Uncertainties concerning fossil fuel resource availability have traditionally been deemphasized in climate change research as global baseline emission scenarios (i.e., scenarios that do not consider additional climate policies) have been built on the assumption of abundant fossil fuel resources for the 21st century. However, current estimates are subject to critical uncertainties and an emerging body of literature is providing revised estimates. Here we consider the entire range of revised estimates, applying an integrated assessment model to perform a likelihood analysis of climate change pathways. Our results show that, by the end of the century, the two highest emission pathways from the IPCC, the Representative Concentration Pathways RCP6 and RCP8.5, where the baseline scenarios currently lie, have probabilities of being surpassed of 42% and 12%, respectively. In terms of temperature change, the probability of exceeding the 2 °C level by 2100 remains very high (88%), confirming the need for urgent climate action. Coal resource uncertainty determines the uncertainty about the emission and radiative forcing pathways due to the poor quality of data. We also find that the depletion of fossil fuels is likely to occur during the second half of the century accelerating the transition to renewable energy sources in baseline scenarios. Accordingly, more investments may be required to enable the energy transition, while the additional mitigation measures would in turn necessitate a lower effort than currently estimated. Hence, the integrated analysis of resource availability and climate change is essential to obtain internally consistent climate pathways.


BACKGROUND: Hyperoxygenation and hyperinflation, preferably with a mechanical ventilator, is the most commonly used technique to prevent the adverse effects of open endotracheal suctioning on arterial oxygenation and pulmonary volume. However, limited data are available on the effects of oxygen concentrations < 100% and PEEP with zero end-expiratory pressure (0 PEEP) to improve oxygenation and to maintain adequate ventilation during open endotracheal suctioning. The aim of this study was to analyze the behavior of SpO2 and end-tidal CO2 pressure ( PETCO2) in open endotracheal suctioning using the 0 PEEP technique with baseline FIO2 (0 PEEP baseline FIO2) and 0 PEEP + hyperoxygenation of 20% above the baseline value (0 PEEP FIO2 + 0.20) in critically ill subjects receiving mechanical ventilation. METHODS: This was a prospective, randomized, single-blind crossover study, for which 48 subjects with various clinical and surgical conditions were selected; of these, 38 subjects completed the study. The subjects were randomized for 2 interventions: 0 PEEP baseline FIO2 and 0 PEEP FIO2 + 0.20 during the open endotracheal suctioning procedure. Oxygenation was assessed via oxygen saturation as measured with pulse oximetry ( SpO2), and changes in lung were monitored via PETCO2 using volumetric capnography. RESULTS: In the intragroup analysis with 0 PEEP baseline FIO2, there was no significant increase after open endotracheal suctioning in either SpO2 (P = .63) or PETCO2 (P = .11). With 0 PEEP FIO2 + 0.20, there was a significant increase in SpO2 (P < .001), with no significant changes in PETCO2 (P = .55). In the intergroup comparisons, there was a significant increase compared to the basal values only with the 0 PEEP + 0.20 method at 1 min after hyperoxygenation (P < .001), post-immediately (P < .001), at 1 min after (P < .001), and at 2 min after open endotracheal suctioning (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: The appropriate indication of the hyperinflation strategy via mechanical ventilation using 0 PEEP with or without hyperoxygenation proved to be efficient to maintain SpO2 and PETCO2 levels. These results suggest that the technique can minimize the loss of lung volume due to open endotracheal suctioning. (ClinicalTrials.gov registration NCT02440919).


Electroactive polymer (EAP) actuators have been investigated to convert electrical energy into mechanical deformation in autonomous microrobots. The use of dielectric EAP actuators comes with several challenges to address requirements such as high excitation voltages, explicit driving signals, and low conversion efficiency. External bulky and heavy power sources are used to generate and provide required excitation voltages. The development of a miniature, high voltage gain, and highly efficient power electronic interface is required to overcome such challenges and enable autonomous operation of miniature robots. In this paper, a bidirectional single-stage resonant dc-dc step-up converter is introduced and developed to efficiently drive high-voltage EAP actuators in mobile microrobots. The converter utilizes resonant capacitors and a coupled inductor as a soft-switched LC network to step up low input voltage. High-frequency soft-switching operation owing to LC resonance allows small footprint of the circuit without suffering from switching losses, which in turn increases the efficiency. The circuit is capable of generating explicit high-voltage actuation signals, with capability of recovering unused energy from EAP actuators. A 4-mm × 8-mm, 100-mg, and 600-mW prototype has been designed and fabricated to drive an in-plane gap-closing electrostatic inchworm motor. Experimental validations have been carried out to verify the circuit's ability to step up voltage from 2 to 100 V and generate two 1-kHz, 100-V driving voltages at 2-nF capacitive loads.


Proper chromosome attachment to opposite spindle poles (biorientation) and error-free chromosome segregation relies on the plasticity of kinetochore-microtubule attachments; these must remain flexible enough to allow the release of erroneously attached spindle microtubules, yet become sufficiently stable to harness forces for chromosome movements and silence the spindle assembly checkpoint. Aurora B kinase fosters chromosome biorientation by facilitating the dynamics of kinetochore-microtubule attachments through phosphorylation of kinetochore proteins that bind microtubules. Prominent among the substrates, whose microtubule and kinetochore binding is curtailed by Aurora B, is the Ska complex, a key factor for kinetochore-fiber stability. Here, we show that Ska is not only a substrate of Aurora B, but is also required, in turn, for Aurora B activity. Ska-deficient cells fail to biorient and display lagging chromosomes and micronuclei as a result of suppressed kinetochore-microtubule turnover. These defects coincide with diminished kinetochore localization of the Aurora B effectors MCAK and CENP-E, as well as reduced Aurora B substrate phosphorylation. We further show that Ska requires its microtubule binding capability to promote Aurora B activity in cells and directly stimulates Aurora B catalytic activity in vitro. Finally, we demonstrate that PP1 counters Aurora B activity to enable Ska kinetochore accumulation once biorientation is achieved, which allows Ska to exert its kinetochore-fiber stabilizing function. Together, we propose that the Ska complex enhances Aurora B activity to limit its own microtubule and kinetochore association and ensure that the dynamics and stability of kinetochore-microtubules fall within an optimal balance for chromosome biorientation and faithful chromosome segregation.


In warm-blooded animals such as humans and pigs the intestinal microbial composition is dependent on the type of ingested diet. It is known that it also influences the immune system and prevent colonization of pathogenic bacteria. The question is if the gut microbiota has the same impact in lower vertebrates such as fish?
To examine this rainbow trout fry were fed two different diets of either a marine or vegetable origin. At a size of about four gram a subset of the fish was bath challenged by Yersinia ruckeri serotype O1 and intestines were then sampled 5 days post challenge from challenged fish (n = 40) and non-challenged control fish (n = 40). Subsequent metagenomic examination based on the 16S rDNA gene was then performed using the Illumina HiSeq 2000 platform. Obtained sequences were paired, sorted, filtered, checked for chimeras and finally mapped against the Greengene database using the open-source package Bion-meta. Analysis of the microbial communities when then made for the non-infected control fish and Yersinia ruckeri challenged fish.
For the non-infected control fish, the results showed two distinctly different microbial patterns in the intestines dependent on the administered diet type. Fish fed a marine based diet overall had a significantly higher amount of the class β-proteobacteria, while phylum Firmicutes was significantly higher abundant in the intestines of vegetable fed fish. The genera within phylum Firmicutes present in significantly higher amounts in vegetable fed fish were Weissella, Leuconostoc and Streptococcus. Genus Aeromonas from the γ-proteobacteria class was also present in significantly higher amounts in the vegetable fed fish.
The microbial community was different in the fish that were challenged by Yersinia ruckeri. Challenged fish clustered into two groups according to the load of Yersinia ruckeri specific reads in their intestine; the main part of challenged fish (n = 34) had a low amount of Yersinia specific reads (≤ 1.2 % of total amount of reads), while a minor group (n = 6) had a high load ranging between 13.9 and 23.2 % of all reads. These 'high Yersinia level' fish had a significantly lower amount of reads from the order Burkholderiales relative to the 'low Yersinia level' fish and non-infected control fish. Further, the 'high Yersinia level' fish further clustered separately when analyzing the bacterial community on a PCA plot.
The immunological examinations were performed by RT-qPCR in order to measure the expression of selected immune genes. The results showed a similar expression pattern between the two diet groups of non-infected fish, but the response differed between the two diet groups in challenged fish. Overall, the results indicate that the gut microbiota in rainbow trout, like in warm-blooded animals, is highly plastic according to the type of diet and does also seem to be involved in the immunological response in connection to pathogenic challenge.


LiFeAs is unique among the arsenic based Fe-pnictide superconductors because it is the only nearly stoichiometric compound which does not exhibit magnetic order. This is at odds with electronic structure calculations which find a very stable magnetic state and predict cylindrical hole-and electron-like Fermi surface sheets whose geometry suggests spin fluctuations and a possible instability toward long-range ordering at the nesting vector. In fact, a complex magnetic phase diagram is indeed observed in the isostructural NaFeAs compound. Previous angle-resolved photoemission (ARPES) experiments revealed the existence of both hole and electron-like surfaces, but with rather distinct cross-sectional areas and an absence of the nesting that is thought to underpin both magnetic order and superconductivity in the pnictide family of superconductors. These ARPES observations were challenged by subsequent de Haas-van Alphen (dHvA) measurements which detected a few, electron-like Fermi surface sheets in rough agreement with the original band calculations. Here, we show a detailed dHvA study unveiling additional, small and nearly isotropic Fermi surface sheets in LiFeAs single crystals, which ought to correspond to hole-like orbits, as previously observed by ARPES. Therefore, our results reconcile the apparent discrepancy between ARPES and the previous dHvA results. The small size of these Fermi surface pockets suggests a prominent role for the electronic correlations in LiFeAs. The absence of gap nodes, in combination with the coexistence of quasi-two-dimensional and three-dimensional Fermi surfaces, favor an s-wave pairing symmetry for LiFeAs. But similar electron-like Fermi surfaces combined with very different hole pockets between LiFeAs and LiFeP suggest that the nodes in the gap function of LiFeP might be located on the hole pockets. This would be difficult to reconcile with the current understanding of the s +/- scenario.


This paper describes the influence of solid fuel nature and conditions of thermal treatment in a flow reactor with a fluidized and fixed bed of slag and catalyst particles on the porosity of obtained carbon products. Lignite, anthracite and natural graphite were used as starting raw materials. Optimal conditions of thermal treatment providing the formation of porous carbons were selected for the each type of a raw material: pyrolysis with high rate of heating (flash pyrolysis) for lignite, the same combined with steam activation for anthracite and chemical modification and flash pyrolysis for natural graphite.


We have previously demonstrated that a nanometer-diameter pore in a nanometer-thick metal-oxide-semiconductor-compatible membrane can be used as a molecular sensor for detecting DNA. The prospects for using this type of device for sequencing DNA are avidly being pursued. The key attribute of the sensor is the electric field-induced (voltage-driven) translocation of the DNA molecule in an electrolytic solution across the membrane through the nanopore. To complement ongoing experimental studies developing such pores and measuring signals in response to the presence of DNA, we conducted molecular dynamics simulations of DNA translocation through the nanopore. A typical simulated system included a patch of a silicon nitride membrane dividing water solution of potassium chloride into two compartments connected by the nanopore. External electrical fields induced capturing of the DNA molecules by the pore from the solution and subsequent translocation. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest that 20-basepair segments of double-stranded DNA can transit a nanopore of 2.2 x 2.6 nm(2) cross section in a few microseconds at typical electrical fields. Hydrophobic interactions between DNA bases and the pore surface can slow down translocation of single-stranded DNA and might favor unzipping of double-stranded DNA inside the pore. DNA occluding the pore mouth blocks the electrolytic current through the pore; these current blockades were found to have the same magnitude as the blockade observed when DNA transits the pore. The feasibility of using molecular dynamics simulations to relate the level of the blocked ionic current to the sequence of DNA was investigated.


ABSTRACT While the number of American jihadi terrorist attacks remains relatively rare, terrorist plots thwarted by law enforcement have increased since September 11, 2001. Although these law enforcement blocks of would-be terrorists are considered counterterrorism triumphs by the FBI, human rights and civil liberty watch groups have conversely suggested that those who plan for attacks alongside government informants and undercover agents may be unique and essentially dissimilar from terrorists. Underlying this debate is the empirical question of how planned yet unsuccessful attacks and their plotters compare to successful terrorist homicides and their perpetrators. The current study addresses this question by comparatively examining jihadi terrorist homicides and unsuccessful plots occurring in part or wholly on U.S. soil between 1990 and 2014. Data for this study come from the U.S. Extremist Crime Database (ECDB), an open-source database with information on terrorism and extremist crimes. Based on these data, descriptive statistics are provided for several incident, offender, and target variables across three jihadi terrorist violence categories, including homicides, plots with specified targets, and plots with non-specific targets. We find several important differences across categories of terrorist violence, suggesting that unsuccessful plotters and their intended crimes vary from their more successful terrorist counterparts.


The FDR (Frequency Disturbance Recorder) is a data acquisition device for the power system. The device is portable and can be used with any residential wall outlet for frequency data collection. Furthermore, the FDR transmits calculated frequency data to the web for access by authorized users via Ethernet connection. As a result, Virginia Tech implemented Frequency Monitoring Network (FNET) with these FDR devices. FNET is a collection of identical FDRs placed in different measurement sites to allow for data integration and comparison. Frequency is an important factor for power system control and stabilization. With funding and support provided by ABB, TVA and NSF the FDRs are placed strategically all over the United States for frequency analysis, power system protection and monitoring. The purpose of this study is to refine the current FDR hardware design and establish a new design that will physically fit all the components on one Printed Circuit Board (PCB). At the same time, the software that is to be implemented on the new board is to be kept similar if not the same as that of the current design. The current FDR uses the Axiom CME555 development board and it is interfaced to the external devices through its communication ports. Even through the CME555 board is able to meet the demands of the basic FDR operations, there are still several problems associated with this design. This paper will address some of those hardware problems, as well as propose a new board design that is specifically aimed for operations of FDR.


White adipose tissue (WAT) is no longer considered a tissue whose main function is the storage of TAG. Since the discovery of leptin in 1994, several studies have elucidated the important role of WAT as an endocrine organ, the source of the adipokines. The low-grade inflammation observed in obese and cancer cachexia patients is explained, at least partially, by the exacerbated release of proinflammatory adipokines. Despite of the recent progress in the characterization of the various adipokines and lipokines produced by WAT, little is known about the mechanisms regulating the secretion of these molecules in different physiological and pathological circumstances. Chronic exercise is a nonpharmacological therapy employed in several chronic diseases and shows an anti-inflammatory effect through the regulation of the cytokine network. In this review, we address the potential mechanisms by which the aerobic physical exercise modulate the production and release of inflammatory adipokines, as well as the inflammation-lipolysis axis in WAT, with special focus in the therapeutic role of exercise in obesity-associated insulin resistance and cancer cachexia.


Improving the quality of residential care for older people is a priority for many governments, but the relationship between government actions and high-quality provision is unclear. This qualitative research study uses the cases of England and Australia to examine and compare regulatory regimes for raising provider quality. It examines how understandings of quality in each country are linked to differences in the respective regulatory regimes; how and why these regimes have developed; how information on quality is used by each government to influence quality improvement; and how regulatory regimes influence providers to deliver quality. The study develops a new typology of three provider quality orientations (organisation-focused, consumer-directed, relationship-centred) to examine differences between the two regulatory regimes.
The research draws on interviews conducted between January 2015 and April 2017 with 79 individuals from different stakeholder groups in England and Australia, and interviews with 24 individuals from five provider organisations in each country. These interviews highlighted greater differences between the two regimes than previous research suggests. For example, while each system includes a government role for inspecting or reviewing provider quality, there are differences around how quality is formally defined, the role and transparency of quality information, and how some provider quality behaviour is influenced by different policy interventions.
Two important findings emerge from the study for policymakers and researchers. First, the importance of considering the broader historical and institutional context of the care sector overall, not simply the regulatory environment, as shown by the more welfare-oriented approach in England when compared to Australia's highly consumerist approach. Second, the importance of considering the overall 'regulatory space' when designing policy interventions for quality. Policymakers should consider the effects and interaction of multiple policy interventions, the impact of funding mechanisms and the activity of multiple stakeholders, and not restrict attention to those policy interventions explicitly developed for quality improvement goals.


Treatment of supracondylar femur fractures in myelopathic, nonambulatory patients has traditionally been nonoperative, emphasizing careful skin protection, limited mobilization, and acceptance of malunion. This study compares the results of surgical treatment with nonsurgical treatment in this patient population. The records of all myelopathic, nonambulatory patients treated for supracondylar femur fractures (OTA code 33) between 2001 and 2006 were reviewed: 25 patients (29 fractures) were discovered (11 women, 14 men; average age, 51 years). Surgical treatment was performed in 17 fractures (13 retrograde intramedullary rods and 4 plates) and nonsurgical treatment in 12 fractures. Union was obtained in all operatively treated fractures and in 90% of nonsurgically treated fractures. Average follow-up was 16 months. One patient treated with a retrograde nail sustained a nondisplaced intertrochanteric hip fracture treated nonoperatively. One patient treated operatively developed a late deep infection. There were no other surgical-related complications. Skin or wound complications developed in no patients treated surgically and in 4 patients treated nonsurgically (P=.0208). Three patients with nonoperatively treated fractures required eventual surgery (3 above-knee amputations). Operative treatment of femoral fractures in nonambulatory patients with myelopathy is safe and effective. There were fewer skin and wound complications in the surgically treated supracondylar femur fractures.


Abstract. This first detailed analysis of the mineral dust cycle in the ECHAM5/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry (EMAC) model system investigates the performance of two dust emission schemes, following the approach of Balkanski et al. (2004) and Tegen et al. (2002), respectively, and the influence of the horizontal model resolution. Here the spectral resolutions T42, T63, T85, and T106 are investigated. A basic sulphur chemistry, enabling the coating of insoluble dust particles to make them soluble, is employed in order to realistically describe the ageing and wet deposition of mineral dust. Independent of the dust emission scheme the five-year simulations with the horizontal resolutions T42 and T63 produce unrealistically high emissions at some grid points in the Tarim Basin in Central Asia, leading to very high dust loads in polar regions. With these coarse resolutions, dust source grid points in the basin and elevated grid points of the Himalayas with high wind speeds cannot be distinguished, causing this overestimation. In T85 and T106 these regions are well separated and considerably less dust is emitted there. With the chosen model setup, the dust emission scheme by Balkanski et al. (2004) places the global maximum of emissions in the Thar Desert in India. This is unrealistic as the Sahara Desert is known to be the largest dust source in the world. This is the main deficiency of this scheme compared to the one by Tegen et al. (2002), which, based on a qualitative comparison to AEROCOM data, produces a very reasonable distribution of emissions and dust loads in simulations with resolutions T85 and T106. For future climate simulations with EMAC focusing on mineral dust, we recommend to use the dust emission scheme by Tegen et al. (2002) and a model resolution of at least T85. Simulations of two selected episodes and comparison to observational data sets show that in this model configuration EMAC is able to realistically simulate also intense, episodic events of dust emission and long-range transport.


Predictability of fluid flow via natural convection is a fundamental issue with implications for, e.g., weather predictions including global climate change assessment and nuclear reactor cooling. In this work, we study numerical methods for natural convection and utilize them to study predictability. Eight new algorithms are devised which are far more efficient than existing ones for ensemble calculations. They allow for either increased ensemble sizes or denser meshes on current computing systems.

The artificial compressibility ensemble (ACE) family produce accurate velocity and temperature approximations and are fastest. The speed of second-order ACE degrades as $\epsilon \rightarrow 0$ or $\Delta t \rightarrow 0$ due to the iterative solver. However, first-order ACE has a uniform solve time since $\gamma = \mathcal{O}(1)$. The ensemble backward differentiation formula (eBDF) family are most accurate and reliable. The penalty ensemble algorithm (PEA) family are strongly affected by the timestep and are least accurate. In particular, $\gamma = \mathcal{O}(1/ \Delta t^2)$ for second-order PEA leads to solver breakdown. We also propose an ACE turbulence (ACE-T) family of methods for turbulence modeling which are both fast and accurate.

A complete numerical analysis is performed which establishes full-reliability. The analysis involves techniques that are novel and results that subsume, elucidate, and expand previous results in closely related fields, e.g., iso-thermal fluid flow. Numerical tests show predicted accuracy is consistent with theory.

Predictability is a highly complex and problem-dependent phenomenon. Predictability studies are performed utilizing the new second-order ACE algorithm. We perform a numerical test where the flow reaches a steady state. It is found that increasing the size of the domain increases predictability. Also, spatial averages increase predictability with increasing filter radius. We also study a problem with a manufactured solution. Sufficiently large rotations increase the predictability of a flow. Further, spatial averages decrease predictability with increasing filter radius.


In order to simplify a sentence, human editors perform multiple rewriting transformations: they split it into several shorter sentences, paraphrase words (i.e. replacing complex words or phrases by simpler synonyms), reorder components, and/or delete information deemed unnecessary. Despite these varied range of possible text alterations, current models for automatic sentence simplification are evaluated using datasets that are focused on a single transformation, such as lexical paraphrasing or splitting. This makes it impossible to understand the ability of simplification models in more realistic settings. To alleviate this limitation, this paper introduces ASSET, a new dataset for assessing sentence simplification in English. ASSET is a crowdsourced multi-reference corpus where each simplification was produced by executing several rewriting transformations. Through quantitative and qualitative experiments, we show that simplifications in ASSET are better at capturing characteristics of simplicity when compared to other standard evaluation datasets for the task. Furthermore, we motivate the need for developing better methods for automatic evaluation using ASSET, since we show that current popular metrics may not be suitable when multiple simplification transformations are performed.


ABSTRACT In this paper we examine alternative pricing models for digital music from the perspective of the entire music value chain. By analyzing empirical data on the willingness to pay, we show that the turnover from music downloads could be increased by lower prices. However, such a low price strategy can only be realized if the actors of the value chain, i.e. artists, labels, collecting societies, service providers, and online shops act as cooperation partners. We develop a model to find profit-maximizing prices and show how to split up the resulting increasing revenues between the partners of the value chain to assure Pareto-efficient solutions. Keywords: Digital goods, digital value chain, cooperation, online music, empirical study. (ProQuest-CSA LLC: ... denotes formulae omitted.) 1. Introduction Even though the growth rates of online music services are remarkable we can observe an ongoing debate whether current prices are appropriate [CNN 2005; Menta 2005]. The record labels agreed to Apple iTunes' 99 Cent model three years ago. When negotiating the renewing of the contracts, some labels were pushing for higher prices. However, analysts expect that consumers would not accept such an increase of prices [Veiga 2006]. Apple's CEO Steve Jobs even characterized the respective labels as greedy [LeClaire 2006]. Against this background we explore whether low-price strategies might be a promising approach for digital music vendors. The main focus of our paper, however, is to show that an isolated analysis of pricing strategies from the perspective of a digital music retailer such as iTunes is not sufficient. In contrast, our approach suggests the need for cooperation among the actors involved in the music value chain, i.e. musicians, labels, distributors, collecting societies as well as network and financial service providers. We show that a cooperative pricing strategy can be profit-maximizing for the entire music value chain. Our approach is model-based, required data is obtained from an empirical survey. In section 2 we give an overview about related work, i.e. pricing of digital goods on the one hand and basic principles of digital value chain management on the other hand. In section 3 we use empirical data on the willingness to pay for online music to estimate a sales function using a non-linear regression analysis. This sales function serves as a basis to determine which price optimizes the turnover of digital music retailers. The results suggest a clear price cut. Section 4 shows that cooperation is prerequisite for such a price cut because the decisions of the players involved in the music value chain are interdependent. For example, it is obviously not reasonable for a distributor to set prices below the licence fee the distributor has to pay to the labels. Therefore, we develop a model which supports the determination of profit-maximizing prices from the perspective of the entire value chain. Moreover, we examine alternatives to split up the profit between the value chain partners. The empirical data serves as input parameters for the model. The paper closes with a summary and an outlook on further research. 2. Related Work Digital Goods are characterized by a specific cost structure. The production of the first copy, e. g. the writing and recording of a song or the development of software, usually leads to high costs. However, once the first copy is produced, the replication costs can be neglected [Shy 2002, p. 182]. This cost structure has an impact on pricing. While cost-oriented pricing is not reasonable in this context, the low marginal costs of digital goods enable a great variety of demand-oriented pricing strategies [Varian 2004, p.12]. In particular, research has revealed a lot of insight into the opportunities of price discrimination [Ulph and Vulkan 2000; Aron et al. 2005; Choudhary et al. 2005], versioning [Bhargava and Choudhary 2001; Jing 2002, Sundarajan 2003 and 2004; Alvisi et al. …


Biological motion contains plenty of visual information about several attributes of biological and psychological significance. In particularly, we can accurately determine the sex of a walker from the way he or she moves. Furthermore, motion patterns can vary to a large extent in perceived sexual attractiveness. In this study, we investigate the relation between perceived attractiveness and gender using dynamic point-light displays from 40 male and 40 female walkers. Using a linear, morphable stimulus space, we determined discriminant functions based on attractiveness ratings of 12 male and 12 female participants. In a first block observers were shown with displays of the other sex and asked to rate the walkers in terms of their sexual attractiveness. In the second block they were presented with walkers of their own sex and asked to rate the assumed attractiveness on the other sex. The resulting discriminant functions are visualized in terms of caricatured walking displays and compared with the linear discriminant function that best classifies the sex of a walker. The results show that female attractiveness as rated by male observers highly correlates with gender-i.e. with the projection of a walker onto the linear sex classifier. In contrast, female attractiveness as rated by female observers is virtually independent of gender and rather appears to display a vivacious, energetic character. Male attractiveness as rated by male and female observers shows a similar tendency. Whereas male observers assume themselves to be rated attractive by females when displaying masculinity, the discrimi-nant function based on the ratings of female observers is in fact almost perpendicular to the gender discriminant function. For an online demonstration, see


Build Aceh's post- conflict and tsunami is a process of reform in the form of a new civilization without leaving his identity, people's lives by creating a secure, peaceful, prosperous and equitable. As a nation rich in cultural values, with meunasah as a community center of village (village community center) has been able to bring Aceh into a great nation. Meunasah as Acehnese cultural assets expected to always be a source of energy that should be used as well as possible to make Aceh superior, advanced, and is growing at a high civilization and glorious civilization in the arena of the world without leaving the local values (local wisdom/ wisdom). Besides Meunasah there are also two other agencies that have similar functions and similarities in the rebuilding of Aceh, namely mosques and Islamic boarding schools. The trio is a milestone that has become a source of re-inspire and re-spirit to find a future, not just for the localism, but also for non-localism in building the dignity of all his Aceh, the balance between "Recitation and Thought "towards the welfare of a just society as part of a peaceful world civilization (peace civilization).


This paper attempts a parsimonious definition of community development. It proposes that the purpose of community development is the pursuit of solidarity and agency by adhering to the principles of self-help, felt needs and participation. The erosion of solidarity and agency has been a historic process, connected particularly to the rise of industrial capitalism, the nation-state, and instrumental reason. Examples of community development practice as a positive response to the erosion are given from the fields of public health, violence, micro-economic development, and food. It also argues that "place" as a proxy for community has become conceptually as well as practically inadequate, and that effective community development calls for micro-macro coordination.


People use assessments of how much they have learned to choose and recommend instructors, seminars, and weekend trips. How do people assess how much they have learned? Recent theorizing has depicted emotion as a cue for learning, and so people may be misled by recent emotional states to infer that they have learned more than they actually have. Four studies showed that people associated emotion with learning and believed, often falsely, that they learned more when in an emotional than unemotional state. Factual lessons were coupled with manipulations of arbitrary, irrelevant emotional states. Participants rated that they learned more after an emotion had been induced than in emotionally neutral control conditions. These differences remained significant after controlling for actual learning as measured by objective tests, which was unaffected by emotion. This illusion of learning caused by emotion was robust with respect to changes of procedure and sample, including whether the emotion came before or after the information to be learned. Alternative explanations were ruled out, including that emotion would intensify ratings generally, that emotion would make incoming information seem particularly personally relevant, that emotion increased engagement in the research, and that illusory learning would depend on retrospective exaggeration of one's prior ignorance. Because irrelevant emotions can increase people's judgments that they have learned something, incidental emotional experiences could increase a person's likelihood of deciding to take another class with a particular instructor, to sign up for another leadership seminar, or to engage in a risky (but emotion-filled) excursion. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Abstract Thirteen transverse latitudinal transects are used to examine the biogeographic pattern of the peninsula effect on 341 species of Florida carabid beetles. In this fauna, 278 species are grouped to be of temperate affinity or origin, 28 of tropical affinity or origin, and 35 are endemic to Florida; 39 of the species are flightless. The species are ecologically grouped as riparian, hygrophile, halophile, mesophile, subxerophile, arboricole, and endogean. Both the total fauna and the temperate group show a peninsula effect, that is, a decrease in species richness from peninsula base to tip. The tropical group shows an inverse peninsula effect: their species richness decreases toward the base. The endemic group displays a much different pattern, with maximum richness at the middle of the peninsula, a possible reflection of former Tertiary or Quaternary islands as centers of isolation and speciation. Over-water dispersal has been important: 61 species crossed the water gap between Florida and West Indies; 36 temperate species moved from Florida into the West Indies; 25 West Indian (tropical) species have crossed the water gap into Florida (69% of these are preadapted hygrophilic, riparian, and halophile species). Species movements between Florida and the West Indies were probably more prevalent at times of Pleistocene low sea levels, when these lands were larger in area and closer to each other. The Gulf Coastal Plain has provided an avenue for carabid movement to and from Florida and the continental Neotropics with 44 species occurring in both areas, and 70% of these are preadapted hygrophilic, riparian, and halophilic species.


Current mortality and morbidity data suggest that the health of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander male population is the worst of any population in Australia (Wenitong 2002). Across Australia, Indigenous males' life expectancy is 59 years (18 years less than the Australian average)(SCRGSP 2005), and the death rate of young and middle aged Indigenous males is of particular concern, with devastating consequences for their culture, families and the community.

Despite poor health, many Indigenous males do not access care and treatment services when they need them. Barriers to access include distance to and availability of services, lack of transport, lack of private health insurance, lack of confidence and embarrassment, and a belief that women both dominate health services and principally provide services to women. The lack of employment of male health workers or their subordination to female non-Indigenous nurses or doctors is also a barrier (Adams 2001).

Improving access to health services could prolong the survival of those Indigenous men who suffer a range of serious diseases. But medical care alone is not sufficient to correct the alarming Indigenous health statistics at a population level. Social and economic factors such as education, employment, drug dependency and stress are more important for health gains in the population as a whole (World Health Organisation 1998). Hence any systematic and community-driven approach to addressing health will necessarily need to involve broad strategies that address not only the improvement of access to health services, but also the social determinants of health at individual, organisational and community levels.

This report describes the activities of Ma'Ddaimba-Balas (which translates as brother, brother) Indigenous Men's Group in Innisfail, a small rural town in North Queensland. The Group has been part of a 3-way empowerment research partnership with a team of university researchers and another Indigenous Men's Group since February 2004 to determine the medium - long term usefulness of men's groups as a vehicle for health promotion strategies especially in rural Indigenous settings. The Ma'Ddaimba-Balas Men's Group joined an earlier partnership of researchers from the University of Queensland and James Cook University (based in Cairns) with the Yaba Bimbie Men's Group in the nearby Indigenous community of Yarrabah. The partners had been working since 2001 through a process of participatory action research (PAR) designed to support the men to take greater control and responsibility for the issues affecting their health and wellbeing. The Yarrabah study had provided initial evidence that men's groups in Indigenous settings can lead to social and behavioural change and that PAR is potentially a useful tool in supporting social change (Tsey, Wenitong, et al 2004).

Based on the preliminary findings from the Yarrabah research, the research team successfully obtained a three-year grant from the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) from 2004 to consolidate the participatory action research work in Yarrabah and extend the process to another Indigenous Men's Group. This report describes the strategies, challenges and outcomes resulting from the first two years of the three-year research-funded work of the Ma'Ddaimba-Balas Men's Group, between January 2004 and December 2005.


This essay examines the life, political career and the moral and intellectual universe of Deputy Colonel Baron Pal Pronay, the most important paramilitary leader in Hungary after the First World War. In historical memory and public imagination, Pronay's name is associated with militia, mob and state violence often described by contemporary liberals and socialists as the "White Terror," namely the harassment, arbitrary arrest, torture and execution of both political opponents and apolitical Jews after the collapse of the Soviet Republic in early August of 1919. The essay is based on hitherto unused or underused primary sources, such as Pronay's unpublished two-volume diary; trial documents; police reports; memorandums; internal communications between government agencies, civilian and military authorities; and private letters culled from fi ve major archives, as well as contemporary newspapers, political pamphlets and novels and short stories written by well and lesser known writers. It seeks to unearth the details of Pronay's life and explain his behavior, in particular his cruelty and sadism, in the context of role expectations, behavior patterns and political and cultural values associated with the nobility, the minor aristocracy, the offi cer corps and gentlemen in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in the early twentieth century. The essay looks at the techniques that Pronay used in his diary to project a favorable image while simultaneously destroying the reputation of his opponents as the fi rst step towards political rehabilitation. Why he failed to achieve this goal, the mistakes that he made both as a writer and politician during his belated and desperate attempt in the early 1940s to regain favor with the political elite and the memory of the "White Terror" and Pronay's role in the Hungarian civil war are the subjects of this essay.


Effect handlers are a high-level abstraction that enables programmers to use effects in a structured way. They have gained a lot of popularity within academia and subsequently also in industry. However, the abstraction often comes with a significant runtime cost and there has been intensive research recently on how to reduce this price. A promising approach in this regard is to implement effect handlers using a CPS translation and to provide sufficient information about the nesting of handlers. With this information the CPS translation can decide how effects have to be lifted through handlers, i.e., which handlers need to be skipped, in order to handle the effect at the correct place. A structured way to make this information available is to use a calculus with a region system and explicit subregion evidence. Such calculi, however, are quite verbose, which makes them impractical to use as a source-level language. We present a method to infer the lifting information for a calculus underlying a source-level language. This calculus uses second-class capabilities for the safe use of effects. To do so, we define a typed translation to a calculus with regions and evidence and we show that this lift-inference translation is typability- and semantics-preserving. On the one hand, this exposes the precise relation between the second-class property and the structure given by regions. On the other hand, it closes a gap in a compiler pipeline enabling efficient compilation of the source-level language. We have implemented lift inference in this compiler pipeline and conducted benchmarks which indicate that the approach is indeed working.


This paper examines in detail the factors that influence the probability of new entrants leaving their first job after completing school, including the differential effects of company provided training, apprenticeships, and training received off-the-job from for profit proprietary institutions. Particular attention is paid to how training effects vary by race, gender and educational attainment. In the paper it is shown that the majority of company provided training spells begin after an employee has been with an employer for at least one year while the majority of off-the-job training spells begin during the first year with an employer. Overall there is no significant difference in the probability of leaving the first employer by gender. Company provided training results in a lower probability of leaving an employer while off-the-job training increases the probability of leaving the first employer. Both of these effects are especially strong for women.


High-quality surface passivation of crystalline Si is achieved using 10 nm thick Al2O3 films fabricated by thermal atomic layer deposition at 100 °C. After a 5 min post deposition annealing at 200 °C, the effective carrier lifetime is 1 ms, indicating a functional level of surface passivation. The interplay between the chemical and the field effect passivation is investigated monitoring the density of interface traps and the amount of fixed charges with conductance-voltage and capacitance-voltage techniques. The physical mechanisms underlying the surface passivation are described. The combination of low processing temperatures, thin layers, and good passivation properties facilitate a technology for low-temperature solar cells.


: Increasing use of engineered nanoparticles has led to extensive research into their potential hazards to the environment and human health. Cellular uptake from the gut is sparsely investigated and microscopy techniques applied for uptake studies can result in misinterpretations. Various microscopy techniques are used to investigate internalization of 10 nm gold nanoparticles in Daphnia magna gut lumen and gut epithelial cells upon 24h exposure and outline potential artefacts, i.e. high contract precipitates from sample preparation related to these techniques. Light sheet microscopy confirmed accumulation of gold nanoparticles in the gut lumen. Scanning transmission electron microscopy and elemental analysis revealed gold nanoparticles attached to the microvilli of gut cells. Interestingly, the peritrophic membrane appeared to act as a semipermeable barrier between the lumen and the gut epithelium, permitting only single particles through. Structures resembling nanoparticles were also observed inside gut cells. As elemental analysis could not verify these to be gold they were likely artifacts from the preparation, such as osmium and iron. Importantly, gold nanoparticles were in fact found inside holocrine cells with disrupted membranes. Thus, false positive observations of nanoparticle internalization may result from either preparation artefacts or by mistaking disrupted cells for intact. These findings emphasize the importance of cell integrity and combining elemental analysis with the localization of internalized nanoparticles using transmission electron microscopy. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved


Annually 1.2 million deaths occur globally due to road traffic injuries; additionally, 20-50 million are injured or disabled ("Global status report", 2013). Concomitant with rapid socioeconomic growth, infrastructure development and increased vehicle ownership, injury, disability and mortality due to road traffic collisions are high in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries. This is also true for Qatar where road traffic collisions are one of the leading causes of premature mortality (Bener et al., 2012). Road traffic mortality in Qatar (2010) is 14 per 100,000 population. Young adult males are disproportionately affected ("Global status report", 2013). Laws pertaining to seat belt and mobile phone use exist; however, there is a lack of enforcement. We collected data regarding seat belt and mobile phone use while driving in college students, majority of whom were in the age group 18-24 years. The data was collected via a self-administered survey in two colleges. The total sample consisted of 419 students but 321 admitted to driving a vehicle. Overall seat belt use among drivers was reported at 51% "always", 41% "sometimes", and 8% "never". Overall mobile phone use was reported at 23% "always", 64% "sometimes", and 13% "never". Females were significantly more likely than males to use seat belt and less likely to use mobile phone while driving. Additionally, drivers at or below the age of 25 were significantly more likely to use seat belt and less likely to use mobile phone than those over 25 years old (Table 1). The results give us reliable estimates of seat belt and mobile phone use prevalence in young adult drivers in Qatar. Increased awareness and enforcement of road safety laws are required to control this epidemic of road traffic injury, disability and fatality. These findings are of public health importance and deserve our attention. Keywords: Driver distraction Language: en


"The Ogoki River Guides" describes the prolonged struggle that members of a small native community in northern Ontario have undertaken in their attempt to establish a viable local economy. The leaders of Collins, the community in which the events of the book take place, have made a concerted effort to ensure that the community takes charge of its own affairs and in doing so have generated some important lessons for governmental policy in northern areas. The study makes evident the fact that certain changes in current government practices are needed, especially in areas of local inputs into policy and control issues, if community based groups like Ogoki River Guides are to flourish and if real local initiatives in economic development has a chance to become a widespread pattern in northern areas. The suggestions, then, is that studies such as the present one which focus on the economic development projects of the native community are necessary in order to help orient government policy and planning. The author uses as exchange theory approach to study the conditions favouring emergent community leadership and to analyse the ways in which political activity in small communities is apt to change under particular conditions and stresses. Yet he also demonstrates some of the inadequacies of exchange theory itself, especially in terms of its difficulty in accounting for variations in historical and cultural change. "The Ogoki River Guides" should be of interest not only to those in the academic community, but also to those concerned with native affairs at the community level or in higher administrative capacities of planning, policy, and development. "


Phelan-McDermid syndrome, also known as 22q13.3 deletion syndrome, is characterized by global developmental delay, absent or delayed speech, generalized hypotonia, and minor physical anomalies. The deletion typically involves the terminal band 22q13.3 and has been associated with both familial and de-novo translocations. We report the case of an 11-year-old Turkish girl with 22q13.3 deletion syndrome presenting with repeated seizures during the course of a rubella infection. We also review the clinical features of 22q13.3 deletion syndrome and emphasize the importance of considering a rare microdeletion syndrome for idiopathic mental retardation when results of a routine karyotype analysis are normal. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of a Turkish patient with isolated 22q13.3 deletion syndrome.


Although Bernardin's correspondence spans most of his adult life and involves a wide range of correspondents and subject matter, there is a marked increase in the number of correspondents and frequency of correspondence from the time he begins to enjoy real literary success. Indeed, the relationship between the reading and writing of letters and the writing and reading of Bernardin's published works is a close and multi-faceted one. The focus for this article is the correspondence between Bernardin and Mme de Genlis, one of the most significant literary figures in Bernardin's correspondence network. Their correspondence casts light on Bernardin's place in late eighteenth-century literary and cultural life and his developing identity as an author. Bernardin's correspondence with Mme de Genlis helps him to deal with practical issues surrounding the publication of his works, and to explore the moral and ethical implications of authorship; but it also reveals the difficulties inherent in the act of correspondence itself.


The purpose of the study was to analyze the existing methodological approaches to the experimental testing of resistance to chemotherapy and assess the prospects for their further application. Material and Methods . We analyzed publications regarding the experimental testing of tumor resistance to chemotherapy available in the databases, such as SciVerse Scopus (748), PubMed (1727), Web of Science (1025), RSCI (125). To obtain fulltext publications, the electronic resources of Research Gate, RSCI, CyberLenink were used. Forty-two modern publications (2012–19) including 18 articles of the founders of the methods analyzed in the review were cited. Results . The review discusses the characteristics of the main methods for assessing the resistance / sensitivity of tumor cells obtained from biopsy / surgical specimens to various chemotherapy drugs in vitro in monolayer and suspension cultures, in the form of spheroids, histo and organocultures, as well as in vivo xenografts of tumors in immunodeficient mice. During testing, the proliferative and metabolic activities as well as the level of cell death were considered as the main evaluated characteristics of tumor cells. The main indicators were the intensity of DNA synthesis, the level of protein or ATP in the cell, the activity of NADH-dehydrogenases, the level of apoptosis, and the integrity of cell structures. The advantages and disadvantages of the described methods, as well as the prospects for their further application were discussed. Conclusion . Over the past half century of using the experimental testing of tumor cell resistance in order to personalize chemotherapeutic treatment, the evolution of methodological approaches was based on the increase in their safety and sensitivity through the use of fluorescent compounds. The general vector for improving experiments on the personalization of tumor chemotherapy is aimed at approximating the experimental conditions to the processes occurring in the human body. Each of these methods has its own range of predictive power and, if used properly, can provide a useful guide for treatment.


This paper reports on a study aimed at exploring student perceptions of teaching and learning in the disciplines of business, accounting and economics. Twenty-three students from two Sydney-based faculties were interviewed and their responses analysed qualitatively. Their educational expectations are articulated in five major pedagogical themes including delivering and presenting a lesson, encouraging class participation, providing academic feedback, the dilemma between structured and discussion-based tutorials, and the dynamics of learning through group work. Students' responses reveal that they have strong and clear expectations about quality teaching, although some dissonances from the educational theory were identified with respect to exam-driven learning and over-emphasis of work-readiness oriented instruction. Implications for enacting quality teaching, curriculum delivery and design are discussed.


We prove that adiabatic regularization and DeWitt-Schwinger point-splitting provide the same result when renormalizing expectation values of the stress-energy tensor for spin-$1/2$ fields. This generalizes the equivalence found for scalar fields, which is here recovered in a different way. We also argue that the coincidence limit of the DeWitt-Schwinger proper time expansion of the two-point function agrees exactly with the analogous expansion defined by the adiabatic regularization method at any order (for both scalar and spin-$1/2$ fields). We also illustrate the power of the adiabatic method to compute higher order DeWitt coefficients in Friedmann-Lema\^{\i}tre-Robertson-Walker Universes.


This dissertation is comprised of three empirical studies that examine the effect of platform-level variation on value creation strategies and market performance for providers of complementary goods ("complementors") in platform-based markets. The studies all investigate the video game industry as a canonical example of a platform market. Three empirical studies are preceded by an industry chapter outlining the evolution of the video game industry as perceived by one of the industry's key actors: Nintendo.

How does platform maturity affect the adoption of complements in two-sided markets? A key feature of two-sided markets is the existence of indirect network effects. In the first empirical study, I argue that demand heterogeneity from end-users adopting the platform at different points in time, moderates the extent to which complements enjoy these indirect network effects. An inflow of late adopters that buy fewer complements and mimic earlier adopters'adoption behavior, increasingly offsets the benefits of a growing installed base. Using a dataset of 2,855 sixth-generation console video games, I find that platform maturity has a concave curvilinear effect on video games' unit sales. Platform maturity, however, does not affect all types of games equally. Late adopters increasingly favor non-novel video games at the cost of innovative ones. Furthermore, the adoption disparity between superstars and less-popular video games also widens as platforms mature.

In the second empirical study, I and my co-authors (Joseph Lampel and Thijs Broekhuizen) contribute to the debate between researchers who argue that the emergence of online distribution platforms allow content producers in the creative industries to bypass powerful publishers and distributors, and other researchers who argue that this strategy cannot succeed without the complementary assets that these intermediaries provide. We use a case study
of the Dutch Video Game Developer (DVGD) bringing to market an identical video game using two different but comparable distribution platforms as a quasi-experiment: in the first release DVGD used online distribution to reach consumers directly, whereas in the second it used an alliance with an established video game publisher. We find that, while the alliance required DVGD to share with the publisher a substantial fraction of the value appropriated by the game, the alliance strategy resulted in greater absolute financial performance and relative market performance compared to the self-publishing strategy. We conclude that the differences in performance can be traced back to specialized complementary assets required for successful commercialization.

Technological change, such as the advent of digital distribution platforms, facilitates the implementation of novel business models. Yet, we know little about how managers make sense of novel pathways for doing business after the emergence of a widespread technological change. The third empirical study aims to shed light on this issue by asking why managers in the context of the video game industry changed their business models following the advent of digital distribution platforms, and how? A mixed-method study comprised of a sector-wide survey and four in-depth case studies in the market for digital video games in the United Kingdom provides insight into mangers' reasons and motivations. I and my co-authors (Joost van Dreunen and Charles Baden-Fuller) find that managers moved away from the de facto work-for-hire business model into three novel business models: artist-led-distribution; freemium; and multisided. In changing their business models, managers do not have increased economic gains as solitary objective per se. Instead, novel business models offer ways of doing business in which a cognitive tension between important organizational objectives – a desire for creative autonomy versus mitigation of financial risks – can be resolved in alternative and typically preferred ways.


Any two-dimensional interpolation scheme which has continuous derivatives may be used to represent an optical surface for ray-tracing purposes. We present bicubic splines in their application to the design of asymmetric surfaces. An as example of a problem requiring an asymmetric system, we analyze the design problems of a color TV lighthouse lens.


We first consider how the level of turbulence in a protoplanetary disk affects the formation locations for the observed close-in super-Earths in exosolar systems. We find that a protoplanetary disk that includes a dead zone (a region of low turbulence) has substantially more material in the inner parts of the disk, possibly allowing for in situ formation. For the dead zone to last the entire lifetime of the disk requires the active layer surface density to be sufficiently small, . Migration through a dead zone may be very slow and thus super-Earth formation followed by migration toward the star through the dead zone is less likely. For fully turbulent disks, there is not enough material for in situ formation. However, in this case, super-Earths can form farther out in the disk and migrate inward on a reasonable timescale. We suggest that both of these formation mechanisms operate in different planetary systems. This can help to explain the observed large range in densities of super-Earths because the formation location determines the composition. Furthermore, we speculate that super-Earths could have formed in the inner parts of our solar system and cleared the material in the region inside of Mercury's orbit. The super-Earths could migrate through the gas disk and fall into the Sun if the disk was sufficiently cool during the final gas disk accretion process. While it is definitely possible to meet all of these requirements, we don't expect them to occur in all systems, which may explain why the solar system is somewhat special in its lack of super-Earths.


Stelarc is the most celebrated artist in the world working within technology and the visual arts. He is both an artist and a phenomenon, using his body as medium and exhibition space. Working in the interface between the body and the machine, employing virtual reality, robotics, medical instruments, prosthetics, and the Internet, Stelarc's art includes physical acts that don't always look survivable -- or, as science fiction novelist William Gibson puts it in his foreword, "sometimes seem to include the possibility of terminality."Stelarc's projects include Third Hand, a grasping and wrist rotating mechanism with a rudimentary sense of touch that is attached to the artist and activated by EMG from other body areas; Amplified Body, in which the artist performs acoustically with his brainwaves, muscles, pulse, and blood flow signals; and the Stomach Sculpture, a device -- or "aesthetic adornment" -- placed in the artist's stomach and presented through video. Works in progress include the Extra Ear Project, a soft prosthesis of skin and cartilage to be constructed on the artist's arm. Stelarc's work both reflects and determines new directions in performance art and body art. Although there have been hundreds of articles written about Stelarc since he began performing in the late 1960s, Stelarc: The Monograph is the first comprehensive study of Stelarc's work practice in over thirty years. Gathering a range of writers who approach the work from a variety of perspectives, it includes William Gibson's account of his meetings with Stelarc, Arthur and Marilouise Kroker's emphatic "WE ARE ALL STELARCS NOW," and Stelarc himself in conversation with Marquard Smith. Taken together, these writers give us a multiplicity of ways to think about Stelarc.


Wavefront distortion in optical components induced by thermal lensing may affect performance and stability of optical systems, such as high-power lasers, and is also the base of several photothermal techniques. This distortion is a result of complex photoelastic effects that characterize the degradation and the propagation of the beam. A simple analytical solution is obtained only for low absorbing materials, with the assumption that the stresses obey either thin-disk or long-rod type distributions. In a previous work, part of this limitation was overcome, in which a unified model was proposed for the optical path change for weakly absorbing materials, regardless of its thickness. In this work, we developed a generalized theoretical model for the optical path change that is related to the temperature profile in a relatively simple manner for all classes of absorbing optical materials. The modeling is based on the solution of the thermoelastic equation and provides time-dependent expressions for the temperature, surface displacement, and stresses. This generalized model could have a significant impact on designing laser systems and has direct application in photothermal techniques, which correlate optical path change to thermal, optical, and mechanical properties of solid materials.


Heparin and related glycosaminoglycans are important modulators of vascular smooth muscle cell growth, and may be involved in pathological processes such as atherosclerosis. Since polyphosphoinositide metabolism is a major mechanism for regulating cellular activities, including proliferation, the effects of glycosaminoglycans and polyanionic compounds on the activities of phosphoinositide kinases were characterized. Heparin and heparan sulphate caused dose-dependent inhibitions of rat brain cytosolic phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PIP) kinase activity, with half-maximal inhibitory concentrations of approx. 0.5 and 5 microM respectively. PIP kinase was also inhibited by several dextran sulphates, but was not sensitive to inhibition by keratin sulphate, chondroitin sulphate or hyaluronic acid. Polynucleotides and acidic polypeptides were only weakly inhibitory. Heparin did not alter either the PIP- or the Mg(2+)-dependence of PIP kinase. Addition of heparin to brain membranes suppressed PIP kinase activity without affecting phosphatidylinositol (PI) kinase activity. Heparin interfered with the ability of a GTP analogue to stimulate PIP kinase activity in these membranes, suggesting that it uncouples the kinase from an activating guanine-nucleotide-binding protein. In cultured A-10 vascular smooth muscle cells, heparin caused dose- and time-dependent inhibition of [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA. Similar treatments with heparin decreased cellular levels of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) without changing PI and PIP levels. Therefore heparin-mediated inhibition of PIP kinase appears to lead to decreases in PIP2 levels which may attenuate cellular proliferation.


A skill instruction technique based on cognitive behavioral principles was applied to thermal imagery to determine if it could enhance either subjective or physiological responsiveness. The effects of imagery instruction were compared with the effects of muscle relaxation on imagery vividness, thermal imagery involvement, and the finger temperature response. The subjects were 39 male and 29 female volunteers from a minimum security federal prison. The personality characteristic of absorption was used as a classification variable to control for individual differences. It was hypothesized that high absorption individuals would reveal higher levels of imagery vividness, involvement, and finger temperature change; that imagery skill instruction and muscle relaxation would be more effective than a control condition; and that the low absorption group would derive the greatest benefit from the imagery task instruction condition. None of the hypotheses was supported. Finger temperature increased over time during the experimental procedure but remained stable during thermal imagery. The results suggest that nonspecific relaxation effects may best account for finger temperature increases during thermal imagery. Results were discussed in relation to cognitive-behavioral theory and the characteristic of absorption.


The authors describe an innovative course at the Harvard Graduate School of Education that places graduate students and public school teachers on school-based teams and asks them to solve real problems using real student data. STATE accountability systems that are based on test data and the No Child Left Behind Act have put educators under great pressure to improve their students' scores on standardized tests. Much has been written about the possibility that school faculties will resort to "drill and kill," a response that will reduce the quality of children's education. Much less has been written about what it takes for teachers and administrators to be able to use student assessment results to learn about children's skills and about the effectiveness of instruction -- and then to use that learning to guide instructional improvements. We report here on a yearlong workshop for teachers and administrators from the Boston Public Schools (BPS) and for students from the Harvard Graduate School of Education (HGSE). There are four key elements of our course design: 1) organizing around a clear process, 2) teaching about three kinds of tools, 3) assigning projects that use real school data, and 4) supporting collaborative work. While we by no means claim that our approach is the only way to teach educators to make constructive use of student assessment results, we believe that our experiences provide useful lessons to school and district leaders who want to help educators learn to do this work. Workshop Overview While the workshop described here is a graduate course, it is very different from other courses that teach students how to understand basic statistics, make inferences from data, and use statistical software. What makes it different is its focus on placing data analysis in the greater context of school improvement. Participants are assigned to school-based teams consisting of both BPS faculty members and Harvard graduate students and spend the bulk of the course working with real school data to solve problems. The aim is for participating schools to benefit from a structured and supported opportunity to make progress on work they need to do and for HGSE students to benefit from a truly authentic learning experience. In the last academic year, workshop participants included 16 teachers and administrators from nine Boston schools and 10 HGSE students, who were matched with the schools to form school-based teams. The schools included four high schools, two middle schools, and three elementary schools (one K-8 and two K-5). Most HGSE students also served as principal or teacher-leader interns at the participating schools, and all of the HGSE students had at least three years of teaching experience. Course participants received one semester of Harvard credit for successfully completing the course, which met for 13 sessions of 21/2 hours each over the course of the school year. Throughout the workshop, those of us who taught the course collected data to inform the evolving course design and to provide evidence for our research. Sources included online surveys conducted at the beginning, middle, and end of the course; assignments produced by school teams and individuals; and notes from group debriefing sessions, focus groups, and observations during classes and from school site visits. From these varied sources, we came to understand that the main impact of the course was a change in participants' attitudes toward using data. In short, they developed the conviction that using data to reflect upon practice could have a powerful effect on teaching and learning, as well as the confidence that they had gained the skills and knowledge needed to lead this kind of work. Now for some specifics about the four elements of our course design. Design Element 1. Organizing around a clear process. Our teaching team designed the course syllabus around an improvement cycle that we adapted from the literature on school improvement (Figure 1). …


Current seismic retrofit strategies generally focus on increasing the strength/stiffness or upgrading mechanical properties of a structure. A typical drawback with this is that the upgraded behaviour might result in an increased demand on the structural and sub-structural elements, i.e. foundation. Herein proposed is a counterintuitive but rational seismic retrofit strategy of selectively weakening a structural system. Such a retrofit strategy is suitable for application to alternative seismic resisting systems and components including walls, beams, columns and diaphragm connections. A selective weakening intervention is performed within an overall performance-based retrofit approach with the aim of improving the inelastic behaviour by first reducing the strength/stiffness of specific members within the structural system. This in turn results in a reduced demand on the structural member. Once weakening has been achieved the designer can use the wide range of techniques and materials available (e.g. use of fibre reinforced polymers, steel plates, jacketing or shotcrete) to ensure that adequate characteristics are achieved. Whilst performing this it has to be assured that the structure meets specific performance criteria and the principles of capacity design. As the first phase in the development of selective weakening, the feasibility of such a retrofit strategy is discussed, with particular focus on possible applications to the seismic retrofit of existing reinforced concrete structural walls. The proposed intervention involves splitting the wall vertically and cutting it at the foundation level to change the inelastic mechanism from shear-type to a flexural/rocking-type behaviour. As part of the overall research program, a series of experimental (quasi-static cyclic) tests on 2/3 scaled reinforced concrete walls representing pre-1970 construction practice or retrofitted configurations are under preparation. A summary of the retrofit strategy design and expected behaviour will be herein given.


In this paper, we propose a framework for environmental sound synthesis from onomatopoeic words. As one way of expressing an environmental sound, we can use an onomatopoeic word, which is a character sequence for phonetically imitating a sound. An onomatopoeic word is effective for describing diverse sound features. Therefore, using onomatopoeic words for environmental sound synthesis will enable us to generate diverse environmental sounds. To generate diverse sounds, we propose a method based on a sequence-to-sequence framework for synthesizing environmental sounds from onomatopoeic words. We also propose a method of environmental sound synthesis using onomatopoeic words and sound event labels. The use of sound event labels in addition to onomatopoeic words enables us to capture each sound event's feature depending on the input sound event label. Our subjective experiments show that our proposed methods achieve higher diversity and naturalness than conventional methods using sound event labels.


A new class of rules, called action rules, show what actions should be taken to improve the profitability of customers. Action rules introduced by (Ras and Wieczorkowska, 2000a) and investigated further by (Ras and Gupta, 2002a) assume that attributes in a database are divided into two groups: stable and flexible. These reflect the ability of a business user to influence and control their change for a given consumer. In this paper, we introduce a new classification of attributes partitioning them into stable, semi-stable, and flexible. Values of stable attributes can not be changed for a given consumer (for instance "maiden name" is an example of such an attribute). So, stable attributes have only one interpretation. If values of an attribute change in a deterministic way as a function of time (for instance values of attribute "age" or "height"), we call them semi-stable. All remaining attributes are called flexible. Clearly, in the process of action rule extraction, stable attributes are highly undesirable. What about semi-stable attributes? Although, they seem to be quite similar to stable attributes, the difference between them is quite essential. Semi-stable attribute may have many different interpretations but among them only one interpretation is natural and it is called standard. All its other interpretations are called non-standard. In a non-standard interpretation, a semi-stable attribute can be classified as flexible. In a single database we may easily fail to identify attributes which have non-standard interpretation. In this paper, we show how distributed information system introduced by (Ras, 2000b, 2001a) can be used as a tool to identify which semi-stable attributes have nonstandard interpretation so they can be classified as flexible. This way, by decreasing the number of stable attributes in a database we may discover action rules which would not be discovered otherwise.


Citation: O'Callaghan JM (2022) Transplant Trial Watch. Transpl Int 35:10769. doi: 10.3389/ti.2022.10769 To keep the transplantation community informed about recently published level 1 evidence in organ transplantation ESOT and the Centre for Evidence in Transplantation have developed the Transplant Trial Watch. The Transplant Trial Watch is a monthly overview of 10 new randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and systematic reviews. This page of Transplant International offers commentaries on methodological issues and clinical implications on two articles of particular interest from the CET Transplant Trial Watch monthly selection. For all high quality evidence in solid organ transplantation, visit the Transplant Library: www.transplantlibrary.com.


Background and Hypothesis
Acute appendicitis is a common surgical emergency in children. The diagnosis requires physicians to rely on clinical, radiographic and laboratory factors. The nonoperative management of appendicitis is becoming more frequent. This requires an accurate diagnosis prior to initiating therapy to prevent unnecessary antibiotic administration for abdominal pain unrelated to appendicitis. We hypothesize clinical and radiographic factors are associated with appendicitis in patients with abdominal pain and inconclusive imaging studies.
Methods
The DORIS (Dig Our RIS) interactive data-mining tool was utilized to identify patients<18 years of age presenting to the emergency department in 2016 with abdominal pain who obtained abdominal imaging suggestive of early acute appendicitis. Relevant clinical and radiographic information was obtained from the medical record for univariate analysis looking for associations with appendectomy.
Results
One hundred patients were identified with 21 excluded due to imaging for other reasons or with clear non-appendicitis etiologies for pain (e.g. trauma cases, ovarian cyst). Seventy-nine patients were included with 49 (62%) undergoing surgery and 30 who were observed and/or discharged from the ED. Important differences between surgical and nonsurgical patients included: white blood cell count (13.81±0.68 vs. 10.29±0.90, p=0.002), neutrophil percentage (78.31±1.90 vs. 67.78±2.65, p=0.002), appendiceal diameter on CT scan (9.37±0.53 vs. 7.58±0.30, p=0.013).
Conclusion and Potential Impact
In a group of patients with concern for appendicitis and imaging suggestive of early acute appendicitis, distinct clinical and radiographic characteristics are associated with appendicitis. Within a paradigm of nonoperative management of appendicitis, accurate diagnosis will prevent the overutilization of antibiotics.


Feminist Experiences develops and defends a distinctive understanding of feminist philosophy as social critique. Feminist philosophy is essentially a political endeavor, Johanna Oksala argues, aiming to expose, analyze, and ultimately change gendered power relations. However, such an understanding of feminist philosophy raises a host of theoretical problems and paradoxes. Oksala investigates the philosophical challenges and outlines the ontological presuppositions and methodological innovations the project requires. Drawing on conceptual tools from the thought of Michel Foucault, but also from the tradition of phenomenology, she explores the role of experience in feminist philosophy and its relationship to language and linguistic meaning. Oksala concludes by sketching a feminist ontology of the present through a critical investigation of neoliberalism and the challenges it presents to feminist theory and politics.


A taboo is a (1) prohibition excluding something from use, approach, or mention because of its sacred and inviolable nature and (2) an object, work, or act protected by such a prohibition. Denial is a refusal to believe in the existence or reality of a fact or entity. Human society professes to believe sustainable use of the planet is a means of leaving it in a habitable condition for future generations. However, a taboo, especially among mainstream politicians, has been placed on the free and open discussion of present practices that are unsustainable. At the core of the taboo is the refusal to discuss the certainty that infinite growth on a finite planet is impossible. Reducing population growth and/or immigration to achieve a stable population is an example of a more specific taboo. Even in societies that profess to be liberal, there is either denial that the problems exist or a profession of excessive optimism about the future, even without substantive supporting evidence. Achieving sustainable use of the planet will require a free and open exchange of ideas on the present practices that are sustainable and which unsustainable practices should be eliminated or greatly modified to make them sustainable. Until then, the term sustainable development will be a placebo rather than a cure.


Aims. Our aim is to identify and trace the X-ray bright points (XBPs) over the disc and use them as tracers to determine the coronal rotation. This investigation will help to clarify and understand several issues: (i) whether the corona rotates differentially; (ii) whether the rotation depends on the sizes of the XBPs; and (iii) whether there is a dependence on phases of the solar magnetic cycle. Methods. We analysed the daily full-disc soft X-ray images observed with (i) X-Ray Telescope (XRT) onboard the Hinode mission during January, March, and April 2007; and (ii) Soft X-ray Telescope (SXT) onboard the Yohkoh from 1992 to 2001 using SSW in IDL. We used the tracer method to trace the passage of XBPs over the solar disc with the help of overlaying grids and derived the sidereal angular rotation velocity and the coordinates (latitude and longitude) of the XBPs. Results. We have determined the position of a large number of XBPs, both in Hinode/XRT and Yohkoh/SXT images, and followed them over the solar disc as a function of time. We derived the coronal sidereal angular rotation velocity and compared it with heliocentric latitude and as a function of solar activity cycle. In addition, we measured the sizes of all the XBPs and related them to the coronal rotation. The important results derived from these investigations are: (i) the solar corona rotates differentially like the photosphere and chromosphere; (ii) the sidereal angular rotation velocity is independent of the sizes of the XBPs; (iii) the sidereal angular rotation velocity does not depend on phases of the solar magnetic cycle; and (iv) the differential rotation of the corona is present throughout the solar magnetic cycle.


Biomass combustion is a major biogeochemical process, but uncertain in magnitude. We examined multiple levels of organization (twigs, branches, trees, stands, and landscapes) in large, severe forest fires to see how combustion rates for live aboveground woody parts varied with tree species, size, and fire severity in Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) and mixed conifer-dominated forests of the Sierra Nevada, California, USA. In high severity fire patches, most combustion loss was from branches < 2 cm diameter; in low to moderate severity patches, most was from bole charring. Combustion rates decreased as fire severity declined and with increasing tree size. Pinus species had little branch combustion, leading them to have ≈50% the combustion rate of other taxa. Combustion rates could be 100% for small branch segments and up to 57% for small tree aboveground woody biomass in high severity fire patches. However, combustion rates are very low overall at the stand (0.1%–3.2%) and landscape level (0.6%–1.8%), because large trees with low combustion rates comprise the majority of biomass, and high severity fire patches are less than half of the area burned. Our findings of low live wood combustion rates have important implications for policies related to wildfire emissions and forest management.


The Health Systems in Transition (HiT) profiles are country-based reports that provide a detailed description of a health system and of policy initiatives in progress or under development. HiTs examine different approaches to the organization, financing and delivery of health services and the role of the main actors in health systems; describe the institutional framework, process, content and implementation of health and health care policies; and highlight challenges and areas that require more in-depth analysis. Various indicators show that the health of the population has improved over the last few decades. However, inequalities in health across socioeconomic groups have been increasing since the 1970s. The main diseases affecting the population are circulatory diseases, cancer, diseases of the respiratory system and diseases of the digestive system. Risk factors such as the steadily rising levels of alcohol consumption, the sharp increases in adult and child obesity and prevailing smoking levels are among the most pressing public health concerns, particularly as they reflect the growing health inequalities among different socioeconomic groups. Health services in England are largely free at the point of use. The NHS provides preventive medicine, primary care and hospital services to all those ordinarily resident. Over 12% of the population is covered by voluntary health insurance schemes, known in the United Kingdom as private medical insurance (PMI), which mainly provides access to acute elective care in the private sector. Responsibility for publicly funded health care rests with the Secretary of State for Health, supported by the Department of Health. The Department operates at a regional level through 10 strategic health authorities (SHAs), which are responsible for ensuring the quality and performance of local health services within their geographic area. Responsibility for commissioning health services at the local level lies with 151 primary care organizations, mainly primary care trusts (PCTs), each covering a geographically defined population. Health services are mainly financed from public sources, primarily general taxation and national insurance contributions (NICs). Some care is funded privately through PMI, some user charges, cost sharing and direct payments for health care delivered by NHS and private providers. While the reform programme that developed since 1997 proved to be massive in its scope, some basic features of the English NHS, such as its taxation-funding base, the predominantly public provision of services and division between purchasing (commissioning) and care delivery functions, remain unchanged. Nevertheless, in addition to the unprecedented level of financial resources allocated to the NHS since 2000, the most important reform measures included the introduction of the payment by results (PbR) hospital payment system; the expanded use of private sector provision; the introduction of more autonomous management of NHS hospitals through foundation trusts (FTs); the introduction of patient choice of hospital for elective care; new general practitioner (GP), consultant and dental services contracts; the establishment of the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE); and the establishment of the Care Quality Commission (CQC) to regulate providers and monitor quality of services. The English NHS faces future challenges as 2010 draws to a close, with significant restrictions on expenditure and a newly elected government that has announced its intention to introduce further widespread reform.


This paper discusses the encouragement of creativity and innovation in creating opportunities for entrepreneurship turning useless materials into valuable resources. It is necessary to know the thought process and planning in the entrepreneurship idea to create a new business at this time. One of the brilliant philosophies about entrepreneurs is that they are those who can "turn garbage into gold". This concept describes the important character of entrepreneurs who foresee business opportunities and have the intelligence to transform trash into cash. This means that they have the necessary ability to create innovation and value-added products for sale. The analyzed case study involves innovation in using fisheries waste specifically derived from crab industries in Indonesia. The study presents empirical perspectives including (1) potential business of crab shell waste (2) technology in innovative use of shell to added value product (3) business analysis and commercialization. Ultimately, we present the concept of a new business by linking theories of entrepreneurial innovation and technology transfer in order to gain environmental balance.


Activation of human neutrophil NADPH oxidase requires the interaction of cytosolic and membrane-associated components. Evidence has been accumulated that in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-stimulated neutrophils, the translocation to the plasma membrane of the cytosolic components p47phox and p67phox and the phosphorylation of p47phox are essential steps in activation of NADPH oxidase. No direct evidence has been presented to date as to whether p67phox is also phosphorylated. To address this problem we have immunoprecipitated p67phox from neutrophil cytosol and membrane fractions. The results indicate that, very soon after activation with PMA (20 s), p67phox was present in a phosphorylated form in the cytosol and in the membranes. At later times (1-3 min) the extent of p67phox phosphorylation continuously increased both in the cytosol and in the membrane fraction, while oxygen consumption reached the maximal rate within 40 s, and then remained linear. p67phox was also phosphorylated in formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine-activated neutrophils. That the phosphorylated p67 protein we identified in immunoprecipitation experiments was p67phox was confirmed by the observation that no phosphorylated band of 67 kDa was immunoprecipitated from the cytosol and membranes of PMA-stimulated neutrophils from a p67phox-deficient chronic granulomatous disease patient. In this case, p47phox was normally phosphorylated. These data demonstrate that: (1) the phosphorylation of p67phox is correlated with activation of NADPH oxidase, and (2) continuous phosphorylation of p67phox is required in order to maintain the linearity of the respiratory burst.


The sociotechnical system of the printed paper text prevails for the diffusion of textual communication in the form of the bound volume despite concerns on the environmental effects of paper consumption. Information technology is identified as one of the generic technologies that has the potential to address the unsustainability of the incumbent regime. The electronic book is perceived as those applications of Information Technology that provide an alternative form of textual display to printed paper. According to sociotechnical transitions theory the electronic book can be perceived as a niche in relation to the print-on-paper regime.
An alternative conceptualisation of transitions as the reconfiguration of sociotechnical networks is suggested. Although the multi-level perspective has been effective in the analysis of historical case studies, it can be less adequate for the examination of transitions in progress as the distinctions between the levels are less evident. In the MLP sociotechnical change results from the interaction between three delineated levels out of which the niche is defined as the source of radical innovation. The MLP is informed by a combination of structuration and quasi-evolutionary theories. Instead, the suggested network approach draws on relational concepts of agency and the distributed nature of innovation. Unlike the nested hierarchy of the MLP, sociotechnical networks are flat representations of reality. Yet, the emphasis remains on long-term, systemic innovation. Niches and regimes are viewed as networks of organisational and technological actors enacting practices. Sociotechnical change emerges through diverse forms of interaction between incumbent and emergent organisations and technologies. The MLP levels can be identified as retrospective constructions rather than as the starting point of analysis. In addition, the concept of societal functions is problematised to illustrate how the boundaries of sociotechnical systems are evasive.
On the basis of a relational approach, Social Network Analysis (SNA) techniques are used for the visualisation and analysis of the emergent electronic book innovation network and its links to incumbent actors in the print-on-paper regime. The depiction of sociotechnical change in the form of networks can contribute to transitions research as innovation concepts become expressed through SNA measures. It has been argued that a balance between diversity and homogeneity is required for the emergence and diffusion of innovation. Network heterogeneity measures can help assess the level of interaction between homogeneous and heterogeneous actors and thus indicate factors that enable or inhibit innovation. One of the main questions in transitions research is to identify patterns of sociotechnical change. The MLP transitions pathways are defined by the nature and timing of interaction between levels. In a network perspective of transitions, patterns can be identified through network structure. Network substructures on the basis of cohesion can be indicative of potential sociotechnical trajectories as actors located in cohesive areas of a network are more likely to share similar goals and understanding of innovation. The role of pivotal actors in transitions has also been addressed in the literature. There are a number of SNA measures that identify actors occupying gatekeeping positions and the relative importance of gatekeeping roles in the context of different networks.


My aim in this article is to encourage UK public lawyers to engage with contemporary debates in legal, political and constitutional theory. My argument is motivated by three related concerns. First, there is an extricable link between these disciplines: behind every proposition of public law can be found a theory of law, govenment, the state and so on; secondly, public lawyers have historically neglected or fudged theory in their work; finally, a growing number of public lawyers are now using cutting-edge legal and political theories to fashion radical new understandings of the British constitution: other (more conservative-minded) public lawyers have no option, I argue, but to answer these new challenges. I illustrate my argument with reference to debates about Parliamentary sovereignty, the constitutional foundations of judicial review, political constitutionalism, and judicial deference.


Nanoparticles of platinum (NP-Pt), have been synthesized by supporting high nuclearity anionic carbonyl cluster (Chini cluster) on a water soluble anion exchanger, and the performance of this material, 1, as an oxidation catalyst for alcohols in water has been studied. The E-factor for the synthesis of NP-Pt by this method has been calculated and compared with that of other NP-Pt recently reported in the literature. With 1 as a catalyst, oxidations of a variety of primary and secondary alcohols by dioxygen are achieved and high turnover numbers and selectivities are obtained. The performances of 1 in the oxidation of benzyl alcohol and 1-phenylethanol are compared with those of three other platinum catalysts. These are platinum nanoparticles 2 prepared by the hydrogen reduction of [PtCl6]2− supported on the same water soluble polymer, 5% Pt on carbon, and 5% Pt on alumina, designated as 3 and 4, respectively. 1 has been found to be considerably more active than 2–4 and also other reported water soluble platinum nanocatalysts. After many turnovers (∼1000 and ∼165 for benzyl alcohol and 1-phenyl ethanol, respectively) partial deactivation (∼ 40%) is observed, but the deactivated catalyst can be fully regenerated by treatment with dihydrogen. The TEM data of fresh, deactivated and regenerated 1 show a correlation between the particle size and activity. A mechanism consistent with this and other experimental observations including XPS data is proposed.