Roth & Yih, 2004, 2005), dozens of papers have been using the Integer linear programming (ILP) formulation developed there, including several award-winning papers (e.g., (Martins, Smith, & Xing, 2009; Koo, Rush, Collins, Jaakkola, & Sontag., 2010; Berant, Dagan, & Goldberger, 2011)).This tutorial will present the key ingredients of ILP formulations of natural language processing problems, aiming at guiding readers through the key modeling steps, explaining the learning and inference paradigms and exemplifying these by providing examples from the literature. We will cover a range of topics, from the theoretical foundations of learning and inference with ILP models, to practical modeling guides, to software packages and applications.The goal of this tutorial is to introduce the computational framework to broader ACL community, motivate it as a generic framework for learning and inference in global NLP decision problems, present some of the key theoretical and practical issues involved and survey some of the existing applications of it as a way to promote further development of the framework and additional applications. We will also make connections with some of the "hot" topics in current NLP research and show how they can be used within the general framework proposed here. The tutorial will thus be useful for many of the senior and junior researchers that have interest in global decision problems in NLP, providing a concise overview of recent perspectives and research results.


The study of environmental systems as ecological and physicochemical as well as socioeconomic entities requires a high degree of simplifying formalism. However, a detailed understanding of a systems function and response to various changes for the explicit purpose of systems management and planning still requires fairly complex hypotheses, or models. Such models can hardly be subjected to rigorous tests without the aid of computers. Systems simulation is a powerful tool when subjecting complex hypotheses to critical tests of their logical structure and their performance over the range of plausible input conditions .

Based on a formalized trial-and-error approach using Monte Carlo methods, this report presents and discusses an approach to simulation modeling under uncertainty. An introduction to the causes and implications of the problem, namely uncertainty, and a short formal presentation of the methodology proposed are followed by some more technical remarks on Monte Carlo simulation. Using three different application examples, the author discusses the role of uncertainty in the formal testing of model structures, in parameter estimation, and in prediction. In the last example, the limits of estimation and, with it, prediction are demonstrated. In a comparison of Monte Carlo simulation and alternative approaches to including and evaluating uncertainty in simulation modeling, the discussion section examines the implications of uncertainty for model application in a broader framework.


Abstract Previous studies have shown that brooding Burmese Pythons, Python bivittatus, use endogenous heat production to buffer clutch temperature against suboptimal environmental temperatures and that heat production is correlated with body muscle twitch rate and metabolic rate. Improving our understanding of the patterns of thermogenesis and the mechanisms that regulate it will provide insight into the proposed link between parental care and the evolution of endothermy. We measured body, clutch, and nest temperatures and also muscle twitch rate and metabolic rate to evaluate the buffering capability of thermogenesis during brooding as well as the thermal cues regulating thermogenesis. We found that, as expected, both muscle twitch rate and metabolic rate were correlated negatively with nest temperature. Furthermore, at nest temperature 6 degrees below optimal developmental temperature, females maintained body temperature at the optimal temperature. However, while thermogenesis increased clutch temperature significantly, clutch temperature decreases with decreasing nest temperature. Our results confirm general patterns of facultative thermogenesis reported previously and, in addition, strongly suggest that females use core body temperature to regulate their thermogenic activity.


The southern African continental margin represents a crucial gateway within the oceanic circulation system where Indian-Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean water masses meet and mix. Here, surface Agulhas Current, Antarctic Intermediate Water AAIW and deep North Atlantic Deep Water NADW and Antarctic Bottomwater AABW are fully concentrated and flow into opposing directions. Hence, this is a unique location where the fluctuating strength on interocean circulation may be sensitively recorded by erosional-depositional processes on the subjacent seafloor over an approximately 4 km wide range of depths.Seismic data collected on the southern South African continental margin show strong erosion on the shelf, slope, the Agulhas Passage and the Agulhas Plateau. In parts, the whole sedimentary column has been eroded and basement forms the seafloor. For the shelf, slope and the Agulhas Passage specific depth intervals can be identified, where the erosion is particularly strong. Those intervals span the water depths of 900-1700 m, 2000-2600 m, 2800-3000 m, and 4000-4500 m, and comprise the depth ranges of the Agulhas Current, AAIW, NADW, and AABW. Thus we can identify the paths of those water masses, and distinguish between them, via their erosive activity on the shelf, slope and in the Agulhas Passage.This is not valid for the Agulhas Plateau. There, erosion occurs over the whole depth range of the seafloor. Thicker sediment bodies can be observed in between basement highs, and larger well stratified deposits can only be found on the southern plateau where basement topography is not that rough. On the northern Agulhas Plateau obviously both paths of the Agulhas Retroflection and the AAIW and hence deposition/erosion are primarily influenced by the basement topography.


The properties of metal oxide surfaces are key to their diverse technological applications.
However, the semiconducting nature of metal oxides presents a problem - many surface science techniques are electron based and thus require samples to
be conducting. As such, bulk crystal studies of metal oxides by techniques such as
photoemission spectroscopy (PES) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) are
limited to reduced surfaces. Alternatively, thin �films of a metal oxide can be synthesised
on a suitable conducting substrate that mimic the bulk crystal surface whilst
having sufficient conducting character to use these techniques. CeO2 is an important
material found in three-way catalysts that remove pollutants from the exhaust gas of
modern automobiles. Key to this application is the ability of reduced ceria to store
and release oxygen depending on the composition of the exhaust. The addition of
noble metals such as Pd to the ceria surface greatly improves the efficiency of pollutant
conversion evidenced by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) by reducing
the ceria. Resonance photoemission spectroscopy (RESPES) has been used to investigate
the e�ect of Pd on ceria CeO2-x(110) thin �films grown on a Pt(111) substrate.
RESPES is more surface speci�fic than XPS and thus reveals more information on
the surface layers of ceria �films. TiO2(110) is the most studied metal oxide surface,
and has a multitude of applications. Its chemistry with two of the most abundant
chemical species - water (H2O) and oxygen (O2) - is thus very important. H2O has
been shown to dissociate on TiO2 surfaces. TiO2 thin �films grown on W(100) were
used as model system to study the chemistry of the reaction between TiO2 and H2O,
and subsequently the reaction of hydrated surfaces with O2 using XPS. STM was
used to examine the morphology of TiO2(110) �films grown on W(100)-(2 x 1)-O,
changes with fi�lm thickness and methods of improving surface smoothness. The
�first detailed STM images showing row structure of TiO2(110) �films grown on W
are shown.


Background Bcr and Abr are GTPase activating proteins that specifically downregulate activity of the small GTPase Rac in restricted cell types in vivo. Rac1 is expressed in smooth muscle cells, a critical cell type involved in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension. The molecular mechanisms that underlie hypoxia-associated pulmonary hypertension are not well-defined. Methodology/Principal Findings Bcr and abr null mutant mice were compared to wild type controls for the development of pulmonary hypertension after exposure to hypoxia. Also, pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells from those mice were cultured in hypoxia and examined for proliferation, p38 activation and IL-6 production. Mice lacking Bcr or Abr exposed to hypoxia developed increased right ventricular pressure, hypertrophy and pulmonary vascular remodeling. Perivascular leukocyte infiltration in the lungs was increased, and under hypoxia bcr−/− and abr−/− macrophages generated more reactive oxygen species. Consistent with a contribution of inflammation and oxidative stress in pulmonary hypertension-associated vascular damage, Bcr and Abr-deficient animals showed elevated endothelial leakage after hypoxia exposure. Hypoxia-treated pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells from Bcr- or Abr-deficient mice also proliferated faster than those of wild type mice. Moreover, activated Rac1, phosphorylated p38 and interleukin 6 were increased in these cells in the absence of Bcr or Abr. Inhibition of Rac1 activation with Z62954982, a novel Rac inhibitor, decreased proliferation, p38 phosphorylation and IL-6 levels in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells exposed to hypoxia. Conclusions Bcr and Abr play a critical role in down-regulating hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension by deactivating Rac1 and, through this, reducing both oxidative stress generated by leukocytes as well as p38 phosphorylation, IL-6 production and proliferation of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells.


During U.S. presidential and congressional elections, a great deal of attention is often paid to political partisanship (see Avalon 2012; Sides 2008). How did political independents vote? Did partisans vote how they were "supposed to"? Did partisanship exert a larger (or smaller) impact on vote choice during this election than the previous one? Within the context of a given election, the answers to these questions can lead to interesting insights on electoral behavior. Analyzing the impact of partisanship on voting over the course of many elections, however, has the potential to shed light on the general relevance of parties to voter decision making. Although partisanship is one of the most enduring political orientations (Campbell et al. 1960), its impact on the vote has fluctuated considerably over time (Bafumi and Shapiro 2009; Bartels 2000). During some elections, partisanship exerts a powerful influence on the vote, while during others, partisanship has a much less pronounced effect. Although partisanship is virtually always relevant to voting behavior during U.S. presidential (and congressional) elections, the importance of parties and partisanship has varied over time (Barrels 2000). The 2008 presidential election and Barack Obama's candidacy sparked discussion about the potential for an era of "post-partisan" politics, but many commentators have suggested that 2008 was "very much a partisan, not a 'post-partisan' election" and that party loyalties were "as strong as ever" (Sides 2008). In this article, I measure the extent to which partisanship influenced voting behavior in U.S. presidential and congressional elections from 1952 to 2008. Such a long-term analysis provides an opportunity to compare the influence of partisanship from one election to the next and to compare the effects of partisanship on voting in contemporary elections to the effects of partisanship in other eras in American politics. One issue confronting those who are interested in examining the effect of partisanship on voting behavior across multiple elections is how to measure the extent of partisan voting. In a 2000 article, Bartels develops a "summary measure of partisan voting," which takes into account the distribution of partisanship in the electorate and the extent to which partisanship influences voting behavior. The aim of this measure is to document changes in the impact of partisanship on voting behavior that have occurred over time. In this article, I replicate and update Bartels' (2000) analysis of the impact of partisanship on voting behavior in U.S. presidential and congressional elections, which extended from 1952 to 1996, with the goal of understanding how the impact of partisanship on voting behavior has changed since the 1996 elections. I use American National Election Studies (ANES) data from 1952 to 2008. Following Bartels, I use a series of simple probit models to examine the effect of partisanship across U.S. elections. I show that Bartels' findings nicely replicate and that between 1952 and 2008, the high point of partisan voting in presidential elections occurred in 2004. The level of partisan voting in 2004 was 4% higher than in 1996--the apex of partisan voting in Bartels' original analysis. The level of partisan voting in the 2008 presidential election was quite high, although it was slightly lower than in 2004, 2000, and 1996. I also examine the extent of partisan voting in U.S. congressional elections. I find that the level of partisan voting in congressional elections has remained high but reached a peak in 2006. Measuring Partisan Voting Before describing the approach I use to measure the level of partisan voting in a given election, it is important to provide a bit of background on parties and partisanship in the United States. In 1960, the authors of The American Voter (Campbell et al. 1960) convincingly argued that partisanship was a long-term, affective attachment to a political party--one that developed early on in peoples' lives. …


Global subsumption is an existing simplification technique for saturation-based first-order theorem provers. The general idea is that we can replace a clause C by its subclause D if D follows from the initial problem as D will subsume C. The effectiveness of the technique comes from a cheap, global approach for (incompletely) checking whether D is a consequence of the initial problem. The idea is to produce and maintain a set S of ground clauses that follow from the input (e.g. grounded versions of all derived clauses) and to check whether a grounding of D follows from this set. As this is now a propositional problem this check can be performed by a SAT solver, making it efficient. In this paper we review the global subsumption technique and pose a number of questions related to the practical implementation of global subsumption and possible variations of the approach. We consider, for example, which groundings to place in S, how to select the subclause(s) D to check, how to integrate this technique with the AVATAR approach and whether it makes sense to replace the SAT solver with an SMT solver. This discussion takes place within the context of the Vampire theorem prover.


Abstract 3747

Introduction: Ponatinib is a potent, oral, pan-BCR-ABL inhibitor with activity against native and mutant forms of BCR-ABL, including the tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI)-resistant T315I mutant. The efficacy and safety of ponatinib (45 mg orally QD) were evaluated in a phase 2, international, open-label clinical trial (PACE). These multivariate analyses explored the impact of dose intensity and several prognostic and predictive factors on clinical responses, adverse events (AEs), and laboratory changes.

Methods: Enrolled patients were resistant or intolerant (R/I) to dasatinib or nilotinib, or had the T315I BCR-ABL mutation at baseline. A total of 267 chronic phase (CP), 83 accelerated phase (AP), and 94 blast phase (BP) CML/Ph+ ALL patients were assigned to 1 of 6 cohorts according to disease phase (CP-, AP-, or BP-CML/Ph+ ALL), R/I to dasatinib or nilotinib, and presence of T315I. Three CP-CML and 2 AP-CML patients were treated, but not assigned to a cohort (post-imatinib, did not have T315I at baseline); these patients were excluded from efficacy analyses and included in safety analyses. For the purposes of the efficacy multivariate analyses, AP-CML, BP-CML, and Ph+ ALL patients were combined. The baseline covariates analyzed were age, time since diagnosis, number of prior TKIs, presence or absence of the T315I mutation, neutrophil and platelet counts, and weight. The primary efficacy outcome analyzed was major cytogenetic response (MCyR) in CP-CML and major hematologic response (MaHR) for all other patients. The safety outcomes analyzed were the following AEs: pancreatitis, elevated lipase, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) increase, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) increase, rash, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, arthralgia, and hypertriglyceridemia. The impact on neutrophils, platelets, bilirubin, ALT, AST, creatinine, lipase, and triglycerides was also examined. Binary event outcomes were analyzed using logistic regression models. Data values over time were analyzed using linear mixed effects models. Laboratory values were log-transformed. Data as of 27 April 2012 were used in these analyses.

Results: Median baseline characteristics of the CP-CML R/I and T315I cohorts, respectively, were: 61 vs 51 yrs of age, 8 vs 5 yrs since initial diagnosis, 3 vs 2 prior TKIs. The median dose intensity for the CP-CML R/I and T315I cohorts was 30 and 39 mg/day, respectively. In general, other baseline characteristics were balanced between these 2 cohorts. Multivariate analysis found statistically significant associations between MCyR and increasing dose intensity (mg/day) (p 0.2). This was likely because patients with T315I received a greater dose intensity, were younger, and were previously treated with fewer TKIs.

The probability of achieving MaHR in patients with AP-CML, BP-CML, and Ph+ ALL increased with increasing dose intensity (p<0.001) and with higher numbers of baseline platelets (p=0.0046). As in CP-CML, similar trends in baseline characteristics were observed, and the presence of the T315I mutation was not a significant prognostic factor for MaHR.

In all patients, the probability of AEs (pancreatitis, lipase increase, ALT and AST increase, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, arthralgia, and rash) increased with increasing dose intensity. Hypertriglyceridemia was trend level associated with dose intensity (p=0.054). Presence of T315I was associated with a lower risk of thrombocytopenia (p<0.0001) and neutropenia (p=0.005) after adjustment for dose intensity and the other factors. In general, younger age, less time since diagnosis, and fewer prior TKIs were associated with a lower probability of AEs.

Conclusion: These findings suggest that dose intensity and factors related to extent of disease and prior treatment were most predictive of effectiveness and tolerance of ponatinib. T315I was not a significant prognostic factor for efficacy or safety after adjustment for other factors, with the exception of thrombocytopenia and neutropenia; patients with T315I had lower predicted rates of these AEs after adjustment for dose intensity and other factors in the reduced models.

Disclosures: Off Label Use: Ponatinib - non FDA approved (experimental) compound. Cortes: Novartis, BMS, ARIAD, Pfizer, and Chemgenex: Consultancy, Research Funding. Kim: Novartis, Bristol Myers-Squibb, Pfizer, ARIAD, and Il-Yang: Consultancy, Employment, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau. Pinilla-Ibarz: Novartis : Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Research Funding, Speakers Bureau. le Coutre: Novartis and BMS: Honoraria. Paquette: ARIAD: Consultancy. Chuah: Novartis and Bristol Myers-Squibb: Honoraria. Nicolini: Novartis, Bristol Myers-Squibb, Pfizer, ARIAD, and Teva: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding. Apperley: Novartis, Bristol Myers-Squibb, and ARIAD: Honoraria, Research Funding. Talpaz: Novartis: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Bristol Myers-Squibb: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Incyte: Research Funding; Sanofi: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Millenium: Research Funding; Celgene: Research Funding; ARIAD: Research Funding; Deciphera: Research Funding; Pfizer: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Abruzzese: Bristol Myers-Squibb and Novartis: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Rea: Bristol Myers-Squibb, Novartis, and Teva: Honoraria. Baccarani: ARIAD, Novartis, Bristol Myers-Squibb, and Pfizer: Consultancy, Honoraria, Speakers Bureau. Muller: ARIAD: Consultancy. Wong: MolecularMD Corp: Employment, Equity Ownership. Dorer: ARIAD: Employment, Equity Ownership. Knickerbocker: ARIAD: Employment, Equity Ownership. Rivera: ARIAD: Employment, Equity Ownership. Clackson: ARIAD: Employment, Equity Ownership. Turner: ARIAD: Employment, Equity Ownership. Haluska: ARIAD: Employment, Equity Ownership. Guilhot: ARIAD: Honoraria. Hochhaus: ARIAD, Novartis, Bristol Myers-Squibb, Pfizer, and MSD: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding. Hughes: Novartis, Bristol Myers-Squibb, and ARIAD: Honoraria, Research Funding. Goldman: Novartis, Bristol Myers-Squibb, and Amgen: Honoraria. Shah: Novartis: Consultancy; Bristol Myers-Squibb: Consultancy, Research Funding; ARIAD: Consultancy, Research Funding. Kantarjian: Pfizer: Research Funding; ARIAD: Research Funding; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Research Funding; Novartis: Consultancy, Research Funding.


As part of Eoparatethys, a partly isolated sea existed to the north of the present-day Pannonian Basin during Oligocene time. From Lattorfian times thick shale sequences, rich in organic matter, were deposited. Locally, laminates of euxinic facies formed (Tard Clay Formation) and are the best oil-prone source rocks of the Oligocene sequence. Although oil discoveries were made in the basin in the late 1930s, exploration was prevented by the complicated tectonics. Currently, detailed seismic, geological and geochemical studies have been initiated, the first results of which are summarized in this paper. Rock-Eval pyrolysis data and bituminological analysis show the Tard Clay Formation to be a good source rock. Its thermal maturity has been influenced by subsequent tectonic movements and Neogene heat flux. Migration and accumulation of the generated hydrocarbons is controlled by unconformities and, in particular, by the tectonic elements. Complicated structural and stratigraphical traps are covered by the Pliocene basal marl.


Bachev, H., B. Ivanov, D. Toteva and E. Sokolova, 2017. Agrarian sustainability in Bulgaria – economic, social and ecological aspects. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 23 (4): 519–525 The sustainable development has become a major topic not only for the economic science but in the economic policy development. There is a substantial literature dedicated to analyzing the different aspects of sustainability – economic, social and/or ecological. Agriculture has been recognized as one of the economic fi elds that has multidimensional impact not only on the incomes and well-being of the employed, but also on the rural population as a whole and the environment. This article presents a holistic approach for assessing agrarian sustainability in Bulgaria based on its economic, social and ecological aspects on sectoral macro-level. It is based on offi cial statistical and other information as well as on expert evaluation. Our study has found that the Bulgarian agriculture on macro-level has good sustainability. Some of the sustainability aspects have higher levels (e.g. the economic aspect) while others (social and environmental) are inferior. Study results could help in focusing the political efforts, so that the agrarian sustainability, in its social and ecological aspect, could be increased. However a further research is needed to evaluate the level of sustainability at micro-level, so that the major issues and problem areas are addressed accordingly.


Background: Excessive mucus secretion is an important characteristic of airway inflammatory diseases, such as asthma. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) leads to mucus hypersecretion in asthma, and is associated with airway inflammation and remodeling. It is known little about the role of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in LPS-induced mucin 5AC (MUC5AC) hypersecretion in human bronchial epithelial cells. We aim to investigate the effects of EGFR in the process of MUC5AC hypersecretion.
Methods: The human bronchial epithelial (16HBE) cells were treated with LPS, and pre-treated with AG1478 (specific inhibitor of EGFR). The expression of MUC5AC and EGFR were detected and compared between the different groups. The expression of MUC5AC protein was measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expressions of MUC5AC and EGFR were measured by immunohistochemistry, and the protein expression of EGFR was monitored by Western blot. The mRNA expression of MUC5AC and EGFR were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).
Results and Conclusions: LPS could induce the high expression of MUC5AC and EGFR in 16HBE cells, and AG1478 decreased the expression of MUC5AC by inhibiting the expression of EGFR. These results showed that EGFR might play an important role in LPS-induced MUC5AC hypersecretion of airway epithelial cells, and AG1478 decreased MUC5AC secretion through inhibiting the expression of EGFR. AG1478 may be a new therapeutic approach for the airway inflammatory diseases.


Agriculture consists of a process for converting energy and biological information into physical products for human consumption. Increasingly sophisticated biotechnology in agricultural inputs makes manifest this definition of agriculture as information flow. The architectural ideal in information science is the end-to-end principle. All intelligence within an information platform arises from its ends. The corollary of the end-to-end principle, however, is that intervening layers facilitating the transmission of intelligence become "dumb pipe," whose sole contribution consists of efficient transport of information. Within its own domain, agriculture has become dumb pipe. The rise of bioengineered inputs has rendered obsolete the evolutionary contribution of farmers. At the other end of the value chain, consumer-driven preferences in food restrict the inputs that farmers may deploy. "Intelligence" propelled by preferences and tastes among affluent consumers constrain choices traditionally exercised by farmers. This exercise in virtue signaling exerts further competitive pressure. Driving all intelligence in the agricultural supply chain to its ends — where biotechnology reinvents basic inputs in an epoch of resource exhaustion and where consumer tastes dictate practices on the farm — compels a fundamental reevaluation of agriculture's legal and economic premises.


NMDA receptors are excitatory neurotransmitter receptors critical for synaptic plasticity and neuronal development in the mammalian brain. These receptors are found highly concentrated in the postsynaptic membrane of glutamatergic synapses. To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying NMDA receptor localization, we used the yeast two-hybrid system to identify proteins expressed in the brain that interact with the NMDA receptor subunit NR1. Here we report that the 68 kDa neurofilament subunit NF-L directly interacts with the NR1 subunit. This interaction occurs between the cytoplasmic C-terminal domain of NR1 and the rod domain of NF-L. However, NR1 splice variants lacking the first C-terminal exon cassette (C1) failed to associate with NF-L. Immunogold electron microscopy revealed a preferential localization of NR1 at the ends of in vitro-assembled neurofilaments. Overexpression of C1 cassette-containing NR1 constructs in fibroblast cells disrupted the assembly of recombinant neurofilaments. In addition, NR1 and NF-L cofractionated in detergent-treated rat brain synaptic plasma membranes. Furthermore, NR1 and NF-L colocalize in the dendrites and growth cones of cultured hippocampal neurons. These results demonstrate the splice variant-specific association of NR1 with neurofilaments and suggest a possible mechanism for anchoring or localizing NMDA receptors in the neuronal plasma membrane.


This chapter reviews the empirical literature, especially the event study literature, as it relates to corporate and securities law. Event studies are among the most successful uses of econometrics in policy analysis. By providing an anchor for measuring the impact of events on investor wealth, the methodology offers a fruitful means for evaluating the welfare implications of private and government actions. This chapter begins by briefly reviewing the event study methodology and its strengths and limitations for policy analysis. It then discusses one of the limitations of more conventional empirical work (cross-sectional analysis), the problem presented by the fact that the characteristics of firms that are studied in relation to each other (such as ownership and mechanisms of corporate governance) or to firm performance are not exogeneous but self-selected by firms. Thereafter it reviews in detail how event studies have been used to evaluate the wealth effects of corporate litigation. Subsequently, we focus on the methodology's application to corporate law and corporate governance issues, supplemented with discussion of other relevant empirical work as well. Event studies are emphasized because they have played an important role in the making of corporate law and in applied corporate finance and corporate law scholarship. The reason for this input is twofold. First, there is a match between the methodology and subject matter: the goal of corporate law is to increase shareholder wealth and event studies provide a metric for measurement of the impact upon stock prices of policy decisions. Second, because the participants in corporate law debates share the objective of corporate law, to adopt policies that enhance shareholder wealth, their disagreements are over the means to achieve that end. A further reason for emphasizing event study data is that they avoid the endogeneity concerns that can limit the results of other modes of empirical research in this area.


This paper performs a close reading of Jacobean tragedies, namely The Maiden's Tragedy , The Revenger's Tragedy , and The Duchess of Malfi , to highlight the ways in which, through revenge, corporeal fashioning in each play tests the body's relationship to the spirit. Where conventional Christian doctrine and Stoic philosophy traditionally privilege the soul's governance of the body, I argue that in these plays, the opposite is shown to be true: the body governs the spirit. I focus on the artificer figure, who in these plays reflects a new extreme in the form of the maniacal avenger, whose participation in corporeal fashioning is so perverse that he is beyond recuperation. What is more, Jacobean plays participate in a more extreme kind of bodily fashioning that moves beyond simple mutation to replacement entirely of human bodies, with either corpses, technologies, or automata. The medium of theatre itself demands this kind of replacement, as does the genre of revenge to anticipate Cartesian mechanistic dualism. Because the material paradoxically becomes the centre of attention, it proves to be constitutive of selfhood, perverting Christian, Senecan, and Cartesian notions of selfhood, which reside in the soul and mind respectively.


OBJECTIVE Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) fiber tracking (FT) has been widely used in glioma surgery in recent years. It can provide helpful information about subcortical structures, especially in patients with eloquent space-occupying lesions. This study compared the newly developed navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (nTMS)-based DTI FT of language pathways with the most reproducible protocol for language pathway tractography, using cubic regions of interest (ROIs) for the arcuate fascicle. METHODS Thirty-seven patients with left-sided perisylvian lesions underwent language mapping by repetitive nTMS. DTI FT was performed using the cubic ROIs-based protocol and the authors' nTMS-based DTI FT approach. The same minimal fiber length and fractional anisotropy were chosen (50 mm and 0.2, respectively). Both protocols were performed with standard clinical tractography software. RESULTS Both methods visualized language-related fiber tracts (i.e., corticonuclear tract, arcuate fascicle, uncinate fascicle, superior longitudinal fascicle, inferior longitudinal fascicle, arcuate fibers, commissural fibers, corticothalamic fibers, and frontooccipital fascicle) in all 37 patients. Using the cubic ROIs-based protocol, 39.9% of these language-related fiber tracts were detected in the examined patients, as opposed to 76.0% when performing nTMS-based DTI FT. For specifically tracking the arcuate fascicle, however, the cubic ROIs-based approach showed better results (97.3% vs 75.7% with nTMS-based DTI FT). CONCLUSIONS The cubic ROIs-based protocol was designed for arcuate fascicle tractography, and this study shows that it is still useful for this intention. However, superior results were obtained using the nTMS-based DTI FT for visualization of other language-related fiber tracts.


The Global Development Network (GDN) and the Researchers Alliance for Development (RAD) are networks linking the professional ecology of the World Bank to the diverse research ecologies of universities and think-tanks. These 'knowledge networks' can entangle research environments extensively with policy communities and the institutional interests of powerful organizations. Connecting different professional ecologies via networks creates complex sets of relationships between researchers and policy makers. The 'grey areas' of professional overlap highlight the 'co-production' of (social) science in development policy. The author based her analysis of the dual dynamics of network autonomy and co-option on participant observation of GDN and RAD as a past member of the governing bodies of both networks.


Before effective anti-poverty policy can be designed and implemented, the extent, trend and distribution of poverty must be identified. In this sense, poverty measurement is a crucial intermediate step in public policymaking and development planning. This paper asks whether the estimated proportion of the world's population with income below US$1 (adjusted according to purchasing power parity) per day is a good measure of trends in global poverty. We argue that the answer depends on two important issues in the measurement of poverty—the definition of the poverty line, and how best to summarize the level of poverty In this paper, we survey the literature on poverty measurement, demonstrate the importance of considering poverty incidence, depth and inequality jointly, present a simple but powerful graphical representation of the Sen and SST indices of poverty intensity (the poverty box) which is the FGT index of order 1 and extend our empirical work to China using the commonly accepted international poverty line definition of one half median equivalent income.


This collection of 129 papers presented at the Seventh International Conference and Exposition on Engineering, Construction, Operations, and Business in Space held in Albuquerque, New Mexico, February 27-March 2, 2000, presents a comprehensive look at the new concepts and cutting-edge projects that are being investigated to support space exploration and serve all of humankind. With contributions from professionals in government, laboratories, universities, and private industries, the authors of these papers write with the premise that humankind will inevitably explore the solar system and eventually develop permanent settlements on the Moon, Mars, and beyond. The topics include: developing a vision of our future in space; learning to live and work in space; envisioning a society in space; looking at Earth from space for precision agriculture; creating opportunities with in situ resources and their application; space business; extraterrestrial construction; educating people for space initiatives and working together in space; developing structures, structural dynamics, materials and controls; planning for space exploration in various countries; broadening the use of space and public access to space; and MEMS/MOEMS and future micro nano-satellites. Other topics explored are: space law and governance; science and engineering in space missions; determining properties of the surfaces of the moon, Mars, asteroids, and comets; lunar exploration and development; space solar power; asteroids and their potential; planning Mars missions; innovative approaches in power generation; and severe weather mitigation using projected space assets.


A new ligthweight multichannel moderate bandwidth filter instrument designed to be flown on balloons, is described. The instrument measures the radiation field within the short UV (center wavelength at 312 nm) and long UV (center wavelength at 340 nm). The angular and spectral characteristics of the instrument are discussed and the calibration procedure outlined. Measurements made during a stratospheric balloon flight at twilight conditions from Gap-Tallard, France, are presented and compared with state-of-the-art radiative transfer model simulations. The model simulations and the measurements agree within ±10% (±20%) for solar zenith angles smaller than 93° (90°) for the 340 (312) nm channel. Based on the model simulations of the measured radiation, actinic flux spectra are reconstructed. These are used to calculate various photodissociation rates.


Challenges in the roles played by public and private sector organizations in the sustainable tourism development are identified for two of the Russian Arctic regions: Nenets Autonomous Okrug and Sakha Republic. A review on the existing institutional arrangements is made including the public sector (regional and local levels), private entrepreneurship, local communities and the ways the participatory decision-making process is promoted. The evaluation of the outcomes of the present institutional framework prove to be unbalanced in order to facilitate coordinated tourism development. Furthermore, the issues arising from the unclear institutional setting influencing the creation of an integrative system of tourism distribution channels. This situation weakens the roles played by all stakeholders and gives fewer incentives for the private businesses and local communities to be involved in the tourism development activities.


The COVID-19 pandemic has not only led to the loss of human life and resulted in an unprecedented challenge to public health, but has also seriously affected food systems and work opportunities. As a global pandemic, COVID-19 has impacted food systems and livelihoods as a result of both economic and health challenges that emanate from domestic public policy measures, and also actions taken by other countries, mainly in the form of trade restrictions. Following the confirmation of the first COVID-19 case in Ethiopia on 13 March 2020, and concerns about the sharp increase in cases, the federal government declared a state of emergency on 8 April 2020 which lasted for five months. This paper presents the assessment of the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and its prevention measures on agricultural commercialisation, food and nutrition security, labour and employment, as well as poverty and well-being in rural Ethiopia.


In this paper, by analysing two different entrepreneurship education programmes in the UK, we explore how experiential entrepreneurial learning can be optimised while students engage in parallel in actually creating a new venture. Until both programmes are properly up-and running - with graduates – both programmes started in 2009 - it will not be possible to draw firm conclusions about the types of business being started. This paper describes how research, experience and anecdotal evidence was used to develop two degrees. Progress will be the subject of reflective, longitudinal research to evaluate the relevant propositions. We identified four important issues arising from our analysis. First, a clear importance within these programmes that students start a real business, rather than just learn with cases or participate in simulations, business games, or role plays. In addition, we see a need to capture the learning with a portfolio. Second, there remains a debate about whether such a pedagogical intervention is best achieved at Undergraduate (Bachelor's) or Postgraduate (Master's) level. However, an important point about these programmes is that students can still graduate because there is a valuable learning experience in business start up to capture in a portfolio. Third, it remains unclear whether entrepreneurship (as opposed to enterprise skills) should be in the curriculum or adjunct to it. Or, indeed, whether the optimal situation is to have entrepreneurship as both part of the curriculum and adjunct to it. Fourth, it is important to recognise the potential of collaboration between 'complementary' Universities and the building of a sharing community, something of a federation which might grow over time, grounded with reference to entrepreneurial universities.


This article focuses on a 1947 tour of India by two South African Indian doctors, Yusuf Dadoo and GM (Monty) Naicker, during which they met with Mohandas K Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru and attended the All-Asia Conference. The visit provides an opportunity to examine the links between Indians in the diaspora and homeland, and the issues that South Africans were grappling with - race, class, and nationalism, in the struggle against segregation and apartheid. In the decade that followed their visit, Dadoo and Naicker became national political figures and helped to break the racial boundaries around the anti-apartheid struggle. By the end of the 1950s, when armed struggle came to be seen by many activists as the only option to overthrow the apartheid regime, the communist Dadoo and Gandhian Naicker would part ways. While Naicker remained in South Africa, where he was subject to a series of banning orders, Dadoo went into exile to stitch together a broad coalition of forces. Into the twenty-first century Dadoo's and Naicker's ideological beacons are under intense pressure. Soviet Communism is dead, Gandhi's India is proud of her nuclear arsenal, and the two doctors' belief in non-racialism is under strain in their own country.


The secondary production of rocky shore macroinvertebrate assemblages impacted through sewage discharge was assessed, taking into account the trends of production among dominant species and feeding guilds. The present study was conducted on the Peniche peninsula (central-western Portuguese coast, temperate region), in three areas: one area near a sewage discharge and two undisturbed reference areas. Within each area, three intertidal zones were monitored ‐ littoral fringe, eulittoral and sublittoral fringe ‐ by taking seasonal samples during one year. The empirical model of Cusson and Bourget (2005) was used to evaluate secondary production. In the littoral fringe, no differences in the production values were found between impacted and reference areas. In the eulittoral, sewage discharge seemed to affect the natural competition between patellidae and barnacles by favouring suspension feeders (barnacles), presumably due to higher food resources near the sewage. In the sublittoral fringe, near the sewage discharge, an increase in the production values of tolerant species was observed to the detriment of the sensitive species, with higher production levels in the reference areas. Overall, secondary production was higher in the communities near the sewage affected areas, but this increase was mostly due to the production of tolerant species. The present study showed that the incorporation of secondary production in the biological assessment provided further insight into the health of the ecosystem, thus being an important tool for understanding differences in the functioning of the ecosystem.


Objective: The purpose of this review is to summarize the findings regarding the prevalence and risk factors of Diabetes Mellitus in developed and developing world and to review the management options for Diabetes Mellitus especially the role of telemedicine.
Methodology: Extensive literature review was carried by retrieving articles from various databases like Pub med, Google scholar, Science direct, Scopus and Archives of Medicine. Relevant articles were retrieved from different databases by using text words and phrases like 'Diabetes Mellitus', 'Management', 'risk factors', 'prevalence of Diabetes', 'telemedicine', 'e- health'. Types of studies were descriptive studies, systematic reviews and various reports.
Findings: Various supporting systems have been made to upgrade the management of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus including mobile phones and internet. Mobile phones and internet are mechanical support tools for the patients with type 2 DM to improve their health by facilitating good communication between the patients and their respective health care providers.
Conclusion: There are multiple ways of managing Diabetes Mellitus ranging from oral medicines to insulin. These can be done either through the visits to the patients or the patients can be reminded to take the medicines through telemedicine. Telemedicine can play an important role in managing the patients with chronic diseases including Diabetes Mellitus.


Articles published in scholarly journals, such as this one, tend to be mainly addressed to researchers at universities. Industrial follow-up and implementation of results from a scholarly article appears to be the exception, rather than the rule. Research grant specifications, as well as university policies, favor the generation of new knowledge, rather than the implementation of good ideas. But without patent protection, corporations have low motivation to expend the considerable effort to reduce ideas to practice after they have been openly published. The author speculates that the situation could be much more dynamic if there were a system of priority of implementation. According to such a system, the first company to successfully implement an idea that first appears in a peer-reviewed journal article, as validated by its debut in the marketplace, would have a grace period during which competitors would have to pay them a fee to sell a generic version of the same thing.


1. Introduction: Exploring Inner Space A Brave New World What Is Cognitive Science? Representation Computation The Interdisciplinary Perspective Interdisciplinary Crossroads: The Philosophy and Psychology of Mental Representation Summing Up: Review of Chapter 1 2. The Philosophical Approach: Enduring Questions What Is Philosophy? The Mind-Body Problem Monism Dualism Functionalism The Knowledge Acquisition Problem The Mystery of Consciousness Overall Evaluation of the Philosophical Approach Interdisciplinary Crossroads: Philosophy, Neuroscience and Binocular Rivalry Summing Up: Review of Chapter 2 3. The Psychological Approach: A Profusion of Theories What Is Psychology? Psychology and the Scientific Method Mental Atoms, Mental Molecules, and a Periodic Table of the Mind: The Voluntarist Movement Structuralism: What the Mind Is Functionalism: What the Mind Does The Whole Is Greater Than the Sum of Its Parts: Mental Physics and the Gestalt Movement Mini-Minds: Mechanism and Psychoanalytic Psychology Mind as a Black Box: The Behaviorist Approach Overall Evaluation of the Psychological Approach Interdisciplinary Crossroads: Gestalt Phenomenology, Experimental Psychology and Perceptual Grouping Summing Up: A Review of Chapter 3 4. The Cognitive Approach I: Vision, Pattern Recognition and Attention Some History First: The Rise of Cognitive Psychology The Cognitive Approach: Mind as an Information Processor Modularity of Mind Theories of Vision and Pattern Recognition Theories of Attention Evaluating the Model-Building Approach Interdisciplinary Crossroads: Computational Vision and Pattern Recognition Summing Up: A Review of Chapter 4 5. The Cognitive Approach II: Memory, Imagery, and Problem Solving Types of Memory Memory Models Visual Imagery Problem Solving Overall Evaluation of the Cognitive Approach Interdisciplinary Crossroads: Artificial Intelligence, Problem Solving and the SOAR Model Summing Up: A Review of Chapter 5 6. The Neuroscience Approach: Mind As Brain The Neuroscience Perspective Methodology in Neuroscience Modern Brain Imaging Methods Brain Stimulation Techniques The Small Picture: Neuron Anatomy and Physiology The Big Picture: Brain Anatomy The Neuroscience of Visual Object Recognition The Neuroscience of Attention Disorders of Attention The Neuroscience of Memory Neural Substrates of Working Memory Neural Substrates of Long-Term Memories The Neuroscience of Executive Function and Problem Solving Overall Evaluation of the Neuroscience Approach Interdisciplinary Crossroads: Perceptual Binding and Neural Synchrony Summing Up: A Review of Chapter 6 7. The Network Approach: Mind as a Web The Network Perspective Artificial Neural Networks Semantic Networks: Meaning in the Web Network Science Overall Evaluation of the Network Approach Interdisciplinary Crossroads: Emotions and Networks Summing Up: A Review of Chapter 7 8. The Evolutionary Approach: Change Over Time The Evolutionary View A Little Background: Natural Selection and Genetics Comparative Cognition Evolutionary Psychology Overall Evaluation of the Evolutionary Approach Interdisciplinary Crossroads: Evolutionary Processes and Artificial Life Summing Up: A Review of Chapter 8 9. The Linguistic Approach: Language and Cognitive Science The Linguistic Approach: The Importance of Language The Nature of Language Language Use in Primates Language Acquisition Language Deprivation Cognition and Linguistics: The Role of Grammar Neuroscience and Linguistics: The Wernicke-Geschwind Model Artificial Intelligence and Linguistics: Natural Language Processing Overall Evaluation of the Linguistic Approach Interdisciplinary Crossroads: Language, Philosophy and the Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis Summing Up: A Review of Chapter 9 10. The Emotional Approach: Mind as Emotion What is Emotion? Basic Emotions Theories of Emotion Hot and Cold: Emotion-Cognition Interactions Emotions and Neuroscience Emotions, Evolution and Psychological Disorders Emotions and Artificial Intelligence: Affective Computing Overall Evaluation of the Emotional Approach Interdisciplinary Crossroads: Emotion, Robotics and the Kisment Project Summing Up: A Review of Chapter 10 11. The Social Approach: Mind as Society Social Cognition Evolution and Social Cognition Attention and Social Cognition Social Cognitive Neuroscience Theory of Mind Other Social Cognitive Disorders Attitudes Impressions Attribution Stereotypes Prejudice Overall Evaluation of the Social Approach Interdisciplinary Crossroads: Game Theory and Prisoner's Dilemma Summing Up: A Review of Chapter 11 12. The Artificial Intelligence (AI) Approach I: The Mind As Machine Cognitive Science from the AI Perspective Historical Precursors Universal Computation and Turing's Contribution The Turing Test Evaluating the Work of Turing's Universal Computing Machine Predictive Architectures and Their Physical Challenges Evaluating Machine Computational Limitations Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) Evolutionary Computing Evaluation of Evolutionary Computing and Artificial General Intelligence Agent-Based Architectures Multiagent Systems Overall Evaluation of the Computer as a Model of Brain Organization Interdisciplinary Cross-Roads*fill in later 13. Artificial Intelligence II: Embodiments and Robotics Introduction The IA Paradigm Why Biology is Important Modeling Aspects of Biological Systems Abstracting General Principles of IAs Embodiment and situational aspects of intelligent behavior Relationships between elements of the IA system (structure) and the environment Applying the principles to the design of IAs Cognitive Models of IAs Deep Blue and the Chess Master Can an IA "learn" to play a winning game without knowing anything about the game? Expert Systems - a culminating "top-down" example Why Not Build a Brain - the Blue Brain Project Robotic Embodiments - Ultimate IAs Defining a robotic embodiment The IA Embodiment Paradigm Explored Robotic Architectures Hierarchical Architectures Reactive Architectures The Hybrid Deliberative/Reactive Paradigm Biological and Social Influences on Robots Swarming - what animals can teach us. Robotic Simulation Overall Evaluation of an IA Embodiment Interdisciplinary Cross-Roads: Where Biology Meets Technology Summing Up: A Review of Chapter 13 14. Conclusion: Where We Go From Here The Benefits of Cognitive Science Issues in Cognitive Science The Dynamical Systems Approach Dynamical Representation Dynamical vs. Classical Cognitive Science Evaluating the Dynamical Perspective Integrating Cognitive Science The Future Interdisciplinary Crossroads: Multiple Approaches to Levels of Explanation in Cognitive Science Summing Up: A Review of Chapter 14