Educational content developers, including AIED developers, traditionally make a distinction between formative evaluation and summative evaluation of learning materials. Although the distinction is valid, it is inadequate for many AIED systems because they require multiple types of evaluation and multiple stages of evaluation. Developers of interactive intelligent learning environments must evaluate the effectiveness of the component technologies, the quality of the user interaction, and the potential of the program to achieve learning outcomes, in order to uncover problems prior to summative evaluation. Often these intermediate evaluations go unreported, so other developers cannot benefit from the lessons learned. This paper documents the iterative evaluation of the Tactical Language Training System, an interactive game for learning foreign language and culture. This project employs a highly iterative development and evaluation cycle. The courseware and software have already undergone six discrete stages of formative evaluation, and further formative evaluations are planned. The paper documents the evaluations that were taken at each stage, as well as the information obtained, and draws lessons that may be applicable to other AIED systems.


The Final-over-Final Condition has emerged as a robust and explanatory generalization for a wide range of phenomena (Biberauer, Holm-berg, and Roberts 2014, Sheehan et al. 2017). In this article, we argue that it also holds in another domain, nominalization. In languages that show overt nominalization of VPs, one word order is routinely unattested, namely, a head-initial VP with a suffixal nominalizer. This typological gap can be accounted for by the Final-over-Final Condition, if we allow it to hold within mixed extended projections. This view also makes correct predictions about agentive nominalizations and nominalized serial verb constructions.


Adaptive Control Techniques for Transition-to-Hover Flight of Fixed-Wing UAVs Brian Decimo Marchini Fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with the ability to hover combine the speed and endurance of traditional fixed-wing flight with the stable hovering and vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) capabilities of helicopters and quadrotors. This combination of abilities can provide strategic advantages for UAV operators, especially when operating in urban environments where the airspace may be crowded with obstacles. Traditionally, fixed-wing UAVs with hovering capabilities had to be custom designed for specific payloads and missions, often requiring custom autopilots and unconventional airframe configurations. With recent government spending cuts, UAV operators like the military and law enforcement agencies have been urging UAV developers to make their aircraft cheaper, more versatile, and easier to repair. This thesis discusses the use of the commercially available ArduPilot open source autopilot, to autonomously transition a fixed-wing UAV to and from hover flight. Software modifications were made to the ArduPilot firmware to add hover flight modes using both Proportional, Integral, Derivative (PID) Control and Model Reference Adaptive Control (MRAC) with the goal of making the controllers robust enough so that anyone in the ArduPilot community could use their own ArduPilot board and their own fixedwing airframe (as long as it has enough power to maintain stable hover) to achieve autonomous hover after some simple gain tuning. Three new hover flight modes were developed and tested first in simulation and then in flight using an E-Flight Carbon Z Yak 54 RC aircraft model, which was equipped with an ArduPilot 2.5 autopilot board. Results from both the simulations and flight test experiments where the airplane transitions both to and from autonomous hover flight are presented.


Linear regression in $\ell_p$-norm is a canonical optimization problem that arises in several applications, including sparse recovery, semi-supervised learning, and signal processing. Generic convex optimization algorithms for solving $\ell_p$-regression are slow in practice. Iteratively Reweighted Least Squares (IRLS) is an easy to implement family of algorithms for solving these problems that has been studied for over 50 years. However, these algorithms often diverge for p > 3, and since the work of Osborne (1985), it has been an open problem whether there is an IRLS algorithm that is guaranteed to converge rapidly for p > 3. We propose p-IRLS, the first IRLS algorithm that provably converges geometrically for any $p \in [2,\infty).$ Our algorithm is simple to implement and is guaranteed to find a $(1+\varepsilon)$-approximate solution in $O(p^{3.5} m^{\frac{p-2}{2(p-1)}} \log \frac{m}{\varepsilon}) \le O_p(\sqrt{m} \log \frac{m}{\varepsilon} )$ iterations. Our experiments demonstrate that it performs even better than our theoretical bounds, beats the standard Matlab/CVX implementation for solving these problems by 10--50x, and is the fastest among available implementations in the high-accuracy regime.


Mutations in human copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) cause an inherited form of the fatal neurodegenerative disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Here, we present structures of the pathogenic SOD1 variants D124V and H80R, both of which demonstrate compromised zinc-binding sites. The disruption of the zinc-binding sites in H80R SOD1 leads to conformational changes in loop elements, permitting non-native SOD1-SOD1 interactions that mediate the assembly of these proteins into higher-order filamentous arrays. Analytical ultracentrifugation sedimentation velocity experiments indicate that these SOD1 variants are more prone to monomerization than the wild-type enzyme. Although D124V and H80R SOD1 proteins appear to have fully functional copper-binding sites, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometery (ICP-MS) and anomalous scattering X-ray diffraction analyses reveal that zinc (not copper) occupies the copper-binding sites in these variants. The absence of copper in these proteins, together with the results of covalent thiol modification experiments in yeast strains with and without the gene encoding the copper chaperone for SOD1 (CCS), suggests that CCS may not fully act on newly translated forms of these polypeptides. Overall, these findings lend support to the hypothesis that immature mutant SOD1 species contribute to toxicity in SOD1-linked ALS.


Simple Summary Animals in zoos can adapt to many noises they hear on a regular basis. However, construction noise that is intense or occurs unpredictably may negatively impact the welfare state of some animals and induce a chronic stress response. This study aimed to understand the behavioral response to construction noise of selected species in an urban zoo in order to guide mitigating actions in advance of, and during, a planned construction project. The behavior of elephants, giraffes, emus and alligators was recorded during 90-min exposures to different sound environments including ambient sound, and four construction sound treatments. A non-invasive measure of physiological stress response was also measured in emus. All species appeared to respond to the recorded noise, with giraffes, elephants and emu, demonstrating behavioral changes potentially indicative of agitation or stress. This study has implications for the trade-offs that occur when zoos seek to improve long-term animal welfare through enclosure refurbishment and short-term impacts on animals exposed to construction noise. Abstract In anticipation of a major construction project in an urban New Zealand zoo, a study was initiated to assess the response to construction noise of selected animal species (elephant, giraffe, emu and alligator) previously observed to be sensitive to this kind of noise. The overall aim was to detect any signs of aversive responses to this noise to enable keepers to recognize these and take any necessary mitigating actions during the construction period. The experimental approach involved the creation of acoustic maps of each focal animal enclosure, a series of 90-min video recordings of the animals' behavior in response to ambient noise (control) and amplified broadcast of pre-recorded continuous and intermittent construction noise. Concentration of fecal corticosterone metabolites was also measured for the emus. Key findings were that giraffes, elephants and emus appeared to show an increase in behaviors that could indicate stress or agitation including vigilance and locomotion and may prefer quieter regions of their enclosure during sound exposure. Giraffes also increased close contact with conspecifics when exposed to construction noise. While alligators did not show clear evidence of noise-related stress, our findings indicated that all focal species showed some behavioral responses to recorded construction noise.


Highly charged ions (HCI) have many favorable properties for tests of fundamental physics and as potential next-generation optical atomic frequency standards [1]. For example, narrow optical finestructure transitions have smaller polarizabilities and electric quadrupole moments, but much stronger relativistic, QED and nuclear size contributions to their binding energy compared to their (near) neutral counterparts. Therefore, HCI have been found to be among the most sensitive atomic species to probe for a possible variation of the fine-structure constant or dark matter coupling. HCI can readily be produced and stored in an electron beam ion trap (EBIT). There, the most accurate laser spectroscopy on any HCI was performed on the 17 Hz wide fine-structure transition in Ar13+ with 400 MHz resolution, lagging almost twelve orders of magnitude behind state-of-the-art optical clocks. This was primarily limited by Doppler broadening of the megakelvin hot ion plasma in the EBIT [2]. The lack of a suitable optical transition for laser cooling and detection can be overcome through sympathetic cooling with a co-trapped Be+ ion [3]. Techniques developed for quantum information processing with trapped ions can be used to perform quantum logic spectroscopy [4]: A series of laser pulses transfers the internal state information of the Ar13+ ion after spectroscopy onto the Be+ ion for efficient readout. We present the first coherent laser spectroscopy of an HCI. Ar13+ are extracted from a compact EBIT [5], charge-to-mass selected and injected into a cryogenic Paul trap containing a crystal of lasercooled Be+ ions [6]. By removing excess Be+ ions, a crystal composed of a Be+/Ar13+ ion pair is obtained. Results on sympathetic ground state cooling and quantum logic spectroscopy of the Ar13+ P1/2-P3/2 fine-structure transition at 441 nm will be presented, improving the precision of the observed line center by more than eight orders of magnitude. Furthermore, excited state lifetimes and the first high-accuracy measurement of excited state g-factor demonstrate the versatility of the technique to access all relevant atomic parameters [7]. Finally, we have started to perform frequency measurements of this transition, including first estimates of systematic uncertainties.


Social sciences approaches to the study of Armed Forces Veterans and their capacity to cope with social reintegration, have tended to focus on medicalised accounts of post-service trauma, characterized by Veteran mental health, homelessness, and suicide amongst our Short Service Leavers. Whilst the findings of these largely quantitative projects continue to present new and compelling data, they have a tendency to neglect key aspects of observable phenomenon and often fall-short in representing the broader experience of Veterans transitioning from martial to civilian space. By contrast this study drawns on a mixed-methods approach to reveal a more authentic picture of resettlement, indeed the project proposes that resettlement is better understood when viewed as a component of a much broader occupational life-story; one that has a past, a present and importantly a future.

With few notable exceptions (Ashcroft, 2014; Walker 2012; NAO, 2007) research into the British experience of Armed Forces resettlement is extremely difficult to locate, in a sense the process is hindered further by the outsourcing of Resettlement to Right Management Limited in 2015 and delivery, at a cost of £100 million, of the 'Career Transition Partnership' (CTP). And whilst the CTP claim to have helped thousands of veterans into sustainable employment within six months of leaving the Armed Forces; beyond such un-evidenced claims made in their own literature, neither UK government nor CTP has published any evidence based research representative of the degrees of success claimed by the CTP, in delivering cost effective programmes of resettlement.

Moreover in the absence of empirical data, and on the basis of this analysis, an alternative account of resettlement is proposed, one that tests the assumption that the MoD's approach to the resettlement of Armed Forces personnel is either fit for purpose or relevant to the contemporary Armed Forces Veteran. Whilst aspects of the martial life-course have been explored, knowledge of the broader journey that carries the schoolchild to the point of being a veteran has not. Nor have notions of transitioning into and out of the Armed Forces been articulated as public and profoundly sociological issues, as opposed to the medical and psychiatric accounts that dominate this field of study.


Archaeological research at New Philadelphia, Illinois, the mid-nineteenth century site of the first town planned in advance and legally registered by an African American, has revealed a remarkable wealth of material remains. While a good deal of research has been carried out on artifacts ranging from ceramics to faunal remains, this study contributes to this multi-year, collaborative project by providing a comprehensive analysis of glass artifacts. This project is a result of my experience as a field school participant at the site. Through a discussion of glass artifact frequency across the site, including its distribution, types of glass recovered, and manufacturing techniques present in the artifacts, I hope to understand when these artifacts were deposited and where they originated from. The resulting study sheds light on the overwhelming presence of late nineteenth and early twentieth century glass artifacts which post-date the McWorter era, opening the potential for future research into this time period and providing further evidence for New Philadelphia's continued existence long after its legal status as a town ended.


Local public technology centers (LPTCs) are technology transfer organizations administrated by local governments in Japan. LPTCs arrange various technology transfer channels mainly for small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the region. Although it has been recognized that technical consultation is the most important channel for technology transfer, there are virtually no reliable statistics that define and measure this. This study is the first to investigate such technical consultation, gathering information from surveys conducted at the branch level. The key findings can be summarized as follows. First, LPTCs solve various (technological and non-technological) problems through technical consultation. What is notable is that a non-negligible proportion of the problems have to do with design. Second, these problems are diverse in terms of complexity as well, with design problems requiring a longer time to solve. Third, technical consultation acts as a gateway to further technology transfer activities. Additional technical assistance triggered by technical consultation varies across technological fields. Fourth, LPTCs act as innovation intermediaries that connect SMEs to other sources of knowledge, such as universities, when the problems are too hard to solve internally. Fifth, LPTCs believe that technical consultation contributes to their researchers' better understanding of local firms' technological needs, which is salient for LPTCs that frequently deal with design problems.


The fourth edition of the European guidelines for quality assurance in breast cancer screening and diagnosis was published by the European Commission in 2006. The present supplements to the fourth edition have been produced by the same groups of experts originally established under the Europe Against Cancer programme that have developed and updated the guidelines since the early 1990s. Over the years, the scope and the depth of the multidisciplinary guidelines have expanded, and recommendations and protocols have been updated to keep pace with developments in the field. The present supplements lay a cornerstone for a new, completely revised fifth edition of the guidelines


The variable of connecting tube length (CTL) in rotary blood pumps (RBPs) is normally existed for the external circulatory support and thus eventually incurs the different outcome as compared to the internal circulatory support. This study aims to determine the effect of the various CTL on the measured parameters from RBP. To serve this purpose, a derived indexes from RBP under mock circulatory loop (MCL) were examined. IQ which is a slope of the linear regression between the maximal time derivative of pump flow, dQ/dtmax, and its peak to peak, QP2P, was determined to evaluate the effect of 3 different CTLs; 130, 50 and 10 cm (length of inlet tube), and 130, 50 and 50 cm (length of outlet tube). Moreover, the parameters dH/dtmax, which are the maximal time derivative of pressure head (H); AOP-LVP, and its peak to peak were derived. The slope of a linear regression between dQ/dtmax and dH/dtmax decreased during reduce CTL in contrast to IQ index. Thus, this study proved that IQ index was not significant influenced by a hydraulic resistance (including CTL) and therefore can be used to monitor the cardiac function in case of both external and internal RBP support.


This article aims to review the coherence of the definition of the Masculinity Index, one of the most cited dimensions in cross-cultural management. The study challenges the claims supporting the design, the definition and ultimately the validity of the Masculinity Index that are the basis of it applications in management theory and practice. The paper is based on the empirical analysis of the MAS index utilizing a standard quantitative approach. The authors ran cross-section regressions with control variables for the applications of the index that could be quantified: According to Hofstede, high MAS Index countries have relatively higher defence spending, a relatively lower aid spending on poor countries, less gender equality at work and have higher share of women teaching small children and a lower share of women teaching at universities. The analysis did not validate those claims and therefore the hypothesis of the Masculinity index. The authors provide empirical proof of the lack of validity of the MAS index to compare national cultures, recommend abandoning the MAS index and instead using alternative instruments of gender equalitarianism.


The area of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is one of the emerging and fast growing fields in the scientific world. This has brought about developing low cost, low-power and multi-function sensor nodes. However, the major fact that sensor nodes run out of energy quickly has been an issue and many energy efficient routing protocols have been proposed to solve this problem and preserve the longevity of the network. This is the reason why routing techniques in wireless sensor network focus mainly on the accomplishment of power conservation. Most of the recent publications have shown so many protocols mainly designed to minimize energy consumption in sensor networks. This thesis work proposes a hierarchical routing technique which shows energy efficiency. Our technique selects cluster head with highest residual energy in each communication round of transmission and also takes into account, the shortest distance to the base station from the cluster heads. Simulation results show that hierarchical routing technique with different level of hierarchy prolongs the lifetime of the network compared to other clustering scheme and the energy residual mean value after some communication rounds of simulation increases significantly.


The tectonic evolution of the Indian Ocean ridge-ridge-ridge triple junction, the junction of the Central Indian Ridge (CIR), Southeast Indian Ridge (SEIR) and Southwest Indian Ridge (SWIR), is inferred by mapping structures along its traces on the three plates with a long-range side scan sonar, Geological Long-Range Inclined Asdic (GLORIA). The sonar images to the west of the triple junction show two different styles of tectonic evolution. Some sections of the trace on the African plate are marked by a SWIR-facing scarp containing fine lineaments that are probably normal faults. These correspond with sections of the trace on the Antarctic plate of the same age that have a sharp intersection of SWIR and SEIR abyssal hills that is to be expected from a simple ridge-ridge-ridge triple junction evolution (a "herringbone" pattern of isochrons). In contrast there are other sections of the trace on the African plate that have a blocky structure with no definite termination of CIR abyssal hills against those of the SWIR. The corresponding regions of the Antarctic plate show large 10- to 30-km-long overlapping fault scarps, tapering to the northeast and ending in asymmetric valleys to the southwest. These major normal faults are each offset by 1–6 km, forming an en echelon series. The two different styles of tectonic structures indicate two different modes of evolution, although why the triple junction has evolved with two different modes is unclear. Periods of asymmetric spreading in the CIR magnetic anomaly sequence collected on the African plate may possibly indicate that the CIR and SEIR have been offset by a fracture zone at the triple junction during one of these two modes. Echo sounder traverses on the Antarctic and African plates commonly show a steady shallowing of the CIR and SEIR seafloor toward the traces, a steep scarp facing the SWIR and a broad marginal deep at the base of this scarp. This rift flank shape resembles that of the SWIR valley's rift shoulders close to the present triple junction (Mitchell, 1991a), suggesting that the mechanical evolution has been similar to the present day and the relief due to the rift flank uplift has been preserved by the cooling and strengthening of the lithosphere with age away from the ridge axes. If the shape of the rift shoulder uplift along the trace on the Antarctic plate is interpreted with a simple flexural model involving an end-loaded elastic plate, the inferred rigidity (1019-1021 N m or 2–6 km effective elastic thickness) is consistent with the suggestion that the isostatic uplift occurred in young, weak lithosphere, close to the triple junction. Interestingly, the observed ∼1-km relief of the trace escarpment and the estimated rigidity suggest that the uplift was produced by a load (2–5 × 1011 N/m) that is equivalent to half the present cross-sectional area of the SWIR valley 35 km from the triple junction.


Heat deposition rate measurements are made by an extremely sensitive quasi-adiabatic graphite calorimeter and thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) in the fusion environment of the LOTUS facility. The response of a bare calorimeter and the response inside a large graphite cylindrical block are measured by irradiating with a mixed neutron and gamma field of the Haefely neutron generator. The reproducibility of these measurements is found to be better than 1% for a dose rate more than 60 cGy/min and better than 3.8% for dose rates in the range of 6 to 60 cGy/min. The heating rates are found to vary linearly with neutron source strength. The calculation to experiment (C/E) for the bare calorimeter is found to be 1.05, whereas inside the graphite block, C/E varies from 1.11 to 1.32. These measurements are analyzed by the MCNP Monte Carlo neutron and photon transport code using the BMCCS2, PHOTXS2, and EL2 cross-section libraries. The influence of wall-returned neutrons and gammas is found to be negligible. The origin of the discrepancies is found by measuring the gamma component of the heating at identical locations by conducting special geometry irradiation using several TLDs-700. The conditions that are employed considerably simplify the transformation of the TLD results to that of the graphite medium. A detailed data treatment is done with the TLD outputs to arrive at the gamma heating component at different locations in the graphite by employing the Burlin theory. The gamma production is found to be well represented in the calculations. On the other hand, measured and calculated net nuclear heating in the graphite differ considerably. A downward revision of the neutron kerma factor would be desirable.


The inherent design freedom of protein engineering and recombinant protein production enables specific tailoring of protein structure, function, and properties. Two areas of research where protein engineering has allowed for many advances in biomedical materials include the design of novel protein scaffolds for molecular recognition, as well as the use of recombinant proteins for production of next generation biomaterials. The main focus of my dissertation was to develop new biomedical materials using protein engineering. Chapters three and four discuss the engineering of repeat proteins as bio-recognition modules for biomedical sensing and imaging. Chapter three provides an overview of the most recent advances in engineering of repeat proteins in the aforementioned field. Chapter four discusses my contribution to this field. We have designed a de novo repeat protein scaffold based on the consensus sequence of the leucine rich repeat (LRR) domain of the NOD family of cytoplasmic innate immune system receptors. Innate immunity receptors have been described as pattern recognition receptors in that they recognize "global features" of a family of pathogens versus one specific antigen. In mammals, two main protein families of such receptors are: extracellular Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and cytoplasmic Nucletide-binding domainand Leucine-rich Repeat-containing proteins (NLRs). NLRs are defined by their tripartite domain architecture that contains a C-terminal LRR (Leucine Rich Repeat) domain, the nucleotidebinding oligomerization (NACHT) domain, and the N-terminal effector domain. It is proposed that pathogen sensing in NLRs occurs through ligand binding by the LRR domain. Thus, we hypothesized that LRRs would be suitable for the design of alternative binding scaffolds for use in molecular recognition. The NOD protein family plays a very important role in innate immunity, and consequently serves as a promising scaffold for design of novel recognition motifs. However, engineering of de novo proteins based on the NOD family LRR domain has proven challenging due to problems arising from protein solubility and stability. Consensus sequence design is a protein design tool used to create novel proteins that capture sequence-structure relationships and interactions present in nature in order to create a stable protein scaffold. We implement a consensus sequence design approach to develop proteins based on the LRR domain of NLRs. Using a multiple sequence alignment we analyzed all individual LRRs found in mammalian NLRs. This design resulted in a consensus sequence protein containing two internal repeats and separate Nand Ccapping repeats named CLRR2. Using biophysical characterization methods of size exclusion chromatography, circular dichroism, and fluorescence, CLRR2 was found to be a stable, monomeric, and cysteine free scaffold. Additionally, CLRR2, without any affinity maturation, displayed micromolar binding affinity for muramyl dipeptide (MDP), a bacterial cell wall fragment. To our knowledge, this is the first report of direct interaction of a NOD LRR with a physiologically relevant ligand. Furthermore, CLRR2 demonstrated selective recognition to the biologically active stereoisomer of MDP. Results of this study indicate that LRRs are indeed a useful scaffold for development of specific and selective proteins for molecular recognition, creating much potential for future engineering of alternative protein scaffolds for biomedical applications. My second research interest focused on the development of proteins for novel biomaterials. In the past two decades, keratin biomaterials have shown impressive results as scaffolds for tissue engineering, wound healing, and nerve regeneration. In addition to its intrinsic biocompatibility, keratin interacts with specific cell receptors eliciting beneficial biochemical cues, as well as participates in important regulatory functions such as cell migration and proliferation and protein signalling. The aforementioned properties along with keratins' inherent capacity for self-assembly poise it as a promising scaffold for regenerative medicine and tissue engineering applications. However, due to the extraction process used to obtain natural keratin proteins from natural sources, protein damage and formation of by-products that alter network self-assembly and bioactivity often occur as a result of the extensive processing conditions required. Furthermore, natural keratins require exogenous chemistry in order to modify their properties, which greatly limits sequence tunability. Recombinant keratin proteins have the potential to overcome the limitations associated with the use of natural keratins while also maintaining their desired structural and chemical characteristics. Thus, we have used recombinant DNA technology for the production of human hair keratins, keratin 31 (K31) and keratin 81 (K81). The production of recombinant human hair keratins resulted in isolated proteins of the correct sequence and molecular weight determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Proteins with no unwanted sequence truncations, deletions, or mutations indicate recombinant DNA technology can be used to reliably generate full length keratin proteins. This allows for consistent starting materials with no observable impurities or undesired by-products, which combats a major challenge associated with natural keratins. Additionally, recombinant keratins must maintain the intrinsic propensity for self-assembly found in natural keratins. To test the propensity for self-assembly, we implemented size exclusion chromatography (SEC), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to characterize K31, K81, and an equimolar mixture of K31 and K81. The results of the recombinant protein characterization reveal novel homo-polymerization of K31 and K81, not previously reported, and formation of characteristic keratin fibers for the K31 and K81 mixture. Therefore, recombinant K31 and K81 retain the intrinsic biological activity (i.e. self-assembly) of natural keratin proteins. We have also conducted a comparative study of recombinant and extracted heteropolymer K31/K81. Through solution characterization and TEM analysis it was found that use of the recombinant heteropolymer allows for increased purity of starting material while also maintaining self-assembly properties necessary for functional use in biomaterials design. However, under the processing condition implemented, extracted keratins demonstrated increased efficiency of assembly. Through each study we conclude that recombinant keratin proteins provide a promising solution to overcome the challenges associated with natural protein materials and present an exceptional design platform for generation of new biomaterials for regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. Protein Engineering for Biomedical Materials


Background and purpose: Considering the importance of pain management in cancer patients, this study aimed to assess the prevalence of pain, its severity, analgesics used to control pain, and the extent of pain control in cancer patients attending a medical center in North of Iran. Materials and methods: One hundred cancer patients attending Ramsar Imam Sajjad Hospital (2015) were prospectively enrolled in the study. Clinical and demographic data and all analgesics used were recorded. Pain intensity were determined based on the Numeric Rating Scale from 0 (pain-free) to 10 (the most severe pain ever experienced) in two sequential visits, 3 weeks apart. Results: The average age of participants was 54.7±3 years. NSAIDs (98 cases, 98%) and opioids (49 cases, 49%) were the most common analgesics prescribed. Among opioids, codeine (67.3%) and morphine (24.5%) were used more frequently. The pain score was 3.94±0.342 at first visit and 3.65±.316 following analgesic use (P=0.002). For opioid users, the pain scores were 4.29±0.53 and 3.84±0.506, respectively (P=0.007). Conclusion: The pain scores statistically reduced, however, the decrease was not clinically prominent since the pain severity was between 3 and 4 in NRS scale. More attention to pain control is recommended in cancer patients while considering the standard pain management guidelines.


OBJECTIVE
This study identifies key barriers faced by primary care providers (PCP) in implementation of screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT) services for substance use disorders among adolescents.

METHODS
The authors used mixed methods, including 12 key informant interviews and a survey with 75 PCPs, to identify key barriers to PCP implementation of SBIRT services.

RESULTS
Time constraints, challenges related to parental involvement, a perceived lack of effectiveness of brief intervention services, and lack of training in providing brief intervention were barriers to screening and brief intervention. Referral to treatment was frequently perceived as a challenge. Increased reimbursement and dedicated resources were important interventions for improving screening rates.

CONCLUSIONS
Increased reimbursement could support workflow enhancements to improve the consistency of SBIRT procedures and alleviate time constraints. Consistent SBIRT applications for all adolescents could also be supported by increasing PCP training in brief intervention.


The JET Fusion Technology (FT) work programme was launched in 2000, in the frame of the European Fusion Development Agreement, to address issues related to JET and ITER. In particular, there are four topics related to tritium being investigated. Based on the experience gained on the existing tokamaks, first calculations indicate that in-vessel tritium retention could represent a burden for ITER operation. Therefore erosion/deposition studies are being performed in order to better understand the layer co-deposition and tritium retention processes in tokamaks. Moreover, testing of in-situ detritiation processes, in particular laser and flash lamp treatments, should assess detritiation techniques for in-vessel components in the ITER-relevant JET configuration. To reduce the constraints on waste disposal, dedicated procedures are being developed for detritiation of metals, graphite, carbon-fibre composites, process and housekeeping waste. During the operational and decommissioning phases of a fusion reactor, many processes will produce tritiated water. Key components for an ITER relevant water detritiation facility are being studied experimentally with the aim of producing a complete design that could be implemented and tested at JET. This paper describes these topics of the FT-programme, the strategy developed and the results obtained so far.


An experimental study was conducted on day-old chicks to evaluate the safety and efficacy of combined Newcastle diseases (ND), fowl pox (FP) and fowl typhoid (FT) vaccine. The vaccine was prepared using the Lasota strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), the FP strain of fowl pox virus (FPV) and the 9R strain of FT. The vaccine was found safe, as no clinical signs or mortalities were observed. Post vaccination Haemaglutination Inhibition (HI) titre for ND was above the required protection level (≥1:16) and its geometric means (GM) were 0.0098, 0.0063 and 0.0059 for group one, two and three respectively, who received conventional and combined vaccine. The difference in GM between the three vaccinated groups were not significant (p=0.544). The trivalent combined vaccine did not show significant difference in the HI titre result among the groups that were given conventional vaccines and the other two experimental groups which received trivalent vaccine (p=0.257). From 75 samples, 73 (97.3%) were positive for FT through rapid slide agglutination test (RSAT).  The chicks were challenged separately for the three diseases using the specific pathogens. Both combined and conventional vaccine conferred protection upon challenge. For ND challenge, 93.3% (n=14/15) of the control groups died. From FT and FP control groups 86.6% (n=13/15) and 20% (n=3/15) respectively died up on challenge. Both combined and conventional vaccine type conferred a similar and good level of protection. However, the use of combined vaccine has considerable advantage particularly in terms of convenience and cost effectiveness to control multiple diseases through simple immunization schedule. Further studies were recommended on the development of combined avian vaccines in Ethiopia.

 Key words: Newcastle disease, fowl pox, fowl typhoid, experimental study, combined vaccine.


Background/Context Research in Europe and the United States shows that racial position shapes and gives voice to the stories people tell about race and racism, and filters how such stories are perceived and understood by listeners. Although not uniformly the case, people from the majority White racial group tend to emphasize forward progress and the declining significance of race. Minoritized people of color more often note the enduring impact of racism as a barrier to racial progress. Purpose This article describes the evolution of a theoretical model for teaching critically about racism and racial stories utilizing the arts. We reflect on the collaborative theory-building process used to develop the model, our use of the arts to create spaces of teaching and learning where racial stories can be unsettled and reexamined, and the potential of this model to guide educational projects in which participants construct alternative stories geared toward social justice. Research Design This is an analytic essay that describes the development of a theoretical construct. Conclusions/Recommendations We discuss plans for future research on the relevance of the model for teachers, teacher staff development, and curriculum design in secondary and post-secondary classrooms and in community-based dialogues and collaborative action networks.


The holotype of Malerisaurus langstoni from the Late Triassic (Otischalkian) Trilophosaurus quarry
2 of West Texas is a chimera. The holotype represents at least 6-7 individuals of four reptilian groups: Trilophosauridae, Rhynchosauridae, Parasuchidae and Aetosauria. The majority of the material, including all of the cranial fragments, are re-identified as Trilophosaurus buettneri. Based on the chimeric nature of the specimen, the holotype of M. langstoni is restricted to the skull fragments and considered a junior subjective synonym of T. buetterni. This reassessment of M. langstoni calls into question the validity of M. robinsonae from the Maleri Formation in India and suggests that at least some of the elements referred to this taxon may, in fact, be a record of
Trilophosaurus. This would extend the paleogeographic range of Trilophosaurus from a taxon endemic to the American Southwest to a nearly Pangean distribution during the Late Triassic.


This study addresses the relative efficiency of South African banks as well as the challenges faced by bankers to develop management strategies that will improve areas of ineffectiveness in order to ensure sustainable profitability improvement.
The need for better efficiency management is confirmed by extreme occurrences in the South African banking sector during recent years. The intense liquidity pressures experienced by BOE Bank that resulted in its total inclusion into Nedcor to avert possible failure, the imposition of curatorship over FBC Fidelity Bank Limited (FBC), and the liquidation of New Republic Bank Ltd, Saambou Bank Ltd, and Regal Treasury Private Bank Ltd during the period 1997-2007 are examples of such incidents.
This study presents the results of applying Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to 13 South African banks to assess their present relative efficiency. Comparative scores that indicate the performance status of each bank relative to all other South African banks are used to identify focal points that will enhance the profitability of banks classified as inefficient. The limited number of banks in the South African banking sector and the size and niche differences between them constrain the generalisability of the results and must be regarded as a limitation of the study.


The integrated project was introduced in in Korea in 1977 to raise the family planning practice rate by integrating parasite control and nutrition programs with family planning and thereby help enhance the health and living standard of community residents. A new integrated approach was introduced in 1984 to provide health services including basic health care and preventive medication through primary health posts in remote rural areas. Several strategies were adopted including: strengthening the functions of the steering committees at various levels; consolidating cooperative relationships between the government and related organization; and conducting training and educational activities to generate positive participation of the community volunteers in the integrated program. Of 3483 eligible couples, 2446 (70.2%) practiced family planning in 1983. In May 1985, the rate increased to 75%. Of 10,381 persons examined, 813 persons (7.9%) suffered from parasite infection in 1983, but the rate decreased to 5.8% in May 1985. An effort to improve environmental sanitation resulted in housing improvement, latrine improvement, kitchen improvement, and piped water supply. Despite manpower shortage and financial difficulties, the 11 community health practitioners (CHPs) have been active in various project activities, including health education on nutrition improvement, maternal health service, child healt service, and medical treatment. To further expand and develop the project, more primary health posts now engage in activities such as providing IEC materials to publicize the function and role of the primary health posts, fully utilize village health workers to motivate community residents and secure basic facilities and medical supplies and provide necessary manpower.


Foreword by Yves Meny 1. Introduction Luis de Sousa, Peter Larmour and Barry Hindess Part 1: Theories and Concepts: Corruption, Anti-Corruption and Democratic Politics 2. International Anti-Corruption as a Program of Normalisation Barry Hindess 3. Anti-Corruption as a Risk to Democracy: On the Unintended Consequences of International Anti-Corruption Campaigns Staffan Andersson and Paul M. Heywood 4. The Development of Inspection and Oversight: Blind Alleys and Open Vistas in the Case of American Procurement Policy Frank Anechiarico Part 2: The Vices and Virtues of Governmental Anti-Corruption 5. Matching Workload, Management and Resources: Setting the context for 'effective' anti-corruption commissions Alan Doig 6. Anti-Corruption Bodies as Discourse-Controlling Instruments: Experiences from South East Europe Daniel Smilov 7. Warriors in Chains: Institutional Legacies and Anti-Corruption Programs in Taiwan and South Korea Christian Gobel 8. Populist Anti-Corruption and Military Coups: The Cleanup Campaign in Fiji 2006-7 Peter Larmour Part 3: The Vices and Virtues of Non-Governmental Anti-Corruption 9. Transnational Anti-Corruption Advocacy: A Multi-Level Analysis of Civic Action in Russia Diana Schmidt-Pfister 10. How do International Organizations Scrutinize Transforming States? The Case of Transparency International and the Baltic States Matilda Dahl 11. Corruption and Anti-Corruption in Southeast Europe: Landscapes and Sites Steven Sampson 12. TI in Search of a Constituency: The Institutionalisation and Franchising of the Global Anti-Corruption Doctrine Luis de Sousa Conclusion


The majority of lipids that interact with a transmembrane protein act as a solvent for the protein, forming a shell around it; these lipids are called annular or boundary lipids. However, some lipids interact in a more specific way, binding between transmembrane ?-helices or at protein-protein interfaces, and these lipids are referred to as non-annular lipids. The crystal structure of the bacterial potassium channel KcsA shows a non-annular lipid molecule bound at the subunit interfaces in the homotetrameric structure, and binding of this non-annular lipid has been shown to be essential for channel function, making KcsA an ideal candidate for the study of lipid-protein interactions. Recently, a third type of binding site at the hydrophobic inner cavity of the pore of potassium channels has been proposed for fatty acid molecules, where binding was suggested to cause block of ion flux. Fatty acids are known to affect ion channel activity, but it is not yet certain how they act. Here, fluorescence spectroscopy and electron spin resonance (ESR) are combined to analyse the interaction of fatty acids with the annular and non-annular sites, and with the hydrophobic inner cavity of the pore on KcsA. To study fatty acid binding by fluorescence spectroscopy, KcsA was reconstituted in bilayers of phosphatidylcholine (PC) containing brominated fatty acid. Quenching of the Trp fluorescence of wild type KcsA by brominated fatty acids allows an analysis of their interaction with annular sites on the channel and interaction at non-annular sites was studied using a Trp mutant of KcsA. The results shown that fatty acids can bind with an affinity rather similar to that of PC to both annular and non-annular sites, but uncharged fatty acid analogues show limited binding, emphasising the importance of charged interactions in these systems. In ESR studies KcsA was reconstituted in PC membranes containing a small amount of spin labelled fatty acid. Spin labelled lipids in contact with the protein show a different ESR spectrum from those in the bulk lipid due to the different mobilities of their acyl chains. The ESR spectra show that the spin labelled fatty acid bound to KcsA is strongly immobilised and binds with high affinity. It is proposed that the fatty acid binds to the hydrophobic cavity with a dissociation constant of ca. 0.22 ?M. The studies show that fatty acids can bind to the channel at a variety of sites, suggesting that ion channel function could be modulated directly by interactions with fatty acids. Other studies here presented focused on the influence of the annular lipids on the aggregation of KcsA. Protein-protein contacts are important for membrane protein association and activity, but little is known about the influence that the lipid bilayer can have on protein-protein association. ESR experiments with spin labelled phospholipids show that at lipid:channel molar ratios of ca. 100:1 or higher, KcsA is solvated by ca. 31 annular phospholipid molecules, as expected from its crystal structure, but that, at lower lipid content, protein-protein contacts become favourable and KcsA aggregates. The ESR data also show that aggregation is reduced in bilayers of anionic phosphatidylglycerol (PG) in comparison to bilayers of zwitterionic PC, as confirmed by quenching experiments where brominated PG was able to quench wild type KcsA more efficiently than brominated PC at the low lipid:channel molar ratios. The results highlight the importance that the lipid bilayer composition can have on membrane protein association.


This study compares the CH4 fluxes from two arctic wetland sites of different annual temperatures during 2004 to 2006. The PEATLAND-VU model was used to simulate the emissions. The CH4 module of PEATLAND-VU is based on the Walter-Heimann model. The first site is located in northeast Siberia, Indigirka lowlands, Kytalyk reserve (70 degrees N, 147 degrees E) in a continuous permafrost region with mean annual temperatures of -14.3 degrees C. The other site is Stordalen mire in the eastern part of Lake Tornetrask (68 degrees N, 19 degrees E) ten kilometres east of Abisko, northern Sweden. It is located in a discontinuous permafrost region. Stordalen has a sub arctic climate with a mean annual temperature of -0.7 degrees C. Model input consisted of observed temperature, precipitation and snow cover data. In all cases, modelled CH4 emissions show a direct correlation between variations in water table and soil temperature variations. The differences in CH4 emissions between the two sites are caused by different climate, hydrology, soil physical properties, vegetation type and NPP. For Kytalyk the simulated CH4 fluxes show similar trends during the growing season, having average values for 2004 to 2006 between 1.29-2.09 mg CH4 m(-2) hr(-1). At Stordalen the simulated fluxes show a slightly lower average value for the same years (3.52 mg CH4 m(-2) hr(-1)) than the observed 4.7 mg CH4 m(-2) hr(-1). The effect of the longer growing season at Stordalen is simulated correctly. Our study shows that modelling of arctic CH4 fluxes is improved by adding a relatively simple hydrological model that simulates the water table position from generic weather data. Our results support the generalization in literature that CH4 fluxes in northern wetland are regulated more tightly by water table than temperature. Furthermore, parameter uncertainty at site level in wetland CH4 process models is an important factor in large scale modelling of CH4 fluxes.


This thesis is an attempt to understand and delve into the realm of atomistic simulations, using it to understand a novel set of materials called Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDs). We use NEMO5 and MedeA-VASP to calibrate and characterize a few selected TMDs and to validate our understanding of atomistic modeling we simulated a tunnel field-effect transistor with monolayer TMD as a channel using NEMO5. TFETs offer great advantages over MOSFET (metal oxide field effect devices) like, sub-60 mV/dec sub-threshold swing, minimal leakage current, high switching speed, and small power requirements. Low drive current has prevented TFETs from becoming a mainstream device instead of MOSFETs. Two methods of improving TFETs are being considered: one, making the device out of single-layered materials, and two, using different kinds of materials, TMDs being one of them. This research uses NEMO5 and MedeA-VASP atomistic modeling tools to understand both of the device improvement approaches mentioned above. Variation in parameters that matter at the atomic scale, like high symmetry k -point path, k -point meshing, and plane-wave cut-off energy exhibit prominent effects on the band-structure of a material. NEMO5 E-k band structures were simulated for TMDs like MoS2 and WTe2 and the band-gap structures obtained were compared with literature. Structure definition and atomistic device simulation were conducted in NEMO5. A TFET with a monolayer of MoS2 as a channel was simulated to see the I-V characteristics obtained from the NEMO5 tool. By performing electronic band-structure simulations with and without spin-orbit coupling (SOC) and comparing it against electronic structures presented in literature, it is shown that consideration of SOC is necessary for accurate results. Atomistic simulations are computationally intensive and this work also explored the effects of parametric and distributed computing settings on simulation times.


Objective The aim of this study was to provide additional insight into the role of fibrinogen in coronary artery disease by investigating the associations between plasma fibrinogen with both degree and composition of coronary atherosclerosis as determined by virtual histology-intravascular ultrasound. Patients and methods In 581 patients undergoing coronary angiography for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) or stable angina pectoris, preprocedural blood samples were drawn for fibrinogen, C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 measurements, and virtual histology-intravascular ultrasound of a nonculprit coronary artery was performed. The degree [plaque volume, plaque burden (PB), and lesions with PB≥70%] and the composition of coronary atherosclerotic plaque (fibrous, fibrofatty, dense calcium, necrotic core tissue, and thin-cap fibroatheroma lesions) were assessed. Results Fibrinogen showed a tendency toward a positive association with PB [&bgr; (95% CI): 2.55 (−0.52–5.61) increase in PB per ln(g/l) fibrinogen, P=0.09], which was driven significantly by an association in the ACS subgroup [&bgr; (95% CI): 4.11 (0.01–8.21) increase in PB per ln(g/l) fibrinogen, P=0.049]. Fibrinogen was also related to the presence of lesions with PB 70% or more in both the full cohort [OR (95% CI): 2.27 (1.17–4.43), P=0.016] and ACS patients [OR (95% CI): 2.92 (1.17–7.29), P=0.022]. All associations were independent of established cardiovascular risk factors, but not CRP. Interleukin-6 and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 did not provide incremental value to fibrinogen when examining the associations with degree of atherosclerosis. Substantial associations with plaque composition were absent. Conclusion Fibrinogen is associated with degree of coronary atherosclerosis, especially in ACS patients. However, whether this association is independent of CRP might be questioned and needs further investigation.


Thalassia testudinum (Banks ex Konig) is an important primary producer in nearshore tropical marine ecosystems. In the past several years, mass mortality of T. testudinum populations within the Florida Bay estuary has highlighted the need to know more about levels of clonal variation and the spatial arrangement of genets within populations of this species. Historically, most of the reproduction within this species was thought to be through clonal growth, and populations have been assumed to exhibit little genetic diversity. We used DNA fingerprinting techniques and spatially hierarchical sampling to search for genetically distinct plants within T. testudinum meadows in Rabbit Key Basin, Florida Bay, USA. We detected 22 genetically distinct individuals out of 74 samples. Multiple genetic individuals were detected over small spatial scales (<0.25 m). Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) detected significant levels of variation at both the largest and smallest spatial scales studied. This result suggested that genets of this species generally do not grow in discreet monoclonal patches and that most genets are not large enough to span the entire basin (∼5 km). Further, analysis of genetic distances between phenotypes suggests a pattern of isolation by distance, with individuals that were nearer in space being more genetically similar. GIS analysis of seagrass density over the period from 1985 to 1994, combined with the clonal diversity data presented here, suggest seedlings may play a significant role in colonization of bare patches. These results imply that the role of sexual reproduction in population structure within this species is greater than previously thought.


Conventional and landmark-based geometric morphometric approaches were used to clarify the taxonomic identity of a centric diatom morph. This morph, found in cultures isolated from the Geeste estuary (northern Germany), showed an intermediate valve morphology between that of typical specimens of Cyclotella meneghiniana Kützing and of Cyclotella scaldensis Muylaert & Sabbe. Its internal valve ultrastructure was compared to that of cells from (1) cultures of C. meneghiniana isolated from the same field samples and grown in the same conditions, (2) field material from the samples from which the cultures were isolated, and (3) a sample from the type locality of C. scaldensis. The morphometric analyses were used to determine (1) whether morphological variation of these morphs was continuous, or whether there were distinct morphological groups, and (2) how effective the alternative morphometric approaches were in answering this question. Both approaches proved informative and their results complemented each other, supporting the conclusion that three distinct size-reduction series were present in the samples investigated. Since the different morphs occurred sympatrically, we suggest that they probably belong to three reproductively isolated species.


Abstract Reflection is now advocated by coach education programmes around the world as a framework for coaches to learn from their experience. Yet, there is a paucity of empirical and critical work focussed on coaches' experiences of reflective practice. Consequently, we lack understanding as to the utility of reflection in the messy realities of practice, and of what is meaningful to those who engage in such a personally involving, emotive and challenging process. This article presents a series of narratives that evoke the dilemmas I (the lead author) experienced reflecting on my reflective practice within an action research process. The narratives tell a highly personal tale about the temporal, emotional and contextual qualities of reflective practice, a tale that counters traditional presentations of the coach as a calculated, dispassionate and rational being who operates as if in a social vacuum. By providing insight that befits the problematic nature of practice, we hope to contribute to a more authentic and holistic epistemology in sports coaching.


We use complex-weighted, deep networks to invert the effects of multimode optical fibre distortion of a coherent input image. We generated experimental data based on collections of optical fibre responses to greyscale input images generated with coherent light, by measuring only image amplitude (not amplitude and phase as is typical) at the output of \SI{1}{\metre} and \SI{10}{\metre} long, \SI{105}{\micro\metre} diameter multimode fibre. This data is made available as the {\it Optical fibre inverse problem} Benchmark collection. The experimental data is used to train complex-weighted models with a range of regularisation approaches. A {\it unitary regularisation} approach for complex-weighted networks is proposed which performs well in robustly inverting the fibre transmission matrix, which fits well with the physical theory. A key benefit of the unitary constraint is that it allows us to learn a forward unitary model and analytically invert it to solve the inverse problem. We demonstrate this approach, and show how it can improve performance by incorporating knowledge of the phase shift induced by the spatial light modulator.


We report on observations and analysis of HIFOGS 10 microns spectrophotometry of short period comet 19P/Borrelly on 2003 October 13, 15 UT at the NASA IRTF. 19P/Borrelly is one of two short period comets, comet 4PIFaye being the other, to have a silicate feature detected. During Borrelly s perihelion passage in 1994 December, a silicate feature was present with a flux-to-continuum ratio of 0.25. Two apparitions later in 2003 October, the silicate feature is absent. Thermal emission modeling using amorphous olivine and amorphous carbon shows that a slight increase in grain size accounts for the disappearance of the silicate feature. Analysis of 19P/Borrelly suggests grain size, and not the absence of olivine minerals, may be responsible for the absence of silicate features in most short period comets. 19P/Borrelly is one of the more active short period comets. However, short period comets as a family are less active than long period comets. Short period comets probably originated in the Kuiper Belt and suffered collisions while in residence in the outer solar system. Upon evolution into orbits that take them through the inner solar system, the surfaces of short period comets are exposed to sunlight through their many perihelion passages. This is in contrast to long period comets which probably originated near Jupiter and were expelled to the Oort cloud where they have existed and been exposed to cosmic ray processing. By studying the grain properties in short period comets and comparing to long period comets, we compare the effects on the grain populations of different parent body evolution histories. Upcoming opportunities to study short and long period comets will be advertised.


This article reviews the extent to which the present global IP system contains an inherent imbalance between the rights of IP owning corporations and IP users, and the public benefit. It also studies the potential relevance of human rights in redressing any imbalance within existing institutional and legal fora. The article focuses on the relevance of corporate social responsibility ("CSR") related concepts, particularly in conjunction with legal human rights based arguments, to redress any imbalance by tempering the global conduct of IP owning corporations; how this new approach could be enforced, if at all, and the resulting lessons for IP and its future.


It seems that the first ""Cape Malay"" slave was imported from Batavia by the Dutch East India Company in 1653. The greater influx appears to have been from 1658 onwards. Many aspects of their language, their music, and their cuisine were adopted by the Dutch (and later Afrikaner) culture at the Cape. This justifies inquiry as to the role played by the Malay slaves in the sporting culture of the Cape. The traditional scientific method of historical research has been followed whereby primary sources in the Cape Archives and secondary sources in the South African Library and the Africana Room in the Stellenbosch University Library were consulted in order to find evidence of any contribution the Malay slaves may have made to Cape culture. Very little primary material relevant to sport and games was found. The sources reveal that the slaves, like their masters, the early colonists, enjoyed amusements like fishing, dancing, music, horse-racing, games and cards. As their curfew was set for 21:00, indoor games like dominoes, draughts and kirram (carom) were common. Gambling was the most popular form of recreation and besides throwing the dice, the slaves were devoted to cock-fighting. In 1838 Ordinance No. I put an end to gambling and cock-fighting by stating that it was illegal to gather together on the Lord's day in any public or open place, ""for the purpose of gambling. fighting dogs or cocks, or playing at any game"". Although the sale of sharp implements to slaves was forbidden, they loved knives and duelling was one of the ""fashionable follies of the day"". Boys played ball and racket games, marbles and ninepins, they spun tops, trundled hoops, flew kites, slid on skates, and walked on stilts. It seems that the Malay youngsters were encouraged to stay at home and join in the old pastimes like singing, telling stories and playing draughts. They also took to European sport and in cricket and rugby they became indispensable as far as spectator atmosphere was concerned. It is evident that the Malay slaves at the Cape have been making a positive contribution to the general culture of the Cape and especially to the sporting life, ever since the 17th century. Today kirram, for instance. is widely played by the Cape coloured community.


Modeling collisional processes in plasmas using discontinuous numerical methods Sean Miller Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Professor Uri Shumlak Aeronautical & Astronautical Engineering Fluid-based plasma models are typically applied to parameter regimes where a local thermal equilibrium is assumed. The applicability of this regime is valid for many plasmas, however, it is limited to plasma dynamics dominated by collisional effects. This study attempts to extend the validity of the collisional fluid regime using an anisotropic 13-moment fluid model derived from the Pearson type-IV probability distribution. The model explicitly evolves the heat flux hyperbolically alongside the density, momentum, and energy in order to capture dynamics usually restricted to costly kinetic models. Each particle species is modeled individually and collectively coupled through electromagnetic and collision operators. To remove electromagnetic divergence errors inherent to numerical representations of Maxwell's equations, both hyperbolic and parabolic cleaning methods are presented. The plasma models are implemented using high-order finite volume and discontinuous Galerkin numerical methods designed for unstructured meshes. The unstructured code framework, numerical methods, and plasma models were developed in the University of Washington's WARPXM code for use on heterogeneous accelerated clusters.


Test collection has been a crucial factor for developing information retrieval systems. Constructing a test collection requires annotators to assess the relevance of massive query-document pairs. Relevance annotations acquired through crowdsourcing platforms alleviate the enormous cost of this process but they are often noisy. Existing models to denoise crowd annotations mostly assume that annotations are generated independently, based on which a probabilistic graphical model is designed to model the annotation generation process. However, tasks are often correlated with each other in reality. It is an understudied problem whether and how task correlation helps in denoising crowd annotations. In this paper, we relax the independence assumption to model task correlation in terms of relevance. We propose a new crowd annotation generation model named CrowdGP, where true relevance labels, annotator competence, annotator's bias towards rele-vancy, task difficulty, and task's bias towards relevancy are modelled through a Gaussian process and multiple Gaussian variables respectively. The CrowdGP model shows better performance in terms of interring true relevance labels compared with state-of-the-art base-lines on two crowdsourcing datasets on relevance. The experiments also demonstrate its effectiveness in terms of selecting new tasks for future crowd annotation, which is a new functionality of CrowdGP. Ablation studies indicate that the effectiveness is attributed to the modelling of task correlation based on the auxiliary information of tasks and the prior relevance information of documents to queries.


An illustrated history of the iconic fashion magazine's cover, "Vogue: The Covers" chronicles over 100 years of the images from American Vogue that have influence past and present style. It includes over 300 of the most beautiful, provocative, and fashion-forward that covers ever produced are highlighted alongside the history and stories behind the covers themselves. "Vogue: The Covers" begins with the illustrated covers from the magazine's inception in 1892 and spans throughout the 20th century to present day. Organized in chronological order by decade, this book illustrates the evolution of fashion, art, and photography for the past 100 years. This book is a stunning celebration of the magazine and its cultural influence.


High-stakes testing plays a critical role in education today in the United States. Every state uses a high-stakes test to comply with the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) mandate. While many believe high-stakes testing is an acceptable and accurate way to measure students' learning, one has to ask whether high stakes testing is an effective measurement tool for all children. Researchers continue to debate the effectiveness of high stakes testing and need to continually reexamine the possible impacts it may have on children from differing socioeconomic (SES) backgrounds especially disadvantaged youth. Background In 2002, President George W. Bush signed the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, which made standardized (high-stakes) testing the measurement tool for educational accountability. In an attempt to measure the effectiveness and impact the Elementary and Secondary Education Act has had on our children, Horn (2003) analyzed data from the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP). Horn found that increased high-stakes test scores do not equate to increased learning. Marchant, Paulson, and Shunk (2006) also analyzed data from the NAEP to determine if states' high-stakes policies contributed significantly to student NAEP achievement beyond what could be predicted based on the demographic characteristics of test-takers. They concluded that the reading test portion of the NAEP revealed that schools with high-stakes testing policies in place had a lower proportion of students reaching Proficient than did those schools without high-stakes testing policies. The percentage of families in high-stakes states with low income was higher as well. The percentage of parents with a college education was lower than schools without high-stakes testing policies and the percentage of Black and Hispanic students was higher than schools without high-stakes testing policies. Trends from other analyses suggested the addition of parent education would weaken the effects of high stakes testing. The study also found that having high-stakes policies was related to lower outcomes. The researchers were not able to determine whether or not the high-stakes indicators would have remained significant however trends from other analyses indicate that years of high stakes testing and the high stakes index were related to higher achievement outcomes. Attempted Equality through Increased Funding The results of the above research suggest that a child's SES may play an important role in his/her learning and high-stakes test performance. The United States federal government attempted to solve this imbalance by providing additional Title I funding to schools that serve a large low SES population. There still appears to be a large gap between Title I funded schools and non-Title I schools that additional monies cannot fix. Researchers have tried to explain the existing possible gaps between the better funded Title I and non-Title I schools. Lee and Wong (2004) attribute this gap to the stagnancy of the United States federal government's policies regarding education in the 1990's when the large achievement gaps did not widen or lessen. Rouse and Barrow (2006) analyzed data from the National Education Longitudinal Study (NELS) to calculate educational outcomes by family SES to determine why family background is so strongly linked to education. The results indicated that more advantaged parents expected their children to complete more education than less advantaged parents. Children could face higher psychological costs if lower parental expectations cause children to have less confidence in their own ability. Children from lower SES backgrounds tend to obtain different information than children from more privileged families about the costs and benefits of more schooling. These differences may be driven by differences in access to quality schools. Rouse and Barrow also stated that descriptive statistics and other analysis suggest that school quality is positively correlated with family background. …


Objective – To determine the effect of large bookstores (defined as those having 20 or more employees) on household library use.

Design – Econometric analysis using cross-sectional data sets.

Setting – The United States of America.

Subjects – People in over 55,000 households across the U.S.A.

Methods – Data from 3 1996 studies were examined using logit and multinomial logit estimation procedures: the National Center for Education Statistics' National Household Education Survey (NHES) and Public Library Survey (PLS), and the U.S. Census Bureau's County Business Patterns (CBP). The county level results of the NHES telephone survey were merged with the county level data from the PLS and the CBP. Additionally, data on Internet use at the state level from the Statistical Abstract of the United States were incorporated into the data set. A logit regression model was used to estimate probability of library use based on several independent variables, evaluated at the mean.

Main results – In general, Hemmeter found that "with regard to the impact of large bookstores on household library use, large bookstores do not appear to have an effect on overall library use among the general population" (613).

While no significant changes in general library use were found among high and low income households where more large bookstores were present, nor in the population taken as a whole, middle income households (between $25,000 and $50,000 in annual income) showed notable declines in library use in these situations. These effects were strongest in the areas of borrowing (200% less likely) and recreational purposes (161%), but were also present in work-related use and job searching. Hemmeter also writes that "poorer households use the library more often for job search purposes. The probability of library use for recreation, work, and consumer information increases as income increases. This effect diminishes as households get richer" (611). Finally, home ownership was also correlated with higher library use.

Households with children were more than 20% more likely to use the library (610). Their use of the library for school-related purposes, general borrowing, program activities, and so on was not affected by the presence of book superstores. White families with children were somewhat less likely to use the library, while families with higher earning and education levels were more likely to use the library. Library use also increased with the number of children in the family.

Shorter distances to the nearest branch and a higher proportion of AV materials were also predictive of higher library use. Educational level was another important factor, with those having less than high school completion being significantly less likely to use the library than those with higher levels of educational attainment.

Conclusions – The notable decline in public library use among middle income households where more large bookstores are present is seen as an important threat to libraries, as it may result in a decline in general support and support for funding among an important voting block. More current data are needed in this area. In addition to the type of information examined in this study, the author recommends the inclusion of information on funding, support for library referenda, and library quality as they relate to the presence of large bookstores.


With big science projects like the human genome project, [2], and preliminary attempts to seriously study brain activity, e.g. [9], mathematical biology has come of age, employing formalisms and tools from most branches of mathematics. Recent results, [51] and [53], have extended the relational (or categorical) approach of Rosen [44], to demonstrate that (in a very general class of systems) cellular self-organization/self-replication is implicit in metabolism and repair/stability. This is a powerful philosophical statement and removes the need of teleological argument. However, the result carries a technical limitation to Cartesian closed categories, which excludes many mathematical languages. We review the relevant literature on metabolic-repair pathways, category theory and systems theory, before performing a critique of this work. We find that the restriction to Cartesian closed categories is purely for simplicity, and describe how equivalent arguments may be built for monoidal closed categories. Moreover, any symmetric monoidal category may be "embedded" in a closed one. We discuss how these constructions/techniques provide the formal structure to treat self-organization/self-replication in most contemporary mathematical (modelling) languages. These results significantly soften the impact on current modelling paradigms while extending the philosophical implications.


The purpose of this analysis is to evaluate the criminal histories of a cohort of offenders in Iowa who have been newly admitted to prison on a most serious domestic or sex offense. Moreover, addressing whether offenders convicted of domestic violence and sex abuse have intersecting, specialized, or versatile criminal histories. Data was collected from the Justice Data Warehouse and offenders newly admitted to prison during FY2015 on a most serious domestic violence or sex crime, as well as a matched comparison group, were assessed. Analyses by logistical regression and receiver operating characteristic curves examined the criminal histories of these offenders between FY2005-FY2015. Results showed that domestic violence offenders who had prior assault and drug possession histories were more likely to have their current conviction be for domestic violence. Similarly, sex offenders who had prior sex abuse histories were significantly more likely to have their current conviction be for sexual abuse. Current sex offenders also had prior burglaries and/or property offense histories as indicators of a sex conviction. As the findings implicated, while some domestic violence and sex offenders may be specialized, they too displayed versatile criminal histories with prior non-violent charges and convictions. Thus, knowledge can be provided to interested stakeholders on how to reassess offender treatment and prediction measures within Iowa's criminal justice system. Overall, creating a system that acknowledges the predictive factors of prior charges and convictions, which will help to keep the most vulnerable victims and society safe.


This paper focuses on Nanni Moretti's Habemus Papam and in particular on its representation of the interaction between religion and masculinity. In the light of gender studies, it asks which idea of masculinity, but also of fatherhood, Catholicism and its system of authority tend to encourage according to the film, and it assesses the opportunities for change that the film imaginatively explores. The analysis of the idea of masculinity investigates in particular the distinction between person and office, the necessity of which is dramatically illustrated in the film.


The possibilities of using a new type of device to evaluate the temperature parameters of the design of the planetary-friction multiplier developed by the authors for a wind power installation are considered. Unlike gearbased animators, planetary-friction gears have compactness, manufacturability, and overload protection, which is especially important for a wind power installation, but they are at risk of high temperatures due to frictional torque transmission. The work presents the design of the multiplier in which, in contrast to the known designs, the contacts between the balls and cages are removed from the bearing interference system, which reduces the risk of heating. The authors proposed the idea of introducing lubricant into the multiplier, which reduces friction in the contacts between the balls and separators, where the specific pressure is low, and is squeezed out between the balls and bearing rings, where the calculated high pressure is created using a spring, which allows semi-dry friction. In order to estimate the temperature of multiplier construction elements having small dimensions, the authors developed a contact artificial thermocouple method that allows using its two thermoelectrodes closely located and fixed in the probe to determine its temperature quickly and accurately with contact with the conductive surface of the element. The article provides an analysis of ensuring high measurement accuracy and the result of evaluating the temperature parameters of the multiplier elements during its long-term operation both with and without lubricant. It is established that the design of the multiplier proposed by the authors, when used with lubricant, ensures the heating of bearings not higher than the established standards.


Density functional theory calculations are performed to study the addition mechanism of e-rich moieties such as triethyl phosphite to a carbonyl group on the rim of a fullerene orifice. Three possible reaction channels have been investigated. The obtained results show that the reaction of a carbonyl group on a fullerene orifice with triethyl phosphite most likely proceeds along the classical Abramov reaction; however, the classical product is not stable and is converted into the experimental product. An attack on a fullerene carbonyl carbon will trigger a rearrangement of the phosphate group to the carbonyl oxygen as the conversion transition state is stabilized by fullerene conjugation. This work provides a new insight on the reactivity of open-cage fullerenes, which may prove helpful in designing new switchable fullerene systems.


It is of practical significance and great value to find a component model for integrating software. Through the induction from a class of oil-drilling engineering applications, we proposed a modeling technique for domain-specific software based on busniess component component. In this paper, a goaltree based domain-specific model for oil-drilling engineering is suggested. It offers the benefits of extensibility, modularity and reusability. Furthermore, a business component model for mapping domain-specific model into real system is proposed.. The specialties of business component model contribute to the integration of heterogeneous modules. Keywords-domain model; business component; model-driven architecture


This paper presents the richness and distribution by municipality of Salvia species in the state of Michoacán, floristic and ecological data are included. Based on herbarium specimens deposited in CIMI, EBUM, ENCB, F, IEB, INIF, MEXU, and MO, as well as collecting trips, 64 native species of Salvia were recognized in the study area. Endemic species to Mexico and Michoacán reached 67.2% and 6.2%, respectively. Salvia iodantha Fernald and S. mexicana L. were species with most herbarium specimens (140 and 134, respectively). The vegetation types with most species (40) were Pinus-Quercus and Quercus forests. The highest number of species occurred between 1 500 and 3 000 m. The municipality with the most Salvia species recorded was Morelia (34 species). Perennial herbs and shrubs were the most common growth forms (86%). Blue and/or purple flowers are displayed by 76.5% of species. Flowering occurs year-round, with a peak in October. We suggest that in the near future increases floristic exploration of genus Salvia in Michoacán, especially in their protected areas and in the Sierra Madre del Sur.


Studies of the trophic structure in methane-seep habitats provide insight into the ecological function of deep-sea ecosystems. Methane seep biota on the Chilean margin likely represent a novel biogeographic province; however, little is known about the ecology of the seep fauna and particularly their trophic support. The present study, using natural abundance stable isotopes, reveals a complex trophic structure among heterotrophic consumers, with four trophic levels supported by a diversity of food sources at a methane seep area off Concepcion, Chile (~36° S). Although methanotrophy, thiotrophy and phototrophy are all identified as carbon fixation mechanisms fueling the food web within this area, most of the analysed species (87.5%) incorporate carbon derived from photosynthesis and a smaller number (12%) use carbon derived from chemosynthesis. Methane-derived carbon (MDC) incorporation was documented in 22 taxa, including sipunculids, gastropods, polychaetes and echinoderms. In addition, wide trophic niches were detected in suspension-feeding and deposit-feeding taxa, possibly associated with the use of organic matter in different stages of degradation (e.g. from fresh to refractory). Estimates of Bayesian standard ellipses area (SEAB) reveal different isotopic niche breadth in the predator fishes, the Patagonian toothfish Dissostichus eleginoides and the combtooth dogfish Centroscyllium nigrum, suggesting generalist versus specialist feeding behaviors, respectively. Top predators in the ecosystem were the Patagonian toothfish D. eleginoides and the dusky cat shark, Bythaelurus canescens. The blue hake Antimora rostrata also provides a trophic link between the benthic and pelagic systems, with a diet based primarily on pelagic-derived carrion. These findings can inform accurate ecosystem models, which are critical for effective management and conservation of methane seep and adjacent deep-sea habitats in the Southeastern Pacific.


Sesamin has anti-oxidative functions in vivo. Fatigue is caused in part by oxidative stress. We evaluated whether sesame lignans (sesamin/episesamin = 1/1, 10 mg) with vitamin E (55 mg of α-tocopherol) (SVE) could improve subjective statuses and anti-oxidative capacity in humans using questionnaires on fatigue, sleep and physical appearance, as well as low-density lipoprotein oxidation lag time. A placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel-group study was conducted with subjects experiencing daily fatigue. After a run-in period, subjects were administered oral SVE or a placebo (P) for 8 weeks. A questionnaire regarding fatigue, sleep and physical appearance was conducted at 0, 4, and 8 weeks. Plasma low-density lipoprotein oxidation lag time was measured as an indicator of anti-oxidative capacity. The per-protocol analysis revealed significant improvements in fatigue status at 4 and 8 weeks compared to 0 weeks in both groups (p < 0.01), and sleep and physical appearance at 8 weeks compared to 0 weeks only in the SVE group (p < 0.01). There were no significant differences observed between the groups. According to the 72-subject subgroup analysis (aged 40 and over), the sleep and physical appearance significantly improved compared to the P group (p < 0.05), and fatigue status showed a tendency for improvement compared to the P group. Anti-oxidative capacity in the SVE group significantly increased compared to the P group (p < 0.01). No adverse events relating to SVE supplementation were confirmed. These results suggest SVE supplementation could safely alleviate daily fatigue and oxidative stress.


. The design of challenging space structures frequently relies on the theory of folded plates. The models are composed of plane facets of which the bending and membrane stiffness are coupled along the folds. In conventional finite element analysis of faceted structures the continuity of the displacement field is enforced exclusively at the nodes. Since approximate solutions for transverse and for in-plane displacements are not members of the same function space, separation occurs in between the common nodes of adjacent elements. It is shown that the kinematic assumptions of Bernoulli are accounted for this incompatibility along the edges in facet models. A general answer to this problem involves substantial modification of plate and membrane theory, but a straight forward formulation can be derived for simply folded plates - structures, whose folds do not intersect. A broad class of faceted structures, including models of various curved shells, belong to this category and can be calculated consistently. The additional requirements to assure continuity concern the mapping of displacement derivatives on the edges. An appropriate finite facet element provides node and edge-oriented degrees of freedom, whose transformation to system degrees of freedom, de-pends on the geometric configuration at each node. The concept is implemented using conform triangular elements. To evaluate the new approach, the energy norm of representative structures for refined meshes is calculated. The focus is placed on the mathematical convergence towards reliable solutions obtained from finite volume models.


Drawing on studies of young children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) that I have
conducted, I discuss in this article my developing ideas about empathy and intersubjectivity in culture. I
begin by briefly explaining why I have studied young children with ADHD. I share some findings from
a cross-cultural study of early childhood teachers' perspectives on ADHD that I conducted a few years
ago. I then describe peer relations of children with ADHD based on both a review of relevant literature
and an initial analysis of my current study on young children considered at-risk of being diagnosed with
ADHD. I conclude with implications of these studies for reexamining the construct of empathy, building
intersubjective pedagogy, and considering empathy and intersubjectivity in culture.


The solubilization of thiram was studied in micellar solutions of two surfactants possessing the same hydrocarbon tail but different hydrophilic head groups, namely sodium dodecyl sulfate and dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide. Conductivity, spectrophotometry, and surface tension measurements have been used in quantitative analysis of the interaction between thiram and surfactants. In this work the adsorption of thiram onto selected two different activated carbons has been also studied in the absence and presence of micelles. The interaction of thiram in different micellar solutions provided information about the characteristics of adsorption properties of poorly soluble pesticide thiram onto activated carbon in the presence of micelles. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT


Rh-D distribution also varies worldwide. The aim of this study was to document the frequency of Rhesus alleles, haplotypes and genotypes in Aljouf region, Sakaka. The EE genotype is not generally represented in the Aljouf province, and DcE/Ce genotypes were the shared (30.8%), while Dce/Dce and Dce/ce genotypes were less familiar (1.4%). The frequency distribution of Rh haplotypes among Aljouf population in the present study CDE(0.701) has the highest observed frequency followed by Cde (0.250), cDe (0.116) and CDe (0.040), cDE(0.028), cde(0.021) and cdE(0.008). The data generated during this study would be important, will be a base line for advance to be catalogued by molecular rather than serological criteria, and of polymorphisms between RHD and RHCE, which will be a useful for DNA typing and to provide the development of suitable DNA techniques.


Information Technology has been used to support negotiation there is little research in the domain of knowledge management in legal negotiation. In this paper we discuss the nature of negotiation knowledge and how such knowledge can be utilized to construct negotiation decision support systems. We conduct an in-depth examination of the notion of a BATNA (Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement) and given a useful BATNA, how we can use issue and preference elicitation and compensation and trade-off strategies to provide negotiation decision support. We conclude by indicating how current negotiation support systems can be extended to support Online Dispute Resolution and haw we can extend the Family_Winner system in light of the need to more adequately manage negotiation knowledge.


Context. The mass-loss rate is a key parameter of massive stars. Adequate stellar atmosphere models are required for spectral analyses and mass-loss determinations. Present models can only account for the inhomogeneity of stellar winds in the approximation of small-scale structures that are optically thin. Compared to previous homogeneous models, this treatment of "microclumping" has led to reducing empirical mass-loss rates by factors of two to three. Further reductions are presently discussed in the literature, with far-reaching consequences e.g. for stellar evolution and stellar yields. Aims. Stellar wind clumps can be optically thick in spectral lines. We investigate how this "macroclumping" influences the radiative transfer and the emergent line spectra and discuss its impact on empirical mass-loss rates. Methods. The Potsdam Wolf-Rayet (PoWR) model atmosphere code is generalized in the "formal integral" to account for clumps that are not necessarily optically thin. The stellar wind is characterized by the filling factor of the dense clumps and by their average separation. An effective opacity is obtained by adopting a statistical distribution of clumps and applied in the radiative transfer. Results. Optically thick clumps reduce the effective opacity. This has a pronounced effect on the emergent spectrum. Our modeling for the O-type supergiant ζ Puppis reveals that the optically thin Hα line is not affected by wind porosity, but that the P v resonance doublet becomes significantly weaker when macroclumping is taken into account. The reported discrepancies between resonance-line and recombination-line diagnostics can be resolved entirely with the macroclumping modeling without downward revision of the mass-loss rate. In the case of Wolf-Rayet stars, we demonstrate for two representative models that stronger lines are typically reduced by a factor of two in intensity, while weak lines remain unchanged by porosity effects. Conclusions. Mass-loss rates inferred from optically thin emission, such as the Hα line in O stars, are not influenced by macroclumping. The strength of optically thick lines, however, is reduced because of the porosity effects. Therefore, neglecting the porosity in stellar wind modeling can lead to underestimating empirical mass-loss rates.


This paper concerns lubrication in aqueous surfactant systems where the surfactants adsorb at surfaces, in relative motion, forming either a surfactant monolayer or a multi- (liquid crystalline) layer. The surfactants were of two kinds, viz., a double chain cationic surfactant, didodecyldimethylammonium bromide, DDAB, and a single chain cationic surfactant, dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide, DTAB. Excellent film forming capability was shown for DDAB and interpreted as the result of good packing of the surfactant molecules at the surfaces, i.e., the inherent ability of the surfactant molecules to form liquid crystalline structures at the surface, resulting in good load-carrying capability. This is also reflected in the bulk properties of the surfactants, where DDAB show lamellar liquid crystalline phases at concentrations much lower than DTAB, which does not show good lubrication properties. The results are discussed in terms of film stability of a surfactant layer adsorbed at the surface, which in turn is correlated to the critical packing parameter of the surfactant, in analogy with the Kabalnov?Wennerstrom theory of emulsion droplet coalescence (Kabalnov, A.; Wennerstrom, H. Langmuir 1996, 12, 276). The systems were characterized using (i) the surface force apparatus determining the interaction forces between the adsorbed layers at the surfaces and (ii) the EHD rig (elastohydrodynamic rig) determining film formation under shear. The adsorption kinetics and composition at the surface were determined by a quartz crystal microbalance and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy


The purpose of the study is to show what kind of risks would have emerged for bank depositors if there are economical and political risks in a given country. For example, as is the case with the crisis in Greece, a threat or salvation for the banking organizational forms abroad exists regarding which type of bank development is more efficient, branches or subsidiaries. Respectively why do the big banks prefer to operate through branches and those which are focused on retail sales through subsidiaries? What impact could the political and economic risks have on the required reserves on the parent bank? Does the decision depend on the applied organizational form of the bank or on other reasons?


From laboratory experiments, it has been suggested that visually guided feeding, chemical and mechanical perception of increased ingestion rate (including perception of hunger and satiation), and odors associated with algae help Daphnia in tracking food gradients. To test the ability of Daphnia to find food in the field, suspended yeast, suspended clay, or control water was pumped into a localized point in the littoral zone of Lake Myravann (Bergen, Norway). Daphnia longispina and Daphnia pulex, the most numerous zooplankton species in the experimental area, aggregated in areas of yeast input but not when adding suspended clay or control water. Thus, Daphnia is able to evaluate the patches both quantitatively and qualitatively, possibly through perception of increased ingestion rate and odor, while light scattering is indicated to be unimportant. This is the first experiment to demonstrate that Daphnia is able to find patches of food under natural conditions.


Abstract We bridge two distinct approaches to one-pass CPS transformations, i.e, CPS transformations that reduce administrative redexes at transformation time instead of in a post-processing phase. One approach is compositional and higher-order, and is independently due to Appel, Danvy and Filinski, and Wand, building on Plotkin's seminal work. The other is non-compositional and based on a reduction semantics for the lambda-calculus, and is due to Sabry and Felleisen. To relate the two approaches, we use three tools: Reynolds's defunctionalization and its left inverse, refunctionalization; a special case of fold–unfold fusion due to Ohori and Sasano, fixed-point promotion; and an implementation technique for reduction semantics due to Danvy and Nielsen, refocusing. This work is directly applicable to transforming programs into monadic normal form.