The article treats verbal irony in the poetry of two emblematic Estonian poets, Heiti Talvik and Betti Alver. The texts analysed are from the 1930s. Following the example of many scholars of irony, I have distinguished between two basic types of irony: verbal irony and situational irony. The first departs from the traditional definition of irony (saying one thing and meaning the contrary) and centres on the use of language, on certain verbal and stylistic devices that make the receiver of the text perceive it as ironic. Situational irony refers to the recognition of the coexistence of incompatible opposites, to the feeling of the most absurd unexpectedness. The aim of the article is to locate and explain the functioning mechanisms of this verbal device in the poetry of Heiti Talvik and Betti Alver. First, there are ironies based on antonyms and/or on the negation of predication, which can be categorized as instances of classic rhetorical irony. We find in Talvik's and Alver's poetry few metaphors that can be explained as simple ironic metaphors (L is said but metaphorically N is meant, which in turn must be changed to its opposite value to reach the final referent N ->M=~N). Metonymy has a great inherent potential for irony: if the whole is represented by one of its parts, this often produces a mocking effect, which is the basic characteristic of irony. One can identify a particular kind of ironic metonymy in Talvik's and Alver's poetry when proper names (such as Casanova or Jeanne d'Arc) are used to indicate certain traits (the art of living and courage), while actually meaning the opposite (triviality and cowardice). Similar to the first group of classic irony are those instances where ironic oppositions between what is said and what is meant are not based on antonyms but rather on the difference between the highest, the most valuable level, of the imaginable scale and the zero point; for example, what is said is noble, but what is meant is ridiculous. In Alver's poetry, there are texts that imply antonymic ironic oppositions (pastpresent, local-foreign, sensibility-reflection) but it is not possible to decide for either pole, since ambivalence remains. Well known among scholars of irony, Dan Sperber's and Deirdre Wilson's theory of irony as a type of mention is superbly applicable to instances interpreted as ironic in Talvik's and Alver's poetry. As Sperber and Wilson have explained, "use of an expression involves reference to what the expression refers, mention of an expression involves reference to the expression itself" (Sperber, Wilson 1981: 303); in the case of irony, the speaker produces a phrase, hinting at the same time that it is improper, ridiculous or in some other way unsuitable to the situation. The theory of irony as a type of mention fits well with Oswald Ducrot's theory of the polyphony of language, which distinguishes between the speaker (locuteur) and the enunciator (enonciateur). In ordinary discourse, these often coincide, but irony is one of the cases in which the speaker produces statements that he himself does not believe in. In Alver's and Talvik's poetry, there are many instances of irony which can best be explained as the mention of an opinion held by another which is unacceptable to the speaker himself. Quite similar to irony as a type of mention is ironic role play in which the speaker is clearly not identifiable with the implied author, since the role taken is opposed to the standpoint of the implied author. Talvik's and Alver's poetry does not contain pure role play but only elements of it.


We initiate a systematic study on $\mathit{dynamic}$ $\mathit{influence}$ $\mathit{maximization}$ (DIM). In the DIM problem, one maintains a seed set $S$ of at most $k$ nodes in a dynamically involving social network, with the goal of maximizing the expected influence spread while minimizing the amortized updating cost. We consider two evolution models. In the $\mathit{incremental}$ model, the social network gets enlarged over time and one only introduces new users and establishes new social links, we design an algorithm that achieves $(1-1/e-\epsilon)$-approximation to the optimal solution and has $k \cdot\mathsf{poly}(\log n, \epsilon^{-1})$ amortized running time, which matches the state-of-art offline algorithm with only poly-logarithmic overhead. In the $\mathit{fully}$ $\mathit{dynamic}$ model, users join in and leave, influence propagation gets strengthened or weakened in real time, we prove that under the Strong Exponential Time Hypothesis (SETH), no algorithm can achieve $2^{-(\log n)^{1-o(1)}}$-approximation unless the amortized running time is $n^{1-o(1)}$. On the technical side, we exploit novel adaptive sampling approaches that reduce DIM to the dynamic MAX-k coverage problem, and design an efficient $(1-1/e-\epsilon)$-approximation algorithm for it. Our lower bound leverages the recent developed distributed PCP framework.


The purpose of this study was to determine and describe the ideas, that is, a mental construction of perceived reality and values, which are expressed in the Swedish Disability Act and its Government Bill. By means of text analysis, four concepts of reality and values have been identified: (1) Citizenship and justice, (2) The collective and integration, (3) The individual and autonomy, and (4) Decentralization and power shifts. The study also shows that social rights and social citizenship have been strengthened via legislation for individuals with comprehensive disabilities. It is also demonstrated that there is considerable room in the legislation for conflicts between the two concepts and values of collective/integration and the individual/autonomy. It can also be observed that there is a considerable risk that citizens are not treated in a similar manner as regards the interpretation and application of the Disability Act, which may lead to lack of legal security.


Every day, a terrible amount of electricity is used for cooling the insides of the living area in a building, be it in form of air conditioners or a huge HVAC system. And this accounts for 17% of the national delivered energy and 19% on the total carbon dioxide emissions of our nation and is almost the same for all the tropical and sub-tropical countries. This not only pressurises the extended use of electricity, but also the pockets of middle class individuals. The need of cooling arises from the fact that masonry or concrete block walls absorb a high amount of incident solar radiations, and conduct it too to the inside. This results in increased heat content in the inside and subsequently increased loads on the air conditioning systems which in turn results in increased electricity use and increased bills. The problem occurs during night time also when the walls have absorbed heat, they tend to release it towards the colder end, which in most cases are the inside of the buildings. This further contribute to higher loads in terms of kWs on the AC compressor and thus further increase of expenditures on cooling alone. The concept lies in insulating a structure (residential or commercial), with the use of plastic sheets of nominal thickness (say, 8-10mm.) of extremely low thermal conductivity, which would cut down the two of three methods of heating i.e. radiation and convection. This would prevent the walls to absorb heat during day time and thus, lesser cooling costs. The idea serves dual purpose, the rst being lowering of electricity use would ultimately lead to saving of fossil fuels, the second, as it would be made from partly virgin and Municipal Solid Waste, it would help in lowering down of the plastic heap from the dump yards. It would be applied on the exteriors of the building walls, in form of 5ft*3ft sheet of thickness 8-10mm and thermal conductivity of the order of 10-1 W/m K or lower, which would be sufcient to resist inward ow of heat to the walls. Hence, no absorption of heat would mean no release of heat and thus cooler insides would directly have positive effects on the cooling costs.


Amblycephalus tropidonotus nov. spec. Rostral slightly broader than long scarcely visible from above; internasals much shorter than the praefrontals, latter entering the eye; frontal hexagonal, more long than broad, nearly twice as long as its distance from the tip of the snout, a little shorter than the parietals; supraocular nearly half as broad as the frontal; loreal much longer than deep, entering the eye; no praeocular; 7 supralabials, 3rd and 4th entering the eye; one large praeocular; 1st and 2nd infralabial in contact with an azygos chinshield, this shield is in contact with the symphysial, much broader than long and is followed by 3 pairs of chinshields, all broader than long; temporals 2 + 2 + 2. Body compressed. Scales in 15 rows, smooth, those of the middle row larger than the adjacent scales, laterally compressed and forming a ridge along the middle of the back '). Ventrals 200—204, anal entire, subcaudals 74—78. Buff coloured, the margins of the scales of the head darker; irregular dark crossbands along the sides of the body; many of the scales of the middle row with a light median line; underparts light coloured with small dark brown spots, irregularly scattered on the sides of some of the ventrals; the subcaudals with a dark spot on each side, on the latter half of the tail these spots meet those of the other side. This species is very nearly related to Amblycephalus vertebralis Blgr., from which it differs in having only one postocular, in the arrangement of the first lower labials which do not meet behind the symphysial, the latter being in contact with an azygos chinshield, and in the somewhat larger number of the subcaudals and the ventrals.


The search for a Global Standard Stratotype-section and Point (GSSP) for the Paleocene/Eocene boundary has resulted in several concurrent studies of the Upper Paleocene-Lower Eocene interval in sections across Egypt from the Eastern and Western Deserts to Upper Egypt where spectacular outcrops occur along the Nile Valley. These studies have brought a wealth of data but their conclusions have been occasionally contradictory. I introduce these, and other relevant, sections, describing their lithostratigraphy, biostratigraphy and chemostratigraphy, summarizing the main results of their study, and discussing conflicting interpretations. Special attention is given to the interval that yields a record of the short-term events that are specific to the carbon isotope excursion, or CIE, and whose base now constitutes the principal means of correlation of the Paleocene/Eocene boundary.


The 2012 Chicago Area Study surveyed 229 center directors in 33 ZIP Codes on the West and North sides of Chicago. All centers and preschools that served three- and four-year-old in these ZIP Codes were eligible, except those located in the public schools. Eligible settings included preschools in churches, private schools, and community organizations as well as preschool programs and full-day care in standalone childcare centers. Fully 70% of eligible directors participated in the study. For simplicity we refer to all participants as "centers." We prepared a set of initial research briefs to disseminate basic study findings. Each of these briefs describes a set of data collected in the survey for the sample as a whole and across five types of ZIP Codes. The five ZIP Code types allow us to provide a basic portrait of differences in center characteristics depending on the race-ethnicity and income of the community. The five types of ZIP Codes are: (1) mixed race, low income, (2) majority non-Hispanic Black, low income, (3) majority Hispanic, low income, (4) majority non-Hispanic White, middle income, and (5) majority non-Hispanic White, high income. The cutoffs between low/middle and between middle/high income are $48,500 and $70,000 respectively (about two and three times the federal poverty line for a family of four in 2011). We define a location as being a majority of one race-ethnicity if the ZIP Code is comprised of at least 50% of that racial/ethnic group (see CAS 2012 Research Brief #1 for additional details). The Chicago Area Study collects survey data on life in the Chicago metropolitan area. Its purpose is to collect original social science data that inform policymaking and social science theory, provide hands-on methods training to students in survey research methods, and fund faculty research on pressing issues in the metro area. The overarching goal of the 2012 Chicago Area Study was to reveal how early childhood programs were coping with the "great recession" and how this economic crisis may be widening disparities in access to early childhood programs. The study also examined four central themes: (1) disparities in access to and utilization of childcare, (2) providers' knowledge, experience, and attitudes toward state and local programs and policies, (3) providers' knowledge of and relationships with other childcare providers and other service providers in the community, and (4) how providers perceived professional definitions of childcare quality and alternative cultural definitions of childcare quality.


Hydrogels may be described as cross~linked hydrophilic polymers that swell but do not dissolve in water. They have been utilised in many biomedical applications, as there is the potential to manipulate the properties for a given application by changing the chemical structure of the constituent monomers. This project is focused on the development of novel hydrogels for keratoprosthesis (KPro). The most commonly used KPro model consists of a tansparent central stem witb a porous peripheral skirt. Clear poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) core material used in the Strampelli KPros prosthesis has not been the cause of failure found in other core and skirt prostheses. However, epithelialization of this kind of solid, rigid optic material is clearly impossible. The approach to the development of a hydrogeJ for potential KPro use adopted in this work is to develop soft core material to mimic the properties of the natural cornea by incorporating some hydrophilic monomers such as N, N-dimethyacrylamide (NNSMA) N~vinyl pyrrolidone (NVP) and acryloylmorpholine (AMO) with methyl methactylate (MMA). Most of these materials have been used in other ophthalmic applications, such as contact lens. However, an unavoidable limitation of simple .MMA copolymers as conventional hydrogels is poor mechanical strength. The hydrogel for use in this application must be able to withstand the stresses involved during the surgical procedure involved with KPro surgery and the in situ stresses such as the deforming force of the eyelid during the blink cycle. Thus, semi-interpenetrating polymer networks (SIPNs) based on ester polyurethane, AMO, NVP and NNDMA were examined in this work and were found to have much improved mechanical properties at water contents between 40% and 70%. Polyethylene glycol monomethacrylate (PEG MA) was successfully incorporated in order to modulate protein deposition and cell adhesion. Porous peripheral skirts were fabricated using different types of porosigen. The water content mechanical properties, surface properties and cell response of these various materials have been investigated in this thesis. These studies demonstrated that simple hydrogel SIPNs which show isotropic mechanical behaviour, are not ideal KPro materials since they do not mimic the anisotropic behaviour of natural cornea. The final stage of the work has concentrated on the study of hydrogels reinforced with mesh materials. They offer a promising approach to making a hydrogel that is very flexible but strong under tension, thereby having mechanical properties closer to the natural cornea than has been previously possible.


Trans-national migration is now a global phenomenon, affecting an increasing amount of persons, many of whom have already completed a form of higher education in their country of origin or earlier residence at the time of migration. There is consequently a need to evaluate foreign degrees and assess migrants' professional competence beyond their initial borders. Recognition of diplomas against the background of the integration process is the core of this article. Combining considerations regarding migration and integration of highly educated international migrants on the labour market of their target countries with a closer perspective on the process of validation of foreign higher education and professional competence in Sweden, the article treats this topic as a European example of the development of an issue of increasing importance in years to come.


The South African anti-dumping regime has a long way to go when compared to jurisdiction like the United States. Furthermore, consolidation of South Africa's anti-dumping laws into a comprehensive statute preferably incorporating the terminology used in the GATT Antidumping Code, would silence cries that South Africa's anti-dumping regime is excessively protective. However, it would be jurisprudentially unsound to judge a country's compliance with its international obligations solely in terms of its verbatim adoption of the substantive and procedural provisions of an international instrument in its implementing statutes. South Africa is moving rapidly in the direction of making its anti-dumping regime GATT compatible.


The Problem The tremendous difficulties facing the teaching profession are especially acute in New York City public schools. It is not coincidental that the rate of attrition among teachers during their first five years of service is higher tha 40%. Many of those who leave the City go to surrounding suburban areas; others leave the profession entirely. They leave a school system that, in large measure, remains staffed with beginning teachers who are not yet certified (State of New York, 1993). The Program The Effective Teaching Program, organized and administered by the New York City United Federation of Teachers and the New York State United Teachers Association, is a unique program that provides graduate-level training to members of the United Federation of Teachers in all curriculum areas, as well a classroom strategies and management techniques. The program began in 1979 with single course. By September 1993, eight courses were offered, including some tailored to special-education teachers. The courses are taught by experienced New York City teachers who have been prepared by special training. Most courses run for twelve weeks; the maximum class size is twenty-four. Completion of each course earns three credits from a cooperating university. Each course costs $320. Research suggests that effective professional development courses should deal with well-written, practical lesson plans, hands-on leadership, and student involvement (Lieberman, 1991). In the Effective Teaching Program, assessment of the students' needs, along with analyses of course content, are major sources used in defining course objectives. The survey reported here was undertaken to determine whether or not teachers who had completed specific courses in the Effective Teaching Program felt that the courses had increased their knowledge or teaching skills. Methods The subjects were teachers of general and special education at the elementary, junior high, and high school level in the New York City school system who had completed courses in the Effective Teaching Program. They had from one to ten years of teaching experience. A questionnaire was distributed at the last session of every class. This questionnaire was based on the Likert five-point scale, ranging from poor to excellent, in which subjects respond to each item in terms of their degree of agreement or disagreement with it. Because this type of questionnaire measures only the favorableness of subjects' attitudes, space was provided for comments, which were also used in assessing opinions. Based on the literature and using the Interactive Model of Staff Development (Lieherman & Miller, 1991), the item in the questionnaire were chosen for their relevance to the specific guidelines and objectives of the Effective Teaching Program. In addition, each subject responded to a nine-question telephone interview. Results On the five-point scale used, students' ratings of the courses they took were generally high, with a mean rating of 4.60 for all courses taken together. Students' subjective comments were consistent with their high rating of courses Responses were also evaluated in relation to four specific categories: Teaching Staff Two questions directly elicited respondents' opinions about the quality of teaching. The mean response to one question, "Was sufficient guidance given to promote learning?" was 4.90 the mean response to the other question, "Was the instructor positive and enthusiastic?" was 4.49. Teachers taking the courses responded positively to the intrinsically practical approach of their instructors, seeing it as an advantage that they were not only experienced, but were currently teaching within the City school system. Moreover, students felt that the instructors were well-prepared and knowledgeable. They reported that instructors encourage discussion and dialogue, and used motivational activities along with positive reinforcement. …


A very high accuracy, straight vibrating tube type of density flow meter has been used online to measure oil concentraiton of flowing R-134a/oil mixtures. The calibrations covered oil concentrations from 0-6 wt.% oil over the temperature range from -9.4 to 5.9°C. The oil concentrations were correlated statistically as a function of density, temperature and liquid compressibility to an average error of 0.09 wt.% oil with a 95% confidence limit of 0.21 wt.% oil. In addition, a simplified method not requiring calibration tests was developed for general industrial application of the density flowmeter to any refrigerant-oil mixture combination, with an average error of 0.22 wt.% oil and 95% confidence limit of 0.67 wt.% oil for the present data set.


Reference price effect on consumer choices is an acknowledged phenomenon in marketing literature. Several studies have explored this issue using both observational studies and choice experiments. Furthermore, evidence exists on different consumer behaviour when shopping in traditional stores and online. Hence, question arises on whether and how consumers take into account reference price when shopping online. This study aims to analyze and compare consumer behaviour in online stores and traditional stores. A definition of reference price based on past prices is adopted and a discrete choice model is proposed, which includes gain and losses as additional product attributes, with individual-specific coefficients. The model is applied on observed cola purchases (home scan data) in traditional supermarkets and in an online store. Results indicate that loss aversion does play a role in online choices, but the effect is smaller if compared to choices in traditional stores.


Purpose – This paper seeks to present an invited response to a paper describing the historical relationship between the New Zealand Institute of Chartered Accountants (and its predecessor body) and the universities in New Zealand.Design/methodology/approach – The paper is conceptual and takes the form of a commentary/review of the findings of the principal paper.Findings – The paper adds to the description in the principal paper and presents additional factors that are necessary in assessing the relationship between the professional body and the university sector.Originality/value – The paper extends the discussion in the principal paper with some reflection on the nature of professionalism and argues that a broader appreciation of professionalism is necessary to judge the effectiveness of the relationship in question.


Abstract The growing size and complexity of modern foodservices require sophisticated methods to analyze the efficiency of cook-hotholding, cook-chill (traditional and modified) and cook-freeze foodservice systems. Partial ratios coupled with regression analysis used in the past do not provide a comprehensive measurement of the overall performance. Furthermore, the multiple operational inputs and outputs of foodservices which are difficult to conceptualize as well as complex relationships between technical attributes of the systems and the so-called interfering factors (production volume, the use of information technologies, state or raw materials, age of equipment, etc.) require sophisticated productivity measurement techniques. These include the Data Envelopment, Stochastic Frontier, Thick Frontier, and Distribution Free Analysis. In this paper, the nature of the systems' inputs and outputs as well as the traditional and advanced approaches in measuring productivity are reviewed. It was concluded that Stochastic Frontier Analysis is the preferredmethod as it takes into account measurement error, thus allowing for additional evidence on the true structure of the efficiency frontier.


Adversarial examples causing evasive predictions are widely used to evaluate and improve the robustness of machine learning models. However, current studies on adversarial examples focus on supervised learning tasks, relying on the ground-truth data label, a targeted objective, or supervision from a trained classifier. In this paper, we propose a framework of generating adversarial examples for unsupervised models and demonstrate novel applications to data augmentation. Our framework exploits a mutual information neural estimator as an information-theoretic similarity measure to generate adversarial examples without supervision. We propose a new MinMax algorithm with provable convergence guarantees for efficient generation of unsupervised adversarial examples. Our framework can also be extended to supervised adversarial examples. When using unsupervised adversarial examples as a simple plug-in data augmentation tool for model retraining, significant improvements are consistently observed across different unsupervised tasks and datasets, including data reconstruction, representation learning, and contrastive learning. Our results show novel methods and advantages in studying and improving robustness of unsupervised learning problems via adversarial examples. Our codes are available at https://github.com/IBM/UAE


This paper aims to look closely at the achievement of coherence in interpreting through the prism of metadiscourse, a set of grammatical resources instrumental in organizing a discourse, guiding the recipients towards an author/speaker's preferred interpretation while taking account of their needs and expectation. Despite a general consensus on the role of the umbrella term, opinions vary on what falls under it. Further, while the conception sets an illuminating framework for empirical endeavors to delve into the way in which meaning is negotiated and represented at discoursal level, its discussion is often confined to the analysis of written text in specific genre (e.g. academic treatise), leaving its role in oral discourse scarcely explored. In this paper, we propose an adapted taxonomy for the analysis of devices as such in interpretation and relate them to the building of coherence in interpreted events. Qualitative analysis of instances from real-life situations is then presented to show that successful communication in interpreting does not only come as a result of rendering the propositional message, but also involves a process of skillfully managing various metadiscoursal devices in reconstructing intertextual and intratextual conherences, both of which serve the same communicative goal with neither enjoying precedence over the other. The proposed taxonomy of metadiscourse may have some pedagogical and practical implications.


Many professionals in health, education, and community service roles are caught in a particular bind of identity-they live in a complex social borderland of credibility and professional authority while experiencing or having experienced the same discrimination, violence or trauma that they are committed to conquering. For some, the disclosure of their own stories of marginalization has become a tool for advocacy, for telling a larger truth; for others, self-disclosure is a more personal action, intended to assist isolated others in developing trust and connection. Linde Zingaro, a lifelong social service worker and activist, interviewed several colleagues who have chosen to speak out in this way, talking with them about their ethics and intentions, and collaborating to identify some of the risks of negative personal and professional consequences for the practitioner. She uses their voices-and her own-to illustrate some of the ways that these people have learned to safely and effectively use the transformative potential of storytelling as significant social action. This examination of speaking out as a meaningful social practice may help other workers, activists, and community researchers in their efforts to be heard in the interests of a more just society.


Bacillus subtilis is considered as a potential antagonist for fungal control due to its ability to produce a wide range of antibiotics. This study determines the antifungal activity of the native B. subtilis XL62 and we purify, identify, and characterize the antifungal protein. The results show that the growth inhibitory activity to Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani of the crude supernatant of B. subtilis XL62 was proportional to the concentration. At the highest concentration (50%), the growth inhibition reached 90% and 100% for F. oxysporum, and R. solani, respectively. Furthermore, the crude supernatant of B. subtilis XL62 also inhibited the germination and growth of R. solani. The growth of sclerotia was almost completely inhibited at the concentration of 20% and the ability to germinate was lost at the concentration of 50%. Antifungal proteins were isolated from the crude bacterial supernatant using ammonium sulphate precipitation followed by passage over DEAE-cellulose and Biogel P100 columns. The purified protein had an apparent molecular mass of 22 kDa. Its antifungal activity was retained even at 100 °C, for 60 min and after treatment with proteinase K (0.5–2.5 μg/ml). The results of protein identification using a MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometer suggest that the purified protein is indeed a chitin-binding protein.


Skutterudite materials are widely considered for thermoelectric waste heat recovery. While the skutterudite structure effectively scatters the high frequency phonons, grain-boundary engineering is needed to further reduce the thermal conductivity beyond simply decreasing grain size. Here, we show that reduced graphene oxide (rGO) increases the grain boundary thermal resistivity by a factor of 3 to 5 compared to grain boundaries without graphene. Wrapping even micron sized grains with graphene leads to such a significant reduction in the thermal conductivity that a high thermoelectric figure of merit zT = 1.5 was realized in n-type YbyCo4Sb12, while a zT of 1.06 was achieved in p-type CeyFe3CoSb12. A 16 leg thermoelectric module was made by using n- and p-type skutterudite–graphene nanocomposites that exhibited conversion efficiency 24% higher than a module made without graphene. Engineering grain boundary complexions with 2-D materials introduces a new strategy for advanced thermoelectric materials.


Needle insertion procedures are commonly used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. In this paper, an image-guided control system is developed to robotically steer flexible needles with an asymmetric tip. Knowledge about needle deflection is required for accurate steering. Two different models to predict needle deflection are presented. The first is a kinematics-based model, and the second model predicts needle deflection that is based on the mechanics of needle–tissue interaction. Both models predict deflection of needles that undergo multiple bends. The maximum targeting errors of the kinematics-based and the mechanics-based models for 110-mm insertion distance using a $\phi$ 0.5-mm needle are 0.8 and 1.7 mm, respectively. The kinematics-based model is used in the proposed image-guided control system. The control system accounts for target motion during the insertion procedure by detecting the target position in each image frame. Five experimental cases are presented to validate the real-time control system using both camera and ultrasound images as feedback. The experimental results show that the targeting errors of camera and ultrasound image-guided steering toward a moving target are 0.35 and 0.42 mm, respectively. The targeting accuracy of the algorithm is sufficient to reach the smallest lesions ($\phi$ 2 mm) that can be detected using the state-of-the-art ultrasound imaging systems.


This study investigated whether encountering the target language words in variety of reading texts would have positive effects on vocabulary development or not. The participants of the study were 55 EFL learners from a state university in Turkey, and two classes were randomly assigned to a control (n=27) or an experimental (n=28) group. 58 English target words in total were chosen to be used in the study. The learners in the experimental group learnt the words through reading texts, and then they repeated them in different reading texts. That is to say, these students had the opportunity to meet the target words in different types of reading texts. Contrary to this, the learners in the control group encountered the words in reading texts only once, and then they repeated them in word lists out of context. A vocabulary test as pre-, post- and delayed post-test was used to measure vocabulary gain and retention. The data obtained from the vocabulary test were analyzed through paired-samples t-tests and independent-samples t-tests to see how the implementation affected the learners' vocabulary development. Additionally, a writing task was used to find out the effects of the implementation on the learners' vocabulary production. The findings showed that encountering words in different reading texts was more effective for vocabulary gain, use and retention.


Bilingual machine-readable dictionaries are knowledge resources useful in many automatic tasks. However, compared to monolingual computational lexicons like WordNet, bilingual dictionaries typically provide a lower amount of structured information such as lexical and semantic relations, and often do not cover the entire range of possible translations for a word of interest. In this paper we present Cycles and Quasi-Cycles (CQC), a novel algorithm for the automated disambiguation of ambiguous translations in the lexical entries of a bilingual machine-readable dictionary. The dictionary is represented as a graph, and cyclic patterns are sought in this graph to assign an appropriate sense tag to each translation in a lexical entry. Further, we use the algorithm's output to improve the quality of the dictionary itself, by suggesting accurate solutions to structural problems such as misalignments, partial alignments and missing entries. Finally, we successfully apply CQC to the task of synonym extraction.


In this Communication, a competing self-sorting system containing benzo-21-crown-7, dibenzo-24-crown-8 and two secondary ammonium salts is constructed, which is then modified to achieve a hetero[3]pseudorotaxane with a specific sequence of wheels. With these two systems, we successfully demonstrate the concept of integrative self-sorting, and their relation. Furthermore, based on this self-sorting scheme, a hetero[3]rotaxane with an efficient stopper cascade has been synthesized.


Intracellular diffusion restrictions for ADP and other molecules have been predicted earlier based on experiments on permeabilized fibers or cardiomyocytes. However, it is possible that the effective diffusion distance is larger than the cell dimensions due to clumping of cells and incomplete separation of cells in fiber preparations. The aim of this work was to check whether diffusion restrictions exist inside rat cardiomyocytes or are caused by large effective diffusion distance. For that, we determined the response of oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) to exogenous ADP and ATP stimulation in permeabilized rat cardiomyocytes using fluorescence microscopy. The state of OxPhos was monitored via NADH and flavoprotein autofluorescence. By varying the ADP or ATP concentration in flow chamber, we determined that OxPhos has a low affinity in cardiomyocytes. The experiments were repeated in a fluorometer on cardiomyocyte suspensions leading to similar autofluorescence changes induced by ADP as recorded under the microscope. ATP stimulated OxPhos more in a fluorometer than under the microscope, which was attributed to accumulation of ADP in fluorometer chamber. By calculating the flow profile around the cell in the microscope chamber and comparing model solutions to measured data, we demonstrate that intracellular structures impose significant diffusion obstacles in rat cardiomyocytes.


A software program that searches and browses mission data emulates a Web browser, containing standard meta - phors for Web browsing. By taking advantage of back-end URLs, users may save and share search states. Also, since a Web interface is familiar to users, training time is reduced. Familiar back and forward buttons move through a local search history. A refresh/reload button regenerates a query, and loads in any new data. URLs can be constructed to save search results. Adding context to the current search is also handled through a familiar Web metaphor. The query is constructed by clicking on hyperlinks that represent new components to the search query. The selection of a link appears to the user as a page change; the choice of links changes to represent the updated search and the results are filtered by the new criteria. Selecting a navigation link changes the current query and also the URL that is associated with it. The back button can be used to return to the previous search state. This software is part of the MSLICE release, which was written in Java. It will run on any current Windows, Macintosh, or Linux system.


Reacting in an unpredictable context increases error monitoring as evidenced by greater error-related negativity (ERN), an electrophysiological marker linked to an evaluation of response outcomes. We investigated whether ERN also increased when participants evaluated their responses to events that appeared in unpredictable versus predictable moments in time. We complemented electroencephalographic (EEG) analysis of cortical activity by measuring performance monitoring processes at the peripheral level using electromyography (EMG). Specifically, we used EMG data to quantify how temporal unpredictability would affect motor time (MT), the interval between the onset of muscle activity, and the mechanical response. MT increases following errors, indexing online error detection, and an attempt to stop incorrect actions. In our temporally cued version of the stop-signal task, symbolic cues predicted (temporally predictable condition) or not (temporally unpredictable condition) the onset of a target. In 25% of trials, an auditory signal occurred shortly after the target presentation, informing participants that they should inhibit their response completely. Response times were slower, and fewer inhibitory errors were made during temporally unpredictable than predictable trials, indicating enhanced control of unwanted actions when target onset time was unknown. Importantly, the ERN to inhibitory errors was greater in temporally unpredictable relative to temporally predictable conditions. Similarly, EMG data revealed prolonged MT when reactions to temporally unpredictable targets had not been stopped. Taken together, our results show that a temporally unpredictable environment increases the control of unwanted actions, both at cortical and peripheral levels, suggesting a higher subjective cost of maladaptive responses to temporally uncertain events.


A network of 40 real-time, automated atmospheric monitoring stations was deployed in Oklahoma City and of- ficially commissioned on 8 November 2008: the Oklahoma City Micronet (OKCNET). The Oklahoma City Micronet in- cludes 36 stations mounted on traffic signals which utilize the Vaisala WXT510 sensor. As part of the design of the WXT510, an impact sensor is utilized for the collection of rainfall observations. Prior to deployment in Oklahoma City, an array of 33 WXT510 sensors were deployed at the OKCNET intercomparison facility and compared with traditional instruments used to measure rainfall including tipping bucket rain gauges and a Geonor weighing gauge. The results of the comparison revealed that a consistent, linear bias was present between the WXT510 sensors and the traditional gauges whereby, on average, the traditional gauges measured approximately 26% less precipitation than the WXT510 sensors. In addition, the variation in recorded rainfall between WXT510 sensors was consistent with that recorded by the tipping bucket gauges. As such, a correction was developed using the WXT510 and tipping bucket data. This correction was ap- plied to the WXT510 rainfall observations and cross-verified using the Geonor gauge data. The overall result of the study yielded a bulk correction that can be applied to rainfall observations recorded by the WXT510 to greatly improve the ac- cumulated rainfall values. This correction is designed to improve the overall accuracy of the observations without specifi- cally calibrating each individual WXT510 sensor and is valid regardless of rainfall intensity, length of the precipitation event, seasonal characteristics of the rainfall, or rainfall type (i.e., stratiform, convective, etc.).


This work covers two closely related topics: a theoretical study on the origins of friction and an experimental study on the growth of graphene. Both fundamental studies are focusing on the atomic processes involved. The study on friction treats the dissipation that takes places at one single friction contact. We show that the current explanations result in a discrepancy that we solve by evalutation of the mass involved: this mass is orders of magnitude smallar than assumed. The very small and dynamic mass at a friction contact forms an efficient channel of dissipation. This explanation allows us to understand and predict the friction behavior of surfaces at both the small and large scale. The study of graphene growth investigates the growth process of graphene at the atomic scale with a Scannning Tunneling Microscope in situ. We use our high- and, variable-temperature STM to determine the lowest nucleation temperature of graphene on Ir(111). Additionaly, individual steps that follow up each other during growth are clarified and presented. The graphene film closure is studied as well, which showed that graphene introduces internal strain in order to prevent local lattice defects. Our results are important for the improvement of the quality of graphene.


To design the first steps, the City of Berlin performed an Open Data Online Voting. More than 1.300 participants voted for three interesting categories out of a list of 20. A list from "Administration" via  "Education" and "Health" to "Waste" was given. Five categories covered nearly 50 percent of the responders interest. The statistical results of the Survey were compared to a SAS survey about the general interest in Open Data, Transparency and Access from 2010. The Citizens were also asked, if they would read published Open Data and work with Open Data, to create Apps and Visualisation of combined Data Sets. This could be used as a blueprint for other cities.


Background : Determining the etiologic causes of septic arthritis is of the most importance. Goal of this study was to investigate presence of staphylococcal enterotoxins A, B, C and Toxic Shock Staphylococcal toxin-1 in the synovial fluid of patients with arthritis. Methods : This cross-sectional study was performed in the Pediatric and Orthopedic Wards of Hazrat Rasoul Hospital in Tehran, Iran during 2008- 2010. Gram stains, conventional cultures, direct detection of soluble bacterial antigens were used to detect H. influenza, S. pneumonia, group B streptococci, and N. meningitidis while Latex particle agglutination test was used for staphylococcal supper antigens (by enzyme immunoassays) upon synovial fluid tapping of 62 individuals (5 mo to 16 yrs, mean=113.8 yrs). P Results : Positive SF cultures (n=11): 5 positive cases of S. aureus; 5 S. pneumonia; 1 H. influenza, and 1 Klebsiella. Positive gram stains: 10%; and positive LPA: 4%. Staphylococcal arthritis was diagnosed in 7 (39%) cases upon positive culture or positive gram stain. The most common type was TSST-1 (47%) and the least common was enterotoxin B (18%). Isolation of S. aureus (positive culture) was correlated to presence of enterotoxin A in synovial fluid but not to enterotoxins B, C or TSST-1. Conclusion : Staph. aureus had a prominent role in arthritis. 47% of cases with negative culture for S. aureus had at least one type of staphylococcal super antigens in the synovial fluid. Searching for antigens of usual organisms or staphylococcal supper antigens could be helpful for diagnosis and


Ice shelves play an important role in the mass balance of an ice sheet, by providing a link between the ocean and ice. Melting at the base of an ice shelf can play a vital role in its mass balance and stability. Topographic channel features have been found on the base of ice shelves, and have been found to alter melting, however the mechanism behind this alteration is unknown. Petermann Glacier is a major outlet glacier in North West Greenland, draining approximately 6% of Greenland Ice Sheet. It terminates in a long, thin ice shelf, constrained within a high-walled fjord. The ice shelf has pronounced longitudinal channel features on its base, which limited observations suggest direct ocean currents in a mixed layer of ocean and melt waters, focusing melt in these regions. Petermann Glacier underwent two large calving events in 2010 and 2012, and the impact of these events, or possible further calving events, on basal melting is unknown.

Using the MITgcm to model the ocean cavity beneath an idealised ice shelf, this thesis discusses the impact of basal channels on interactions at the ice base and circulation within the cavity. This is supplemented with a modelling investigation into the interactions beneath Petermann Glacier, and the impact of recent calving events. The inclusion of channels was found to have a stabilising effect on the ice shelf by decreasing the mean basal melt rate, caused by the refocusing, and decrease in intensity of, the meltwater layer flow beneath the ice shelf. This stabilisation and resulting `survivor bias' explains why channels are commonly found on the base of warm water ice shelves. The model of Petermann Glacier found similar melt patterns to observational studies, however with a lesser magnitude. The calving events of 2010 and 2012 removed areas of ice shelf with low melt rates, resulting in little impact on the overall volume of ice removed through ocean melting, though further calving would vastly reduce the volume of ice melted. One consequence of calving is the increase in melting-induced undercutting at the ice front, leading to the potential for enhanced secondary calving.

Part of the results contained within this thesis are published as: Millgate, T., P.R. Holland, A. Jenkins and H.L. Johnson (2013), The effect of basal channels on oceanic ice-shelf melting, Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans, 118, doi:10.1002/2013JC009402.


In certain older oil wells in the Middle East, the produced fluid is predominantly natural gas which flows at very high rates (e.g. 50,000 ). Smaller quantities of crude oil (e.g. 50 ) and water (950 ) are also produced. Given the relatively much higher flow rate of the gas the flow regime is annular with most of the liquid flowing in a thin film on the pipe wall. The annular flow regime makes measurement of the total liquid flow rate difficult. It is even more difficult to measure the individual flow rate of either the oil or the water. In a vertical Perspex pipe (i.d. = 50 mm) using a newly-designed flow loop in the University of Huddersfield, annular flow was established and different measurements were carried out. At the first stage, only water-air annular flow was being used to investigate the possible measurement techniques to achieve the aim of this study. The techniques in this study include the use of conductivity probes to measure the liquid film thickness and to obtain the film velocity using the cross-correlation technique. The obtained results were compared to previous work by Zabaras and Dukler [1] for the same pipe diameter. The results of the present work have shown a good agreement with Zabaras and Dukler's work which indicates the success of the new measurement techniques.


[1] First and last occurrences of 389 diatom species from the first global Cenozoic record are used to reconstruct the position of major oceanographic boundaries. First appearances and extinctions group in three latitudinal bands: middle to high northern latitudes, equatorial region, and high southern latitudes. Sparse Paleogene occurrences were limited to southern high latitudes along the equivalent of the modern Antarctic polar front. Its late middle Eocene to middle Miocene position varied within 10°, and within a 20° band from middle Miocene to present, suggesting an association with global cooling. First and last occurrence events appear in the two remaining latitudinal regions during the Eocene and increase in a stepwise fashion, mimicking significant cooling events. At about 16 Ma, first and last appearances shift from the North Atlantic to the North Pacific. Low-latitude data suggest low surface water productivity prior to 40 Ma, while increased abundance from the middle Miocene correlates with expansion of the east Antarctic Ice Sheet.


Being a developed country, Malaysia has been receiving a large number of labour migrants from other neighboring countries. Statistics show that the total number of non-Malaysians in 2010 is 2.3 million compared to 1.3 million in the year 2000. It is over 8 percent of the total population in Malaysia and comprises mostly of Indonesian migrants. This phenomena has a great impact on Malaysia and its people.
The objective of this study is to determine the impact of Indonesian migrants from the locals' perception and also to determine if gender, ethnicity, religion, marital status, educational level, job industry and monthly income make a difference in their perception. The data used for this study were obtained from the Study on Indonesian Migrants in Tawau, Sabah conducted by the National Population and Family Development Board (NPFDB) Malaysia in 2010. The survey managed to obtain information from 787 locals in Tawau. The dependent variable is the overall perception of the locals on the impact of the Indonesian migrants while the independent variables are gender, ethnicity, religion, marital status, educational level, job industry and monthly income. Independent t-test and analysis of variances (ANOVA) were applied to the data set.
As a result, this study indicates that the locals in Tawau feel that the presence of the Indonesian migrants does have an effect on them. The mean score obtained was 95.053 out of a total of 135. The results of ANOVA showed that ethnicity (F = 6.950, df = 7), marital status (F = 12.320, df = 3), education level (F = 4.058, df = 7), job industry (F = 27.374, df = 3), and monthly income (F = 15.201, df = 6) contributed to the differences in the locals' perception on the impact of Indonesian migrants. Only gender and religion does not affect their perception. Thus, the entrance of Indonesian workers needs to be monitored as their presence are affecting the locals.


Sexual training is one of the most important and sensitive aspects of upbringing of children, to which little attention is paid for some reasons, such as shame, pudency, and being a taboo subject in some societies. Parents also do not have sufficient knowledge and insight into this context, and by gaining knowledge from invalid sources, maybe they cannot play this important educational role. This study has dealt with exploring parents' experiences about children sexual training, through a qualitative approach. This study was designed as a qualitative content analysis method. Thirty seven qualified parents were selected using a purposeful sampling method. Data collection was performed by holding 6 focus group discussions (FGDs) and 5 individual interviews. FGDs and individual interviews were written and data analysis was performed using a conventional content analysis. Analyzing participants` experiences in the sexual training of children, led to the emergence of three main categories; control and punishment of the child, restricting the child and trying to educate the child, as parenting strategies. The parents adopted several strategies for the sexual training of their children, most of them associated with control and restriction and some of which could have led to subsequent injuries. They had not received any education in this area and experienced frequent worry, doubt, and wandering during their children sexual training. Hence it seems necessary to provide valid educational resources according to the cultural and religious teachings, create opportunities to educate parents, and respond to their problems.


Although wetlands are well known as one of the most important ecosystems in the world, there are still few global wetland mapping efforts at present. To evaluate the wetland-related types of data accurately for both the Global Land Cover 2000 (GLC2000) data set and MODIS land cover data set (MOD12Q1), we used the China wetland map of 2000, which was interpreted manually based on Landsat TM images, to examine the precision of these global land cover data sets from two aspects (class area accuracy, and spatial agreement) across China. The results show that the area consistency coefficients of wetland-related types between the two global data sets and the reference data are 77.27% and 56.85%, respectively. However, the overall accuracy of relevant wetland types from GLC2000 is only 19.81% based on results of confusion matrix of spatial consistency, and similarly, MOD12Q1 is merely 18.91%. Furthermore, the accuracy of the peatlands is much lower than that of the water bodies according to the results of per-pixel comparison. The categories where errors occurred frequently mainly include grasslands, croplands, bare lands and part of woodland (deciduous coniferous forest, deciduous broadleaf forest and open shrubland). The possible reasons for the low precision of wetland-related land cover types include (1)the different aims of various products and therefore the inconsistent wetland definitions in their systems; (2) the coarse spatial resolution of satellite images used in global data; (3) Discrepancies in dates when images were acquired between the global data set and the reference data. Overall, the unsatisfactory results highlight that more attention should be paid to the application of these two global data products, especially in wetland-relevant types across China.


The opacity of spiral galaxies is examined by mod- elling the dust and stellar content of individual galaxies. The three dimensional model that we use assumes exponential dis- tributions for the dust and the stars in the disk, while the R 1=4 law is used to describe the bulge. In this model, both absorption and scattering by the dust are taken into account. The model is applied to five late-type spiral galaxies (NGC 4013, IC 2531, UGC 1082, NGC 5529 and NGC 5907) using their optical (and near infrared for IC 2531) surface photometry. For these galax- ies we have determined the scalelengths and scaleheights of the stars and the dust in the disk, the bulge characteristics, the in- clination angle and the face-on optical depth. Computation of the dust masses, as well as the extinction as a function of the wavelength, are also reported. Having analyzed a total of seven galaxies thus far, the five galaxies mentioned above plus UGC 2048 and NGC 891 pre- sented in (Xilouris et al. 1997, 1998), we are able to draw some general conclusions, the most significant of which are: 1) The face-on central optical depth is less than one in all optical bands, indicating that typical spiral galaxies like the ones that we have modelled would be completely transparent if they were to be seen face-on. 2) The dust scaleheight is about half that of the stars, which means that the dust is more concentrated near the plane of the disk. 3) The dust scalelength is about 1.4 times larger than that of the stars and the dust is more radially extended than the stars. 4) The dust mass is found to be about an order of a magnitude more than previously measured using the IRAS fluxes, indicat- ing the existence of a cold dust component. The gas-to-dust mass ratio calculated is close to the value derived for our Galaxy. 5) The derived extinction law matches quite well the Galactic extinction law, indicating a universal dust behaviour.


This article presents theory and research on the scientific study of emotion that emphasizes the importance of coherence as an optimal psychophysiological state. A dynamic systems view of the interrelations between psychological, cognitive and emotional systems and neural communication networks in the human organism provides a foundation for the view presented. These communication networks are examined from an information processing perspective and reveal a fundamental order in heart-brain interactions and a harmonious synchronization of physiological systems associated with positive emotions. The concept of coherence is drawn on to understand optimal functioning which is naturally reflected in the heart's rhythmic patterns. Research is presented identifying various psychophysiological states linked to these patterns, with neurocardiological coherence emerging as having significant impacts on well being. These include psychophysiological as well as improved cognitive performance. From this, the central role of the heart is explored in terms of biochemical, biophysical and energetic interactions. Appendices provide further details and research on; psychophysiological functioning, reference previous research in this area, details on research linking coherence with optimal cognitive performance, heart brain synchronization and the energetic signature of the various psychophysiological modes.


KATHLEEN CURRAN. The Romanesque Revival: Religion, Politics, and Transnational Exchange. University Park, Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2003. Pp. xxvii + 364, bibliography, index, black and white illustrations, color plates. $80.00. JAMES F. O'GORMAN, ED. The Makers of Trinity Church in the City of Boston. Amherst and Boston, Massachusetts: University of Massachusetts Press, 2004. Pp. xv + 206, index, illustrations, color plates. $39.95. Der Rundbogenstil is not a term that ordinarily springs trippingly from the tongues of students of Anglican history, but it is one of which we ought to become aware. Meaning literally "round-arched style," it refers more specifically to the Romanesque revival that began in early nineteenth-century Germany and spread, as Kathleen Curran narrates, throughout England and the United States in subsequent decades. Although never as popular as the more or less contemporaneous Gothic revival, especially among Anglicans, its origins and popularity, as Curran learnedly demonstrates, are important keys to understanding the circulation of religious and cultural ideas during this era. The original rationale for der Rundbogenstil, which in the usage of the day included not just the medieval Romanesque proper but architectural features extending from the early Christian era to the beginnings of the Italian Renaissance, was formulated by the German theorist Heinrich Hubsch and spread throughout the European world by the polymath Christian Carl Josias von Bunsen, who may be familiar to Anglican scholars as the subject of one of the articles in Essays and Reviews. Although Hubsch and others argued for the latter-day use of this ancient style on a variety of grounds, including the modern-sounding notion that form should reveal function, the most powerful appeal to many churchmen and lay patrons was the identification of the style with the early Christian community, before issues of ecclesiastical power had sundered Christendom into its mutually antagonistic components. In pre-Bismarckian Germany it inspired both Roman Catholic Ludwig I's rebuilding of Munich as well as the grand-scale enhancements of Berlin and its suburbs by Friedrich Wilhelm III and IV, who promoted the unification of Protestantism within their own Prussia, but aimed at a larger reunification of Christianity based on the primitive Christian principles illustrated in their favorite architectural style. This little-known story is of considerable interest in itself, but has Anglican implications as well. Germans were interested in church building and reform programs in England and Scotland, and English broad churchmen-especially Thomas Arnold and his coterie of fellow "Germano-Coleridgeans" based at Trinity College, Cambridge-found Bunsen and his ideas extremely congenial. Through these German contacts, the Romanesque came to be associated in England and America with opposition to the Gothic favored by the Oxford and, later, AngloCatholic parties, and also became the style of choice for many oi the dissenting groups now attaining middle-class status and wishing to express themselves architecturally on a monumental scale in urban settings. In the United States, the Romanesque revival was initially promoted by the first cadre to study at German universities, and who returned eager to promote a new approach to culture. In Prussia, education, charity, and religion all came under the purview of the Kultusministerium, for which the Rundbogenslil was the semi-official style. As a result several of the earliest American public libraries and museums were built in the Romanesque mode, including that peculiar center of the Smithsonian, James Renwick, Jr.'s "Castle" on the Mall. The style began to appear in a religious context first in Protestant churches, such as Richard Upjohn's chapel at Bowdoin College. Congregationalist Leonard Woods, the president of Bowdoin at the time, had been influenced strongly by the German-import Vermittlungsthelogie, as well as by the seeminglyomnipresent Bunsen. …


Submarine slope failures are a widespread, hazardous phenomenon on continental margins. The prevailing opinion links large submarine landslides along the glaciated NW European continental margins to overpressure generated by the alternation of rapidly deposited glacigenic and hemipelagic material. Here, we report a newly discovered large landslide complex off NW Svalbard. It differs from all known large slides off NW Europe, as the available data rule out that this slope failure resulted from rapid glacigenic deposition. This suggests that processes such as contour currents, tectonic faulting, and overpressure build-up related to the gas hydrate system must be considered for hazard assessment. Supplementary material: Supplementary data are available at http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18803.


This study examines past and contemporary configurations of Tamil identity as expressed through the different religious folk and musical experiences of the minority diasporic community in Malaysia. It seeks to show how deeply felt experiences of the colonial past still influence contemporary expressions of identity by Tamil hip-hop musicians in the context of the popular music industry in post-colonial Malaysia. In doing so, what is revealed is how narratives of identity within the Tamil diaspora in Malaysia are located across multiple discourses of historical, geographical, socio-economic, and political realities. The ethnographic material gathered for this thesis was obtained through personal communications with senior members of the Malaysian Tamil community, members of the music industry, and contemporary hip-hop musicians to establish an understanding of how identity was and continues to be represented by and for the Tamil diasporic community particularly among Tamil hip-hop musicians. It is argued that throughout colonial rule, different religious, folk, and musical engagements became important avenues for the Tamil community to retain and reaffirm their cultural and religious identity, and to express themselves as a diasporic community against an imposed homogenised "British Indian identity". Subsequently, in post-colonial Malaysia, the nation's drive for more pro-Malay and pro-Islamic ideologies presents new challenges for the Tamil community to retain their diasporic identity, as the political ideologies of the nation have altered the way the Tamil image is represented within the nation's social and cultural landscape. The appropriation of an Americanised genre to express the alterity of Tamil-ness within the narratives of Tamil contemporary music presents a rich layer of interaction and tension between the global association of hip-hop and the cultural narratives of the Tamil community. This new engagement with the globalising world has in turn influenced the way the diaspora engages with India, as there has been a rise in musical collaboration between local Malaysian Tamil hip-hop musicians with the South Indian cinema industry. This relationship between India and the diaspora presents an opportunity for Tamil hip-hop musicians to explore the possibilities of engaging with multiple identities that reflect both their local Malaysian and wider Indian identity. It is evident that the Tamil identity in Malaysia is negotiated across multiple discourses, and the conflicting realities that emerge from the intersection of these discourses create and simultaneously restrict the space for the reaffirmation of Tamil identities as well as the refashioning of alternative identities.


In a prospective study conducted in a diagnostic laboratory in Mexico City, luciferase reporter mycobacteriophages (LRPs) were evaluated for their utility and performance in identification and antibiotic-susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) isolates from MGIT-960 cultures. Eighty-four consecutive MGIT cultures recovered from 54 patients were included in this study. The LRPs confirmed mycobacterial growth in 79 (94 %) of 84 MGIT cultures. Failure to confirm growth was due to low inoculum (n = 1) or growth with non-tuberculous mycobacteria (n = 4). The median time to confirmation of MGIT cultures was 1 day (range 1-55). Confirmed cultures were identified with p-nitro-alpha-acetylamino-beta-hydroxypropiophenone (NAP), a selective inhibitor of MTC species, and results obtained with LRPs were compared with those obtained by BACTEC-460. The sensitivity and specificity of the LRP NAP test were respectively 97 and 100 %, and the median turnaround time for identification was 3 days with both methods. The accuracy and speed of the LRPs for susceptibility testing with rifampicin, streptomycin, isoniazid and ethambutol were compared with BACTEC-460 and discrepant results were tested by the conventional agar proportion method. In total, 72 MTC cultures were tested. The overall agreement between the LRPs and BACTEC-460 was 98.6 %. Four isolates (5.6 %) were falsely identified as ethambutol-resistant. The median turnaround time for susceptibility testing was 3 days (range 3-57) with the LRPs and 9 days (range 7-29) with BACTEC-460. LRPs offer an accurate and rapid approach for identification and susceptibility testing of M. tuberculosis from MGIT-960 cultures.


This article reviews recent developments in laser direct-write addition (LDW+) processes for printing complex materials. Various applications, ranging from small-scale energy storage and generation devices to tissue engineering, require the ability to deposit precise patterns of multicomponent and multiphase materials without degrading desirable properties such as porosity, homogeneity, or biological activity. Structurally complex inorganic materials for the successful fabrication of alkaline and lithium-based microbatteries, micro-ultracapacitors, and dye-sensitized micro solar cells are shown on various low-processing-temperature and flexible substrates using LDW+. In particular, the ability to deposit thick layers while maintaining pattern integrity allows devices produced in this manner to exhibit higher energy densities per unit area than can be achieved by traditional thin-film techniques. We then focus on more complex systems of living and biologically active materials. Patterns of biomaterials such as proteins, DNA, and even living cells can be printed using LDW+ with high spatial and volumetric resolution on the order of a picoliter or less, without compromising the viability of these delicate structures. These results provide for highly selective sensor arrays or cell seeding for tissue engineering. Finally, we review recent work on LDW+ of entire semiconductor circuits, showing the broad range of applications this technique enables.


Plasmonic nano-structures of d10 metals are suggested to be the future of photo-voltaics and photo-catalysis under solar irradiation, thanks to their large light absorption cross-section, versatility, and stability. We investigated the impact of continuous plasmon excitation at 532 nm on the density of states of gold nanoparticles, and found an increase of the unoccupied density of d states of gold nanoparticles at the Fermi level, consistent with the formation of electron–hole pairs. Some of those electrons have sufficient energy to overcome the Schottky barrier, and be injected into the TiO2 conduction band. The results confirm that d10 metal plasmonic structures can act as light sensitizers and photo-catalysts.


The Uruguay Round has established completely new rules for agricultural trade, but not yet achieved much liberalisation. The current new round of negotiations will, therefore, have to make another big step forward. Countries' views on what exactly should be agreed in the new round still differ widely. However, it is remarkable that no country has so far doubted the validity of the new WTO rules for agriculture, nor refused to engage in serious negotiations about further reductions. The EU has so far not had major difficulties to honour the new commitments that resulted from the Uruguay Round, though in the area of export subsidies the constraints have already been felt. In the new round of negotiations, EU export subsidies will be a primary target of negotiations, given the fact that the EU grants around 88 % of all agricultural export subsidies world-wide. It will, therefore, be important for the EU to change its policies such that EU agriculture can export without subsidies. In the cereals sector, Agenda 2000 has made a notable step in this direction. For other products, though, the EU will need more reforms in the future.


In this paper we develop a framework for analysing the impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on occupations. This framework maps 59 generic tasks from worker surveys and an occupational database to 14 cognitive abilities (that we extract from the cognitive science literature) and these to a comprehensive list of 328 AI benchmarks used to evaluate research intensity across a broad range of different AI areas. The use of cognitive abilities as an intermediate layer, instead of mapping work tasks to AI benchmarks directly, allows for an identification of potential AI exposure for tasks for which AI applications have not been explicitly created. An application of our framework to occupational databases gives insights into the abilities through which AI is most likely to affect jobs and allows for a ranking of occupations with respect to AI exposure. Moreover, we show that some jobs that were not known to be affected by previous waves of automation may now be subject to higher AI exposure. Finally, we find that some of the abilities where AI research is currently very intense are linked to tasks with comparatively limited labour input in the labour markets of advanced economies (e.g., visual and auditory processing using deep learning, and sensorimotor interaction through (deep) reinforcement learning).
This article appears in the special track on AI and Society.


At phase boundaries, physical activities of enzymes such as substrate complexation play critical roles in driving biocatalysis. A prominent example is the cellulase cocktails secreted by fungi and bacteria for deconstructing crystalline cellulose in biomass into soluble sugars. At interfaces, molecular mechanisms of the physical steps in biocatalysis remain elusive due to the difficulties of characterizing protein action with high temporal and spatial resolution. Here, we focus on endoglucanase I (Cel7B) from the fungus Trichoderma reesei that hydrolyzes glycosidic bonds on cellulose randomly. We employ all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to elucidate the interactions of the catalytic domain (CD) of Cel7B with a cellulose microfibril before and after complexing a glucan chain in the binding cleft. The calculated mechanical coupling networks in Cel7B-glucan and Cel7B-microfibril complexes reveal a previously unresolved allosteric coupling at the solid-liquid interface: attachment of the Cel7B CD to the cellulose surface affects glucan chain clenching in the binding cleft. Alternative loop segments of the Cel7B CD were found to affix to intact or defective surface structures on the microfibril, depending on the complexation state. From a multiple sequence alignment, residues in surface-affixing segments show strong conservation, highlighting the functional importance of the physical activities that they facilitate. Surface-affixing residues also demonstrate significant sequence correlation with active-site residues, revealing the functional connection between complexation and hydrolysis. Analysis of the Cel7B CD exemplifies that the mechanical coupling networks calculated from atomistic MD simulations can be used to capture the conservation and correlation in sequence alignment.


Standards and Guidelines for the Psychotherapies provides a comprehensive overview of the art and science of psychotherapy and a set of practice guidelines for psychiatrists. The main aim is to improve standards and practices, and to initiate discussion. This book was developed from a report by the Joint Task Force on Standards and Guidelines for Medical (Psychiatric) Psychotherapy, which was established by the Ontario Psychiatric Association and Ontario Medical Association (Section of Psychiatry). The report was prepared in response to four phenomena emerging in recent psychotherapy: 1) The realization that there were no written guidelines or standards for the practice of medical psychotherapy; 2) the changing forces that now influence health policy and funding, both in U.S. and Canada; 3) The potential for arbitrary deinsurance of some procedures in the absence of agreed upon standards, and without regard to the evidence for the effectiveness of psychiatric procedures; and 4) Growing concern regarding the problem of sexual abuse of patients by physicians. This is an excellent reference book for medical professionals practicing in the field of psychotherapy, and will prove to be a valuable resource in the ongoing practice and development of psychotherapy.


The host is riding from Knocknare and over the grave of clooth-na-Bare; caoilte tossing his buring hair, and Niamh calling Away, come away: Empty your heart of its mortal dream, The winds awaken, the leaves whirl round, Our cheeks are pale, our hair is unbound, Our breasts are heaving, our eyes are agleam, Our arms are waving, our lips are apart; And if any gaze on our rushing band, We come between him and the deed of his hand, We come between him and the hope of his heart. The host is rushing 'twixt night and day, and where is there hope or deed as fair? caoilte tossing his burning hair, and Niamh calling Away, come away.


Patellofemoral pain is characterized by pain behind the kneecap and is often thought to be due to high stress at the patellofemoral joint. While we cannot measure bone stress in vivo, we can visualize bone metabolic activity using 18F NaF PET/CT, which may be related to bone stress. Our goals were to use 18F NaF PET/CT to evaluate whether subjects with patellofemoral pain exhibit elevated bone metabolic activity and to determine whether bone metabolic activity correlates with pain intensity. We examined 20 subjects diagnosed with patellofemoral pain. All subjects received an 18F NaF PET/CT scan of their knees. Uptake of 18F NaF in the patella and trochlea was quantified by computing the standardized uptake value and normalizing by the background tracer uptake in bone. We detected increased tracer uptake in 85% of the painful knees examined. We found that the painful knees exhibited increased tracer uptake compared to the pain‐free knees of four subjects with unilateral pain (P = 0.0006). We also found a correlation between increasing tracer uptake and increasing pain intensity (r2 = 0.55; P = 0.0005). The implication of these results is that patellofemoral pain may be related to bone metabolic activity at the patellofemoral joint. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:209–213, 2012


: The e-learning area is characterized by a magnitude of different products, systems and approaches. The variations can also be observed in differences in the views and notions of e-learning among business people, researchers and journalists. This article attempts to disentangle the area by using economic and sociological theories, the theories of marketing management and strategy as well as practical experience gained by the author while working with leading edge suppliers of e-learning. On this basis, a distinction between knowledge creation e-learning and knowledge transfer e-learning is outlined. In so doing, the existence of a huge gap between the practice and ideas of leading edge suppliers and several mainstream notions in business and academia is identified. The various views are divided into four different ideal-typical paradigms, each with its own characteristics and limitations. The selection of which paradigm to use in the development of an e-learning strategy may prove crucial for success. Implications for the development of an e-learning strategy in businesses and learning institutions are outlined.


Abstract The stratigraphic architecture of intracontinental rift basins is defined by a dynamic relationship between depositional processes associated with the basin floor and flanking tributary streams. The resulting depositional belts are sensitive to a variety of factors, including basin geometry, subsidence rate, and sediment discharge. The Experimental EarthScape run in 2006 (XES06) examined the development of fluvial morphology and alluvial architecture as a function of subsidence and sediment flux in an experimental basin based on the form of a simple half graben. Sediments from tributary drainages were introduced into the axial stream through toe cutting and realignment of transverse drainage courses to parallel the prevailing axial-flow direction. Transverse sediment contributions to the axial stream were almost equally apportioned over a wide range of sediment discharges tested in the experiments. Sediment tracers showed a larger contribution of footwall-derived sediment into the axial belt, probably due to more frequent and aggressive toe cutting by axial streams. Changes in the axial–transverse deposit boundary to external forcing (by subsidence and sediment discharge), and relatively rapid intrastage stabilization of the depositional belts, resembles the large-scale self-organization observed in moving boundaries that define the morphology of fluviodeltaic systems. Basin sedimentation was matched to subsidence in order to maintain a constant base level, which made the location and width of the axial belt sensitive to the relative sediment fluxes from the transverse systems, rather than the axis of maximum subsidence. The asymmetrical subsidence pattern and the transverse-fan morphology influenced the preservation of sedimentary sequences. Stage-bounding stratigraphic lacunae were well preserved in the hanging-wall succession, providing a reliable record of basin development.


The use of MABS (Multi-Agent Based Simulations) is analysed as the modelling of distributed (usually social) systems using MAS as the model structure. It is argued that rarely is direct modelling of target systems attempted but rather an abstraction of the target systems is modelled and insights gained about the abstraction then applied back to the target systems. The MABS modelling process is divided into six steps: abstraction, design, inference, analysis, interpretation and application. Some types of MABS papers are characterised in terms of the steps they focus on and some criteria for good MABS formulated in terms of the soundness with which the steps are established. Finally some practical proposals that might improve the informativeness of the field are suggested.


BACKGROUND:We investigated whether resuscitation protocols to achieve and maintain urine output above a predefined threshold—including oliguria reversal as a target––prevent acute renal failure (ARF). METHODS:We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis using studies found by searching MEDLINE, EMBASE, and references in relevant reviews and articles. We included all studies that compared "conventional fluid management" (CFM) with "goal-directed therapy" (GDT) using cardiac output, urine output, or oxygen delivery parameters and reported the occurrence of ARF in critically ill or surgical patients. We divided studies into groups with and without oliguria reversal as a target for hemodynamic optimization. We calculated the combined odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using random-effects meta-analysis. RESULTS:We based our analyses on 28 studies. In the overall analysis, GDT resulted in less ARF than CFM (OR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.44–0.76; P < 0.001; I2 = 34.3%; n = 28). GDT without oliguria reversal as a target resulted in less ARF (OR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.34–0.61; P < 0.001; I2 = 7.1%; n = 7) when compared with CFM with oliguria reversal as a target. The studies comparing GDT with CFM in which the reversal of oliguria was targeted in both or in neither group did not provide enough evidence to conclude a superiority of GDT (targeting oliguria reversal in both protocols: OR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.36–1.10; P = 0.09; I2 = 48.6%; n = 9, and in neither protocol: OR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.37–1.16; P = 0.14; I2 = 20.2%; n = 12). CONCLUSIONS:Current literature favors targeting circulatory optimization by GDT without targeting oliguria reversal to prevent ARF. Future studies are needed to investigate the hypothesis that targeting oliguria reversal does not prevent ARF in critically ill and surgical patients.


Airborne particulate matter is today recognized as an important category of air pollutants. Current air quality standards, and hence most particle instruments, are based on particle mass concentration-the European standard, for example, on the PM10 fraction. For other metrics, such as number concentration, there is currently a lack of suitable instrumentation for monitoring purposes. A novel realtime particle-counting instrument has been developed in an attempt to fill this gap. The new instrument is capable of detecting and counting particles from about 10 nm to 10 pm particle diameter. This instrument, aimed at monitoring ambient air quality, uses a parallel combination of optical particle counting for larger particles plus condensation particle counting for the smallest particles. The particles are classified into several size fractions, which allows discrimination between ultrafine, fine, and coarse particles. The instrument also enables gravimetric measurement of PM10 or PM2.5 providing the possibility of comparing the measured number concentrations with the mass concentration standards. Furthermore, a conversion of the number concentration data into PMIO.. PM2.5, and also PMl mass concentration is possible. The new instrument is unique in offering number and mass information over the complete size range of interest in urban air quality monitoring. The design of the instrument and the development and construction of first prototypes are described as well as calibration and performance results. The performance tests included side-by-side comparisons of two identical prototypes and comparison studies with traditional instrumentation in an urban field environment at a monitoring station in Birmingham (UK). Here, very good correlation was observed between the ultrafine particle concentration indicated by the new instrument and the total number concentration measured by a CPC (TSI model 3022A). Number-to-mass conversion results correlated well with mass concentration measured by TEOM. Possibilities for a further size fractionation in the ultrafine particle size range were investigated and selected techniques tested. Size separation using diffusion devices was identified as a suitable technique to be implemented in the new instrument for ultrafine fractionation. Other future possibilities for further developments are also discussed.


The present study illustrates a clear functionalization chemistry for the synthesis of guanidine functionalized reduced graphene oxide (GfG). GfG has been successfully employed as an effective and selective adsorbent for the removal of noxious Cr(VI) from aqueous pollutants over a wide pH range. Different kinetic models, isotherm studies and thermodynamic parameters have been compared to elucidate the Cr(VI) adsorption chemistry and pathway. The formation of GfG and its active performance towards Cr(VI) remediation is evidenced from microscopic and different spectroscopic analyses. Finally, an attempt has been made by considering DFT based theoretical models to illuminate the mechanism of Cr(VI) amputation by GfG.


The Alaska Supreme Court recently heard two cases addressing damages awards for timber trespass claims. Both cases, Wiersum v. Harder and Chung v. Park, emphasized the difficulty of obtaining restoration damages and the close scrutiny given to the size of the damages award itself. This Note explores the history of timber trespass and the current method by which courts determine the appropriate damages award. The Note also proposes a possible alternative to the current reticence toward restoration damages in which the plaintiff may elect to receive restoration damages but would be required to use those damages to restore their trees.


This unique three-volume survey brings together a team of leading scholars to explore the syntactic and morphological structures of the world's languages. Clearly organized and broad-ranging, it covers topics such as parts of speech, passives, complementation, relative clauses, adverbial clauses, inflectional morphology, tense, aspect, mood, and deixis. The contributors look at the major ways that these notions are realized, and provide informative sketches of them at work in a range of languages. Each volume is accessibly written and clearly explains each new concept introduced. Although the volumes can be read independently, together they provide an indispensable reference work for all linguists and field workers interested in cross-linguistic generalizations. Most of the chapters in the second edition are substantially revised or completely new – some on topics not covered by the first edition. Volume ii covers co-ordination, complementation, noun phrase structure, relative clauses, adverbial clauses, discourse structure, and sentences as combinations of clauses.


Influenced by Piagetian and Vygotskian research, science educators in the 1970s started to pay attention to students' ideas in science. They discovered that students had deeply held beliefs that were in conflict with scientific concepts and theories. In addition to misconceptions, other terms such as preconceptions, alternative frameworks, and intuitive beliefs or theories have been used to characterize these ideas. One of the first interpretations of misconceptions is that they are faulty intuitive theories, which must be replaced by the scientifically correct ones. Another dominant interpretation is that they represent category errors—concepts assigned to the wrong ontological category. Both of these views proposed that refutation and cognitive conflict are instructional strategies that can be used to extinguish misconceptions. A different approach to misconceptions is expressed by researchers who argue that misconceptions have their roots in productive knowledge elements. According to this view, misconceptions are productive in some contexts but not appropriate in others and in these latter cases more carefully articulated scientific knowledge is necessary. Yet other researchers argue that misconceptions are often hybrids—constructive attempts on the part of the students to synthesize scientific information with intuitive beliefs and theories. Recent research has shown that misconceptions are not supplanted by scientific theories but coexist with them even in expert scientists. As a result, attention in science instruction has shifted from attempts to extinguish misconceptions to attempts to strengthen students' epistemic knowledge, and their model building, hypothesis testing, and reasoning skills. Cognitive conflict and refutation continue to be important instructional strategies not for extinguishing misconceptions but for creating awareness in students that their beliefs are not accurate from a scientific point of view. Overall, the discovery of misconceptions has had a tremendous influence in science education research and teaching because it demonstrated that students are active and creative participants in the learning process and that their ideas and understandings need to be taken into account in instruction.


This paper presents a bio-economic analysis of the hand-line and gillnet coastal fisheries off Pernambuco State, north-eastern Brazil, in order to define management measures to support the decision-making process available to fisheries managers to reduce uncertainties about the sustainable development of the fisheries. The objective of applying a bio-economic model was to reproduce the biological and economic conditions in which the fisheries occur. This was done by carrying out projections and simulations, starting from the current situation and going forward into the future with the purpose of analysing the behaviour of the fishery under different conditions, particularly different management measures. Six scenarios are presented, defined by different management regimes: Scenario 1: increase in catchability; Scenario 2: reduction in fuel price; Scenario 3: closed season; Scenario 4: reduction in the number of active boats; Scenario 5: reduction of catches of juveniles; and Scenario 6: joint implementation of biological, economic and technical management strategies. Management events were always introduced in the fifth year of the simulation, with the exception of Scenario 1, in which the event was introduced in the first year. For each of the five scenarios, a deterministic simulation was carried out with a Beverton-Holt model of the stock-recruitment relationship. Simulations were carried forward through a 30-year period. The best management strategy, in biological and economic terms, seems to be the joint application of several management measures that satisfy the claims of stakeholders, and permit a biological and economic equilibrium between the activity and the efforts to rebuild stocks.


The goal of this study was to appoint students' views on the lesson, "Art Education and Creations of Artistic forms". In this context, a research was carried out at the University of the Aegean, DepArtment of Primary Education during the first semester of 2013-2014. The lectures included pArt from the basic knowledge, students' involving in Artistic activities and exercises in Traditional Art. Most of the activities were designed to promote Cultural Heritage through Art and the final work was for them to create training manual to be used by students of Primary Education, in order to learn about the local Cultural Heritage. The questionnaire was answered by 149 students pArticipated in the research before and after the lectures and Artistic works they had to carry out. In order to extract the research results, we used statistical software SPSS v.17 offered by the School of Humanities of the University of the Aegean. The analysis showed that most of the students are positive towards following the specific course at the University and believe that it promotes Cultural Heritage and in combine with the economic, social, cultural and sustained development of the country.


Two-factor authentication is the method of combining two so called authentication factors in order to enhance the security of user authentication. An authentication factor is defined as "Something the user knows, has or is". Something the user knows is often the traditional username and password, something the user has is something that the user is in physical possession of and something the user is is a physical trait of the user, such as biometrics. Two-factor authentication greatly enhances security attributes compared to traditional password-only methods. With the advent of the smartphone, new convenient authentication methods have been developed in order to take advantage of the versatility such devices provide. However, older two-factor authentication methods such as sending codes via SMS are still widely popular and in the case of the smartphone opens up new attack vectors for criminals to exploit by creating malware that is able to gain control over SMS functionality. This thesis explores, discusses and compares three distinct two-factor authentication methods used in smartphones today in the sense of security and usability. These are mTAN (mobile Transaction Authentication Number), TOTP (Time-based One Time Password Algorithm) and PKI (Public Key Infrastructure). Both practial and theoretical attacks against these methods are reviewed with a focus on malicious software and advantages and disadvantages of each method are presented. An in-depth analysis of an Android smartphone SMS-stealing trojan is done in order to gain a deeper understanding of how smartphone malware operates.


The objective of this study was to design, construct, commission and operate a laboratory scale gasifier system that could be used to investigate the parameters that influence the gasification process. The gasifier is of the open-core variety and is fabricated from 7.5 cm bore quartz glass tubing. Gas cleaning is by a centrifugal contacting scrubber, with the product gas being flared. The system employs an on-line dedicated gas analysis system, monitoring the levels of H2, CO, CO2 and CH4 in the product gas. The gas composition data, as well as the gas flowrate, temperatures throughout the system and pressure data is recorded using a BBC microcomputer based data-logging system. Ten runs have been performed using the system of which six were predominantly commissioning runs. The main emphasis in the commissioning runs was placed on the gas clean-up, the product gas cleaning and the reactor bed temperature measurement. The reaction was observed to occur in a narrow band, of about 3 to 5 particle diameters thick. Initially the fuel was pyrolysed, with the volatiles produced being combusted and providing the energy to drive the process, and then the char product was gasified by reaction with the pyrolysis gases. Normally, the gasifier is operated with reaction zone supported on a bed of char, although it has been operated for short periods without a char bed. At steady state the depth of char remains constant, but by adjusting the air inlet rate it has been shown that the depth of char can be increased or decreased. It has been shown that increasing the depth of the char bed effects some improvement in the product gas quality.


White ice (ice with a highly scattering granular layer on top of its surface) and snow-covered ice occupy a large part of the sea ice area in the Arctic, the former in summer, the latter in the cold period. The inherent optical properties (IOPs) and the reflectance of these types of ice are considered from the point of view of the light scattering and radiative transfer theories. The IOPs – the extinction and absorption coefficients and the scattering phase function – are derived in the assumption that both the snow cover and the scattering layer of white ice are random mixtures of air and ice with the 10 characteristic grain size significantly larger than the wavelength of incident light. Simple analytical formulas are put forward to calculate the bidirectional reflectance factor (BRF), albedo at direct incidence (the directional–hemispherical reflectance), and albedo at diffuse incidence (the bihemispherical reflectance). The developed optical model is verified with the data of the in situ measurements made during the RV Polarstern expedition ARK-XXVII/3 in 2012.


This is a paper on how young long-term unemployed people manage their identity as job seekers in semi-structured interviews about their experiences of unemployment. The paper draws on discursive psychology to highlight some of the patterns of common sense reasoning about their predicament in the context of UK's third wave neoliberalist welfare provision and philosophy of 'personalised conditionality'. In contrast to studies that tend to consider the individual psychological impact of unemployment, particularly with regard to mental health issues, or resilience, this paper shows how a discursive approach can be a fruitful avenue to understanding how people account for their experiences of unemployment. The analysis shows how the thesaurus of everyday psychological states is used as a rhetorical tool for managing accountability for actions and motivations. The situated uses of psychological states allow speakers to engage with the tension between constraint and self-determination, and that between a 'desirable' (based on institutional priorities) and individually 'desired' future (based on subjective 'choice' and 'preference'). In describing their experiences of unemployment, participants talk into being the contradictory themes lodged at the heart of neoliberal ideologies of employment.