Present communication deals with a study of Physico-chemical parameters such as pH, Temperature, Total Suspended Solids, Turbidity, Dissolved Oxygen, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Nitrate and Phosphate in water samples of Channarayapatna, Janivara, Anekere and Baghur water bodies in Channarayapatna taluka, Karnataka state of India. The water quality of the samples was compared with standard values given by World Health Organization (WHO) and United State Salinity Laboratory for drinking and irrigation purposes. Water Quality Index (WQI) was also calculated to know the overall quality of water samples. Water quality index (WQI) of Surface water body of various Sampling locations of Channarayapatna taluka, Karnataka ranged between 61.82 and 68.27 indicates the fair quality of water. The water quality index is calculated by indicator (100-point scale) shows that water is suitable for drinking purposes only after pretreatment like filtering, boiling, reverse osmosis and electro dialysis. WQI can play a big role in justifying the water pollution problems after encountered in different surface water bodies. Application of Water Quality Index (WQI) in this study has been found useful in assessing the overall quality of water and to get rid of judgment on quality of the surface water. Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 4(4): 475-482


The spatial humanities constitute a rapidly developing research field that has the potential to create a step-change in the ways in which the humanities deal with geography and geographical information. As yet, however, research in the spatial humanities is only just beginning to deliver the applied contributions to knowledge that will prove its significance. Demonstrating the potential of innovations in technical fields is, almost always, a lengthy process, as it takes time to create the required datasets and to design and implement appropriate techniques for engaging with the information those datasets contain. Beyond this, there is the need to define appropriate research questions and to set parameters for interpreting findings, both of which can involve prolonged discussion and debate. The spatial humanities are still in early phases of this process. Accordingly, the purpose of this special issue is to showcase a set of exemplary studies and research projects that not only demonstrate the field's potential to contribute to knowledge across a range of humanities disciplines, but also to suggest pathways for future research. Our ambition is both to demonstrate how the application of exploratory techniques in the spatial humanities offers new insights about the geographies embedded in a diverse range of texts (including letters, works of literature, and official reports) and, at the same time, to encourage other scholars to integrate these techniques in their research.


This thesis project to study the characterization of polymer blends. Today's polymer is development on new way blend two or more polymer/copolymer to produce new polymer that is chemically and mechanically strengthen up. In this report, the polymer blends of Polyamide (PA6 ) and High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) with presence of compatibilizer, PA6 and HDPE are two immiscible polymers to each other and almost impossible to have a good miscible polymer if these two polymer are extrude together. To overcome the problem regarding to immiscibility, additive agent or compatibilizer, High Density Polyethylene grafted with Maleic Annyhydrate (HDPE-g- MAH) is added to enhance the chemical bonding between PA6 and HDPE polymer. These three elements were being prepared with six different compositions to investigate the effect of compatibilizer to the new polymer blends. The samples were prepared by using twin screw extruder. Extrusion process was done by melting all three components for better mixing. Extruded polymers then were injected into injection moulding for testing and characterization purposes. The samples had been characterized by using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) to observe the formation of new chemical bonds, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) to observe the thermal behavior of new polymer blends and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to investigate the surface morphology. There were three stages involved in this experiment which were extrusion, injection moulding and samples characterization. Prior to these three stages, the materials and samples were dried to avoid moisture absorption by PA6 component that could lead to errors.


Current education policy is increasingly controlled by partisan politicians and the corporate interests that speak through them. Attacking American education and blaming economic troubles on failing schools and low standardized test scores coalesces the rhetoric of the right and draws attention away from fundamental social and economic problems. Add to this political opportunity the economic fact that attacking K–12 education leaves this market of $732 billion vulnerable to development by corporate America. Though such attacks have been with us since A Nation at Risk, an increasingly broad array of cultural and institutional forces are at work creating a new "common sense" of education that maligns or manipulates the corpus of educational research and attacks promising practices and reforms. In addition, a new type of education scholarship has emerged that is delivered in alternative ways, funded through unorthodox sources, motivated by nonacademic purposes, and supported through direct access to media and political organizations, including the federal government. This article examines the details of the new commonsense policy and rhetoric and considers what is being lost and what educators need to do to restore to public education its position of civic and moral leadership in our society.


Live programming, originally introduced by Smalltalk and Lisp, and now gaining popularity in contemporary systems such as Swift, requires on-the-fly support for object schema migration, such that the layout of objects may be changed while the program is at one and the same time being run and developed. In Smalltalk schema migration is supported by two primitives, one that answers a collection of all instances of a class, and one that exchanges the identities of pairs of objects, called the become primitive. Existing instances are collected, copies using the new schema created, state copied from old to new, and the two exchanged with become, effecting the schema migration. Historically the implementation of become has either required an extra level of indirection between an object's address and its body, slowing down slot access, or has required a sweep of all objects, a very slow operation on large heaps. Spur, a new object representation and memory manager for Smalltalk-like languages, has neither of these deficiencies. It uses direct pointers but still provides a fast become operation in large heaps, thanks to forwarding objects that when read conceptually answer another object and a partial read barrier that avoids the cost of explicitly checking for forwarding objects on the vast majority of object accesses.


Word Grammar is a theory of language structure based on the assumption that language, and indeed the whole of knowledge, is a network, and that virtually all of knowledge is learned. It combines the psychological insights of cognitive linguistics with the rigour of more formal theories. This textbook spans a broad range of topics from prototypes, activation and default inheritance to the details of syntactic, morphological and semantic structure. It introduces elementary ideas from cognitive science and uses them to explain the structure of language including a survey of English grammar.


Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to develop a quantitative model to assess probability of errors and errors correction costs in parts feeding systems for assembly lines.

Design/methodology/approach

Event trees are adopted to model errors in the picking-handling-delivery-utilization of materials containers from the warehouse to assembly stations. Error probabilities and quality costs functions are developed to compare alternative feeding policies including kitting, line stocking and just-in-time delivery. A numerical case study is included.

Findings

This paper confirms with quantitative evidence the economic relevance of logistic errors (LEs) in parts feeding processes, a problem neglected in the existing literature. It also points out the most frequent or relevant error types and identifies specific corrective measures.

Research limitations/implications

While the model is general purpose, conclusions are specific to each applicative case and are not generalizable, and some modifications may be required to adapt it to specific industrial cases. When no experimental data are available, human error analysis should be used to estimate event probabilities based on underlying modes and causes of human error.

Practical implications

Production managers are given a quantitative decision tool to assess errors probability and errors correction costs in assembly lines parts feeding systems. This allows better comparing of alternative parts feeding policies and identifying corrective measures.

Originality/value

This is the first paper to develop quantitative models for estimating LEs and related quality cost, allowing a comparison between alternative parts feeding policies.


Noa Reich, "Seeing 'No Guiltless Minds': Inheritance and Liability in Wilkie Collins's Armadale" (pp. 30–67)
 This essay suggests that the articulation of inherited guilt as a type of liability in Wilkie Collins's Armadale (1866) invites us to reframe inheritance as central both to the Victorian credit economy and to the period's fictional engagements with the effects of this economy. I begin by examining mid-nineteenth-century legal and political debates about limited corporate liability and estate debts, as well as legal theorist Henry Sumner Maine's account of succession in Ancient Law (1861), which rests on an analogy between the family and the corporation. With their tropes of transmitted guilt, these discussions point to anxieties arising from the law's construction of inherited identity as simultaneously individual and intergenerational, a paradox that both refracts and challenges nineteenth-century liberal contractual notions of identity. Armadale explores these issues through its depiction of the testator-heir dynamic as indeterminately singular and double, its association of inheritance with speculative ventures and impersonation, and its vacillation between affirming and limiting intergenerational liability. But it also fosters an alternative, mediating form of responsibility, which I call vicarious liability: a substitutive, imaginative liability both prompted and reinforced by the novel's competing narrative perspectives and shifting or ambiguous focalization, as well as its embedded letters, diaries, and the depiction of reading as a path to identification with another's guilt. Armadale's take on inheritance may thus be read as a proposal for what the novel itself offers a hyper-contractual modernity: a framework for engaging in vicarious experiences of liability.


The purpose with this work is to develop a high pressure hose with respect to minimise its cost without affect the user-friendliness and its quality. The hose is used to connect a heat- or cooling system to a measuring instrument which generates values that can be used when balancing the system in a way it can work in the most efficient way possible. The problem nowadays is that the hose is too expensive for being a competitive product on the market. The
project on order of IMI Hydronic located in Ljung. It's to their measuring instrument TAScope that the hoses is used. The question formulation during the project has included, where is the cost in the product and what can be done to in the most efficient way minimise these without affect the quality.
The above mentioned question formulation led to a reconstruction of the hose became relevant. The reconstruction process led to three different head concepts which by the time where developed after tests and analyses of the concepts. The concepts consist of three
different solutions to the connection between the hose and the quick connection. The remaining parts were then selected to fit with the selected concept. In the end one concept was selected by a selection matrix. The selected concept has not been able to be tested due to a custom made tool that was needed to produce the prototype. However, a similar concept has been tested with good test results and indicates good potential in the winning concept. By the cost analysis made, the total price of the new constructed hose had a price which is about 46% cheaper. This percentage is reached by minimising the parts of the hose and bring the assembly back to IMI's production.
The only limitations set before the start of the project was the connections which also is used to the already existing hose. These connections had to be used in the new version of the hose
also. Additional costs from sales became a limitation because the work is executed on IMI's R&D (Research & Development) who doesn't control selling costs. Since a way to avoid the additional costs between the company which currently assemble the hose is to do the assembly yourself which became one of the goals during the project.


In our first report (11, 23) we stated the following beliefs: 1) Among troops quartered in native villages in Samoa, Wallis and Funafuti, there were many whose skins were penetrated by filarial larvae; 2) the clinical entity to which Buxton had applied the Samoan term mumu was common among these troops; 3) this entity was of filarial origin, as Buxton (7) had believed, and the pathogenesis probably involved allergic sensitization, as O'Connor (33) had suggested. It is of interest to review these assertions with reference to the experience of the past five years.
That experience has alleviated the prognostic uncertainty which some of us felt. Permanent tissue damage has proved extremely unusual (48). Much has been written about the psychiatric aspects of the problem (37, 41, 53). The disease had all the terror of novelty, and at first there was natural dread of the possibility of elephantiasis.


In the standard formulation of supervised learning the input is represented as a vector of features. However, in most real-life problems, we also have additional information about each of the features. This information can be represented as a set of properties, referred to as meta-features. For instance, in an image recognition task, where the features are pixels, the meta-features can be the (x, y) position of each pixel. We propose a new learning framework that incorporates metafeatures. In this framework we assume that a weight is assigned to each feature, as in linear discrimination, and we use the meta-features to de ne a prior on the weights. This prior is based on a Gaussian process and the weights are assumed to be a smooth function of the meta-features. Using this framework we derive a practical algorithm that improves generalization by using meta-features and discuss the theoretical advantages of incorporating them into the learning. We apply our framework to design a new kernel for handwritten digit recognition. We obtain higher accuracy with lower computational complexity in the primal representation. Finally, we discuss the applicability of this framework to biological neural networks.


Based on two theorems, the importance of the root-mean-square (rms) width for the characterization of ultrashort optical pulses is demonstrated. First, it is shown that one can directly determine the rms width from the autocorrelation without making any assumptions about the specific form of the pulse envelope. Second, it is shown that a bandwidth-limited (unchirped) wave packet has the smallest possible rms time–bandwidth product. This reveals a natural definition for a rms chirp that is easily accessible to experimental measurement and that presents a useful measure for the quality of pulse compression techniques.


BACKGROUND: After IPAA, 8% of patients with ulcerative colitis are later diagnosed with Crohn's disease of the pouch, associated with an increased rate of pouch failure. No study has reported on how often the clinical diagnosis is correlated with histologic findings of Crohn's disease in the excised pouch. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether the clinical diagnosis is consistent with pathologic confirmation at pouch excision. SETTINGS: The study was conducted at a tertiary IBD referral center. PATIENTS: Patients with chronic ulcerative colitis who underwent pouch excision for presumed Crohn's disease of the pouch were included. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Preoperative evaluation and pathologic variables at the time of pouch excision were measured. RESULTS: A total of 35 patients underwent pouch excision for Crohn's disease of the pouch based on a combination of clinical, radiographic, and endoscopic findings. Seven (20%) had surgical pathology consistent with Crohn's disease at pouch excision. There were no differences in those 7 patients and the remaining 28 in terms of diagnosis at colectomy, primary pouch symptoms, prepouch inflammation, ulceration, or granulomas at endoscopy. In the nonpathology-confirmed Crohn's disease, 40% (n = 11) had an anastomotic leak at time of IPAA versus 0% in the Crohn's disease group, and 86% (n = 24) had symptoms of pouch dysfunction within 5 months of ileostomy reversal versus 13 months in the Crohn's disease group. Of 28 without pathology-confirmed Crohn's disease, 100% (n = 28) were treated with antibiotics, 68% (n = 19) with steroids, 59% (n = 16) with immunomodulators, and 57% (n = 15) with biologic therapy for Crohn's disease of the pouch. LIMITATIONS: The study was limited by its single-center scope and lack of an established definition for Crohn's disease of the pouch. CONCLUSIONS: Pathologic confirmation of Crohn's disease was given to only one fifth of patients who underwent pouch excision for Crohn's disease of the pouch. Given the histologic variability in Crohn's disease, it may be unreasonable to expect histologic confirmation in every case; still, the diagnosis of Crohn's disease of the pouch may be overly ascribed, resulting in unnecessary immunosuppressive medications and exclusion from consideration for pouch reconstructive surgery. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCRA432.


The built environment usually constitutes a very important part of the real capital of a nation, and the construction sector represents more than 10% of the yearly Gross National Product of the industrialised world. Good planning of all construction is important, and consideration of the service life of the work is of great interest and is a significant aspect of sustainability considerations. The need for more knowledge about degradation of materials, for structured methodology, and for working tools for those involved in the planning process, has resulted in an extensive effort in pre-normative research and standardisation regarding this field. This thesis presents a discussion on service life planning and the role of the Factor Method in such work, and especially, discussion of modification and development of the methodology. In the design process, the need to evaluate the service life of products is a great challenge, as the results will depend on both material properties and the environment in which the material is placed or used. A practical solution has to be based on a good knowledge in the field, but also on a sound working strategy, to ensure that different design scenarios can be compared in a standardised or structured way. The Factor Method is a promising working tool for such an evaluation and comparison, but is as such, still more of a methodology, than a method. Examples of the use of the methodology are still very limited, and the method as such, is much discussed by researchers. However, its future will depend upon how practical it will be to apply in use. The method is useful to estimate the service life of products, based on a known reference service life and a number of modifying factors. These factors in turn depend on the conditional differences between the specific project and the reference, in-use conditions. This thesis discusses the required precision of such a methodology, especially in light of inherent distributions in material properties, and the fact that the consequences of failure are often very limited. In such cases, the standardised Factor Method is considered to be quite useful, and should give the parties involved a good means for working in a structured and systematic way.


Despite the central role of organized groups as intermediary bodies in American society, the constitutional right of association is surprisingly recent and limited. As the Supreme Court struggles to define the bounds of 'the' freedom of association, it is time to take a critical look at a difficult set of questions. First, many private organizations engage in various types of selection criteria, but what subjects the Jaycees to State anti-discrimination laws but insulates the Boy Scouts of America? Second, the typical American nonprofit organization is a corporation that lacks both shareholders and members, so are there any 'associates' whose rights are entitled to protection, or is the corporation's freedom of speech all that constitutionally matters? Third, regardless of whether an organization comprises members, not all (few?) private entities operate 'democratically'; does the law care? Finally, even if voice is democratic, how do we protect dissenters if exit is not voluntary? As we examine the structure for regulation of association and the role of the courts, we will appreciate the limits of the law in remedying private discriminatory and anti-democratic behavior. In general, the associational jurisprudence draws from our broader political structure that enshrines individual autonomy as its core norm. This Article does not, however, attempt to set out a normative prescription for creating political and moral values. For every advocate of group rights and group autonomy is an advocate of individual autonomy and protection from group tyranny. In the end, the debate leads me to caution that while we have a social and political obligation to exercise vigilance over how associations form and operate, we must recognize that our fundamental constitutional norms protect the rights of organizational autonomy in governance and functioning. The greatest challenge to a liberal society -a topic beyond the scope of this Article - will be whether and how to protect the rights of minority members of illiberal groups.


Objectives: To characterize the incidence of AD among the elderly population of Cache County, UT, noted for its longevity and high response rates; to explore sex differences; and to examine whether AD incidence plateaus or declines in extreme old age. Methods: Using a multistage screening process in 1998 and 1999, and reexamining 122 individuals who had been identified 3 years earlier as cognitively compromised but not demented, the authors found 185 individuals with incident dementia (123 with AD) among 3,308 participants who contributed 10,541 person-years of observation. Adjusting for nonresponse and screening sensitivity, the authors estimated the incidence of dementia and of AD for men and women in 3-year age intervals. Multivariate discrete time survival analysis was used to examine influences of age, sex, education, and genotype at APOE, as well as interactions of these factors. Results: The incidence of both dementia and AD increased almost exponentially until ages 85 to 90, but appeared to decline after age 93 for men and 97 for women. A statistical interaction between age and the presence of two APOE-ε4 alleles indicated acceleration in onset of AD with this genotype; the interaction of age and one ε4 suggested more modest acceleration. A statistical interaction of sex and age indicated greater incidence of AD in women than in men after age 85. Conclusions: The incidence of AD in the Cache County population increased with advancing age, but then peaked and declined among the extremely old. The presence of APOE-ε4 alleles accelerated onset of AD, but did not appreciably alter lifetime incidence apparent over a span of 100 years.


Foreword. Preface. Acknowledgments. PART ONE Creativity and the Roles of the Inventor, Innovator, and Entrepreneur. CHAPTER 1 Creativity and the Entrepreneurial Process. Getting That Bright Idea. From Idea to Invention. Distinct Roles of Inventor, Innovator, and Entrepreneur. Closing Thoughts. CHAPTER 2 Protecting Your Invention. What Is Intellectual Property? How Intellectual Property Law Works. Basic Forms of Intellectual Property. International Treatment of Intellectual Property Law. Innovation Process: Diffusion and Adoption. Appropriating the Profits of Innovation. How to Decide Which Intellectual Property Tools to Apply. How to Identify Intellectual Property in Your Organization. Developing an Effective Invention Disclosure Process. Chapter Takeaways. Appendix 2.1 Remmey's Granted Patent. PART TWO Building Business Models. CHAPTER 3 Understanding Strategy Basics. From Strategy as Plan to Strategy as Direction. Introduction to the Strategic Management Process. Why Is Strategy Important for Any Enterprise? Strategy in a Rapidly Changing High-Technology Environment. How Often Should You Change Your Venture's Strategy? How Do Managers Formulate a Strategy? Three Levels of Strategy and How They Interrelate. Basic Tools for External Analysis. Internal Analysis and Organizational Design. Understanding Organizations and Their Cultures. Challenges of Organizational Design. How Organizations Survive Turbulence and Change. Reflections on Strategy in the Entrepreneurial Context. Chapter Takeaways. CHAPTER 4 Strategies to Grow, Restructure, or Harvest Your Business. Growing. Restructuring. Harvesting. Diagnosing the Situational Context of the Industry. Closing Thoughts. Chapter Takeaways. CHAPTER 5 Key Elements of a Business Model. What Is Your Business Model? Creating the Business Model Step by Step. Chapter Takeaways. PART THREE Crafting Strategic Alliances. CHAPTER 6 Introduction to Strategic Alliances. What Is an Alliance? Strategic Alliances. Forces of Deconstruction on the Value Chain. Vertical Integration Decisions. Strategic Alliances with a High Component of Technology. Chapter Takeaways. Appendix 6.1 Comparison of Main Alliance Modes and Their Contractual Features. CHAPTER 7 Managing Alliances. Filling the Strategic Gaps. Doing It Better. Step 1: Decide on the Strategic Logic for the Collaboration. Step 2: Select the Right Partnering Candidates. Step 3: Design, Structure, and Negotiate the Alliance. Step 4: Managing the Alliance. Step 5: Measure and Assess Performance. Step 6: Check the Merits of Continuing the Alliance, Either Adjust or Exit. Step 7: Start the Cycle Anew: Strive to Create a Connected Network of Alliances. Closing Thoughts. Chapter Takeaways. CHAPTER 8 How Alliances Complete the Value Chain in Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Business Models. Risks and Uncertainty Associated with Drug Development. Value Chains in Pharmaceuticals and (Bio)Pharmaceuticals. Completion of the Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Value Chain through Alliance Formation. Business Models in Pharmaceuticals and (Bio)Pharmaceuticals. Recent Trends and Emerging Business Models in Healthcare. Alliance Formation Crucial to Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Business Models. Chapter Takeaways. PART FOUR Understanding Legal Agreements. CHAPTER 9 Contract Law, Key Legal Agreements for Business, and Incorporation Issues. Elements Constituting a Contract. Form of the Contract. Cross-Cultural Differences in Contractual Agreements. Nondisclosure Agreements. Shareholders' Agreements. Incorporation Issues: Choosing the Appropriate Legal Structure. Sole Trader (Sole Proprietorship). Corporations. Partnerships. What Is the Right Choice of Vehicle? Intellectual Property Issues Pertaining to Incorporation. Chapter Takeaways. CHAPTER 10 Investment Agreements. Investment and Finance. Preferred Shares. Transferability of Shares and Exit. Other Terms of the Investment Agreement. Chapter Takeaways. Appendix 10.1 Investment Term Sheet. CHAPTER 11 The Intellectual Property Landscape. IP Perspective. Copyright. Designs. Know-How or Trade Secrets. Trademarks. Closing Thoughts. Chapter Takeaways. CHAPTER 12 The Basics about Patents. Patent Facts. Filing Patents-Overview of International Patent Treaties. Patent Application Processes. Trends in Global Patenting Activity. Closing Thoughts. Chapter Takeaways. CHAPTER 13 General Patenting Strategies in High-Technology Industries. Developing a Patent Strategy for Early-Stage Businesses. Questions to Ask When Devising a Patenting Strategy. Defensive and Offensive Patent Strategies. Real-Life Examples. Strategic Patenting-Claiming First to Win the Battle. Strategic Patent Considerations for Generics Drug Companies. Chapter Takeaways. CHAPTER 14 Navigating Technology License Agreements. Structure of a Basic Technology Transfer Agreement. Outline of the Agreement. Competition Law and Antitrust Provisions. Heads of Terms or Memorandum of Understanding. Chapter Takeaways. Appendix 14.1 Sample Heads of Terms or Memorandum of Understanding. PART FIVE Competitive Intelligence and Due Diligence. CHAPTER 15 Competitive Intelligence and Patent Searching. Asking the Right Questions-Doing Various Patent Searches. Business Intelligence for Benchmarking. Competitive Intelligence. Carrying Out Information and Patent Searches. Searching for Technical and Business Information. Going from Patent Data toward Technology Intelligence. Chapter Takeaways. CHAPTER 16 Due Diligence. What Is Due Diligence? Preliminary Issues Before Commencing Due Diligence. How Legal Due Diligence Works. Nonlegal Due Diligence. Issues in Cross-Border Due Diligence. What If Due Diligence Uncovers a Problem? From Innovation to Cash Flows and Beyond: Due Diligence during the Business Life Cycle. Closing Thoughts. Chapter Takeaways. PART SIX Valuing Company Cash Flows. CHAPTER 17 Valuation Using Discounted Cash Flow. Why Valuation Is an Important Skill to Learn. Compounding and Discounting Money: Present Value Techniques. Definition of Net Present Value. Internal Rate of Return. Meaning of Intrinsic Value. Valuing Young Growth Companies with No Dividends. Overview of Discounted Cash Flow Methods. Present Value of an Infinite Stream of Dividends. Zero-Growth Perpetuity Model. Constant-Growth Model. Multiple-Period Dividend Growth Model. Introduction to the Cost of Equity. Capital Asset Pricing Model. Enterprise Valuation Method. Defining the Weighted Average Cost of Capital. Applying the Enterprise Valuation Approach by Discounting Free Cash Flows. Practical Advice on Selecting the Proper Discount Rate. Establish an Estimated Range of Valuation Values. Next Steps for Testing Your Key Assumptions. Next Steps for Practicing Valuations. Chapter Takeaways. Appendix 17.1 Using the Enterprise Valuation Method to Value a High-Technology Company. CHAPTER 18 Valuation Using Market Multiples and Comparable Deal Transactions. Enterprise Value of the Firm Is a Market Value. Putting the Money to Work in the Business. Why Accounting Values Are Not the Same Thing as Market Values. Economic Balance Sheet Reflects the Capital Market's View. Financing the Business: The Pecking Order of Finance. Important Characteristics of Equity Markets. Who Sets the Market Price of a Stock? Measures of Value Used in Appraisals under a Variety of Circumstances. Relative Valuation by Comparing Similar Companies and Transactions. Typical Ratios and Multiples Used in Relative Valuation. Case Study: Determining the Technology Value of a Sample of Comparable Biotechnology Firms. Selecting the Right Multiple for a Given Situation. Chapter Takeaways. CHAPTER 19 Venture Capital Method of Valuation. Activities of Private Equity Investors: An Overview of the Industry. Financial Intermediaries versus Principal Investors. Buyout Funds. Megafunds. Venture Capital Funds. Typical Venture's Life Cycle of Development. Typical Approach to Creating a Venture Capital or Private Equity Fund. How Venture Capitalists Improve Their Chances for Success. Special Case of Life Science Ventures: Recent Exit Trends. Venture Capital Method of Valuing Young Fledgling Firms. Case Study: TSP Enterprises Seeks Venture Financing. Applying the Venture Capital Valuation Method. Adjusting the VC Method for Multiple Rounds of Financing. Summary of Two Financing Rounds for TSP Enterprises. Multiple-Round versus Single-Round Financing. Questions When Applying the Venture Capital Method. Closing Thoughts. Chapter Takeaways. CHAPTER 20 Valuing and Structuring High Technology Strategic Alliances. Valuing Licenses as the Present Value of the Future Benefits of Ownership and Development. Basic Licensing Model-Sharing the Economic Pie. Case Study: Advanced Dermal Delivery, Inc. and the Launch of the New Transdermal Patch. New Product Opportunity. Licensing Deal. Upcoming Licensing Negotiations. Constructing the Financial Forecasts and Licensing Model. Comparing Spreadsheet Results. Next Step: Sensitivity Analysis. Next Step: Developing Scenarios to Quantify the Risks of New Product Failure. Developing Other Likely Scenarios and Negotiating Points. Final Tips on Negotiation Preparations for Structuring the Deal. Chapter Takeaways. CHAPTER 21 Conclusion. The Basic Broth of Business. Building the High-Technology Business Venture. Notes. References. About the Authors. About the Contributors. About the Web Site. Index.


A primary focus of the Molecular Neuropathobiology laboratory is the
investigation of the long range trafficking of neurotrophins and neurotrophin receptors
in motor neurons (MNs). The goal of my project was to deepen our understanding of the
nature of the cellular machinery controlling long-range neurotrophin trafficking in
MNs, by discovering new players involved in this process. In order to achieve this goal
I performed an siRNA screen in MNs derived from mouse ES cells to monitor the cell
surface binding and internalization of two fluorescently tagged reporters: the binding
fragment of the Tetanus neurotoxin (HC), which enters an axonal transport compartment
shared with neurotrophins and their receptors, and an antibody directed against the
extracellular domain of the neurotrophin receptor p75NTR. A high-throughput, lipidbased
siRNA transfection method was optimised for ES cell-derived MNs and used to
screen a library of siRNAs directed against a pool of genes involved in endocytosis and
membrane trafficking. The primary candidate genes were subsequently validated, and
one gene in particular, Bicaudal D homolog 1 (BICD1), was selected for further
analyses.
BICD1 is a member of the Bicaudal D family, whose members function as
molecular motor adaptors with pleiotropic roles in intracellular trafficking. Bicd1
expression at E12.5 and 13.5 was restricted to the nervous system, suggesting an
important role for BICD1 in neurons. I used gene-trapped ES cells to derive MNs
depleted of the BICD1 protein (Bicd1gt/gt MNs), which, when challenged with either HC
or the p75NTR antibody, displayed an increased intracellular accumulation of both
probes. Furthermore, I found that the level of neurotrophin receptors exposed at the
plasma membrane was increased in these cells compared to their wild type counterparts,
suggesting that BICD1 might be involved in the regulation of neurotrophin receptor
dynamics in mammalian neurons. I also found that TrkB signalling upon stimulation
with the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in Bicd1gt/gt MNs, was impaired.
This suggests that the depletion of BICD1 not only affects the trafficking of
neurotrophin receptors, but also their signalling capabilities.
In conclusion, this thesis work has demonstrated that the concept of high
throughput screening can be applied to cells notoriously difficult to handle and
transfect, such as MNs. This approach was successful in unravelling a new role for
BICD1 in neurons, where it appears to regulate the intracellular trafficking and
signalling of neurotrophin receptors. Taken together with the in vivo expression data,
these data suggest that BICD1 plays an important role in the development and function
of the nervous system.


Novel bis-pyrenyl systems connected through oligothienyl groups have been synthesized, characterized and their optical and electrochemical properties have been studied. By increasing the conjugation length of the spacers, the emission from these systems can be tuned to longer wavelengths. Apart from this, the synthesized molecules have interesting photophysical properties owing to the possible intramolecular charge transfer.


This is a qualitative study looking at the model of child maltreatment prevention programs within a large Midwest metropolitan area. The rate of child maltreatment is alarmingly high in the United States as over 40,000 children die of homicide every year due to child maltreatment (World Health Organization, 2014). Research suggests that there are many factors that can increase the likelihood of a parent maltreating their child including having a stressful home environment, family history of abusive tendencies, substance abuse, or other stressors. With aims of addressing these risk factors associated with child maltreatment, parenting support and skills programs are serving as a prevention strategy for parents at risk for child maltreatment. These programs typically target parenting behaviors, skills, and attitudes. The researcher interviewed professionals within child maltreatment prevention programs within a Midwestern metropolitan area. The researcher looked specifically at what each program targets, to who programs serve, and how each program is designed in relation to literature findings. The researcher systematically evaluated each program's objectives and model choices through content analysis to identify major themes. The primary theme found was promoting a culture shift in regards to the attitudes and methods of how child maltreatment is addressed. Three subthemes emerged to support this overarching theme: parent empowerment, spreading the net, and providing a continuum of care. The findings highlight the successful features of child maltreatment prevention programs and gaps in how services are delivered. The findings inform professional practice strategies for those working within the child maltreatment prevention field.


This paper addresses consumers' choices by looking into: current food choices made by different socio-economic groups; price barriers for diet improvement; and ways in which marketing may affect product choice. The study seeks: first, to analyze the differences in consumption of sausages of different nutritional composition among different socio-demographic and lifestage groups; and second, to measure whether it is possible to improve diet quality without affecting household expenditure. Sausages represent a relatively high proportion of red and processed meat purchases in Scotland, contributing significantly to the fat and sodium in the Scottish diet. The data used consisted of two-years of weekly information from a top-4, UK supermarket. The results suggest that it is possible to purchase similar quantities of a lower saturated fat or lower sodium sausage for the same price as a higher saturated fat or sodium sausage. However, it would cost more for some the groups to replace both a lower saturated fat and a lower sodium sausage in the household's food basket.


Abstract. Historical aerial photography has become a valuable commodity in any country, as it provides a precise record of historical land management over time. In a developing country, such as South Africa, that has undergone enormous political and social change over the last years, such photography is invaluable as it provides a clear indication of past injustices and serves as an aid to addressing post-apartheid issues such as land reform and land redistribution. National mapping organisations throughout the world have vast repositories of such historical aerial photography. In order to effectively use these datasets in today's digital environment requires that it be georeferenced to an accuracy that is suitable for the intended purpose. Using image-to-image georeferencing techniques, this research sought to determine the accuracies achievable for ortho-rectifying large volumes of historical aerial imagery, against the national standard for ortho-rectification in South Africa, using two different types of scanning equipment. The research conducted four tests using aerial photography from different time epochs over a period of sixty years, where the ortho-rectification matched each test to an already ortho-rectified mosaic of a developed area of mixed land use. The results of each test were assessed in terms of visual accuracy, spatial accuracy and conformance to the national standard for ortho-rectification in South Africa. The results showed a decrease in the overall accuracy of the image as the epoch range between the historical image and the reference image increased. Recommendations on the applications possible given the different epoch ranges and scanning equipment used are provided.


A salient feature of the Asian crisis of 1997 was a collapse of stock markets that took place over several months. The dynamics of this collapse raises the question of what information was driving the markets. This paper examines a key aspect of this question: did information flow from the domestic Asian markets to overseas markets, or vice versa? We test for the direction of this information flow by comparing daily returns in several Southeast Asian equity markets with daily returns on US-based closed-end funds that invest in those markets, exploiting the fact that there is no overlap between the trading hours in the two regions. We find that while information flows between local and US markets tended to be roughly evenly balanced before the crisis, US market returns assumed a more important role during the crisis. This is the case both for the level of daily returns and for the volatility of those returns. We also find that fund returns were more closely tied to broad US market returns during the crisis period. This suggests that the shift in causation between the US and Asia reflected a greater role for US market sentiment, rather than for the news that became known during US trading hours.


This study was an outcome of research report on closing the gap of educational disparities in two West Africa countries (Nigeria and Sierra Leone). Both countries were among the 155 countries that agreed at the World Conference on 'Education for All' in Jomtien (1990), to make primary education accessible to all children and to massively reduce illiteracy before the end of the decade. There has been little demonstrated success since the implementation of the UBE program over a decade ago. Findings from the analysed data collected through document analysis and interview with thirty bureaucrats in the capital Territories of the two countries revealed that more than eight million children of school age (six to 15 years) are still not in school in Nigeria (Bolaji, Campbell-Evans and Gray, 2016;  NUT, 2008; UENSCO, 2006; World Bank, 2007, UBEC, 2004), and over  28% of school-aged children are out of school and those children that have dropped out of school are engaged in domestic and economic slavery in Sierra Leone(World Bank Report, 2014; UNICEF Report, 2009; 2015). Meeting the United Nations (UN) Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which aim to achieve compulsory universal basic education for all children 2050, is in serious doubt in both countries because of the issue of implementation. This study advocates regional managerialism of education as alternative approach to achieving education for all in 2050.


The relation of the right to privacy to other rights and possible means and limitations of the combination of these rights are examined in this article. Law has to harmonize opposite interests and guarantee adequate protection of these interests by legal regulation. The principle of constitutional integrity is a legal imperative to the legislator and other subjects to base their actions upon the Constitution as an integral system. Therefore, from the standpoint of legal validity, no constitutional norm can be superior to another. It is not possible for a legal regulation, where an individual is deprived of a certain constitutional right while realizing another, to be set. Exceptional attention is paid to regulation of the right to privacy and the protection of information about private life, taking into consideration a different social status of public and private persons. Since notion of a public person is not defined in the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania, it is the legislator's, who establishes the institute of a public person, duty to define the criteria according to which certain people could be attributed to the group of public people. The notion in Part 3 Article 14 of the Law on Provision of Information to the Public that people participating in public work are treated as public people is doubtful because the criterion established by law is not concrete and ambiguous. It is not clear how intensively an individual would have to act in the society to be treated as a public person. A conclusion is to be drawn that the legislator should make the criteria according to which a person is attributed to the group of public people more concrete. It is proposed to supplement the notion of the law and define that only politicians and civil servants who influence solution of important state questions are to be treated as public people. The article analyses the protection means of information about person's private life. Special attention is paid for before the trial protection. The conclusion is that the protection of private life in before-the-trial institutions is not effective because very few applications are investigated, practically no sanctions are applied to the infringer, adopted decisions do not provide for moral satisfaction to an injured person, therefore he is obliged to sue.


Building systems that alter program behavior during execution based on user-specified criteria (computational steering systems) has been a recent research topic, particularly among the high performance computing community. To enable a computational steering system with powerful visualization capabilities to run on distributed memory architectures, a distributed infrastructure (or runtime system) must first be built. This infrastructure would permit harnessing a variety of machines to collaborate on an interactive simulation. Building such an infrastructure requires strategies for coordinating execution across machines (concurrency control mechanisms), mechanisms for fast data transfer between machines, and mechanisms for user manipulation of remote execution. We are creating a distributed infrastructure for the SCIRun computational steering system. SCIRun, a scientific problem solving environment (PSE), provides the ability to interactively guide or steer a running computation. Initially designed for a shared memory multiprocessor, SCIRun is a tightly integrated, multi-threaded framework for composing scientific applications from existing or new components. High performance computing is needed to maintain interactivity for scientists and engineers running simulations. Extending such a performance-sensitive application toolkit to enable pieces of the computation to run on different machine architectures all within the same computation would prove very useful. Not only could many different machines execute this framework, but also several machines could be configured to work synergistically on computations.


The empirical literature has failed to reach consensus on the impact of aid on development outcomes based on aggregate cross-country analysis. This study follows the current trend in the literature on the effectiveness of aid to examine the impact of local-level aid on health outcomes. We combine data on World Bank's geo-located aid projects with three rounds of Demographic Health Surveys from Cote d'Ivoire and use difference-in-difference estimation techniques to explore the effects of aid on infant mortality. We find that proximity to development aid projects is associated with reduced infant mortality. Our results are robust to mother fixed-effects estimations as well as water and sanitation projects. The evidence suggests that access to prenatal and postnatal health care are possible mechanisms through which aid may affect infant mortality.


An international team of experts from institutions participating in SCOAP3 has prepared a detailed description of the peer-review and open access services that the consortium intends to purchase through high-quality peer-reviewed journals, the conditions for the provision of these services and the implications on existing licensing agreementsCERN has now issued a Market Survey for the benefit of SCOAP3. It is publicly available at: http://cdsweb.cern.ch/record/1384149 Publishers of high-quality peer-reviewed journals carrying content in the field of High-Energy Physics have been invited to answer to this Market Survey, whose purpose is to identify potential bidders for the provision of peer-review and open access services to SCOAP3. The following phase of the process will be an invitation to tender to qualified providers by the end of 2011, for contracts to be placed during 2012 with services commencing 1 January 2013. The deadline for the Market Survey was October 19th.


'As though walking through a deep dream, I saw steel helmets approaching through the craters. They seemed to sprout from the fire-harrowed soil like some iron harvest'. "Storm of Steel" is one of the greatest works to emerge from the catastrophe of the First World War. A memoir of astonishing power, savagery and ashen lyricism, it illuminates like no other book the horrors but also the fascination of total war, presenting the conflict through the eyes of an ordinary German soldier. As an account of the terrors of the Western Front and of the sickening allure that made men keep fighting on for four long years, "Storm of Steel" has no equal.


This study investigated cultural differences in the perception of emoticons between Japanese and Dutch participants. We manipulated the eyes and mouth of emoticons independently and asked participants to evaluate the emotion of each emoticon. The results show that Japanese participants tended to focus on the emotion expressed with the eyes while Dutch participants put weight on the shape of the mouth when evaluating emoticons. This tendency is consistent with a previous cross-cultural study comparing people from Japan and the United States (Yuki et al., 2007).


Initial Teacher Education (ITE) occurs in a predominantly analytic space, in common with most higher education provision. Creating and legitimising narrative learning community spaces would result in the foregrounding of professional identity formation across the ITE curriculum. The resulting systematic attention to the impact of teacher identity on professional practice will develop teachers who are more resilient and better able to negotiate the theory-to-practice shifts required of classroom-ready teachers (Johnson, Down, Le Cornu, Peters, Sullivan, Pearce & Hunter, 2010; Hooley, 2007). I present this case for narrative pedagogies by offering two stories from my own journey of increasing commitment to narrative pedagogies. Each story is paired with a preservice teacher narrative from a significant stage in their identity development. And each pair is followed by an analytic interlude that frames the accounts in the literature on narrative ways of knowing and professional identity development. I contend that three things need to occur to establish effective and sustainable narrative learning community spaces. First, teacher educators need to embrace the use of narrative ways of knowing in our pedagogical practice. Second, we need to recognise the embodied complexity of the teaching context, and how narrative can be used to develop preservice teachers' capacity to navigate these 'swampy lowlands' of practice (Schon, 1983, p. 42). Third, we need to teach the skills of narrative writing and interpretation across the ITE curriculum to equip preservice teachers to negotiate their teacher identity and become resilient and creative practitioners. In presenting this series of vignettes about storying in teacher learning, I intend to offer new insights and raise new questions about how narrative can respond to the current needs of initial teacher education (Teacher Education Ministerial Advisory Group, 2014; Sellars, 2014).


We show that an end-to-end deep learning approach can be used to recognize either English or Mandarin Chinese speech-two vastly different languages. Because it replaces entire pipelines of hand-engineered components with neural networks, end-to-end learning allows us to handle a diverse variety of speech including noisy environments, accents and different languages. Key to our approach is our application of HPC techniques, enabling experiments that previously took weeks to now run in days. This allows us to iterate more quickly to identify superior architectures and algorithms. As a result, in several cases, our system is competitive with the transcription of human workers when benchmarked on standard datasets. Finally, using a technique called Batch Dispatch with GPUs in the data center, we show that our system can be inexpensively deployed in an online setting, delivering low latency when serving users at scale.


This chapter examines the rise of radical right-wing nationalist parties and radical anti-globalization, anti-austerity left-wing parties in Europe. Anti-establishment parties are not new; they have always been a feature of European politics. The ground was not seeded for their development and expansion, however, until social and cultural changes that began in the 1960s combined with the economic and migration crises of the 2000s. The chapter discusses historic anti-establishment parties and the new parties that have emerged over the last two decades. It discusses the nature of anti-establishment parties and describes contemporary radical-left and extreme-right parties. The label of 'populism' as applied to these parties is analysed. Using a comparative approach, the chapter examines why there has been a growth of support for anti-establishment parties and attitudes in the last decades, focusing on the development of a 'populist moment' in contemporary representative democracies.


The culture of nineteenth-century Russia is often seen as dominated by realism in the arts, as exemplified by the novels of Leo Tolstoy and Ivan Turgenev, the paintings of 'the Wanderers,' and the historical operas of Modest Mussorgsky. Paradoxically, nineteenth-century Russia was also consumed with a passion for spiritualist activities such as table-rappings, seances of spirit communication, and materialization of the 'spirits.' Ghostly Paradoxes examines the surprising relationship between spiritualist beliefs and practices and the positivist mindset of the Russian Age of Realism (1850-80) to demonstrate the ways in which the two disparate movements influenced each other. Foregrounding the important role that nineteenth-century spiritualism played in the period's aesthetic, ideological, and epistemological debates, Ilya Vinitsky challenges literary scholars who have considered spiritualism to be archaic and peripheral to other cultural issues of the time. Ghostly Paradoxes is an innovative work of literary scholarship that traces the reactions of Russia's major realist authors to spiritualist events and doctrines and demonstrates that both movements can be understood only when examined together.


Questions about a link between the administration of the pediatric measles mumps rubella (MMR) vaccine and subsequent diagnoses of autism have diffused widely through both the professional medical literature as well as through mass-market media publications in recent years.

A 1998 study in Lancet (Wakefield et al.) proposed the initial MMR-autism link, and as of this writing, has received over 600 citations per ISI's Web of Science database. The publication of this study, and the controversy and criticism that followed it, coincides with the rapid growth in the scope of Internet information resources and the number of Internet users (Madden, 2006), and represents a unique opportunity to explore the intersection of expert and non-expert conversations about an issue of health, science, and public policy, mediated, in part, by a digital information environment.

While there is no shortage of bibliometric study examining some of the media dimensions of this issue (Hilton, Hunt, Langan, Hamilton, & Petticrew, 2009; Lewis & Speers, 2003; Smith, Ellenberg, Bell, & Rubin, 2008), this study proposes a novel view by choosing an information-based unit of analysis that qualitatively identifies the invocation of published scientific research and governmental policy as "boundary objects" in published discourse, and as possible evidence of assertions of authority in a controversial arena. This present study represents the first part of this effort -- a content analysis of the expert literature domain of a controversial topic in an effort to identify themes and patterns that may be applied to a larger (and more diverse) corpus of non-expert literature, and to ultimately help create a more informed theoretical framework for boundary-spanning digital collections.


FFTW is an implementation of the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) that adapts to the hardware in order to maximize performance. This paper shows that such an approach can yield an implementation that is competitive with hand-optimized libraries, and describes the software structure that makes our current FFTW3 version flexible and adaptive. We further discuss a new algorithm for real-data DFTs of prime size, a new way of implementing DFTs by means of machine-specific single-instruction, multiple-data (SIMD) instructions, and how a special-purpose compiler can derive optimized implementations of the discrete cosine and sine transforms automatically from a DFT algorithm.


In late December 1994--after having attracted widespread praise as a model of economic reform and becoming a super-magnet for international investors, as well as the United States' partner in the newly consummated NAFTA trade agreement--Mexico seemingly overnight plunged into political and economic crisis. The perceived threat to the global economy was to lead the Clinton administration, against strong congressional criticism, to push through an unprecedented $40-billion international rescue package. What went wrong in Mexico? What role was played by flaws in the design of the Mexican reforms, by political as well as economic decision-making in the context of the crises that shook the country, by external market forces, and by sheer bad luck? What lessons can the peso crisis offer to those grappling with newly unfolding crises in other emerging-market economies around the world? The complex anatomy of this 'first economic crisis of the 21st century' is here examined-in sometimes sharply divergent perspectives--by a distinguished international group that includes ex-ministers, financial market participants, leading political scientists and economists, and senior officials from the World Bank, the IMF, and the Inter-American Development Bank. In addition to the editors, the contributors are Robert L. Bartley, Nancy Birdsall, Agustino Carstens, Rudiger Dornbusch, Denise Dresser, Jeffry A. Frieden, Michael Gavin, Francisco Gil-Diaz, David D. Hale, Ricardo Hausmann, Claudio M. Loser, and Peter H. Smith.


This study addressed the use of African American Vernacular English among a group of urban secondary school students who participated in a digital media course as part of a pre-college summer enrichment program. Using theories of African American language and culturally relevant pedagogy, the analysis revealed four features of African American Vernacular English: :tonal semantics, sermonic tone, call and response, and signifying which were evident in a digital text created by students. Findings from this study pointed to the utility and significance of creating culturally relevant spaces for technology teaching and learning, and the production of digital text. These findings also informed efforts to reduce the digital divide e among African American students. (ProQuest-CSA LLC: ... denotes non-USASCII text omitted.) One of the most significant Federal court battles of the latter part of the 20th century, Brown v Board of Education (1954) involved access to literacy for African Americans (Gates, 1999). Throughout American history, access to literacy has often come through both legal and personal struggles by African American people. Laws were enacted that made it a crime for enslaved Africans to read and write (Gates, 1999). However, slave narratives described how slaves risked being punished with whippings, amputations, and even violent deaths in their desire to become literate (Perry, Steel, & Milliard, 2004). As a result, access to literacy became a hallmark of the slave's humanity and an instrument of liberation (Gates, 1999). African Americans have always striven to become literate people using whatever forms of communication were available. When written communication was illegal, African American slaves creatively used songs and rhetoric in the fields and in churches to communicate (Banks, 2005). hi contemporary society, multimedia technologies have created new modes of communication and African Americans bring that same creativity, culture, and historical experience to their use of communication using multimedia technology. Through television, radio, and the Internet, the African American cultural experience is revealed not only to other African Americans, but it is also communicated to a diverse global world. Contemporary literacy struggles for African Americans involve accessing emergent technologies and bridging the "digital divide" or difference in access and use of digital technology between White communities and communities of color, especially African American communities. Because lower rates of computer use by African Americans can be correlated to higher rates of poverty and lower levels of education (National Telecommunications and Information Administration, 2000), the need to bridge this digital divide and the resultant academic and economic gaps between Caucasian students and African American students remains urgent. African Americans need access to meaningful and enriched opportunities with the extensive resources that multimedia technology offers. Access to these resources also needs to coincide with culturally relevant curricular and pedagogical approaches, where African American youth can draw from their own rich cultural contexts and experiences that define their place in the world (Gates, 1999). This research study addresses issues of access and culturally relevant experiences with technology for African Americans by considering a group of African American secondary school students who participated in a digital media course as part of a pre-college summer program. Using theories of African American language and culturally relevant pedagogy, this article examines four aspects of African American Vernacular English (AAVE): tonal semantics, sermonic tone, call and response, and signifying (Smitherman, 2000) that were evident in the students' digital text productions. Findings from this study point to the usefulness and significance of creating culturally relevant spaces for technology teaching and learning and the production of digital text. …


"From the series "Activating the Archive", in which selections from Art Metropole's archive of videotapes were made by artists, critics and curators on a particular topic or theme. This publication folds out much like a map and acts as a written documentation of the event wherein writer, director, performer and teacher Paulette Phillips spoke on the work of Canadian video artist Jane Wright. Phillips takes the approach of viewing Wright's work from the inside out and how the artist's life is utilized in her work." -- Publisher's website.


Judicial review of agency statutory interpretations depends heavily on the linguistic concept of ambiguity. Under Chevron, judicial deference to an agency's interpretation hinges on whether the court determines the statute to be ambiguous. Despite its importance, the ambiguity concept has been poorly developed by courts and deviates in important respects from how linguists approach ambiguity. For instance, courts conflate ambiguity identification and disambiguation and treat ambiguity as an umbrella concept that encompasses distinct forms of linguistic indeterminacy such as vagueness and generality. The resulting ambiguity standard is unpredictable and does not adequately perform its function of mediating between judicial interpretive autonomy and deference to agency interpretations.
This article offers a novel alternative to the problematic ambiguity concept. Rather than a binary choice between clarity and ambiguity, different types of linguistic issues should call for different judicial treatment. Instead of the ambiguity trigger for deference, courts should presume that certain categories of issues are judicially resolvable while other categories are for the agency to resolve. The categories proposed in this article reflect the traditional view that courts are experts at statutory interpretation (which includes determining congressional intent), and agencies are experts at policymaking (which includes exercising delegated discretion). The categories thus provide a framework for the allocation of interpretive authority between courts and agencies on the basis of their respective areas of expertise. Furthermore, the proposed framework offers a better account of significant cases, such as the infamous King v. Burwell case where the Court refused to defer to the agency's interpretation, than does the Court's own explanations.


The development of an effective ceramic conversion treatment of TIMETAL LCB (Ti-6.8Mo-4.5Fe-1.5Al) has been investigated. Various characterisation methods were used to analyse samples in order to identify the best process conditions including SEM, EDX, XRD, GDS, micro-indentation and scratch testing. A solution treatment temperature of 850°C was used as this is the appropriate temperature for the mechanism of solution treatment according to the β-transus temperature of this alloy. The results show that a solution treatment of 0.5 hours produces an acceptable thickness of oxygen hardened case, an almost equal hardness to that of a longer treatment and a far better oxide layer, than a longer treatment time did, in terms of adherence to the substrate. An aging temperature of 500°C was found to be the best as a lower temperature than this produced too thin an oxide layer and a higher temperature meant the oxide layer became exceedingly brittle. An aging time of 8 hours was found to be best as this gave good hardness, good performance in both static and dynamic loading and good wear resistance. The wear testing results show that the tribological properties of the TIMETAL LCB alloy have been significantly enhanced by the new ceramic conversion treatment specifically developed for beta alloys. The improved friction and wear properties can be attributed to the low-friction TiO\(^2\) outer oxide surface layer supported by a Ti\(^3\)O\(^5\) inner oxide layer and an oxygen diffusion hardened case up to a depth of ~70μm.


Attention based neural networks are state of the art in a large range of applications. However, their performance tends to degrade when the number of layers increases. In this work, we show that enforcing Lipschitz continuity by normalizing the attention scores can significantly improve the performance of deep attention models. First, we show that, for deep graph attention networks (GAT), gradient explosion appears during training, leading to poor performance of gradient-based training algorithms. To address this issue, we derive a theoretical analysis of the Lipschitz continuity of attention modules and introduce LipschitzNorm, a simple and parameter-free normalization for self-attention mechanisms that enforces the model to be Lipschitz continuous. We then apply LipschitzNorm to GAT and Graph Transformers and show that their performance is substantially improved in the deep setting (10 to 30 layers). More specifically, we show that a deep GAT model with LipschitzNorm achieves state of the art results for node label prediction tasks that exhibit long-range dependencies, while showing consistent improvements over their unnormalized counterparts in benchmark node classification tasks.


A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a computer wireless network composed of spatially distributed and autonomous tiny nodes -- smart dust sensors, motes -, which cooperatively monitor physical or environmental conditions. Nowadays these kinds of networks support a wide range of applications, such as target tracking, security, environmental control, habitat monitoring, source detection, source localization, vehicular and traffic monitoring, health monitoring, building and industrial monitoring, etc. Many of these applications have strong requirements for end-to-end delay and losses during data transmissions. In this work we have classified the main mechanisms that have been proposed to provide Quality of Service (QoS) in WSN at Medium Access Control (MAC) and network layers. Finally, taking into account some particularities of the studied MAC- and network-layer protocols, we have selected a real application scenario in order to show how to choose an appropriate approach for guaranteeing performance in a WSN deployed application.


We studied Na+,K+-adenosine triphosphatase by assaying specific tritiated ouabain binding in the frontal cortex, temporal cortex, hippocampus, putamen, cerebellum, and cerebral microvessels in subjects with Alzheimer's disease and control subjects. Ouabain binds specifically, in a saturable manner, and with a high affinity to a single class of binding sites in all the tissues studied. The density of ouabain binding sites was highest in cerebellum and frontal cortex (approximately 40 pmol/mg of protein); intermediate in temporal cortex, hippocampus, and putamen; and lowest in brain microvessels (approximately 8 pmol/mg of protein). The dissociation constant of binding was about 30 nmol/L in all tissues. In control subjects, there were no age-related alterations in ouabain binding, nor was there any correlation between ouabain binding and postmortem delay. However, there was a marked decrease in brain ouabain binding in subjects with Alzheimer's disease when compared with age-matched controls, especially in the cerebral cortex. Ouabain binding was also significantly decreased in the cerebellum and putamen of subjects with Alzheimer's disease even though these brain regions are not particularly affected in this disease. Ouabain binding to brain microvessels, which constitute the blood-brain barrier, was not significantly decreased in subjects with Alzheimer's disease. The decreased specific ouabain binding in the brain of subjects with Alzheimer's disease probably reflects the loss of neuronal membranes.


Aerobic Wastewater Treatment Processes: History and Development discusses the widely differing influences on the development of aerobic treatment such as water supply, toxic trade effluents, microscopy and population growth in urban areas. It covers the historical development of sewage treatment and the emergence of aerobic biological treatment from the early nineteenth century to the present day.

The importance of water supply is examined and the influence this had on the water-carriage system, and the consequent discharge of sewage into rivers. The factors which govern process selection and process development are discussed. There is a continued impetus to reduce land area, capital costs, running costs, and to optimise performance and process control.

The discovery of the activated sludge process is detailed including the development, in the early 1900s, of many forms of this process. Industrial wastes were discharged to biological treatment systems and the impact of such pollutants is reviewed. The work of Royal Commissions, River Boards and the National Rivers Authority is summarised, and the advances in chemical analysis and "on-line" measurement of chemical quality characteristics.

Later developments such as reed beds and the use of hybrid treatment systems are covered. Examples are included such as the "fixed film" activated sludge process which has found application for small communities in package form, and also for large-scale municipal treatment plants.

Aerobic Wastewater Treatment Processes: History and Development is valuable reading for students of the following courses on CIWEM Dip examination, WITA and B Tech and Environmental Science and Civil Engineering.

ISBN: 9781843395423 (Print)

ISBN: 9781780400952 (eBook)


Mixed‑methods research designs are increasingly popular,
 especially in the management domain because they hold the potential
 to offset the weaknesses inherent in mono‑method, qualitative or
 quantitative designs. In entrepreneurship research, the domain in
 which this study is located, mixed‑method studies are conducted
 mostly according to a sequential‑exploratory design with an aim of
 developing and validating theory in a single research study. In some
 studies, the qualitative phase is used to develop a questionnaire,
 which is more common. However, the actual process of converting
 qualitative data into operationalised constructs and survey items is
 usually not clearly articulated. This creates an opportunity to
 contribute to a better understanding of the process of transitioning
 from a qualitative to a quantitative study. This paper proposes such
 an approach, using an example of a study of the skills entrepreneurs
 use to start and run their businesses. In the qualitative phase,
 interviews were conducted with 20 entrepreneurs and 6 national
 experts to discover the skills required by entrepreneurs to start
 and manage their businesses. Data analysis, using computer assisted
 qualitative data analysis software, resulted in nine groups of
 skills considered important in performing entrepreneurial
 activities. Based on qualitative analysis, the study provides a
 detailed account of the process of converting qualitative data into
 a quantitative survey questionnaire, which will enhance the
 effectiveness of mixed‑methods designs. The developed
 entrepreneurial skills questionnaire was tested and validated on a
 sample of 235 entrepreneurs. The article concludes with implications
 for mixed‑methods researchers who want to develop new instruments,
 and scholars conducting research on entrepreneurial skills.


Abstract The agriculture sector has a 21 percent share in global CO2 emission. It is contributing the 40 percent share in the gross domestic product of OBORI (One Belt and One Road Initiative) economies. Therefore, the present work intends to evaluate the role of agriculture and forest on environmental degradation from 1980 to 2017 for OBORI economies. The cross-sectional dependence, and order of integration are checked by cross-sectional dependence and second-generation panel unit roots tests respectively. Afterwards, the Wester-Lund co-integration test infers the existence of co-integration between under-considered variables for OBORI region. The empirical results from Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square (FMOLS) and Dynamic Ordinary Least Square (DOLS) suggest that agriculture and energy demand cause to upsurge the environmental degradation. While, the forest is improving the environment quality. The authorities may consider the efficient energy utilizing, and eco-friendly techniques to overcome the deteriorating effects of energy usage and agriculture on environment respectively. The heterogeneous panel causality test infers a bidirectional causality between environmental degradation, finance, agriculture, and energy demand respectively.


This article examines the progress (or rather, lack of it) of the initiative launched in 1993 by the Intergovernmental Authority for Drought and Development (IGADD) to achieve peace in Sudan. The initiative is seen as a model for regional co?operation in Africa and has received a high level of international support. However, it has yet to achieve success in spite of running as a high?profile mediation effort for more than seven years. The article offers a brief summary of the history of the process and tries to examine the obstacles and problems that have delayed its success. It also looks at some of the implications for regional peace?making in Africa, and concludes by offering some recommendations for breaking the deadlock. This is the only up?to?date and comprehensive account of the process known to the author, and is based on intimate familiarity with it. The analysis aims to place the peace process in the regional context, in contrast to other treatments which concentrate on internal Sudanese politics.


The current model of economic growth generated unprecedented increases in human wealth and prosperity during the 19th and 20th centuries. The main mechanisms have been the rapid pace of technological and social innovation, human capital accumulation, and the conversion of resources and natural capital into more valuable forms of produced capital. However, there is evidence emerging that this model may be approaching environmental limits and planetary boundaries, and that the conversion of natural capital needs to slow down rapidly and then be reversed. Some commentators have asserted that in order for this to occur, we will need to stop growing altogether and, instead, seek prosperity without growth. Others argue that environmental concerns are low-priority luxuries to be contemplated once global growth has properly returned to levels observed prior to the 2008 financial crisis. A third group argues that there is no trade-off, and, instead, promotes green growth: the (politically appealing) idea is that we can simultaneously grow and address our environmental problems. This paper provides a critical perspective on this debate and suggests that a substantial research agenda is required to come to grips with these challenges. One place to start is with the relevant metrics: measures of per-capita wealth, and, eventually, quantitative measures of prosperity, alongside a dashboard of other sustainability indicators. A public and political focus on wealth (a stock), and its annual changes, could realistically complement the current focus on market-based gross output as measured by GDP (a flow). This could have important policy implications, but deeper changes to governance and business models will be required.


ABSTRACT There is an increasing desire in the railway industry to improve the longevity of wheels and rails without reducing performance in other ways (e.g. worsening passenger comfort). One way of reducing track and wheel wear is to reduce the primary yaw stiffness, significantly diminishing the costs associated with maintenance and emergency repairs, resulting however in reduced passenger comfort and high-speed stability. This paper, using a two-axle railway vehicle case study, demonstrates the potential of using passive, inerter-based suspensions to concurrently improve ride comfort and reduce track wear. The industrial parameter is used to quantify the frictional energy lost at the contact patch under curving conditions, and the lateral RMS carbody acceleration is used to quantify passenger comfort under straight running conditions, with lateral track disturbances taken from real track data. Optimisation results conclude that, with the default yaw stiffness value, compared with the default spring-damper configuration in the primary lateral suspension, employing beneficial inerter-based configurations can improve passenger comfort by up to 43%. If the yaw stiffness is reduced such that the track wear is improved, similar improvements in passenger comfort can still be achieved with lateral inerter-based suspensions; for example, an improvement of 33% can still be achieved with a 50% reduction in yaw stiffness. Furthermore, when an inerter-based lateral suspension is used together with a Hall-Bush longitudinal suspension, the passenger comfort rises to 40%, which relates to a 25% improvement when compared with a non-inerter lateral plus Hall-Bush longitudinal setup.


The polytopic plasma membrane protein Rim21 senses both the elevation of ambient pH and alterations in plasma membrane lipid asymmetry in the Rim101 pathway in budding yeast. Rim21 is known to undergo N-glycosylation, but the site and function of the glycosylation modification is not known. Using a systematic mutation analysis, we found that Rim21 is N-glycosylated at an unconventional motif located in the N-terminal extracellular region. The Rim21 mutant protein that failed to receive N-glycosylation showed prolonged protein lifetime compared to that of WT Rim21 protein. Although both the WT and mutant Rim21 localized to the plasma membrane, they exhibited different biochemical fractionation profiles. The mutant Rim21, but not WT Rim21, was mainly fractionated into the heavy membrane fraction. Further, compared to WT Rim21, mutant Rim21 was more easily solubilized with digitonin but was conversely more resistant to solubilization with Triton X-100. Despite these different biochemical properties from WT Rim21, mutant Rim21 protein could still activate the Rim101 pathway in response to external alkalization. Collectively, N-glycosylation of Rim21 is not indispensable for its activity as a sensor protein, but modulates the residence of Rim21 protein to some microdomains within the plasma membrane with distinct lipid conditions, thereby affecting its turnover. Keywords: plasma membrane, lipid asymmetry, N-linked glycosylation, microdomain, Saccharomyces cerevisiae.


Kahneman and Tversky argue that regression to the mean is a pervasive but subtle statistical principle that is often misunderstood or insufficiently appreciated. The authors investigate this phenomenon by looking at changes in the Dow Jones Industrial Average. Regression to the mean suggests that companies taken out of the Dow may not be as bad as their current predicaments indicate, and the companies that replace them may not be as terrific as their current records suggest. If investors are insufficiently aware of this statistical phenomenon, stock prices may be too low for the former and too high for the latter—mistakes that will be corrected when these companies regress to the mean. Thus, stocks taken out of the Dow may outperform the stocks that replace them. The authors test this hypothesis with the 50 substitutions made since the Dow expanded to 30 stocks in 1928.


The growing interest in process mining is fueled by the increasing availability of event data. Process mining techniques use event logs to automatically discover process models, check conformance, identify bottlenecks and deviations, suggest improvements, and predict processing times. Lion's share of process mining research has been devoted to analysis techniques. However, the proper handling of problems and challenges arising in analyzing event logs used as input is critical for the success of any process mining effort. In this paper, we identify four categories of process characteristics issues that may manifest in an event log (e.g. process problems related to event granularity and case heterogeneity) and 27 classes of event log quality issues (e.g., problems related to timestamps in event logs, imprecise activity names, and missing events). The systematic identification and analysis of these issues calls for a consolidated effort from the process mining community. Five real-life event logs are analyzed to illustrate the omnipresence of process and event log issues. We hope that these findings will encourage systematic logging approaches (to prevent event log issues), repair techniques (to alleviate event log issues) and analysis techniques (to deal with the manifestation of process characteristics in event logs).


Consumer involvement is now firmly established as National Health Service (NHS) R&D policy. This study identified the range and diversity of current NHS research projects involving consumers within an NHS region, to investigate the extent to which the policy is being implemented. Trust R&D directors and managers were surveyed and the National Research Register scrutinized. Researchers were found to be involving consumers in research in less than a third of trusts in the region. Difficulties were encountered in categorising research activities and the level of consumer involvement, suggesting that more precision in describing consumer involvement in the research process is necessary. Researchers had concerns about the practicalities of involving consumers and expressed a need for more direction and resources. Makes recommendations for trust management to facilitate more active involvement of consumers in research.


In today's competitive business environment, human resources are one of the most critical assets particularly for service-focused organizations. Consequently, employees' morale has become invaluable for maintaining outstanding organizational perfor- mance and retaining employees. One of the most important factors which may affect employees' satisfaction is workplace bullying from employers and colleagues at large. It is considered a negative and unethical issue which may degrade, humiliate and create a risk to a healthy working environment. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to investigate the extent to which workplace bullying may affect the organizational outcomes of a sample of five-star hotels in Egypt. Two questionnaires were distributed among the subjects of the sample; bell desk staff, kitchen stewards and head depart-ments. The results of this research confirmed that there is a correlation between work- place bullying, employees' morale and turnover intentions but, showed no correlation between workplace bullying and employees' work performance.


This study aims to identify patterns of marketing channels made by farmer of rubber at Pulau Busuk Jaya village, analyze the efficiency of the marketing of rubber at Pulau Busuk Jaya village, knowing the social relationship between the Tauke and the farmer of rubberand knowing theinterest and impeller factors of farmers to sell the rubber to the Tauke. The results showed that the marketing channels that occurred in the Pulau Busuk Jaya village consists of two marketing channels, namely channel 1 of the traders ( Tauke ) to wholesalers ( outside the village ) and go directly to the PT. Agrolestari Kuantan Singingi and on channel 2 of the traders ( Tauke ) go to the PT. Agrolestari Kuantan Singingi.Social relations that occur between the farmer of rubberand the Tauke which is a measure of the size of wealth, the size of honor, power and authority, size and knowledge. The interest and impeller factors of rubber farmer sell to the Taukeis influenced by several factors of which the interest factor that is price,provision of capital, social relation between farmer and traders (Tauke) appropriate bargaining system and the trust factor. Then the impeller factor is the relationship of debt, the amount of production and sources of funding ).


In helper T (Th) cells, cell fate is primarily determined by the transcription factors GATA-3, which directs Th2-type cells, and T-bet, which regulates Th1 lineage choice. Hwang et al. found that during the early stages of a T helper precursor's decision to become a Th1 cell, T-bet has an unusual means of repressing the Th2-promoting effects of GATA-3. After T cell stimulation and under the right polarizing conditions for Th1 cells, T-bet becomes phosphorylated by the tyrosine kinase, ITK, which allows it to bind GATA-3 . This process prevents it from interacting with its Th2 cytokine target genes. This study reveals a further means by which transcription factors may directly cross-regulate one another in specifying cell lineage fate. E. S. Hwang, S. J. Szabo, P. L. Schwartzberg, L. H. Glimcher, T helper cell fate specified by kinase-mediated interaction of T-bet with GATA-3. Science 307, 430-433 (2005). [Abstract] [Full Text]


Value sets (VSs) used in electronic clinical quality measures are lists of codes from standard terminologies ("extensional" VSs), whose purpose ("intension") is not always explicitly stated. We elicited the intension for the 09/01/2014 release of extensional medication value sets by comparison to drug classes from the October 2014 release of RxClass. Value sets matched drug classes if they shared common ingredients, as evidenced by Jaccard similarity score. We elicited the intension of 80 extensional value sets. The average Jaccard similarity was 0.65 for single classes and 0.80 for combination classes, with 34% (27/80) of the value sets having high similarity scores. Manual review by a pharmacist indicated 51% (41/80) of the drug classes selected as the best mapping for a value set matched the intension reflected in that value set name. This approach has the potential for facilitating the development and maintenance of medication value sets.


James Urry. Mennonites, Politics, and Peoplehood: Europe--Russia--Canada, 1525 to 1980. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press, 2006. xv + 400 pp. $27.95 paper. James Urry's new book is historical social anthropology at its best. It is both comprehensive and narrowly focused, spanning the centuries from the founding of the Mennonite church in the 16th century to the maturation of a segment of the worldwide community in the 1980s, while concentrating nearly exclusively on the process and character of that church's politicization in the practical and theoretical realms. Matters of faith and doctrine are only peripherally treated when they involve the overriding concerns of politics both internal and external. Urry traces the intricate relationship between a pacifist ethno-religious community, increasingly aware of a unique peoplehood, to the various forms of governing authority appropriate to the various epochs. But this historical evolution of church-state relations is covered for one important segment of the worldwide community only--namely, those who migrated from Holland to Poland-Prussia in the late 16th century and then those from the Danzig region who emigrated to Catherine the Great's "New Russia" on the lower Dnepr in the late 18th century. Then he moves along with several waves of immigrants from Russia to Canada, mainly Manitoba and finally Winnipeg, the city with the largest Mennonite population in the world. Setting up a dramatic structure which leads off in the introduction with a discussion of the apolitical "quiet in the land," Urry ends up with a politically involved "loud in the land" in the conclusion. Each chapter, in chronological order, in turn takes up the central issues of an epoch and develops in detail how the problems emerged and how they were dealt with by both sides, the pacifist group and the powers that be. The first chapter addresses the initial two and a half centuries, starting in 1525. During that time, confessions and magistrates dominated the discourse, including the famous apolitical Schleitheim Articles, positing a sharp division between the corrupt outside world of power and the defenseless flock of the faithful. Gradually, Mennonites followed other groups and composed self-defining confessions of faith, which for the most part rejected service as magistrates, but usually emphasized obedience to rules and decrees issued by magistrates, as long as they did not deviate from the Word of God. With some obvious overlapping in time parameters, the next chapter deals with the mandates issued by nearly all rulers against the Mennonite deviants and traces the slow progress toward acceptance, with full rights enshrined in so-called Privilegia around 1800. The third chapter, spanning the years from 1750 to 1874, is labeled "Revolutions and Constitutions" and focuses still on Western Europe. Mennonites were partially involved in nearly all the political currents and crosscurrents of this tumultuous time, characterized by numerous revolutions and several constitutional liberal attempts at reform and unification, especially in central Europe. To the surprise of many, two Mennonite representatives were elected to the Frankfurt Parliament of 1848, although they seemed to be moved more by nationalism than pacifism and made no attempt to argue for exception from military service or avoidance of legal oaths. Moving on to the second section of the book, we arrive in Russia, familiar terrain for those who have read Professor Urry's earlier book on the sweeping transformation of the Mennonite commonwealth, None But Saints. In the first chapter of this new section, he develops the amazing progress of power and privilege under the benevolent czars up to the Revolution of 1905. There is no one in the field today who can match Urry's potent and penetrating analysis, displayed in this and the following two chapters, more narrowly focused on the period between the revolutions of 1905 and 1917, entitled "Constitutionalism and Solidarity," and the devastating period of the civil war and the agonizing 1920s, somewhat mildly labeled "Autonomy and Ideology. …


— A paradigm shift is a process. The process of implementing inclusive education, a system constructed to support all learners, requires planning, identification, experimentation, and evaluation. In this vein, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the capacity of one Brazilian state school systems to provide special education students with a quality inclusive education. This study originated at the behest of concerned families of students with special needs who filed complaints with the Municipality of Bauru, São Paulo. These families claimed, 1) children with learning differences and educational needs had not been identified for services, and 2) those who had been identified had not received sufficient specialized educational assistance (SEA) in schools across the City of Bauru. Hence, the Office of Civil Rights for the state of São Paulo (Ministério Público de São Paulo) summoned the local higher education institution, UNESP, to design a research study to investigate these allegations. In this exploratory study, descriptive data were gathered from all elementary and middle schools including 58 state schools and 17 city schools, for a total of 75 schools overall. Data collection consisted of each school's annual strategic action plan, surveys and interviews with all school stakeholders to determine their perceptions of the inclusive education available to students with Special Education Needs (SEN). The data were collected as one of four stages in a larger study which also included field observations of a focal students' experience and a continuing education course for all teachers and administrators in both state and city schools. For the purposes of this study, the researchers were interested in understanding the perceptions of school staff, parents, and students across all schools. Therefore, documents and surveys from 75 schools were analyzed for adherence to federal legislation guaranteeing students with SEN the right to special education assistance within the regular school setting. Results shows that while some schools recognized the legal rights of SEN students to receive special education, the plans to actually deliver services were absent. In conclusion, the results of this study revealed both school staff and families have insufficient planning and accessibility resources, and the schools have inadequate infrastructure for full-time support to SEN students, i.e., structures and systems to support the identification of SEN and delivery of services within schools of Bauru, SP. Having


The vortical structure of a plane impinging jet is considered. The jet was locked both in phase and laterally in space, and time series digital particle image velocimetry measurements were made both of the jet exiting the nozzle and as it impinged on a perpendicular wall. Iso-vorticity and iso-λ2 surfaces coupled with critical point theory were used to identify and clarify structure. The flow near the nozzle was much as observed in mixing layers, where the shear layer evolves into spanwise rollers, only here the rollers occurred symmetrically about the jet midplane. Accordingly the rollers were seen to depict spanwise perturbations with the wavelength of flutes at the nozzle edge and were connected, on the same side of the jet, with streamwise 'successive ribs' of the same wavelength. This wavelength was 0.71 of the distance between rollers and, contrary to some experiments in mixing layers, did not double when the rollers paired. Structures not reported previously but evident here with iso-vorticity, λ2 and critical point theory are 'cross ribs', which extend from the downstream side of each roller to its counterpart across the symmetry plane; their spanwise periodic spacing exceeds that of successive ribs by a factor of three. Cross ribs stretch because of the diverging flow as the rollers approach the wall and move apart, causing the vorticity within them to intensify. This process continues until the cross ribs reach the wall and merge with 'wall ribs'. Wall ribs remain near the wall throughout the cycle and are composed of vorticity of the same sign as the cross ribs, but the intensity level of the vorticity within them is cyclic. Details of the expansion of fluid elements, evaluated from the rate of strain tensor, revealed that both cross and successive ribs align with the principal axis and that the vorticity comprising them is continuously amplified by stretching. It is further shown, by appeal to the production terms of the phase-averaged vorticity equation, that wall ribs are sustained by merging and stretching rather than reorientation of vorticity. Moreover production of vorticity is a maximum when cross and wall ribs merge and is greatest near the symmetry plane of the jet. The demise of successive ribs on the other hand occurs away from the symmetry plane and would appear to be less important dynamically than cross ribs merging with wall ribs.