ABSTRACT Background In response to an increasing number of litigations relating to nursing care errors, negligence or acts and omissions that arise mostly due to unprofessional or unethical behaviour compounded by the growing awareness of patient's rights, nurse practitioners as such need an intervention by the regulatory body, the South African Nursing Council (SANC). Aim and purpose The argument presented pertains to the obligatory role of SANC as a regulatory body to uphold professional and ethical practice for nurses in terms of the nursing curriculum, the scope of practice, the code of ethics and continuing professional development. Methodology The methodology was based on the analysis of relevant SANC legislation under the provision of the Nursing Act 33 of 2005 as amended. Document review, a technique used to "categorise, investigate, interpret and identify limitations of written documents" was undertaken. The study referenced some of the general literature relating to nursing ethics and professionalism. A waiver for ethical clearance was obtained from the Human Research Ethics Committee. Conclusion The overall impact of the analysis lies in its contribution to enhancing nursing practice, with specific focus on upholding professional and ethical practice. SANC as a custodian of the nursing profession need to address limitations and develop a balance for the regulation and monitoring of ethical practice in both nursing education and clinical practice. Keywords: ethical practice; normative analysis; nursing profession; role; South African Nursing Council


Secondary ionization mass spectrometry (SIMS) U/Pb dating of zircon has been applied to rocks of the Lewisian Complex of South Harris (Outer Hebrides, NW Scotland), yielding insights into the complex geological evolution of this region and enhancing our understanding of terranes in the Lewisian Gneiss Complex. Results show that tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite magmatism occurred in the Tarbert Terrane between c. 2850 and 2830 Ma, equivalent to similar rocks in other parts of the Outer Hebrides. Magmatism was accompanied or closely followed by high-grade metamorphism at c. 2830 Ma, the first reported occurrence of such an event at this time. These rocks were affected by a subsequent high-grade metamorphic event at c. 2730 Ma, which has correlatives both in the Outer Hebrides and in the mainland Lewisian Gruinard Terrane. These data suggest that the 'terranes' forming the Outer Hebrides and parts of the mainland Lewisian were once contiguous and were fragmented by post-2730 Ma events. The c. 1700–1660 Ma ages from felsic sheets and pegmatites within the Langavat Shear Zone may record the reassembly of these crustal fragments.


Generative neural networks can be used to specify continuous transformations between images via latent-space interpolation. However, certifying that all images captured by the resulting path in the image manifold satisfy a given property can be very challenging. This is because this set is highly non-convex, thwarting existing scalable robustness analysis methods, which are often based on convex relaxations. We present ApproxLine, a scalable certification method that successfully verifies non-trivial specifications involving generative models and classifiers. ApproxLine can provide both sound deterministic and probabilistic guarantees, by capturing either infinite non-convex sets of neural network activation vectors or distributions over such sets. We show that ApproxLine is practically useful and can verify interesting interpolations in the networks latent space.


We study the interaction of two parallel-launched femtosecond filaments at their fundamental-wave and second-harmonic frequencies in air. Besides the Kerr effect within the pulse duration, the impulsive alignment of the diatomic molecules in the fundamental-wave filament leads to controllable and field-free achievable attraction, fusion, or repulsion of the second-harmonic filament. The molecular-alignment-assisted filament interaction is further confirmed by the fluorescence intensity variation and spectral modulation of the second-harmonic filament at various molecular alignment revivals.


The objective of this chapter is to underline the importance of pre‐production and prototyping simulation in the loop of electric vehicles, by considering as many vehicle characteristics as possible. Basic simulations were made, using IPG CarMaker, to simulate electric vehicles with different properties for batteries, transmission, electric motors, aerodynamics of the vehicle, and most importantly, driver properties. This chapter also explains all the necessary steps to create a model and run it in IPG CarMaker, including data exports, so that the results could be reproduced easily. This chapter underlines the importance of batteries and answers the questions: what is the correct number of batteries that a vehicle must equip in order to have a bigger range? Basically, one should carry more batteries that add weight but at what range in price.


This essay tries to describe the influence of the Bhikkhus in Sinhala politics as demonstrated by the ideology, work and life of the Ven. Walpola Rahul - perhapsthe most influential scholar monk in the modern Sangha of Sri Lanka. The attempt is to show how the Maha Sangha became the key actors in the continuum of an ideology of Sinhala ethnicity, their ownership of the island and duty to protect Sinhala Buddhist culture. Rahula's contribution has created a new brand of Sangha who are committed to a different political path to redefine Sinhala Buddhism and modern Sri Lanka.


Big Data applications need to be able to access large amounts of variable data as fast as possible. Emerging Storage Class Memory (SCM) fit this need by making memory available in large capacity while making changes endure as a seamless continuation of load-store accesses through processor caches. However, when writing values into a persistent memory tier, programmers are faced with the dual problems of controlling untimely cache evictions that might commit changes prematurely, and of grouping changes and making them durable as a unit so that consistency can be guaranteed in the event of sudden failure. In this paper, we present various methods to achieve high-performance byte-addressable persistence for an in-memory data store. We chose Redis, a popular high-performance memory oriented key value database. We modified its source code to use SCM such that updates to data and structures are performed in a failure resilient manner. We evaluated the changes using both internal benchmarks and the Yahoo! Cloud Servicing Benchmark (YCSB). We found that even though Redis uses many SCM read operations, it can benefit from highly optimized persistent SCM write based approaches, especially when SCM write times are longer than DRAM write times. The paper presents an innovative Local Alias Table Batched (LATB) method, and shows that it outperforms the alternatives.


This thesis seeks to provide an insight into three phenomena: the condition of racism in Sweden, the complexity of identity, and the use of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) in classroom settings. It also offers an analysis of how such phenomena combined in the development of a specific educational resource, the Swedkid project (2001-3) which aimed to develop an anti-racist website (www.swedkid.nu) for students and teachers in Swedish schools. A case study approach was used for the analysis in the thesis, in which the Swedkid project was viewed as an instance of web-based, anti-racist educational resource development. This instance (or case) provided a prism of opportunity for learning about 'race', ethnicity and the role of ICT in the classroom. The case study embraces a number of sub-studies (Papers I-V and Appendix 1) which explore independently and in combination, how the website was developed and received, the Swedish national context, intercultural and anti-racist work in education, racist experiences of young people, and ICT as part of anti-racist work in the classroom. Three sets of findings (or themes) emerged from the study: namely, the existence of racism in Sweden, that young people's conception of identity is complex and that the Swedkid website constitutes a significant anti-racist intervention. The overall aims of the research were to: - utilise the Swedkid project as a learning opportunity - explore the Swedish context for the project - investigate and develop an understanding of racism and ethnicity in Sweden generally and in education in particular - investigate experiences of racism among young people, and - explore how ICT can support anti-racist work in classroom settings Three research questions were also posed in the research: - How can 'race', ethnicity and experiences of racism be understood in Sweden generally, in education and among young people? - How can ICT support anti-racist work in classroom settings? - How useful were the approaches taken and the methods used in the project? A variety of methods of data gathering were used which include systematic literature searches, interviews, questionnaires, classroom observations plus a project logbook. Three theoretical clusters were particularly helpful in the analysis; relating to globalisation, racism and new technology (e.g. Castells, Jansson, Pred, Essed, Ladson-Billings, Delgado & Stefancic, Aviram & Tami). The research suggests an uneven picture in Sweden generally, and among Swedish young people in particular. While there have been some conscious and planned strategies to eliminate racism and discrimination, and high ambitions and good intentions from policy-makers and teachers in terms of recognising inequalities of schooling and counteracting racism, there is also a continuing picture of hostility, difficulty, denial and insecurity within education and more generally. The study also illuminates the complexity of identity and knowledge transfer, between locally-situated individuals and the different levels of global, European, national and local. It is suggested that the formation of identity is a process which involves viewing someone as 'the other' and can be transferred into a racist discourse and as such, used as a basis for legitimizing exclusion. However, responses to the Swedkid website suggest that engagement with other, wider identities (in this case, the characters on the website) can provide the possibility of intervention in stereotypical perceptions and expansion of notions of identity. It is also suggested that the Swedkid website can be used successfully in supporting anti-racist work in classroom settings, although dependent on the skills and commitment of the teacher. The advantages of using ICT for Swedkid lie in the possibility of visualisation and simulation, hence, it provides virtual experience of complex phenomena. The website can thus work as a springboard into informed rather than common-sense or everyday discourses of racism/anti-racism, with virtuality enhancing the classroom work of the teacher. Overall, studies presented in this thesis illustrate how a combination of ICT and anti-racism can offer opportunities for challenging commonsense views of racism and ethnicity, provide counter-stories as evidence that racism exists, and thus offer alternative perceptions and viewpoints on this topic in education and elsewhere.


The description of the precursor fields in a single-resonance Lorentz model dielectric is considered in the singular and weak dispersion limits. The singular dispersion limit is obtained as the damping approaches zero and the material dispersion becomes increasingly concentrated about the resonance frequency. The algebraic peak amplitude decay of the Brillouin precursor with propagation distance z0 then changes from a z 1/2 to a z 1/3 behavior. The weak dispersion limit is obtained as the material density decreases to zero. The material dispersion then becomes vanishingly small everywhere and the precursors become increasingly compressed in the space-time domain immediately following the speed-of-light point z,t=z,z/c. In order to circumvent the numerical difficulties introduced in this case, an approximate equivalence relation is derived that allows the propagated field evolution due to an ultrawideband signal to be calculated in an equivalent dispersive medium that is highly absorptive. © 2010 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: 260.2030, 320.5550, 320.2250.


Much of our behaviour is driven by two motivational dimensions – approach and avoidance. These have been related to frontal hemispheric asymmetries in clinical and resting-state EEG studies: approach was linked to higher activity of the left relative to the right hemisphere, while avoidance was related to the opposite pattern. Increased approach behaviour, specifically towards unhealthy foods, is also observed in obesity and has been linked to asymmetry in the framework of the right-brain hypothesis of obesity. Here, we aimed to replicate previous EEG findings of hemispheric asymmetries for self-reported approach/avoidance behaviour and to relate them to eating behaviour. Further, we assessed whether resting fMRI hemispheric asymmetries can be detected and whether they are related to approach/avoidance, eating behaviour, and BMI. We analysed 3 samples: Sample 1 (n=117) containing EEG and fMRI data from lean participants, and Samples 2 (n=89) and 3 (n=152) containing fMRI data from lean, overweight, and obese participants. While in Sample 1 approach in women was related to EEG and fMRI hemispheric asymmetries, in Samples 2 and 3 this effect was not significant. Here, hemispheric asymmetries were neither related to BMI nor eating behaviour. Our study partly replicates previous EEG findings regarding hemispheric asymmetries and indicates that this relationship could also be captured using fMRI. Our findings suggest that eating behaviour and obesity are likely to be mediated by mechanisms not directly relating to frontal asymmetries in neuronal activation quantified with EEG and fMRI.


ABSTRACT We employed Francisella tularensis live vaccine strain (LVS) to study mechanisms of protective immunity against intracellular pathogens and, specifically, to understand protective correlates. One potential molecular correlate identified previously was interleukin-6 (IL-6), a cytokine with pleotropic roles in immunity, including influences on T and B cell functions. Given its role as an immune modulator and the correlation with successful anti-LVS vaccination, we examined the role IL-6 plays in the host response to LVS. IL-6-deficient (IL-6 knockout [KO]) mice infected with LVS intradermally or intranasally or anti-IL-6-treated mice, showed greatly reduced 50% lethal doses compared to wild-type (WT) mice. Increased susceptibility was not due to altered splenic immune cell populations during infection or decreased serum antibody production, as IL-6 KO mice had similar compositions of each compared to WT mice. Although LVS-infected IL-6 KO mice produced much less serum amyloid A and haptoglobin (two acute-phase proteins) than WT mice, there were no other obvious pathophysiological differences between LVS-infected WT and IL-6 KO mice. IL-6 KO or WT mice that survived primary LVS infection also survived a high-dose LVS secondary challenge. Using an in vitro overlay assay that measured T cell activation, cytokine production, and abilities of primed splenocytes to control intracellular LVS growth, we found that IL-6 KO total splenocytes or purified T cells were slightly defective in controlling intracellular LVS growth but were equivalent in cytokine production. Taken together, IL-6 is an integral part of a successful immune response to primary LVS infection, but its exact role in precipitating adaptive immunity remains elusive.


In this article, we study behavior in a series of two-player supply chain game experiments. Each player simultaneously chooses a capacity before demand is realized, and sales are given by the minimum of realized demand and chosen capacities. We focus on the differences in behavior under fixed pairs and random rematching. Intuition suggests that long-run relations should lead to more profitable outcomes. However, our results go against this intuition. While subjects' capacity choices are better aligned (i.e., closer together) under fixed pairs, average profits are more variable. Moreover, learning is slower under fixed pairs�so much so that over the last five periods, average profits are actually higher under random rematching. The underlying cause for this finding appears to be a �first-impressions� bias, present only under fixed matching, in which the greater the misalignment in initial choices, the lower are average profits.


To address the complexity of the proteome in mass spectrometry (MS)-based top-down proteomics, multidimensional liquid chromatography (MDLC) strategies that can effectively separate proteins with high resolution and automation are highly desirable. Although various MDLC methods that can effectively separate peptides from protein digests exist, very few MDLC strategies, primarily consisting of 2DLC, are available for intact protein separation, which is insufficient to address the complexity of the proteome. We recently demonstrated that hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) utilizing a MS-compatible salt can provide high resolution separation of intact proteins for top-down proteomics. Herein, we have developed a novel 3DLC strategy by coupling HIC with ion exchange chromatography (IEC) and reverse phase chromatography (RPC) for intact protein separation. We demonstrated that a 3D (IEC-HIC-RPC) approach greatly outperformed the conventional 2D IEC-RPC approach. For the same IEC fraction (out of 35 fractions) from a crude HEK 293 cell lysate, a total of 640 proteins were identified in the 3D approach (corresponding to 201 nonredundant proteins) as compared to 47 in the 2D approach, whereas simply prolonging the gradients in RPC in the 2D approach only led to minimal improvement in protein separation and identifications. Therefore, this novel 3DLC method has great potential for effective separation of intact proteins to achieve deep proteome coverage in top-down proteomics.


Rationale Placebo responses are complex psychobiological phenomena and often involve patient expectation of benefit. With continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea, greater hours of CPAP use are associated with reduced sleepiness. However, these open-label studies have not controlled for patient expectation of benefit derived from their knowledge of hours of device use. Objectives To investigate the relative effectiveness of the use of real or placebo CPAP on daytime sleepiness. Methods Patient-level meta-analysis combining data on sleepiness measured by the Epworth Sleepiness Scale from three randomised placebo-controlled crossover trials. Mixed model analysis of variance was used to quantify the effects of real versus placebo device treatment, usage, their interaction and regression to the mean. Measurements and main results Duration of real and placebo CPAP use was correlated within patients (r=0.53, p<0.001). High use of real CPAP reduced sleepiness more than high use of placebo (difference 3.0 points; 95% CI 1.7 to 4.3, p<0.001) and more than low use of real CPAP (difference 3.3; 95% CI 1.9 to 4.7, p<0.0001). High use of placebo was superior to low use of placebo (difference 1.5; 95% CI 0.1 to 2.8, p=0.03). Twenty-nine per cent of the effect of high usage of CPAP (4.2 points; 95% CI 3.3 to 5.1) was explained by the expectation of benefit effect associated with high use of placebo (1.2 points ; 95% CI 0.2 to 2.3). Conclusions A clinically significant proportion of the effectiveness of high CPAP use in reducing sleepiness is probably caused by patient expectation of benefit.


Adherence to the schedule is of prime importance in public transport. This paper presents a specific application of the Gini coefficient, well known indicator in economics, for the headway adherence assessment. The paper shows that Lorenz curve, which is usually used to define mathematically the Gini coefficient, is a good indicator of the users' waiting time when it is based on the bus schedule. When it is computed on the basis of the ratio of observed headway to the schedule, it is a powerful visual tool that can be used by operators to detect the existence of irregularities on a bus line at a glance. An equation gives, in an idealistic case, the impact of any single traffic disturbance on the Gini coefficient, making this coefficient comprehensive. A detailed analysis is developed, based on the bus proportions according to the headway adherence level. These proportions are obtained from new indices coming from the derivative of the Lorenz curve. The values of these indexes alert the operator of any adherence disturbance. The examination of the Lorenz curve takes more time, but is worthwhile, giving the types of the irregularities The application of these indicators is carried on real-time data from the New Delhi bus network.


The purpose of this study was to compare the dentofacial effects of two intraoral molar distalization techniques [three-dimensional bimetric maxillary distalization arches (3D-BMDA) and a modified Begg intraoral distalization system (MBIDS)] in subjects requiring maxillary molar distalization. Twenty-one patients (12 females and 9 males, mean age pre-treatment: 14.7 +/- 1.50 years) were treated with the 3D-BMDA and 17 (14 females and 3 males, mean age pre-treatment: 14.4 +/- 1.43 years) with the MBIDS. Measurements were recorded from lateral cephalometric radiographs taken at two different points in time: at the start of treatment for the MBIDS group and prior to distalization for the 3D-BMDA group (T1) and post-distalization (T2). Student's t- and paired t-tests were used to determine differences between and within the groups. The total amount of distalization for the 3D-BMDA and MBIDS groups was similar (3.55 and 3.27 mm, respectively). However, there were statistically significant differences in the length of the distalization period (3.4 and 6.5 months, respectively) and the amount monthly of distalization (1.11 and 0.54 mm, respectively). The most significant differences were observed in the mandibular dental arches and vertical facial dimensions. Anchorage loss in the mandible was greater in the 3D-BMDA group, whereas increases in facial dimensions were greater in the MBIDS group. Both 3D-BMDA and MBIDS techniques were found to be effective to obtain distal movement of the maxillary molars. In order to achieve successful results, the side-effects of each treatment modality on dentofacial structures need to be taken into consideration.


Dissimilarity measures are often used as a proxy or a handle to reason about data. This can be problematic, as the data representation is often a consequence of the capturing process or how the data is visualized, rather than a reflection of the semantics that we want to extract. Facial expressions are a subtle and essential part of human communication but they are challenging to extract from current representations. In this paper we present a method that is capable of learning semantic representations of faces in a data driven manner. Our approach uses sparse human supervision which our method grounds in the data. We provide experimental justification of our approach showing that our representation improves the performance for emotion classification.


Introduction Risk stratification in acute pulmonary embolism (PE) is useful in identifying low risk patients suitable for ambulatory care and those at high risk in need of intensive monitoring. In this study we compared two of the most well used scoring systems, the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) criteria and the simplified pulmonary embolism severity index (sPESI). Methods We retrospectively identified patients admitted to NHS Tayside over a 4 year period with radiologically confirmed PE and calculated their ESC and sPESI scores. RV dysfunction was defined by RV/LV ratio >1 on CTPA or by echocardiography. As per the ECS criteria, patients with shock (defined as SBP<90mmHg) and RV dysfunction or myocardial injury (defined as troponin I >0.045) were classified as high risk, RV dysfunction or myocardial injury without shock as intermediate risk and patients with none of the above criteria classified as low risk. Patients with any one of the six sPESI risk factors (age>80, cancer, chronic lung disease, SpO2 <90%, SBP<90mmHg, HR>110) were classified as high risk. The primary outcome was 30-day mortality or requirement for thrombolysis. Results 291 patients (45.8% male) were identified with a median age of 67 years (interquartile range 54–78 years). Low risk sPESI patients had a 2.2% risk of mortality or requirement for thrombolysis, in high risk patients (1 or more risk factors) the rate was 15.2%. Using ESC criteria, low risk patients had a 7.0% risk or mortality or thrombolysis with high risk patients having a risk of 21.2%. The positive likelihood ratio for ESC was 2.2 vs 1.6 for sPESI. The negative likelihood ratio was 0.18 for sPESI compared to 0.7 for ESC. The area under the receiver operator characteristic curves for both scores is shown in Figure 1. Both had moderate overall predictive value (AUC 0.68, 95% CI 0.63–0.73) for both scores, p<0.0001. Abstract P142 Figure 1 Conclusion The sPESI score is superior to the ESC score in identifying patients with acute PE who are at low risk of poor outcome, while ESC is superior to sPESI at identifying high risk patients.


Thellier‐type paleointensity experiments were conducted on welded ash matrix or pumice from the 1912 Novarupta (NV) and 1980 Mt. St. Helens (MSH) pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) with the intention of evaluating their suitability for geomagnetic paleointensity studies. PDCs are common worldwide, but can have complicated thermal and alteration histories. We attempt to address the role that emplacement temperature and postemplacement hydrothermal alteration may play in nonideal paleointensity behavior of PDCs. Results demonstrate two types of nonideal behavior: unstable remanence in multidomain (MD) titanomagnetite, and nonideal behavior linked to fumarolic and vapor phase alteration. Emplacement temperature indirectly influences MSH results by controlling the fraction of homogenous MD versus oxyexsolved pseudo‐single domain titanomagnetite. NV samples are more directly influenced by vapor phase alteration. The majority of NV samples show distinct two‐slope behavior in the natural remanent magnetization—partial thermal remanent magnetization plots. We interpret this to arise from a (thermo)chemical remanent magnetization associated with vapor phase alteration, and samples with high water content (>0.75% loss on ignition) generate paleointensities that deviate most strongly from the true value. We find that PDCs can be productively used for paleointensity, but that—as with all paleointensity studies—care should be taken in identifying potential postemplacement alteration below the Curie temperature, and that large, welded flows may be more alteration‐prone. One advantage in using PDCs is that they typically have greater areal (spatial) exposure than a basalt flow, allowing for more extensive sampling and better assessment of errors and uncertainty.


Objective To compare the effect of an invitation promoting informed choice for screening with a standard invitation on attendance and motivation to engage in preventive action. Design Randomised controlled trial. Setting Four English general practices. Participants 1272 people aged 40-69 years, at risk for diabetes, identified from practice registers using a validated risk score and invited to attend for screening. Intervention Intervention was a previously validated invitation to inform the decision to attend screening, presenting diabetes as a serious potential problem, and providing details of possible costs and benefits of screening and treatment in text and pie charts. This was compared with a brief, standard invitation simply describing diabetes as a serious potential problem. Main outcome measures The primary end point was attendance for screening. The secondary outcome measures were intention to make changes to lifestyle and satisfaction with decisions made among attenders. Results The primary end point was analysed for all 1272 participants. 55.8% (353/633) of those in the informed choice group attended for screening, compared with 57.6% (368/639) in the standard invitation group (mean difference −1.8%, 95% confidence interval −7.3% to 3.6%; P=0.51). Attendance was lower among the more deprived group (most deprived third 47.5% v least deprived third 64.3%; P<0.001). Interaction between deprivation and effect of invitation type on attendance was not significant. Among attenders, intention to change behaviour was strong and unaffected by invitation type. Conclusions Providing information to support choice did not adversely affect attendance for screening for diabetes. Those from more socially deprived groups were, however, less likely to attend, regardless of the type of invitation received. Further attention to invitation content alone is unlikely to achieve equity in uptake of preventive services. Trial registration Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN 73125647.


This study assessed the responses of educators at three stages of their preparation and experience to statements describing their levels of general teacher efficacy (GTE) and personal teaching efficacy (PTE) . Participants were graduate and undergraduate students in a teacher education program who were enrolled in their final semester of coursework prior to student teaching, had just finished with their student teaching experience, or were experienced, practicing teachers. Analysis of participants' responses on the Teacher Efficacy Scale indicated that the internship experience attenuated their GTE. To the statement, "The amount a student can learn is primarily related to family background," preservice participants indicated a level of disagreement significantly higher than .internship completers or practicing teachers. Teachers scored significantly lower than preservice student teachers and internship completers on their agreement with the statement, "A teacher is very limited in what he/she can achieve because a student's home environment is a large influence on his/her achievement." PTE was high for all three groups and remained so regardless of the extent of teaching experience. (Contains 14 references.) (SM) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. A Comparison of the Efficacy Levels of Preservice, Internship, and Inservice Teachers Marian J. Parker University of North Alabama Anthony J. Guarino Auburn University U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) 01 This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it. 0 Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality Points of view or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy. BEST COPY AVAILABLE 2 PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY


Planning for the future for those adults with a learning disability who live with older carers is an important aspect of the White Paper Valuing People (DoH, 2001). Indeed, such planning is essential if crisis situations are to be avoided, particularly the double shock to service users of losing their home at a time when they are also bereaved. Most research about future planning has tended to focus on the perspective of the family carer rather than that of the service user. To rectify this situation, this paper considers the findings of a project which directly sought the views of adults with a learning disability, including their experiences of living with their older carers and planning for their future housing and support. The findings demonstrate that adults with a learning disability are very aware of the likelihood of an end to family care and that they have preferences about their future housing and support. However, planning for the future can be difficult because of the mutually supportive relationships that often exist in these families.


The inhibitive action of octadecylamine with various concentrations on mild steel in 1.0 M HCl solution was carried out by using chemical (weight loss method) and electrochemical techniques (Potentiodynamic polarization and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS)). In general, the inhibition efficiency increased and corrosion rates decreased as the increasing concentrations of octadecylamine at each temperature with same immersion time period. But on the other hand the inhibition efficiency decreased and corrosion rate increased with increasing temperature at same concentration. The inhibition was assumed to occur via adsorption of the inhibitor molecule on the metal surface. Electrochemical impedance measurement shows that charge transfer resistance increased and double layer capacitance decreased with increasing inhibitor concentrations indicates the adsorption mechanism. Polarization curves reveled that octadecylamine behave as mixed type inhibitor in 1.0 M HCl solution. The adsorption of the inhibitor was well described by the Langmuir adsorption isotherm and the adsorption isotherm parameters were determined at different temperatures. The results from all techniques show that octadecylamine acts as a very good inhibitor.


As a result of a lifetime of incomparably wide-ranging investigations, Aaron Wildavsky concluded that politics in the United States and elsewhere was a patterned activity, exhibiting recurring regularities. Political values, beliefs, and institutions were neither endlessly varied, nor haphazardly organized. They tended to exhibit a limited range of variation, and were organized in discoverable, predictable ways. In Cultural Analysis, the fourth collection of his essays posthumously published by Transaction, Wildavsky argues that American politics, public law, and public administration are the contested terrain of rival, inescapable political cultures. Analysts of American politics distinguish liberals from conservatives and Democrats from Republicans, but do not explain how these categories of political allegiance develop, maintain themselves, or change. Wildavsky offers a cultural-functional explanation for ideological and partisan coherence and realignment. Wildavsky also felt that these dualisms did not adequately capture the ideological and partisan variation he observed on the political landscape. Like others, he detected another recurring strain of political allegiance: that of classical liberalism or libertarianism. People of this political stripe valued freedom more than equality (the primary political value of contemporary liberals), and also more than order, the primary political value of conservatives. The value of Wildavsky's reconceptualization of the ideological and social foundations of political conflict, compromise, and coalition is assessed here by Wildavsky's former colleagues and students at the University of California, Berkeley: Dennis Coyle, Richard Ellis, Robert Kagan, Austin Ranney, and Brendon Swedlow.


—Parallel and distributed systems may operate in an environment that undergoes unpredictable changes causing certain system performance features to degrade. Such systems need robustness to guarantee limited degradation despite fluctuations in the behavior of its component parts or environment. This research investigates the robustness of an allocation of resources to tasks in parallel and distributed systems. The main contributions of this paper are 1) a mathematical description of a metric for the robustness of a resource allocation with respect to desired system performance features against multiple perturbations in multiple system and environmental conditions, and 2) a procedure for deriving a robustness metric for an arbitrary system. For illustration, this procedure is employed to derive robustness metrics for three example distributed systems. Such a metric can help researchers evaluate a given resource allocation for robustness against uncertainties in specified perturbation parameters.


Civil infrastructure systems form the backbone of modern civilization, providing the basic services that allow society to function. Effective management of these systems requires decision-making about the allocation of limited resources to maintain and repair infrastructure components and to replace failed or obsolete components. Making informed decisions requires an understanding of the state of the system; such an understanding can be achieved through a computational or conceptual system model combined with information gathered on the system via inspections or sensors. Gathering of this information, referred to generally as sensing, should be optimized to best support the decision-making and system management processes, in order to reduce long-term operational costs and improve infrastructure performance. In this work, an approach to optimal sensing in infrastructure systems is developed by combining probabilistic graphical models of infrastructure system behavior with the value of information (VoI) metric, which quantifies the utility of information gathering efforts (referred to generally as sensor placements) in supporting decision-making in uncertain systems. Computational methods are presented for the efficient evaluation and optimization of the VoI metric based on the probabilistic model structure. Various case studies on the application of this approach to managing infrastructure systems are presented, illustrating the flexibility of the basic method as well as various special cases for its practical implementation. Three main contributions are presented in this work. First, while the computational complexity of the VoI metric generally grows exponentially with the number of components, growth can be greatly reduced in systems with certain topologies (designated as cumulative topologies). Following from this, an efficient approach to VoI computation based on a cumulative topology and Gaussian random field model is developed and presented. Second, in systems with non-cumulative topologies, approximate techniques may be used to evaluate the VoI metric. This work presents extensive investigations of such systems and draws some general conclusions about the behavior of this metric. Third, this work presents several complete application cases for probabilistic modeling techniques and the VoI metric in supporting infrastructure system management. Case studies are presented in structural health monitoring, seismic risk mitigation, and extreme temperature response in urban areas. Other minor contributions included in this work are theoretical and empirical comparisons of the VoI with other sensor placement metrics and an extension of the developed sensor placement method to systems that evolve in time. Overall, this work illustrates how probabilistic graphical models and the VoI metric can allow for efficient sensor placement optimization to support infrastructure system management. Areas of future work to expand on the results presented here include the development of approximate, heuristic methods to support efficient sensor placement in non-cumulative system topologies, as well as further validation of the efficient sensing optimization approaches used in this work.


Nanocrystalline terbium aluminium garnet phosphor has been prepared by the calcinations (800-1600°C) of the precursor obtained by sol-gel technique. The particle size measurements and SEM analysis of the as prepared powder show the grain size variation in 50-600 nm range. XRD and FTIR measurements show the development of better crystalline phase with increase in the sintering temperature. Photo-luminescence spectra at room temperature consist of well separated six groups around 440 nm, 490 nm, 549.9 nm, 586.9 nm, 624 nm and 691 nm. The emission intensity of the group around 691 nm increases with the increase in calcination temperature from 1000°C-1400°C, while in case of all other groups the intensity decreases in this range of temperature.


We propose a generalized bootstrapping algorithm in which categories are described by relevant seed features. Our method introduces two unsupervised steps that improve the initial categorization step of the bootstrapping scheme: (i) using Latent Semantic space to obtain a generalized similarity measure between instances and features, and (ii) the Gaussian Mixture algorithm, to obtain uniform classification probabilities for unlabeled examples. The algorithm was evaluated on two Text Categorization tasks and obtained state-of-the-art performance using only the category names as initial seeds.


Thandika Mkandawire, ed. African Intellectuals: Rethinking Politics, Language, Gender and Development. London: Zed Books/Dakar: CODESRIA, 2005. 234 pp. Notes. References. Index. $85.00. Cloth. $29.95. Paper. This book grew out of papers presented at the thirtieth anniversary of CODESRIA, a Pan-African institution that continues to play a vital role in the sustenance and promotion of intellectual activities in Africa. Despite talk of democratization and renaissance, the great majority of Africans remain mired in poverty and development continues to elude Africa. The continent's economic and political marginalization in world affairs appears to be more extreme than at any stage since the 1960s. The proliferation of recent conflicts undermines the organs of civil society, infrastructures, systems of exchange, and the state itself across broad swathes of the continent. While the idea of an African Renaissance is not really new, it has lately picked up momentum. However, for an African Renaissance to succeed, the emerging educated elite will have to be its bearers. An analysis of African intellectuals' roles, if any, in the new Africa is what African Intellectuals: Rethinking Politics, Language, Gender and Development has attempted. In the face of high rates of Africa's brain drain, African Intellectuals sets out to explore the nature and extent of the emigration of Africa's intelligentsia, the indigenous language of African intellectuals, women intellectuals, and the role of the expanding African academic diaspora. It takes as its starting point the uniquely difficult circumstances confronting intellectuals: regimes intolerant of independent debate, economies in sharp decline, societies wracked by violent conflict, and official languages different from people's mother tongues. Because of the intertwined nature of literature, politics, and society, African literature remains a legitimate expression of political ideas and valid descriptions of both society and politics. As reflections of the human condition in Africa, works of literature provide valuable insights into both the past and the present by sketching the African reaction to colonialism, racism, and independence. Until the very foundations of colonialism were shattered by African writers, the political debate in Africa had effectively been set-with varying degrees of foresight and responsiveness-by European powers. Several specialists in African political studies have identified the importance of the works of intellectuals in the African revolution. After a shortlived honeymoon between African leaders and writers, the latter began articulating themes of disenchantment and disillusionment. While some intellectuals joined the ruling elite, most postindependence writers reevaluated the objectives and deeds of their nations' ruling classes and criticized the political, social, and economic structures through which elites operated. …


This study evaluates the impact of Neoechinorhynchus buttnerae  on the productive and economic performance of "tambaqui" reared in ponds. Two fish farms were selected, one with infected fish (IF) and the other with non-infected fish (NIF). Biometry, age, initial weight and handling data were collected from each studied specimen. Our results show that IF presented lower weight, evident loss of body mass and body deformities, reflecting on a condition factor 300% smaller than NIF. Infection by acanthocephalans caused an impact bigger than 200% on growth and affected the gross income directly, resulting in a difference higher than 1000% between IF and NIF farms. We conclude that this impact could be even greater if we consider both income decrease and raising production costs due to the parasite infection.


Anxiety is an instinct that may have developed to promote adaptive survival by evading unnecessary danger. However, excessive anxiety is disruptive and can be a basic disorder of other psychiatric diseases such as depression. The KF-1, a ubiquitin ligase located on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), may prevent excessive anxiety; kf-1−/− mice exhibit selectively elevated anxiety-like behavior against light or heights. It is surmised that KF-1 degrades some target proteins, responsible for promoting anxiety, through the ER-associated degradation pathway, similar to Parkin in Parkinson's disease (PD). Parkin, another ER-ubiquitin ligase, prevents the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons by degrading the target proteins responsible for PD. Molecular phylogenetic studies have revealed that the prototype of kf-1 appeared in the very early phase of animal evolution but was lost, unlike parkin, in the lineage leading up to Drosophila. Therefore, kf-1−/− mice may be a powerful tool for elucidating the molecular mechanisms involved in emotional regulation, and for screening novel anxiolytic/antidepressant compounds.


The ecological role of apex predators in ecosystems is increasingly recognized not only as a result of their affects on prey species, but also on the numbers and behaviour of other predator species within their guilds. In an African context, dominant apex predators such as lions (Panthera leo) and spotted hyaenas (Crocuta crocuta) have been implicated in limiting endangered intraguild species such as wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) via direct intraguild interactions, such as interference and predation. As a result of this it has been predicted that spatial and temporal refugia are critical for wild dogs to co-exist with lions and spotted hyaenas. Whether such refugia are actually present within small protected areas, such as Hluhluwe iMfolozi Park (HiP), within which these three species co-exist, has been questioned. For wild dogs, interference or predation refugia may be equated to areas or periods which contain a relatively low level of encounter probability with spotted hyaenas and lions respectively. By combining well established field research techniques, such as radio telemetry and audio playbacks, with novel geographic information system tools, I investigated the two key drivers of the probability of encounter with spotted hyaenas and lions, namely density and utilization intensity. Results from the analyses showed that substantial spatial and temporal variation existed in the utilization intensity of lions, as well as the density of both lions and spotted hyaenas, at short and intermediate time scales, in HiP. The spatial scale across which these patterns resolved appear to be well suited to the movement capabilities of wild dogs. This indicated that wild dogs may be able to exploit such areas of temporary lower density and/or utilization intensity, suggesting the dynamic nature of refugia involved in the interactions within these two speciespairs. Results from the lion analyses further suggest that groups rather than individuals are the basic units around which intraguild interactions of social predator and prey species should be investigated, and that social grouping in combination with predator territoriality may stabilize intraguild interactions. An important prediction emerging from this work is that wild dogs, or other subordinate African large predator species, may be forced to trade-off safety from hyaena interference vs. safety from lion predation.


Lidar detection of atmospheric molecules using a Raman scattering technique being usually limited by low signals is enhanced by integration of the forward Raman scattered light over a large atmospheric volume. This integral can be measured instantaneously in the presence of a reflector at one edge of the optical path, increasing the SNR by a factor of 100 in the case of a perfect reflector and a beam path of ~2 km. Natural reflectors such as clouds leading to the same effect are also discussed.


The length of the active working life period increases. The interest in the ways of keeping the quality of life, the high working capacities and potentiality of individual creative abilities is high. Many of the habits of the healthy lifestyle and behaviours are developed during the late adolescence and early adulthood. The decline of the individuals' physical activity in that period has an input in the future life quality. The physical working capacities are based on the physical health, the physical development level, physical activity and the healthy lifestyle. The target of the paper is to evaluate the principle anthropometric characteristics and provide the analysis of the students' physical activity levels. Regular physical activity is protective against numerous chronic disease and gives an important contribution for the healthy lifestyle. The main benefits of physical activity are disease preventions, stress management, to have a fun cycling, the improved body beauty. Recent research suggests that a significant percentage of students did not get adequate physical activity. The information concerning eating habits, sports habits, life styles are very important. We have provided a questionnaire for the students from different higher schools concerning physical activities. Respondents were aged from 19 years to 33 years. The questionnaire includes the positions that allow us to collect information about sports and physical activity during the time of the working day and after it. The questionnaire embraced all the spectrums of the week's physical activities. The data of the questionnaire were evaluated according to the scale (in points) and calculated. Those data allow us to divide respondents into subgroups according to the levels of physical activity (low, moderate, and good, high). The determination of the degree of physical activity is essential for answering questions on health sciences for the identification of the target groups for health-related intervention.


In this article, Anne-Marie Nunez uses data from a national longitudinal study of students enrolled in four-year public research universities to assess the effects of social capital and intercultural capital—the capacity to negotiate diverse racial/ ethnic environments—on Latino students' sense of belonging in college and on their perceptions of a hostile racial/ethnic climate. She finds that Latino students who are more familiar with diversity issues and who report more social and academic connection and engagement experience a greater sense of belonging even as they also experience a more hostile campus climate. Her findings provide a nuanced understanding of Latino students' college experiences, with implications for how access to intercultural capital through positive cross-racial interactions and diversity curricula may offer benefits that counterbalance the negative impact of marginalizing experiences and ultimately advance educational attainment.


ABSTRACT The objective of the study is to investigate the effects of sudden damage, and progressive deterioration due to corrosion, on the ultimate strength of a ship which has been collided by another vessel. Explicit finite element analyses (FEA) of collision scenarios are presented where factors are varied systematically in a parametric study, e.g. the vessels involved in the collision, and consideration of corroded ship structure elements and their material characteristics in the model. The crashworthiness of the struck ships is quantified in terms of the shape and size of the damage opening in the side-shell structure, and the division of energy absorption between the striking and struck ships for the different collision simulations. The ultimate strength of the struck ship is calculated using the Smith method and the shape and size of the damage openings from the FEA. In conclusion, the study contributes to understanding of how corroded, collision-damaged ship structures suffer significantly from a reduction in crashworthiness and ultimate strength, how this should be considered and modelled using the finite element method and analysed further using the Smith method.


Novel avionic communication systems are required for various purposes, for example to increase the flight safety and operational integrity as well as to enhance the quality of service to passengers on board. To serve these purposes, a key technology that is essential to be developed is an antenna system that can provide broadband connectivity within aircraft cabins at an affordable price. Currently, in the European Commission (EC) 7th Framework Programme SANDRA project (SANDRA, 2011), a development of such an antenna system is being carried out. The system is an electronically-steered phased-array antenna (PAA) with a low aerodynamic profile. The reception of digital video broadcasting by satellite (DVB-S) signal which is in the frequency range of 10.7-12.75 GHz (Ku-band) is being considered. In order to ensure the quality of service provided to the passengers, the developed antenna should be able to receive the entire DVB-S band at once while complying with the requirements of the DVB-S system (Morello & Mignone, 2006). These requirements, as will be explained later, dictate a broadband antenna system where the beam is squint-free, i.e. no variation of beam pointing direction for all the frequencies in the desired band. Additionally, to track the satellite, the seamless tunability of the beam pointing direction of this antenna is also required. In this work, a concept of optical beamforming (Riza & Thompson, 1997) is implemented to provide a squint-free beam over the entire Ku-band for all the desired pointing directions. The optical beamformer itself consists of continuously tunable optical delay lines that enable seamless tunability of the beam pointing direction.


Taka Bonerate National Park as the one of Marine National Park in Indonesia is one of the biodiversity resources. The potency and the spread of two kinds of commodities in Taka Bonerate National Park i.e. kima lubang and malaja fish, the overconsumption by people around the park should be evaluated as is presumed to exceed their stock. exceed their stock.The research aimed to study the ethnoecology of the people around Taka Bonerate National Park in consuming kima lubang (Tridagna crocea) and malaja fish (Siganus canaliculatus) The data was collected through interview, observation, and literature study. The qualitatively descriptive analysis was aplied. The results showed that the consumption of kima lubang by the people around Taka Bonerate National Park was based on subsistence fishing, while malaja fish was based on commercial fishing due to the market demand, both fresh and salted fish. Keywords : Taka Bonerate National Park, ethnoecology, kima lubang, malaja fish


Libertines Real and Fictional in Rochester, Shadwell, Wycherley, and Boswell examines the Restoration and eighteenth-century libertine figure as it appears in John Wilmot, Second Earl of Rochester's Satyr against Mankind, "The Maim'd Debauchee," and "Upon His Drinking a Bowl," Thomas Shadwell's The Libertine, William Wycherley's The Country Wife, and James Boswell's London Journal, 1762-1763. I argue that the limitations and self-contradictions of standard definitions of libertinism and the ways in which libertine protagonists and libertinism in general function as critiques of libertinism. Moreover, libertine protagonists and poetic personae reinterpret libertinism to accommodate their personal agendas and in doing so, satirize the idea of libertinism itself and identify the problematization of "libertinism" as a category of gender and social identity. That is, these libertines misinterpret-often deliberately-Hobbes to justify their opposition and refusal to obey social institutions-e.g., eventually marrying and engaging in a monogamous relationship with one's wife-as well as their endorsement of obedience to nature or sense, which can include embracing a libertine lifestyle in which one engages in sexual encounters with multiple partners, refuses marriage, and questions the existence of God or at least distrusts any sort of organized religion. Since any attempts to define the word "libertinism"-or at least any attempts to provide a standard definition of the word-are tenuous at best, it is equally tenuous to suggest that any libertines conform to conventional or standard libertinism. In fact, the literary and "real life" libertines in this study not only fail to conform to such definitions of libertinism, but also reinterpret libertinism. While all these libertines do possess similar characteristics-namely affluence, insatiable sexual appetites, and a rebellion against institutional authorities (the Church, reason, government, family, and marriage)-they often misinterpret libertinism, reason, and Hobbesian philosophy. Furthermore, they all choose different, unique ways to oppose patriarchal, social authorities. These aberrant ways of rebelling against social institutions and their redefinitions of libertinism, I argue, make them self-satirists and self-conscious critics of libertinism as a concept.


Diabetic retinopathy is the most common eye complication in diabetic patients that early detection of this complication is essential. The aim of this study was to evaluate ophthalmic artery index in diabetic retinopathy by Doppler ultrasound. . In this cross-sectional study, 64 patients were studied in 4 groups (healthy, diabetic without retinopathy, background retinopathy and proliferative retinopathy). Resistance index (RI) and Pulsatile Index (PI) were assessed by color Doppler ultrasound. The obtained data were analyzed by ANOVA and chi-square test and ROC curve. RI in diabetic patients with proliferative retinopathy has the highest mean (0.83) and the lowest mea was observed in healthy subjects (0.54) (P <0.001) as well as in PI, the highest rate was in diabetic patients with proliferative retinopathy (1.41) and the lowest was in healthy subjects (0.92) (P <0.001). The results of our study showed that the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and overall accuracy of RI and PI in diabetic patients with proliferative retinopathy in the best cut-off points (0.645 and 1.0175 respectively) were 100%.Ophthalmic artery index RI and PI was significantly increased in patients with diabetic retinopathy and the sensitivity and specificity for detection retinopathy was 100%. Color Doppler ultrasound method is more efficient for screening diabetic patients with retinopathy.


This thesis explores the problem of integrating women into rural development programmes. Specifically, it examines the potential of Development Communications as a strategy for achieving sustainable development, with particular reference to the author's beekeeping project for women in Nepal. The thesis also addresses typical failures in development programmes relating to women and gender issues. Women are effectively excluded from the majority of development programmes because of their low social and economic status. However, they do make up half the adult population, and can play a vital role in family and community development. It is therefore crucial to ensure their participation in the development process. Indeed, the thesis argues that this is the key to achieving sustainable development. Therefore, strategies are considered for involving and empowering women in development programmes - this is done principally through income-generating activities - and one activity in particular, modern beekeeping, is identified as being most appropriate for rural women living in the Sindhupalchowk district of Nepal. Development Communications is hence seen as the essential means for motivating and enabling such a target audience to adopt these new activities. The theoretical and practical issues involved in Development Communications are then surveyed in a number of projects from Nepal and other parts of Asia. The author describes her own case study, called "Communications for the Future", in which the FAO's Development Communications Process Model is evaluated and specific improvements are recommended. Solar power is used to run the communications equipment in the field, and this is identified as the most appropriate means of activating video-training systems in remote rural areas. However, successful Development Communications depends not only on technology but also on interpersonal communication and on an interactive approach. The thesis suggests that potential problems, such as differences of language or culture, can be overcome by taking a bottom-up rather than top-down approach, involving the target audiences in all stages of the communications process and producing educational material which is culturally specific. Finally, the thesis demonstrates the practical value of its approach to Development Support Communications. It shows that involving women in income-generating activities can have positive effects for the local economy, for the status of women and for integrated rural development.


Factor-based indexes tilt toward characteristics that are associated with long-term outperformance, but they are often unable to provide the desired exposures without taking on substantial unintended active risks. The desired factors often carry with them tilts toward particular countries, industries, risk factors, and companies. This problem comes from the relative simplicity of the index construction rules. Although simplicity and transparency are good attributes, for most indexes, there exists no mechanism to control unintended risks. For example, when the value factor is targeted, the portfolio tends to overweight less profitable companies. An investor who wants exposure to inexpensive stocks may receive a portfolio of companies with low or negative profit margins and with concentrations in the sectors and countries that currently happen to have more companies with a lower valuation. In this article, we apply constraints to several factor strategies with an eye toward managing these unintended exposures. We find that constraints reduce the noise and amplify the signal of factor-based strategies.


Our study assesses the performance of portfolios formed using out-of-sample sector forecasts and past firm fundamental ratios. Portfolio allocations based on profitability measures—gross profit, operating profit, and earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization (EBITDA)—generate substantially better performance than the benchmark. Long/short portfolio allocations using these fundamentals possess alphas over 14% and increase Sharpe ratios by over 60%. A composite variable provides the highest payoff for firm allocations, whereas EBITDA produces the most profitable out-of-sample sector allocations. Profitability metrics are superior indicators of sustainable economic performance because these ratios are more strongly linked to future returns and cash flows than net income.


The objective of this work was to evaluate the oil content and seed yield of castor bean 'BRS Energia' subjected to doses of N fertilization and irrigation water with different levels of salinity. The experiment was carried out in lysimeters, under field conditions, using a randomized complete block design, with three replicates. Treatments consisted of the irrigation-water salinity levels of 0.4 (control), 1.4, 2.4, 3.4 and 4.4 dS m -1 , associated to 50, 75, 100, 125 and 150% of the recommended N dose for trials. There was no significant interaction between irrigation water salinity and nitrogen levels for any of the studied variables. Water salinity of up to 1.4 dS m -1 provided 47% of oil content in seeds. Nitrogen doses 64% above recommended promoted less than 48% of oil content. The highest shoot dry weight was obtained with 150% of the recommended N dose. Increasing water salinity from 0.4 dS m -1 increases the interval for emission of the primary raceme and reduces the yield components, of which shoot dry weight and number of fruits are the most affected. Electrical conductivity of irrigation water up to 1.9 dS m -1 and N levels up to 134% of the recommended dose provide a


The genus Aphylla was proposed by DE SELYS in 1854, when he divided the Gomphoides Complex into the three genera Gomphoides, Aphylla and Cyclophylla (= Phyllocycla; Zoologica 33, Part 2, p. 62, 1948, Cyclophylla preoccupied). However, the differentiating venational characters drawn up by DE SELYS (1854), by DE SELYSHAGEN (1858), and by NEEDHAM (1940) for the genera Aphylla and Phyllocycla are not sharp, as was discussed by CALVERT in his description of Aphylla alia from Kartabo (Zoologica 33, part 2, p. 66-67, 1948). The males of the Surinam dragon flies which have been referred to the genus Aphylla differ from Phyllocycla in that the postero-lateral angles of the tenth abdominal segment are prolonged in a sharp point; the lateral margins of the eighth and ninth abdominal segments are not leaf-like but extremely reduced, to narrow strips; and the distal portion of vein A2 is not strongly convergent with vein A3 but diverges somewhat from it and from vein A1. I believe that these characters place beyond doubt the generic status of the Surinam material in question, which is represented in my collection by adults of three species. Of these species, one is Aphylla producta Selys 1854, already recorded as occurring in Surinam and one is the little known species Aphylla dentata Selys 1859, which has not previously been recorded from this country. The third species is closely allied to the latter and is apparently new; in the present paper it is described under the specific name simulata.


This issue of Mutual Images Journal presents, in this special section, a collection of essays centred around the theme of "Japanese Arts and Politics". The articles within this section focus on the relations between Japanese art and political themes.
This section of the journal is, in part, the output of a workshop and research project designed by Eriko Tomizawa-Kay—a lecturer at the University of East Anglia (UEA)—and titled Reflective Transitions of Politics in the Arts: Examining the Atomisation of Japanese Socio-political Milieus through Art. The workshop was held at UEA, in Norwich, on 24 August 2017, bringing together scholars to investigate how Japanese arts have been shaped by political forces in the "neoliberal" world order, as an analytical dimension to study and comment on the process of atomisation of society as it can be perceived in the arts. The workshop's papers presented empirical examples of internalised art productions and art currents in Japan, in juxtaposition to, or contrast with, art expressing national or regional politics. The contributors focused on the presence of political notions and messages in Japanese fine arts, popular visual media, visual entertainment forms, and visual arts at large, and on the possible intersections among "western" arts and artistic representations of political themes concerning the Japanese context.
As a collaborative endeavour that expands interdisciplinary research contributing to a growing literature, this project attempts to break new ground in [...]


Now you can offer your students the coverage of three books in one as PROCESS MANAGEMENT: CREATING VALUE ALONG THE SUPPLY CHAIN balances coverage of Process Management, Operations Management (OM), and Supply Chain Management (SCM). The book presents a unique focus on the eight key supply chain processes, with chapters devoted to each of these well-known concepts to form the strong foundation and solid understanding your students need today. The book combines coverage of both strategic and operational issues with an emphasis on the tools and techniques most important to your students for process design and management. Contemporary topical coverage addresses supply chain and e-business applications with appropriate coverage of both manufacturing and service theory and applications. A balanced, thorough coverage of essential topics highlights inventory, JIT, quality, customer and information flow management, and service operations while a unique focus on a value-adding approach throughout the supply chain links the processes of suppliers, the focal company, and its customers. Also included are 21 teaching cases appearing in the textbook's five sections, appropriate for both undergraduate and graduate classes. This mix of process and service applications and management theory offers you much more than any other text of its kind for a process-oriented approach that truly meets the needs of future or practicing professionals. The student CD is bound into the book and contains all of the cases and chapter 16.


More and more academic libraries are offering their services via a mobile web platform. This study examined the current status of the mobile web interface of academic libraries in terms of their usability and tried to suggest an effective mobile service design for academic libraries. Seventy-six mobile academic library web sites were identified. Their first pages were captured and their menu systems were analyzed for different aspects, such as frequently appearing menu items, a search box and search links, URL hiding, menu icons and textual menus. We found many undesirable interfaces that waste space or cause users to be confused. A significant gap between users' needs and the services offered was also identified. To overcome this gap, more efforts should be made in finding users' needs first and implementing services as much as possible to meet such demands.


Few studies have quantitatively compared benthic macrofaunal assemblages between different tropical intertidal habitats over differing spatial scales. The present study uses spatially nested material from vegetated (seagrass) and non-vegetated (mudflat) habitats in SW Thailand to address this issue. Polychaetes were the numerically dominant component of benthic assemblages throughout the region, comprising over 74% of the total macrofauna. Despite great within-site and sample variation, based on species diversity, polychaete assemblages were mostly site-specific. Not so visibly obvious were the evident differences in polychaete assemblages between habitats. The spatial pattern of polychaete diversity is explored.


An instability in the growth of nonperiodic InGaAs/GaAs multiple quantum well samples, ordinarily of high-quality when grown with equal periods of order of half the wavelength of light in the material, leads to a dramatic microscopic, self-organized surface grating. This effect was discovered while growing quantum wells with two unequal barrier lengths arranged in a Fibonacci sequence to form an optical quasicrystal. A laser beam incident normal to the surface of the sample is diffracted into a propeller-shaped pattern. The sample surface has a distinctly cloudy appearance when viewed along one crystal axis but is mirror-like when the sample is rotated 90 degrees. The instability results in a five-fold increase in the absorption linewidth of the heavy-hole exciton transition. Atomic force microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy were used to study the samples.


Sweet potato dough base is popular for making traditional fried cakes in
Malaysia but there has been no specific quality standard as reference for the
dough preparation. The independent variables to produce the dough, i.e.
mashing time (11.36 – 138.64s) and wheat flour concentration (3.79 –
46.21%) were designed using the central composite design based on
Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The dough and fried cakes
produced were examined for quality on the basis of physical parameters and
sensory attributes. Optimal conditions for making sweet potato dough for
fried cakes production were determined, by Response Surface Methodology
(RSM), to be 45s of mashing time at 150rpm and 25% of wheat flour
concentration. The dough base was then produced using the optimum
condition and stored for 6 months at -20±2oC for quality changes
observation at 1 month interval. Sweet potato paste was also included in the
storage study for comparison. Unfrozen samples (dough and paste) were
used as control in this study. Moisture content of frozen samples decreased with increasing of storage time and caused dehydration in samples. The
water holding capacity of the samples reduced reflected by drip loss
produced in paste, also by increased in paste and dough adhesiveness after
frozen storage. These suggested that structure damage occurred due to
frozen and frozen storage. Thus, caused the firmness and elasticity (G') of
dough and paste to increase. As the consequence, the Texture Profile
Analysis (TPA) of fried cakes (firmness, cohesiveness, springiness and
chewiness) were decreased. Micrographs obtained showed that all the
structure of dough, paste and fried cakes collapsed, ruptured and were drier
after 6 months of storage. Based on the Quantitative Descriptive Analysis
(QDA), frozen dough and paste became harder to handle due to increase of
adhesiveness. However, those negative changes in instrumental analysis did
not influence the overall acceptability on the fried cakes. Fried cakes were
still acceptable with overall acceptability score was 5.52, denotes as slightly
acceptable. Freeze-thaw cycle study was conducted on sweet potato dough
to investigate the stability of the dough against temperature fluctuation.
Sweet potato dough and paste were exposed to 5 freeze-thaw cycles
treatment for 5 weeks and the quality changes on the physical and sensory
characteristics of samples were observed. Samples that stored for 5 weeks
without undergoing freeze-thaw cycles were used as control. The freezethaw
cycles resulted in severe damages to sweet potato dough and paste
structure as the changes in moisture, drip loss, firmness, adhesiveness,
storage modulus (G') and complex viscosity (μ*) were significant (P<0.05).
Due to dough changes, fried cakes became firmer with increasing in number
of freeze-thaw cycles. The dough, paste and fried cakes structure became drier and many holes were developed after been exposed to 5 freeze-thaw
cycles as shown in micrographs. Adhesiveness and handling ability from
QDA assessment was the most affected physical characteristics. Even
though freeze-thaw cycles caused severe damaged to dough structure, the
fried cakes made from the dough were slightly acceptable.
Keywords: Sweet potato dough, traditional fried cakes, frozen storage,
freeze-thaw cycle, physical changes, sensory evaluation


This thesis comprises a series of three studies that explore the impact of trade reform on fiscal revenue. Two of the studies use cross-country econometric methods and the third utilizes a partial equilibrium approach to analyse the impact of trade liberalisation on tax revenue and welfare in Jamaica. The first study examines the impact of trade liberalisation on total revenue and trade tax revenue as a share of GDP across countries, explores heterogeneity within the sample (in particular the extent to which a country's level of development influences variations in the effects of trade liberalisation) and utilises alternative indicators of openness to determine if the findings of the model are sensitive to the indicator of openness used. The study finds that, in the case of the openness index used by Khattry and Rao (2002), international trade tax and total tax revenue as a percent of GDP are likely to rise as an economy becomes less open. In contrast, when trade as a percent of GDP is used as the indicator of openness, the results show a positive relationship between openness, and trade and total tax revenue as a share of GDP. The results also suggest that international trade tax revenue tends to fall over time as a country develops. The second study uses events analysis to examine the same issue. There is weak evidence that trade reform has positive revenue effects in the long-run; however, there may be negative impacts within a year of reform. The third study explores the impact of trade liberalisation under the EU-CARIFORUM Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) on Jamaica by simulating different tariff reform scenarios and comparing the results with the end term EPA as negotiated. It finds that small countries can devise appropriate strategies to mitigate potential negative fiscal effects of trade reform such as scheduling tariff reductions for high revenue items later in the reform process. It also finds that there is often a trade-off between revenue and welfare, which makes welfare increasing and revenue enhancing outcomes difficult to achieve.


We are investigating techniques for developing distributed and adaptive collections of information agents that coordinate to retrieve, lter and fuse information relevant to the user, task and situation, as well as anticipate user's information needs. In our system of agents, information gathering is seamlessly integrated with decision support. The task for which particular information is requested of the agents does not remain in the user's head but it is explicitly represented and supported through agent collaboration. In this paper we present the distributed system architecture, agent collaboration interactions, and a reusable set of software components for structuring agents. The system architecture has three types of agents: Interface agents interact with the user receiving user speci cations and delivering results. They acquire, model, and utilize user preferences to guide system coordination in support of the user's tasks. Task agents help users perform tasks by formulating problem solving plans and carrying out these plans through querying and exchanging information with other software agents. Information agents provide intelligent access to a heterogeneous collection of information sources. We have implemented this system framework and are developing collaborating agents in diverse complex real world tasks, such as organizational decisionmaking, investment counseling, health care, and electronic commerce.


Children are the future generation of Uganda and any economical, social and emotional negative impact affects their wellbeing and their development into future generation that will serve the country. Therefore, the government has to develop effective strategies to support the CHHs, which will help in reducing the burden that extended families and child-heads of households are carrying. The main objective of this study was to ascertain the economic, social and emotional challenges confronting CHHs as rights-holders in providing for their households needs and how these challenges can be addressed in Masaka District in South- western Uganda. The study was conducted by collecting reliable data using qualitative research design methods. The study population was the child-heads of households, consisting of 15 CHHs and other key people concerned in Masaka District in South-western Uganda. The study considered only child-heads of households of 10–18 years because these are the ages that were found to be in charge of their families after the death of their parents or guardians and any Ugandan above 18 years is considered an adult. The study focused on unaccompanied and accompanied CHHs. Based on research findings, the main cause of CHHs was HIV/AIDs. The pandemic has claimed most of the adults living behind few adults to take care of orphans yet the number of orphans is increasing without corresponding numbers of adults to take care of them. The children left behind by the deceased have ended up living alone without adult support, taking over responsibility of the household and their younger siblings at an earlier age without enough preparation for adult world. The findings shows that chidheads of households face a number of challenges that included: difficulties in earning a sufficient livelihood, inadequate education, limited food and proper housing, vulnerability to sexual abuse, emotional distress and loneliness, lack of parental love and care that deprive them of their rights. The study results have shown that most of the work done to support CHHs was done by churches and NGOs like World Vision.


Fraser, T. J. and Amiro, B. D. 2013. Initial carbon dynamics of perennial grassland conversion for annual cropping in Manitoba. Can. J. Soil Sci. 93: 379-391. Sequestering atmospheric carbon in agricultural soil is an attractive option for mitigation of rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. Perennial crops are more likely to gain carbon whereas annual crops are more likely to lose carbon. A pair of eddy covariance towers were set up near Winnipeg Manitoba, Canada, to measure the carbon dioxide flux over adjacent paired perennial grass hay fields with high soil organic carbon. A Treatment field was converted to annual cropping by spraying with herbicide, cutting and tilling. A Control field was cut, but allowed to re-grow. Differences in net ecosystem productivity between the fields were mainly caused by a loss of gross primary productivity in the Treatment field; ecosystem respiration was similar for both fields. When biomass removals and manure applications are included in the carbon budget, the Treatment field lost 149 g C m-2 whereas the Control field sequestered 96 g C m-2, for a net difference of 245 g C m-2 over the June to December period (210 d). This suggests that perennial grass converted for annual cropping can lose more carbon than perennial grassland can sequester in a season.


As we know Optical communication Network offers very high potential bandwidth and flexibility. In terms of high bit-rate transmission. However, their performance slows down due to some parameter like dispersion, attenuation, scattering. In long haul application, dispersion is the main parameter which needs to be compensated in order to provide better service. Fiber Braggs Grating (FBG) is one of the most widely used element to compensate it, however its performance slows down with the increase in distance. This paper presents an investigation on Pulse distortions due to the third-order dispersion (TOD) on very high speed long distance single mode optical fiber communication system using OptiSystem. Presence of the TOD introduces broadening on the propagating pulse. The impact of TOD is observed at the receiving end of transmission line considering the variation of different factors such as transmission reach, bit rate, duty cycle.BER performance are also considered here.


Music in Early Franciscan Thought is an interdisciplinary study exploring the broad relevance of music in Franciscan hagiography, art, theology, philosophy, and preaching between 1210 and 1300—a period covering their rapid ascendancy in medieval society as an Order of clerics.


Across North America and especially in the United States, the teaching of Chinese as a foreign language (CFL) to native speakers of English has expanded tremendously in recent years. Accordingly, related fields such as Chinese language pedagogy, language policy, CFL acquisition, and CFL teacher development have attracted researchers' attention. Among existing areas of research, the cognitions and instructional practices of CFL teachers in the U.S., especially those who teach in K-8 schools have rarely been documented or examined. This situation means that contemporary K-8 CFL teacher development programs have access to limited information about CFL teachers' cognitions, instructional challenges, and professional preparation needs. To address these informational gaps, this empirical case study of CFL teachers' cognition and instructional practices related to classroom management in US K-8 school settings centers on seven teacher-participants who teach within the CFL program of a charter school located in a southeast urban region of the U.S. The study focuses on how these CFL teachers manage young CFL learners' classrooms; rationales the teachers depend upon to support their classroom management practices; and the cultural, experiential, and contextual factors that affect their related cognitions and practices. Through the analysis of qualitative data comprised of semi-structured interviews, classroom observations, stimulated recall interviews, focus group interviews, and observations of teacher meetings, findings reveal that the participating teachers' cognitions and related classroom management practices are individual, complicated, contextual, experiential, and constantly evolving. The multi-faceted aspects of the teachers' cognitions including their beliefs, thoughts, knowledge, attitudes, and emotions influence their classroom practices in different ways and to different degrees. The participating teachers' cultural backgrounds, contextual factors of the school, and the teachers' awareness of their professional development histories all contribute to their cognitions and related practices. The study has important research implications for future CFL teacher cognition investigations and practical implications for the fields of CFL teaching and CFL teacher education in the U.S. and globally. The study and its implications will better inform language teachers, teacher educators, school administrators, and policy-makers interested in fostering more effective K-8 CFL instruction and teacher development, especially in the U.S., Taiwan, and mainland China. INDEX WORDS: CFL education in the US, K-8 CFL teachers, CFL teacher cognition, Classroom management, Multi-case research CFL TEACHER COGNITION IN K-8 SCHOOL SETTINGS: FOCUS ON CLASSROOM MANAGEMENT


The trachydacite complex of Mammoth Mountain and an array of contemporaneous mafic volcanoes in its periphery together form a discrete late Pleistocene magmatic system that is thermally and compositionally independent of the adjacent subalkaline Long Valley system (California, USA). The Mammoth system first erupted ca. 230 ka, last erupted ca. 8 ka, and remains restless and potentially active. Magmas of the Mammoth system extruded through Mesozoic plutonic rocks of the Sierra Nevada batholith and extensive remnants of its prebatholith wall rocks. All of the many mafic and silicic vents of the Mammoth system are west or southwest of the structural boundary of Long Valley caldera; none is inboard of the caldera's buried ring-fault zone, and only one Mammoth-related vent is within the zone. Mammoth Mountain has sometimes been called part of the Inyo volcanic chain, an ascription we regard inappropriate and misleading. The scattered vent array of the Mammoth system, 10 × 20 km wide, is unrelated to the range-front fault zone, and its broad nonlinear footprint ignores both Long Valley caldera and the younger Mono-Inyo range-front vent alignment. Moreover, the Mammoth Mountain dome complex (63%–71% SiO 2 ; 8.0%–10.5% alkalies) ended its period of eruptive activity (100–50 ka) long before Holocene inception of Inyo volcanism. Here we describe 25 silicic eruptive units that built Mammoth Mountain and 37 peripheral units, which include 13 basalts, 15 mafic andesites, 6 andesites, and 3 dacites. Chemical data are appended for nearly 900 samples, as are paleomagnetic data for ∼150 sites drilled. The 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dates (230–16 ka) are given for most units, and all exposed units are younger than ca. 190 ka. Nearly all are mildly alkaline, in contrast to the voluminous subalkaline rhyolites of the contiguous long-lived Long Valley magma system. Glaciated remnants of Neogene mafic and trachydacitic lavas (9.1–2.6 Ma) are scattered near Mammoth Mountain, but Quaternary equivalents older than ca. 230 ka are absent. The wide area of late Quaternary Mammoth magmatism remained amagmatic during the long interval (2.2–0.3 Ma) of nearby Long Valley rhyolitic eruptions.


Nitro aromatic waste water pollutants have become a serious issue, constituting a severe hazard to whole ecosystems and public health. Therefore, it is necessary to design high performance catalytic equipment for the reduction of nitroaromatic compounds from contaminated aqueous solutions. Herein, a robust and rapid method is developed to prepare a macroporous monolithic carbon foam with commercial melamine resin foam as the raw material. Then, the prepared monolithic carbon foam is exploited as an excellent 3D porous network to load Au NPs (MCF/Au). The as-prepared MCF/Au monolith can be innovatively utilized to construct a dynamic fixed-bed system. In addition, the as-obtained system exhibits exceptional catalytic reduction performance for 4-nitrophenol (4-NP). More importantly, the continuous flow reactor system shows excellent recyclability and can be reused for at least ten successive runs without apparent loss of activity.


Modern distributed systems involving large number of nonstationary clients (mobile hosts, MH) connected via unreliable low-bandwidth communication channels are very prone to frequent disconnections. This disconnection may occur because of different reasons: The clients may voluntarily switch off (to save battery power), or a client may be involuntarily disconnected due to its own movement in a mobile network (hand-off, wireless link failures, etc.). A mobile computing environment is characterized by slow wireless links and relatively underprivileged hosts with limited battery powers. Still, when data at the server changes, the client hosts must be made aware of this fact in order for them to invalidate their cache, otherwise the host would continue to answer queries with the cached values returning incorrect data. The nature of the physical medium coupled with the fact that disconnections from the network are very frequent in mobile computing environments demand a cache invalidation strategy with minimum possible overheads. In this paper, we present a new cache maintenance scheme, called AS. The objective of the proposed scheme is to minimize the overhead for the MHs to validate their cache upon reconnection, to allow stateless servers, and to minimize the bandwidth requirement. The general approach is (1) to use asynchronous invalidation messages and (2) to buffer invalidation messages from servers at the MH's Home Location Cache (HLC) while the MH is disconnected from the network and redeliver these invalidation messages to the MH when it gets reconnected to the network. Use of asynchronous invalidation messages minimizes access latency, buffering of invalidation messages minimizes the overhead of validating MH's cache after each disconnection and use of HLC off-loads the overhead of maintaining state of MH's cache from the servers. The MH can be disconnected from the server either voluntarily or involuntarily. We capture the effects of both by using a single parameter: The percentage of time a mobile host is disconnected from the network. We demonstrate the efficacy of our scheme through simulation and performance modeling. In particular, we show that the average data access latency and the number of uplink requests by a MH decrease by using the proposed strategy at the cost of using buffer space at the HLC. We provide analytical comparison between our proposed scheme and the existing scheme for cache management in a mobile environment. Extensive experimental results are provided to compare the schemes in terms of performance metrics like latency, number of uplink requests, etc., under both a high and a low rate of change of data at servers for various values of the parameters. A mathematical model for the scheme is developed which matches closely with the simulation results.


Infrared spectra of several 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds from different organic chemical clauses have been recorded. Assignments of characteristic enol frequencies have been made, and group frequency ranges developed. In most cases, the ranges are reasonably narrow considering the great changes in overall structure of the examples studied. The enol structure affects to a significant degree the absorption frequencies of certain modes.


The tools described in film theory are used to invoke feelings in the viewer as a form of entertainment. Some of these tools apply more directly to chatbots than others. Film combines visual images, music, and dialog to accomplish its goals. Conversing with a chatbot is akin to using a telegraph, or instant messaging on a cell phone. However, written communication may still convey emotions and feelings that people interpret on their own as they chat. It is useful to speak of the emotional content of written communications using film theory terminology.


Stock return forecasting typically requires a large number of factors and these factors usually exhibit nonlinear relations with each other. Conventional methods of stock return forecasting mainly fall into two categories: Technical Analysis and Fundamental Analysis. Technical Analysis focuses on time-series data, while Fundamental Analysis explores low-frequency fundamental variables. Although there are substantial works on either time-series analysis or fundamental analysis, few studies have enriched the time-series forecasting with fundamental variables, as the features are characterized by different frequencies, scales and types. In this paper, we propose a Long Short-Term Memory and Deep Neural Network (LSTM-DNN) hybrid model to integrate the fundamental information into time-series forecasting tasks. We demonstrate how investors can benefit from the superior performance of LSTM-DNN by constructing a long-short portfolio that takes long positions in stocks with the highest forecasting returns and short positions in stocks that are expected to decline. Extensive experimental results on real data show that our novel framework could improve the profitability of long-short portfolio strategies compared to the state-of-the-art approaches. We also find evidence indicating that the outperformance of LSTM-DNN model comes from its enhanced ability to extract information from the nonlinear relations among various features, rather than bearing more market risks. Besides the novel framework, we propose a cross-section normalization method, which benefits the framework by providing enriched cross-section signals.


Stress is becoming more significant for women, along with the increasing number of women in the workforce. The present study compared women with respect to burnout and coping abilities, and related to the impact of educational level on differences in coping strategies. Women with coronary heart disease reported a higher level of burnout and had the highest scores demonstrating lack of coping, which indicates lesser coping abilities. Differences concerning strain reduction, self-control and emotional distancing are discussed in terms of living conditions. We also discuss that in order to optimize the outcome of rehabilitation and prevention we need more research on women, of women and especially from women's point of view.


INTRODUCTION I. "AUTHORSHIP" AND "ORIGINALITY" A. Works of Genius B. A Spark of Creativity C. A Clap of Thunder D. Random Numbers II. INDETERMINACY AND THE ARTS III. AUTHORSHIP AND PROPERTY RIGHTS A. The Natural Rights of Authors and the Social Benefits of Authorship B. Romantic and Un-Romantic Authorship C. The Role of "Originality" 1. Diversity of Expression 2. Identification 3. Natural Rights 4. Defining the Commons IV. SEEKING AUTHORSHIP IN INDETERMINATE WORKS A. Hypotheticals 1. Artist A 2. Artist B 3. Artist C 4. Artist D B. The Random Muse C. Suggestions D. Caveats 1. Systems 2. Competing Claims 3. Other Issues CONCLUSION INTRODUCTION One of the more elusive concepts in copyright law is that of "authorship." Authorship refers to the production of "original" works, meaning works which the author has newly created, as opposed to copied from other sources, and which possess at least some minimal degree of creativity. (1) Copyright protects "original works of authorship" (2) and extends only to what is original in such works. (3) Fixing the boundary between private property and the public domain, (4) the authorship/originality requirement has been described by the Supreme Court as "the very `premise of copyright law'" (5)--the "touchstone," (6) "bedrock principle," (7) and "sine qua non" of copyright. (8) Metaphors like "bedrock" suggest a concept of authorship that is immutable, sharply defined, and reassuringly solid. Authorship, however, is so olden characterized by what it is not that it is sometimes difficult to say, positively, what authorship is. Consider a scholar who prepares a new English-language translation of the Iliad, with notes and an introduction based on the scholar's historical research. The scholar can claim no right to the original work, or to any aspect of the translation that accuracy compels. (9) Nor can the scholar prevent others from reciting the facts revealed by his research. The facts may be original in the sense of having appeared nowhere else, but they were not created by the scholar; they were discovered by him or, in a sense, "copied from the world." (10) Even choices reflecting matters of taste (e.g., this poetic turn of phrase instead of that pedestrian one) are influenced, if not determined, by a variety of external factors: the books the scholar has read, the lectures he has attended, perhaps even the genes he has inherited. Examined too closely, the process of authorship can seem less a conscious and creative act than a mechanical confluence of forces. It can be difficult to locate the "maker" (11) who wills into existence that which is personal and new. (12) On the other hand, the complexity of the Iliad and the richness of the English language mean that countless translations could be written. The facts revealed by the scholar's research could be expressed in a variety of ways. While the variations that mark the scholar's work may be determined by his chromosomes or his experience, his nature or nurture, they are still his variations. Like most copyrightable works, whether they are artistic creations, literary works, musical compositions, or some other form of expression, the scholar's translation of the Iliad bears characteristic attributes of authorship: the work is unique; (13) it owes its existence to the scholar; it is the product of the scholar's intellectual labor; its form reflects the author's intentions and conveys his message; and it reflects the scholar's individuality--his personality, his experiences, his "self." Yet consider the following hypotheticals, moving now from the field of scholarly translation to that of abstract painting, where unfettered originality would seem most feasible. * Artist A notices a pleasing pattern on the floor of a hardware store, where countless people have carelessly dripped paint. …