Watching Organic Reactions Single-molecule studies can overcome the difficulty of inferring the various outcomes of reactions in ensemble measurements. De Oteyza et al. (p. 1434, published online 30 May; see the Perspective by Giessibl) used a variation of noncontact atomic force microscopy in which the imaging tip was derivatized with a single CO molecule to obtain subnanometer-resolution images of conjugated organic molecules undergoing reaction on a silver surface. Different thermally induced cyclization reactions of oligo- (phenylene-1,2-ethynylenes) were observed. Noncontact atomic force microscopy imaged the bond structure of an adsorbed organic reactant and its cyclization products. [Also see Perspective by Giessibl] Observing the intricate chemical transformation of an individual molecule as it undergoes a complex reaction is a long-standing challenge in molecular imaging. Advances in scanning probe microscopy now provide the tools to visualize not only the frontier orbitals of chemical reaction partners and products, but their internal covalent bond configurations as well. We used noncontact atomic force microscopy to investigate reaction-induced changes in the detailed internal bond structure of individual oligo-(phenylene-1,2-ethynylenes) on a (100) oriented silver surface as they underwent a series of cyclization processes. Our images reveal the complex surface reaction mechanisms underlying thermally induced cyclization cascades of enediynes. Calculations using ab initio density functional theory provide additional support for the proposed reaction pathways.


This paper describes in detail the installation and use of piezoceramic bender elements in a variety of standard geotechnical laboratory testing equipment at NGI (e. g. , triaxial, direct simple shear and oedometer devices). These bender elements enable one to measure G//m//a//x of the specimens during consolidation and/or shear in any of these tests. For purposes of comparison, piezoceramic bender elements were installed in a resonant column device (Hardin oscillator). Simultaneous measurements of G//m//a//x were taken on five different clays at different confining stress levels and durations both for loading and unloading.


Phosphatidylinositol lipids are implicated in a broad range of signaling processes, from organization of signaling pathways to vesicle trafficking and control of the actin cytoskeleton. Now, structural studies by Krylova et al. strongly suggest that these lipids may also serve as activating ligands for a class of orphan (so-called because no regulatory ligand was known) nuclear receptors. The authors focused on members of the nuclear receptor 5A subfamily and obtained crystal structures of family members, including mouse mSF-1 and the human proteins hSF-1 and hLRH-1. The proteins showed protein folds characteristic of the ligand-binding domains of other nuclear receptors that are regulated by known ligands. Electron density in the ligand-binding pocket revealed that the bacterially expressed proteins contained lipids. The authors therefore tested binding to lipids from eukaryotic cells and detected preferential binding to phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate [PI(3,5)P2] and phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate [PI(3,4,5)P3]. Although biological regulation by such lipids remains to be fully explored, mutant proteins designed to disrupt lipid binding had decreased transcriptional activity in a luciferase reporter assay in human HepG2 cells. The rodent receptor appears to have lost ligand binding, and the authors' evolutionary analysis indicated that the most parsimonious hypothesis is that ancestral proteins did bind lipid ligands and that this property was later lost in the rodent protein. The authors note that an ancestral orphan receptor may not have gained ligand binding over the course of evolution, as previously proposed, but rather there may have been repeated loss of ligand binding from a ligand-regulated ancestral protein. I. N. Krylova, E. P. Sablin, J. Moore, R. X. Xu, G. M. Waitt, J. A. MacKay, D. Juzumiene, J. M. Bynum, K. Madauss, V. Montana, L. Lebedeva, M. Suzawa, J. D. Williams, S. P. Williams, R. K. Guy, J. W. Thornton, R. J. Fletterick, T. M. Willson, H. A. Ingraham, Structural analyses reveal phosphatidyl inositols as ligands for the NR5 orphan receptors SF-1 and LRH-1. Cell 120, 343-355 (2005). [PubMed]


The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the more commonly used topical antibiotic agents and their
role in therapy. Topical antibiotic agents are some of the more commonly used products by the general public. They are used for a range of conditions from prevention of infection in cuts and grazes to the management of mild to moderate cases of acne. Although they have an important role to play in skin infections, their use is generally limited to short-term use and for the mild to moderate forms of infections.


ABSTRACT Coronavirus (COVID-19) policy shut down the world economy with a range of government actions unprecedented outside of wartime. In this paper, economic systems dominated by a capital accumulating growth imperative are shown to have had their structural weaknesses exposed, revealing numerous problems including unstable supply chains, unjust social provisioning of essentials, profiteering, precarious employment, inequities and pollution. Such phenomena must be understood in the context of long standing critiques relating to the limits of economic systems, their consumerist values and divorce from biophysical reality. Critical reflection on the Coronavirus pandemic is combined with a review of how economists have defended economic growth as sustainable, Green and inclusive regardless of systemic limits and multiple crises – climate emergency, economic crash and pandemic. Instead of rebuilding the old flawed political economy again, what the world needs now is a more robust, just, ethical and equitable social-ecological economy.


Recent welfare reforms have regulated clients by linking behavioral requirements to the receipt of benefits (Ethridge and Percy, 1993; Handler and Hasenfeld, 1991). Such reforms use a generic policy instrument, social regulation, that has three characteristics: (1) rules or standards prescribing responsible behavior; (2) enforcement agents and auditors to monitor and deter deviations from the rules; and (3) sanctions applied to those who violate the rules (Bardach, 1989). This article examines how welfare bureaus monitor and deter deviations from the rules. In the process, the article describes and compares two alternative mechanisms for implementing social regulation. Under the auspices of federal waivers, states linked receipt of grants through the Aid to Families with Dependent Children program (AFDC) to behaviors such as job training, school attendance, work requirements, and paternity establishment (Mead, 1986; and 1996; Besharov and Gardiner, 1996; Wiseman, 1996; Tweedie, 1995; Savner and Greenberg, 1995). Federal policy now mandates work requirements. However, many states have used their authority under the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families program (TANF) to regulate welfare clients' behavior in a variety of other ways as well. A study by the Childrens' Defense Fund (1997) reports that of the 42 states that had submitted TANF plans, 17 included a family cap, eight required some version of Learn-fare, and seven had an immunization requirement. The mechanisms used to implement such reforms require close examination because the quality of state and local administration is critical to their success (Mead, 1996; 1997). Ethridge and Percy have described an idealized model of state program administration: states require "accurate and up-to-date recordkeeping (often involving multiple bureaucratic organizations), client notification, due process protections, and efficient award of incentives or application of sanctions" (1993,343-346). This idealized model may be difficult to realize in practice. Accuracy, notice, due process, and efficiency may be compromised by problems such as interorganizational coordination, organizational complexity, strategic behavior by clients, welfare fraud, or goal displacement. These problems are related to local administrative practices. The context in which we examine social regulation is the implementation of a welfare reform in Maryland, the Primary Prevention Initiative (PPI). The initiative was a statewide demonstration project linking AFDC benefits to education and health requirements, implemented under a federal waiver. In particular, this article focuses upon the procedures used to verify that clients complied with behavioral requirements. The Primary Prevention Initiative is well-suited for such an examination because it used two different procedures, one based upon the bureau-client relationship and the other based upon interorganizational relationships. We compare these procedures and discuss their significance for the design, implementation, and evaluation of behavioral welfare reforms. Evidence is presented from a variety of sources including federal, state, and local government documents; direct observation of welfare case intake and redetermination; participation in and observation of management and coordination meetings within Maryland's welfare system; analysis of administrative reports about welfare bureau performance; and interviews with key state and local officials. Detailed information from a survey of local welfare bureau staff in Maryland is also presented (see the Methodology Box for additional information on methods, including survey procedures and characteristics of respondents). The Primary Prevention Initiative The objectives of the Primary Prevention Initiative were to improve the health and education of AFDC clients or their children. The initiative had two behavioral requirements: school-aged AFDC recipients were required to attend school at least 80 percent of the time and pre-school AFDC recipients were to receive immunizations and preventive health care (Norris and Bembry, 1995). …


increased attention has led to calls for the improvement of our theoretical and conceptual arguments, the more effective implementation of methodological tools, and more empirical examples based on broader comparisons of issues and contexts (Giugni 1998; Earl 2000; Burstein and Linton 2002; Meyer 2005; Giugni 2008). With this special issue of Mobilization, our aim is to take some steps toward meeting these calls. Each of the contributors in this issue adds an important aspect to the current literature and introduces themes that we hope will be developed further in future research. We have included articles emphasizing several issues, including incremental outcomes, novel empirical factors for studying the contextual dependence of the outcomes of mobilization, different methods for strengthening and testing the robustness of our theoretical arguments, and new ways of thinking about the role of public opinion. Our introduction develops a foundation for the contributions contained in this special issue by stressing the connection between the five articles and laying out a few important achievements and problems in studying the outcomes of social movements. Finally, we briefly sketch several directions for future research.


This thesis contributes to the econometric literature in two ways. Firstly, it introduces a new multivariate count model that presents advances in several aspects. Our multivariate time series count model can deal with issues of discreteness, overdispersion (variance greater than the mean) and both cross- and serial correlation, all at the same time. We follow a fully parametric approach and specify a marginal distribution for the counts where, conditionally on past observations the means follow a vector autoregressive process (VAR). This enables to attain improved inference on coefficients of exogenous regressors relative to the static Poisson regression, while modelling the serial correlation in a flexible way. The method is also innovative in the use of copulas, which builds the dependence structure between variables with given marginal distributions. This makes it possible to model the contemporaneous correlation between individual series in a very flexible way. Secondly, this thesis introduces a new approach to estimate the multivariate reduced rank regressions when the normality assumption is not satisfied. We propose to use the copula tool to generate multivariate distributions and, we show that this method can be applied in multivariate settings. In terms of financial literature, this thesis provides two contributions. Firstly, with our multivariate count model we analyze diverse market microstructure issues about the submission of different types of orders by traders on stock markets. With this model, we can fully take into account the interactions between submissions of the various types of orders, which represent an advantage with respect to univariate models such as the autoregressive conditional duration model. Secondly, it contributes to portfolio research proposing a new dynamic optimal portfolio allocation model in a Value-at-Risk setup. This model allows for time varying skewness and kurtosis of portfolio distributions and the model parameters are estimated by weighted maximum likelihood in an increasing window setup. This last property allows us to have more accurate portfolio recommendations in terms of the amount to invest in the risk-free interest rate and in the risky portfolio.


Many electrical and electronics equipments miss operate or stop working during voltage sag and swell. Due to this the entire industrial process disturbs, which leads not only to great financial loss but also caused of many accidents. Therefore it is necessary to avoid the tripping of these equipments during voltage instability or voltage sag /swell. There are some typical FACT devices which are used for voltage regulation i.e. DVR, STATCOM, UPFC and back to back converter. However these devices are not only costly but the synchronization of the voltage is also a challenging task. In this research work the conventional OLTC is replaced with a new one OLTC having the ability of fast transfer switching to mitigate voltage variation very fast. The fast transfer switching is made possible via bi-directional power triacs. The OLTC is connected to three phase variable power supply, the variable power supply is varied from 150 to 250 Vrms and the output voltage is measured by voltmeter and found in the range of 210 230Vrms which is a nominal voltage of a 220 Vrms system. The OLTC tap switching time is analyzed by oscilloscope and the results are shown below. Key-Words: Power Quality, Voltage Sag/Swell, DVR, OLTC, Fast transfer switch


Social media is an important marketing and outreach tool for many libraries. While Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram are commonly used, Reddit is underutilized despite its popularity and high user engagement. Special collections can use Reddit to reach and engage with their target audiences, no matter how niche. This article explains how to use Reddit and host an event called "Ask Me Anything" (AMA), using as a model a successful AMA hosted by archivists at the Rochester Institute of Technology. It also provides practical tips including how to choose an appropriate "subreddit" (or Reddit community), promote the AMA, and respond to difficult questions.


The aim of this study is to define guidelines for watershed management for Darideresi watershed in accordance with the previously established potential erosion problems of the area and works conducted by responsible bodies. The study was carried out in Darideresi watershed, which is located in Antalya, near the border of Isparta Province, in Turkey. In this area, an irrigation dam was constructed. Since the watershed is important for the region, it is necessary to determine the erosion problems in it. As such, this research has been designed for this purpose. Moreover, a comparison has been made between resistances of soil to erosion in Darideresi watershed by means of erodibility indices, which depend on land use. The data obtained were evaluated in terms of the effects of water yield. The results of this study revealed that 41% of the forest areas were degraded. The percentage of farmlands on steep slopes were 17%, while the erodibility of soils in forested areas were lower. However, it was found that all land was highly sensitive to erosion. These results show that the dam is under the threat of sediment accumulation.Therefore, forest areas should be preserved and hydrological plans should be applied in the watershed area. In this study, all results were evaluated within the watershed principles and required applications, while water yield in watershed areas was proposed to the concerned authorities responsible for water production of watershed.

 Key words: Darideresi watershed, erodibility indices, land use types, vegetation and water yield.


Over the past few decades, Zimbabwe, Namibia and South Africa have pursued redistributive land reform as a means to address rural poverty. The Livelihoods after Land Reform (LaLR) study was carried out between 2007 and 2009, to understand the livelihood and poverty reduction outcomes of land reform in each of the three countries. The South African component focused on Limpopo province, and investigated land reform processes, trajectories of change and outcomes in thirteen detailed case studies. This paper summarizes some of the main findings from the South African study, and briefly compares them with findings from Namibia and Zimbabwe. The paper argues that a fundamental problem affecting land reform in both South Africa and Namibia is the uncritical application of the Large-Scale Commercial Farming (LSCF) model, which has led to unworkable project design and/or projects that are irrelevant to the circumstances of the rural poor. Nevertheless, some 'beneficiaries' have experienced modest improvements in their livelihoods, often through abandoning or amending official project plans.


One of the most important problems in image understanding is robust object detection. Small changes in object appearance due to illumination, viewpoint, and occlusion can drastically change the performance of many object detection methods. Non-rigid object can be even more difficult to reliably detect. The unique contribution of this thesis was to extend the approach of parts-based object detection to include support for multiple viewing angles. Bayesian networks were used to integrate the parts detection of each view in a flexible manner, so that the experimental performance of each part detector could be incorporated into the decision. The detectors were implemented using neural networks trained using the bootstrapping method of repeated backpropagation, where false-positives are introduced to the training set as negative examples. The Bayesian networks were trained with a separate dataset to gauge the performance of each part detector. The final decision of object detection system was made with a logical OR operation. The domain of human face detection was used to demonstrate the power of this approach. The FERET human face database was selected to provide both training and testing images; a frontal and a side view were chosen from the available poses. Part detectors were trained on four features from each view — the right and left eyes, the nose, and the mouth. The individual part detection rates ranged from 85% to 95% against testing images. Crossvalidation was used to test the system as a whole, giving average view detection rates of 96.7% and 97.2% respectively for the frontal and side views, and an overall face detection rate of 96.9% amongst true-positive images. A 5.7% false-positive rate was demonstrated against background clutter images. These results compare favorably with existing methods, but provide the additional benefit of face detection at different view angles.


Nearly one-third of all American workers are paid very low wages, the highest rate among wealthy nations. An incidence of low pay at this level has obvious implications for the current standard of living for a substantial share of American families. But of particular concern are the implications for the future: the low pay rate has risen precipitously for young male workers with each economic downturn since the late 1970s. In stark contrast, over the last three decades France has adopted a minimum wage policy designed to eliminate low pay, and it has worked: the low-wage share has dropped to just 10 percent. But does the French evidence confirm the conventional prediction that a minimum wage high enough to substantially reduce the incidence of low pay will also eliminate large numbers of jobs for young, less-educated workers? We find no support for this view in the aggregate data. Despite the large and growing gap in the value of the US and French minimum wage since the mid-1990s, French unemployment and employment rates show stability or improvement as well as strong convergence to U.S. levels. Unemployment-to-population rates for US and French 15-24 year olds have closely tracked one another since the mid-1990s. At the same time, the US and French shares of the employed with a wage above the low-wage threshold and not working involuntarily part-time show a steady and substantial divergence in France's favor, and this appears most dramatically for young less educated workers. France has shown that a rising minimum wage can all but eliminate low paid work without worsening employment opportunities for vulnerable workers. Making work pay for the bottom third of the workforce should be a top priority for American social policy.


To reduce the reaction time, electrical energy consumption, and cost, LiFePO4/C/graphene has been synthesized by a rapid, one-pot, microwave-assisted hydrothermal method within 15 min at a temperature of 200 °C, followed by sintering at 600 °C for 2 h under a H2/Ar (5 : 95, v/v) atmosphere. The microstructure and morphology of the LiFePO4/C/graphene products were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The carbon coated LiFePO4/C nanoparticles, around 200 nm in size, are thoroughly wrapped by crumpled micrometer-size graphene sheets. In this kind of structure, the bridging graphene nanosheets can form an effective conducting network and provide interconnected open pores that favor electrolyte absorption and reduce the diffusion path of the lithium ions. The cyclic voltammograms, charge/discharge profiles, and AC impedance measurements indicated that the kinetics of the LiFePO4/C/graphene was better than that of LiFePO4/C. The LiFePO4/C/graphene composite exhibited a discharge capacity of 165 mA h g−1 at 0.1 C and 88 mA h g−1 at 10 C, respectively. Therefore, the LiFePO4/C/graphene composite is a promising candidate for the development of high-performance, cost-effective lithium batteries for the hybrid vehicle and electric vehicle markets.


In this paper I discuss how we might go about about performing a Bell experiment in which humans are used to decide the settings at each end. To get a sufficiently high rate of switching at both ends, I suggest an experiment over a distance of about 100km with 100 people at each end wearing EEG headsets, with the signals from these headsets being used to switch the settings.
The radical possibility we wish to investigate is that, when humans are used to decide the settings (rather than various types of random number generators), we might then expect to see a violation of Quantum Theory in agreement with the relevant Bell inequality. Such a result, while very unlikely, would be tremendously significant for our understanding of the world (and I will discuss some interpretations).
Possible radical implications aside, performing an experiment like this would push the development of new technologies. The biggest problem would be to get sufficiently high rates wherein there has been a human induced switch at each end before a signal as to the new value of the setting could be communicated to the other end and, at the same time, a photon pair is detected. It looks like an experiment like this, while challenging, is just about feasible with current technologies.


Title of dissertation: CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARD UNDERSTANDING THE EFFECTS OF ROTOR AND AIRFRAME CONFIGURATIONS ON BROWNOUT DUST CLOUDS Bharath Govindarajan, Doctor of Philosophy, 2014 Dissertation directed by: Dr. J. Gordon Leishman, Minta Martin Professor Department of Aerospace Engineering Brownout dust cloud simulations were conducted for rotorcraft undergoing representative landing maneuvers, primarily to examine the effects of different rotor placement and rotor/airframe configurations. The flow field generated by a helicopter rotor in ground effect operations was modeled by using an inviscid, incompressible, time-accurate Lagrangian free-vortex method, coupled to a semi-empirical approximation for the boundary layer flow near the ground. A surface singularity method was employed to represent the aerodynamic influence of a fuselage. A rigorous coupling strategy for the free-vortex method was developed to include the effects of rotors operating at different rotational speeds, such as a tail rotor. For the dispersed phase of the flow, particle tracking was used to model the dust cloud based on solutions to a decoupled form of the Basset– Boussinesq–Oseen equations appropriate to dilute gas particle suspensions of low Reynolds number Stokes flow. Important aspects of particle mobility and uplift in such vortically driven dust flows were modeled, which included a threshold-based model for sediment mobility and bombardment effects when previously suspended particles impact the bed and eject new particles. Various techniques were employed to reduce the computational cost of the dust cloud simulations, such as particle clustering and parallel programming using graphics processing units. The predicted flow fields near the ground and resulting dust clouds during the landing maneuvers were analyzed to better understand the physics behind their development, and to examine differences produced by various rotor and airframe configurations. Metrics based on particle counts and particle velocities in the field of view were developed to help quantify the severity of the computed brownout dust clouds. The presence of both a tail rotor and the fuselage was shown to cause both local and global changes to the aerodynamic environment near the ground and also influenced the development of the resulting dust clouds. Studies were also performed to examine the accuracy of self-induced velocities of vortex filaments by augmenting the straight-line vortex segments with a curved filament correction term. It was found that while curved elements can accurately recover the self-induced velocity in the case of a vortex ring, there existed bounds of applicability when extended to threedimensional rotor wakes. Finally, exploratory two-dimensional and three-dimensional studies were performed to examine the effects of blade/particle collisions. The loss in particle kinetic energy during the collision was adopted as a surrogate metric to quantify the extent of potential blade erosion. Contributions Toward Understanding the Effects of Rotor and Airframe Configurations On Brownout Dust Clouds by Bharath Madapusi Govindarajan Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, College Park in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2014 Advisory Committee: Professor J. Gordon Leishman, Chair/Advisor Professor Inderjit Chopra Professor Roberto Celi Associate Professor James Baeder Professor Ramani Duraiswami, Dean's Representative Dedication To Amma and Appa


Single-click 3D navigation allows users to navigate a virtual space with a single click of the mouse or tap of the finger. As such, it is appealing for its simplicity, a trait especially important for mass consumer applications. In addition, single-click navigation is also suitable for incomplete or sparse models, and is thus commonly used for navigating partial 3D reconstructions based on panoramas or structure from motion. In this paper, we give a description of the design space for single-click 3D navigation, showing that the crucial design choices typically include a viewpoint selection algorithm and a viewpoint visualization. We further present a brief user study on viewpoint visualizations for single-click navigation. Our results indicate that current systems lack adequate visualizations for navigating complex environments and that the viewpoint selection algorithm is perhaps most important, requiring more investigation. CR Categories: I.3.6 [Computing Methodologies]: Computer Graphics—Methodology and Techniques H.5.2 [Information Systems]: Information Interfaces and Presentation—User Interfaces;


Taking as a starting point his first treatise in Chinese, 'On Friendship' (Jiaoyou lun, 1595), this paper aims to analyze the process by which the Italian Jesuit Matteo Ricci (1583-1610) shaped the concept of virtuous friendship in late Ming China, specifically among the Confucian literati. 'On Friendship' is a treatise that reflects and is part of the Renaissance and humanist culture brought to China. It is, in part, a translation into Chinese of maxims by authors such as Aristotle, Cicero, Seneca, Plutarch, Herodotus, Augustine and Ambrose, juxtaposed with ideas derived from the Confucian tradition, especially those on virtuous friendship. In recent years, cultural historians have begun to recognize how important friendship was as a topic of great interest to late Ming intellectuals, which suggests that Ricci was attempting to participate in, and to benefit from, a discussion that was already taking place in China. This paper aims at analyzing the way Ricci shaped virtuous friendship in his Jiaoyou lun by taking both paths, the European and the Chinese, but also focusing on the more or less 'winding' nature of these paths. Indeed, Ricci ́s treatise was nurtured from different sources, which in turn implied selections and omissions. In a first section I address the less problematic aspect of Ricci ́s Jiaoyou lun: its humanistic hue; in a second section I focus on the adaptation to – but also the manipulation of – Confucian values and precepts; in a third section I address a key – and debatable – aspect, that is, the idea of Ricci ́s treatise as 'secular'. Last but not least, a fourth section is dedicated to concluding remarks.


The presence of Galerix molars in the South German fossil locality Hammerschmiede 3 is interpreted as evidence for a reimmigration of West European origin into the North Alpine Foreland Basin at the transition of the Middle to Late Miocene. The brief re-appearence of Galerix in southern Germany can be used as a biostratigraphic marker that allows promising correlations between local biostratigraphic subdivisions from Spain and Germany, suggesting that, contrary to previous thought, the Hammerschmiede locality may antedate the hipparionine horses' appearance event. Based on the supposed climatic adaptation of galericine taxa and lower vertebrate record, it is hypothesized that short term climatic fluctuations occurred in South Germany around the time of the first appearance of the hipparionine horses in Europe.


Abstract Terrorist organizations' use of psychology in analysing psychological issues in the everyday lives of their members and developing coping strategies has not been sufficiently investigated in the terrorism research. This qualitative study investigates Al Qaeda's view of psychology, its analysis of psychological issues, and the utilization of coping strategies among terrorists. The study is based on 255 documents from the Bin Laden's Bookshelf (Office of the Director of National Intelligence. [2015]. Bin Ladin's Bookshelf. Retrieved from https://www.dni.gov/index.php/features/bin-laden-s-bookshelf) and Harmony database documents (The Combating Terrorism Center at West Point [CTC]. [2012]. Harmony program. Retrieved from https://ctc.usma.edu/programs-resources/harmony-program). The results indicate that Al Qaeda perceived psychology as a dangerous and important science. Psychological issues identified in this study include three types of suicide, depression, anxiety, security stress, diversity stress, and enforced idleness. Terrorists used both religious and secular coping strategies to overcome psychological issues. These findings can contribute to future research and counterterrorism efforts in understanding both the survivability and vulnerability of terrorists.


Diverse human diseases such as viral infections, diabetes, and neurodegeneration are characterized at the cellular level by an inability of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to fold proteins properly, resulting in the onset of "ER stress." Uncorrected ER stress activates apoptotic cell death pathways, and it has been hypothesized that these pathways might be manipulated for therapeutic benefit. In a chemical screen, Boyce et al. identified a small molecule (salubrinal) that protects cells from ER-stress-induced apoptosis. Salubrinal selectively inhibited the dephosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor α (eIF2α) and inhibited herpesvirus replication. Thus, eIF2α may be a valuable drug target for diseases involving ER stress. M. Boyce, K. F. Bryant, C. Jousse, K. Long, H. P. Harding, D. Scheuner, R. J. Kaufman, D. Ma, D. M. Coen, D. Ron, J. Yuan, A selective inhibitor of eIF2α dephosphorylation protects cells from ER stress. Science 307, 935-939 (2005). [Abstract] [Full Text]


Background Most anterior cruciate ligament research is limited to variables at the knee joint and is performed in the laboratory setting, often with subjects postinjury. There is a paucity of information on the position of the hip and ankle during noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injury. Hypothesis When landing after maneuvers, athletes with anterior cruciate ligament injury (subjects) show a more flatfooted profile and more hip flexion than uninjured athletes (controls). Study Design Case control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods Data from 29 videos of subjects were compared with data from 27 videos of controls performing similar maneuvers. Joint angles were analyzed in 5 sequential frames in sagittal or coronal planes, starting with initial ground-foot contact. Hip, knee, and ankle joint angles were measured in each sequence in the sagittal plane and hip and knee angles in the coronal plane with computer software. The portion of the foot first touching the ground and the number of sequences required for complete foot-ground contact were assessed. Significance was set at P <. 05. Results In sagittal views, controls first contacted the ground with the forefoot; subjects had first ground contact with the hindfoot or entirely flatfooted, attained the flatfoot position significantly sooner, had significantly less plantar-flexed ankle angles at initial contact, and had a significantly larger mean hip flexion angle at the first 3 frames. In coronal views, no significant differences in knee abduction (initial contact) or hip abduction angle were found between groups; knee abduction was relatively unchanged in controls but progressed in subjects. Conclusion Initial ground contact flatfooted or with the hindfoot, knee abduction and increased hip flexion may be risk factors for anterior cruciate ligament injury.


Iron, one of the most abundant metals on earth, is essential to most life forms and to normal human physiology. Iron is an integral part of many proteins and enzymes that maintain good health. A deficiency of iron limits oxygen delivery to cells, resulting in fatigue, poor work performance and decreased immunity. Iron deficiency is the most common form of malnutrition in the world. Iron-deficiency anaemia (inadequate number of red blood cells caused by lack of iron) is highly prevalent in less developed countries, but also remains a problem in developed countries where other forms of malnutrition have already been virtually eliminated. While iron deficiency is not the only cause of anaemia, where anaemia is prevalent, iron deficiency is usually the most common cause.


A combination of reagent strip testing and examining urine appearance can be used to screen out noninfected cases before urine specimens are sent to the laboratory. A validation of this method was carried out in a microbiology laboratory using 970 specimens received over a three-week period. When the tests for nitrite, blood and protein on N-Multistix reagent strips (Ames) were all negative in a clear urine then the predictive value for the absence of bacteriuria was 98.5%. Positive strip tests in a turbid urine detected 80.1% of infections. On the basis of these findings it is recommended that general practitioners test the urine samples of all patients with suspected urinary tract infections by this method and only send to the laboratory those specimens with positive findings. Using this method the routine laboratory workload involved in testing urine specimens would be reduced by 40%, instant results would be available in the general practitioner's surgery and the patient would receive immediate and appropriate treatment.


Background: The relevance of headache to outcome after sports-related concussion is poorly understood. Hypotheses: High school athletes reporting headache approximately 1 week after injury will have significantly more other concussion symptoms and will perform more poorly on neuropsychological tests than athletes not experiencing headache. Study Design: Prospective cohort study. Methods: Study participants included 109 high school athletes who had sustained concussion and who were divided into two groups: those reporting headache 7 days after injury and those reporting no headaches. The two groups were compared regarding on-field markers of concussion severity at the time of injury and symptoms and neurocognitive test results collected via ImPACT, a computerized neuropsychological test battery and postconcussion symptom scale, at a mean of 6.8 days after injury. Results: Athletes reporting posttraumatic headache demonstrated significantly worse performance on reaction time and memory ImPACT neurocognitive composite scores. These athletes also reported significantly more symptoms other than headache and were more likely to have demonstrated on-field anterograde amnesia. Conclusions: Findings suggest that any degree of postconcussion headache in high school athletes 7 days after injury is likely associated with an incomplete recovery after concussion.


Corpora annotated with structural and linguistic characteristics play a major role in nearly every area of language processing. During recent years a number of corpora and large data sets became known and available to research even in specialized fields such as medicine, but still however, targeted predominantly for the English language. This paper provides a description of the collection, encoding and linguistic processing of an ever growing Swedish medical corpus, the MEDLEX Corpus. MEDLEX consists of a variety of text-documents related to various medical text genres. The MEDLEX Corpus has been structurally annotated using the Corpus Encoding Standard for XML (XCES), lemmatized and automatically annotated with part-of-speech and semantic information (extended named entities and the Medical Subject Headings, MeSH, terminology). The results from the processing stages (part-of-speech, entities and terminology) have been merged into a single representation format and syntactically analysed using a cascaded finite state parser. Finally, the parser's results are converted into a tree structure that follows the TIGER-XML coding scheme, resulting a suitable for further exploration and fairly large Treebank of Swedish medical texts.


Most connected vehicle safety and traffic applications depend on communication and position and velocity information to function. However, road users may have different vehicle communicating and positioning capabilities. Further, the performance of communicating and positioning could vary from time to time and location to location. It is important for the vehicle safety system to be fully aware of the performance of vehicle positioning outputs and warn the drivers when the positioning system cannot be used for intended level of safety applications. However, unlike aviation and Maritime navigation, minimum operational performance standards about positioning have not been established in the road community. In this work, we review and develop the required navigation performance parameters for vehicle positioning capability in terms of accuracy, integrity, timeliness and interrogability of positioning solutions. We attempt to adjust the integrity performance parameters for vehicle safety positioning and provide the analysis for integrity risk, protection level and different alert limits. Based on these discussions, we introduce the error ellipse representation to visualize the protection bubble area of each vehicle on the road. The results from a vehicle experiment demonstrate how well different levels of vehicle positioning capabilities meet the different integrity alarm limits. The results emphasize that the positioning system can inform the protection level achievable at any time instant and serve the safety application at that level accordingly.


Present work deals with synthesis and biological evaluation of Cu(II), Ni(II), Zn(II) and Co(II) metal complexes derived from chlorthalidone condensed with trihydroxybenzaldehyde as potent inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) from Pneumocystis carinii (pc). Structural characterizations were performed using 1H and 13C NMR, MASS, IR, UV-Vis spectrometer and elemental analysis; designed compounds were then evaluated by enzyme assay against dihydrofolate reductase of P.carinii. The Cu(II) was found to be remarkably selective inhibitor of Pneumocystis carinii DHFR. Other ligand and metal complexes exhibited moderate activity. This study shows that benzenesulfonamide moiety increases the potency of the compounds which further increases on coordination with metal ions.


Sociocultural-interdeterminist dialogical
approach focuses attention on the caused interdeteministic character of mutual
relations of situational, personal and activity determinants of the behaviour,
staticized in concrete historical cultural context. For example, a change in a
situational context leads to changes both in the person, and in his or her
activity. Achievement of changes in the person and his or her activity assumes
creation of the special conditions promoting to their actualization, etc. For
understanding of the nature of progress in culture and science the theoretical
construct "cultural-scientific tradition" is offered, allowing to trace changes
in common cultural and scientific worldview throughout the human history.
Consideration of personality problems is carried out in a three-dimensional
continuum conscious-unconscious-existential, allowing to capture all variety of
displays of psychological phenomenology. Proceeding from understanding of
culture as orientational and normative structure of behaviour and as
communicative matrix by means of which the behaviour is interpreted,
integrated, coordinated and authorized (R. Priest), efficiency of use of the
conceptual device of the epistemic approach of Michel Foucault and cultural
framing of E. Goffman to understanding of intercultural interaction specificity
is proved. The epistemic differences of European (graphic), Chinese, and
classic Arabic languages are demonstrated. Intercultural competence is
considered in aspect of ability of formation of shared meanings and experiences
on the basis of mastering by knowledge about originalities of language, values
and norms, experiences and behavioral algorithms of each other. The basis of
such mutual understanding creates the dialogue that assumes unconditional
acceptance of another based on tolerance and pluralism, the joint extension of
the horizons directed on formation and development of coordinated and mutually
endured values and senses. As unit of the analysis of intercultural interaction
the evaluation of a sharedness of meanings and experiences is offered. Results
of empirical research of the given approach on the example of formation of
interpersonal mutual understanding of the Belarus and Chinese students are
presented.


The power grid is a complex system. Multiple quantities are measured from hundreds of locations, at rates up to 30 Hz. There are both correlated and uncorrelated variables. Powerful methods are needed to examine this large amount of data and better understand the complex system, and in the case of the power grid, identify imminent adverse events, such as blackouts. These methods need to sift through any multicollinearity among the variables, account for the random uncertainty that is present within each variable, and focus on practical differences as defined by domain experts in addition to statistical differences. These methods will then help the user to better understand the complex system by uncovering the hidden gems within the data. These gems include identification of the uncertainty, characterization of the typical patterns, and the discovery of atypical events. This paper will discuss the intricate methods used to explore the data, and the novel displays used to communicate the findings. This paper will also delve into the exploration of other complex systems, like aviation safety, using similar methods.Copyright © 2011 by ASME


Petri Nets are tools for the analysis and design of concurrent systems. There is a formal theory, which supports Petri Nets. We propose Petri Nets with Clocks which has a high expressive power in the concurrent and asynchronous process modeling and gives the possibility to model real time systems. The Petri Nets with Clocks are useful to model systems with temporal requirements via specification of clocks, using temporal invariants for the places and temporal conditions in the transitions. Also, we have developed an algorithm for the analysis of Petri Nets with Clocks. For the Business Processes Modeling, we propose to use Petri Nets with Clocks to formalize models, allowing to study the models through a quantitative and qualitative analysis. Petri Nets with Clocks includes additional temporal elements -clocks-, which are appropriate for the Business Processes Modeling and are not taken into consideration in the literature concerning the extensions of Petri Nets with time. Petri Nets with Clocks allows studying the structural properties of Business Processes Modeling. This study not only allows the simulation but also verifies formally the model. It is oriented to the verification and correction of errors in the modeling of the time variable en Business Processes.


As we continue to improve our understanding of brain function, we are designing ever more complicated neuroimaging paradigms to probe network behaviour and activation differences between cohorts of individuals, particularly involving resting state data. However, we are simultaneously becoming more aware of how difficult it is to distinguish between the neuronal signal of interest and variance due to confounds such as gross or subtle head motion, respiratory and cardiac variation, arousal levels, and other physiological sources. Papers demonstrating that unmodeled noise confounds can bias results have raised alarm across the entire neuroimaging community. Discussions of the influence of residual noise artifacts on study results are increasingly common in the literature. New methods for characterizing and removing noise signals from fMRI data have exploded in complexity and uptake over the last few years, reflected by a recent special issue of NeuroImage edited by the course organizers and featuring articles by the course presenters. Researchers are now keenly aware that noise can be a huge and tricky problem in their data analysis and interpretation, but still commonly ask: "which noise correction methods should I be using?" This course builds upon the previous pre-processing courses presented at OHBM by tackling advanced noise removal techniques, providing researchers with the practical tools and breadth of understanding to select the best approach for navigating noise in their own fMRI data.


Open source software (OSS) is a social and economic phenomenon that raises fundamental questions about the motivations of contributors to information systems development. Some developers are unpaid volunteers who seek to solve their own technical problems, while others create OSS as part of their employment contract. For the past 10 years, a substantial amount of academic work has theorized about and empirically examined developer motivations. We review this work and suggest considering motivation in terms of the values of the social practice in which developers participate. Based on the social philosophy of Alasdair MacIntyre, we construct a theoretical framework that expands our assumptions about individual motivation to include the idea of a long-term, value-informed quest beyond short-term rewards. This motivation-practice framework depicts how the social practice and its supporting institutions mediate between individual motivation and outcome. The framework contains three theoretical conjectures that seek to explain how collectively elaborated standards of excellence prompt developers to produce high-quality software, change institutions, and sustain OSS development. From the framework, we derive six concrete propositions and suggest a new research agenda on motivation in OSS.


Abstract. We have developed a new technique for estimating ozone mixing ratio inside deep convective clouds. The technique uses the concept of an optical centroid cloud pressure that is indicative of the photon path inside clouds. Radiative transfer calculations based on realistic cloud vertical structure as provided by CloudSat radar data show that because deep convective clouds are optically thin near the top, photons can penetrate significantly inside the cloud. This photon penetration coupled with in-cloud scattering produces optical centroid pressures that are hundreds of hPa inside the cloud. We combine measured column ozone and the optical centroid cloud pressure derived using the effects of rotational-Raman scattering to estimate O3 mixing ratio in the upper regions of deep convective clouds. The data are obtained from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) onboard NASA's Aura satellite. Our results show that low O3 concentrations in these clouds are a common occurrence throughout much of the tropical Pacific. Ozonesonde measurements in the tropics following convective activity also show very low concentrations of O3 in the upper troposphere. These low amounts are attributed to vertical injection of ozone poor oceanic boundary layer air during convection into the upper troposphere followed by convective outflow. Over South America and Africa, O3 mixing ratios inside deep convective clouds often exceed 50 ppbv which are comparable to mean background (cloud-free) amounts and are consistent with higher concentrations of injected boundary layer/lower tropospheric O3 relative to the remote Pacific. The Atlantic region in general also consists of higher amounts of O3 precursors due to both biomass burning and lightning. Assuming that O3 is well mixed (i.e., constant mixing ratio with height) up to the tropopause, we can estimate the stratospheric column O3 over clouds. Stratospheric column ozone derived in this manner agrees well with that retrieved independently with the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) instrument and thus provides a consistency check of our method.


We performed a study on levels of the total prion protein (PrP) in humans affected by different neurological diseases and assessed the influence of several factors such as age, gender, and disease severity on the cerebrospinal fluid PrP levels. PrP-ELISA technique was used to analyze cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples. 293 CSF samples of patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob-disease (CJD), Alzheimer's disease, dementia with Lewy-bodies, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, cerebral ischemia, generalized epileptic seizures, and meningitis and encephalitis in comparison to controls were analyzed. We found a significant reduction of CSF PrP levels in patients suffering from all neurodegenerative disorders analyzed. This group exhibited mean PrP values of 164 ng/ml while non-neurodegenerative disorder patients and healthy controls showed PrP levels of 208 ng/ml and 226 ng/ml, respectively. CSF levels correlated with disease severity in CJD, Alzheimer's disease, and dementia with Lewy-bodies. The finding of decreased PrP levels in the CSF of patients not only with CJD but also in other neurodegenerative disorders is intriguing. Age-, gender-, and genetic-specific factors might be involved in the PrP c regulation.


Coupled with the Internet, mobile technology is rapidly moving us from the information age into the age of boundless communication. However, the success of todays cutting-edge mobile technologies will not be determined merely by their new features. Rather, the way in which you integrate these technologies into your day-to-day business operations that will determine their success or failure. While there is substantial literature on mobility and business transitions, this book not only brings the two together but also provides a formal process for transitioning your organization from a fix-wired electronic organization to an enhanced mobile enterprisewith minimal disruptions to daily operations. Addressing the rapid evolution of global communications, Mobile Enterprise Transition and Management provides step-by-step guidance on how to configure, enact, and manage the process of integrating mobile technology within your organization. The mobile enterprise transition (MET) process presented considers input from the four significant dimensions of an organization economic, technical, process, and social making it a well-rounded and complete process. The Material Presented in This Book Forms the Basis of thePopular Workshop Designed and Led by a Leading Expert in the Field Based on extensive research, literature review, and practical experimentation in METs, this comprehensive text presents emerging best practices, exhaustive case studies, and examples of successful transitions. It also provides detailed references, and a glossary of key terms and commonly used acronyms. Whether you are an engineer, network manager, business manager, or other decision maker, this book will show you how to develop customized integration strategies that will set your enterprise on the path to achieving the competitive advantages todays mobile innovations make possible.


This article examined several crucial themes in Adam Smith's philosophy with the purpose of highlighting and assessing his contribution to the secularisation of Western society. The article, written from the perspective of reformational philosophy, begins with a brief biography and sketch of Adam Smith's influence on modern society, followed by a summary of Ponti Venter's view on Smith. This sets the scene for a discussion of Adam Smith's project, his method of tackling it, and his views on systems, philosophy of history and the concept of philosophy.


In townships across South Africa the Community Peace Program, based in Cape Town, is helping local communities establish peace committees. This article argues that through their commitment to a consensus-based, reparative approach to dealing with crime, peace committees reflect restorative processes and values. In other respects, peace committees are quite different to most restorative justice programmes in England, Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the United States. One such difference is their independence from the formal criminal justice system, which this article places within the context of the increasing privatization of policing and governance more generally. Peace committees are also novel for their attempt to address the structural problems underlying crime, the wide range of crimes they attempt to address, and specific aspects of the process used for meetings between victims, offenders and community members.


We study the structural evolution of Sr3Ir2O7 as a function of pressure using x-ray diffraction. At a pressure of 54 GPa at room temperature, we observe a first-order structural phase transition, associated with a change from tetragonal to monoclinic symmetry and accompanied by a 4% volume collapse. Rietveld refinement of the high-pressure phase reveals a novel modification of the Ruddlesden-Popper structure, which adopts an altered stacking sequence of the perovskite bilayers. As the positions of the oxygen atoms could not be reliably refined from the data, we use density functional theory (local-density approximation+U+spin orbit) to optimize the crystal structure and to elucidate the electronic and magnetic properties of Sr3Ir2O7 at high pressure. In the low-pressure tetragonal phase, we find that the in-plane rotation of the IrO6 octahedra increases with pressure. The calculations further indicate that a bandwidth-driven insulator-metal transition occurs at similar to 20 GPa, along with a quenching of the magnetic moment. In the high-pressure monoclinic phase, structural optimization resulted in complex tilting and rotation of the oxygen octahedra and strongly overlapping t(2g) and e(g) bands. The t(2g) bandwidth renders both the spin-orbit coupling and electronic correlations ineffectual in opening an electronic gap, resulting in a robust metallic state for the high-pressure phase of Sr3Ir2O7.


The widespread deployment of optical fiber with its attractive technologies such as dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) is helping to satisfy the apparently
insatiable demand for bandwidth in the telecommunication systems.However,the adoption of the technology in the optical communications systems,requires the establishment of traceable measurement facilities,which are capable of providing the information about the performance of the system. Information of particular parameter of interest, such as channel wavelength,can be obtained by either using an external or inline or built-in wavelength determination system.Currently,there are a number of techniques including bandpass filter technique, and interferometric fringe-counting techniques have been used in the system to measure the wavelength accurately.In this thesis,a new approach for measuring optical signal wavelength using optical fiber power loss phenomenon is introduced. In this technique a relationship between input signal at one particular wavelength and attenuated signal in optical fiber is used.A wavelength dependent attenuator made of erbium-doped fiber has been used as the main component or element to develop and be applied for the wavelength determining system.The variation of the optical power loss of erbium-doped fiber with the wavelength of an input signal is utilized for wavelength discrimination.This research demonstrates some of the methods that can be used to exploit the erbium-doped fiber for measuring optical signal wavelength accurately.Results of the study showed that by changing parameter such as value of attenuation element,erbium-doped fiber length, ion concentration,or the erbium-doped fiber
material type,or changing the attenuation element setup, the signal measurement could be as accurate as ± 2 nm and produce a wavelength range as wide as 45 nm.


Patients hospitalized in acute care psychiatric settings often complain of boredom. Neither historical context nor geographical settings seem to make a difference. Boredom can be found in contemporary studies and older studies, in studies in the United States and the United Kingdom (Raphael, 1974; Raphael & Peers, 1972; Shields, Morrison, & Hart, 1988; Thomas, Shattell, & Martin, 2002). Boredom does not seem to correlate to how long a person has been in the hospital or model of health care delivery. Perhaps you can understand how patients would get bored after a 2-3 month stay as was customary in the past, but not today, with short 3-5 day hospitalizations. How do patients have time to be bored?


This session explores ideas on how to apply active learning techniques when the classroom is set up in a more traditional tightly-spaced room lacking in whiteboard space and few options for moving around or reconfiguring the space.  This will be an interactive session; participants can add their experiences to enhance the ideas included in this abstract.  For creative teachers and cooperative students, there are multiple solutions for most academic disciplines when there is flexibility in approaches to learning. Participants will be able to describe at least 3 adaptations they can use in their courses.
_______________________________________________________________
FULL ABSTRACT

This session explores ideas on how to apply active learning techniques when the classroom is set up in a more traditional tightly-spaced room lacking in whiteboard space and few options for moving around or reconfiguring the space.  This will be an interactive session where participants can add their experiences to enhance the ideas included in this abstract.  One of the ideas comes from a blog: "Creating the Space for Engaged Discussion" by Kevin Gannon, PhD, that had ideas for solving the kind of problem.  His banner photo shows him standing in front of classroom of students, a traditionally laid out space.  Gannon's idea of doing a check-in exercise that can meet the objective of: 1) getting to know the students; 2) helping them get used to hearing their own voice spoken in the classroom; and 3) teaching them to listen to each other.  The technique uses a format that encourages a more open discussion. This exercise meets the objectives and takes no more than 8 minutes for 25 or 30 students.

Another way to open up discussion is a variation on the well-practiced "think-pair-share" activity where students respond to an appropriate comprehensive open-ended question for each student to think about for 5 minutes; than joining with another student or a small group (shifting around the school desks in place); and then sharing with the class the ideas they and their group came up with.

Other Techniques:

One of the simplest solutions to the traditional classroom setting could be to move a few chairs and rotate others in place, though sometimes chairs and tables are fixed in place, so we will explore ways of handling those kinds of problems.

There are other work-arounds, when considering the constraints of the classroom. When possible, students usually appreciate the option of going out onto the larger campus when doing so would enhance learning.  This idea from an architecture class at the University of Minnesota, where the general education architecture course planned to meet in a different location every week. The students would propose a meeting place and the professor would select appropriate locations, scheduling them for future class meetings. They would meet in such places as the student center atrium, the entrance hall to the basketball arena, an art museum, and a park.  For the architecture class, it allowed students to see how different environments served different needs; for our class, a similar plan allowed our students to experience how different environments and contexts contributed to class discussions and conflict resolution projects.

At Mason, we can meet in one of the amphitheaters on a day when the weather is suitable.  This is a good opportunity to work together on an experiential learning activity that requires spreading out and moving around freely.  Another solution to classroom constraints is to find an alternate classroom solution on some days, such as reserving multiple study rooms in the Johnson Center on days that were convenient for students.  For those sessions, breaking into small groups, so students can jump-start small-group projects.  and each group successfully met their objectives.


This paper investigates the connection between self-repairs, conversation analytical mechanisms, and the concept of certainty in Romanian academic meetings. The focus is on the design of turn(s) in which the chair and the other participants provide feedback on a piece of writing. The data reveal that at the turn design level, through self-repairs (namely replacing, deleting, reformatting, inserting), the speakers employ several lexical and grammatical items in order to communicate different degrees of certainty.


Over the last five years we have built mbeddr, a collection of integrated languages and language extensions built with the Jetbrains MPS language workbench. mbeddr consists of 81 languages, incl. IDE support, 34 of them C extensions. The mbeddr languages use a wide variety of notations -- textual, tabular, symbolic and graphical -- and the C extensions are modular; new extensions can be added without changing the existing implementation of C. mbeddr's development has spanned roughly 15 person years so far, and the tool is used in practice and continues to be developed. This makes mbeddr a case study in language engineering of non-trivial size and complexity. In this keynote, I look back at mbeddr's development to identify what worked well and what are still challenges in language engineering with a modern language workbench. I will address five areas: language modularity, notational freedom and projectional editing, mechanisms for managing complexity, performance and scalability issues and the consequences for the development process. I will close by highlighting a set of issues which need further research and engineering.


Traps have been found useful in monitoring and reducing populations of Sapyga pumila Cresson an important parasite of the alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata Fabricius. Traps painted white, light blue or green were more effective than brown or red. Traps painted white, shades of light blue or coated with transparent plastic were equal in trapping efficiency to the natural unpainted traps. S. pumila was more responsive to the contrast between hole in the trap than to trap color. Largest numbers of S. pumila were caught in traps placed on the front of leafcutting bee domiciles.


Baumeister and Hamilton (2019a) assert that every critique of their work on oil markets by Kilian and Zhou (2019a) is without merit. In addition, they make the case that key aspects of the economic and econometric analysis in the widely used oil market model of Kilian and Murphy (2014) and its precursors are incorrect. Their critiques are also directed at other researchers who have worked in this area and, more generally, extend to research using structural VAR models outside of energy economics. The purpose of this paper is to help the reader understand what the real issues are in this debate. The focus is not only on correcting important misunderstandings in the recent literature, but on the substantive and methodological insights generated by this exchange, which are of broader interest to applied researchers.


A hospital based cross sectional study has been conducted in 975 cases to evaluate the prevalence and pattern of Placental and Umbilical cord abnormalities. All the Placentas with Umbilical cords were examined for different abnormalities immediately after delivery. Out of 975 specimens, a total of 262 (26.87%) were identified to have various types of abnormalities. Of which, 232 (23.79%) specimens showed single abnormalities and the remaining 30 (3.07%) specimens were with multiple abnormalities (more than one abnormalities in each specimen). Prevalence of most of the abnormalities in the present study is in co ordinance with previous studies and all the abnormalities are distributed among the specimens in two different forms i.e. specimens with any single abnormally and specimens with multiple abnormalities.


The focus of this thesis is on the design and use of artificial reefs and the development of a cost-effective method for monitoring their fish faunas. A review of habitat enhancement structures around the world, focusing primarily on artificial reefs, found that these structures have been used for a wide range of purposes such as sediment stabilization, mitigation of illegal trawling, enhancing recreational fisheries and the provision of additional habitat and nurseries for threatened fish stocks. Over time, there has been a growing trend in the use of purpose built reef modules as opposed to the use of materials of opportunity. Within Australia this has been most evident in the shift away from the use of tyres and steel vessels, to the use of specially designed concrete reef modules. As these structures can require financial investments within the millions, it is important to evaluate their effectiveness through post deployment monitoring. A central part of the citizen science monitoring project being developed by Recfishwest in Western Australia is the use of university students to extract information from the Baited Remote Underwater Video (BRUV) footage collected by recreational fishers. This study found that whilst observers recorded similar numbers of species and abundance (total MaxN), significant differences were present between observers in terms of their faunal compositions. This indicates that if inexperienced observers are used in the future as part of a cost-effective monitoring project, observer bias may be a potential source of error in the data and should be mitigated through observer training. Statistical analysis of footage collected from the Bunbury and Dunsborough artificial reefs using BRUVs found a significant difference in species composition between the footage from the two reefs but not between camera positions. However, increased camera soak time and footage collection over a greater temporal scale are needed to increase the reliability of the data. Whilst improvements to the sampling regime are recommended, the use of cost-effective BRUVs shows potential as an effective method for monitoring the fish fauna of artificial reefs using citizen science.


The focus of this paper is on tribal migrants from southern Rajasthan, working in the neighbouring state of Gujarat. The objectives of the study were to achieve insights into these migrants' livelihoods and remittance sending practices and their attitudes towards these, and to examine the potential for improvement in money transfers. Most migrants interviewed were in paid employment, largely in the construction and service sectors. They mainly take money home themselves or ask fellow migrants to do this for them; remittances are used for a wide variety of both production and consumption needs. This hand-to-hand system of money transfers has advantages for both senders and receivers, although some remitting migrants have suffered loss of money through theft. With high rates of mobile phone ownership, it is possible that using banking correspondents, a relatively recent innovation in the country aimed at reducing financial exclusion, in conjunction with mobile banking, could combine the valued qualities of informal and formal money transfer systems. Even so, proposals to develop new remittance products for domestic migrants must be clear as to the added value they bring to existing systems and contexts, for both senders and receivers, and for the agents involved in the process.


OBJECTIVE
This study characterizes telehealth claims for mental health and substance abuse (MH/SA) services by using national private claims data.

METHODS
Telehealth-related mental health service claims were identified with private claims data from 2009 to 2013. These data-provided by the Health Care Cost Institute-included claims from Aetna, Humana, and UnitedHealth for more than 50 million individuals per year.

RESULTS
In 2009-2013, there were 13,480 MH/SA telehealth provider claims out of 3,986,159 claims, with the majority of telehealth claims submitted by psychiatrists. For telehealth services, there was a decreasing trend for average reimbursements ($54.61 in 2009 to $43.28 in 2013). Average reimbursements for telehealth claims were half those for nontelehealth claims. Reimbursements for nine of the top 10 telehealth services were lower in 2015 dollars than for the same services provided during face-to-face treatment.

CONCLUSIONS
Widespread adoption and use of costly telehealth technologies for mental health services may be limited by low reimbursements for telehealth services.


For its British population, the India that swelters in the late spring of 1857 is a place of amateur theatricals, horseracing and flirtations under the aegis of the omnipotent East India company. But a brutal awakening lies in store for the complacent British: one May night, after thirty years of abuse, the East India Company's native soldiers rise up against their British officers. Thus begins the most savage episode in our imperial history. Caught up in the violence is pretty Sophie Hardcastle, a young wife and mother newly arrived from England. As she searches for her infant son, missing in the chaos, Sophie finds herself bearing witness to atrocities on both sides. Moving, sombre and thrilling, Rathbone's tale is told on a grand scale, ranging from the Cannings in Government House to the heroism of the humblest soldiers and peasants. It is as exhilarating as any Victorian adventure story, and yet, with its unflinching examination of religious fantacism and the horrors of war, THE MUTINY also carries a powerful message for the modern world.


Lignin is an alkyl-aromatic polymer present in plant cell walls for defense, structure, and water transport. Despite exhibiting a high-energy content, lignin is typically slated for combustion in modern biorefineries due to its inherent heterogeneity and recalcitrance, whereas cellulose and hemicellulose are converted to renewable fuels and chemicals. However, it is critical for the viability of third-generation biorefineries to valorize lignin alongside polysaccharides. To that end, we employ metabolic engineering, separations, and catalysis to convert lignin-derived species into cis,cis-muconic acid, for subsequent hydrogenation to adipic acid, the latter being the most widely produced dicarboxylic acid. First, Pseudomonas putida KT2440 was metabolically engineered to funnel lignin-derived aromatics to cis,cis-muconate, which is an atom-efficient biochemical transformation. This engineered strain was employed in fed-batch biological cultivation to demonstrate a cis,cis-muconate titer of 13.5 g L−1 in 78.5 h from a model lignin-derived compound. cis,cis-Muconic acid was recovered in high purity (>97%) and yield (74%) by activated carbon treatment and crystallization (5 °C, pH 2). Pd/C was identified as a highly active catalyst for cis,cis-muconic acid hydrogenation to adipic acid with high conversion (>97%) and selectivity (>97%). Under surface reaction controlling conditions (24 °C, 24 bar, ethanol solvent), purified cis,cis-muconic acid exhibits a turnover frequency of 23–30 s−1 over Pd/C, with an apparent activation energy of 70 kJ mol−1. Lastly, cis,cis-muconate was produced with engineered P. putida grown on a biomass-derived, lignin-enriched stream, demonstrating an integrated strategy towards lignin valorization to an important commodity chemical.


To overcome congressional gridlock, lawmakers have developed devices that, under certain conditions, provide easier paths to policy change. Procedural mechanisms may eliminate the threat of filibuster and other barriers to legislating. Laws may prompt Congress to act through sunset dates, penalties like sequestration, or other undesirable policy outcomes. Alternatively, the legislative product itself may spontaneously update without further action by Congress, a category I label "dynamic legislation.�? For instance, during consideration of recent tax legislation, lawmakers proposed that certain tax cuts be automatically ratcheted down if the bill failed to generate sufficient economic growth and that delayed tax increases not go into effect if revenue hurdles were met. Of these various tools, I argue that dynamic legislation has the most potential to combat legislative inertia while also meeting the challenges of the democratic process. Specifically, dynamic legislation outperforms the other tools because it leverages the resources of the administrative state without succumbing to excessive deference, it does not impermissibly entrench the current majority, and it is not as susceptible to the pathologies of the political economy and budget processes. Dynamic legislation also provides a mechanism by which Congress can evaluate itself, automatically adjusting laws depending on how well they are performing. Dynamic legislation holds particular promise in areas, like fiscal policy, where these concerns are acute, and where its design is not too costly.


Profile monitoring is useful whenever the quality is described by a relationship between a response and one or more of explanatory variables. It is conventional to refer to this relationship as Quality Profile. Despite the fact that there are numerous examples of the polynomial quality profiles in industrial practice, only few Phase II techniques are available in literature for monitoring these profiles. However, to promote this research context, we extend the applications of the double exponentially weighted moving average (dEWMA) statistic to include phase II of the Mth polynomial quality profiles. Some of existing methods have been modified in order to capture the nature of the dEWMA statistic under the polynomial profile monitoring. Their detection accuracy measured by the average run length performance is evaluated. To expand our comparison, the average run length performance of the multivariate cumulative sum and T2 are also subjected to evaluation as well. The comparative simulations showed the superior performance of the dEWMA‐based charting techniques in detecting changes in the parameters of the polynomial quality profiles. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Despite its importance in the international arena, the evidence-based movement appears to have had little impact among South African clinical and counseling psychologists. We interviewed 13 of the 18 directors of psychology training programmes to understand the extent to which these programmes were rooted in an evidence-based approach to psychological practice; how important directors thought it was to emphasise an evidence-based approach in psychology training; and how students were taught to use research to inform their ongoing practice as clinical or counselling psychologists. Directors expressed a range of positions including opposition to evidence-based practice (EBP), support for EBP, and equivocality about EBP. Those who were opposed to EBP based their opposition on a "critical" approach to evidence, epistemological and ontological differences with the notion of EBP, and the conflation of theoretical orientation with EBP. Concerns were also raised in relation to areas of psychological need that lacked a research base, cultural factors that did not fit well with EBP, and different viewpoints on what constituted evidence. However, among several training directors, EBP was considered essential, particularly in light of the need to offer cost-effective services in an under-resourced setting like South Africa. These results are discussed in the context of the international evidence-based movement in mental health. Three recommendations flow from our research, namely, that the Health Professions Council of South Africa engage formally and vigorously with EBP for psychological interventions; that the Psychological Society of South Africa (PSYSSA) place the matter of EBP squarely on the organisational agenda; and that a standardised accreditation of clinical and counselling psychology training programmes be developed according to locally developed criteria for assessing EBP.


Naiad is a distributed system for executing data parallel, cyclic dataflow programs. It offers the high throughput of batch processors, the low latency of stream processors, and the ability to perform iterative and incremental computations. Although existing systems offer some of these features, applications that require all three have relied on multiple platforms, at the expense of efficiency, maintainability, and simplicity. Naiad resolves the complexities of combining these features in one framework. A new computational model, timely dataflow, underlies Naiad and captures opportunities for parallelism across a wide class of algorithms. This model enriches dataflow computation with timestamps that represent logical points in the computation and provide the basis for an efficient, lightweight coordination mechanism. We show that many powerful high-level programming models can be built on Naiad's low-level primitives, enabling such diverse tasks as streaming data analysis, iterative machine learning, and interactive graph mining. Naiad outperforms specialized systems in their target application domains, and its unique features enable the development of new high-performance applications.


While standardization of sampling, processing and picking techniques is essential in micropalaeontology, standard counts (and percentages) have three serious disadvantages. They are interdependent, so changes in one taxon affect counts of all others; they can be misleading, e.g. when percentage abundance increases but absolute numbers decrease; and they conceal changes in absolute abundance, which for palaeoecology are often most revealing. A technique which combines a minimum count with estimates of absolute numbers is recommended and has been applied to 12 samples from a mid-Cenomanian chalk/marl rhythm. Data for insoluble residues, stable isotopes of carbon and oxygen and numbers of planktonic and benthonic foraminifera and ostracods all vary through the rhythm. Absolute abundance of planktonic foraminifera correlates best with surface sea water temperatures calculated from oxygen isotopes. Abundances of both calcareous and agglutinated benthonic foraminifera correlate best with percent insoluble residue values and these foraminifera respond passively to changes in sedimentation rate. Ostracods do not correlate well with either control. Ratios of insoluble residues and of benthonic foraminiferal abundances between chalks and marls confirm that the rhythms are productivity cycles. Mid-Cenomanian chalk beds were deposited rapidly, taking at most 5–7000 years of the 21,000 year precession cycle.


Context. Bright knots along arms are observed in K-band images of many grand-design spiral galaxies. They are identified as young starforming complexes using K-band spectra which show strong Br emission. Their alignment with spiral arms and ages <10 Myr suggest that they are associated with a starforming front linked to a density wave in the galaxies. Aims. Ages may be estimated for the youngest starforming complexes using NIR broad band colors and Br . A di erent angular speed of the density wave and material would lead to an azimuthal age gradient of newly formed objects. We aim to detect this gradient. Methods. Deep JHK-Br photometry of the southern arm of the grand-design spiral galaxy NGC 2997 was obtained by ISAAC/VLT. All sources in the field brighter than K=19 mag were located. Color-color diagrams were used to identify young stellar complexes among the extended sources. Ages can be estimated for the youngest complexes and correlated with azimuthal distances from the spiral arms defined by the K-band intensity variation. Results. The extended sources with MK< 12 mag display a di use appearance and are more concentrated inside the arm region than fainter ones, which are compact and uniformly distributed in the disk. The NIR colors of the bright di use objects are consistent with them being young starforming complexes with ages <10 Myr and reddened by up to 8 mag of visual extinction. They show a color gradient as a function of their azimuthal distance from the spiral arms. Interpreting this gradient as an age variation, the pattern speed p = 16 km sec 1 kpc 1 of the main spiral was derived assuming circular motion. Conclusions. The alignment and color gradient of the bright, di use complexes strongly support a density wave scenario for NGC 2997. Only the brightest complexes with MK < 12 mag show a well aligned structure along the arm, suggesting that a strong compression in the gas due to the spiral potential is required to form these most massive aggregates, while smaller starforming regions are formed more randomly in the disk. The sharp transition between the two groups at MK = 12 mag may be associated with expulsion of gas when the first supernovae explode in the complex.


Main Research Project Abstract Objective: To assess if adolescent perfectionism mediates the association between negative parental factors (anxiety, maladaptive perfectionism, critical and authoritarian parenting) and paediatric anxiety. Method: A cross sectional questionnaire design was used. Sixty-six 12-17-year-old adolescents and their primary caregiver were recruited from a local community school and child and adolescent mental health services. Self- and parent-report questionnaires measured anxiety, perfectionism and parenting style. Results: There was a significant association between adolescent perfectionism and anxiety and between parental perfectionism and anxiety. However, there was no evidence that parental perfectionism was associated with child perfectionism or anxiety. Conclusions: The fact that parental factors were not associated with adolescent maladaptive perfectionism implies that the processes associated with the development of maladaptive perfectionism and anxiety in childhood may be different in adolescents. Implications for treatment and future research are discussed. Service Improvement Project Abstract Background: The 5Ps model is a formulation tool which includes the mental health problem as well as predisposing, precipitating, perpetuating and protective factors. The 5Ps model was integrated into the assessment service in the community mental health recovery team by the first author (trainee clinical psychologist) with support from the service manager and clinical psychologist. Objectives: This research aimed to measure whether assessment staff in the community mental health recovery team were using the 5Ps model in assessment meetings and assessment letters to formulate service user's mental health problems. This research also aimed to assess whether recommendations for mental health care addressed the 5Ps factors which were noted in the assessment letter and assessment meeting notes. Finally, the research aimed to recommend strategies to improve the use of the 5Ps model by assessment staff. Design: Assessment staff (n=6) were interviewed using semi-structured interviews. Assessment letters and meeting notes (n=36) were analysed using case note analysis. Methods: Percentage use of 5Ps in assessment letters and meeting notes and percentage of recommendations linked to 5Ps in assessment letters were calculated. The amount of 5Ps training staff received was also compared to staff members' use of the 5Ps in assessment letters. Thematic analysis of staff questionnaire data was completed. Results: Assessment staff are using the 5Ps in their assessment work and some recommendations were linked to the 5Ps stated in assessment letters. Recommendations to improve the use of the 5Ps by assessment staff were based on staff feedback and case note analysis and included; updating the letter and assessment formats/processes to ensure that all of the 5Ps are linked to the mental health problem and recommendations made for treatment, completing the formulation section on the electronic notes system and further training for assessment staff in how to identify the 5Ps/how recommendations can address the 5Ps. Conclusion: Results suggest that the 5Ps formulation was operational to assessment staff as it was utilised to formulate service users mental health problem at assessment. However, results suggest that the recommendations need to be implemented to improve assessment staff's acceptability and use of the 5Ps. The service agreed to adhere to the recommendations suggested to improve the use of the 5Ps and agreed that if recommendations are adhered to these results support the plan to integrate the 5Ps into other adult mental health teams across Bristol. Literature Review Abstract Objective: All studies of solution-focused therapy which included adults with a mental health problem are reviewed and research methodologies are summarised and rated according to the quality of the research methodology used. Method: Sixteen studies were found and data extracted on setting, mental health problem, modality, target and duration of intervention, research methodology, measures, sample size, method of analysis, comparison treatment and quality score. Results: 14 studies utilised quantitative research methodologies. Eight of the studies used a quasi-experimental design including control groups (n=6) and random assignment (n=3). One study used a post-intervention questionnaire follow-up design and one study calculated recovery rates. One study calculated whether or not the patient presented with self-harm within 1 year post intervention and pre-post intervention change on a solution-focused measure. Two studies were randomised controlled trials and another two studies were single case experimental designs. Two studies utilised qualitative research methodologies including transcribing a therapy session/post-intervention interview. Quantitative outcomes were measured using multiple questionnaire measures and multiple analysis methods. Conversation analysis and thematic analysis were used for qualitative studies. The quality scores of the studies varied from 4 (single case experimental design) to 14 (randomised controlled trial) and 15 (controlled quasi-experimental). Conclusion: This review shows that solution-focused therapy is being evaluated using many valid and reliable research methodologies and questionnaires. It is hoped that solution-focused therapists and researchers can use this review to complete and publish further research which measures the effectiveness of solution-focused therapy using research methodologies which produce valid and reliable results.


To further clarify possible sports injury of shoulder joint of excellent discus athletes at beginning phase of rotation and biomechanic characteristics demonstrated, the paper adopts close range dynamic stereo photography measurement method for fixed-point shooting of live competition, training of discus athletes. Comprehensive analysis and research of motion image and information is done with professional video, finally biomechanical indexes of athletes are obtained, and in-depth inquiry is done for possible sports injury of shoulder joint at beginning phase of rotation and biomechanical characteristics demonstrated. Results show that the highest constituent ratio of shoulder joint injury of excellent discus athletes comes from injury of tendon of long head of biceps brachii, followed by rotator cuff injury, acromioclavicular joint sprain and dislocation, dislocation and subluxation (glenohumeral joint), deltoid muscle strain. Biomechanical results show that biomechanical indexes of shoulder joint at beginning phase of rotation are as follows: right from the moment of lifting of right foot, shoulder and hip angle is 45 degrees, pulling angle is 126 degrees, shoulder axis angle is 2 degrees, velocity of left shoulder is 2.64 m/s, velocity of right shoulder is 0.95m/s; right from the moment of lifting of left foot, shoulder and hip angle is 27 degrees, pulling angle is 150 degrees, shoulder axis angle is -12 degrees, speed of left shoulder is 1.96 m/s, speed of right shoulder is 1.97 m/s. In conclusion, at beginning phase of rotation, increased pulling angle caused the highest ratio of injury of tendon of long head of biceps brachii. Therefore, in the daily training and competition, adjusting of corresponding angle should be a focus.


This paper investigates how the composition and diversity of a firm's patent portfolio can create synergy and, thus, contribute to firm performance. To resolve two conflicting views on whether technology diversity or strategic focus can improve firm performance, we develop a scheme to measure the diversity of a patent portfolio at the two levels of broad technology diversity and core field diversity. In our framework, both views can be valid. The former argument is effective when the focal firm has very high technology stocks and profitability is used as a performance measure. The latter is true for a focal firm with above average technology stocks and where shareholder value is considered as a performance indicator. This paper highlights technology stocks as a moderator between the relationship of technology diversity and firm performance. Generally, a firm without very high-technology stocks should concentrate its R&D resources on a specific technology field, and even within the core technology field the firm should stay focus on a small number of core technologies. Results support the competence-based view of the firm. Technology-based firms should develop a portfolio with a clear technology focus. This study lays the groundwork for future study on the interrelationships of technology strategy, patent portfolio, and long-term performance.


Although the goals of education, particularly at the graduate level, involve much more than the processing and storing of information, it is generally accepted that mastery of information is prerequisite to the utilization of that information in creative analysis, synthesis, and generation of ideas. To achieve the goal of student mastery of information various instructional methodologies have been employed. Traditional approaches to instruction at the graduate level have included the lecture method as well as various group discussion procedures. The limitations of these traditional approaches in producing the desired mastery of information have been pointed out (Malott & Rollofson, 1970). According to Fiebert (1970) the lecture is inefficient in facilitating the desired retention, recall, and transfer of ideas as well as aversive to many students and teachers. According to Hobbs (1970) discussion methods are frequently fraught with confusion concerning their goals, strategies, 2 roles, and relationship to other types of intellectual discourse. He further emphasizes that it is difficult, if not impossible, to maintain any control over the topographical aspects of the verbal behavior which occurs in group discussions.


The latter part of 1976 witnessed the initial deployment of a new Soviet missile which
was codenamed "SS-20" by the United States. The SS-20 was an intermediate-range
ballistic missile which could deliver each of its three nuclear warheads to within 400
metres of their designated targets throughout Western Europe from launch sites deep
within Soviet territory. In addition the S8-20 was a fully mobile system which
reduced significantly the likelihood of its detection and destruction by enemy forces.
This, in conjunction with its accuracy and reliability, ensured that the SS-20 added a
significant new dimension to Soviet nuclear forces within the European theatre. The
Soviet Union's deployment of this new weapon system presaged a new era of
uncertainty and tensions in East-West relations. Its initial service history coincided
with the beginning of the end of detente and within a few years it had come to hold a
position of pre-eminence as a focal point for superpower competition. Along with its
Western counterparts - Cruise and Pershing II - the SS-20 became a name familiar to
the wider public and served as an effective litmus test of superpower relations.

Throughout the Cold War era a host of analytical models were promulgated with the
stated aim of rationalising, explaining and, ultimately, predicting the nature of state
weaponry procurement policy. Such models displayed a marked diversity of character
and were the cause of conjecture and debate among their various proponents. The
Action-Reaction model sought to explain weaponry procurement as a response to the
activities of a potential adversary. By contrast both the National Leadership and
Interest Group models stressed the importance of studying internal political factors in
the pursuit of an explanation of such activities. A further alternative - the Military
Mission model - contended that weaponry production was predicated upon the
operational demands of specific and predetermined defence requirements. A variant
which was applied with increasing frequency during the period of the SS-20's
deployment was the Military Superiority model. It interpreted the development of the
Soviet nuclear arsenal as evidence of her desire to establish political dominance
through military power. Given both its undoubted military significance and the
political symbolism it came to hold it is surprising that the development and
deployment of the SS-20 was never employed as a case study through which to test
the veracity and applicability of the hypotheses.

New evidence gleaned during the course of this study from interviews with former
high-ranking Soviet officers and officials and from restricted-access sources has
necessitated a significant revision of the history of the SS-20's development and
deployment. Consequently evolving Soviet theatre strategy and the United States'
persistent refusal to include Forward Based Systems - medium-range aircraft and
missiles capable of carrying nuclear ordnance - within the constraints of the SALT
treaties are both reaffirmed as factors which did incline the Soviet Union towards the
pursuit of a new missile system for the European theatre of operations. Significantly
however neither factor seems to have possessed the overt influence upon the
development of the SS-20 that so many past analyses have accorded them. The
accepted course of the SS-20's technical development, its institutional origins and its
links with other ballistic missile systems are now subject to radical re-evaluation in the
light of the evidence which has emerged. Similarly the course and nature of this
weaponry system's development is shown to have been subject to the vagaries and
complexities of inter-elite relations to an extent previously unsuspected by all but a
handful of analysts. The predominance of such bureaucratic interaction was a
recurring theme in Soviet weaponry procurement throughout the period of the SS-20's
developmental cycle. Analysts face considerable challenges when seeking to model a
policy which was so heavily reliant upon the complexities of personal relationships and
bureaucratic rivalries.