Modern natural language understanding models depend on pretrained subword embeddings, but applications may need to reason about words that were never or rarely seen during pretraining. We show that examples that depend critically on a rarer word are more challenging for natural language inference models. Then we explore how a model could learn to use definitions, provided in natural text, to overcome this handicap. Our model's understanding of a definition is usually weaker than a well-modeled word embedding, but it recovers most of the performance gap from using a completely untrained word.


Surcharge runoff over the capacity of drainage pipes is one of main flood breaking factors in urban area. Change into larger pipes is costly and time consuming solution. Rainwater tanks can be a sustainable solution for the control of heavy runoff.

The Rainfall-Storage-Drain(RSD) model is developed for the design of rainwater tanks of flood control. Design rainfall of Huff's distribution and runoff analysis on building rooftop makes inflow curves into the tanks. Through a water balance equation, tank volume versus peak flow curves can determine the minimum tank volume needed for controlled peak flow value of a design period. The case study in Seoul City shows a tank of 29 L/m2 can control the runoff of 30-years with the drainage pipes of 10-years design period. The RSD model can give simple and easy curves to understand for tank capacity determination in a local flood condition.


Distribution of media data over the Internet is increasing in popularity and volume. This poses challenges not only for network operators but also for service providers when it comes to serving the demand in a cost-efficient way. In this paper, we approach this problem by investigating the potential of co-operative approaches where locality in space (users in the same network) and locality in time (concurrent downloads) are exploited such that as many requests as possible may be handled inside the access and metro networks. This approach may contribute not only to reducing transport costs (less traffic in core networks and at peering points) by but also improve the end user experience (by reduced round trip times and exclusion of some possible bottlenecks). To this end we develop a method to measure the possible gains from, firstly, optimal handling of concurrent downloads and, secondly, optimal utilization local availability. We apply the method to BitTorrent data from two metropolitan access networks and find that the bandwidth savings amount to between 10% and 20% when optimizing concurrent downloads and between 56% and 66% when exploiting local availability with a simulated network cache.


The heat shock proteins (HSPs) gp96 and HSP70 mediate potent antigen-dependent anti-tumor T cell responses in both mammals and Xenopus laevis. We have shown that frogs immunized with total HSP70 generate CD8+ T cell responses against the Xenopus thymic lymphoid tumor 15/0 that expresses several non-classical MHC class Ib (class Ib) genes, but no classical MHC class Ia (class Ia). In the absence of class Ia, we hypothesized that hsp72 can prime class Ib-mediated anti-tumor unconventional CD8+ T cells in an antigen-dependent manner. To test this, we produced Xenopus recombinant HSP70 proteins (both the cognate hsc73 and the inducible hsp72) from stable 15/0 tumor transfectants. We used an in vivo cross-presentation assay to prime animals by adoptive transfer of HSP-pulsed antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and showed that both hsp72-and hsc73-Ag complexes have a similar potential to elicit class Ia-mediated T cell responses against minor histocompatibility (H) Ag skin grafts. In contrast, our in vivo cross-presentation assay revealed that hsp72 was more potent than hsc73 in generating protective immune responses against the class Ia-negative 15/0 tumors in an Ag-dependent and class Ib-mediated manner. These results suggest that hsp72 can stimulate class Ib-mediated immune responses and represents a promising candidate for immunotherapy against malignancies with downregulated class Ia expression.


OBJECTIVE
To investigate the effect of CD25+ or CTLA-4(+) cell depletion on the natural history of collagen-induced and spontaneous arthritis in male DBA1/J mice.

METHODS
Male DBA/1J mice were treated with anti-CD25 depleting antibody (PC61) or isotype control (GL113), or with anti-CTLA-4 depleting antibody (4F10) at various time-points peri- and post-immunization with bovine collagen type II, emulsified in adjuvant. In order to develop a model system in which long-term depletion of CD25+ regulatory T cells can be achieved prior to immunization, adult male DBA/1J mice were thymectomized prior to administration of either PC61 or GL113. An ELISA demonstrated that PC61 and GL113 antibodies were undetectable by 21 days after administration and FACS analysis confirmed the long-term depletion of CD25+ cells in peripheral blood.

RESULTS
In the thymectomized mice treated with PC61, the CD25+ population was depleted and a spontaneous arthritis developed (P = 0.03). In the non-thymectomized mice, administration of CTLA-4-depleting antibody prior to immunization exacerbated arthritis in mice immunized with bovine collagen type II emulsified in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (P < 0.01). However, no significant difference in the natural history of arthritis was evident in mice treated with CD25-depleting antibody (PC61) compared with control antibody (GL113).

CONCLUSIONS
Two separate models implicate CD25+ CTLA-4(+) constitutive cells in suppression of arthritis in susceptible DBA/1 males: exacerbation of collagen-induced arthritis following CTLA-4 depletion at the start of induction and spontaneous arthritis in the thymectomy/CD25+ depletion model.


The contemporary mother faces difficult choices when deciding whether to be either a 'stay at home' or a 'working mother'. Conflicting discourses of good and bad mothering revolve around a political divide under pressure, one that territorialises the public and private domains. Gilligan (1982) famously highlighted the existence of these domains by challenging Kohlberg's findings that men were endowed with higher moral reasoning powers than women. Disappointed by what she identified as the masculinist bias of Kohlberg's work, Gilligan conducted her own research, finding that men and women reasoned differently but equitably. Gilligan's thesis now theoretically informs a feminist ethics of care that has reputedly transformed political spatial boundaries of the public and private domains, domains traditionally gendered as masculine and feminine. Yet the 'care' that Gilligan has drawn our attention to is seemingly a new phenomenon. Appearing in language around the same time as the birth of Gilligan's feminist ethics and indeed amidst the growing dilemma of the working mother, this care shows no visible sign of its maternal origins. In this paper, I attempt to define and locate care amidst the dismantling of the spatial divide that separates the public and private, a dismantling that coincides with the commodification of care within a global market.


Previous research has made significant progress elucidating the nature of cognitive biases in emotional disorders. However, less work has focused on the relation among cognitive biases and emotional responding in clinical samples. This study uses eye-tracking to examine difficulties disengaging attention from emotional material in depressed participants and to test its relation with mood reactivity and recovery during and after a stress induction. Participants diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and never-disordered control participants (CTL) completed a novel eye-tracking paradigm in which participants had to disengage their attention from emotional material to attend to a neutral stimulus. Time to disengage attention was computed using a direct recording of eye movements. Participants then completed a stress induction and mood reactivity and recovery were assessed. MDD compared with CTL participants took significantly longer to disengage from depression-related stimuli (i.e., sad faces). Individual differences in disengagement predicted lower recovery from sad mood in response to the stress induction in the MDD group. These results suggest that difficulties in attentional disengagement may contribute to the sustained negative affect that characterizes depressive disorders.


Information Technology (IT) is playing a crucial role in supporting and managing the organization's knowledge assets. IT supplies the necessary collaboration, communication, and networking capabilities required for accelerating the speed of knowledge transfer and creation. This explorative research study will examine the association and the alignment between the Knowledge Management (KM) strategy and Information Systems, IS/IT strategy adopted by the banking sector in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Countries in supporting business strategy. Using the recommended model, the study will explore the impact of this alignment on the organizations' performance. The context of the GCC has been chosen because there is a need for a context-aware model for the KM in such countries. This model should consider the contextual, cultural, and technical factors that have a crucial effect on implementing KM and its strategies.


ONE PHRASE often heard since September 11 is that "the United States has been transformed." Some significant changes have indeed taken place in the attitudes of Americans to the threat of terrorism and challenges related to it, but opinion polls show that otherwise much has remained the same. This article examines surveys of American attitudes to a number of major issues from September 11 to the end of January 2002. In addition to exploring views on the war on terrorism, America's political leadership, and civil liberties, it also reports on responses by the American public to a number of questions asking how September 11 has affected them more personally. The War against Terrorism From the time of the Vietnam era, the reluctance of the American public to engage in military intervention overseas has been a constraint on U.S. foreign policy. Since September 11, this constraint has not been in evidence, and opinion polls show a much greater support for military intervention abroad, not only against al Qaeda, but also against countries considered to sponsor terrorism, even if they had no direct connection with the attacks of September 11. Support for the war against terrorism compares very favorably with support for other U.S. wars of the second half of the twentieth century. More than 90 percent of persons surveyed in polls have regularly expressed approval of the insertion of ground troops into Afghanistan. Approval ratings for the use of ground forces in the Gulf War in 1991 were never this high. After the Gulf War ended and the question of reinserting troops came up in 1992-93, approval ranged from 55 to 70 percent. Support for the use of American ground troops in Bosnia (1995-1998) never rose higher than 53 percent and was usually less than 50 percent, while public disapproval of placing troops in Haiti in 1994 exceeded approval. (1) Americans appear to have accepted the notion that the war on terrorism is likely to be a long one. That practicality greatly surpasses Americans' reactions to the war against Japan following the Pearl Harbor attack. Only 51 percent of Americans in December 1941 expected a long war, while 87 percent of the public in November 2001 understands that this unconventionally defined war may drag on and on. While 26 percent of Americans conceived of the war against Japan at the time as probably a "comparatively easy war," only 4 percent of Americans have such a view toward this war. (2) Despite the overwhelming public support for the war, three important factors that might affect this support in future are evident in opinion polls. The success of the war. Although the war in Afghanistan was strongly supported from the start, optimism built from October to January. Poll results from October and early November reflected somewhat guarded expectations for the war effort and its progress to date, but as the air and ground offensives destroyed the Taliban and al Qaeda resistance, the enthusiasm of Americans understandably increased for the prospects of the more globally conceived war on terrorism described to the public in September. For this kind of war, a modest pessimism initially characterized the public attitude. In late September, only 37 percent of the public was "very confident" about succeeding (compared to 61 percent who were "very confident" at the beginning of the more narrowly and conventionally defined Gulf War). (3) However, in early October, this kind of war garnered 49 percent support, and by late November, 62 percent of the public was on board. Just as support for the war seems correlated to the success of the war, it also seems to be influenced by the extent of casualties suffered. Support for the use of ground troops in a war on terror, in Afghanistan or against other targets, decreased when pollsters qualified the question with the prospect of substantial military or civilian casualties, even though a sizable majority still supported conventional war in such circumstances. …


This is the first of two papers devoted to the analysis of contour crossing errors that occur in contour-advective simulations of fluid motion. Here an algorithm is presented for quantifying the error due to contour crossings. The method for analysing contour crossing errors works in several stages. The first step is to determine the relative proximity of all possible pairs of contours. A digital representation of each contour is produced to aid in the corresponding calculation. Simple analysis of functions is then used to find any crossings between contours deemed close to each other by the digital representation method. Next, the area in error of a pair of crossing contours is calculated by identifying the polygon or polygons that approximately bound the erroneous region. Finally, some preliminary results of analysis of contour crossings that occur in Contour-Advective Semi-Lagrangian (CASL) simulations of single layer quasigeostrophic turbulence are presented. It is shown that the error due to contour crossings is small in the simulations considered here.


We construct a general axiomatic approach to measuring spatial concentration around a center or capital point of interest, a concept with wide applicability from urban economics, economic geography and trade, to political economy and industrial organization. By analogy with expected utility theory, we propose a basic axiom of independence (sub-group consistency) and continuity for a concentration order that ranks any two distributions relative to the capital point. We show that this axiom implies an expected influence representation of that order, conceptualizing concentration as an aggregation of the expected influence exerted by the capital on all points in the relevant space (or vice-versa). We then propose two axioms (monotonicity and rank invariance) and prove that they imply that the associated influence function must be a decreasing isoelastic function of the distance to the capital. We apply our index to measure the concentration of population around capital cities across countries and US states, and also in US metropolitan areas. We show its advantages over alternative measures, and explore its correlations with many economic and political variables of interest.


Students know that the 2008 elections were a watershed event in American political history. They've read and watched the coverage, but do they have a deep understanding of what happened, beyond YouTube and the talking heads? Do they know why voters cast their ballots the way they did? Flanigan and Zingale continue their thorough and accessible analytical overview of the political behavior of the American voter in this twelfth edition. Delving deeply into the 2008 National Election Study data, the authors explore the impact of innovative mobilization efforts, the effects of the waning war in Iraq and the economic slump on voting choice, and the continuing trends of polarization and partisanship - all in a way that is clear and engaging to students. The book's updated tables and figures are available electronically and free for adopters, and a brand new companion website offers data sets and exercises.


A decision recently handed down in the Supreme Court of Appeal (SCA) in the matter of McCarthy vs Absa Bank 2010 (2)(SA) 321 SCA deserves attention. It is interesting because of the underlying background and relevant facts, and because of the position clarified by the Court relevant to the contractual relationship between a bank and its cheque account customer, and the requirement that the bank must perform its mandate with the required degree of care, good faith and without negligence.


Inspired by the sudden recent incline in and awareness of veganism as well as my own personal involvement in such matters, I sought out to complete an empirical analysis to study the impact of consumer preferences. Originally intrigued by the consumption of meat and its impact on developing countries, I opted for a related topic with better accompanying data. Consumer preferences change regularly with an increasing plethora of reasons behind their decisions. As the guiding force of the demand side of the market, it was vital to study the impact of their choices. My decision to use plant-based milk was meant to be a proxy for consumers who could not consume dairy. To my surprise, the force behind the increase in plant-based milk consumption was not propelled by those with alternative lifestyles but regular consumers who wanted healthier and better-tasting options. Further analysis has led me to look past consumers themselves and their individual choices to identify the impacts of their choices. This required an intricate look into the United States dairy industry and its composition. What is recorded within the next 45 pages is a delicate web of outcomes spun by the needs of consumers. It branches out into the lives of small dairy farmers who cannot compete with larger farms. It spins out to form a massive web of increasing profit for the plant-based milk industry. It creates a loss in the whole milk sector of the dairy industry only to be filled by the organic and specialty sectors. While they can be guided into choices through various forms of advertisement, the world has changed since the introduction of modern economics, and consumers are learning to utilize the products that fit their lifestyles. Gone are the days of passive consumption and food pyramids. Information has never been as readily available as it is today, with the help of the internet and independent researchers, and consumers have chosen to use this to their advantage.


This is a practical guide for solicitors, accountants and other professionals, to the law surrounding the subject of the liquidation of companies in Scotland. Following devolution and the Enterprise Act 2002, there have been a number of changes since the previous edition in 1990. European influences have also necessitated significant changes in procedures. Examining all the stages in the process of liquidation (compulsory and voluntary), with references to the specific Scottish insolvency rules and legislation, this is an essential purchase for anyone practising in this area of law or who needs to understand the process. Following the introductory narrative, which details clearly the steps which require to be followed on a day to day basis, you will find a wealth of wholly revised and updated styles for your use, including: * Petitions to court * Agendas and minutes for required meetings * Relevant letters * Notes (e.g. for delivery of property/reduction of gratuitous alienation) * Sederunt book entries * Deed of Appointment for Independent Trustees to Pension Schemes Expanded from the previous edition, MacRoberts' Scottish Liquidation Handbook includes major sections on new concerns for liquidators and those advising them including pensions, employment, data protection and some taxation issues.


Race mixture, or mestizaje, has played a critical role in the history, culture, and politics of Latin America. In Degrees of Mixture, Degrees of Freedom , Peter Wade draws on a multidisciplinary research study in Mexico, Brazil, and Colombia. He shows how Latin American elites and outside observers have emphasized mixture's democratizing potential, depicting it as a useful resource for addressing problems of racism (claiming that race mixture undoes racial difference and hierarchy), while Latin American scientists participate in this narrative with claims that genetic studies of mestizos can help isolate genetic contributors to diabetes and obesity and improve health for all. Wade argues that, in the process, genomics produces biologized versions of racialized difference within the nation and the region, but a comparative approach nuances the simple idea that highly racialized societies give rise to highly racialized genomics. Wade examines the tensions between mixture and purity, and between equality and hierarchy in liberal political orders, exploring how ideas and scientific data about genetic mixture are produced and circulate through complex networks.


The internet facilitates instant and inexpensive communication across large distances. Perhaps the most striking feature of online \crowdfunding" is the broad geographic dispersion of investors in small, early-stage projects. This contrasts with existing theories that predict entrepreneurs and investors will be co-located due to distance-sensitive costs. We examine a crowdfunding setting that connects artist-entrepreneurs with investors over the internet for nancing musical projects. The average distance between artists and investors is about 5,000 km, suggesting a reduced role for spatial proximity. Still, distance does play a role. Within a single round of nancing, local investors invest relatively early, and they appear less responsive to decisions by other investors. We show this geography eect is driven by investors who likely have a personal connection with the artist-entrepreneur (\family and friends"). Although the online platform seems to eliminate most distance-related economic frictions such as monitoring progress, providing input, and gathering information, it does not eliminate social-related frictions.


We show that there is a strong and consistent correlation between geochemical and geophysical estimates of the amount of melt generated in the mantle beneath oceanic ridges. This correlation holds across all spreading rates and on scales down to the size of individual ridge segments. There is an abrupt decrease in the amount of melt generated at full spreading rates below ~20 mm/a. Our observations are consistent with the conclusion that <10% of the melt is frozen in the mantle before it reaches the crust and that serpentine probably represents only a small percentage of the material above the Moho. The melt is well mixed on a ridge segment scale, probably in high level magma chambers, but the melts remain distinct between segments. The rare earth element concentrations of basalts from very slow-spreading ridges are higher than those from normal oceanic ridges, which is directly indicative of reduced mantle melting, and they show characteristic light rare earth element enrichment, interpreted as caused by a deep tail of small percentage wet melting. The decrease in melt production at rates below ~20 mm/a points to the importance of conductive cooling inhibiting melting of the upwelling mantle at very slow-spreading centres.


Soft interfaces can mediate interactions between particles bound to them. The force transmitted through the surface geometry on a particle may be expressed as a closed line integral of the surface stress tensor around that particle. This contour may be deformed to exploit the symmetries present; for two identical particles, one obtains an exact expression for the force between them in terms of the local surface geometry of their mid-plane; in the case of a fluid membrane the sign of the interaction is often evident. The approach, by construction, is adapted directly to the surface and is independent of its parameterization. Furthermore, it is applicable for arbitrarily large deformations; in particular, it remains valid beyond the linear small-gradient regime.


Banksia nutans is a common, 1 m high, bushy shrub that flowers over summer in the sandplain heathlands on the southern coast of Western Australia. It appears to be principally pollinated by the honey possum, Tarsipes rostratus. This tiny (7–10 g) marsupial is the most abundant and widespread mammal in one large heathland where 97% of honey possums trapped near B. nutans were found to carry its pollen. An experiment was conducted that regulated access to flowers by different groups of pollinators. Exclosures around bushes removed access to flowers by flying animals, but still allowed honey possums to visit the flowers. This treatment resulted in fruit set that was not significantly different from bushes to which all animals had access. Exclusion of animal visitors resulted in significantly lower (albeit substantial) fruit set. This indicates a capacity for self-pollination that may offset the apparent reliance of Banksia nutans on honey possums for pollination.


Objective – The purpose was to determine whether a relationship exists between journal downloads and either faculty authoring venue or citations to these faculty, or whether a relationship exists between journal rankings and local authoring venues or citations. A related purpose was to determine if any such relationship varied between or within disciplines. A final purpose was to determine if specific tools for ranking journals or indexing authorship and citation were demonstrably better than alternatives.

Methods – Multiple years of journal usage, ranking, and citation data for twelve disciplines were combined in Excel, and the strength of relationships were determined using rank correlation coefficients.

Results – The results illustrated marked disciplinary variation as to the degree that faculty decisions to download a journal article can be used as a proxy to predict which journals they will publish in or which journals will cite faculty's work. While journal access requests show moderate to strong relationships with the journals in which faculty publish, as well as journals whose articles cite local faculty, the data suggest that Scopus may be the better resource to find such information for these journals in the health sciences and Web of Science may be the better resource for all other disciplines analyzed. The same can be said for the ability of external ranking mechanisms to predict faculty publishing behaviours. Eigenfactor is more predictive for both authoring and citing-by-others across most of the representative disciplines in the social sciences as well as the physical and natural sciences. With the health sciences, no clear pattern emerges.

Conclusion – Collecting and correlating authorship and citation data allows patterns of use to emerge, resulting in a more accurate picture of use activity than the commonly used cost-per-use method. To find the best information on authoring activity by local faculty for subscribed journals, use Scopus. To find the best information on citing activity by faculty peers for subscribed titles use Thomson Reuters' customized Local Journal Use Reports (LJUR), or limit a Web of Science search to local institution. The Eigenfactor and SNIP journal quality metrics results can better inform selection decisions, and are publicly available. Given the trend toward more centralized collection development, it is still critical to obtain liaison input no matter what datasets are used for decision making. This evidence of value can be used to defend any local library "tax" that academic departments pay as well as promote services to help faculty demonstrate their research impact.


The authors consider the role of institutional networks in integrated and inclusive coastal-zone management in Trinidad and Tobago. Drawing on theories of social institutions, a framework for understanding the institutional prerequisites for participatory management is developed. In this framework, distinction is made between institutions at the community, formal-organisational, and national regulatory levels and the means by which institutions adapt to and learn about new issues in terms of networks of dependence and exchange are characterised. The immediate networks between actors (their spaces of dependence) are augmented by wider networks between institutions at various scales (their spaces of exchange). This framework is applied to a case study of resource management in Trinidad and Tobago. Semistructured interviews with key government urban and economic planners, fisheries regulators, and other agents in Trinidad and Tobago, and a participatory workshop for resource managers, are used to identify the perceived opportunities and constraints relating to integrated and inclusive resource management within the social institutions. The findings are analysed through an exploration of the spaces of dependence and exchange that exist in the various social networks at the different institutional scales. The prescriptive relevance of this approach is in the demonstration of the nature of change required in social institutions at all scales to facilitate integrated and inclusive resource management.


Several Santa Barbara County agencies have key engineering review responsibilities for new development. The magnitude of issues raised and the level of engineering review required for large oil and gas processing and transportation facilities precludes development of final engineering design until after discretionary approval of the project and imposition of environmental protection measures. Large projects result in literally hundreds of permit conditions designed to reduce or eliminate various adverse effects across a wide range of issue areas. Frequently, full mitigation of a potential adverse effect may only be accomplished at the expense of an increased impact in a different issue area. Balancing of conflicting mitigation measures often involves compromises among two or more agencies with strong legal mandates. As part of the County's regulation of large oil and gas processing facilities, a Systems Safety and Reliability Review Committee (SSRRC) comprising seven specific County agencies was formed. The committee was established to provide coordinated review of evolving design of projects. While enhancing the overall safety and realibility of the facilities is the principal goal of the committee, balancing other impact tradeoffs is an important part of the process. For example, crude oil tank design, emission control facilities, and emergency response systems design require careful balancing of design implications across a large range of issue areas before final designs can be approved. In the case of crude oil tank design, the size, spacing, and roof design of the tanks raised conflicts among land use, air quality, and emergency response agencies that required extensive consideration of site constraints, emission control technology, and fire suppression system limitations.


China has been growing at over ten per cent annually since 1978, but this has only come to very widespread notice in the past decade. This received wisdom about China has been largely of two types, both of which – more or less – understand China in the context of neoliberalism. The more business- or business studies-oriented literature seems to argue that if China does not adapt the rule of clear and distinct property and contract law – in short, of Western institutions – its economy will stall. The second set of voices is more clearly from the left, arguing that the Chinese economy, and city, is neo-liberal. For them, China does not diverge widely from the Anglo-American model that, from 2008, has brought the world economy to its knees.

China Constructing Capitalism takes issue with these analyses. The authors argue that it is not Western neo-liberalism that is constructing the Chinese economy, but instead that China is constructing its own version of capitalism. The two central theses of their argument are:
economic life – neo-liberal economic life is individualized and disembedded, while the China model is relational and situated
urban change – China has created a form of 'local state capitalism' which stands in contrast to neoliberal versions of the city.

This book analyses China as a 'risk culture', examining among others Chinese firms and political ties, property development, migrant urbanisms and share trading rooms. It scrutinises the ever-present shadow of the risk-averse (yet uncertainty-creating) state. China Constructing Capitalism is a must-read for social scientists, policy makers and investors.


The purpose of this study was to explore historical or demographic factors of inmates diagnosed with a psychotic disorder as well as to assess whether any of these factors distinguish violent and nonviolent offenders diagnosed with mental illness. The sample consisted of 73 male inmates who had been released from Oregon Department of Corrections before 2004. Of these, 44 had been convicted of nonviolent crimes and 29 had been convicted of violent crimes. Inmates' institutional and medical files were examined for 18 factors: conviction, arrest record, race, marital status, employment history, highest grade level completed, psychiatric treatment before arrest, inpatient treatment, psychiatric medication history, probation or parole revocation, history of disciplinary reports, age of first crime, age of onset of psychosis, parents' marital status before participant reached the age of 18, history of abuse, history of substance abuse, family history of crime, and violence before the age of 18. The results of a frequency analysis showed large differences (10% or more) between nonviolent and violent inmates for the following variables: race, marital status, parents' marital status, type of parent/guardian figure present in the childhood home, unemployment 6 months before arrest, age of psychotic onset, revocation of probation or parole, disciplinary reports, and history of violence. A chi square analysis was conducted to determine if there were any significant differences in the variables between violent and nonviolent offenders. There was a significant difference in age of psychotic onset. Inmates in the violent group more often experienced psychotic onset between the ages of 15 to 19 than at younger or older ages, whereas inmates in the nonviolent group more often experienced psychotic onset before the age of 15 and between the ages of 20 to 29.


Organ transplantation has always been considered to be the optimal therapeutic intervention in patients with end-stage organ failure. In the US, approximately 615,000 patients are diagnosed with end-stage renal disease and less than 30% have received a kidney transplant. One of the crucial drawbacks in successful renal transplantation is allograft rejection. Survival rates among transplant recipients have greatly improved due to better understanding of transplant biology and more effective immunosuppressive agents. Post-transplant immune monitoring and optimization of the immunosuppressive therapy using non-invasive biomarkers can effectively predict impending graft rejection and may spare the need for renal biopsy. This article provides an insight into the immunomodulations of renal transplant recipients. It depicts the immune system including several types of kidney rejection and reviews the biomarkers that may serve in near future, as surveillance tools for graft monitoring. Finally, a summary on the main immunosuppressive drugs used in kidney transplant both in the induction and maintenance phases is also covered.


After you have just spent 10 minutes of your valuable time counselling a person about what will be the most appropriate vitamin and mineral supplement for him, the person tells you that he will think about it. He then tells you that they are selling the same supplement cheaper at the pharmacy close to his work. He stands in front of you, his arms now folded and he is looking at his watch as if you have just wasted 10 minutes of his time. His posture is more rigid and he does not make frequent eye contact. He tells you that his wife is waiting in the car and he says good bye to you.
You think: "I am furious! How can a person waste my time like this with total disrespect for my professional knowledge and skills?"
He thinks: "What a poor business person! He or she gave me all the advice that I needed, but did not even attempt to convince me to buy the product."


In 1992, Congress required states receiving federal juvenile justice funds to reduce racial disparities in the confinement rates of minority juveniles. This provision, now known as the disproportionate minority contact standard (DMC), is potentially more far-reaching than traditional disparate impact standards: It requires the reduction of racial disparities regardless of whether those disparities were motivated by intentional discrimination or justified by "legitimate" agency interests. Instead, the statute encourages states to address how their practices exacerbate racial disadvantage. This Article casts the DMC standard as a partial response to the failure of constitutional and statutory standards to discourage actions that produce racial disparity. A limitation of the disparate impact framework, particularly in the context of Title VI of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, is that courts adopted a narrow view of causation, unwilling to risk holding public actors responsible for broader racial inequality. By contrast the DMC standard, enforced not through litigation but through federal government oversight and advocacy by nongovernmental organizations, requires public actors to address how their practices interact with conditions of racial inequality, even apart from their complicity in creating those conditions. The DMC approach innovatively responds to the complex mechanisms that sustain contemporary racial inequality. Legal commentary has properly focused on the role of implicit bias, but this Article argues that one must look beyond bias to combat structural patterns of racial inequality. The Article concludes by discussing federal statutes similar to DMC, and suggests that these approaches might be the manifestation of a new civil rights politics.


This draws on archival studies in Scotland and Australia to review the history and fate of convict women transported for a variety of offences, including many economic crimes, reflecting the poverty of their backgrounds, rural and urban. A sample of 200 indicates that the prospects at home were gloomy and that transportation to New South Wales, Van Diemen's Land (later Tasmania) and other places at least gave the opportunity for a fresh start. The surviving evidence, drawn from indents and convict records in the State Archives of NSW, Tasmania and of the State Library in Victoria, suggests some did so. The study explains much about the convict system as it affected working class women and the context of crime in the first half of the 19th century.


In this paper we introduce a new approach for organizing algebras of global dimension at most 2. We introduce the notion of cluster equivalence for these algebras, based on whether their general- ized cluster categories are equivalent. We are particularly interested in the question how much information about an algebra is preserved in its generalized cluster category, or, in other words, how closely two algebras are related if they have equivalent generalized cluster categories. Our approach makes use of the cluster-tilting objects in the generalized cluster categories: We first observe that cluster-tilting objects in generalized cluster categories are in natural bijection with cluster-tilting subcategories of derived categories, and then prove a recognition theorem for the latter. Using this recognition theorem we give a precise criterion when two cluster equivalent algebras are derived equivalent. For a given algebra we further describe all the de- rived equivalent algebras which have the same canonical cluster tilting object in their generalized cluster category. Finally we show that in general, if two algebras are cluster equivalent, then (under certain con- ditions) the algebras can be graded in such a way that the categories of graded modules are derived equivalent. To this end we introduce mutation of graded quivers with potential, and show that this notion reflects mutation in derived categories.


[About the book]

In recent years, cultural work has engaged the interest of scholars from a broad range of social science and humanities disciplines. The debate in this 'turn to cultural work' has largely been based around evaluating its advantages and disadvantages: its freedoms and its constraints, its informal but precarious nature, the inequalities within its global workforce, and the blurring of work–life boundaries leading to 'self-exploitation'.

While academic critics have persuasively challenged more optimistic accounts of 'converged' worlds of creative production, the critical debate on cultural work has itself leant heavily towards suggesting a profoundly new confluence of forces and effects. Theorizing Cultural Work instead views cultural work through a specifically historicized and temporal lens, to ask: what novelty can we actually attach to current conditions, and precisely what relation does cultural work have to social precedent? The contributors to this volume also explore current transformations and future(s) of work within the cultural and creative industries as they move into an uncertain future.

This book challenges more affirmative and proselytising industry and academic perspectives, and the pervasive cult of novelty that surrounds them, to locate cultural work as an historically and geographically situated process. It will be of interest to students and scholars of sociology, cultural studies, human geography, urban studies and industrial relations, as well as management and business studies, cultural and economic policy and development, government and planning.


The popularity of Kabbalah, a Jewish mystical movement at least 900 years old, has grown astonishingly within the context of the vast and ever-expanding social movement commonly referred to as the New Age. This book is the first to provide a broad overview of the major trends in contemporary Kabbalah together with in-depth discussions of major figures and schools. A noted expert on Kabbalah, Jonathan Garb places the "kabbalistic Renaissance" within the global context of the rise of other forms of spirituality, including Sufism and Tibetan Buddhism. He shows how Kabbalah has been transformed by the events of the Holocaust and, following the establishment of Israel, by aliyah. The Chosen Will Become Herds is an original piece of scholarship and, in its own right, a new chapter in the history of Kabbalah.


The pharmaceutical industry is conducting research to evaluate the pathways and fate of active pharmaceutical ingredients from the consumer to surface waters. One potential pathway identified by the researchers is the disposal of unused pharmaceutical products that are discarded by consumers in household trash and disposed of in municipal solid waste landfills. This study was designed to evaluate relative amounts of surface water exposures through the landfill disposal pathway compared to patient use and flushing of unused medicine pathways. The estimated releases to surface water of 24 example active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in landfill leachate were calculated for 3 assumed disposal scenarios: 5%, 10%, and 15% of the total annual quantity of API sold is discarded and unused. The estimated releases from landfills to surface waters, after treatment of the leachate, were compared to the total amount of each example API that would be released to surface waters from publicly owned treatment works, generated by patient use and excretion. This study indicates that the disposal of unused medications in municipal solid waste landfills effectively eliminates the unused medicine contribution of APIs to surface waters; greater than 99.9% of APIs disposed of in a landfill are permanently retained. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2013; 9: 142–154. © 2012 SETAC


A purely analytical model treating an average cavity description of a passive self-similar optical resonator is developed. The model introduces an energy area theorem which provides an analytical framework for understanding energy scalability in passive self-similar systems. A qualitative link between self-similar pulses in fiber and solid state systems is explained by the analytical model through the nature of the saturable characteristics of the saturable absorber. The derived expressions for the field amplitude and chirp parameter of the pulse match well with simulation and offer insight into the mechanics of passive self-similar resonator design.


This paper investigates private net saving in the US economy—divided into its principal components, households and (nonfinancial) corporate financial balances—and its impact on the GDP cycle from the 1980s to the present. Furthermore, we investigate whether the financial markets (stock prices, BAA spread, and long-term interest rates) have a role in explaining the cyclical pattern of the two private financial balances. We analyze all these aspects estimating a VAR—between household and (nonfinancial) corporate financial balances (also known as the corporate financing gap), financial markets, and the economic cycle—and imposing restrictions on the matrix A to identify the structural shocks. We find that households and corporate balances react to financial markets as theoretically expected, and that the economic cycle reacts positively to corporate balance, in accordance with the Minskyan view of the operation of the economy that we have embraced.


This study explores the relationship between pet ownership and psychological benefits among college students. Sixty-six students either living with a pet on campus (n = 32; 16 dog owners, 16 cat owners) or not completed several assessments of stress and affective symptomatology during the first two weeks of an academic semester and again during the last two weeks. Overall there were no significant differences between students living with pets and students not living with pets on any of the measures. However, there was a significant interaction between pet ownership and stress in predicting students' somatic anxiety at Time 2. Although pet owning students reported similar levels of stress as their non-pet owning peers, this stress was not correlated with an increase to their bodily symptoms of anxiety. For the non-pet condition, however, stress and somatic anxiety were significantly, positively correlated. Overall, there was not strong quantitative support for pets reducing stress amongst college students. However, qualitative data from a pet owner questionnaire suggested that students greatly enjoy living with a pet on a college campus. Given the decidedly mixed findings, directions for future research more closely examining the impact of pet ownership on students are proposed.


Objective: Although there are several reports which support a (negative) association between depression and spirituality/religiosity, the specific nature of the relationships remains unclear. To address whether patients with depressive and/or addictive disorders use this resource at all, we focused on a circumscribed variable of intrinsic religiosity, and analyzed putative associations between intrinsic religiosity, depression, life satisfaction and internal adaptive coping strategies. Methods: We referred to data of 111 patients with either depressive and/or addictive disorders treated in three German clinics. For this anonym cross sectional study, standardized instruments were used, i.e., the 5-item scale Reliance on God's Help (RGH), Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI), the 3-item scale Escape from Illness, the Brief Multidimensional Life Satisfaction Scale (BMLSS), and internal adaptive coping strategies as measured with the AKU questionnaire. Results: Patients with addictive disorders had significantly higher RGH than patients with depressive disorders (F = 3.6; p = 0.03). Correlation analyses revealed that RGH was not significantly associated with the BDI scores, instead depressive symptoms were significantly associated with life satisfaction and internal adaptive coping strategies (i.e., Reappraisal: Illness as Chance and Conscious Living). Patients with either low or high RGH did not significantly differ with respect to their BDI scores. None of the underlying dimensions of RGH were associated with depression scores, but with life satisfaction and (negatively) with Escape from illness. Nevertheless, patients with high RGH had significantly higher adaptive coping strategies. Regression analyses revealed that Reappraisal as a cognitive coping strategy to re-define the value of illness and to use it as a chance of development (i.e., change attitudes and behavior), was the best predictor of patients' RGH (Beta = 0.36, p = 0.001), while neither depression as underlying disease (as compared to addictive disorders) nor patients' life satisfaction had a significant influence on their RGH. Conclusions: Although RGH was significantly higher in patients with addictive disorders than in patients with depressive disorders, depressive symptoms are not significantly associated with patients' intrinsic religiosity. Particularly those patients with high intrinsic religiosity seem to have stronger access to positive (internal) strategies to cope, and higher life satisfaction. Whether spirituality/religiosity is used by the patients as a reliable resource may depend on their individual experience during live, their expectations, and specific world-view.


IMPLEMENTING A GENERALLY ACCESSIBLE AND SUSTAINABLE TRAINING MODEL AMONG INDIGENOUS PASTORS IN MEXICO'S OAXACA STATE Anthony Lynn Steele, D.Miss. The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, 2016 Chair: Dr. M. David Sills Oaxaca is perhaps the most diverse state in the nation of Mexico in terms of ethnicity with 16 ethnolinguistic groups and 173 distinct dialects of indigenous languages. The terrain of Oaxaca is rugged and makes travel a challenge in many parts of the state. Oaxaca has communities that are within sight of one another yet are hours of driving time between. These factors and others make it a difficult task for missionaries to provide training for pastors and leaders in remote communities. This dissertation seeks to explore manners to provide theological training to these leaders in the face of such challenges. Through a survey of the history of Oaxaca, methods of pastor training, both theoretical and those that have been attempted in the state, this research seeks to evaluate the approaches to training that fit within the context of Oaxaca and make recommendations for missionary practices in the region going forward. Chapter 1 introduces the context of Oaxaca state and the aims of the research project. The challenges of doing pastor training and making disciples in this region of the world are presented. Steele spells out the methodology of the research and his plan for evaluating the results. Chapter 2 discusses the history of Mexico in general and Oaxaca in particular. Through a survey of history from the times of pre-conquest Mexico to present-day developments among evangelicals in Mexico, this history provides a background for the challenges and needs for pastor training in Oaxaca. Chapter 3 provides a discussion of the relationship between pastor training and discipleship from a biblical and practical standpoint. The goals of pastor training and their relationship to the biblical models of making disciples are surveyed and evaluated. Chapter 4 presents the results of a recent training project in which a survey of the New Testament was taught. Using an instrument to evaluate the effectiveness of the course, results of the training are evaluated. The chapter also presents the results of a number of interviews with missionaries in Oaxaca who currently do pastor training in the region. Chapter 5 provides a summary of the findings. It also presents conclusions and recommendations for those doing pastor training in Oaxaca.


Current Voice over IP (VoIP) and Instant Messaging (IM) systems follow a client-server model, or require clients and network elements supporting non-standard protocols. In this paper, we present a standards-based, fully decentralized peer-to-peer (P2P) communications system. This system can be used in situations where constant Internet connectivity is not possible, and supports ad hoc, ephemeral communications scenarios. These systems are useful in environments including remote locations, security conscious organizations, and collaborative groups. Our system leverages the existing SIP/SIMPLE family of open-standard protocols, ensuring that our system will interoperate with existing communications infrastructure. We implement our system using a Distributed Hash Table (DHT) approach for lookup, transported using SIP messages. We support replication for reliability and availability. Our system uses unmodified SIP/SIMPLE mechanisms to exchange messages after resources are located, allowing for maximal reuse. We explore future directions of research for such systems, including security, availability, and advanced routing, including social-based routing tech-


Proanthocyanidins in grape berries are synthesised mainly before veraison, and very little attention is paid to the evolution of proanthocyanidins (PAs) in grapes from veraison to harvest. The present study focused on the changes of flavan-3-ols with different degrees of polymerisation in grape skins and the difference in proanthocyandin composition of 'Shiraz', 'Cabernet Sauvignon' and 'Marselan' grapes (Vitis vinifera L.). The results show that the content of flavan-3-ols, the percentage of prodelphinidins (%P) and mean degree polymerisation (mDP) found in 'Cabernet Sauvignon' berry skins at post-veraison were higher than those in 'Shiraz' and 'Marselan' skins. Only monomeric, dimeric, trimeric and polymeric flavan-3-ols were detected in the three grape cultivars. Polymers with more than tenfold flavan-3-ol units accounted for a relatively high proportion in grape berry skins, and the content in the three cultivars declined continuously during ripening. Principal component analysis showed that proanthocyanidin content, composition and mDP at grape harvest stage depended strongly on grape cultivar. This study provides some useful information for understanding the accumulation of PAs during berry maturation and this information can be used to improve wine quality.


This country report aims at providing an overview of the business law reforms required by the Cyprus Memorandum of Understanding (hereinafter 'MoU'). It will focus on the most important provisions of the Cyprus MoU, which demand various business law reforms. Thus, readers will acquaint themselves with the most important reforms that are currently taking place in Cyprus business law. This paper will cite the relevant parts of the Cyprus MoU and of other important documents, in order to provide a clear and succinct overview of these developments. This brief country report does not aspire to provide a detailed analysis of all business law reforms brought by the Cyprus MoU and will not comment or analyse comprehensively the wide range of legal issues arising from the Cyprus financial crisis. It is necessarily a high-level summary.In 2013, the European Debt Crisis also took place in the Republic of Cyprus. The sources of the Cyprus sovereign debt crisis were the overexpansion of the Cyprus banking sector, ineffective supervision, regulatory problems, excessive public deficits and the 'haircut' of the Greek State bonds in a previous bailout agreement. The Cyprus government concluded a bailout agreement with the Eurogroup, the European Commission, the European Central Bank and the International Monetary Fund. A Memorandum of Understanding on Specific Economic Policy Conditionality (MoU) was signed subsequently.


In some cases spot markets failure to govern to whole or a part of the marketing channel effectively and contractual relations are gaining more importance. It is especially true in case of agricultural markets, since these markets became more differentiated and market players are vulnerable in most of the cases. Examination of Hungarian dairy sector is an actual issue, so that one could understand how contractual systems work in the situation when crises appear thanks to governance insufficiency. Our research's aims are to present a theoretically structured framework of contracting arrangements of milk producers based on Transaction Cost Economics' (TCE) predictions and economics of contracting and an empirical analysis of the key determinants of governance structure between farmers and dairy processors in Hungary. The source of the research is a theoretical argument based partly on review of Hungarian and international literature on relevant market channels, economics of contracting and governance structures. These gave the theoretical determinants of testable prepositions. In the framework of a postal survey in the second quarter of 2005 we carried out a survey among milk producers. A total of 300 questionnaires containing closed and open questions were sent out for milk producers, 65 of them could have been evaluated. The results have been structured, electronically converted for applying SPSS-software. The data base has been analysed by employing multivariate techniques (cluster analysis, linear regression, multidimensional scaling, etc). First, to be able to decide the number of clusters, we applied a hierarchical clustering. The formation of starting clusters was made by giving the number of the future groups which based on hierarchical cluster method and dendrogram. Hence asset specific investment, price determination and bargaining power proved to be significant in dividing the cases into three groups focusing on governance structure. We revealed the main characteristics of clusters focusing on con-tracting attributes. Groups' means comparison obtains the result that there is no significant difference in partner change, neither in the whole sample nor in the sub-groups. Unlike from this, the reasons for selling to a particular buyer are different in the clusters, the most important factors are reliability, valid contract and the ones based on geographic reasons. The variables mentioned above were suitable for further investigations, so with the help of linear regression we attempted to see their effect on the contract period. Taking into consideration the t-values of the variables, neither asset specific investment and bargaining power, nor price determination have role in the explanation of contract period. Since the variables applied in the whole survey measure same theoretical concepts, we had the possibility to reduce their number by multidimensional scaling. The aim of this scaling is to gain information about the differences among the respondents reducing the dimensions of the variables. The goodness of fit was good in case of three and two dimensions, so we found that the six-dimensional space can be reduced into two or three dimensions without giving up the differences among cases.


The entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty has changed the framework and possibilities of the development of European Union (EU) criminal law. Gone is the long-lived and awkward cross-pillar character of EU criminal law, as mainly a third pillar EU 'intergovernmental' issue but also partly a first (EC) pillar question. The Lisbon Treaty marks a new era for the criminal law as it brings it within the core of the EU law project. Nevertheless, Article 10 of the transitional protocol as attached to the Lisbon Treaty stipulates a five-year transition period before former third pillar instruments will be treated in the same way as EU acts. This paper will focus on two issues in particular. The first question that will be addressed concerns what EU law principles drive or decide the EU's involvement in criminal law. After having identified these principles the second question is whether they should drive it and if so what implications will it have for the criminal law in the future.


The paper presents variation of percentage occurrences of nighttime VHF ionospheric scintillation characteristics in amplitude of radio beacon signals of 244/250 MHz transmitted from Fleet Satellite (positioned at 73°E longitude) received over Udaipur (24.6°N, 73.7°E, dip angle 35°) during different levels of solar activity from March 1986 to April 2000. These long time observations of VHF scintillations phenomenon, spanning a solar cycle (1986 to 2000), which covers low, mid as well as high solar activity period, have shown nighttime temporal hourly, seasonal and solar cycle variations in scintillations occurrences. The percentage occurrences of nighttime VHF radio wave scintillations have been observed with maximum percentage occurrences mostly during the equinoxes months, less during winter and the least during summer months in different phases of solar cycle. The average monthly variations of percentage occurrences of VHF ionospheric scintillations activities have been seen to be enhanced during high solar activity year and reduced during low solar activity year. The peculiar feature of discrete or patchy nature of nighttime VHF amplitude scintillations, specifically over Appleton anomaly region, has also been discussed in the light of seasonal and solar activity dependence of scintillations occurrences and their patch duration. The present observations have been compared with the earlier results reported by researchers at Indian stations specifically over similar Appleton anomaly zone and almost similar behaviour of ionospheric scintillations occurrence has been found. An attempt has been made to interpret the present findings on the basis of similarities observed between seasonal solar activity dependence of scintillations events in the present work with the earlier reported statistical observations of seasonal solar activity dependence of maximum electron density of Fregion (NmF2), occurrence, and duration of range and frequency type of ESF. Furthermore, the present finding of ionospheric scintillations events have also been linked with the coincidence of numerous precursors of equatorial ionospheric parameters like rising of F-region height due to abrupt increase of upward vertical drift resulting in enhancement in eastward electric field as well as eastward drift after the sunset time over equator with experimentally observed by other researchers. The combined effect of equatorial low ionospheric irregularities phenomena such as development of equatorial ionization anomaly strength over off side of equatorial region is also discussed in view of active precursors to produce the scintillations occurrence in patchy nature away from the equatorial side from the reported studies.


The heat equation represents a powerful instrument to obtain a number of mathematical inequalities in sharp form. This may be not so well-known property goes back more or less to half a century ago, when independently from each others, researchers from information theory [22, 6] and kinetic theory [20] established a useful connection between Boltzmann's H -functional and Fisher information exactly by means of the solution to the heat equation. In this note, we briefly discuss these original ideas, together with some new application.


In order to measure head posture of the working dentists, we have developed a remote measuring device. The purpose of this study is to examine the performance of the device and the availability for the actual daily works. One 2-axes accelerometer was used for the sensor of head movement. The output of the sensor was transported wirelessly with the Bluetooth protocol. The sensor was put on the left ear of a subject by a headphone type attachment. The receiver was connected to a computer and the data was stored directly. The data of the accelerometer was converted to the angle of the head rotation in the computer. The range of the sensor was ±90°with resolution of 0.18°. The axes of the sensor was set as that can measure the front-back bending and side bending movement of the head with sampling rate of 100 Hz. The subject instructed to make a desk work and a dental treatment. The device could be ready for measure within five minutes. The measurable period by one battery was more than two hours. The confirmed effective distance of the transmitter was a range of six meters. By this device we could measure enough period of the dental works and cover the movement range and detect the characteristic head movement of the jobs. With the easiness of preparation and the accuracy, we concluded that this device is available for our purpose.


Heather, N., & Segal, G. (2015). Is addiction a myth? Donald Davidson's solution to the problem of akrasia says not*.  The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 4 (1), 77-83. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v4i1.195 An obvious problem for the concept of addiction is its portrayal as involving involuntary behavior in the face of the addict's intentional actions. This has led some writers to call addiction a myth and to describe the self-labeling of persons as addicts as an illustration of causal attribution. We argue that this position is seriously mistaken. We propose that it is possible to construct a meaningful concept of addiction without assuming it involves completely involuntary behavior and to do so within the language of agents engaging in intentional action. One way of doing so arises from the work of Donald Davidson (1917-2003), particularly his essay "How is weakness of the will possible?" (Davidson, 1969). Davidson proposes a solution to the classic philosophical problem (called the problem of akrasia or incontinence) of how it is logically possible for someone to perform an action against her better judgement, and his solution is relevant to an understanding of addiction (i.e., addiction is a class of akratic action). Thus, Davidson's solution to this philosophical problem is also an answer to the question of how it is possible to understand addiction without assuming it entails completely involuntary behavior. At the same time, Davidson's conclusion at the end of his essay—that the akrates cannot give a reason for preferring incontinent over continent action—suggests what addicts mean when they say they feel compelled to behave the way they do .


Metabolic syndrome is a well-known cardiovascular risk factor closely related to increased insulin resistance. This study assessed the effects of metabolic syndrome on early post-operative mortality and morbidity in 100 coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) patients: 50 patients with and 50 without metabolic syndrome. A total of 17 patients were excluded from the analysis as they did not attend follow-up, leaving 51 males (61.4%) and 32 (38.6%) females of mean ± SD age 60.02 ± 9.76 years for analysis. Diabetes, hypertension and a high body mass index were significantly more common in patients with metabolic syndrome. A statistically significant relationship was found between metabolic syndrome and surgical wound infection. Non-significant positive correlations were found between metabolic syndrome and post-operative atrial fibrillation, surgical revision due to haemorrhage, ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation, and prolonged intubation. In conclusion, metabolic syndrome did not affect mortality, but did increase the risk of postoperative surgical wound infection.


In the investigative field, the use of interviews as a method of gathering legally admissible information is in serious decline. Due to a greater understanding of human stress response and biometric measurements, previously objective tools such as the polygraph have been removed from the investigators toolkit. Newer methods of biometric monitoring can potentially help augment the classic interview setting. Utilizing video-based eye-tracking, our research looks to determine the difference between focus behaviour of participants concealing their emotions and those expressing freely. Participants are observed by the Gazepoint GP3 eye-tracker while being shown 7 stimulus videos through the iMotions software platform. These seven videos correspond to the 7 emotions monitored by the EMOTIENT module of the iMotions software. Our hypothesis contended that participants concealing their emotions would express lower focus levels on target stimuli than those allowed to express freely. Of fourteen participants tested, no significant difference was found in the average gaze behaviour across all seven stimuli. Male participants expressing openly however, showed statistically significant difference in gaze behaviour while viewing the "sadness" stimulus when compared against concealed males and unconcealed females. Further refinement to the study design may be able to find gaze behaviour reflecting deceptive intent, and the findings regarding the unconcealed male response to the sadness stimulus could serve as basis for further research with a more specific approach.


INTRODUCTION: Repairing the damaged nervous system is one of the greatest challenges facing regenerative medicine. Research into nervous system repair can be separated into two broad areas covering the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Damage to peripheral nerves can lead to loss of sensation, motor function and muscle weakness, but the PNS is capable of significant spontaneous regeneration and in many cases some function can be restored. In contrast, neuronal regeneration following damage to the CNS is generally unsuccessful and injuries can cause permanent paralysis and loss of sensation.
Tissue engineering approaches have been developed to tackle both PNS and CNS repair. For the PNS, a wide range of conduits have been explored, many of which aim to function as an alternative to an autograft. They provide an environment in which regenerating neurites can grow from the proximal stump across a gap in a damaged nerve, allowing them to penetrate the distal stump and eventually re-innervate target tissues. These conduits are engineered therefore to provide guidance and support as well as physical protection at the repair site. For the CNS, particularly the spinal cord, tissue engineered devices have been developed that provide a permissive environment for neuronal growth. However, having traversed the repair site, neurons generally fail to re-enter the surrounding CNS tissue due largely to the formation of an inhibitory interface (the glial scar) at the boundary of the implant.
An exciting new area of neuroscience where tissue engineering is pivotal is the development of advanced 3-dimensional (3D) cell culture models. These are starting to fill the gulf that has traditionally existed between simple cell culture systems and whole animal or tissue slice approaches and are providing new insights into cellular neuroscience.

METHODS: A range of tissue engineered approaches to repairing spinal cord and peripheral nerve injury will be discussed, particularly the use of protein biomaterials and the key design features to be taken into account. Tissue engineered culture models will be described which enable CNS or PNS cells to be maintained in highly controllable 3D environments and manipulated to emulate key features of the nervous system, especially its response to damage. Type I collagen gels form the basis for these models, which can incorporate mixtures of distinct cell types, mimic tissue interfaces, and provide a robust system in which glial cell behaviour and neuronal growth can be monitored and quantified.

RESULTS: Peripheral nerve repair devices have been tested in culture models and in vivo, and studies are underway to develop these further. An effective 3D culture model has been developed which mimics the peripheral nerve repair environment and is being used for studies that previously would have relied on animal models. Astrocytes, the glial cells in the CNS which form the glial scar, have been successfully cultured in a model which allows their response to spinal cord injury to be studied. Furthermore, controlling their alignment in 3D alters the extent to which neurons can regenerate, offering a potential therapeutic approach for overcoming the glial scar.
DISCUSSION & CONCLUSIONS: Tissue engineering is increasingly important in neuroscience, not just for the development of implantable repair devices, but increasingly in the provision of engineered cell culture models. Cells in traditional cultures often fail to adopt phenotypes and responses characteristic of their behaviour in vivo, whilst in animal models the dynamic environment and complex interactions between cells make it difficult to isolate a specific feature under investigation or to monitor cellular events continuously. Tissue engineered 3D models have the potential to exploit the advantages of traditional culture systems, facilitating detailed control and monitoring of cellular responses, whilst providing a spatial and mechanical environment in which cells more closely resemble their in vivo counterparts.

REFERENCES:

J. B. Phillips et al (2005) Tissue Eng 11:1611-1617

E. East & J. B. Phillips (2008) Tissue engineered cell culture models for neuroscience research in Tissue Engineering Research Trends (ed G. N. Greco) Nova Science Publishers Inc, pp141-160.


BIEL, W. and E. JACYNO, 2013. Chemical composition and nutritive value of spring hulled barley varieties. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 19: 721-727 The objective of this research was to evaluate the chemical composition and nutritive value of four spring hulled barley varieties (Antek, Skarb, Nagradowicki and Granal) grown in one location in Poland. In the study were determined: chemical composition, amino acids composition and coefficients of nutritive value of protein, namely chemical score (CS), essential amino acid index (EAAI) and biological value (BV). The apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of nutrients were examined on 32 Wistar rats (n=8 rats per barley variety). The chemical components: ash, crude protein, ether extract, starch, dietary fibre, lignin and pentosans differed statistically (P≤0.05) between the barley varieties. The higher crude protein content in barley was accompanied by lower contents of the starch and dietary fibre. The Granal variety had a lower (P≤0.05) crude protein content however; the lysine content and quality of protein (CS, EAAI and BV) were higher than in the other three varieties. On the other hand, the ADC of crude protein and of other nutrients in the Granal variety were lower (not significantly, excepting the pentosans; P≤0.05) than in the remaining varieties. In contrast to Granal variety, the Antek variety with the highest (P≤0.05) protein content had the lowest lysine and threonine levels and quality of protein however, the ADC of crude protein was higher (P≤0.05) in comparison with the remaining varieties. Lysine was the most limiting the quality of grain barley proteins in all examined varieties. The coefficients of nutritional values (CS, EAAI, BV) of the proteins of all examined barley varieties showed the good quality of a protein for monogastric animals.


Even at low concentrations the presence of toxic materials, such as metals or organic pesticides, in water can be harmful to humans. Extraction and preconcentration of these materials is an important part of many analytical procedures. In this work functionalised solid phase extractants, 250 nm in size (nanoscavenger), have been used to collect and concentrate metals and organic species from water using a nanoscavenger dispersion extraction (NSDE) approach. Stober-type silica with a mean diameter of ca. 250 nm and a surface area of ca. 20 m2 g-1 has been synthesized by hydrolysis and condensation of tetraethoxysilane in a methanol and ammonium hydroxide medium. Increasing the surface area to increase the loading of functional groups on the surface was achieved by adopting mesoporous silica as the nanoscavenger core. This was successfully synthesized from tetramethoxysilane in the presence of a dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide template: 250 nm particles prepared in this manner had a surface area of ca. 1325 m2 g-1. The properties of synthesized sub-micron silicas have been investigated using various techniques. One of the main aims of this work was to use the nanoscavengers for the analytical recovery of trace analytes from water. Nanoscavengers were prepared by chemically modifying mesoporous silicas with groups such as mono- and diamines, dithiocarbamates, hydroxyquinoline, mercaptobenzamide and, for organic extractions, a mixed functionality diol and C18 modification. The nanoscavengers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope and thermogravimetric analysis. Copper capacity measurements for complexant nanoscavengers ranged between 0.1 and 2 mmol g-1 depending on the type of silica and the loading group. The nanoscavengers were evaluated for the preconcentration of trace analytes from water. The dithiocarbamate, hydroxyquinoline and mercaptobenzamide nano- scavengers were used to preconcentrate eight metal ions (Cu2+, Cd2+, Ni2+, Pb2+, Co2+, Cr3+, Mn2+ and Zn2+) from water. A dual functionality diol/C18-nanoscavenger was used to collect four estrogenic compounds, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and tributyltin from water. The recovery of extracted analytes by nanoscavengers exhibited good results


Survey estimates of northern shrimp Pandalus borealis biomass in West Greenland waters increased from about 178 000 t in 1998 to about 598 000 t in 2003. The increase in stock size was preceded by several consecutive years in which recruitment was substantially above average. Recruitment has been poor since then despite record high levels of female stock biomass. Ricker- type stock-recruitment functions did not indicate that the variability in recruitment was related to female biomass. Multiple regression analysis revealed that mean female length, ambient bottom temperature and biomass of Greenland halibut Reinhardtius hippoglossoides had the most impor- tant effect on the variations of the 'recruit per female biomass' time series for the years 1993 to 2011. Variables which did not contribute significantly to the model included biomass of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua. This can be explained by the low stock size of Atlantic cod throughout the major part of the study period. The final model explained 83% of the variation in the recruit per female biomass index. However, the observations for 5 out of the 19 years considered in the pres- ent study were outside the 95% confidence interval of the fitted model, possibly due to a mismatch between the timing of larval hatch and the timing of the phytoplankton bloom, which could not adequately be addressed due to data limitations.


In the Spring and Summer of 2014, a group of experts convened a series of meetings at the Westminster headquarters of the UK Ministry of Justice (MoJ) in order to determine whether the Mental Capacity Act 2005 (MCA) complies with the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). The meetings were organised by the research team of the Essex Autonomy Project (EAP), a research and public policy initiative funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) and based at the University of Essex. The working group included civil servants from the MoJ, the Office of the Public Guardian, and the Department of Health, as well as the Official Solicitor, a senior judge of the Court of Protection, leading academic experts from psychiatry, law and ethics, and representatives of user-group organisations. In September 2014, the EAP research team reported to the MoJ on its findings (http://autonomy.essex.ac.uk/uncrpd-report). This article summarises some of the key arguments and conclusions of that report. Both the report itself and this article represent the views of their respective authors; they should not be taken to represent the views of the MoJ, the AHRC, or the other participants in these consultations.


INTRODUCTION
Cholera remains a major public health problem that causes substantial morbidity and mortality in displaced populations due to inadequate or unprotected water supplies, poor sanitation and hygiene, overcrowding, and limited resources. A cholera outbreak with 224 cases and four deaths occurred in Kakuma Refugee Camp in Kenya from September to December 2009.

METHODOLOGY
We conducted a case-control study to characterize the epidemiology of the outbreak. Cases were identified by reviewing the hospital registry for patients meeting the World Health Organization (WHO) case definition for cholera. For each case a matched control was selected. A questionnaire focusing on potential risk factors was administered to cases and controls.

RESULTS
From 18 September to 15 December 2009, a total of 224 cases were identified and were hospitalised at Kakuma IRC hospital.  Three refugees and one Kenyan national died of cholera. V. cholerae O1, serotype Inaba was isolated in 44 (42%) out of 104 stool specimens collected. A total of 93 cases and 93 matched controls were enrolled in the study. In a multivariate model, washing hands with soap was protective against cholera (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] =0.25[0.09-0.71]; p < 0.01), while presence of dirty water storage containers was a risk factor (AOR=4.39[1.12-17.14]; p=0.03).

CONCLUSION
Provision of soap, along with education on hand hygiene and cleaning water storage containers, may be an affordable intervention to prevent cholera.


As expatriation and cross-border assignments have become increasingly frequent, so has the need for research on what makes a successful expatriate. The objective of this study is to further understand the working expatriate's acculturation process, which is the process of learning and acquiring the requisite skills to successfully inhabit a new cultural realm. We used a mixed-methods approach, quantitatively measuring work locus of control, acculturation strategies and sociocultural adaptation, and investigating the expatriate's subjective experience phenomenographically. We interpreted these results using culturalhistorical activity theory. We found that work locus of control and choice of acculturation strategy affect the acculturation process, suggesting that an assimilator with an internal work locus of control adapts easiest. The qualitative differences were more nuanced, showing that expatriates view acculturation in terms of four separate but intertwined relationships; to work, to culture, to social relationships, and to their self-identity. This study contributes to expanded knowledge on the acculturation process in general, but particularly on the role that work plays in expatriate acculturation. Finally we make suggestions for application of these findings and future research.


MAFIA BROTHERHOODS (previously published as BLOOD BROTHERHOODS) is the enthralling new history of Italian organised crime by the author of the international bestseller COSA NOSTRA. Mafia. Camorra. 'Ndrangheta. The Sicilian mafia, or Cosa Nostra, is far from being Italy's only dangerous criminal fraternity. The south of the country hosts two other major mafias: the camorra, from Naples and its hinterland; and the 'ndrangheta, the mafia from the poor and isolated region of Calabria that has now risen to become the most powerful mob of all. Each of these brotherhoods has its own methods, its own dark rituals, its own style of ferocity and corruption. Their early history is little known; indeed some of it has been entirely shrouded in myth and silence until now. MAFIA BROTHERHOODS is a book of breathtaking ambition, charting the birth and rise of all three of Italy's mafias. It blends ground-breaking archival research, passionate narrative, and shrewd historical analysis to bring Italy's unique 'criminal ecosystem', and the three terrifying criminal brotherhoods that evolved within it, to life on the page. Previously published as BLOOD BROTHERHOODS.


BACKGROUND We have previously shown that addition of valproic acid (VPA; a histone deacetylase inhibitor) to hetastarch (Hextend [HEX]) resuscitation significantly decreases lesion size in a swine model of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and hemorrhagic shock (HS). However, the precise mechanisms have not been well defined. As VPA is a transcriptional modulator, the aim of this study was to investigate its effect on brain gene expression profiles. METHODS Swine were subjected to controlled TBI and HS (40% blood volume), kept in shock for 2 hours, and resuscitated with HEX or HEX + VPA (n = 5 per group). Following 6 hours of observation, brain RNA was isolated, and gene expression profiles were measured using a Porcine Gene ST 1.1 microarray (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA). Pathway analysis was done using network analysis tools Gene Ontology, Ingenuity Pathway Analysis, and Parametric Gene Set Enrichment Analysis. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to verify the key microarray findings. RESULTS A total of 1,668 probe sets mapping to 370 known genes were differentially expressed between the HEX and HEX + VPA groups. Expression of apoptotic genes differed between groups, and biologic function analysis predicted a significant downregulation of apoptosis (p = 1.29 × 10−12), cell death (p = 8.46 × 10−12), and necrosis (p = 9.07 × 10−11). Pathway analysis indicated a significant modulation of pathways involved in cell signaling, dendritic cell response, and the complement system. CONCLUSION This is the first high-throughput analysis of cerebral gene profiling following TBI + HS. It shows that treatment with VPA significantly alters early transcription of pathways related to cell survival, which may explain its neuroprotective effects.


Plug‐flow biofilm reactors colonized by microorganisms in streamwater were used to measure the concentration and composition of biodegradable dissolved organic C (BDOC) in White Clay Creek. During the 4‐month study period, DOC ranged from 0.8 to 10.4 mg C liter‒1 and was, on average, composed of 75% humic substances, 13% carbohydrates, 2% amino acids, and 18% >100 kDa. The carbohydrates were predominantly polysaccharides, nearly all amino acids were present in the combined form, and most carbohydrates and amino acids were humic bound. BDOC ranged from 0.2 to 2.9 mg C liter‒1, averaged 25% of the DOC, and was composed of 75% humic substances, 30% carbohydrates, 4% amino acids, and 39% DOC >100 kDa. The carbohydrate portion of the BDOC was primarily polysaccharide or humic bound. Similarly, the amino acid portion of the BDOC was overwhelmingly present in the combined form and primarily humic bound. Glycine and aspartic acid were the dominant amino acids in White Clay Creek DOC and in the BDOC pool. Our data broaden the perspective on substrates important to microbial metabolism and energy flow in streams and provide the first direct evidence that humic substances, although largely refractory, are an important component of streamwater BDOC.


Abrasion erosion is one of the serious problems that encounters the concrete surfaces exposed to speedy water flow in hydraulic structures, affects their service life and poses the need to expensive maintenance works. Some parts of the hydraulic structure like chute blocks and baffle piers in spillways are designed to face direct impact of water and waterborne materials. For such type of loading, the water-jet test method can be used to simulate the abrasion erosion of concrete surfaces. In this study, an experimental work was conducted to evaluate the abrasion erosion of self-compacting concrete under the effect of water impact. Plate specimens from six mixtures with 30, 40 and 50 MPa design stengths and with 0, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0 % steel fiber contents were tested using the water-jet method. The results showed that increasing the strength from 30 to 40 MPa can reduce the abrasion losses by approximately 17 %, while using steel fibers with volumetric contents of 0.75 and 1.0 % can improve the abrasion resistance by more than 23 %. It was also concluded that the best percentage abrasion resistance improvement was gained when the strength of the plain specimens was increased to 50 MPa, which was 30 % compared to the plain 30 MPa sample.


Methane emitted by farmed ruminants contributes 30.3% to New Zealand's anthropogenic greenhouse gas inventory. Methanogens living in the rumen produce methane from H2 and CO2 as a byproduct of feed fermentation. The use of vaccines and small molecule inhibitors against the methanogens are promising methods to reduce methane emissions from extensively-grazed ruminants in New Zealand. Knowledge of the methanogens present in New Zealand ruminants is an important first step for successful vaccine and inhibitor development to target all methanogens.
In this study, the methanogen diversity of farmed ruminants (sheep [Ovis aries], cattle [Bos taurus] and red deer [Cervus elaphus]) was investigated using molecular ecological techniques. Ruminants fed different diets had largely similar rumen methanogen communities. The major methanogen groups identified were from the Methanobrevibacter ruminantium clade (Mbb. ruminantium and closely-related species), Methanobrevibacter gottschalkii clade (Mbb. gottschalkii and closely-related species), Methanosphaera spp., and the putative methanogens belonging to the group designated Rumen Cluster C. A total of 37.5 - 57% of 16S rRNA genes in the rumen of a group of cows originated from members of Rumen Cluster C. Chloroform treatment of cows increased the abundance of Rumen Cluster C to 82% - 93% of archaeal 16S rRNA genes. In parallel, a total of 22% of mcrA genes belonged to an unassigned group of archaea, and chloroform treatment increased the unassigned group of archaea to 92% of all mcrA genes. This suggested that Rumen Cluster C archaea contain the gene mcrA.
No members of the Rumen Cluster C group have previously been cultured, and currently there is no reported rumen isolate of Methanosphaera spp. A strain of Methanosphaera sp. was isolated from a sheep rumen and initial characterization suggests that this may be a new species. Three enrichment cultures were obtained containing members of Rumen Cluster C as the only archaea. Initial studies of these enrichment cultures showed that these three isolates were from three different sub-groups of Rumen Cluster C and that they produced methane.
The investigation of methanogen diversity in New Zealand farmed ruminants and isolation of previously uncultured rumen methanogens reported here in this thesis will significantly aid the development of methane reduction strategies for farmed ruminants in New Zealand.


Estimation of density and other elastic parameters is important in characterizing conventional, unconventional and carbon dioxide (CO2) sequestrated reservoirs. While it is possible to estimate velocities from the conventional P-wave seismic data, it is difficult to accurately estimate density from such data. Because the converted wave (P-SV) reflections are more sensitive to density compared to the primary (PP) reflections, using both PP and P-SV data in a multicomponent inversion has been shown to accurately estimate density compared to using P-wave data alone. The problem of such multicomponent inversion is, however, nonlinear, requires simultaneous optimization of multiple sets of data and has multiple optimal solutions. Such simultaneous optimization is better handled by a nondominated sorting genetic algorithm in comparison to the classical approach. Applying the nondominated sorting genetic algorithm to multicomponent synthetic seismic data here, we demonstrate that this method can potentially extr...


The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) requested the Panel on Plant Health to develop a methodology for assessing the environmental risks posed by harmful organisms that may enter, establish and spread in the European Union. To do so, the Panel first reviewed the methods for assessing the environmental risks of plant pests that have previously been used in pest risk assessment. The limitations identified by the review led the Panel to define the new methodology for environmental risk assessment which is described in this guidance document. The guidance is primarily addressed to the EFSA PLH Panel and has been conceived as an enhancement of the relevant parts of the "Guidance on a harmonised framework for pest risk assessment and the identification and evaluation of pest risk management options by EFSA". Emphasizing the importance of assessing the consequences on both the structural (biodiversity) and the functional (ecosystem services) aspects of the environment, this new approach includes methods for assessing both aspects for the first time in a pest risk assessment scheme. A list of questions has been developed for the assessor to evaluate the consequences for structural biodiversity and for ecosystem services in the current area of invasion and in the risk assessment area. To ensure the consistency and transparency of the assessment, a rating system has also been developed based on a probabilistic approach with an evaluation of the degree of uncertainty. Finally, an overview of the available risk reduction options for pests in natural environments is presented, minimum data requirements are described, and a glossary to support the common understanding of the principles of this opinion is provided. © European Food Safety Authority, 2011


We study nonconvex finite-sum problems and analyze stochastic variance reduced gradient (SVRG) methods for them. SVRG and related methods have recently surged into prominence for convex optimization given their edge over stochastic gradient descent (SGD); but their theoretical analysis almost exclusively assumes convexity. In contrast, we prove non-asymptotic rates of convergence (to stationary points) of SVRG for nonconvex optimization, and show that it is provably faster than SGD and gradient descent. We also analyze a subclass of nonconvex problems on which SVRG attains linear convergence to the global optimum. We extend our analysis to mini-batch variants of SVRG, showing (theoretical) linear speedup due to mini-batching in parallel settings.


Cytokine release syndrome in COVID-19 is characterized by hyperinflammation which manifests as ARDS, multi-organ failure, and high inflammatory parameters. Tocilizumab, an IL-6 antagonist has been used in COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with conflicting results from different parts of the world. We conducted a retrospective descriptive study from Feb 2020 to May 2020 on COVID-19 patients with ARDS and hyperinflammation characterized by raised CRP and/or ferritin. A total of 244 patients with COVID-19 were admitted out of which 107 had ARDS. Thirty patients had both ARDS and hyperinflammation and received tocilizumab. The mean age was 62.5 years (SD: 13.5) and the majority were male (83%). The mean CRP pre-treatment was 217.5 mg/L and post 48 to 72 hours of tocilizumab treatment was 98.5 mg/L. Twenty-one patients (70%) also received concomitant intravenous methylprednisolone. Of the 30 patients, 7 died and 20 recovered. Ten patients required intensive care unit admission and nine developed nosocomial infections. COVID-19 associated aspergillosis was diagnosed in three patients post tocilizumab treatment. Mortality was significantly higher in patients who developed a nosocomial infection and who required intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV). Our study is the first to describe the treatment outcomes with tocilizumab from a low-middle income country. The availability and cost of tocilizumab in our region which makes it imperative to understand its potential for use in our setting. Our study supports the use of tocilizumab in a select patient population with COVID-19 and recommends monitoring of nosocomial infections and opportunistic infections.


This study seeks to understand colonial narratives of Zimbabwe 1860-1900 as a locus of transgression and opposition. I investigat e the range and complexity of discourses within the imperial project open to both European male and female writers, their shifts over time or within one or more texts. Narratives of the explorer, missionary, hunter and sold ier are examined as a literary genre in which attempts were made to re-imagine the Western self through an encounter with Africans. I consider how positions from which the European in the colonies could speak and write were reformulated. This study will employ Foucauldian discourse theory in an analysis of the British 'civilizing mission' in Central Southern Africa. The Introduction examines existing historical and theoretical approaches in this field and argues for a particular use of Foucualt's insights and vocabulary. Chapter One is concerned with the way European explorers constituted notions of 'civilized nations' in Europe and 'primitive tribes' in Africa . I then question how this process of division and exclusion was reinforced by the mythography of an EI Dorado in the African interior. In Chapter Two I consider how Colonial Man was constituted in different ways by Victorian discourses of adventure, travel and conquest. I also attempt to account for the effects that followed the activation, within colonial culture, of structures of exclusion and division based on race or class. Chapter Three focuses on the economic dimension of a dissident LMS missionary and the sustained resistance to Western philanthropy among the Ndebele. I also examine the later Mashonaland mission where the missionary-administrator became instrumental in the division and control of Africans. In the final chapter I consider discursive formations which sought to constrain African resistance during the 1896-7 Chimurenga and the institutionalization of a settler order in the post-Chimurenga era.