The Okanagan Valley shear zone delineates the SW margin of the Shuswap metamorphic complex, the largest core complex within the North American Cordillera. The Okanagan Valley shear zone is a major Eocene extensional fault zone that facilitated exhumation of the southern Shuswap metamorphic complex during the orogenic collapse of the SE Canadian Cordillera when convergence at the western margin of North America switched from transpression to transtension. This study documents the petrology, structure, and age of the Okanagan gneiss, the main lithology within the footwall of the Okanagan Valley shear zone, and constrains its history from protolith to exhumed shear zone. The Okanagan gneiss is an ~1.5-km-thick, west-dipping panel composed of intercalated orthogneiss and paragneiss in which intense ductile deformation of the Okanagan Valley shear zone is recorded. New U-Pb zircon ages from the gneiss and crosscutting intrusions constrain the development of the Okanagan gneiss to the Eocene, contemporaneous with widespread extension, intense deformation, high-grade metamorphism, and anatexis in the southern Canadian Cordillera. Thermobarometric data from the paragneiss domain indicate Eocene exhumation from between 17 and 23 km depth, which implies 64–89 km of WNW-directed horizontal extension based on an original shear zone angle of ~15°. Neither the Okanagan gneiss nor its protolith represents exhumed Proterozoic North American cratonic basement as previously postulated. New U-Pb data demonstrate that the protolith for the gneiss is Phanerozoic, consisting of Mesozoic intrusions emplaced within a late Paleozoic–Mesozoic layered sequence of sedimentary rocks. LITHOSPHERE; v. 4; no. 4; p. 354–377; GSA Data Repository Item 2012214. | Published online 4 June 2012. doi: 10.1130/L199.1 For permission to copy, contact firstname.lastname@example.com | © 2012 Geological Society of America *E-mail: email@example.com. on July 24, 2012 lithosphere.gsapubs.org Downloaded from


This paper examines how stringent de facto firing regulations affect firm size throughout the developing world. We exploit a large firm level dataset across 63 countries and within country variation in the enforcement of the labor codes in countries with very different de jure firing regulations. Our findings strongly suggest that firms facing a stricter enforcement of firing regulations are on average smaller. We interpret this finding as supportive of the fact that more stringent de facto firing regulations tend to reduce average employment. We also find robust evidence that this effect is stronger for more labor intensive manufacturing firms, especially those operating in low-technology sectors. Evidence also shows that this negative correlation does not hold in countries with a very weak rule of law.


Offence supportive cognition (OSC) is an important theoretical and clinical concept in researching and treating adult sexual offenders. Much less is known about the role, relevance and measurement of OSC with younger sexual offenders, and this thesis aims to address that gap. Chapter 1 presents an introduction to OSC research, highlighting issues with measurement. Chapter 2 presents a systematic review of literature that has examined OSC in younger sexual offenders, with the aim of establishing whether OSC is a treatment need in this group. Chapter 3 examines the psychometric properties of the Children and Sex Questionnaire-Adolescent Version (CASQ-AV; Beckett 1995), a measure of child abuse supportive beliefs that is in widespread use with younger sexual offenders. Chapter 4 aims to establish the reliability and validity of the CASQ-AV using data from a large sample of young adult sexual offenders (aged 18 to 21 years) serving prison sentences. Chapter 5 draws together the findings from previous chapters, highlighting that overall, the role of OSC in younger sexual offender populations is poorly understood, the relevance of this concept as a treatment need may have been overestimated, but psychometric measurement is possible. The implications of these findings for research and practice are discussed.


Nanoscience is a cutting edge and highly interdisciplinary field of research. The experiment presented here is a good example of bringing this interdisciplinary research to school by working with biological and chemical methods. Students first synthesize silver nanoparticles and then test them for their antimicrobial effect in a yeast culture. By observing the yeast growth and the nanosilver-induced suppression over 72 hours, students not only learn about nanoscience but also get an insight into research methods commonly used in the field of toxicology – which is highly relevant for the risk assessment of nanomaterials. Further, attention was given to develop a teaching unit that has close connections to real research, i.e. highlighting typical features of current research like interdisciplinarity, but also standard research procedures like multiple measurements and systematic test analysis to gain more reliable results. Detailed illustrated instructions for all parts of the experiment are included in the Appendix, as well as a brief background on nanosilver, an Excel sheet for the test evaluation and the description of a setup to take time-lapse videos of the experiment.


Public policy for privately owned land in the United States was traditionally undertaken in one of three ways: through regulation, via manipulation of the property tax, or through targeted use of public capital investments. Thirty years ago a fourth approach began to gain prominence— private, non-profit land trusts and their use of the conservation easements. In summer 2012 the Lincoln Institute sponsored a panel at an international conference on agriculture and forestry to expose U.S. practice with land trusts and conservation easements, and to ask questions about the transferability of the U.S. experience to other countries. This working paper provides an integrated summary of the presentations made at that conference and the papers subsequently prepared by the panel presenters. Cutting edge practice is profiled in the Pacific Northwest and by a TIMO (private timberland investment organization). The use of conservation easements by land trusts will continue its growth in the U.S., there is both caution and hope for the transferability of the U.S. experience.


For most modern readers, the words 'Round Table' and 'Arthurian Romance' conjure up images of an enchanted kingdom peopled with virtous knights and damsels in distress. Some medieval texts do indeed offer such a picture, but they are decidedly in the minority. The adventure romances brought together in this collection tell instead of villains and heroes whose stories are built upon the concerns, dreams and failures of their intended readers. Throughout these tales morality is complicated by desire in ways which find many modern parallels; whereas the priest in church preached about the salvation of souls, the poet in the hall told of how to acquire a wife, a castle and all the trappings of earthly prosperity...Available for the first time in new translations and accompanied by an incisive introduction, Ross G Arthurs colourful selection of texts is an invaluable work for the student & layman alik*


The biological mechanisms of cancer and associations with behavior of tumours need to be studied to understand progression and determine appropriate treatments. Here we investigated expression of VEGF, MMP-9 and E-cadherin in laryngeal SCCs and their relations with clinical behavior. This prospective study was based on 38 surgical specimens from patients with primary laryngeal SCC and data recorded in their cards. Expression of the three factors in tumor tissue was examined using immunohistochemistry and correlations with clinical parameters of primary tumors, regional lymph node metastases, stage of disease, histopathologic differentiation, and vascular/cartilage invasion were investigated. Regarding the cases with positive MMP-9 expression, the difference between well and moderately/poorly differentiated tumors was statistically significant. However, differences between early stage (stage I and II) and late-stage (stage III and IV) tumours, and between positive and negative for pLN metastasis were not. No significant relationship between positive VEGF and tumor differentiation or stage was apparent, but E-cadherin levels significantly differed between well and moderately/ poorly differentiated tumours and with the presence of pLN metastasis. E-cadherin staining did not vary between MMP-9 positive and negative cases. In conclusion, MMP-9 may be a negative predictor of differentiation in laryngeal SCC, while E-cadherin is a predictor of differentiation and nodal metastases. Even if the difference between VEGF expression and tumor stage was not statistically significant, it seems that there exists some relationship, which might be clarified with a greater number of cases.


The EU Water Framework Directive (EUWFD) of 2000 requires that all EU member states "protect,
enhance and restore" rivers to attain good surface water quality by 2015. To achieve this mandate, member
states divide themselves into watershed basins (River Basin Districts) for the purposes of monitoring and
remediation, even if those districts cross international borders. This paper examines three key elements of the
rescaling of governance along watershed lines. First, I draw on a cross section of literatures on territoriality of the
state and the changing regulation of nature to argue that analyses of the EU tend to privilege the nation-state as
an ontological starting point. Second, the EUWFD as a rescaling of environmental gCorey Johnsonvernance is
explored. The third element of the paper considers the relationship between the de- and re-territorialisation of
environmental governance on the one hand, and the changing character of sovereignty in the EU on the other. On
this basis, the paper argues that the EUWFD represents a hybrid form of territoriality that is changing the political
geography of the European Union and that the redrawing of political-administrative scales along physical
geographical lines provides evidence of the emergence of a new, non-nested scalar politics of governance in
Europe.


The temporal course of reduction of test-stimulus effectiveness under conditions of metacontrast was studied with two different suprathreshold brightness-matching procedures. (1) Test-stimulus luminance was varied to make apparent brightness of the test stimulus equal to the brightness of a constant-luminance reference stimulus. (2) Reference-stimulus luminance was varied to match the apparent brightness of a test stimulus maintained at constant luminance. Functions obtained from two observers when the test-stimulus luminance was varied were typical metacontrast functions with maximum reduction of test-stimulus effectiveness when the test stimulus preceded the background by 50 ms, and the shape of the functions was highly similar to functions obtained previously with a disk–ring stimulus configuration. Functions obtained by varying reference-stimulus luminance were highly variable both between observers and within observers. The difficulties encountered with this second method probably resulted from glare from high-luminance test and surround fields.


The most complete resource for learning AutoCAD Civil 3DMastering AutoCAD Civil 3D is the ultimate guide to the new standard in civil engineering software. With combined experience in both civil engineering and Autodesk Civil 3D, authors Cyndy Davenport and Ishka Voiculescu guide you through the ins and outs of the program, from the fundamentals to the little-known tricks that make a big difference. The book focuses on real-world applications in professional environments, and presents topics and ideas not found anywhere else. Lessons begin simply, with an overview of the software and interface, and then gradually progress to more complex topics.AutoCAD Civil 3D is the standard software for civil engineering and design. From surveying and mapping, to design, to documentation and analysis, the program offers expanded capabilities and complementary workflows, allowing easy integration with InfraWorks, Revit Structure, and more. The ability to complete a project within a single suite means increased productivity and continuity, which translates into quicker turnaround, better-designed structures, and streamlined project management. The savvy civil engineering professional must be well versed in the program's full functionality as it expands throughout government agencies and private companies. This book features in-depth coverage of topics including:Surveying, points, and alignmentsProfiles, corridors, and gradingLandXML and LDT project transferVisualization, sheets, and project managementThe book also features downloadable datasets that enable you to access the lessons most relevant to your needs, and includes an objectives map to help you prepare for the Civil 3D certification exam. For the civil engineering professional hoping to remain relevant in a changing industry, Mastering AutoCAD Civil 3D is the ultimate resource.


This research aimed to identify and map the common patterns of human and organizational causes underlying two types of marine accident: groundings and collisions. Generalizing patterns of causality from relatively unique and individual accident events required a structured and exploratory analytical approach. Two complementary human factor analysis tools were employed to analyse a set of 30 detailed marine accident reports produced by the Australian Transport Safety Bureau. Common patterns of causality were identified for both groundings and collisions. Groundings commonly resulted from a failure to adequately plan a passage, coupled with either a problem locating the vessel, or communication problems on the bridge. Collisions often involved a fishing vessel and a bulk carrier or cargo vessel, and commonly resulted from both a problem identifying the existence or speed of the other vessel and, again, an inadequate planning process. Generalizing these common causal patterns from a number of accidents identifies a range of points at which crews, managers and policymakers can intervene to forestall the development of these accidents. The method developed here may also be productively extended and applied to other accident types and used as an ongoing risk management tool.


Economic theory points to five parties disciplining management of poorly performing firms: holders of large share blocks, acquirers of new blocks, bidders in takeovers, non-executive directors, and investors during periods of financial distress. This paper reports the first comparative evaluation of the role of these different parties in disciplining management. We find that, in the UK, most parties, including holders of substantial share blocks, exert little disciplining and that some, for example, inside holders of share blocks and boards dominated by non-executive directors, actually impede it. Bidders replace a high proportion of management of companies acquired in takeovers but do not target poorly performing management. In contrast, during periods of financial constraints prompting distressed rights issues and capital restructuring, investors focus control on poorly performing companies. These results stand in contrast to the US, where there is little evidence of a role for new equity issues but non-executive directors and acquirers of share blocks perform a disciplinary function. The different governance outcomes are attributed to differences in minority investor protection in two countries with supposedly similar common law systems.


In this paper, we study the following robust low-rank matrix approximation problem: given a matrix $A \in \R^{n \times d}$, find a rank-$k$ matrix $B$, while satisfying differential privacy, such that $ \norm{ A - B }_p \leq \alpha \mathsf{OPT}_k(A) + \tau,$ where $\norm{ M }_p$ is the entry-wise $\ell_p$-norm and $\mathsf{OPT}_k(A):=\min_{\mathsf{rank}(X) \leq k} \norm{ A - X}_p$. It is well known that low-rank approximation w.r.t. entrywise $\ell_p$-norm, for $p \in [1,2)$, yields robustness to gross outliers in the data. We propose an algorithm that guarantees $\alpha=\widetilde{O}(k^2), \tau=\widetilde{O}(k^2(n+kd)/\varepsilon)$, runs in $\widetilde O((n+d)\poly~k)$ time and uses $O(k(n+d)\log k)$ space. We study extensions to the streaming setting where entries of the matrix arrive in an arbitrary order and output is produced at the very end or continually. We also study the related problem of differentially private robust principal component analysis (PCA), wherein we return a rank-$k$ projection matrix $\Pi$ such that $\norm{ A - A \Pi }_p \leq \alpha \mathsf{OPT}_k(A) + \tau.$


When designing and building power systems that contain power electronic switching sources and loads, system integrators must consider the frequency-dependent impedance characteristics at an interface to ensure system stability. Stability criteria have been developed in terms of source and load impedance, and it is often necessary to measure system impedance through experiments. Traditional injection-based impedance measurement techniques require multiple online testing that lead to many disadvantages, including prolonged test time, operating point variations, and impedance values at limited frequency points. The impedance identification method proposed in this paper greatly reduces online testing time by modeling the system with recurrent neural networks with adequate accuracy. The recurrent networks are trained with measured signals from the system with only one stimulus injection per frequency decade. The measurement and identification processes are developed, and the effectiveness of this new technique is demonstrated by simulation and laboratory tests.


Climate change will have profound and negative effects on the planet's biodiversity. Conservationists and land managers are turning to a variety of strategies with the hope of mitigating some of these effects. One such strategy is assisted gene flow (AGF): the translocation of individuals between populations with the aim of increasing genetic diversity and introducing specific 'preadapted' genes that will boost the climate change resilience of the recipient population. Assisted gene flow is already in use, and is likely to see increasing use in the coming decades, but the methods needed to deploy it effectively are still being developed. To mitigate climate change impacts, assisted gene flow will be most effective when the source populations are: 1) adapted to their local climate, and 2) close to the recipient population in future climate space.

This thesis details techniques that can be used to identify the environmental drivers of local adaptation (focusing specifically on climatic drivers), and weight them according to the degree to which they drive local adaptation. These weighted climatic axes can then be used to create a climate space that accounts for the degree to which each climatic axis is driving local adaptation; a space in which AGF source and recipient populations can be sensibly matched. These concepts and techniques are demonstrated in the following chapters using a case study of the Rainforest Sunskink (Lampropholis coggeri) from the rainforests of north-eastern Australia.

Chapter 1 reviews the threats caused by climate change and outlines some potential mitigation strategies, with particular emphasis on assisted gene flow and novel strategies to make AGF more effective. It then outlines the structure of the thesis and sets the scene for the development of these novel strategies.

Chapter 2 outlines the ecological factors that should be considered when searching for potential source populations: population size, connectivity, and climate. Knowing that isolation (i.e., low connectivity) is conducive to local adaptation, a connectivity index is developed that is used in the analyses that appear in subsequent chapters.

Given that we are looking for local adaptation to extreme climates, and knowing that isolation is conducive to local adaptation, Chapter 3 then explores the relationship between climatic extremity and habitat connectivity, and finds that more isolated rainforest habitat does indeed experience more extreme climate, and that these shifts towards extremity are in the direction of climate change. As such, isolated habitats, free from gene swamping and subject to extreme climates, are likely to contain populations adapted to the sorts of climates we expect to be more widespread in the future. It is these populations that will make ideal source populations for assisted gene flow strategies.

Chapter 4 develops a method for determining which aspects of the environment most strongly drive local adaptation. It does this by recognizing that high connectivity leads to high levels of gene flow, which erodes local adaptation. This method is demonstrated by determining which aspects of climate are the strongest drivers of local adaptation in the case study system. The relationships between various climatic variables and physiological and morphological traits in the focal skink species are examined, and the degree to which gene flow erodes these relationships is assessed using the connectivity index developed in Chapter 2. In my study system, this highlighted two precipitation variables (annual mean precipitation and precipitation of the driest quarter) as those aspects of climate that appear to be the strongest drivers of local adaptation.

Chapter 5 combines the connectivity index from Chapter 2 and the climatic drivers of local adaptation from Chapter 4, and develops a technique to match potential source and recipient populations, weighting climatic axes to account for the degree to which they drive local adaptation. It uses a case study involving L. coggeri to demonstrate this technique, and then discusses the results of the case study and the generality of the technique.

Finally, Chapter 6 summarises the main findings and suggests some avenues for future research.

This thesis brings together considerations from both ecology and evolution to argue that isolated patches of habitat on the edge of a species' range are likely to contain populations that will be of great importance if we are to conserve species in the face of climate change. The same characteristics that make these isolated populations so valuable (small size and extreme climates), however, also put them at the highest risk of extinction from climate change. Given the rapid rate at which climate change is progressing, the identification and conservation of adaptive diversity present in isolates is of utmost importance.


The p53 cofactor Strap (stress responsive activator of p300) is directly targeted by the DNA damage signalling pathway where phosphorylation by ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated) kinase facilitates nuclear accumulation. Here, we show that Strap regulation reflects the coordinated interplay between different DNA damage-activated protein kinases, ATM and Chk2 (Checkpoint kinase 2), where phosphorylation by each kinase provides a distinct functional consequence on the activity of Strap. ATM phosphorylation prompts nuclear accumulation, which we show occurs by impeding nuclear export, whereas Chk2 phosphorylation augments protein stability once Strap has attained a nuclear location. These results highlight the various functional roles undertaken by the DNA damage signalling kinases in Strap control and, more generally, shed light on the pathways that contribute to the regulation of the p53 response.


Paintings are versatile near-planar objects with material characteristics that vary widely. The fact that paint has a material presence is often overlooked, mostly because of the fact that we encounter many of these artworks through two dimensional reproductions. The capture of paintings in the third dimension is not only interesting for study, restoration and conservation, but it also facilitates making three dimensional reproductions through novel 3-D printing methods. These varying material characteristics of paintings are first investigated, after which an overview is given of the feasible imaging methods that can capture a painting's color and topography. Because no imaging method is ideally suited for this task, a hybrid solution between fringe projection and stereo imaging is proposed involving two cameras and a projector. Fringe projection is aided by sparse stereo matching to serve as an image encoder. These encoded images processed by the stereo cameras then help solve the correspondence problem in stereo matching, leading to a dense and accurate topographical map, while simultaneously capturing its color. Through high-end cameras, special lenses and filters we capture a surface area of 170 cm2 with an in-plane effective resolution of 50 ?m and a depth precision of 9.2 ?m. Semi-automated positioning of the system and data stitching consequently allows for the capture of surfaces up to 1m2. The reproductive properties are conform the digitization guidelines for cultural heritage. The preliminary results of the capture of a painting by Rembrandt reveal that this system is indeed ideally suited as a topographic imaging device for the near-surface of paintings. This data can be used for making a lifelike reproduction in full dimension and full color.


MEMORIES CONTINUE TO be a key technology driver in the semiconductor industry. Advanced memory technologies are the trendsetters for integration levels and chip density. Over the past two decades, we have witnessed the on-chip integration of large cache memories as computer architects and chip designers have grappled with the challenges of high power consumption and the need to reduce memory access times. While on-chip SRAM is ubiquitous today, recent years have also seen the integration of embedded DRAM (eDRAM) and flash memory in commercial processor chips. A number of exciting new memory technologies are currently on the horizon for example, magnetic RAM (MRAM), resistive RAM (RRAM), phase-change RAM (PCRAM), and spin-transfer torque RAM (STT-RAM). These technologies offer a number of practical options for nonvolatile storage. Highdensity embedded memories will therefore become even more ubiquitous in newer technology generations as we move toward 3D integration. Embedded memories pose unique challenges to the circuit designer. Typical design challenges include reduced noise margins, susceptibility to coupling and signal marginality, and problems arising from device mismatch. There is clearly a close relationship between embedded memory design and the underlying process technologies. This timely special issue highlights the key features of today's embedded memories and evaluates emerging memory technologies that can significantly influence the design of next-generation ICs. Guest Editors Chris Kim and Leland Chang have done a stellar job in putting together this special issue with seven selected articles by experts from both universities and industry. These articles cover research advances, practical experiences, and perspectives on future trends. The special issue includes perspectives from a visionary on technology evolution and emerging technology trends, articles from industry experts on SRAM and eDRAM, and coverage of emerging memories. Soon, revolutionary new applications such as wearable electronics, portable medical monitors, and implantable medical devices are likely to result from advances in these memory technologies. The authors of the articles in this special issue explain how design and technology challenges, along with process variations, can be overcome, and how we can design reliable embedded memories for high performance and low power consumption. This issue also includes an article that presents an overview of EDA standards, and examines the development and evolution of EDA standards worldwide. I thank Stan Krolikoski, chair of the IEEE Design Automation Standards Committee, for contributing this article. I am glad that we are able to bring you an update on standards activities, and we hope to make these reports a regular feature of D&T. I thank Chris and Leland for serving as guest editors of the special issue, the authors for their contributions, and the reviewers for their diligence and adherence to a tight review schedule. I wish all D&T readers a very happy and successful new year!


Recent studies have shown that mathematical models can be used to analyze brain networks by quantifying how likely they are to generate seizures. In particular, we have introduced the quantity termed brain network ictogenicity (BNI), which was demonstrated to have the capability of differentiating between functional connectivity (FC) of healthy individuals and those with epilepsy. Furthermore, BNI has also been used to quantify and predict the outcome of epilepsy surgery based on FC extracted from pre-operative ictal intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG). This modeling framework is based on the assumption that the inferred FC provides an appropriate representation of an ictogenic network, i.e., a brain network responsible for the generation of seizures. However, FC networks have been shown to change their topology depending on the state of the brain. For example, topologies during seizure are different to those pre- and post-seizure. We therefore sought to understand how these changes affect BNI. We studied peri-ictal iEEG recordings from a cohort of 16 epilepsy patients who underwent surgery and found that, on average, ictal FC yield higher BNI relative to pre- and post-ictal FC. However, elevated ictal BNI was not observed in every individual, rather it was typically observed in those who had good post-operative seizure control. We therefore hypothesize that elevated ictal BNI is indicative of an ictogenic network being appropriately represented in the FC. We evidence this by demonstrating superior model predictions for post-operative seizure control in patients with elevated ictal BNI.


Through the use of a multi-agent system composed of emotionally enhanced sets of agents, we investigate how emotion plays a role in inter-agent communication, cooperation, goal achievement and perception. The behaviors of each agent are derived from its perception of the environment, its goals, knowledge gained from other agents and based on its own current emotional state, which is predicated on fuzzy sets. The state of each interacting agent is determined by its level of frustration combined with its interaction with other agents. The set of actions an agent may perform including that of its own ability to sense and understand the environment is limited by its current level of emotional context. In this work we focus on the analysis of the interaction of agents and review the grouping effect that arises from the inter-agent communications combined with the intra-agent emotional status as they perform the task required by the environment. The environment is based on previous work performed on navigational map learning by context chaining and abstraction.


Income tax reform has been at the centre of the policy agenda in recent years. In particular, there is concern about whether tax rates are dampening work incentives at all levels of the income distribution. In this paper, we examine the potential for reform of the Australian income tax system. We explore three scenarios: one which maximises the tax-free income threshold while keeping existing marginal tax rates constant, a second which adjusts the relationship between the average tax rate and the company tax rate, and a third which maximises the tax-free threshold subject to a flat marginal tax rate of 35 per cent. We demonstrate that it would be possible over a decade to increase the tax-free threshold above the single adult rate of Newstart Allowance (the main unemployment benefit) and to reduce the gap between the company tax rate and average income tax rates to less than five percentage points over a wide range of incomes. Our modelling is contingent upon a continuation of increases in real earnings. The models demonstrate how benefits from continued increases in productivity can be distributed between the government and taxpayers in a way that promotes work incentives, achieves a gain in vertical equity, and allows the government's revenue to continue to grow in real terms.


Discover the grammar you already know. 'My first English lesson was grammar with the terrifying Mrs Petrie. She spent the entire time marching up and down the classroom, thwacking various items of school furniture with a ruler while she banged on about the ING part of the verb. I sat there, vibrating with fear, desperately trying to figure out what on earth she could mean. Irregular Negative Gerund? Intransitive Nominative Genitive? It was only years later, when I was teaching English to foreign students, that I realised that English grammar wasn't obscure and wilfully difficult but a fascinating subject which I was already brilliant at - and this book will prove that you are too.' Forget the little you think you know about English grammar and start afresh with this highly entertaining and accessible guide. English for the Natives outlines the rules and structures of our language as they are taught to foreign students - and have never before been explained to us. Harry Ritchie also examines the grammar of dialects as well as standard English and shows how non-standard forms are just as valid. With examples from a wide variety of sources, from Ali G to John Betjeman, Margaret Thatcher to Match of the Day, this essential book reveals some surprising truths about our language and teaches you all the things you didn't know you knew about grammar.


A dolomite bed averaging 6 m in thickness forms the base of a limestone and shale facies of the Bonneterre Dolomite (Cambrian), southeastern Missouri. The dolomite immediately overlies the Lamotte Sandstone and covers an area of more than 16 600 km 2 . It is proposed that this basal dolomite formed as a result of interaction with warm, basin-derived water circulating through the underlying Lamotte Sandstone, and that the dolomitization event coincided with the emplacement of Mississippi Valley–type sulfide ores in the nearby Viburnum Trend. This hypothesis is supported by (1) petrographic evidence that suggests an origin at temperatures >50 °C, (2) cathodoluminescent microstratigraphy of dolomite cements which is correlative with that in gangue dolomite cements in the nearby orebodies, and (3) stable oxygen and carbon isotope values that are consistent with a basinal origin of the dolomitizing water. The basal dolomite bed may represent one of the most extensive epigenetic dolomites yet documented. This implies that a basinal water can alter rocks over a wide area at a considerable distance from its source.


The Victorian era has become a fashionable setting for contemporary young adult fiction. Studies of the contemporary pseudo-Victorian novel have focussed almost entirely upon fiction for adults. Scarcely any attention has been paid to their young adult equivalents — the subject of this thesis. Despite being marketed as "historical" fiction, these works do not adopt actual Victorian history as its basis but are influenced by the literature of the time instead. The chief inspirations are authors such as Dickens and Conan Doyle rather than Victorian children's classics. After demonstrating the appropriation of Victorian literature in the young adult novels of Pullman, Bajoria, Updale, and Lee, I discuss the function of this Victorian dimension. The nineteenth-century "essential" categories under study here — London, prostitutes, opium dens, orphans, detectives — once embodied Victorian anxieties regarding class, social upheaval, gender politics, colonial guilt, and nationalism. But when contemporary writers evoke Victorian ghosts, they are putting forth their own world view. Consequently, these texts are doubly haunted. Heavy with Victorian ideologies, they simultaneously propagate new fears (for instance, terrorism) and appeal to contemporary sensitivities (particularly feminism). Where Victorian values do not align with the authors' own, they are challenged and "updated". Whenever they are made to agree, the reader is confronted with assumptions and prejudices that echo disturbingly through the centuries.


Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) should not be assumed as a panacea in development finance since regardless of decades of infrastructure development by Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) and local governments, human misery in the form of poverty and hunger persists on earth. Given the persistence of such stalemate in the development arena, the main aim of this paper is to bring the ignored aspects of infrastructure PPPs into the light, propose guidance based on the priorities of Islamic economics and finance and initiate a discussion on the success factors of infrastructure PPPs. As a methodology, qualitative technical review for stock-taking of real-life examples is employed. The analysis focuses on Islamic-finance perspective. The major finding of the research is that putting infrastructure PPPs within priorities of Islamic finance as a method can illuminate the path to success in achieving sustainable development goals. While identifying the three pillars for success: maqasid al-shari'ah, shari'ah compliance, and resource mobilization from Islamic capital markets, a framework table is proposed to signal the likelihood of success in Islamic PPPs as a result of such systematic evaluation. Traditional risk issues are well addressed in PPPs with vast real-life experience and have been subject of many academic studies, hence, this paper dwells on Islamic finance aspects alone.


Multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems are now a proven area in current and future telecommunications research. MIMO wireless channels, in which both the transmitter and receiver have multiple antennas, have been shown to provide high bandwidth efficiency. In this thesis, we cover MIMO communications technology with a focus on cellular systems and the MIMO broadcast channel (MIMO-BC). Our development of techniques and analysis for the MIMO-BC starts with a study of single user MIMO systems. One such single user technique is that of antenna selection. In this thesis, we discuss various flavours of antenna selection, with the focus on powerful, yet straightforward, norm-based algorithms. These algorithms are analyzed and the results of this analysis produce a powerful and flexible power scaling factor. This power scaling factor can be used to model the gains of norm-based antenna selection via a single signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)-based parameter. This provides a powerful tool for engineers interested in quickly seeing the effects of antenna selection on their systems. A novel low complexity power allocation scheme follows on from the selection algorithms. Named "Poor Man's Waterfilling" (PMWF), this scheme can provide significant gains in low SNR systems with very little extra complexity compared to selection alone. We then compare a variety of algorithms for the MIMO-BC, ranging from selection to beamforming, to the optimal, yet complex, iterative waterfilling (ITWF) solution. In this thesis we show that certain algorithms perform better i in different scenarios, based on whether there is shadow fading or not. A power scaling factor analysis is also performed on these systems. In the cases where the user's link gains are widely varying, such as when shadowing and distance effects are present, user fairness is impaired when optimal and near optimal throughput occurs. This leads to a key problem in the MIMO-BC, the balance between user fairness and throughput performance. In an attempt to find a suitable balance between these two factors, we modify the ITWF algorithm by both introducing extra constraints and also by using a novel utility function approach. Both these methods prove to increase user fairness with only minor loss in throughput over the optimal systems. The introduction of MIMO systems to the cellular domain has been hampered by the effects of interference between the cells. In this thesis we move MIMO to the cellular domain, addressing the interference using two different methods. We first use power control, where the transmit power of the base station is controlled to optimize the overall system throughput. This leads to promising results using low complexity methods. Our second method is a novel method of collaboration between base stations. This collaboration transforms neighbouring cell sectors into macro-cells and this results in substantial increases in performance.


A numerical study of 3D electrokinetic flows through micromixers was performed. The micromixers considered here consisted of heterogeneous rectangular microchannels with prescribed patterns of zeta-potential at their walls. Numerical simulation of electroosmotic flows within heterogeneous channels requires solution of the Navier-Stokes, Ernest-Plank and species concentration equations. It is known that a 3D solution of these equations is computationally very intensive. Therefore, the well-known Helmholtz-Smoluchowski model is often used in numerical simulation of electroosmotic flows. According to 2D studies on electrokinetic mixing inside heterogeneous channels, existence of vortices within the flow field always increases mixing performance. Hence, it may be expected that similar observations pertain to mixing in 3D flows as well. However, investigations on 3D micromixers identified situations in which existence of vortices had little or no significant benefit to the mixing performance. Findings of the present work indicated degree of flow asymmetry as a key parameter for the mixing performance. Since 3D flows are more capable of developing asymmetrical flow patterns, they are expected to have better mixing performance than their 2D counterparts. The results presented here for different 3D cases showed that mixing performance could be improved significantly depending on the alignment of vortex plane relative to the mixing interface of the fluids. These observations confirmed that 2D simulations of mixing could not fully explain behavior of passive micromixers.


This thesis presents the results of a four year study from 1986 to 1990 on the biology of the leguminous tree Prosopis Cineraria (L.) Druce in the Sharqiya region of the Sultanate of Oman. Descriptive studies were performed on both the woodland habitat and the species. The suitability and methodology of utilising P.cineraria in future forestry programmes in Oman were also examined. Field studies have shown that this drought-tolerant indigenous phreatophyte forms large mono-culture relic woodlands in the sandy deserts of the Sharqiya. It is well adapted to the harsh environment of shifting sand dunes, growing vegetatively through accumulated sand to form tree clumps. Ecological studies have shown that the Prosopis woodland micro-environment supports wildlife not necessarily adapted to arid conditions. P.cineraria is an excellent multi-purpose tree for local people, particularly in providing fodder, fuel wood and shade protection. Over-exploitation and the general absence of natural reproductive regeneration has resulted in the decline in the condition of some Prosopis woodlands in Oman. To ensure their continued survival several methods of conservation were recommended. Studies on the mature trees have shown that the morphological variability of this species in the Sharqiya was high, which contributed to its multi-purpose potential. This variability was both phenotypic and genotype in origin. Glasshouse trials of P.cineraria in Durham have shown that seeds sampled from individual trees produced seedlings that were morphologically variable and were particularly tolerant to high salinities. Variation in morphology and salinity tolerance were related to both their geographical and parental origin. Three P.cineraria field trials in Oman have shown that the climate and soil environment greatly affected seedling growth and morphology. Silvicultural recommendations derived from these trials have been proposed for the propagation of this species in Oman.


For the past decade, we have collaborated in presenting "Legal History Seminar: Leading Maryland Cases" at the University of Maryland Francis King Carey School of Law. In recent years, the seminar has paid particular attention to legal cases and controversies arising in Baltimore, Maryland - a city rich with historic tumult and beset with urban problems. The 2010 offering considered the city's environmental controversies; the 2011 offering addressed the administration of justice in Baltimore during the Civil War; and the 2012 offering looked at Baltimore in the War of 1812. While the focus of the seminar has changed from year to year, its aims and pedagogic approach have remained much the same. History and law have a reciprocal relationship. Jurists and lawyers look to history to understand the law; historians look to law to explicate past events. The goal of the seminar is to introduce law students to the use of historical reasoning as an aid in understanding legislation and court cases, and to the use of legal accounts and records as primary sources for historical inquiry.


We analysed genetic variation within and differentiation between nineteen populations of the fire salamander Salamandra salamandra inhabiting the north-eastern margin of the species range in the Sudetes Mountains (south-western Poland). The results were compared with those obtained recently for the Polish part of the Carpathians. Variation of 10 nuclear microsatellite loci was analysed in 744 individuals to estimate genetic structure, gene flow, isolation and to test for a geographic gradient of genetic variation. Mitochondrial DNA control region (D-loop) of 252 specimens from all localities was used to identify the origin of populations currently inhabiting its north-eastern range. We found little genetic differentiation among populations in the Sudetes indicating substantial recent or ongoing gene flow. The exceptions were one isolated peripheral population located outside the continuous distribution range which displayed extremely reduced genetic variation probably due to a combination of long term isolation and low population size, and one population located at the eastern margin of the Polish Sudetes. Populations inhabiting the Sudetes and the Carpathians formed two separate clusters based on microsatellite loci. In accordance with available phylogeographic information, single mitochondrial haplotype (type IIb) fixed in all populations indicates their origin from a single refugium and may suggest colonization from the Balkan Peninsula. The analysis of geographic gradient in variation showed its decline in the westerly direction suggesting colonization of Poland from the east, however, alternative scenarios of postglacial colonization could not be rejected with the available data.


ABSTRACT Many flowering plants present variable complex fragrances, which usually include different isomers of the same molecule. As fragrance is an essential cue for flower recognition by pollinators, we ask whether honey bees discriminate between floral-fragrance isomers in an appetitive context. We used the olfactory conditioning of the proboscis extension response, which allows training a restrained bee to an odor paired with sucrose solution. Bees were trained under an absolute (a single odorant rewarded) or a differential conditioning regime (a rewarded versus a non-rewarded odorant) using four different pairs of isomers. One hour after training, discrimination and generalization between pairs of isomers were tested. Bees trained under absolute conditioning exhibited high generalization between isomers and discriminated only one out of four isomer pairs; after differential conditioning, they learned to differentiate between two out of four pairs of isomers but in all cases generalization responses to the non-rewarding isomer remained high. Adding an aversive taste to the non-rewarded isomer facilitated discrimination of isomers that otherwise seemed non-discriminable but generalization remained high. Although honey bees discriminated isomers under certain conditions, they achieved the task with difficulty and tended to generalize between them, thus showing that these molecules were perceptually similar to them. We conclude that the presence of isomers within floral fragrances might not necessarily contribute to a dramatic extent to floral odor diversity. Summary: Discrimination of floral-fragrance isomers by bees is difficult, even under learning protocols that enhance discrimination; thus, isomers may not necessarily enhance plant odor diversity for pollinators.


The study by Daniel Jeyarai recovers a forgotten aspect of the Tamil cultural heritage within the ongoing Indo-European intellectual discourse from early eighteenth century. It provides an English version of the Latin-Tamil Grammar that was printed in Germany in 1716. Bartholomaus Ziegenbalg (1682-1719), a pioneer in many fields of intercultural study, compiled it with the help of other Tamil grammars written by European and Tamil scholars. It illuminates his Lutheran piety, his acquaintance with the Tamil people in Tranquebar on the Coromandel Coast in south eastern India, and his deep understanding of the colloquial form of Tamil as spoken by ordinary people. It elevates his pioneer work as a decisive translator and printer of the New Testament, Systematic Theology and Lutheran Catechism in Tamil. Additionally, this grammar helps us to gain penetrating insights into the socio-cultural, religious, and linguistic fabric of the Tamil people and the newly emerging Tamil Protestant congregation in Tranquebar. Thus, Jeyarai's survey Tamil Language for Europeans provides an excellent case study for historians, students, and practitioners of mission and ecumenism, Indologists and scholars of related Indo-European studies, and translators of intercultural texts to explore the transcontinental role of a grammar in communicating, and simultaneously preserving Tamil language, culture and memories beyond its borders.


Avian census data from tropical Pacific islands often are limited to brief, one-time surveys. These efforts yield information about species' presence and distribution but reveal little about variation in abundance through time. This variation may be important for refining and optimizing survey methods and, in turn, assessing habitat preferences, population status, activity patterns, or the impact of disturbance on the abundance and distribution of island birds. The objective of this study was to determine if intra- or interannual patterns exist in the recorded abundance of resident land birds. Forest birds on Tutuila Island, American Samoa, were surveyed each month from 1992 to 1996 at 35 stations on six transects distributed around the island. We used multiple regression techniques to determine that seasonal patterns in detected abundance exist in several species, most notably the Purple-capped Fruit-dove, Ptilinopus porphyraceus, and the Wattled Honeyeater, Foulehaio carunculata. Intraannual patterns may be associated with seasonally variable vocalizations or with concentrations of birds at particular resources. Interannual trends in abundance were not islandwide for any native species during the study period; they were localized and as such may be attributable to small-scale changes in habitat rather than to overall changes in population size. The results of this study, especially that the abundance of nonmigratory island birds is seasonally variable, reinforce the importance of year-round monitoring in the study and conservation of Pacific birds.


Bioeconomic farm models have been very instrumental in capturing the technical aspects of human-nature interactions and in highlighting the economic consequences of resource use changes. They may elucidate the tradeoffs that farm households face in crop choice and farming practices, assess the profitability of various land-use options and capture the internal costs of adjusting to changes in environmental and market conditions. But they face also limitations when it comes to analyzing situations, in which heterogeneity of households and landscapes is large and increasing. Multi-agent models building on the bioeconomic farm approach hold the promise of capturing more fully the heterogeneity and interactions of farm households. The fulfillment of this promise, however, depends on the empirical parameterization and validation of multi-agent models. Although multi-agent models have been widely applied in experimental and hypothetical settings, only few studies have tried to build empirical multi-agent models and the literature on methods of parameterization and validation is therefore limited. This paper suggests novel methods for the empirical parameterization and validation of multiagent models that may comply with the high standards established in bioeconomic farm modeling. The biophysical measurements (here: soil properties) are extrapolated over the landscape using multiple regressions and a Digital Elevation Model. The socioeconomic surveys are used to estimate probability functions for key characteristics of human actors, which are then assigned to the model agents with Monte-Carlo techniques. This approach generates a landscape and agent populations that are robust and statistically consistent with empirical observations.


region shown as a "life preserver" around our heliosphere bubble along with the original IBEX ribbon image. The interstellar magnetic field lines are shown running from upper left to lower right around the heliosphere, and the area where the field lines "squeeze" the heliosphere corresponds to the ribbon location. The red arrow at the front shows the direction of travel of our solar system. Image credit: Adler Planetarium/IBEX Team. February 5, 2013


In this paper, we study parental beliefs about the technology which maps parental investments into future child outcomes. We document that parents perceive late investments as more productive than early investments, and that they perceive investments in different time periods as substitutes. These beliefs contrast with findings in the empirical literature which suggest that early investments are more productive and are complementary to late investments. We show that parental beliefs about the returns to investments vary substantially across the population and that individual beliefs are predictive of actual investment decisions. Moreover, we document that parental beliefs about the productivity of investments differ significantly across socio-economic groups. Perceived returns to parental investments are positively related to household income, thereby potentially contributing to intergenerational earnings persistence.


Purpose Orbital cellulitis (OC) as a complication of implanted aqueous drainage devices (ADD) for glaucoma is an uncommon phenomenon. The authors report two cases of infectious OC in patients with a history of congenital glaucoma and placement of ADD. Methods Clinical records of two patients with ADD who subsequently developed OC were reviewed for presenting symptoms, signs, medical and surgical management, and final outcome. Results In the first case, an 11-year-old girl was found to have evidence of OC 9 days after the implantation of a Krupin-Denver valve. In the second case, a 14-month-old girl presented with similar findings 8 months following the implantation of an Ahmed valve. In both cases, ultrasonography demonstrated evidence of orbital inflammation and in one patient computed tomography scan was consistent with OC. In both cases, prompt institution of systemic antibiotics resulted in resolution of the clinical signs. In the first case, diagnosis was made early and the patient was promptly treated with systemic antibiotics, resulting in resolution of her symptoms without the need for implant removal. Because of the delayed presentation in the second case, an infected implant had to be removed to achieve resolution in addition to aggressive treatment with antibiotics. Conclusions Although rare, infectious OC may occur following implantation of ADD. Early recognition and intervention may be required to achieve resolution of the infection. (Eur J Ophthalmol 2007; 17: 136–40)


This paper studies the effects of an admission to a psychiatric hospital on subsequent psychiatric treatments, self-inflicted harm, crime, and labor market outcomes. To circumvent non-random selection into hospital admission we use a measure of hospital occupancy rates the weeks prior to a patient's first contact with a psychiatric hospital as an instrument. Admission reduces criminal and self-harming behavior substantially in the short run, but leads to higher re-admission rates and lower labor market attachment in the long run. Effects are heterogeneous across observable and unobservable patient characteristics. We also identify positive externalities of admissions on spouses' employment rates.


Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to explore the cross-level effect of servant leadership on employee innovative behavior by studying the mediating role of thriving at work and the moderating role of team reflexivity.

Design/methodology/approach
This research collected data from 199 dyads of employees and their direct supervisors in 55 work units, and tested a cross-level moderated mediation model using multilevel path analysis.

Findings
The findings suggest that thriving at work mediates the relationship between servant leadership and innovative behavior. The results also show that team reflexivity positively moderates the relationship between servant leadership and thriving at work and the mediating effect of thriving at work.

Practical implications
The empirical findings suggest that organizations should make efforts to promote servant leadership and encourage team reflexivity. Moreover, managers should make efforts to stimulate employees' thriving at work, thereby facilitating employee and organizational development.

Originality/value
This research identifies thriving at work as a key mediator that links servant leadership to innovative behavior and reveals the role of team reflexivity in strengthening the effect of servant leadership on employee innovative behavior.


The differences between entire quillay honeys and their separated phenolic extracts in terms of phenolic content, flavonoid content and scavenging activity assessed through an Oxygen Radicals Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) assay were determined. The separated phenolic extracts of honey were obtained using Amberlite XAD-2, which is the procedure most used in analytical methods, biological assays and functional food development. The results showed that phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity were higher in entire honeys than in their separated phenolic extracts. The recovery of phenolic acids and flavonoids was variable and depended upon the method employed. The application of polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP), a water insoluble synthetic polymer, in the separated extracts indicated an important influence of non-phenolic reducing compounds in the polyphenolic content measured by the Folin–Ciocalteu method. This showed the elution with methanol of these compounds together with phenolic compounds using an Amberlite XAD-2 column. The antioxidant capacity assessed through ORAC-FL and ORAC-PGR was less influenced by the interference of non-phenolic compounds than by that of total phenolic and flavonoid contents.


Received in revised form: Accepted: 06 May 2013 This paper looks at the role of visualisation in the proving process. It considers the different functions of proof and then describes student responses when engaged in the process of discovering Viviani's Theorem. The findings show that learners can attain high levels of conviction when working in a dynamic geometry environment. In particular, students are able to grasp concepts easier when engaging with dynamic images, especially if these images create some cognitive conflict with their existing knowledge or ideas. Furthermore, the paper explores the student proving process from the context of proof as explanation. One of the important results of the paper shows that given the correct guidance, students may be able to proof simple mathematical results. Whilst this may be a small scale qualitative research, it still indicates to us that dynamic software can be used relatively effectively in mathematics classrooms, especially from the perspective of being able to engage visually with new mathematical concepts.


Spectrograms - time-frequency representations of audio signals - have found widespread use in neural network-based spoofing detection. While deep models are trained on the fullband spectrum of the signal, we argue that not all frequency bands are useful for these tasks. In this paper, we systematically investigate the impact of different subbands and their importance on replay spoofing detection on two benchmark datasets: ASVspoof 2017 v2.0 and ASVspoof 2019 PA. We propose a joint subband modelling framework that employs n different sub-networks to learn subband specific features. These are later combined and passed to a classifier and the whole network weights are updated during training. Our findings on the ASVspoof 2017 dataset suggest that the most discriminative information appears to be in the first and the last 1 kHz frequency bands, and the joint model trained on these two subbands shows the best performance outperforming the baselines by a large margin. However, these findings do not generalise on the ASVspoof 2019 PA dataset. This suggests that the datasets available for training these models do not reflect real world replay conditions suggesting a need for careful design of datasets for training replay spoofing countermeasures.


This article addresses the question of the effects of cost setting on the kind of temporal patterns Optimal Matching (OM) can uncover when applied to social science data. It is argued that the balance between indel (insertion and deletion) and substitution costs determines what kind of socio-temporal pattern can be brought to light. Insertion and deletion operations favor identically coded states irrespective of their locations whereas substitutions ones focus on contemporaneous similarities. The lower the ratio of substitution to indel costs, the closer OM is to the Hamming distance where only substitutions are used. The higher this ratio, the closer OM is to the Levenshtein II distance, which amounts to finding the longest common subsequence. When the timing of sequences is crucial, substitutions should be favored over indels and their costs should be carefully fixed. Ideally, substitution costs should vary with time to better take into account the timing of the sequences studied. As indels warp time, hence the timing of sequences, it is suggested to use only substitution operations with time-dependent costs inversely proportional to transition frequencies whenever the timing of sequences is central. This OM variant, coined Dynamic Hamming Matching, is applied to the question of the scheduling of paid work where timing is critical (1985 and 1999 French time-use surveys, N=7908) along with three classical OM variants (Hamming and Levenshtein I and II). As expected, the two Hamming dissimilarity measures fare better to identify patterns of workday schedules, as measured by entropy, than the two Levenshtein ones.


The first part of this study examined post glacial recolonisation by UK roe. Previous studies established three main roe deer lineages exist across Europe: a western (Iberian Peninsula), an eastern (Balkan region) and a central lineage (which spans across central Europe). It was unknown which group British roe deer populations belonged. Using a 419 bp region of the mt-DNA d-loop (HVR1) amplified from ancient and modern UK samples a direct comparison was made with previously published European data. Results showed that UK populations belong to the central lineage, indicating a post glacial re-colonisation that is likely to have occurred via an eastern route. The estimation of a substitution rate, which was applied to coalescent based methods, detected a signal for divergence of UK roe from continental roe at 5,600 YBP (HPD 3,500 - 11, 200 YBP), not long after the proposed date for the land bridge split (7,500 YBP).
Since post glacial re-colonisation, roe were known to have undergone severe fluctuations in population size. Perhaps the most significant fluctuation began during the medieval period, when roe suffered severe declines (bottlenecking) due to over hunting and deforestation. These declines were so severe that, by the 16th century, roe were believed to have been extirpated (locally extinct) from all southern areas of UK and considered scarce in northern areas. However, by the 19th century roe began to recover. Recovery in the south may have resulted solely from re-introductions (involving both native and non-native stocks) whilst, in the north, recovery resulted from natural re-colonisation from remnant native stocks. The second part of this study investigated the impacts of this more recent history.
This was first investigated using a 750 bp of the mt-DNA d loop region (HVR), 16 microsatellite loci and 18 skull traits from modern roe from across the UK to examine structure and diversity. Results based on both DNA and morphology revealed strong differentiation. Northern roe appeared least impacted by recent events; maintaining patterns of isolation by distance (IBD) and high genetic diversity (compared to southern populations). In contrast, southern roe appeared more strongly impacted by recent events; in particular, IBD was non-significant (although this may have been due to a sample size effect) and genetic diversity was lower (compared to northern populations). The roe re-introduction records indicated that the south western population was native in origin (Perthshire). Genetic data showed that this population was, however, highly differentiated from its proposed source; which could reflect the powerful impact of genetic drift resulting from small founder populations. Alternatively, it may be that the ancestry of the south western population is more complex than previously assumed. For the other southern population (Norfolk), re-introduction records indicate a non-native (German) origin. In line with this, both genetic and morphological data implied that these roe were highly distinct.
The impacts of bottlenecks (including medieval declines and founder events) on roe populations were also examined. Bottleneck analyses examined 'signatures' in modern populations based on 16 microsatellites. The strongest evidence of bottlenecking was detected in the Norfolk population, consistent with the small founder group size introduced into this location relatively recently. For the other populations bottleneck signatures tended to be weak and non-significant. Direct comparisons of ancient (pre-bottleneck) and modern (post –bottleneck) populations were made based on 419 bp of mt-DNA d –loop (HVR1). Results showed considerable losses in genetic diversity between time frames consistent with medieval declines. Northern populations were also found to harbour the highest number of 'native' haplotypes and southern populations the lowest. The southern population of Norfolk exhibited only one 'novel' haplotype confirming its non-native origin.
The impacts of bottlenecks on populations are of concern because they have been shown to reduce population fitness and increase the risk of extinction. Therefore, fitness of roe was examined using fluctuating asymmetry (FA) of 10 skull traits as an indicator of developmental stability. Correlations of FA and genetic diversity indices were examined at the level of individuals within populations, across all populations and among populations. All correlations existed in expected directions; however, correlations tended to be weak and non-significant. Furthermore, among population level FA did not vary significantly across populations providing no indication as to whether fitness has been impacted by past population history.


The human DMD locus encodes dystrophin protein. Absence or reduced levels of dystrophin (DMD or BMD phenotype, respectively) lead to progressive muscle wasting. Little is known about the complex coordination of dystrophin expression and its transcriptional regulation is a field of intense interest. In this work we found that DMD locus harbours multiple long non coding RNAs which orchestrate and control transcription of muscle dystrophin mRNA isoforms. These lncRNAs are tissue-specific and highly expressed during myogenesis, suggesting a possible role in tissue-specific expression of DMD gene isoforms. Their forced ectopic expression in human muscle and neuronal cells leads to a specific and negative regulation of endogenous dystrophin full lenght isoforms. An intriguing aspect regarding the transcription of the DMD locus is the gene size (2.4Mb). The mechanism that ensures the complete synthesis of the primary transcript and the coordinated splicing of 79 exons is still completely unknown. By ChIP-on-chip analyses, we discovered novel regions never been involved before in the transcription regulation of the DMD locus. Specifically, we observed enrichments for Pol II, P-Ser2, P-Ser5, Ac-H3 and 2Me-H3K4 in an intronic region of 3Kb (approximately 21Kb) downstream of the end of DMD exon 52 and in a region of 4Kb spanning the DMD exon 62. Interestingly, this latter region and the TSS of Dp71 are strongly marked by 3Me-H3K36, an histone modification associated with the regulation of splicing process. Furthermore, we also observed strong presence of open chromatin marks (Ac-H3 and 2Me-H3K4) around intron 34 and the exon 45 without presence of RNA pol II. We speculate that these two regions may exert an enhancer-like function on Dp427m promoter, although further investigations are necessary. Finally, we investigated the nuclear-cytoplasmic compartmentalization of the muscular dystrophin mRNA and, specifically, we verified whether the exon skipping therapy could influence its cellular distribution.


A new high-rate transmission scheme is proposed for pulse-based ultra-wideband (UWB) systems over dense multipath channels. In contrast to the existing UWB schemes that transmit one short-duration pulse each pulse-repetition interval, the proposed scheme transmits a series of N (N/spl ges/1) consecutive pulses (a burst) each burst-repetition interval. The author then develops a successive, a zero-forcing (ZF), and a high-performance ZF-based successive receiver for effective detection in the presence of intersymbol interference within a burst. To lower complexity, an efficient algorithm for the ZF-based successive receiver is also derived. The error performance of these receivers, assuming the availability of perfect channel estimates over lognormal fading channels, is studied. Comparison is made between the proposed scheme and the conventional pulse amplitude-modulation scheme, when the transmission rate, the total transmitted power, and the channel delay spread are kept the same. Impacts of imperfect channel estimation are also studied by simulation. The proposed scheme could achieve a much higher throughput than the conventional scheme in dense multipath channels.


This study aims to determine if a statistical significant difference exists in group means between middle school teachers' perception of their school environment based on school suspension rate. The School as a Caring Community Profile—II A Survey of Student, Staff, and Parents (SCCP-II), developed by Lickona and Davidson (2003) at the Center for the 4th and 5th Rs, was distributed to 265 teachers from six middle schools in the Prince George's County Public Schools system. The SCCP-II measures school climate as a caring community. The six middle schools were divided into three groups representing different levels of student suspension rates. Group A schools each reported a student suspension rate between 7% and 9% for the 2007-2008 school year. The schools in Group B each reflected a suspension rate between 13% and 14%. Finally, Group C schools each reported a higher suspension rate that fell between 20% and 22%. Descriptive as well as inferential statistics were used to analyze data. Mean, median, and mode data were examined for general tendencies in responses. Six one-way analyses of variance (ANOVA) tests were conducted to examine differences between group means. Noddings (2002) purported caring to be a major approach to character education initiatives. This study supports the need for the implementation of character education programs that hold caring at the helm of the curriculum as an effective tool for promoting positive student behavior. The examination of mean, median, and mode data as well as the data results from each ANOVA suggest Group C has the lowest perception of their school as a caring community and Group B has the highest perception. The data from Group A mirrors Group C data results in many areas. The question remains: What truly constitutes a caring school?


This paper examines the unique contributions of Lawrence Halprin, M. Paul Friedberg, and Karl Linn to major American cities during the transformative 1960s—a decade when most landscape architects continued to focus on the burgeoning suburbs. Landscape architects have been largely left out of the urban history of the 1960s' "resistance" to typical urban renewal development, which neutralized familiar patterns of occupation and inserted "open space" as an anemic substitute for public space. The following article presents the urban scene that incited reactionary efforts to achieve social continuity, then demonstrates how Halprin, Friedberg, and Linn contributed to these efforts through participatory methodologies that reinstated the public life of the city. The paper both distinguishes their variant strategies and identifies common ground between them. While each strategy might be embedded in their time and place, the combination of human engagement, place understanding, and bold design proposals provides useful precedents for current landscape architects striving to marry socially-oriented design with Design as a spatial and material art.


Corn cobs can be processed chemically to generate new products for electricity employing a simple, low-cost, and environment friendly method. In this article, silicon carbide (SiC) and activated carbon can be synthesized from corn cobs via sol–gel and a chemical activation method, respectively. SiC was synthesized by reacting the synthesized silica and activated carbon with magnesium powder, which served as catalyst at 600 oC. The SiC was doped with varying amount of Al2O3 (0.01, 0.015, 0.02 and 0.1 g), a p-type dopant, via solvothermal synthesis. The undoped SiC was characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). Then, the band-gap energy and conductivity of undoped SiC and p-doped SiC were determined. SEM-EDX and FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of Si–C bond in the synthesized SiC from corn cob. It was observed that p-doped SiC absorbs higher energy in the visible region than undoped SiC. FTIR analysis confirmed the incorporation of the aluminum in the SiC. UV–vis spectroscopy confirmed that the synthesized p-doped SiC exhibits higher absorbance compared with undoped SiC. Aluminum doping also increased absorption bands on the visible region making it more efficient for potential application in photovoltaic (solar) cells because of the decreased band-gap energy and increase in conductivity of p-doped SiC. The ratio of 1:1–2 (SiC:Al) showed the lowest band-gap and highest conductivity with a value of 1.57–1.58 eV and 0.080–0.082 mS/cm compared with the amount of other p-dopants. Statistically, it was found that the 1:1–2 ratio of SiC:Al can be an effective p-junction for the application in photovoltaic (solar) cells.


Unlike many social and physical sciences, legal scholarship includes little or no discussion of what models mean, how they are connected to the real world of law and policy, or how they should, and should not, be used by legal scholars. This void exists notwithstanding legal scholarship's increasing reliance on explicit modeling in fields such as law and economics. This article uses the example of economic modeling in tax scholarship to investigate how legal scholarship uses models, and how models in legal scholarship work. The article lays out a path between two extremes. At one extreme is scholarship that employs models without either reflection or self-consciousness to make real-world recommendations; at the other is scholarship that rejects models because their assumptions are too far from reality. This article argues that neither approach is correct. Models are useful and important for legal scholarship, but not in the way that some critics and proponents seem to believe. Drawing from literature in the philosophy of science, this article argues that we reason from economic models through a mix of deductive and ampliative logic, through leaps, creativity, and intuition. Models cannot provide certainty about what the law should be; rather, economic models are merely one kind of voice in an ongoing and necessarily inconclusive conversation. This article concludes by drawing on this deeper understanding of models and modeling to propose ways that legal scholarship can and should use economic models.


Gaseous nitrogen losses, by NH3 volatilisation and denitrification, are mainly responsible for the low recovery of N fertiliser applied to irrigated maize on the North China Plain. Two field experiments were conducted to measure NH3 volatilisation and nitrification-denitrification losses from urea applied to maize (Zea mays L.) grown on a calcareous fluvo-aquic soil (Aquic Inceptisol) in Fengqiu County, Henan Province. The first was carried out in June 1998 (urea applied at 75 kg N/ha 3 weeks after sowing), and the second in July 1998 (urea applied at 200 kg N/ha 6 weeks after sowing). Each experiment included 3 treatments-control, surface-broadcast (SB), and deep point placement (DP) or broadcast followed by irrigation (BI). NH3 loss was measured by a micrometeorological method (NH3 sampler). Denitrification (N2 + N2O) was measured by the acetylene inhibition-intact soil core technique, and N2O emission was also measured in the absence of acetylene. The recovery of applied N was measured by a 15N balance technique. When urea was surface broadcast (SB) 3weeks (75 kg N/ha) and 6weeks (200 kg N/ha) after sowing, 44 and 48% of the applied N was lost by NH3 volatilisation, respectively. The corresponding losses from the BI and DP treatments were only 18% and 11%, respectively. Denitrification was a significant process in this well-drained sandy soil, with average loss rates of 0.26-0.43 kg N/ha.day in the controls (from resident soil N), compared with 0.52-0.63 kg N/ha.day in the surface fertiliser treatments. Deep placement of urea reduced the denitrification rate to an average of 0.3 kg N/ha.day. The net denitrification loss from the fertiliser was <2% of the applied N, except for the SB urea treatment in the second experiment. The application of N fertiliser as urea increased N2O emissions from c. 0.3 to c. 2.3 kg N/ha over 57 days in the second experiment, with average N2O emission rates in the control and SB treatment of 0.006 and 0.042 kg N/ha.day, respectively. The significantly lower ratio of N2 /N2O in the urea treatments compared with the control suggested that nitrification of applied N may have contributed to N2O production. Alternatively, the ratio of N2 /N2O during denitrification may have changed with the greater supply of NO3 -. denitrification, maize, NH3 volatilisation, N2O emission.


This guide is designed to help FSCJ students do research for their MAC 2312 Calculus class and to help students and faculty find calculus open educational resources in the library and on the Internet.


The authors describe an approach to building a three-dimensional model from a set of range images. The authors' goal is to build models of free-form surfaces obtained from arbitrary viewing directions, with no initial estimate of the relative viewing directions. The approach is based on building discrete meshes representing the surfaces observed in each of the range images, to map each of the meshes to a spherical image, and to compute the transformations between the views by matching the spherical images. The meshes are built using an iterative fitting algorithm previously developed; the spherical images are built by matching the nodes of the surface meshes to the nodes of a reference mesh on the unit sphere and by storing a measure of curvature at every node. The authors describe the algorithms used for building such models from range images and for matching them. The authors give results obtained using range images of complex objects.<<ETX>>


This study detennined the potential of using artificially 'induced' suppressive soil to
suppress the development of Fusarium wilt on susceptible banana seedlings (cultivar
Berangan). Trichoderma harzianum (UPM 40) was selected as the microbial
antagonist, and calcium nitrate (Ca(N03)2) as the soil amendment. Both biotic and
abiotic components, respectively, were incorporated into the soil to mimic the
contents of naturally existing Fusarium suppressive soils. The potential of T
harzianum as a biocontrol agent was confirmed from the series of antagonism tests,
with positive results in lysis, antibiosis and mycoparasitism tests. In vitro tests
detennined that T harzianum required early establishment prior to challenge with
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 4 (FocR4), to ensure effective antagonistic
activity. Both T harzianum and FocR4 tolerated pH 5-8, and Ca2+ concentrations
within 5-750 ppm. Soil pH was not affected by Ca(N03)2 application, indicating compatibility of inoculating T. harzzanum together with Ca(N03)2 application When
tested on Berangan seedlings in the glasshouse, treatment with Ca(N03)2 alone
provided better disease suppression compared to treatment with both T. harzzanum
and Ca(N03h, and treatment with T. harzzanum alone. Treatment with Ca(N03)2
alone recorded low disease incidence (DI) of 5 1 % as compared to 59% and 69%
from combined treatments and T. harzzanum alone, respectively, 8 weeks after
inoculation. Calcium reduced the population of FocR4, promoted plant growth, and
induced host resistance through increased peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase activity,
and phenol content. Increased in enzymatic activities and phenol content was related
to extensive cell wall lignification as revealed by histological observatlOns, resulting
in resistance to FocR4 hyphal penetration. The formation of Ca-pectate also
contributed to host resistance. Biocontrol efficiency of T. harzzanum was dependent
on soil environment, as the glasshouse trial did not suppress disease incidence,
contrary to its antagonistic effect in In vztro tests. T. harzzanum did not induce host
resistarce, instead, predisposed the seedlings to infection by increasing root growth
and infection sites. Disease suppression achieved through treatment with Ca(NE)3)2
was dependent on Ca2+ availability in the soil and Ca2+ content in the plant tissues. A
more frequent application using suitable rates is then suggested as follow-up studies.


Gaussian processes are a natural way of defining prior distributions over functions of one or more input variables. In a simple nonparametric regression problem, where such a function gives the mean of a Gaussian distribution for an observed response, a Gaussian process model can easily be implemented using matrix computations that are feasible for datasets of up to about a thousand cases. Hyperparameters that define the covariance function of the Gaussian process can be sampled using Markov chain methods. Regression models where the noise has a t distribution and logistic or probit models for classification applications can be implemented by sampling as well for latent values underlying the observations. Software is now available that implements these methods using covariance functions with hierarchical parameterizations. Models defined in this way can discover high-level properties of the data, such as which inputs are relevant to predicting the response.


The paper is an attempt to assess continental welfare state reforms that use the window of the end-of-career inactivity trap. The question addressed is: what is the most effective way to break up the vicious circle of early exit from the labor market, which is a specific pathology of continental welfare states. The cases of the Netherlands and Finland, two countries that have succeeded in reversing the early exit trend in recent years, prove that only a radical change in paradigms that govern social protection may turn the vicious circle of welfare without work for aging workers into a virtuous circle of active aging. In states in which reforms have focused on changing the rules and regulations that govern retirement systems, or on restricting early exit pathways, as is the case in France, they have failed to break up with the end-of-career inactivity trap.


The aim of this study is to present the development and issues of internet and internet use. The study has a descriptive survey design and 185 randomly selected teacher trainees at Marmara University, Ataturk Education Faculty in the 2001-2002 academic year constitute the sample. Data were collected via a questionnaire prepared by the researcher and analysed using percentages. Results were grouped under the following findings. According to the teacher trainees the most beneficial features of the internet were easy access to information, easy communication, feeling free and being able to access any part of the world, making the best of their free time and educational opportunities. The most harmful features of the internet were, respectively, loss of time, pornographic content, encouraging bad habits, high telephone bills and being addictive. If they had the chance to create a website on the internet, teacher trainees stated that they would first like to design a website for education, second for personal relations, third for information and entertainment, fourth about their hobbies and fifth about health. When their purposes for using the internet is listed, the first was sending emails, second surfing the web, third looking for information, fourth reading the news and fifth looking for schools and training. 29,5% of the teacher trainees believed that information on the websites is not reliable. 25,3 % thought that the roles of school and teachers have diminished in the current century. 26,1% supported the idea that internet technologies offer more original and varied learning opportunities than teachers, 23,9% that they offer individual learning opportunities, 23,9% that they provide access to up-to-date information, 15,2% that they offer multi-dimensional interaction opportunities and 10,9% that they facilitate free thinking. Keywords: Education Technologies, Youth, Teacher Education, Internet Use ********** With the rapid development of information technologies, 21st century, defined as the Information Age, has witnessed network of communication that encompasses the whole world. This rapid improvement of information technologies has led societies to a busier life, educational programs have been restructured, investment in education has increased and education policies have been established accordingly. Information technologies have been an impulsive force that have changed the structure of the society, culture, tradition, economy and education; established habits and relations have entered a process of renovation through a technology centered transformation (Bakardjieva & Smith, 2001; Bruce, 1999). Internet, which is widely used throughout the world since the 90s, is now the main source of information for written, oral and visual communication among people, for scientific research, productivity, cultural changes, global business and global education (Gross, 2004; James & Prout, 1997; Levy, 2001; Livingstone, 2003). Through information and communication services, internet has brought in multi-dimensionality to many sectors such as health, defence, industry, the public sector and primarily to education. Today, in all parts of the world, staying away from electronic communication and an inability to integrate it into education and thus an inability to benefit from this richness of information and communication is synonymous to being outdated. Only people who are yet to use the internet could be unaware of how this environment can transform the lives of people scientifically and socio-psychologically. Internet constitutes the foundation of new establishments around the world with its features of being a rich data bank, having a broad expansion area, having a rapid update speed, allowing interaction and facilitating easy information transfer. (Surratt, 2001; Turkle, 1995; Weber & Dixon, 2007). Internet has offered education systems a contemporary understanding and has moved education to a new era in the context of technology. …


Biological olympiads are the sort of intellectual competition widely spread nowadays, especially among high school students. Olympiads, often an integral part of the curriculum, stimulate the pupils' interest in acquiring knowledge and help to evaluate the level of their knowledge. Biological olympiads in this country differ greatly from the science olympiad in the USA. First of all they include only biological material and can be compared only with USA Science Olympiad events such as "A Is for Anatomy," "Bio-Process Lab," "Designer Genes" or "Don't Bug Me." Secondly, it is a personal competition with no official teams. Current olympiads start at the school level and the winners take part in local and then federal olympiads.


Young, old, pregnant and immuno-compromised persons are of great concern for risk assessors as they represent the sub-populations most at risk. The present paper focuses on risk assessment linked to furan exposure in children. Only the Belgian population was considered because individual contamination and consumption data that are required for accurate risk assessment were available for Belgian children only. Two risk assessment approaches, the so-called deterministic and probabilistic, were applied and the results were compared for the estimation of daily intake. A significant difference between the average Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) was underlined between the deterministic (419 ng kg−1 body weight (bw) day−1) and the probabilistic (583 ng kg−1 bw day−1) approaches, which results from the mathematical treatment of the null consumption and contamination data. The risk was characterised by two ways: (1) the classical approach by comparison of the EDI to a reference dose (RfDchronic-oral) and (2) the most recent approach, namely the Margin of Exposure (MoE) approach. Both reached similar conclusions: the risk level is not of a major concern, but is neither negligible. In the first approach, only 2.7 or 6.6% (respectively in the deterministic and in the probabilistic way) of the studied population presented an EDI above the RfDchronic-oral. In the second approach, the percentage of children displaying a MoE above 10,000 and below 100 is 3–0% and 20–0.01% in the deterministic and probabilistic modes, respectively. In addition, children were compared to adults and significant differences between the contamination patterns were highlighted. While major contamination was linked to coffee consumption in adults (55%), no item predominantly contributed to the contamination in children. The most important were soups (19%), dairy products (17%), pasta and rice (11%), fruit and potatoes (9% each).


[1] A semiquantitative petrogenetic grid in the system MgO-SiO2-H2O up to 30 GPa and 1600°C was constructed using Schreinemakers analysis on previous experimental data. The grid includes stability relations of hydrous wadsleyite, hydrous ringwoodite, and dense hydrous magnesium silicates (DHMSs): phase A, phase D, phase E, and superhydrous phase B. A sequence of chemical reactions among these hydrous phases was clarified. In the mantle transition zone (410–660-km depth), hydrous wadsleyite and hydrous ringwoodite are stable even at a standard mantle temperature of 1600°C, whereas in the other depths, nominal hydrous phases including DHMSs are stable below 1400°C. Newly found phase transitions in hydrous wadsleyite and hydrous ringwoodite are multiphase and multireaction because their compositions are on neither MgO-SiO2 nor Mg2SiO4-H2O tie lines, different from single transition in the dry Mg2SiO4 system. The grid indicates that water in the subducting slab peridotite would be transported to the bottom of the upper mantle by several DHMSs and hydrous polymorphs of olivine, via solid-solid reactions after antigorite decomposition. Finally, DHMSs would dehydrate to liberate free water at the upper mantle-lower mantle boundary layer or deeper level. We also examined a relation between the predicted depth distributions of dehydration reactions in slab peridotite along several possible pressure-temperature paths and the mode of seismic frequency in each subduction zone. The result suggests a possible origin of intermediate to deep seismicity by the dehydration of hydrous phases in the subducting slab.


In Pakistan, a scant number of Bengal tigers (Panthera tigris tigris) are being kept at various zoos or in certain wildlife sanctuaries, and there is a dearth of literature regarding the effect of captivity on their physiological parameters. The present study was hence conducted to determine and compare the hematological alterations in tigers of Bengal origin (Panthera tigris tigris) kept in captivity at Lahore Zoo (LZ) (n = 4) and in the seminatural environment of Lahore Wildlife Park (LWP) (n = 6), Pakistan. The results reflect a significantly higher (P < 0.05) total leucocyte count and platelet count and a lower packed cell volume in animals kept at LWP as compared to those of animals kept at LZ. No other significant differences in hematology were noted for the 2 captive forms. Despite the limitation of sample size in the present study, it was concluded that captivity has a significant effect on various hematological parameters in Bengal tigers. These baseline data will lay a foundation in the therapeutic evaluation and physical monitoring of tigers kept in various forms of captivity not only in Pakistan, but also in other countries such as India, Nepal, Bhutan, and Bangladesh, as well.