For decades, law school administrators, faculty members, students and graduates have worried about the problem of the ever-increasing cost of attendance at the nation's law schools, and the rapidly rising average debt of graduating law students. The problem was particularly acute for students who desired careers in public service, because starting salaries in the government and non-profit sectors failed to keep pace with the increase in educational debt of law school graduates. In response, many law schools created loan repayment assistance programs (LRAPs), through which they subsidized loan repayment for some or all of their graduates who undertook public service jobs or careers. Most of these programs are insufficiently funded to meet the needs of their graduates who desire to use them, and demand for financial assistance for lower-income graduates has particularly accelerated as the recession that began in 2008 caused private sector firms to reduce their hiring, prompting more student interest in public sector employment. In addition, many law schools had no LRAP programs at all. Fortunately, Congress has significantly alleviated this problem, passing four laws between 2005 and 2010 that collectively reduce the debt repayment burdens on graduates, particularly (though not exclusively) those in public service. The new legislation also makes it possible for law schools to create or restructure LRAP programs in a way that provides a great deal of debt relief to graduates in public service at the lowest possible cost to the law school. As of this writing (in the summer of 2010), at least seven law schools - the University of California at Berkeley, Georgetown, UCLA, Duke, Northwestern, Virginia, and Suffolk - have altered their LRAP programs to take maximum advantage of the federal legislation, and several others are currently considering modifications. This article, together with an associated web-based calculator, provides guidance for law school administrators and faculty members who desire to coordinate law school LRAP benefits with those provided by federal law, and for law students and alumni who might want to suggest LRAP improvements to their schools.


Although emerging market Asian economies have experienced high growth without crises for close to a decade, many commentators find the large buildup of foreign exchange reserves among these economies both puzzling and evidence of incipient global imbalances. This paper reviews some of the experience of Asian countries over the last decade. We focus on the degree to which Asian economies have experienced financial globalization, meaning that their gross external asset and liability positions have grown significantly. In particular, while Asian economies have become significant gross creditors in bonds and other fixed income assets, their liability position in equity and FDI assets has also grown significantly. We show that a simple dynamic general equilibrium model of portfolio choice in an emerging market economy can account for this trend remarkably well.


OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE:Ossification of the ligamentum flavum (OLF) is increasingly being recognized as a cause of myeloradiculopathy. However, the cause of such OLF has been identified only occasionally. The purpose of this case report is to highlight one more cause of OLF causing myelopathy. CLINICAL PRESENTATION:Two middle-aged men residing in an area endemic for fluorosis presented with the insidious onset of myelopathy. Clinical examination revealed evidence of thoracic cord compression in both patients. Plain x-rays revealed markedly increased bone density characteristic of fluorosis. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed OLF in the lower thoracic region causing cord compression (at one level in the first patient and at three consecutive levels in the second patient). Plain x-rays of the forearm revealed ossification of the interosseous membrane, which is characteristic of fluorosis. INTERVENTION:Both patients underwent decompressive laminectomy with removal of the OLF. The laminae and ossified yellow ligaments formed one mass of bone, which was removed with rongeurs and drills. After surgery, the first patient demonstrated improvement in motor power, whereas the second patient did not demonstrate any change in neurological status. CONCLUSION:Fluorosis should be entertained in the differential diagnosis of OLF, especially in patients from endemic areas. The magnetic resonance imaging appearance of the spine in such cases is characteristic. In properly selected cases of fluorotic myelopathy, surgery is indicated. However, the prognosis is guarded, and long-term follow-up of these patients is necessary given the nature of the underlying disease.


This volume is the outcome of the author's observations and puzzlement over seventeen years of teaching English and French as second languages, followed by 30 years of research into the neurolinguistic aspects of bilingualism. It examines, within the framework of a neurolinguistic theory of bilingualism (Paradis, 2004), the crucial and pervasive contributions made by declarative and procedural memory to the appropriation, representation and processing of a second language. This requires careful consideration of a number of concepts associated with issues pertaining to second language research: consciousness, interface, modularity, automaticity, proficiency, accuracy, fluency, intake, ultimate attainment, switching, implicit linguistic competence and explicit metalinguistic knowledge. It is informed by data from a variety of domains, including language pathology, neuroimaging, and, from each side of the fence, practical classroom experience. This book introduces four further proposals within the framework of a neurolinguistic theory of bilingualism: (1) There are two sets of cerebral representations, those that are capable of reaching consciousness and those that are not; implicit grammar is inherently not capable of reaching consciousness. (2) The increased activation observed in neuroimaging studies during the use of a second language is not devoted to the processing of implicit linguistic competence. (3) Intake is doubly implicit. (4) Given the premise that metalinguistic knowledge cannot be converted into implicit competence, there can be no possible interface between the two.


In 1904, four years after the death of his friend Stephen Crane, Henry James returned to the United States for the first time in twenty-one years. He describes his approach to New York City this way: ... the monster grows and grows ... becoming ... some colossal set of clockworks, some steel-souled machine room of brandished arms and hammering fists and opening and closing jaws. The immeasurable bridges are but as the horizontal sheaths of pistons working at high pressure, day and night ...(75) This was the New York which, in the two Short decades of James's absence, had replaced the prosaic city of James's youth; this new city of motion and machines was the New York Crane had lived in as he wrote The Red Badge of Courage. It was a city that, like the country it represented, had been "seized by change" (Martin 361). Indeed, probably nothing could better characterize the period of James's absence than the overwhelming transformation and retransformation that America underwent from 1880 to 1900.(1) And the forces behind the changes which took place in those years were largely those which underlie James's description, of New York: the impetus of capitalism and industrialization, of the competitive drive to succeed and the machine which helped make success possible. As Larzer Ziff points out, the early literary response to the social upheaval created in America by capitalism and industrialization was ambiguous -- and weak. The problem was not lack of talent it was lack of vision. As Ziff suggests of the architectural establishment of the time, writers who had grown up in pre-Civil War America "yearned to impose upon the whirl of late-nineteenth-century-America the dream of stasis, an ideal and all-covering beauty ... Static idealization of the human condition seemed to be the answer to the impossibly unaesthetic whirl of social conditions" (22). But what was needed was a vision which would unify the "unaesthetic whirl" without confining it, and to achieve that vision a writer would have to be willing to allow the whirl to emerge without bending it to his own purposes. Didacticism, ideal or apocalyptic, could easily betray the integrity of any attempt to distill the temper of the times into a literary work. "Static idealization" was not, however, the only response to the turmoil and confusion. There had been one fairly recent instance in which an overriding national spirit had been forged into a purposive and intensely satisfying -- at least for some -- raison d'etre: the American Civil War. In the face of the rapid transformation of American social, political and even moral life, what had been to some a national tragedy of overwhelming proportions became for others a touchstone upon which they tried to base a new sense of national character, a national pride, and, above all, national direction. By the 1880s, the Civil War was close enough in time to have been the most formative national experience in the lives of men of letters, and far enough distant to have become ripe for mythologizing. As John L. Thomas says, it was common in the 1880s for social observers, many of them New Englanders, to prescribe martial virtue as a cure for the ills of society or to recommend the lessons of the Civil War as a means of renewing national vigor ... In the years after 1880 Francis A. Walker, Thomas Wentworth Higginson, and Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. -- all veterans of the Civil War and sons of New England acutely conscious of its heritage of nationalism -- elaborated new concepts of the "useful citizen" and the "soldier's faith" derived from experiences on Civil War battlefields. (61) Two of the more popularly successful attempts to draw on aspects of the "martial" experience of the Civil War as a way of addressing the social convulsions of a society hurtling into capitalism and industrialization did not actually portray the War itself, but both rely on an army motif to evoke the social climates of nascent competition and mechanization in the fictional worlds they create. …


In this paper, experimental studies were carried out on the formation of a microrelief on the surface of gallium arsenide substrates. The surface was modified by the method of plasma etching. Etching was carried out in a medium of chloride gas. In the work, the etching rates of the surface of gallium arsenide depend on the power of the inductively coupled plasma source. The etching rate of gallium arsenide was 28.2 nm / min, 24.9 nm / min, 27.8 nm / min, at inductively coupled plasma power values of 200 W, 400 W and 600 W. In the same work, the patterns of etching rate of gallium arsenide surface Taking into account the capacity of the capacitive plasma and the voltage of the shift. The etching rate of gallium arsenide was 516.7 nm / min, 559.5 nm / min, 603.3 nm / min, with capacitive plasma power values of 10 W, 35 W and 70 W, respectively. These results can be used to form a modified surface for the subsequent epitaxial growth of quantum dots based on gallium arsenide.


In this paper a technique for detecting the daily fatigue using the characteristics of local facial image is discussed. To reduce the influence of environment illumination and retain more details of features, the images are preprocessed by the method of color consistent area correction. The texture and color features are derived from the gray level co-occurrence matrix and two kinds of color space, and the reliability and universality of the system is improved by the difference algorithm. Then the error backward propagation algorithm is employed to form a complete detection algorithm. Finally, the method achieves 92.3% accuracy with the self-built image database. With convenient data acquisition source and low computational complexity, the proposed method has a good prospect for the application in the field of home medical devices and mobile health devices.


How to be a great online searcher, demonstrated with step-by-step searches for answers to a series of intriguing questions (for example, ?Is that plant poisonous??).We all know how to look up something online by typing words into a search engine. We do this so often that we have made the most famous search engine a verb: we Google it??Japan population? or ?Nobel Peace Prize? or ?poison ivy? or whatever we want to know. But knowing how to Google something doesn't make us search experts; there's much more we can do to access the massive collective knowledge available online. In The Joy of Search, Daniel Russell shows us how to be great online researchers. We don't have to be computer geeks or a scholar searching out obscure facts; we just need to know some basic methods. Russell demonstrates these methods with step-by-step searches for answers to a series of intriguing questions?from ?what is the wrong side of a towel?? to ?what is the most likely way you will die?? Along the way, readers will discover essential tools for effective online searches?and learn some fascinating facts and interesting stories. Russell explains how to frame search queries so they will yield information and describes the best ways to use such resources as Google Earth, Google Scholar, Wikipedia, and Wikimedia. He shows when to put search terms in double quotes, how to use the operator (*), why metadata is important, and how to triangulate information from multiple sources. By the end of this engaging journey of discovering, readers will have the definitive answer to why the best online searches involve more than typing a few words into Google.


We investigate the problem of scheduling real-time applications in cluster computing environments. The challenge associated with this problem lies in developing scheduling algorithms that efficiently utilize available resources of the cluster, that vary widely with time, to accommodate as many applications as possible while satisfying their strict deadlines. This problem is known to be NP-complete in general. Therefore, a large number of heuristics, each of which works under different circumstances, have been proposed in literature to provide sub-optimal schedules. However, most of these algorithms treat applications as single units and do not exploit their structural features to improve deadlines' satisfaction. In addition, they employ a task allocation technique that reserves a fixed processing power for each task during its interval. As a result, they suffer from inefficient utilization of processing power that degrades their acceptance rate. In this research, we introduce a new scheduling approach for real-time applications structured by task graphs in cluster environments. Our approach offers novel scheduling algorithms that efficiently utilize processing power of the cluster's processors to improve acceptance rate of the applications. First, acceptance rate on a single processor is improved by assigning a variable processing power to a task instead of rejecting it if a constant processing power cannot be guaranteed. Second, on the cluster level, we develop a multi-objective function to optimize different performance criteria namely, processing power fragmentation, context switching, and communication cost. Optimizing these criteria results in better utilization of the processing power of the cluster's processors and consequently improves applications' acceptance rate. We develop scheduling algorithms for applications represented by tandem and fork-join task graphs. Other application models can also be scheduled after converting them to equivalent tandem and/or fork-join structures. We present scheduling algorithms for homogeneous and heterogeneous fully connected clusters. We further extend our work for heterogeneous clusters with limited connectivity. The performance of our approach is evaluated through extensive experiments. A simulation study is used to show the merits of our approach with respect to previous approaches.


Paintings are usually paintings of things: a room in a palace, a princess, a dog. But what would it be to paint not those things, but the experience of seeing those things? Las Meninas is sufficiently sophisticated and masterfully executed to help us explore this question. Of course, there are many kinds of paintings: some abstract, some conceptual, some with more traditional subjects. Let us start with a focus on naturalistically depictive paintings: paintings that aim to cause an experience in the viewer that is similar to the experience the viewer (or someone else) might have were they to see, in a way not mediated by paint, the subject of the painting. Of course, many or even most paintings do not strictly adhere to this aim; indeed, their artistry and expressiveness often consist in the ways in which this aim is subverted. For example, no viewer of the scene that Las Meninas depicts -- not even King Philip IV and Queen Mariana themselves -- would see what Velasquez paints in the mirror on the back wall. Other artists, such as Escher and Magritte, are even more blatant in their transgression of naturalism. But even in such cases, the aim of naturalistic depiction is the departure point for the aesthetic journey of perception and meaning. Asking our question is a natural consequence of rejecting dualism: if experiences are as much a part of the natural world as canvases, courtiers and Chamberlains, then they, too, should be capable of being painted. On the other hand, only the visible can be depicted in the sense described above, and rejecting dualism does not bring with it the implication that everything that is, is visible. One answer to our question, then, is pessimistic: there can be no painting of an experience, because experiences cannot be seen. Unlike the Infanta Margarita, and like justice, the number two, or feudal obligation, experiences, on this view, are not visible. But is this pessimism tenable? Wittgenstein writes: 'The timidity does not seem to be merely associated, outwardly connected, with the face; but fear is alive there, alive, in the features' (Wittgenstein, 1953, 537). Similarly, McDowell (1978) maintains that we see another's pain in their expression, and their behaviour. To think otherwise invites solipsism


As the 21st Century world assumes an increasingly urban landscape, the question of how definitive urban spaces are to be governed intensifies. At the heart of this debate lies a question about the degree and type of autonomy that towns and cities might have in shaping their economic, environmental, social and cultural geography. This paper aims to examine this question. Starting with the premise that the degree of autonomy any particular town or city has is inherently an empirical question – one which can only be conceptualised in relational terms vis-à-vis the distributed, networked and territorialised responsibilities and powers of the city and the nation-state and other zones of connection – we examine four different contexts where debates over autonomy have intensified in recent history (Brazil, UK, India and South Africa). Drawing on recent respective histories, we identify key elements and enablers in the making of urban autonomy: a characteristic that exists in a variety of guises and forms and creates a patchwork landscape of differentially powerful fragments. We reveal how, beyond its characteristic as a political ideal, autonomy surfaces as a practice that emerges from within specific sectors of particular societies and through their relationship with national and regional politics. Four alternative forms of urban autonomy are delineated: fragmented, coerced (or enclave), distributed and networked. We contend that the spatial templates for autonomy are not predetermined but can be enhanced in multiple different sites and forms of political space within the city. This enhancement appears essential for the integration and strengthening of capacities for sustainable and just forms of development throughout the urban.


The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship of prior history of abuse and severity of abuse to the incidence of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) among battered Hispanic women. Chi-Square analyses identified no significant relationship between prior history of abuse or severity of abuse and the incidence of PTSD. Implications of the relationship between battered women and PTSD are discussed. Mental health workers have identified a set of symptoms commonly observed among individuals who have faced a traumatic life experience. The expressed symptoms are referred to as Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), (American Psychiatric Association,1994). Most research on PTSD has focused on casualties of war. More recently, some researchers have shown that PTSD may be present in women who have been in abusive relationships (Astin, Lawrence & Foy,1993; Gleason,1993; Kemp, Rawlings && Green, 1991). However, this area needs continued research to expand knowledge regarding how extensively abusive relationships actually impact women of Hispanic origin. The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship of prior history of abuse and severity of abuse to the incidence of PTSD among battered Hispanic women. The investigators hypothesized that prior history of abuse and severity of abuse would have a statistically significant relationship to the incidence of PTSD among battered Hispanic women. Battered women may experience a variety of symptoms as a result of being the victim of an abusive relationship. Some characteristics commonly found among battered women include depression, low self-esteem, self blame and an external locus of control (Aguilar & Nightingale, 1994; Cascardi & O'Leary,1992; Walker, 1984). Additionally, there are specific factors such as the severity of abuse and prior history of abuse, which may precipitate symptom manifestation in battered women (Chez,1988; Follingstad, Brennan, Hause, Polek & Rutledge, 1991; Halle, Burghardt, Dutton & Perrin, 1991). In that PTSD may commonly occur in individuals who are in life threatening situations other than war (Burgess & Holstrom, 1974; Cimino & Dutton,1991; Motta,1994), some battered women may be experiencing PTSD. Prior history of abuse and severity of abuse may be determining or contributing factors to the presence of this disorder. Prior History of Abuse Many battered women have experienced a prior abusive relationship, including childhood physical or sexual abuse (Cimino & Dutton, 1991; Halle, et al., 1991; Walker, 1984). Witnessing marital violence as a child has been shown to have a profound effect that persists into adulthood (Brancato, 1987). Walker (1984) found that 67% of a sample of 400 battered women were from families of origin characterized by violence. In battered women's families of origin, the father battered the mother in 44% of the cases. Halle et al. (1991) and Walker (1984) found that 45% of battered women had been physically and sexually abused as children. The women who had a history of sexual abuse in childhood had higher scores on the Keane-PTSD scale of the MMPI-2 than women with no history of abuse or women with a history of childhood abuse other than sexual. Severity of Abuse Chez (1988), Follingstad et al. (1991), and Houskamp and Foy (1991) demonstrated that severity of abuse may also be a factor in the development of a psychological disorder among battered women. Follingstad et al. (1991) found five variables associated with increases in physical and psychological symptoms in battered women: (a) type of severe force, (b) frequency of severe force, (c) frequency of abuse in general, (d) the ability of the woman to predict likelihood of abuse, and (e) the ability to predict physical abuse based on the presence of prior emotional abuse. Other factors contributing to the development of significant physical and psychological symptoms were: (a) destruction of the woman's personal property, (b) adherence to traditional sex roles, and (c) a high number of sustained injuries necessitating medical attention. …


A fabrication process has been developed for cryogenic in-line filtering for the bias and readout of ultrasensitive cryogenic bolometers for millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths. The design is a microstripline filter that cuts out, or strongly attenuates, frequencies (10 50 GHz) that can be carried by wiring staged at cryogenic temperatures. The filter must have 100-percent transmission at DC and low frequencies where the bias and readout lines will carry signal. The fabrication requires the encapsulation of superconducting wiring in a dielectric-metal envelope with precise electrical characteristics. Sufficiently thick insulation layers with high-conductivity metal layers fully surrounding a patterned superconducting wire in arrayable formats have been demonstrated. A degenerately doped silicon wafer has been chosen to provide a metallic ground plane. A metallic seed layer is patterned to enable attachment to the ground plane. Thick silicon dioxide films are deposited at low temperatures to provide tunable dielectric isolation without degrading the metallic seed layer. Superconducting wiring is deposited and patterned using microstripline filtering techniques to cut out the relevant frequencies. A low Tc superconductor is used so that it will attenuate power strongly above the gap frequency. Thick dielectric is deposited on top of the circuit, and then vias are patterned through both dielectric layers. A thick conductive film is deposited conformally over the entire circuit, except for the contact pads for the signal and bias attachments to complete the encapsulating ground plane. Filters are high-aspect- ratio rectangles, allowing close packing in one direction, while enabling the chip to feed through the wall of a copper enclosure. The chip is secured in the copper wall using a soft metal seal to make good thermal and electrical contact to the outer shield.


An analysis of the dinoflagellates, pollen and spores occurring within Calcaires inferieurs of the Lowermost Paleocene of Oraas (Pyrenees-Atlantiques) is carried out. The very diversified assemblages found at the top of the formation involve seventy species of dinoflagellates and fifty-seven species of pollen and spores. The comparison of these dinoflagellate assemblages with the other ones recorded in the world enables confirmation of the Selandian age (D2 or base of D3) of the uppermost part of the Calcaires inferieurs. Two main species have been recorded: Alisocysta reticulata, restricted to the zone D2 (Costa & Manum 1988) and Spinidinium densispinatum which has its first appearance in the zone D3 of the Selandian after Powell (1992). Some obvious affinities have been shown between this phytoplankton and the Northern Europe and Northern America ones.


Human Protein Reference Database (HPRD) is a rich resource of experimentally proven features of human proteins. Protein information in HPRD includes protein-protein interactions, post-translational modifications, enzyme/substrate relationships, disease associations, tissue expression, and subcellular localization of human proteins. Although, protein-protein interaction data from HPRD has been widely used by the scientific community, its phosphoproteome data has not been exploited to its full potential. HPRD is one of the largest documentations of human phosphoproteins in the public domain. Currently, phosphorylation data in HPRD comprises of 95,016 phosphosites mapped on to 13,041 proteins. Additionally, enzyme-substrate reactions responsible for 5930 phosphorylation events were also documented. Significant improvements in technologies and high-throughput platforms in biomedical investigations led to an exponential increase of biological data and phosphoproteomic data in recent years. Human Proteinpedia, a community annotation portal developed by us, has also contributed to the significant increase in phosphoproteomic data in HPRD. A large number of phosphorylation events have been mapped on to reference sequences available in HPRD and Human Proteinpedia along with associated protein features. This will provide a platform for systems biology approaches to determine the role of protein phosphorylation in protein function, cell signaling, biological processes and their implication in human diseases. This review aims to provide a composite view of phosphoproteomic data pertaining to human proteins in HPRD and Human Proteinpedia.


Title of dissertation: Protein folding and amyloid formation in various environments Edward P. O'Brien, Doctor of Philosophy, 2008 Dissertation directed by: Devarajan Thirumalai Department of Chemistry and Biochemsitry Bernard R. Brooks National Institutes of Health Understanding and predicting the effect of various environments that differ in terms of pH and the presence of cosolutes and macromolecules on protein properties is a formidable challenge. Yet this knowledge is crucial in understanding the effect of cellular environments on a protein. By combining thermodynamic theories of solution condition effects with statistical mechanics and computer simulations we develop a molecular perspective of protein folding and amyloid formation that was previously unobtainable. The resulting Molecular Transfer Model offers, in some instances, quantitatively accurate predictions of cosolute and pH effects on various protein properties. We show that protein denatured state properties can change significantly with osmolyte concentration, and that residual structure can persist at high denaturant concentrations. We study the single molecule mechanical unfolding of proteins at various pH values and varying osmolyte and denaturant concentrations. We find that the the effect of varying solution conditions on a protein under tension can be understood and qualitatively predicted based on knowledge of that protein's behavior in the absence of force. We test the accuracy of FRET inferred denatured state properties and find that currently, only qualitative estimates of denatured state properties can be obtained with these experimental methods. We also explore the factors governing helix formation in peptides confined to carbon nanotubes. We find that the interplay of the peptide's sequence and dimensions, the nanotube's diameter, hydrophobicity and chemical heterogeneity, lead to a rich diversity of behavior in helix formation. We determine the structural and thermodynamic basis for the dock-lock mechanism of peptide deposition to a mature amyloid fibril. We find multiple basins of attraction on the free energy surface associated with structural transitions of the adding monomer. The models we introduce offer a better understanding of protein folding and amyloid formation in various environments and take us closer to understanding and predicting how the complex environment of the cell can effect protein properties. Protein folding and amyloid formation in various environments


Conventional wisdom often traces the origins of international criminal law (ICL) to the 1474 prosecution for atrocities in Alsace of Burgundian governor Peter von Hagenbach and then straight to the Nuremberg and Tokyo trials post-World War II. But this paper demonstrates that history has ignored a remarkable decade at the end of the nineteenth century when three international criminal proceedings with links to the Orient took place: (1) in 1894, a French-Siamese mixed court sat in judgment of Phra Yot, a Siamese governor charged with the death of a French military commander; (2) in 1898, an International Military Commission of four European powers prosecuted versions of war crimes and crimes against humanity arising from Muslim-Christian inter-communal violence on the Ottoman-controlled island of Crete; and (3) in 1900, another international criminal tribunal, this one also consisting of four European powers, presided over the trial of participants in the Boxer Rebellion for proto-crimes against humanity. The paper describes the origins of these three "Oriental" tribunals, including an overview of the noble, and at turns, cynical rationales that inspired the Great Powers to turn to adjudication efforts and international processes. ICL scholarship has examined the trials separately but never together, within their broader historical context. Doing so reveals that they took place during an odd confluence of European colonialism's apogee and the international peace movement's founding. This fascinating period features the erosion of the Congress of Vienna framework, Industrial Revolution demand for overseas cheap labor, raw materials, and new markets, and nascent efforts at establishing transnational arbitral institutions. While Africa was carved up among the European powers at the 1884 Berlin Conference, there was no such orderly division of territory in the Orient. The paper posits that the featured trials are the product of peace movement arbitral impulses in coping with outbursts of violence and resulting tensions among the Europeans competing for imperial possessions in the context of that violence -- without a Berlin Conference-style regional master plan. The trials anticipated many important ICL developments, including proto-formulations of war crimes and crimes against humanity and the establishment of ad hoc and hybrid tribunals. But, sadly, they did not pave the way for Allied use of ICL to achieve justice in the imminent wake of World War I. At that point in history, the Europeans were ready to sit in judgment of their imperial subjects but not of themselves. Thus, these remarkable ICL efforts seem more a subliminal outgrowth of the era's Zeitgeist than a needed groundwork for post-Versailles justice. Still, when viewed holistically and contextually, these late-nineteenth century inquests supply an important missing link between the Hagenbach trial and the proper advent of ICL in the twentieth century.


Social scientists have theorized about the corruption of crime reports (Bayley, 1983; Campbell, 1976). Yet, scant empirical research has examined the impact of modern policing methods on the accuracy of crime reporting. Our research uses an anonymous survey of 1,770 retired New York City police officers examining retirees' experiences with crime report manipulations across their years of retirement. This includes retirees from the community policing as well as police performance management eras. We subject the data to various statistical tests including tabular analysis, graphical trends to visualize the data, MANOVA, and logistic regression to explain report manipulations. Results indicate that the misuse of the performance management system and pressures on officers from management are key explanations for manipulating crime reports. Individual explanatory variables such as gender, educational status, rank, race, and marital status had no effect. Our research supports Bayley's and Campbell's theories. We recommend greater transparency to remedy this.


This review summarizes the argument for molecular clouds being dominated by turbulence, most likely super-Alfvenic turbulence. Five lines of observational evidence are given: molecular linewidths and line shapes, nonequilibrium chemical abundances, fractal cloud shapes, measurements of the dispersion of dust extinction through clouds, and Zeeman measurements of the field strength. Recent models by Padoan & Nordlund are summarized, that show that super-Alfvenic turbulence appears consistent with these observations. I then present recent computations of my own, with numerical resolution as high as 256^3 zones, confirming the basic picture proposed by Padoan & Nordlund, but showing that the decay timescales they quote are actually too long. My computations show that decaying turbulence loses its kinetic energy with a ~1/t dependence on time regardless of whether the turbulence is subsonic, supersonic, isothermal, adiabatic, unmagnetized or magnetized. Finally, the implications for star formation and turbulence theory are discussed.


Map comparison is a relatively uncommon practice in acoustic seabed classification to date, contrary to the field of land remote sensing, where it has been developed extensively over recent decades. The aim here is to illustrate the benefits of map comparison in the underwater realm with a case study of three maps independently describing the seabed habitats of the Te Matuku Marine Reserve (Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand). The maps are obtained from a QTC View classification of a single-beam echosounder (SBES) dataset, manual segmentation of a sidescan sonar (SSS) mosaic, and automatic classification of a backscatter dataset from a multibeam echosounder (MBES). The maps are compared using pixel-to-pixel similarity measures derived from the literature in land remote sensing. All measures agree in presenting the MBES and SSS maps as the most similar, and the SBES and SSS maps as the least similar. The results are discussed with reference to the potential of MBES backscatter as an alternative to SSS mosaic for imagery segmentation and to the potential of joint SBES – SSS survey for improved habitat mapping. Other applications of map-similarity measures in acoustic classification of the seabed are suggested.


Online transaction processing (OLTP) is at the core of many data center applications. OLTP workloads are known to have large instruction footprints that foil existing L1 instruction caches resulting in poor overall performance. Prefetching can reduce the impact of such instruction cache miss stalls, however, state-of-the-art solutions require large dedicated hardware tables on the order of 40KB in size. SLICC is a programmer transparent, low cost technique to minimize instruction cache misses when executing OLTP workloads. SLICC migrates threads, spreading their instruction footprint over several L1 caches. It exploits repetition within and across transactions, where a transaction's first iteration prefetches the instructions for subsequent iterations or similar subsequent transactions. SLICC reduces instruction misses by 58% on average for TPC-C and TPCE, thereby improving performance by 68%. When compared to a state-of-the-art prefetcher, and notwithstanding the increased storage overheads (42x as compared to SLICC), performance using SLICC is 21% higher for TPC-E and within 2% for TPC-C.


Marine Renewable Energy is developing fast, with hundreds of prototypes and operational devices worldwide. Two main challenges are assessing their environmental impacts (especially in near-shore, shallow environments) and ensuring efficient and effective maintenance (requiring specialised ships and fair weather windows), compounded by the lack of long-term measurements of full-scale devices. We present here broadband measurements (10 Hz to 32/48 kHz) acquired at the Falmouth Bay Test site (FaBTest, UK) from 2010 onwards, for a 16-m ring-shaped Wave Energy Converter, in waters up to 45 m deep. This period covers baseline measurements, including shipping from the neighbouring English Channel, one of the busiest shipping lanes in the world (ca. 45,000 ship transits annually) and the full period of installation and energy production, including maintenance episodes. Acoustic signatures are measured as Sound Pressure Levels (e.g. for impacts) and time/frequency variations (for condition-based monitoring via Acoustic Emissions). They change through time, depending on weather and modes of operation. Long-term measurements are compared with modelling of potential variations in this complex environment and with laboratory experiments. These are used to outline the varying acoustic contributions through the life cycle of a typical wave energy converter, yielding insights for other wave devices in other environments.Marine Renewable Energy is developing fast, with hundreds of prototypes and operational devices worldwide. Two main challenges are assessing their environmental impacts (especially in near-shore, shallow environments) and ensuring efficient and effective maintenance (requiring specialised ships and fair weather windows), compounded by the lack of long-term measurements of full-scale devices. We present here broadband measurements (10 Hz to 32/48 kHz) acquired at the Falmouth Bay Test site (FaBTest, UK) from 2010 onwards, for a 16-m ring-shaped Wave Energy Converter, in waters up to 45 m deep. This period covers baseline measurements, including shipping from the neighbouring English Channel, one of the busiest shipping lanes in the world (ca. 45,000 ship transits annually) and the full period of installation and energy production, including maintenance episodes. Acoustic signatures are measured as Sound Pressure Levels (e.g. for impacts) and time/frequency variations (for condition-based monitoring via Aco...


This paper discusses preliminary findings from a review of Random Breath Testing (RBT) in Queensland. In particular, it examines RBT operational practices within the Queensland Police Service (QPS) and their alignment with best practice features of RBT identified in the literature. The study utilised a systems-based model, extrapolated from the organisational management literature, and involved semi-structured interviews with QPS staff involved in the planning and delivery of RBT operations. The interviews confirmed QPS's commitment to RBT and support for its underlying principles, evidenced in the high testing rates currently achieved. There are, however, some key issues of concern, including: quality vs quantity of RBT tests; confusion about the role of RBT; and the need for further education about the roles of deterrence and apprehension. The findings of the study have a number of important implications for improving the management and operation of RBT. (a) For the covering entry of this conference, please see ITRD abstract no. E210298.


Can you imagine teaching art in a world without paper, paint, and clay, or for that matter, without a sink or a classroom? For some teachers and students, this day arrived over 80 years ago with "snail-mail" correspondence courses and more recently through online distance education. For many of us, virtual education is unthinkable, when we consider the pleasure and significance that resonates in the rich sensory and cognitive experiences of making art. Then again, paper, paint, and clay were new technologies at one point, just as digital media was new when Charles Csuri made his first computer generated artwork back in 1963.Electronic technologies inundate our daily lives through wired and wireless networks, televisions, computers, handhelds, phones, and a wide array of digital and analogue devices. 1 Using electronic technologies in schools, and in informal settings, has brought cyber- and real-life experiences together, influencing how people mediate virtuality composed of diverse forms of visual culture within their own communities and with people from around the world (Krug, 2002). Electronic technologies transform the ways people live, relax, learn, work, and play.Art educators, and educators in general, have reached a crossroads regarding leadership and research of educational technologies. It is time to analyze critically our own positions, practices, and policies concerning the effective use of technology in learning. Leadership and research are now required to reimagine how technologies can be effectively integrated to support and enhance pedagogical practices. How has, does, and will technology literacy, technological fluency, and technology integration effectively support and enhance learning in and through the visual arts?Technology Literacy encompasses "the ability to responsibly use appropriate technology to communicate, solve problems, and access, manage, integrate, evaluate, and create information to improve learning in all subject areas and to acquire lifelong knowledge and skills in the 21st Century."2Technological Fluency explicitly includes the dynamic contexts of educational settings and the continuous need for professional engagement. The "power of technology" should not be assumed to effect learning. We should be asking: What are the necessary skills and forms of knowledge for technological fluency?Technology Integration has become a pressure point in education that needs our attention. The infusion of technology in pedagogical practices moves on a continuum from entry to adaption and from adaption to transformation. To succeed in integrating technology within educational settings, The Milken Exchange on Education Technology (1998) suggests seven contextual dimensions for gauging its effectiveness:Learners. Are learners using technology in ways that deepen their understanding of subject area content and, at the same time, advancing their knowledge of themselves, other peoples, and their world?Learning Environments. Is the learning environment designed to engage participants in research-proven learning practices, rigorous curricular content, and contemporary technology?Professional Competency. Is the educator fluent with technology and does she/he effectively use technology to the learning advantage of her/his students?System Capacity. Is the education system changing sufficiently to systematically meet the needs of learners in a knowledge-based, global society?Community Connections. Is the school-community relationship one of trust and respect, and is this translating into mutually beneficial, sustainable partnerships in the area of learning technologies?Technology Capacity. Are technologies, networks, electronic resources, and support available to meet the educational system's learning goals?Accountability. Is there agreement on what success with technology looks like? Are there methods in place, and time scheduled, to assess learning and report results? …


In digital video broadcast systems, such as those used in satellite and terrestrial transmission (DVB-S, -T), an analog tuner is used at the user site to down-convert the signal and provide a first stage of demodulation that yields the baseband quadrature (I and Q) components. Due to imperfect analog demodulation and A/D mismatch, the 2 quadratures will be off-balance in both phase and magnitude. This in turn has a negative effect on the signal SNR, as well as on the operation of the internal loops in the receiver. This paper describes a novel timedomain method for balancing the I and Q quadratures at the front end of the receiver. The proposed solution consists of 2 iterative feedback loops operating independently, and without apriori knowledge of the transmitted symbols. Simulation on the DVB-S constellations QPSK, 8PSK and 16QAM shows the scheme is robust in severe channel impairments and yields a significant improvement of the cluster variance at the receiver output.


This article briefly describes the structure of sectoral accounts for the economy under the framework of the System of National Accounts. It outlines a Reserve Bank work programme to support the development of financial accounts and flow of funds analysis. These accounts would enhance our understanding of financial behaviours and inter-sectoral relationships within the economy. The article also discusses the development of a full household sector balance sheet and presents estimates for a number of items that are not currently covered in the Reserve Bank's published tables of household assets. New experimental estimates of the equity held in unincorporated businesses, and households' equity in unlisted incorporated businesses add around $170 billion to previously published estimates of household assets.


This research paper includes the study of carious .xmi files and to parse the taken XMI sample files using java programming language since it is difficult to read the .xmi files directly due to so many unwanted metatags after applying certain methods like heuristic approach and various algorithms like Aho Corasick string matching algorithm  we can easily remove those unwanted tags the Aho Corasick string matching algorithm is a  string searching algorithm .It is a kind of dictionary-matching algorithm that locates elements of a finite set of strings within an input text. It matches all patterns simultaneously. The complexity of the algorithm is linear in the length of the patterns plus the length of the searched text plus the number of output matches.In our work we also make ignore list to store the unwanted frequently occurring meta tags.after the XMI sample got parced .ini file will be generated. The .INI files are plain-text files that contain configuration information. These files are used by Windows and Windows-based applications to save information about your preferences and operating environment. "INI" stands for initialization.Again applying the parcing on the generated INI file and then store the data into the database using MYSQL.Hence we can store the required data into the database.


With the trend towards decreasing lengths of hospital stays, comprehensive discharge assessment is essential to facilitate continuity of care between hospital and community, minimize readmissions, and maximize client satisfaction. Predischarge assessment is often part of the occupational therapy role, especially in acute care. The Predischarge Assessment Tool (PAT) outlines a method of conducting comprehensive assessments in a manner consistent with the Occupational Therapy Guidelines for Client-Centred Practice. The tool is designed to inform decisions regarding: occupational readiness for discharge to the community from acute care; physical and social supports required to support occupational performance; and follow-up therapy. Two studies provide initial support for the content validity and clinical utility of the PAT and, at the same time, indicate that some modifications to the PAT are required.


CEYHAN, A., H. HANOGLU, T. SEZENLER and I. ERDOGAN, 2008. The improvement studies on mutton sheep for Marmara region conditions. 2. Fattening and carcass characteristics of lambs. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 14: 606-615 The purpose of this study was to compare the fattening performance, slaughter and carcass characteristics of lambs which were produced by crossbreeding with Kivircik sheep, the local breed in the Marmara region with German Black-Headed Mutton (GBM), the mutton breed which import from Germany. Forty lambs, the live weights of which were around 25.0 kg, were divided into 4 groups according to genotype and sex at the beginning of the fattening period. The average daily live gains were found 279, 210, 283 and 201 day/g, and fed conversion efficiencies were 5.018, 6.286, 4.854 and 6.197 kg, respectively in genotype groups of the Bandirma-I male, female, the Bandirma-II male and female lambs. The crossbred male lambs gained weight faster and consumed less feed per unit weight gain during the fattening program than the female lambs. Whereas, there were no fattening and carcass traits differences between crossbreds Bandirma-I and Bandirma-II genotype lambs.


Extracted from text ... Moneyweb's PERSONAL FINANCE December 2006 11
IT seems that in certain circles, it
is considered "fashionable" to
have one or more trusts set up.
Whilst it is true that a trust holds a
very valid place in one's financial
planning, you need to understand
why you are setting up the trust in
the first place, and what the legal
implications are for all concerned.
In my opinion, there are basically
only two reasons why you
would set up a trust:
1. To protect and preserve assets
for your beneficiaries; and
2. To reduce your liability for
estate duty.
Far too ..


The history of the appearance and evolution of the suture, one of the major structural elements of the shells of ammonoids (a subclass of Cephalopoda), is briefly discussed. Its morphology is considered in the Devonian Anarcestida, the first members of which are very similar to the ancestral Bactritoidea, in the Late Devonian Clymeniida, the Devonian–Permian Tornoceratida, the Carboniferous–Permian Prolecanitida and Goniatitida, and the Permian Ceratitida. Three major trends in the evolution of the suture are recognized in the order Goniatitida, which were instrumental in the subdivision of this order into suborders. Variations of elements of the sutures allow the recognition of the familial, generic, and specific ranks. How to cite this article: Leonova T.B. 2017. Evolution of Palaeozoic ammonoid sutures // Invert. Zool. Vol.14. No.1. P.27–31. doi: 10.15298/invertzool.14.1.05


Opiates are among the most prescribed drugs for pain management. However, morphine use or abuse results in significant gut bacterial translocation and predisposes patients to serious infections with gut origin. The mechanism underlying this defect is still unknown. In this report, we investigated the mechanisms underlying compromised gut immune function and bacterial translocation following morphine treatment. We demonstrate significant bacterial translocation to mesenteric lymph node (MLN) and liver following morphine treatment in wild-type (WT) animals that was dramatically and significantly attenuated in Toll-like receptor (TLR2 and 4) knockout mice. We further observed significant disruption of tight junction protein organization only in the ileum but not in the colon of morphine treated WT animals. Inhibition of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) blocked the effects of both morphine and TLR ligands, suggesting the role of MLCK in tight junction modulation by TLR. This study conclusively demonstrates that morphine induced gut epithelial barrier dysfunction and subsequent bacteria translocation are mediated by TLR signaling and thus TLRs can be exploited as potential therapeutic targets for alleviating infections and even sepsis in morphine-using or abusing populations.


This paper focuses on the performance of the 56kWp PV installation of the north facing elevation of the library at the South Street campus of Murdoch University. This installation was the first step in Murdoch University's goal to becoming the first privately owned solar power station and the largest PV installation in Perth, Western Australia [1]. In order to perform this analysis, it has been essential to gather output data for the installation from the data acquisition program, which operates around the clock recording this data from the array inverters. A crucial step was to collect weather and meteorological data from sources on the Murdoch campus, this data was used in the performance analysis in order to calculate system loss, efficiency and overall system performance.

This analysis was performed in order to gain a better understanding of the subject matter of solar generation. There are still aspects of large scale solar power generation which are yet to be studied more extensively. This report is centred around the 56kWp solar generator located at Murdoch University's South Street campus, to enable to University to gain a better understanding of the total power being produced from the system. It is also important to recognise where there is room for improvement in design and application through the study into areas such as soiling, shading and general performance characteristics. This report will allow the University to make an educated and informed decision on any future upgrades or extensions onto the existing system.

Data acquired from the array was used to show how it performs in many different environmental conditions, through the use of modelling programs such as PVSyst and data graphing programs such as Microsoft Excel. By plotting output power data against temperature, rainfall, time of day and output voltage comparison graphs can be produced that allow readers to visualize and understand exactly how each characteristic affects the performance of PV systems in the Perth metropolitan region.

Through this project the array performance characteristics were evaluated. It was found that the array has an average performance ratio of 0.85 for 2014, and that the array does indeed perform well in the Perth region. It was also found that shading impacts the array in a very noticeable way, this shows up as a noticeable depression on the affected inverters. Following through on a soiling study it was found that the array does indeed suffer from the soiling effect, most notably during long periods of dry weather. Degradation effects were also studied during the project but no evidence of these effects were found, these effects will be more prevalent in a longer period of study.

These findings are significant because it allows for a comparison with other arrays in the Perth demographic, the typical array performance ratios in the Perth region is approximately 0.8 [2] [3], from this it can be concluded that the Murdoch array performs better than expected for the region. Shading impacts PV generation and this is evident in the array data. It can also lead to more significant issues such as hot spots and module damage and this can become a costly problem. Soiling has been proven in this scenario to reduce the overall performance of the array, this has been shown through a slow reduction in performance over a long dry period then an increase after a period of heavy rain. Degradation is the biggest issue affecting PV arrays around the world, the cells in the modules experience an aging effect and see a reduction in performance. The Murdoch array has not yet shown signs of degradation in the analysis period of this report of five years, this is indicative of the quality of the installation and the cell manufacturing quality.


Energy structure is gradually transforming from a traditional coal-based structure to a diversified supply model in China, forming a multi-wheel drive, associated and interactive energy supply system. In this context, the integrated energy supply system will have a profound impact on the traditional energy planning, operation, management and other external systems. Therefore, it is necessary to research the connotation and characteristics of regional integrated energy systems, and to deeply analyze the interactions and mechanisms among energy subsystems. This paper establishes a system of comprehensive benefit evaluation indicators in four dimensions of basic function, clean development, energy security and energy efficiency, which are applied to the typical scenario of regional integrated energy development and provide a scientific tool of quantitative analysis and evaluation of synergic development of the regional integrated energy supply system.


Port Development and Competition in East and Southern Africa analyzes the 15 main ports in East and Southern Africa (ESA) to assess whether their proposed capacity enhancements are justified by current and projected demand; whether the current port management approaches sufficiently address not only the maritime capacity needs but also other impediments to port efficiency; and what the expected hierarchy of ports in the region will be in the future. The analysis confirms the need to increase maritime capacity, as the overall container demand in the ports in scope is predicted to begin exceeding total current capacity by between 2025 and 2030, while gaps in terms of dry and liquid bulk handling are expected even sooner. However, in the case of many of the ports, the issue of landside access—the ports' intermodal connectivity, the ease of international border crossing, and the port-city interface—is more important than the need to improve maritime access and capacity. The analysis finds that there is a need to improve the operating efficiency in all of the ESA ports, as they are currently less than half as productive as the most efficient ports in the matched data set of similar ports across the world, in terms of efficiency in container-handling operations. Similarly, there is a need to improve and formalize stakeholder engagement in many of the ports, to introduce modern management systems, and to strengthen the institutional framework to ensure the most efficient use of the infrastructure and to be able to attract private capital and specialist terminal operators. Finally, given the ports' geographic location and proximity to main shipping routes, available draft, and the ongoing port-and-hinterland development, the book concludes that Durban and Djibouti are the most likely to emerge as the regional hubs in ESA's future hub-and-spoke system.


Worldwide, tertiary institutions convey financial management information to students as future employees in financial departments. However, the question is whether the content of financial management modules at tertiary institutions is relevant in practice. This study focused on investigating the relevance of the content of the financial management module at a South African university by comparing it to national and international curricula as well as the perceptions of financial managers.
The results and recommendations can be used by tertiary institutions to adapt and update the content of their financial management modules. Relevant financial management modules may also increase the employability of students, and therefore it may be easier for businesses to find suitable and qualified employees with financial management knowledge.


The aim of this work is to study al-Sharif al-Radl, his life and poetry. The first part deals with the poet's environment and life; the second with his poetry. Chapter I deals with the political conditions under which the poet lived. The purpose of the second chapter is to portray Al-Radl's social environment and its reflection in contemporary poetry. The third chapter describes the literary environment of Al-Radl's age at some length. The fourth chapter aims to study Al-Radl's life in detail. The factors which influenced his outlook and personality are discussed. An attempt is made to discern how far these factors affected his poetry. The second part of this work deals with Al-Radl's poetry itself. In Chapter V historical observations are made on Al-Radl's Diwan o in both manuscript and published forms. Chapter VI deals with his panegyrics. General remarks are made on eulogy in Arabic poetry. The content, form and development of Al-Radl's panegyrical odes are analysed. His Ikhwaniyyat receive special attention. Chapter VII deals with Al-Radl's self-praise its content and form. An endeavour is made to explore the Utopian world which the poet tried to portray, Al-Radl's elegies (Ch. VIII). their content, form and characteristics are reviewed. In addition, his dirges on women receive attention. Shi ism in Al-Radl's poetry is discussed in Chapter IX, Al-Radl's love-poetry (Ch. X) is discussed. His Hijaziyyat receive particular attention. It is claimed that Al-Radl's produced in his Hijaaiyyat a poetical amalgam which contains some aspects of 'Udhrite and 'Umarite poetry. Chapter II deals with Al-Radl's poetical technique. His theories of poetical composition and his comments on other poets are examined. A comparison is made between Al-Radl and other poets both previous and contemporary. Special attention is paid to al-Mutanabbi's influence. In Chapter XII there is a broad re-assessment of Al-Radl's place in the history of Arabic poetry.


One of the far reaching changes made to Zimbabwe's labour law system as a direct result of the Economic Structural Adjustment Programme (ESAP) was the introduction of workplace codes of conduct. Before 1990, termination of employment under the Labour Relations Act was almost exclusively governed by ministerial regulations promulgated in 1985.1 In terms of those regulations, dismissal on notice was abolished and, save for cases where the employee consented to termination, no employment could be terminated without ministerial approval.2 However, summary suspension, for certain forms of misconduct was permitted pending an application to a labour relations officer for dismissal.3 In 1990, this rigid protection of employment was relaxed as part of the dictates of ESAP, part of whose philosophy was labour market flexibility. This relaxation came in the form of workplace codes of conduct. An undertaking or industry with a registered code of conduct was exempted from the operation of SI371 /85.4 This position, initially a matter covered only in ministerial regulations, was eventually incorporated in the Act itself in 1992.5 The current provision in the Act goes beyond merely ousting SI 371 /85 in matters regulated by a workplace code of conduct but also removes labour relations officers from intervening in any other dispute covered by a code.6 7
Zimbabwean courts have already had occasion to deal with cases involving codes of conduct and a number of legal aspects arising therefrom are worth reviewing. This review seeks to do exactly that.


Cognitive Radios are considered as a standard part of future Heterogeneous mobile network architecture. In this paper, we consider a two tier Heterogeneous network with multiple radio access technologies (RATS) namely; (i) the secondary network which comprises of cognitive enabled femto base stations which are referred to as cognitive-femto BS (CFBS) such that each of the BS are equipped with a single antenna and (ii) the macrocell network which is considered as a primary network. The effectiveness of the cognitive transmission is based on the efficient spectrum sensing algorithms which determine the availability of the spectrum holes. However, it is equally important for the cognitive network to minimize the cross-tier interference particularly during (i) the spectrum sensing and (ii) the cognitive transmission if spectrum is available. By exploiting the cooperation among the CFBS, the multiple CFBS can be considered as a single base station with multiple geographically dispersed antennas. In this context, we proposed a smart network where CFBS collaborates to reduce the cross-tier interference level by directing the main beam toward the desired femtocell mobile user and creating null toward the cross-tier interference. The resultant network is referred to as Smart cognitive-femto network (SCFN) which requires the CFBS to be self-aware such that the CFBS are aware of their surroundings and adapt accordingly to maintain a reliable and efficient communication link. In order to determine the effectiveness of the proposed smart network, we study the interference rejection (or suppression) capabilities of the SCFN. It has been shown that the proposed smart network offers significant performance improvements in interference suppression and signal to interference ratio (SIR) and may be considered as a promising solution to the interference management problems in Heterogeneous network.


We demonstrate increased intra-ensemble energy transfer (ET) in monodispersed semiconducting quantum dots (QDs), mediated by localized plasmons on metallic thin films with nano-scale wrinkles. The increased ET results in a net spectral red-shift, up to three-fold increase in emission intensity, and a faster radiative recombination rate of the ensemble. The extent of the red-shift is dependent on QD size, and is largest for the QDs where the absorption spectrum overlaps the plasmonic resonance of the film. This effect has a uniform, macroscopic manifestation and may provide an inexpensive option of improving performance of QD based photovoltaic devices.


American Kestrels (Falco sparverius) are common throughout the Coastal Plain of Virginia except during the summer breeding season. Eight survey routes consisting of eighty-six 10 km road segments that varied according to the amount of available open habitat were surveyed by automobile. A total of 463 birds were recorded with an overall sex ratio of 58.9% males and 41.1% females. Winter surveys showed a skewed sex ratio favoring males, as did surveys conducted during spring migration. However, when divided into early and late survey rounds, spring sex ratio data supported differential timing of migration by sex, with males moving through earlier than females. Male and female kestrels exhibited similar patterns of habitat use during all seasons. Kestrels were found to use both agriculture and idle grass areas significantly . more than expected, while pasture, forest, and 'other' habitats were used significantly less than expected. Residential areas and clear-cuts were used according to their availability. Kestrels occupied much larger agricultural patches in winter compared to those occupied during migration. Small agricultural patches that were imbedded within landscapes containing open habitat complexes had a significantly higher probability of being occupied compared to isolated patches. Occupation rates were influenced during both winter and migration by the proportion of open habitat within a survey segment. This was a significant relationship in winter with the highest occupation rates occurring in areas with open habitats accounting for more than 70% of the landscape. A similar trend was observed in the migration period but was not statistically significant. Kestrel density showed a positive response across the landscape gradient in winter with an average density more than twice as high along segments with > 70% open habitat. Average density within the migration periods showed no detectable trend across the landscape gradient. Kestrels in the Coastal Plain of Virginia showed a similar sex ratio and no differential habitat use between the sexes, which support similar findings at this latitude in Kentucky. Densities of kestrels within the study area seemed to be much higher than reports in other studies, with 0.41 observations/100 ha for open habitats in winter, 0.64/100 ha in spring, and 0.35/100 ha in fall. Selection of habitat patches of greater size than predicted from the range of sizes available has not been demonstrated previously. It follows logically that kestrels would select patches using different criteria under varying seasonal conditions. This is supported by wintering kestrels rarely being sighted in agricultural patches with less than 800 m of road frontage. In contrast, these patches were used with some frequency during migratory periods. PATCH USE OF WINTER RESIDENT AND MIGRANT AMERICAN KESTRELS (FALCO SPARVER1US) IN THE COASTAL PLAIN OF VIRGINIA


Data science unifies statistics, data analysis and machine learning to achieve a better understanding of the masses of data which are produced today, and to improve prediction. Special kinds of data (symbolic, network, complex, compositional) are increasingly frequent in data science. These data require specific methodologies, but there is a lack of reference work in this field.

Advances in Data Science fills this gap. It presents a collection of up-to-date contributions by eminent scholars following two international workshops held in Beijing and Paris. The 10 chapters are organized into four parts: Symbolic Data, Complex Data, Network Data and Clustering. They include fundamental contributions, as well as applications to several domains, including business and the social sciences.


The darknet is a network of websites that can be accessed only via special software that hides the details of the user's connection, and also allows websites to be hosted without revealing their location or operator. Today, large-scale darknet marketplaces exist for illegal drugs, firearms, hacking tools, stolen identity documents, and a wide variety of other illicit goods. The darknet has not, to date, proven to be a particularly attractive platform for the buying and selling of illegal wildlife products. Despite this, the darknet provides a 'marketplace of last resort' that becomes increasingly attractive over other, more accessible, online services as law enforcement and platform operators enforce policies against trading in illegal wildlife products. This makes the ongoing study of darknet markets an important avenue for research as other policies against online illegal wildlife trading emerge.


Background/Aims: Lung carcinoids (LCs) are often diagnosed at an early stage and surgical intervention becomes the next phase of treatment. To date, there is lack of long-term follow-up data after surgery and prognostication based on WHO classification criteria and evolving prognostic markers, particularly the expression of somatostatin receptors (SSR). Methods: We included 102 consecutive patients (72 women; age at baseline 51 ± 16 years [mean ± SD]) with LCs, who underwent thoracic surgery (n = 99) and/or laser treatment (n = 8). Hospital charts were reviewed for clinico-pathological parameters. Immunohistochemical (IHC) expression of SSR1–5 and other novel markers were studied with regard to their prognostic value. Results: Five- and 10-year overall survival (OS) was 96 and 83% respectively; relative survival (RS) was 101 and 93% respectively; and event-free survival (EFS) was 80 and 67% respectively. Independent prognostic factors for OS, RS and/or EFS were age at diagnosis, histopathological type and the presence of ipsilateral mediastinal subcarinal lymph node metastases. Macro-radicality of resective surgery and its extent were associated with increased OS and EFS. The IHC expression of SSR1–5 and other novel markers was not associated with OS or EFS. Conclusion: The long-term outcome of surgically treated patients with LCs is favourable. Age, histopathological type and ipsilateral mediastinal subcarinal lymph node status at baseline were independent prognostic factors for survival and disease recurrence or progression. The extent of surgery and operative macro-radicality also had an impact on prognosis. None of the IHC markers tested appeared to be associated with disease prognosis.


The House of Turtles is one of the Mayan buildings of the Uxmal site in Yucatan. It has been erected during the Terminal Classic Period (AD 890-915), abandoned around AD 1050, and restored between 1969 and 1972. This monument was selected to quantitatively assess the impact of contemporary restoration practices on limestone weathering. Based on archival research and multi-scale photogrammetric surveys, weathering rates were calculated for two periods, covering respectively almost 1000 years (1050-2012) and 50 years (1972-2012). Whatever the spatial scale, whatever the construction choice, post-restoration weathering rates are systematically faster than long-term rates: at the scale of the whole facade, stone recession has operated 38 times faster since restoration than on non-restored historical parts of the building (7.6 mm instead of 0.2 mm per century). This general trend is ascribed to the removal of the stucco coating that has protected limestone and delayed deterioration from the Mayan building times until the contemporary clearing and restoration operations. Another factor responsible for accelerated limestone decay is the replacement of wooden lintels by cement lintels, as indicated by the spatial distribution of deterioration hotspots on the facade and by the computed weathering rates obtained for six fine-scale windows taking into account the construction/restoration choices. This quantitative assessment leads to emphasise the need for softer, less intrusive restoration practices and conservation strategies, that should restrict the use of incompatible materials like cement and reinforced concrete, and consider stucco as a protective skin worth being maintained.


The role of real estate in our cities is crucial to building sustainable and resilient urban futures. Smart Urban Regeneration brings together institutional, planning and real estate insights into an innovative regeneration framework for academics, students and property professionals.

Starting by identifying key urban issues within the historical urban and planning backdrop, the book goes on to explore future visions, the role of institutions and key mechanisms for smart urban regeneration. Throughout the book, international case studies and discussion questions help to draw out global implications for urban stakeholders.

Real estate professionals face a real challenge to build visionary developments which resonate locally yet mitigate climate change and curb sprawl, and foster biodiversity. By avoiding the dangers of speculative excess on one side and complacency on the other, Smart Urban Regeneration shows how transformation aspirations can be achieved sustainably. Academics, students and professionals who are involved in real estate, urban planning, property investment, community development and sustainability will find this book an essential guide to smart urban regeneration investment.


In the course of analyzing the axiomatic principles that form the basis of statistical physics, the validity of the postulate that all the isoenergetic microstates of a closed system are equally probable was checked. This article reports the results of numerically modelling the interaction of thermodynamically equilibrium blackbody radiation with a reflective phase diffraction grating that possesses ideal conductivity. Cases are found in which anisotropy of the polarization parameters is guaranteed to appear inside a closed volume of initially homogeneous blackbody radiation, resulting in a formal decrease of its Boltzmann entropy as a consequence of deviation from the microcanonical Gibbs distribution. This is apparently caused by the discontinuous character of the change of the phase trajectories of the photons during diffraction, which makes the physical system under consideration nonergodic.


This study explores the personality traits of software development practitioners by using a classification schema based on the personality traits extended on the Myers-Briggs type indicator (MBTI). To extract the information necessary for understanding and classification of software development personnel, we developed a card game playable with either single or multiple participants. The game consists of seventy cards, which have a keyword and a picture on one side and a hypothetical situation typically encountered in software development landscapes with two different selectable options on the other side. The game master (GM) reads a situation by showing the pictures to participants and elicits the most suitable answer in between two selections. Ultimately, the outcome of the game reveals the personality traits of individuals on a compatible scale with the MBTI. To evaluate our game-based personality identification method, we conduct a case study with sixteen individuals at a university environment in seven group sessions. In light of the experience gained, secondly we refine the questions and test the game on sixty software development personnel selected from a set of team-based pairings at a middle size software company. Our preliminary results indicate that there are more individuals in software teams, who may perceive to be extroverted not only in a classroom environment but also in an industrial setting. Moreover, the initial results suggest that our method can be a viable to the classical paper based MBTI tests particularly for managing the workforce in software development projects.


The cellular synthesis site and ensuing storage location for human factor VIII (FVIII), the coagulation protein deficient in hemophilia A, has been elusive. FVIII stability and half-life is dependent on non-covalent complex formation with von Willebrand factor (VWF) to avoid proteolysis and clearance. VWF is synthesized in megakaryocytes and endothelial cells, and is stored and secreted from platelet alpha granules and Weibel-Palade bodies of endothelial cells. In this paper we provide direct evidence for FVIII synthesis in 2 types of primary human endothelial cells: glomerular microvascular endothelial cells (GMVECs) and umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Gene expression quantified by real time PCR revealed that levels of F8 and VWF are similar in GMVECs and HUVECs. Previous clinical studies have shown that stimulation of vasopressin V2 receptors causes parallel secretion of both proteins. In this study, we found that both endothelial cell types express AVPR2 (vasopressin V2 receptor gene) and that AVPR2 mRNA levels are 5-fold higher in GMVECs than HUVECs. FVIII and VWF proteins were detected by fluorescent microscopy in Weibel-Palade bodies within GMVECs and HUVECs using antibodies proven to be target specific. Visual presence of FVIII and VWF in Weibel-Palade bodies was confirmed by correlation measurements. The high extent of correlation was compared with negative correlation values obtained from FVIII detection with cytoplasmic proteins, β-actin and Factor H. FVIII activity was positive in GMVEC and HUVEC cell lysates. Stimulated GMVECs and HUVECs were found to secrete cell-anchored ultra-large VWF strings covered with bound FVIII.


The new National Credit Act (NCA), of which the first two phases have already been implemented and of which the third and final phase will be implemented in full by 1 June 2007, will have a major impact on all credit providers in South Africa. The microfinance industry has been subject to similar rules under the Microfinance Regulatory Council (MFRC) and therefore this segment of the finance industry can be used as an example of how to deal with the changes imposed by the NCA. Of particular interest are the portions of the NCA regarding reckless lending, the imposition of interest rate ceilings and the establishment of a national credit register. Collectively these aspects create an environment for the application of credit scoring as a risk reduction tool. A retrospective analysis was done using the loan data of a lender in the microfinance industry and from this data certain characteristics were identified which could be used to develop a credit scoring model. Two score cards were developed from the research data and these were then deployed in a dual scoring matrix to combine their strengths. The development data was then analysed in terms of these score cards and their relative effectiveness was measured with a receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC curve) and the Kolmogorov Smirnov test (KS test). It is recommended that the manner in which characteristics is recorded on the credit application should be improved and that the improved information be re-evaluated at some point in the future to re-calibrate the scorecard which will improve its effectiveness. It is also recommended that a formal credit policy should be deployed which should serve as a framework to improve the effectiveness of the credit scoring tool.


Borexino was the first experiment to detect solar neutrinos in real-time in the sub-MeV region. In order to achieve high precision in the determination of neutrino rates, the detector design includes an internal and an external calibration system. This paper describes both calibration systems and the calibration campaigns that were carried out in the period between 2008 and 2011. We discuss some of the results and show that the calibration procedures preserved the radiopurity of the scintillator. The calibrations provided a detailed understanding of the detector response and led to a significant reduction of the systematic uncertainties in the Borexino measurements.


Cryptosporidium parvum is a protozoan enteric parasite of humans and livestock. C. parvum infection mainly affects the ileum, where it has the potential to cause severe enteric disease. Drugs for the treatment of cryptosporidiosis are still not available and the biology and life cycle of C. parvum remain incompletely understood. The present study gives new insight into the parasite's morphology, life cycle and host cell relationship.

This study utilised light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and labeling of C. parvum surface receptors to examine infected cell cultures, cell-free cultures and oocyst stocks of C. parvum. Hence, this study compared different culture and different microscopic examination methods to determine the most suitable way to examine C. parvum's morphology. Cell-free culture did not provide additional information to this study. However, it served as a valuable comparison for life cycle stages detected in the supernatant above cells which are expected to occur in the intestinal lumen of infected hosts. Scanning electron microscopy was the most suitable tool for obtaining information on the parasite's morphology, whereas transmission electron microscopy enabled a view into the interior of stages. Employing light microscopy in this study was essential to progressively monitor live samples and visualise stages in the supernatant above cells, which were not attached to host tissue. In the course of this study a protocol was developed, which enabled the visualisation of Cryptosporidium receptors on the surface of parasites and/or host cell material via immunogold labeling with scanning electron microscopy.

For the first time, the entire range of C. parvum's life cycle stages has been morphologically characterised (including their interactions with host cells) and presented in one study. A better understanding of the parasite's biology, proliferation in host tissue and interactions with host cells will aid the drug development process.

Recent electron micrographs acquired in the course of this study revealed new life cycle stages, provided new information about the parasite's morphology and its relationship with host cells. New insight into the host cell invasion process of C. parvum sporozoites as well as merozoites I and II was obtained. Features of gliding motility of the invasive stages were visualised and explained. Phenomena including binary fission - commonly employed by bacteria for the production of two identical daughter stages from one parent stage - and syzygy - the pairing of gamonts to exchange genetic material, described in gregarines - , was observed and described. Extracellular gamonts and gamont-like stages were also characterised; developing from intracellular trophozoites to finally break host cell contact and take their place in the life cycle of C. parvum, travelling free in the intestinal lumen. The morphology of the two different types of oocysts has been described and findings on receptor expression in their outer membranes are presented. Furthermore, C. parvum receptors were identified in the apical membranes surrounding parasite stages. C. parvum surface receptors were also found on host cell microvilli in proximity to invading and/or gliding parasites.

Additionally, the present study observed the effect that a C. parvum infection exerts on host tissue with respect to necrosis and apoptosis. This study also poses new ideas regarding the parasite's host-dependent feeding behaviour.


Abstract. Crowded centers always cause personnel casualties in evacuation operations. Stampede events often occur by hit, squeeze and crush due to panic. It is of vital important to alleviate such situation. With the deepening of personnel evacuation research, more and more researchers are committed to study individual behaviors and self-organization phenomenon in evacuation process. The study mainly includes: 1, enrich the social force model from different facets such as visual, psychological, external force to descript more realistic evacuation; 2, research on causes and effects of self – organization phenomenon. In this paper, we focus on disorder motion that occurs in the crowded indoor publics, especially the narrow channel and safety exits and other special arteries. We put forward the improved social force model to depict pedestrians' behaviors, an orderly speed-stratification evacuation method to solve disorder problem, and shape-changed export to alleviate congestion. The result of this work shows an improvement of evacuation efficiency by 19.5 %. Guiding pedestrians' direction to slow down the influence of social forces has a guidance function in improving the efficiency of indoor emergency evacuation.


SCOPE
English walnut (Juglans regia) belongs to the most important allergenic tree nuts. Co-sensitization with birch (Betula verrucosa) pollen has been reported. We aimed to identify a walnut allergen homologous to the major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1.

METHODS AND RESULTS
A cDNA encoding a Bet v 1-homologous allergen (Jug r 5) in walnut kernels was cloned by RT-PCR. Jug r 5 was expressed in Escherichia coli, purified by column chromatography and characterized by circular dichroism spectroscopy. Specific IgE levels to walnut, Bet v 1, and Jug r 5 in birch pollen allergics (n = 16) with concomitant walnut allergy were measured by ImmunoCAP: 44% of the patients were tested positive to walnut while 94% were reactive to Jug r 5, and 100% to Bet v 1. Jug r 5 and Bet v 1 allergens showed bidirectional IgE cross-reactivity by competitive ELISA and were capable of inducing histamine release from effector cells. Immunoblot competition experiments demonstrated the presence of IgE-reactive Jug r 5 in walnut extract, but at low levels.

CONCLUSION
A Bet v 1-like allergen was identified in walnut. Diagnostic use of Jug r 5 will compensate for the low sensitivity of walnut extract for patients with birch pollen associated walnut allergy.


This article reports two experiments focusing on two stages of the alibi process. In Experiment 1, participants generated a true or false alibi for one of two dates (short or long delay). Results showed that participants were most likely to report that they could get alibi corroboration from a motivated alibi witnesses regardless of whether they were being truthful or deceptive. Changes in details to the generated alibi were frequent for both true and false statements. In Experiment 2, individuals were asked to discriminate between true and false statements. The results indicated that participants were no better than chance at detecting lies. As has been seen with in other domains (e.g. eyewitness identification), confidence had no predictive power in distinguishing lies from true statements.


This article considers the following question: What is the best foundation for a theory of presence? After establishing criteria for a philosophy of presence, the article applies these criteria to a set of articles on the philosophy of presence by Sheridan (1999), Mantovani and Riva (1999), and others. Although we share common goals, it is suggested that these articles advance a philosophy of presence that may be ill suited to support theory and research on presence. Several arguments are advanced to support this judgment. J. J. Gibson's work may be misinterpreted to accommodate relativistic models of physical reality. By directly referencing Gibson's writings, especially his concepts of ecological invariants, the article details how Gibson's work could not be used to support cultural, relativistic, or engineering arguments about different realities, perceptual or otherwise, without significant modification of Gibson's work and violation of his apparent intent. Another source of problems for a philosophy of presence is traced. There appears to be a terminological and theoretical confusion about the difference between epistemology and ontology. This article proposes that ontological debates about divine presence represented by these authors may be inappropriate or sterile for three reasons: (1) although perceptual presence (that is, phenomenal states of distal attribution) and divine presence (that is, immanence of God) share the term presence, they are fundamentally different philosophical problems; (2) the concept of divine presence and Sheridan's associated estimation paradigm is framed at such a level of generality to be incapable of supporting specific, actionable, and researchable theories about perceptual presence; and (3) any theory about virtual reality, a technology with a misleading oxymoronic term, provides no more ontological insight into reality than does theory and research on any other communication medium such as photography, film, or sound recording. Finally, the article proposes a remedy. The philosophy of presence might be most fruitfully approached via the philosophy of mind. Specifically, it is suggested that presence opens the door to related problems in the science of human consciousness, notably the mind-body problem. The article also suggests that the problem of presence bridges the philosophy of mind and the philosophy of technology on the issue of mediated embodiment, that is, the fuzzy boundary between the body and technological extensions of the body.


Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the initial and rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitter dopamine, is inhibited by the sulfhydryl oxidant diamide in a concentration-dependent manner. The inhibitory effect of diamide on TH catalytic activity is enhanced significantly by GSH. Treatment of TH with diamide in the presence of [35S]GSH results in the incorporation of35S into the enzyme. The effect of diamide-GSH on TH activity is prevented by dithiothreitol (DTT), as is the binding of [35S]GSH, indicating the formation of a disulfide linkage between GSH and TH protein cysteinyls. Loss of TH catalytic activity caused by diamide-GSH is partially recovered by DTT and glutaredoxin, whereas the disulfide linkage of GSH with TH is completely reversed by both. Treatment of intact PC12 cells with diamide results in a concentration-dependent inhibition of TH activity. Incubation of cells with [35S]cysteine, to label cellular GSH prior to diamide treatment, followed by immunoprecipitation of TH shows that the loss of TH catalytic activity is associated with a DTT-reversible incorporation of [35S]GSH into the enzyme. A combination of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization/mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry was used to identify the sites of S-glutathionylation in TH. Six cysteines (177, 249, 263, 329, 330, and 380) of the seven cysteine residues in TH were confirmed as substrates for modification. Only Cys-311 was notS-glutathionylated. These results establish that TH activity is influenced in a reversible manner byS-glutathionylation and suggest that cellular GSH may regulate dopamine biosynthesis under conditions of oxidative stress or drug-induced toxicity.


Jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata Donn ex Sm.) plants, like many other eucalypts, can form symbiotic associations with both arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi. To study this tripartite relationship we developed a novel nurse-pot system to allow us to investigate the extent and temporal colonisation dynamics of jarrah by two AM species (Rhizophagus irregularis (Blaszk., Wubet, Renker & Buscot) C. Walker & A. Schusler comb. nov. and Scutellospora calospora Nicol. & Gerd.) and two putative ECM species (Austroboletus occidentalis Watling & N.M. Greg. and Scleroderma sp.) and their potential effects on jarrah growth and nutrition. Our nurse-pot system, using jarrah as both the nurse plant and test plant, was developed to establish extraradical hyphal networks of both AM and ECM fungi that act as single or dual inoculum for test plants. Mycorrhizal colonisation was described and quantified, and growth and nutritional effects measured and analysed. Mycorrhizal colonisation increased with time for the test seedlings exposed to hyphae networks from S. calospora and Scleroderma sp. The nurse-pot system was effective at initiating colonisation of functioning AM or (putative) ECM systems separately but the ECM symbiosis was inhibited where a dual AM + ECM inoculum (R. irregularis and Scleroderma sp.) was present. The presence of S. calospora, A. occidentalis and Scleroderma sp. individually significantly increased the shoot biomass of seedlings compared with non-mycorrhizal controls. The two AM isolates had different physiological effects on jarrah plants. S. calospora improved growth and micronutrient uptake of jarrah seedlings whereas no positive response was observed with R. irregularis. In addition, as an interesting observation, the non-responsive AM fungus R. irregularis suppressed the ECM symbiosis in dually inoculated plants where ECM structures, positive growth response and nutritional effects were absent. When inoculated individually, ECM isolates dominated the growth response and uptake of P and other nutrients in this dual symbiotic plant. Despite the positive growth response in the A. occidentalis treatment, ECM structures were not observed in either nurse or test seedlings. From the effects of A. occidentalis on jarrah we hypothesise that this fungus forms a functional mycorrhizal-type partnership even without forming archetypal structures in and on the root.


Different enhanced oil recovery (EOR) scenarios have been developed to recover the residual oil remain in the reservoirs after waterflooding. Carbonated (CO2-enriched) water injection (CWI) is one of the currently emerging EOR scenarios which was thoroughly investigated in this study. The main objectives of this thesis are to: (1) quantify the level of additional oil recovery by CWI, and (2) identify the underlying mechanisms by which the additional oil is recovered. The above objectives are investigated via a series of integrated experimental studies. The results of high-pressure high-temperature micromodel experiments revealed a novel oil recovery mechanism by CWI. CO2 partitioning between carbonated water (CW) and ''live'' oil leads to rapid formation and growth of a gaseous new phase inside the oil which would hugely boost the performance of CWI and represents a game-changer for this EOR technique. Furthermore, the results of contact angle measurements revealed carbonated water has a significant impact on the rock wettability state. Next, a series of coreflood experiments were performed to study the potential of CWI for improving oil recovery at core scale. The results of coreflood experiments revealed the promising potential of CWI for improving oil recovery either as a secondary or tertiary injection scenario. A series of high-pressure imbibition experiments were performed in this thesis, to investigate the potential of CW on spontaneous imbibition. Results revealed that CW has a significant potential for increasing the amount of imbibed water and consequently oil recovery. Finally, a series of multiple-contact (PVT) experiments were performed to study the phase behaviour of the crude oil, when contacts with the injected CW. The results of these experiments revealed that the new phase forms immediately, when ''live'' oil contacts with the CW with further growth at subsequent contacts. The new phase is composed of a multi-component hydrocarbon mixture starting with CH4 and CO2 in earlier stages and becoming richer towards the latter contacts. Furthermore, the performance of CWI in a long porous medium was studied to investigate the effectiveness of CWI and its displacement front propagations away from the injection point. The outcomes of this integrated investigation would help us in better understanding the oil recovery mechanisms of CWI and its true potential under realistic reservoir conditions. This would enable us to identify and target suitable oil reservoirs for this EOR technique.