AIm: Plasma cell tumours include solitary plasmocytoma, multiple plasmocytoma and multiple myeloma. Herein we report a case of plasmocytoma of the skull. CAse hIst Ory : A 49 year-old-man suffered from amnesia, irritability and a rubbery swelling which was gradually increased approximately to 4-5 cm in diameter at the frontal vertex over a year. His neurological examination was normal. The skull direct X-ray revealed patchy destruction of the left frontal bone 10 cm in diameter. CT with bone windows showed relatively preserved but severely thinned inner table and irregularly destructed outer table. MR scan showed a hypervascular, mainly solid mass measuring 9x5.5x8.5 cms. Radical surgery consisting of total tumour extirpation was undertaken. Histopathological examination confirmed a plasmocytic proliferation. The postoperative period was uneventful and the patient was discharged on the 6th day postoperatively. Bone marrow sampling was scheduled to rule out multiple myeloma, but the patient committed suicide a week later for reasons not known to us. COnClusIOn: Although the prognosis of a plasmocytoma is relatively good, this study demonstrated that patients with ventral frontal cortex tumour may have significantly worse mood pre- or postoperatively. Clinicians should therefore be careful in the follow-up period.


Contemporary sex therapy, as a social location within which interventions are made in the field of human sexuality, constitutes a terminal point through which discourses of race, ethnicity, gender and sexuality interface and become meditated. It is also a site in which the particular outcomes of this mediation can be expected to have a significant bearing upon clients who, as social and sexual subjects, carry diverse racialised and ethnicised identities. Though a substantial literature exists pertaining to classical sexology, relatively little is sociologically known about contemporary sex therapy within the UK, and nothing is known of the manner in which discourses of race and ethnicity operate within the field. This exploratory research examines the discourses produced by sex therapists (both in talk and text) regarding the nature and significance of race and ethnicity, and the substantive qualities, significance and effects attributed to these in shaping patterns of human sexuality, sexual dysfunction and sex therapy. The aim is to analyse and account for these discourses as the products of underlying cognitive models of race, ethnicity, gender and sexuality, as these have evolved within the particular social location of sex therapy (as a deposit of a broader racialised and ethnicised social consciousness), and formed the basis of an active utilisation by therapists in the pursuit of `preferred renditions' of sex therapy practice. The thesis also aims to explore sex therapists' accounts of the necessary and sufficient conditions for the achievement of effective, equitable and non-oppressive therapeutic intervention in a context of racial and ethnic diversity. The research supports a rendition of sex therapy as a complex constituency, struggling to make sense of the nature and significance of race and ethnicity as sources of difference, and as dimensions of the social subject. Liberal-humanistic, biologicalessentialist and versions of ethnic essentialism compete and coalesce as the primary elements of sex therapists' constructions of race and ethnicity as dimensions of the gendered sexual subject, informing their accounts of the necessary and sufficient conditions for the delivery of appropriate, sensitive and non-oppressive praxis.


Abstract We describe an unsupervised method to create pseudo-parallel corpora for machine translation (MT) from unaligned text. We use multilingual BERT to create source and target sentence embeddings for nearest-neighbor search and adapt the model via self-training. We validate our technique by extracting parallel sentence pairs on the BUCC 2017 bitext mining task and observe up to a 24.5 point increase (absolute) in F1 scores over previous unsupervised methods. We then improve an XLM-based unsupervised neural MT system pre-trained on Wikipedia by supplementing it with pseudo-parallel text mined from the same corpus, boosting unsupervised translation performance by up to 3.5 BLEU on the WMT'14 French-English and WMT'16 German-English tasks and outperforming the previous state-of-the-art. Finally, we enrich the IWSLT'15 English-Vietnamese corpus with pseudo-parallel Wikipedia sentence pairs, yielding a 1.2 BLEU improvement on the low-resource MT task. We demonstrate that unsupervised bitext mining is an effective way of augmenting MT datasets and complements existing techniques like initializing with pre-trained contextual embeddings.


Of all the New York Yankees championship teams, the 1947 club seemed the least likely. Bridging the gap between the dynasties of Joe McCarthy and Casey Stengel, the team, managed by Bucky Harris, was coming off three non-pennant-winning seasons and given little chance to unseat the defending American League champion Boston Red Sox. And yet, led by Joe DiMaggio, this un-Yankees-like squad of rookies, retreads, and a few solid veterans easily won the pennant over the Detroit Tigers and the heavily favored Red Sox, along the way compiling an American League-record nineteen-game winning streak. They then went on to defeat the Brooklyn Dodgers in a dramatic seven-game World Series that was the first to be televised and the first to feature an African American player. Bridging Two Dynasties commemorates this historic club-the players, on the field and off, and the events surrounding their remarkable season. Along with player biographies, including those of future Hall of Famers DiMaggio, Bucky Harris, Yogi Berra, and Phil Rizzuto, the book features a seasonal timeline and covers pertinent topics such as the winning streak, the Yankees' involvement in Leo Durocher's suspension, and the thrilling World Series.


Purpose: This study examined how the catering business quickly responded and recovered from the threats caused by COVID-19 with the use of social media in Beijing, China. It evidences how various catering businesses in Beijing continued to pursue their businesses after restrictive
 social distancing measures were imposed. Methodology: Unstructured face-to-face interviews were conducted with nine restaurant managers in Beijing, who worked during both waves of the pandemic in the spring and fall of 2020. Findings: COVID-19 further strengthened the smoke-free law enforcement
 in Beijing for the catering business. The Chinese consumers were found to replace restaurant consumption with stay-at-home delivery. Caterers consider social media platforms as essential tools for digital-led customer interaction in a pandemic, but also show concerns about the market power
 of these platforms. The Chinese government successfully implemented its health tracking app into popular local social media platforms in the battle against COVID-19, and enabled businesses to continue functioning. Value: COVID-19 not only disrupts our daily lives, but it has significantly
 impacted and improved a smoke-free environment, and it has accelerated the catering business to actively embrace technology which led to remarkable innovations. Integrating health tracking apps into popular and highly penetrated social media platforms is considered as one significant success
 factor for the containment of the coronavirus and a great help in restoring consumer confidence, leading to purchasing action. This research offers a Chinese inside view of the power of social media to enhance customer interaction and business performance even during a pandemic, profiting
 both businesses and consumers alike. Implications are raised for similar integration of health apps elsewhere.


FIspace represents an Internet based B2B collaboration platform that can be used by actors along the supply chain, and specifically the agri-food chain, facilitating the design and usage of inter-organisational workflows. The FIspace platform was developed by using FIWARE, a European initiative to develop technologies for a Future Internet. At the same time, the requirements of actors from an agri-food related B2B environment were analysed. One of the key requirements was the demand for smartphone-based apps that can be easily used by any actor at any time in the scope of a B2B relationship of different organisations. However, realising inter-organisational workflows with a combination of smartphones and a platform for B2B collaboration raises business related requirements that are specifically in relation to interoperability and security. Therefore, the architectural principles of FIspace supported ecosystems are presented and the concept of developing FIspace software applications is detailed. The latter provides domain specific features and enables a systematic usage of heterogeneous components in business related ecosystems. Furthermore, different development strategies for smartphone apps are analysed to discuss the related implications with respect to effort, costs and interoperability when aiming at a combination with a FIspace supported ecosystem. This is compared with the general principles to develop features within a FIspace ecosystem to systematically identify the implications when integrating heterogeneous software and hardware solutions. The purpose of this paper is to present those design principles that shall help to systematically analyse end-user requirements, which need to be taken into account when developing or designing changes and extensions of a FIspace supported business ecosystem with the help of smartphone apps. Therefore, the paper addresses specifically software developers intending to use FIspace as well as business architects intending to change or design an ICT supported collaborative ecosystem.


Introduction: Watching television (TV) is a popular pastime among Iranian children to the extent that it has been attributed to the rise of childhood obesity. The present study investigated the validity and reliability of a questionnaire on television watching of preschool children from the perspective of parents. Methods: A total of 114 mothers of children aged 2-6 years from 10 preschools in District 2, Tehran City, recruited by convenience, were interviewed after receiving their consent. The questionnaire consisted of 23 questions and two subscales on the amount of time and the perceived impact of watching TV. The validity (content and construct) and reliability (test-retest and internal consistency) of the questionnaire were analysed using SPSS (version 21). Results: Out of the original 23 questions, only 11 questions that met the criteria of the content validity ratio (CVR) and content validity index (CVI) were selected and internal correlation of each subscale with total score was calculated and found to be satisfactory (0.566 and 0.685 respectively). Intraclass correlation coefficient was between 0.796 and 0.889 and Cronbach's alpha was between 0.887 and 0.941. Conclusion: Overall, the validity of the questionnaire developed for this study was found to be satisfactory. This questionnaire could be applied in similar settings using larger sample sizes.


BACKGROUND
The aim of this study was to model the geographical variation in incidence and risk factors of seven prevalent cancers in Iran.

METHODS
The data for cancers of esophagus, stomach, bladder, colorectal, lung, prostate, and female breast along with their risk factors in all 30 provinces of Iran for the year 2007 were included into study. Smoking, overweight, inadequate consumption of fruits and vegetables, socioeconomic status and low physical activity were studied as risk factors. Standardized incidence ratios were estimated using full bayesian model. In addition, the shared component model was used to explore the spatial pattern of the cancers and to estimate the relative importance of their corresponding risk factors.

RESULTS
Fars and the Northwestern provinces were observed as high risk areas and Hormozgan (a Persian Gulf coastal province), Sistan and Baluchestan, South Khorasan, and Kerman provinces located in Southeast were areas of low risk for most cancers. For all five risk factors, larger effects on incidence of the relevant cancers were found in the Northern provinces compared to other areas. Smoking, overweight, inadequate consumption of fruit and vegetable, socioeconomic status, and low physical activity were found to have more effects on incidence of stomach, breast, esophagus, and breast cancers, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS
Most of the high risk areas for seven cancers were in accordance with the results for spatial patterns of related risk factors and their relative weights on relevant cancers. The multivariate shared component model of the seven cancers achieves a considerable improvement in terms of Deviance Information Criterion over the individual modeling of diseases.


Context. Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) can provide information about star formation at high redshifts. Even in the absence of a bright optical/nearinfrared/radio afterglow, the high detection rate of X-ray afterglows by Swift/XRT and its localization precision of 2–3 arcsec facilitates the identification and the study of GRB host galaxies. Aims. We focus on the search for the host galaxies of 17 bursts with arcsec-sized XRT error circles but no detected long-wavelength afterglow, in spite of their deep and rapid follow-up observations. Three of these events can also be classified as truly dark bursts, i.e., the observed upper limit on the optical flux of the afterglow was less than expected based on the measured X-ray flux. Our goals are to identify the GRB host galaxy candidates and characterize their phenomenological parameters. Methods. Our study is based on deep RC and Ks-band observations performed with FORS1, FORS2, VIMOS, ISAAC, and HAWK-I at the ESO/VLT, partly supported by observations with the seven-channel imager GROND at the 2.2-m telescope on La Silla, and supplemented by observations with NEWFIRM at the 4-m telescope on Kitt Peak. To be conservative, we searched for host galaxy candidates within an area of twice the radius of each associated 90% c.l. Swift/XRT error circle. Results. For 15 of the 17 bursts, we find at least one galaxy within the searching area, and in the remaining two cases only a deep upper limit to RC and Ks can be provided. In seven cases, we discover extremely red objects in the error circles, at least four of which might be dust-enshrouded galaxies. The most remarkable case is the host of GRB 080207, which has a color of (RC − Ks)AB ∼ 4.7 mag, and is one of the reddest galaxies ever associated with a GRB. As a by-product of our study we identify the optical afterglow of GRB 070517. Conclusions. Only a minority of optically dim afterglows are due to Lyman dropout ( 1/3). Extinction by dust in the host galaxies might explain all other events. Thereby, a seemingly non-negligible fraction of these hosts are globally dust-enshrouded, extremely red galaxies. This suggests that at least a fraction of GRB afterglows trace a subpopulation of massive starburst galaxies, which are markedly different from the main body of the GRB host galaxy population, namely the blue, subluminous, compact galaxies.


Static and dynamic light scattering measurements were performed for dilute polyrotaxane solutions in different types of solvent systems, i.e. dimethylacetamide (DMAc) or dimethylformamide (DMF) containing 1-6 wt% lithium chloride (LiCl), 1 M aqueous sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). No aggregation of the polyrotaxane in DMF/LiCl was confirmed in the present study. Radius of gyration of the dissolved polyrotaxane was largest in NaOHaq., followed by values in amide solvents/LiCl and that in DMSO, and was probably dominated not by Coulombic repulsion but by the mutual affinity between solvent and polyrotaxane. Ratio of radius of gyration to hydrodynamic radius suggested the flexible random-coiled conformation in DMSO and relatively more extended, semi-flexible ones in amide solvents/LiCl and NaOHaq. The obtained values of second virial coefficient and weight average molecular weight seemed to be affected by a potential change in differential refractive index increments, caused by selective macrocationization or ionization.


Since leadership is a critical factor for improving organizational performance, failure or success of an organization highly depends on efficiency of  leadership in all levels. Scholars elaborated that leadership is the ability of  influencing one's attitudes, aptitudes and  beliefs, in the way that it will lead to meet organizational objectives. The main purpose of this study is to consider two domains of  efficient leadership and women's leadership style, in order to determine and elaborate the dimensions of the new concept of "Women's Efficient Leadership". We intend to describe the characteristics of women's efficient leadership in state organizations in Iran by means of offering a logical pattern, in order to be able to propose a favorable pattern, leading to increased efficiency in governmental organizations of the country. Innovation of this study can be divided into two parts: one is theoretical contribution and developing the knowledge of efficient leadership as well as women's leadership style, and the second one is scientific contribution and proposing a pattern for women's efficient leadership in state organizations, using compound approach. The outcomes of this study show that women's efficient leadership in state organizations consists of 7 subjects, 17 dimensions, and 85 components which represent various characteristics in different periods of time. The thesis that women's efficient leadership has an evolving nature was approved and that it consists of a combination of factors such as capability of team making, having vision, cognitive and psychological capabilities, ability to bring continuous improvement of organizational performance, mentoring and making effective relations. In this study, the influence of mentioned factors on women's efficient leadership has been investigated by means of questionnaires and has been approved.

 Key words: Efficient leadership, factors on women's efficient leadership, women's leadership, compound approach.


"Sacco brings the conflict down to the most human level, allowing us to imagine our way inside it, to make the desperation he discovers, in some small way, our own." "Los Angeles Times "Rafah, a town at the bottommost tip of the Gaza Strip, has long been a notorious flashpoint in the bitter Middle East conflict. Buried deep in the archives is one bloody incident, in 1956, that left 111 Palestinians shot dead by Israeli soldiers. Seemingly a footnote to a long history of killing, that day in Rafah cold-blooded massacre or dreadful mistake reveals the competing truths that have come to define an intractable war. In a quest to get to the heart of what happened, Joe Sacco immerses himself in the daily life of Rafah and the neighboring town of Khan Younis, uncovering Gaza past and present. As in "Palestine" and "Safe Area Gora de," his unique visual journalism renders a contested landscape in brilliant, meticulous detail. Spanning fifty years, moving fluidly between one war and the next, "Footnotes in Gaza" Sacco's most ambitious work to date transforms a critical conflict of our age into intimate and immediate experience."


In machine learning, the new-class discovery problem remains an open challenge, especially for emergent rare classes. However, the challenge is of crucial importance for applications such as detecting new financial fraud patterns, new viral mutations and new network malware, most of which 'hide' among vast volumes of normal data and observations. This paper focuses on a new approach, based on local-topology density estimation, applicable to discovering examples of the rare classes rapidly, despite non-separability with the majority class(es). The new method, called ALICE, and its variant MALICE, are shown effective both theoretically and empirically in outperforming other methods in the literature, both on challenging synthetic data and on real data sets.


The purpose of this paper is to explain the link between gamification and innovation and describes the use of a particular gamified method and tool, which helps teams get committed and engaged in idea development. The goal is to provide valuable insights on how gamification can accelerate innovation.,A study was conducted using a combination of qualitative methods: workshops based on action research method followed by semi-structured interviews with workshop participants and problem/challenge owners, representing two segments, corporate innovation teams and entrepreneurship. Data were collected from innovation consultants and IT/Software companies' team members that used this gamification approach to address innovation challenges as well as from an entrepreneurship class from university that also used this particular gamification approach to support an idea competition program.,The paper provides insights and discusses the major impacts of gamification from the perspective of innovation consultants, corporate teams as well as from young entrepreneurs. It suggests that the application of this gamified method and tool enhances the quality of the idea that is developed to address an outlined innovation challenge. It was also found that team members/participants as a result of this process subsequently developed important innovation and entrepreneurship capabilities.,Despite the growing body of literature on gamification, there is a lack of empirical research that examines the use of gamification tools on companies' innovation and entrepreneurship initiatives. This paper contributes to clarify the contribution of gamified methods and tools toward the success of corporate innovation and entrepreneurship programs by describing the use of a particular gamified approach. Researchers will gain insights into the effects of gamification approaches and a better understanding of the integration requirements with other related research areas. Practitioners will understand how this new method and tool can be implemented in order to drive innovation and entrepreneurship forward.


Person-Environment Practice addresses a core but long- neglected dimension in social work and human services practice; accurate environmental assessment and strategic environmental intervention. Despite the centrality of "person-environment" as a key construct in direct practice, the domain of environmental assessment/intervention has received relatively little systematic attention in the practice literature. For a variety of reasons, the core focus of direct practice assessment and change strategies has centered more on "person" than "environment." This book seeks to redress that imbalance. Ironically, the relative lack of attention to environmentally oriented practice persists even as current demands of practice fall increasingly under the rubric of what we here call "environmental intervention," defined as both action in the environment and the process of transforming individual and collective perspectives through critical analysis of the impact of environmental conditions. The authors argue that the ability to understand "environment" from the client's perspective and to function effectively in the environmental domain is central to many emergent areas of practice such as practice with extended families and personal networks, practice from a "strengths" perspective, and culturally competent practice. In Person-Environment Practice, the authors offer a coherent critique and overview of environmental assessment and intervention congruent with the demands of both newly emerging and established interpersonal helping approaches within social work's domain. Robert Halpern of the Erikson Institute for Advanced Studies in Child Development described the book as "as clear, thoughtful and subtle a discussion of how to consider the environment in interpersonal helping as I have seen in the literature" and Anthony Maluccio of Boston College called the book "a timely and exciting contribution, with appreciation and respect for social work practices and qualities of inspiration as well as intellectual stimulation" Susan P. Kemp is assistant professor, School of Social Work, The University of Washington, Seattle. James K. Whittaker is professor, School of Social Work, The University of Washington, Seattle. Elizabeth M. Tracy is associate professor, Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.


This article presents a directly 3-D printed soft monolithic robotic finger with embedded soft pneumatic sensing chambers (PSC) as position and touch sensors. The monolithic finger was fabricated using a low-cost and open-source fused deposition modeling 3-D printer that employs an off-the-shelf soft and flexible commercially available thermoplastic polyurethane. A single soft hinge with an embedded PSC was optimized using finite element modeling and a hyperelastic material model to obtain a linear relationship between the internal change in the volume of its PSC and the corresponding input mechanical modality, to minimize its bending stiffness and to maximize its internal volume. The soft hinges with embedded PSCs have several advantages, such as fast response to very small changes in their internal volume (∼0.0026ml/°), linearity, negligible hysteresis, repeatability, reliability, long lifetime, and low power consumption. Also, the flexion of the soft robotic finger was predicted using a geometric model for use in real-time control. The real-time position and pressure/force control of the soft robotic finger were achieved using feedback signals from the soft hinges and the touch PSC embedded in the tip of the finger. This article contributes to the development of seamlessly embedding optimized sensing elements in the monolithic topology of a soft robotic system and controlling the robotic system using the feedback data provided by the sensing elements to validate their performance.


Abstract. Previous analysis of the vegetation cover from remote sensing revealed the existence of three alternative modes in the frequency distribution of boreal tree cover: a sparsely vegetated treeless state, an open woodland state, and a forest state. Identifying which are the regions subject to multimodality, and assessing which are the main factors underlying their existence, is important to project future change of natural vegetation cover and its effect on climate. We study the link between the tree-cover fraction distribution and eight globally observed environmental factors: mean annual rainfall, mean minimum temperature, growing degree days above 0 °C, permafrost distribution, mean spring soil moisture, wildfire occurrence frequency, soil texture, and mean thawing depth. Through the use of generalised additive models, conditional histograms, and phase-space analysis, we find that environmental conditions exert a strong control over the tree-cover distribution, uniquely determining its state among the three dominant modes in  ∼  95 % of the cases. Additionally, we find that the link between individual environmental variables and tree cover is different within the four boreal regions considered here, namely eastern North Eurasia, western North Eurasia, eastern North America, and western North America. Furthermore, using a classification based on rainfall, minimum temperatures, permafrost distribution, soil moisture, wildfire frequency, and soil texture, we show the location of areas with potentially alternative tree-cover states under the same environmental conditions in the boreal region. These areas, although encompassing a minor fraction of the boreal area ( ∼  5 %), correspond to possible transition zones with a reduced resilience to disturbances. Hence, they are of interest for a more detailed analysis of land–atmosphere interactions.


On May 11, 2015, amendment RS 017-2015-SA to the Regulation of the National System of Medical Residency (RS 002-2006-SA) was published in the Peruvian official newspaper "El Peruano". This amendment establishes that the submission of a thesis or scholarly work is not necessary to obtain the title of medical specialist (article 28), but when a "work project" is performed in a specialty area, it must be presented at the conclusion of the second year of medical residency (article 27). This news has been welcomed by one sector of medical residents, while others believe that the measure conflicts with their training as specialists. This article aims to analyze the new rules for medical residency qualification in Peru and its implications for research developed during this formative stage for specialist physicians.


Several lines of evidence demonstrate the relationship between vitamin E deficiency and cognitive dysfunction in rodent models, but little is known about the underlying mechanisms. In this study, we found axonal injury in the hippocampal CA1 region of vitamin E-deficient and normal old mice using immunohistochemical assay. The number of cells in the hippocampal CA1 region of vitamin E-deficient mice and normal old mice was significantly lower than in normal young mice. It is well known that collapsin response mediator protein (CRMP)-2 plays a crucial role in the maintenance of axonal conditions. The expressions of CRMP-2 in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of vitamin E-deficient mice were significantly lower than both the regions of normal ones. In normal old mice, the expression of CRMP-2 in the cerebral cortex was significantly lower than in the normal ones. In addition, the appearance of microtubule-associated protein (MAP)-light chain 3 (LC3), a major index of autophagy, was higher in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of vitamin E-deficient mice than in normal young and old mice. These results indicate that axonal degeneration is induced in living tissues, but not cultured cells, and that changes in CRMP-2 and MAP-LC3 may underlie vitamin E-deficiency-related axonal degeneration.


Background & Aim: Night work could cause various disturbances in physiological, social and familial function because of changes in biological rhythms. Obesity which is associated with the increased risk of some disorders is considered as a possible adverse effect of night work in some studies. This study aims to determine the relationship between night work and anthropometric indices among nurses. Material & Methods: This descriptive, cross- sectional study was conducted on 325 female nurses working in selected hospitals affiliated with Shiraz University of Medical Sciences with mean age of 27.78 ± 4.92 who were recruited using simple random sampling method. The instruments were standard measuring tape, standard weighing scale and a researcher made questionnaire. Anthropometric indices included Body Mass Index (BMI) and Waist to Hip Ratio (WHR). Night work was defined as the number of night shifts during last month and the number of years of night working. Statistical analysis was done using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient and partial correlation using SPSS-PC (v. 11.0). Results: The findings revealed that 70.7% of subjects had BMI of 18.5-24.99 and 51.4% had WHR of 7.5-8.49. There was no statistical significant association between anthropometric indices and shift work duration or the number of night shifts per month, after omitting the effect of age. Conclusion: The results would not provide enough evidence for the relationship between night work and obesity or overweight. Longitudinal studies with comparison groups, studies on different night work schedules and on male nurses are also recommended.


The practice of green in commercial building types is slow compared to offices and residential. When this study first started, the availability of green hotels rated by Malaysia's GBIM did not exist as of yet. ASEAN Green Standard, an affiliation of Malaysia's Ministry Industry was the available alternative; thus is referred to instead. The aim of this study is identifying interior finishes and furnishing whether the materials applied are of green materials. The objectives is observing, recording and analysing the material finishes applied within the lobby, lounge, restaurant and rooms
of ASEAN Green Standard rated hotel. Andaman Langkawi and two wings from Shangri-La Rasa Sayang Resort and Spa were the case studies. Questionnaires were given to the hotel's guests and interviews were conducted to seek experts' views on the finishes of the ceiling, walls, floors and furniture of the spaces. Limitations of the study were collecting data since privacy and comfort of the guest is prioritized. The findings show that ceilings are mostly of plaster finishes. Walls are mostly are of timber while floors are mostly of carpet. As for furniture, most used finishes is of
timber. The finishes in these hotels are mostly of common materials. A better green alternative material could have been used instead. For further research, emphasising on one or two material finishes is advisable for more in-depth understanding. This study ended up being very vast and general where the status of each material finishesis still vague as history of each material is absent.


We demonstrate an all-optical reconfigurable logic gate based on dominant nonlinear polarization rotation accompanied with cross-gain modulation effect in a single semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA). Five logic functions, including NOT, OR, NOR, AND, and NAND, are realized using 10-Gb/s on-off keying signals with flexible wavelength tunability. The operation principle is explained in detail. By adjusting polarization controllers, multiple logic functions corresponding to different input polarization states are separately achieved using a single SOA with high flexibility.


In this book, Victor Turner is concerned with various kinds of social actions and how they relate to, and come to acquire meaning through, metaphors and paradigms in their actors' minds; how in certain circumstances new forms, new metaphors, new paradigms are generated. To describe and clarify these processes, he ranges widely in history and geography: from ancient society through the medieval period to modern revolutions, and over India, Africa, Europe, China, and Meso-America. Two chapters, which illustrate religious paradigms and political action, explore in detail the confrontation between Henry II and Thomas Becket and between Hidalgo, the Mexican liberator, and his former friends. Other essays deal with long-term religious processes, such as the Christian pilgrimage in Europe and the emergence of anti-caste movements in India. Finally, he directs his attention to other social phenomena such as transitional and marginal groups, hippies, and dissident religious sects, showing that in the very process of dying they give rise to new forms of social structure or revitalized versions of the old order.


This evaluation of the Farming for the Future program sought to measure the benefits and costs of the program to Alberta. The costs have been straightforward: The Government of Alberta transferred $65 million from the Alberta Heritage Trust Fund to the program. Farming for the Future has awarded $55.6 million in research grants, $3.8 million for demonstration projects up to April 1991 and an additional $600,000 for 1991-92 awards. Most of the remainder financed conferences, publications, and other means of dispensing information. A small amount has been used to help administer the program, but most of the admininstrative costs have been borne by Alberta Agriculture. The benefits of the program are many and diverse, some are direct and easy to specify and some are indirect and intangible. Grants have supported 684 reserach projects involving some 300 scientists. The funding has enabled researchers to carry on valuable work that could not have been done as well or as completely without the support. Reserach funds from Farming for the Future have supported at least 137 graduate students. Many of them have graduated and gone on to do scientific research on their own. The training provided to these young scientists is an invaluable part of the accomplishments of the Farming for the Future program. A survey of previous studies of returns to investments in agricultural research suggested that on average an annual return of about 50% can be expected. These benefits begin after a lag of about five years between completion of the research and the adoption by farmers (or processors as the case may be), and they continue for twenty-five years or more. My best estimate is that the full benefits from teh $55.6 million granted for research are about $28 million per year in current dollars or $37.5 million per year in the 1991 dollars. The aggregate returns assuming a 25-year life span will be $695 million in current dolalrs. They have a present value of $307 million using 5% discount rate. The values would be 35% higher, $939 million and $415 million respectively, in 1991 dollar terms. They would be considerably greater based on the full cost input to the research. Few if any private business ventures earn such handsome returns. Few public investments, except education, are likely to yield such returns. The Farming for the Future program ahs proven itself as one of the best possible ways to benefit the farmers and consumers of Alberta. Its continuation will enable farmers to contineu increasing their productivity and to maintain and perhaps imprive their competitive standing in the world and domestic markets. The results of this study provide strong arguments for the continues support of the program. Inflation alone would require a doubling of the level of funding from $5 million to $10 million per year just to maintain 1979 purchasing power. Taking full advantage of the availability of research personnel and facilities in Alberta would require an additional 33% to 50% increase in funding.


A study has been made of how cost-effectiveness due to the improvement of VLSI technology can apply to a scientific computer system without performance loss. The result is a parallel computer, ADENA (Alternating Direction Edition Nexus Array), with a core consisting of four kinds of VLSI chips, two for processor elements (PES) and two for the interprocessor network (plus some memory chips). An overview of ADENA and an analysis of its performance are given. The design considerations for the PEs incorporated in ADENA are discussed. The factors that limit performance in a parallel processing environment are analyzed, and the measures employed to improve these factors at the LSI design level are described. The 42.6 sq cm CMOS PEs reach a peak performance of 20 MFLOPS and a 256-PE ADENA 1.5 GFLOPS has been achieved and 300 to 400 MFLOPS for PDE applications.<<ETX>>


There is currently much interest in n-type solar cells because of the advantages of this material. N-type material is expected to be more favourable for obtaining high efficiencies than p-type doped substrates. We have developed a process for n-type solar cells for large area multicrystalline and monocrystalline silicon wafers. The production process is based on industrial processing steps such as screen-printed metallization and firing through. The surfaces of these cells are passivated with a layer stack consisting of SiO2 and SiNx where the former is created by a wet chemical process and the latter by inline PECVD. We demonstrate that the surface passivation can be improved with an alternative wet chemical process for creating the SiO2 layer. This new process results in an enhancement of the implied Voc of unmetallized cells as measured by quasi-steady-state photoconductance (QSSPC) and the Voc of completed cells. The process Improvements have yielded a new record efficiency of 18.5 % (for a particular rear reflection surface) that was independently confirmed by Fraunhofer ISE CalLab.


Words may have multiple interpretations. Generally, native speakers
do not perceive this as a problem, because the context provides enough
clues as to what is meant. For non-native speakers and students of dead
languages, however, the existence of multiple interpretations sometimes
does raise problems. This suggests that the context is not the only clue
 native speakers use to interpret words.

In this dissertation, it is studied what types of context Dutch speakers
 need to interpret the poly-interpretable word ergens
'somewhere/anywhere', modal particle. The results of this investigation
were used to find out more about the Ancient Greek form που 'somewhere,
anywhere', modal particle.

This thesis shows that the study of contextual cues that allow native
speakers to interpret their language provides insights that may be used
in the study of dead languages. The modal interpretations of ergens and
που turned out to be quite different, but the context of both words
clearly showed recurring (albeit different) patterns. Knowledge of the
common interpretation of words in specific contexts seems crucial for
their interpretation, suggesting that it is not words themselves that
carry meaning, but words-in-context.


Pheromones are chemicals involved in mating and reproduction. In rodents, these chemicals are detected by the vomeronasal organ, which humans lack, and by the olfactory system. Mate-specific pheromone memories play an important role in female rodent reproduction. Two parts of the brain that undergo neurogenesis in the adult are the olfactory bulb (the new neurons originate in the subventricular zone) and the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. In rodents, neurogenesis in the olfactory bulb is stimulated by mating or pregnancy. Neurogenesis in the hippocampus is stimulated by running, enriched environments, or learning. Mak et al. found that pheromones in the urine of dominant, but not subordinate or castrated, male mice stimulated the neurogenesis of both the olfactory bulb and the dentate gyrus in female mice. Furthermore, females exposed to dominant-male pheromones and then presented with both a dominant and a subordinate male spent more time sniffing the dominant male's compartment, indicating preference for the dominant male. This pheromone-induced male preference was lost if the female mice were deficient in the prolactin receptor (PRLR) or if neurogenesis was blocked by injection of cytosine arabinoside. It is known that male pheromones trigger surges in luteinizing hormone (LH) and prolactin (PRL) in the female mice. Mak et al. detected PRLR in the subventricular zone (the source of the new olfactory bulb neurons) and detected the LH receptor in both the subventricular zone and the dentate gyrus. Injection of low doses of LH stimulated neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus, whereas injection of PRL stimulated neurogenesis in the subventricular zone. Male pheromones failed to stimulate subventricular zone neurogenesis in the female mice deficient for the PRL receptor, and neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus was absent in the mice deficient for the LH receptor. These results raise the question of whether male pheromones contribute to human mate selection, and undoubtedly the perfume industry will be keenly interested in whether they can create the "dominant-male fragrance" (see commentary by DiRocco and Xia). G. K. Mak, E. K. Enwere, C. Gregg, T. Pakarainen, M. Poutanen, I. Huhtaniemi, S. Weiss, Male pheromone-stimulated neurogenesis in the adult female brain: Possible role in mating behavior. Nat. Neurosci. 10, 1003-1011 (2007). [PubMed] D. P. DiRocco, Z. Xia, Alpha males win again. Nat. Neurosci. 10, 938-940 (2007). [PubMed]


Progressives have long recognized the tremendous political appeal of originalism: it achieves results consistent with conservative values but promises the public judicial neutrality. By drawing on new historical research on antiabortion constitutionalism, this Article argues for a radically different understanding of the originalist ascendancy. Contrary to what we often think, conservative social movements at times made significant sacrifices in joining an originalist coalition. These costs were built in to what this Article calls originalism talk — the use of arguments, terms, and objectives associated with conservative originalism. Scholars have documented the costs confronted by social movements reliant on rights-based rhetoric, particularly when activists seek social change in the courts. Originalism talk was similarly constraining. By becoming part of an originalist coalition, abortion opponents increased their influence over the selection of federal judicial nominees. At the same time, in stressing originalist rhetoric, abortion opponents had to set aside longstanding constitutional commitments involving the right to life, the personhood of the fetus, and the existence of rights based in natural law or human-rights principles. The story of antiabortion constitutionalism offers insight into progressive attempts to create a doctrinally satisfying and politically resonant alternative to conservative originalism. Often, the issue is how to create an interpretive method that accomplishes as much as originalism: advancing progressive constitutional beliefs while appealing to the public's interest in the rule of law. As this Article shows, however, it is not clear that the benefits of belonging to the originalist coalition outweigh its costs.


The Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) protocol has been designed to provide end-to-end security over unreliable communication links. Where its connection establishment is concerned, DTLS copes with potential loss of protocol messages by implementing its own loss detection and retransmission scheme. However, the default scheme turns out to be suboptimal for links with high transmission error rates and low data rates, such as wireless links in electromagnetically harsh industrial environments. Therefore, in this paper, as a first step we provide an analysis of the standard DTLS handshake's performance under such adverse transmission conditions. Our studies are based on simulations that model message loss as the result of bit transmission errors. We consider several handshake variants, including endpoint authentication via pre-shared keys or certificates. As a second step, we propose and evaluate modifications to the way message loss is dealt with during the handshake, making DTLS deployable in situations which are prohibitive for default DTLS.


The study was conducted to determine the effect of the concentration of CMC and storage time on the quality of fruit sorbet . This research was performed by using a completely randomized design with two factors,i.e.: the concentration of CMC (C) : (0,25% , 0 ,50% , 0,75% and 1% ) and storage time ( L ) : (0 days , 5 days , 10 days , 15 days and 20 days ) . The parameters analyzed were the levels of vitamin C (mg/100g), total acid (%), total dissolved solids ( o Brix), melting time (minutes/50g) , organoleptic value of color, aroma, flavor and texture. The results showed that the concentration of CMC gave highly significant effect on levels of vitamin C, total acid, melting time, total dissolved solids, the value of organoleptic color, aroma, flavor, and texture. The duration of storage gave highly significant effect on the levels of vitamin C, total acid, melting time. Concentration CMC of 1% and 15 days storage time gave the best quality of fruit sorbet and more acceptable. Keywords : Fruit sorbet, soursop, dragon fruit, coconut water, carboxy methyl cellulose.


Agriculture plays an important role in providing food security in developing countries. Better agricultural information is one of the key factors in understanding current trends and status that determine food security from local to global scales. Open-access policies for sharing geospatial information and technology are becoming an integral part of solving the food security equation. Geospatial technologies (remote sensing, global positioning system and geographical information system) have progressed rapidly in the 21st century, and will keep expanding to provide powerful tools in almost every aspect of food security, including research, development and aid delivery programs, policy, and outreach. Recent advances in Geoinformatics have created new opportunities to apply to agro-ecosystems research. The International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas (ICARDA) is one of the research centers of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). ICARDA works closely with national agricultural research programs and partners worldwide to develop new technological solutions to improve dryland agriculture and productivity to provide food security while protecting fragile ecosystems in those countries. It also leads the CGIAR Research Program (CRP) on Dryland Systems, which targets the poor and highly vulnerable populations of the dry areas. The CRP on Dryland Systems aims to develop technology, policy, and institutional innovations to improve food security and livelihoods using an integrated systems approach. The proposed presentation highlights the role of the Geoinformatics in ensuring global food security with special references to dryland agro-ecosystems.


The Filioque: History of a Doctrinal Controversy. By A. Edward Siecienski. [Oxford Studies in Historical Theology] (New York: Oxford University Press. 2010. Pp. xii, 355. $49.95. ISBN 978-0-195-37204-5.) A. Edward Siecienski dutifully reminds us that his account is by no means "a complete history" of the filioque (pp. 1 5, 21 5). If one thing is clear, the doctrinal debate generated by this famous addendum to the Nicene Creed still awaits final resolution. This is a relatively slim volume; if endnotes are excluded, the text's ten chapters total some 200 pages, whereas the history of the controversy stretches back nearly two millennia. It is certainly an ambitious, well-told story. That it manages to weave together in a timely manner a highly accessible tapestry that is also credible and even ecumenically valuable is no small achievement. The origin of this controversy stems from the portentous resolve of the Western Church to add the phrase "and the Son" (filioque) to the creed. Eastern Christendom, it is fair to say, found the clause unsettling and promptly challenged it. If anything, it implicitly questioned the Spirit's eternal dependence on the Father. Not only was tampering with an ecumenical text inadmissible but also the idea of a "double procession" of the Spirit- from the Father and the Son- was an egregious error. Fittingly, the author begins his historical reconstruction with an analysis of the New Testament evidence. He then moves briskly to assess the patristic material, particularly the contributions of Ss. Maximus the Confessor and Augustine. Several chapters follow that describe the battles and debates of the Carolingian era and the high Middle Ages. The latter period especially was a turning point in terms of developments. The final chapters leapfrog to the dawn of the twenty-first century with a valuable critical survey of contemporary trends. Although this is a straightforward historical guide, it also often reads as a detailed who's who of the subject.The approach in a way is a deft solution to the following difficult question: How does one chronicle a centuries-long controversy, with its myriad polarized participants and often-complex commentaries? On the other hand, the author never treats the wider historical and political context of the subject as secondary. Siecienski is also on secure ground when arguing that his topic was never some trivial tussle among theologians. The facts are indeed otherwise. To top it off, the author is suitably short on confessional bias and sustained angry polemic; clearing the air of old prejudices is undeniably useful. These strengths bring a level of balance, even freshness, to his account. The author gives pride of place to Maximus the Confessor (f662), who is viewed as providing a powerful piece of promising Latin apologetic. Maximus was convinced the filioque did not ascribe causality to the Son; if anything, the Latins believed that the Spirit receives its hypostatic derivation solely from the Father, the one cause (mia aitia) of its primordial cominginto-being. …


Campylobacter and Salmonella are leading causes of bacterial gastroenteritis in the United States and are estimated to cause >1 million episodes of domestically acquired illness annually (1). Campylobacter and Salmonella are primarily transmitted through contaminated food, but animal-to-human and human-to-human transmission can also occur (2,3). Although occupationally acquired infections have been reported, occupational risk factors have rarely been studied. In 2015, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) identified 63 suspected or confirmed cases of Campylobacter infection over 3.5 years at a poultry-processing plant (Kathleen Fagan, OSHA, personal communication, December 2015); most involved new workers handling chickens in the "live hang" area where bacterial contamination is likely to be the highest. These findings were similar to those of a previous study of Campylobacter infections among workers at another poultry-processing plant (4). The investigation led to discussions among OSHA, state health departments, and CDC's National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH); and a surveillance study was initiated to further explore the disease incidence in poultry-processing plant workers and identify any additional occupations at increased risk for common enteric infections. Deidentified reports of campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis among Maryland, Ohio, and Virginia residents aged ≥16 years were obtained and reviewed. Each employed patient was classified into one of 23 major occupational groups using the 2010 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) system.* Risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for associations between each occupational group and each disease were calculated to identify occupations potentially at increased risk, contrasting each group with all other occupations. In 2014, a total of 2,977 campylobacteriosis and 2,259 salmonellosis cases were reported. Among the 1,772 (60%) campylobacteriosis and 1,516 (67%) salmonellosis cases in patients for whom occupational information was available, 1,064 (60%) and 847 (56%), respectively, were employed. Persons in farming, fishing, and forestry as well as health care and technical occupations were at significantly increased risk for both campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis compared with all other occupations. Targeting education and prevention strategies could help reduce disease, and improving the systematic collection of occupational information in disease surveillance systems could provide a better understanding of the extent of occupationally acquired diseases.


The ability to reconstruct audio-visual stimuli from human brain activity is an important step towards creating intelligent braincomputer interfaces and also serves as a valuable tool for cognitive neuroscience research. We propose a general method for stimulus reconstruction that simultaneously learns from multiple sources of brain activity and multiple stimulus representations. This method adapts the multitask semantic embedding model [1] to a joint tag-brain-stimulus model, in which several disparate feature spaces are projected into a joint space, anchored by semantic labels. We describe an application of this method to musical audio stimulus reconstruction, using a nearest-neighbor approach within the joint semantic space. We argue that this method has the ability to improve stimulus reconstruction accuracy by incorporating both bottom-up and top-down approaches.


Abstract Background Durkheim defines suicide as all death resulting directly or indirectly from a positive or negative act of the victim himself or herself, which he or she knows will produce this result. Suicide is as old as human history itself. It is most frequently seen as a fatal sequel of psychiatric illnesses and it is thought that suicide only occurs in a state of insanity, and that it is by itself a special form of insanity. Health workers, especially family practitioners, are constantly confronted by family tragedies, which they have to deal with competently. It is therefore imperative that a health worker contextually understand a family tragedy, such as when a family member commits suicide through self-incineration. Between 1987 and 1998, Matsulu Township, Mpumalanga experienced a high incidence of suicide through self-incineration. Each victim either ingested or doused him or herself with inflammable liquid (usually kerosene) and set his or her body alight. This gruesome form of suicide, and the increased frequency of occurrence, horrified the families and reverberated through the township. This phenomenon drew the principal researcher's attention and resulted in this study. The principal researcher was the only family practitioner in the township during this period. It was hoped that the knowledge gained from this study would form the basis for interventions in similarly affected families in the future. The focus was on the surviving family members, in order to learn about the family dynamics before and after the events, and how the family dealt with the event. Although studies that focused on the role of doctors in suicide prevention found that there is little predictive power for the suicide candidates, which means that there were no identifiable factors directly associated with suicide outcome, information gleaned from the affected families could be used profitably in community campaigns and by support groups. Methods The aim of the study was to understand how the families of those who committed suicide through self-incineration functioned before and after the event. In-depth interviews were conducted with six focus groups selected purposively from 36 affected families. Interviews were conducted in Siswati, audiotaped, transcribed and translated into English. Themes and sub-themes were identified. To enhance the trustworthiness of the information gathered, the data were triangulated. Results Themes identified were a shocking experience, no chance of survival, triggering factors, mystery, emotional and physical scars, and coping strategies. The perception of witchcraft being responsible for suicide featured prominently in the data analysed. Conclusions The functioning of the families affected by the suicide of a member through self-incineration was markedly reduced after the events. It is recommended that attention be given especially to the perception of witchcraft being responsible for suicide, and that grief support groups be established in the community to assist affected families cope better with the loss.


Professor WM. Colin Mackenzie, M.D., F.R.C.S., F.R.S.-Director National Museum of Australian Zoology.
Up till recent times the appeal for the preservation of
the unique fauna of our country has been based largely on
sentiment. Today, thanks to poison and the gun, we recognise
that many of our animals that were common twenty
years ago are becoming increasingly rare, and within a short
period of time will have completely disappeared, never to be
recalled. In this paper I wish to draw attention to what is
now the most urgent plea for the preservation of our fauna,
viz., its importance for a correct understanding of the human body in health and disease.
The animals of Australia and Tasmania are teeming
with points of scientific interest. Through them human complexities
are revealed in their simpler form.
In Canberra, The Research
Reservation, is located on Acton Hill, not far from Civic Place, and facing Parliament House and the Capitol site.It is a peninsula of, about 80 acres, bounded by the
River Molonglo, and facing Black Mountain. It lies in what
is known as the Continental Arboretum. Here will be kept
live specimens of Australian and Tasmanian native animals
in their natural state. When the buildings are erected Canberra will become the world's centre for the study of our unique fauna and every facility will be offered to workers
not only Australian, but also from abroad, wishing to study
comparative anatomy and its application to modern medical
and surgical practice.


For small open economies, it is essential that many firms find their way to the export market and most governments provide some form of export promotion assistance. We use detailed firm-level data for Flanders, the largest region in Belgium, to evaluate whether its program raises firms' propensity to start exporting outside the EU single market. We find robust evidence for such an effect by relying on the selection-on-observables assumption which we implement using various estimators. Results remain positive and statistically significant, but are smaller in size, when we use two strategies to mitigate self-selection concerns: (i) focus on sub-samples of firms where endogenous selection into treatment is less likely, and (ii) use firms that receive the weakest form of support as controls for firms receiving more extensive support.


Because of the rapid growth in the number of data centers combined with the high density heat dissipation in the IT and telecommunications equipment, energy efficient thermal management of data centers has become a key research focus in the electronics packaging community. Traditional legacy data centers still rely largely on chilled air flow delivered to the IT equipment racks through perforated tiles from the raised floor plenum. When there is large variation in the amount of heat dissipated by the racks in a given aisle, the standard air cooling approach requires over-provisioning.Localized hybrid air-water cooling is one approach to more effectively control the cooling when there is wide variation in the amount of dissipation in neighboring racks. In a closed hybrid air-water cooled server cabinet, the generated heat is removed by a self-contained system that does not interact with the room level air cooling system. In this study, a comprehensive procedure for CFD validation in a close coupled hybrid cooled enclosed cabinet is described. The commercial enclosure has been characterized experimentally in an earlier study, where the effectiveness values were applied as boundary conditions to the compact heat exchanger model.Here, the previously obtained experimental data are used to validate the results from computational modeling. Two cases with different air flow rates are compared. Very good agreement is achieved, with the maximum overall average error less than 4%. Due to relatively high pressure inside the cabinet, it is possible that air leakage from the cabinet may be responsible for the discrepancy between the model and experimental results. A sensitivity study was applied to the validated model to investigate the effect leakage had on the cabinet's performance.Copyright © 2015 by ASME


The subject of this thesis is entrepreneurship policy and the focus is on public support programmes directed to early stages technology-based ventures. It advocates that a broad view should be taken with regard to the type of policies for entrepreneurship that aim at supporting the facilitation of the supported ventures' ability to link to their surrounding innovation system, in which they can secure their access to crucial external resources. Taking the departure in the perspective that early stages technology-based ventures are vulnerable, this thesis shows that publicly financed entrepreneurship supporting programmes can be motivated because small and newly started ventures have got limited resources, and because the risks, with which they are associated, generally make them unattractive in the eyes of private actors.Among the practical implications of this thesis, the following findings are emphasised: Public support, directed to the very earliest stages of venture development benefits from broadness, for the latter stages, specialisation and a higher degree of selectiveness could be an advantage. Moreover, it is important that the support provided take into account the whole process of business development, i.e. both the issues concerned with product/service and the issues connected to the market. A long-term commitment, cooperation between different actors and information about what support is available, are other aspects that are important for policymakers to consider in their design of public policies to support entrepreneurship. Finally, the importance of evaluative awareness must be emphasised from the very start.


Results have been mixed regarding whether, and how much, board of director connectedness is beneficial to firm value. Some prior research shows that overly busy directors are ineffective monitors, but these same "busy" directors can be valuable sources of information and other resources. For example, directors who are centrally located within a network can obtain information faster and those who are connected to other highly connected directors can access larger quantities of information. The information can take many forms including market trends, business innovations, and effective corporate practices and is available through these director network channels. However, increased information transfer speed (network centrality) and quantity (connections to highly-connected others) may not always balance out the negative effects of overcommitted directors, information overload, and the propagation of poor business practices. Using social network analysis, we investigate whether well-connected directors increase firm value and find that firms with well-connected directors have higher market value, after controlling for their operating cycle, investment opportunity sets and market competition. We also find that well-connected outside directors (independent) have a bigger impact on increasing firm value than well-connected inside directors.


Natural disasters, in particular earthquakes, can cause damage to pipelines with disastrous humanitarian, social, economic, and ecologic consequences. Thus, real-time, automatic, or on-demand assessment of damage to pipelines after the earthquake is essential for early emergency response, efficient preparation of rescue plans, and mitigation of these disastrous consequences. This article presents the development of a method for buried pipelines health assessment based on distributed fiber optic sensors, which are sensitive to strain at every point along their lengths. The sensors are both bonded to pipeline and embedded in the soil, in the proximity of the pipeline. The research includes determination of sensor topology, identification of required sensor properties, selection of sensors, development of installation procedures, implementation, and validation. The validation of the method was made through a large-scale testing: a 13-m-long real-size concrete segmented pipeline was assembled in a large test basin filled with soil and was tested under simulated permanent ground displacement. The basin consisted of two parts: the movable north part and the fixed south part. The movable north part of the test basin was attached to four hydraulic actuators, which were used to apply controlled displacement of the basin, and it induced damage to the pipeline by crushing the joints between adjacent pipeline segments. As a part of validation, the results obtained from distributed sensors were compared with resistive strain gauges. Two validation tests were performed: the first in 2010 and the second in 2011. The method is presented in detail, and the most significant results of both tests are analyzed, compared, and discussed. The validation tests confirmed the capacity of the method to reliably detect and localize the damage on pipeline and the displacement in the soil.


The problem of task assignment in heterogeneous computing system has been studied for many years with many versions. We consider the problem in which tasks are to be assigned to homogeneous and heterogeneous machines to minimize the sum of the total computation and communication costs. In this paper, we introduce a novel algorithm to solve task assignment problem. It optimizes the assignment of cluster according to the storage and load balancing constraints and converts task assignment problem into a linear programming problem under the constraints of memory availability and load balancing on each machine. The aim of this work is to increase throughput, maximize resource utilization and fulfillment of user requirements.


The effect of maternal psychiatric medication on fetal health during pregnancy is a question that lacks a precise answer or even much relevant data as yet. While clinicians discourage the use of CNS-active medications during pregnancy, there are situations where this is not possible. An illustration of this kind of clinical situation is detailed in this month's Clinical Case Conference by Yaeger and colleagues (p. 2064). Experiments in animals looking at the effect of maternal medications on fetal CNS are only now beginning. However, and more important, the examination of this question in human neonates has already begun. Structural brain changes associated with psychosis and other major psychiatric illnesses are thought to develop early, during fetal or neonatal life. Therefore, ways of assessing structural parameters of early brain development might contribute to assessing mental health in the fetus and neonate. We have previously shown that three-dimensional ultrasound can provide reliable measures of lateral ventricular volume comparable to MRI. However, structural images of neonates, captured without sedation, are more informative and illustrate not only the structural characteristics of the brain, but also their changes during early development (top row of MRI images). Most white matter in neonates is unmyelinated and therefore exhibits a low intensity on T1-weighted images relative to gray matter. Myelination occurs rapidly in the first year of life and overall adult patterns are present at age 2 years. The asymmetric (left>right) ventricular volume seen in older children is also true for neonates, suggesting that these asymmetries are present from birth. Diffusion tensor imaging allows the representation of developing white matter fiber tracts. As seen in the bottom row of images, the fractional anisotropy of white matter fibers in the corpus callosum increases with age, reflecting increasing organization and myelination. The white matter of the corpus callosum undergoes considerable maturation beginning just after birth, potentially representing a window of vulnerability for perinatal insults. The application of these brain imaging approaches to the examination of fetal and neonatal brain development could provide valuable information on pregnancy management as well as the neurodevelopmental origins of psychiatric illness.


Abstract. It is acknowledged by academics and development practitioners alike that many common strategies addressing community based disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation duplicate each other. Thus, there is a strong push to integrate the two fields to enhance aid effectiveness and reduce confusion for communities. Examples of community based disaster risk reduction (DRR) and climate change adaptation (CCA) projects are presented to highlight some of the ways these issues are tackled in the Pacific. Various approaches are employed but all aim to reduce the vulnerability and enhance the resilience of local communities to the impacts of climate change and disasters. By focusing on three case studies, elements of best practice are drawn out to illustrate how DRR and CCA can be integrated for enhanced aid effectiveness, and also look at ways in which these two often overlapping fields can be better coordinated in ongoing and future projects. Projects that address vulnerability holistically, and target the overall needs and capacity of the community are found to be effective in enhancing the resilience of communities. By strategically developing a multi-stakeholder and multi-sector approach, community projects are likely to encapsulate a range of experience and skills that will benefit the community. Furthermore, by incorporating local knowledge, communities are far more likely to be engaged and actively participate in the project. From selected case studies, commonly occurring best practice methods to integrate DRR and CCA are identified and discussed and recommendations on how to overcome the common challenges also presented.


The ultimate point of origin of the great financial crisis of 2007-2009 can be traced back to an extremely indebted US economy. The collapse of the real estate market in 2006 was the close point of origin of the crisis. The failure rates of subprime mortgages were the first symptom of a credit boom tuned to bust and of a real estate shock. But large default rates on subprime mortgages cannot account for the severity of the crisis. Rather, low-quality mortgages acted as an accelerant to the fire that spread through the entire financial system. The latter had become fragile as a result of several factors that are unique to this crisis: the transfer of assets from the balance sheets of banks to the markets, the creation of complex and opaque assets, the failure of ratings agencies to properly assess the risk of such assets, and the application of fair value accounting. To these novel factors, one must add the now standard failure of regulators and supervisors in spotting and correcting the emerging weaknesses. Accounting data fail to reveal the full extent of the financial maelstrom. Ironically, according to these data, US banks appear to be still adequately capitalized. Yet, bank undercapitalization is the biggest stumbling block to a resolution of the financial crisis.


Context: PID is a fairly common problem among woman and usually reflects long and often neglected story of reproductive morbidity. Aims: To study the social dimensions of health seeking behavior of PID patients reporting to Shree Sayaji General Hospital (SSGH), from the beginning of their morbidity till they reached the clinic; vocabulary used in describing the morbidity and social support available during their morbidity. Study Settings: SSGH Vadodara, a tertiary care referral hospital in the city. Study Design: In depth interview with multiple contacts Methods and Material: 120 patients of PID who came to SSGH were enrolled in the study. In depth interview technique was used for data collection and up to 3 sessions were conducted with them after taking their consent. Results: The treatment seeking pathway showed an average of three health care contacts before a patient reached SSGH. On an average, rural patients took more than 5 years while urban patients took 2 ½ years to reach SSGH with multiple contacts with other care givers prior to reaching SSGH. The most common presenting complaints were white discharge, pain in lower abdomen and backache. In 18% of patients decision for seeking treatment in SSGH was taken by the husband and in 39% of cases it was taken by patient and in 38% of cases it was taken jointly. Conclusions: The common pattern for health seeking behaviour emerged as multiple contacts and substantial delay before a patient reached tertiary care unit hospital and rural patients took longer time to reach as compared with urban patients.


Averaging techniques as temporal averaging and space averaging have been successfully used in many applications for attenuating interference [6], [7], [8], [9], [10]. In this paper we introduce interference removing of the ECG signal by polynomial approximation, with smoothing discrete dependencies, to make up for averaging methods. The method is suitable for low-level signals of the electrical activity of the heart often less than 10μV. Most low-level signals arising from PR, ST and TP segments which can be detected eventually and their physiologic meaning can be appreciated. Of special importance for the diagnostic of the electrical activity of the heart is the activity bundle of His between P and R waveforms. We have established an artificial sine wave to ECG signal between P and R wave. The aim focus is to verify the smoothing method by polynomial approximation if the SNR (signal-tonoise ratio) is negative (i.e. a signal is lower than noise).


The rampant consumption and waste of natural resources so prevalent in the developed world is a legacy of modern times, born largely from the inappropriate marriage of excessive material durability with fleeting product life spans. The UK alone condemns a massive 1.25 million tonnes of waste to landfill per year; waste consisting of fully-functioning toasters, refrigerators, mobile phones, vacuum cleaners and a whole host of other domestic must-haves; each year it is estimated that around 5 million TVs find their way into this underground club for discarded and unwanted products. Waste of this nature proliferates the developed world, and in many cases can be seen as nothing more than a symptom of a failed relationship between the subject and the object.


The thesis analyses economic regulation primarily through the lenses of institutions,
finance and public law. In terms of positive analysis, it focuses on post-privatisation
developments in the UK.
The first chapter sets out the framework of analysis. Traditional models to study
economic regulation are critically assessed. It is argued that these frameworks make
only partial assessments of regulation under simplified assumptions. However, it is
possible to find complementarities that may serve as fundamentals for further study.
Chapter II proposes to broaden the theoretical framework of analysis in three
directions, with the aim of providing guidance on how to structure regulatory design
in an interdisciplinary context.
The third chapter deals with financial implications of regulation. The case of
regulation of the capital structure of utilities firms and the regulatory assessment of
the cost of capital is specifically studied in order to exemplify the control of risks
under regulatory practice.
In the fourth chapter the argument is extended to the analysis of the role of the State
in infrastructure industries and the significant function that risk plays in economic
regulation. It is argued that regulators should control focus their analysis on risk
control and the avoidance of the provision of State guarantees as much as possible.
Finally, chapter V looks at the role of the courts and the judicial scrutiny of sector-specific economic regulators' decisions. Since the introduction of specialisation,
judicial scrutiny is having an ever-increasing influence on substantive regulatory
decisions in the UK. Despite this, some flaws in the regulatory design are highlighted,
along with proposals to overcome them.
The thesis concludes with some implications for policy design and the analysis of
economic regulation.


School immunization requirements are one way that states protect school age children against vaccine preventable diseases. At present forty eight states allow parents to exempt their students from immunization requirements based on religious reasons, philosophical reasons, or either. This paper focuses on the religious exemption and makes three points: A. People lie to get a religious exemption. B. Our jurisprudence makes preventing such abuse very hard. And with good reasons. C. Because the religious exemption is so prone to abuse, we should remove it. The article examines the jurisprudence surrounding religious exemptions and how it makes them prone to abuse. It then uses three sources to argue that religious exemptions are widely abused: First, survey data describing the reasons people do not vaccinate. Generally, the reasons people give are safety concerns, not religious reasons. Second, the positions of established religions and what they say about vaccines. While our jurisprudence does not allow courts to refuse an exemption to someone just because the religious they officially belong to does not prohibit vaccines, if many of those using a religious exemption belong to religions that do not oppose or even warmly embrace and support vaccines, the religious grounds for the exemption are at least a little suspect. Finally, the article provides examples from people saying on Facebook that they lied to obtain a religious exemption. The article ends by discussing three potential solutions to the problem of widespread abuse of the religious exemption: tightening the scrutiny of requests for religious exemptions, limiting exemptions to medical exemptions only, and providing only a personal choice exemption. While skeptical about whether tightening scrutiny is appropriate or constitutional, the article describes the benefits and costs of the latter two options, leaning slightly towards a relatively hard to get personal choice exemption.


Shale barriers within the bituminous oil sand deposits of the McMurray Formation have a detrimental effect on the steam-assisted gravity-drainage chamber growth and oil recovery. Typically, the non-net shale barrier lateral extents are too small to be detected with a few widely spaced delineation wells. The information on net reservoir and shale interval thicknesses collected from wells, along with a vertical indicator variogram, provide limited information about the horizontal extent and connectivity of these intervals. In this paper, a novel quantitative approach for predicting the lateral extents of the barriers, using thickness information provided by well log data, is proposed. The proposed approach is based on moments of inertia (MOI) applied to the shale objects to determine their effective size. The MOI calculation is aimed to simplify the almost infinite complexity of shale bodies into summary size parameters that can be readily understood and calibrated to production parameters. A case study is presented for optimal well placement accounting for uncertainty in the shale barrier sizes.


Introduction to River Ecosystems, G. E. Likens Physical and Chemical Processes Influencing Rivers Physical Properties of Water, K.M. Stewart Chemical Properties of Water, J.H. Aldstadt III, H.A. Bootsma, J.L. Ammerman Hydrological Cycle and Water Budgets, T.N. Narasimhan Hydrology: Streams, E. Wohl Hydrology: Rivers, P.A. Bukaveckas Geomorphology of Streams and Rivers, J.P. Bravard, F. Petit Currents in Rivers, A.N. Sukhodolov, H.-P. Kozerski, B.L. Rhoads Hydrodynamical Modeling, B.R. Hodges Floods, J.A. Hubbart, J.R. Jones Ecology of Flowing Waters Streams and Rivers as Ecosystems, S.G. Fisher, R.A. Sponseller Algae of River Ecosystems, R.J. Stevenson Benthic Invertebrate Fauna, Small Streams, J. B. Wallace, S. L. Eggert Benthic Invertebrate Fauna, River and Floodplain Ecosystems, M. R. Whiles, J. W. Grubaugh Benthic Invertebrate Fauna, Tropical Stream Ecosystems, M. E. Benbow, M.D. McIntoch Benthic Invertebrate Fauna, D. T. Chaloner, A. E. Hershey, G. A. Lamberti Biological Interactions in River Ecosystems, C.E. Cushing, J.D. Allan Regulators of Biotic Processes in Stream and River Ecosystems, M.E. Power Ecology and Role of Headwater Streams, W.H. McDowell Riparian Zones, H. Decamps, R.J. Naiman, M.E. McClain Flood Plains, S.K. Hamilton Coarse Woody Debris in Lakes and Streams, G.G. Sass Wetlands of Large Rivers: Flood plains, S.K. Hamilton Models of Ecological Processes in Riverine Ecosystems, J.H. Thorp Human Impacts on Streams and Rivers Deforestation and Nutrient Loading to Fresh Waters, M.C. Feller Agriculture, J. R. Jones, J. A. Downing Climate and Rivers, B. Finlayson, M. Peel, T. McMahon Urban Aquatic Ecosystems, J.L. Meyer Restoration Ecology of Rivers, B.G. Laub, M.A. Palmer Conservation of Aquatic Ecosystems, R. Abell, S. Blanch, C. Revenga, M. Thieme Rivers of the World Africa, M. Meybeck Asia - Eastern Asia, F. Wang, J. Chen Asia - Monsoon Asia, M. Meybeck Asia - Northern Asia and Central Asia Endorheic Rivers, M. Meybeck Australia (and Papua, New Guinea), M. Meybeck European Rivers, K. Tockner, et al. South America, M.E. McClain, D. Gann Streams and Rivers of North America: Overview, Eastern and Central Basins, A. Benke Streams and Rivers of North America: Western, Northern and Mexican Basins,A. Benke


This thesis proceeds in two modes, utilizing both a critical and a creative lens to think
about the use of simple language in formal writing. It examines the production of a
register that categorizes insider/outsider status (the mechanics) as well as interrogating
the (un)conscious attempts of authors seeking to prise into or remain removed from
established cultural identity (the intention). It investigates the use of the vernacular and
the informal in American writing in general and how it is ultimately reflected and
reworked through an autobiographical channel: an examination of voice, register, and
code-switching in my own writing.

The first section, 'Listening to Writing,' is a forensic analysis of Vonnegut and Saunders,
two exemplars of literary informality in American writing. It seeks—employing the work
of Sarangi, Milroy, Hunston & Thompson and others to pinpoint, at a microanalytical
level, what makes the conversational conversational, and the sociolinguistic work of
Austin (performativity), Giles, Coupland, and Gumperz (accommodation and identity),
and Auer (code switching)—to investigate the authors' specific manipulation of pitch and
register to create effect. It also appraises the historical and cultural imperative of the
American abhorrence of intellectualism and hence the disdain for high-flown language
and how that is reflected in not only the literature but also the very social self-positioning
of the authors.

The second section, 'My Ice Age,' is an autobiographical foray into outsider/insider,
normal/abnormal categories and boundaries, extending the investigation of voice and register as examined above to explore the complex nature of belonging and alienation, of
community and identity, from being a white boy in an Inuit settlement to being from an
Inuit settlement in Los Angeles to the complexities of belonging and alienation that arise
from being gay. The juxtaposition of two different tones in 'My Ice Age' is used to
reflect the juxtapositions of geographic and temporal otherness, the distance (formality)
and increased vernacular in the Los Angeles sections reflecting a need to fit in, to forge a
place for myself both geographically and socially through the use of voice and register.
Both the critical and the creative lenses elucidate use of simple language and variations of
registers to create sociological bonds/alienation. Simple language—and humour—forges
communion with reader. The adoption of the vernacular, therefore, has a purpose beyond
mere stylistics, in that it also is used in a social and community building (or razing) way.
In other words, the use of informality becomes a performative speech act.


The transmission characteristics of an installed power line used for data communication, and of a model of this actual line, were measured over the frequency range of 10 kHz-50 MHz. It was found that impedance characteristics were not greatly influenced by the working loads at high frequencies, but changed drastically at lower frequencies. For frequencies of less than 100 MHz, the transmission loss did not increase significantly with frequency. The effect of the length of the connections and variation in load impedance were both studied. It was found that for frequencies above 100 MHz, attenuation loss in the power line is divided into losses due to attenuation constant of the line and the loss occurring at wire connections located between the various wires in the wall sockets. The latter loss is proportional to the number of connections. When the transmission loss was measured by opening and closing the wire connections, the fluctuation in the loss was found to be smaller at frequencies above 1 MHz than at lower ones. The transmission loss at the higher frequency shows only fairly slight fluctuations to variations in working load on the power line. The intensity of the noise power spectrum shows a decrease of -40 B/decade. This degradation rate in the noise spectrum is greater than the rate of increase in transmission loss. The increasing transmission loss can be sufficiently compensated by amplification at the receiving end, but it is possible to keep the amplified noise below the level of disturbance. >


Introduction: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) has witnessed rapid advancements, the latest being ultra-mini-percutaneous nephrolithotomy (UMP), which makes the use of 11-13F sheaths as compared to 24-30F sizes used in conventional PCNL. This miniaturization aims to reduce morbidity and improve patient outcomes. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of UMP and report our ourtcomes. Patients and Methods: A total of 120 patients underwent UMP from July 2012 to March 2014. These patients had a single unilateral renal stone measuring between 8 and 20 mm. All patients underwent UMP using a 3F nephroscope, 7.5F inner sheath, and 11F or 13F outer metallic cannula, which served as the Amplatz sheath. Stone fragmentation and clearance were achieved with holmium laser. No nephrostomy or stent was used routinely. Results: Complete stone fragmentation was achieved in 114 out of 120 patients (95%) using UMP; whereas the remaining 6 were converted into mini-PCNL using a 12.5F nephroscope and 15F Amplatz sheath. The mean operative time was 39.7 ± 15.4 min, and the mean postoperative hospital stay was 22.3 ± 2.2 h. Postoperatively, 6 (5%) patients had residual fragments measuring ≤4 mm. At the 2 weeks follow-up, the stone-free status was >99% (119/120). There were no significant postoperative complications. Conclusion: This study shows UMP to be an effective and safe procedure for managing stones up to 20 mm. This procedure offers an attractive alternative to shock wave lithotripsy and retrograde intrarenal surgery for managing small stones.


Lying has a complicated relationship with the First Amendment. It is beyond question that some lies – such as perjury or pretending to be a police officer – are not covered by the First Amendment. But it is equally clear that some lies, even intentionally lying about military honors, are entitled to First Amendment protection. U.S. v. Alvarez, 132 S. Ct. 2537 (2012). To date, however, both Supreme Court doctrine and academic commentary has taken for granted that any constitutional protection for lies is purely prophylactic – it protects the liar to avoid chilling truthful speech. This Article is the first to argue, contrary to conventional wisdom, that certain types of lies paradoxically advance the values underlying the First Amendment. Our framework is descriptively novel and doctrinally important insofar as we provide the first comprehensive post-Alvarez look at the wide range of lies that may raise First Amendment issues. Because there was no majority opinion in Alvarez, there is uncertainty about which standard of constitutional scrutiny should apply to protected lies, an issue we examine at length. Moreover, our normative claim is straightforward: when a lie has intrinsic or instrumental value it should be treated differently from other types of lies and warrant the greatest constitutional protection. Specifically, we argue that investigative deceptions – lies used to secure truthful factual information about matters of public concern – deserve the utmost constitutional protection because they advance the underling purposes of free speech: they enhance political discourse, help reveal the truth, and promote individual autonomy. A prototypical investigative deception is the sort of misrepresentation required in order for an undercover journalist, investigator, or activist to gain access to information or images of great political significance that would not be available if the investigator disclosed her reporting or political objectives. Tactical use of such lies have a long history in American journalism and activism, from Upton Sinclair to his modern day heirs. Using the proliferation of anti-whistleblower statutes like Ag Gag laws as an illustrative example, we argue that investigative deceptions are a category of high value lies that ought to receive rigorous protection under the First Amendment. At the same time, we recognize that not all lies are alike and that in other areas, the government regulation of lies serves legitimate interests. We therefore conclude the Article by drawing some limiting principles to our theory.


Adaptive optics provide real-time compensation for atmospheric turbulence. The correction quality relies on a key element: the wavefront sensor. We have designed an adaptive optics system in the mid-infrared range providing high spatial resolution for ground-to-air applications, integrating a Shack-Hartmann infrared wavefront sensor operating on an extended source. This paper describes and justifies the design of the infrared wavefront sensor, while defining and characterizing the Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor camera. Performance and illustration of field tests are also reported.


The association between specific leader characteristics and motivation/success of
employees was investigated for the Nutrition Programs Supervisor position of the NC
Cooperative Extension. A combination of leader self assessment, stakeholder rankings of
competencies for leader positions, and workload data of employees was used to
determine what, if any, association could be made between Supervisor characteristics and
Nutrition Program Assistant success. Results showed a general agreement in regards to
the importance of particular characteristics to the position. A priority ranking of
competencies by importance to the position of Nutrition Programs Supervisor however
showed disagreement between positions asked to complete the instrument. All Nutrition
Programs Supervisors were found to possess some motivational leadership
characteristics, however differences in performance existed in Nutrition Program
Assistants in the 10 supervision areas studied. Findings support continued research to
determine the impact of specific leader characteristics on employee performance and
motivation.


The shape and geometry of the reservoir play an important role in well pressure performance calculations by analytical methods. Dietz (1965) reported analytical solutions for a variety of regular shape reservoirs. He presented a table of shape factors for different geometries circle, square, triangle etc.) and different locations of the well within the reservoir. However, no solution is available for an irregular geometry or for any shape that is not covered in the Dietz shape factor table. This paper presents a method in which a numerical simulator is used for an irregular shape reservoir to obtain an equivalent regular geometry that produces the same well performance as that of the real irregular reservoir. The well can be slanted or horizontal and can be situated anywhere within the reservoir. To do this an optimization routine is used which minimizes the sum squared deviations between the well block pressures as obtained by the numerical simulators for both shapes. Once the nearest regular shape has been identified, well performance calculations can be carried out using an analytical method selected from those presented by Dietz or by the same authors in their recent papers.


The objective of the research was to characterise the quality of shea kernel that is whole and intact (WSK), bruised (BSK), and microbial and pest (MPSK) and, to evaluate the physico-chemical properties of the extracted butter in order to partition the contributions of the spoilt kernels to the overall butter quality. The study was performed using shea nuts from Kutigi, Bida, Nigeria. Proximate composition, physico-chemical and fatty acid composition were determined using standard methods of analysis on the whole kernel and the extracted butter. The lipid content was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in WSK (52.44%) relative to BSK (41.99%) and MPSK (39.80%). The study indicated that MSPK made the highest contribution in lowering the shea butter quality by 30%–50%. There was no significant difference in the fatty acid composition of the three sample categories. The free fatty acid, acid value, peroxide value and anisidine value were 3.4, 3.4, 5 and 3 times higher in MPSK than in BSK respectively. This study recommends that the shea kernel processors should sort the shea kernels into three categories and process them correspondingly to yield three different grades and markets depending on period of storage. Overall, the spoilage process in stored shea kernel significantly affects the chemical quality of butter and this study has revealed numerically the degree.


What follows is a brief introduction to the domain or subject matter of intellectual property, an examination of the most widely supported rule-utilitarian argument, a defense of a new Lockean model, and suggested revisions in Anglo- American intellectual property law based on the Lockean model. I will argue that incentives based rule-utilitarian arguments fail to justify anything remotely close to modern Anglo-American copyright, patent, and trade secret institutions. Moreover, rule-utilitarian moral theory is beset with a number of problems that undermine its initial plausibility. If I am correct, and rule-utilitarian models of intellectual property fail, justification for intellectual property rights must be found elsewhere.In the most general terms, my hope is to change public policy and the way judges and lawyers think about protect- ing the creative efforts of authors and inventors. Rights to control intellectual works are not ultimately based solely on grounds of social utility. This is clear in the most trivial of case; independent of social utility, individuals have the right to control the contents of their minds. I will argue that we must recast institutions of intellectual property in a Lockean light, thereby providing a firmer foundation for rights and a closer fit with other rights found within the Anglo- American tradition.