We present the Word Mover's Distance (WMD), a novel distance function between text documents. Our work is based on recent results in word embeddings that learn semantically meaningful representations for words from local cooccurrences in sentences. The WMD distance measures the dissimilarity between two text documents as the minimum amount of distance that the embedded words of one document need to "travel" to reach the embedded words of another document. We show that this distance metric can be cast as an instance of the Earth Mover's Distance, a well studied transportation problem for which several highly efficient solvers have been developed. Our metric has no hyperparameters and is straight-forward to implement. Further, we demonstrate on eight real world document classification data sets, in comparison with seven state-of-the-art baselines, that the WMD metric leads to unprecedented low k-nearest neighbor document classification error rates.


When defendants settle litigation involving multiple plaintiffs, they often insist that they will settle only if they obtain releases from all or nearly all of the plaintiffs in the group. Judges, lawyers, and academics largely accept the drive for comprehensive settlements as a given, and many embrace such settlements as a positive goal. All-or-nothing settlements, however, create uncommon pressures and opportunities for abuse. Exploring a number of recent mass settlements that have led to disciplinary proceedings, civil litigation, and criminal prosecutions, this article shows the pressures and opportunities that arise out of defendants' insistence on bringing all claimants into a deal. The article describes seven types of ethical problems created by demands for fully inclusive settlements. First, all-or-nothing settlements create client-client and lawyer-client conflicts of interest. Second, such settlements exacerbate problems concerning the allocation of settlement funds, including incentives to misallocate. Third, they create a risk of strategic hold-outs as savvy clients may attempt to extort additional money by withholding consent. Fourth, they create an incentive for lawyers to keep settlement money in reserve as a slush fund to ensure full participation, leading to problems of misallocation and client deception. Fifth, they generate loyalty problems by pressuring lawyers to withdraw from representing non-settling clients. Sixth, they create special problems concerning clients' informed consent to aggregate settlements. And seventh, they introduce a risk of collusion as the interest of plaintiffs' counsel aligns with the defendant's interest in getting every plaintiff to sign on to the deal. Although all-or-nothing settlements provide peace for defendants and value for claimants, the troubles they engender suggest that the current love affair with comprehensive settlements - evident in academic writings, judicial pronouncements, and defendant demands - should be tempered by a realistic appreciation of the ethical downside.


This paper tackles the problem of endogenous link prediction for knowledge base completion. Knowledge bases can be represented as directed graphs whose nodes correspond to entities and edges to relationships. Previous attempts either consist of powerful systems with high capacity to model complex connectivity patterns, which unfortunately usually end up overfitting on rare relationships, or in approaches that trade capacity for simplicity in order to fairly model all relationships, frequent or not. In this paper, we propose TATEC, a happy medium obtained by complementing a high-capacity model with a simpler one, both pre-trained separately and then combined. We present several variants of this model with different kinds of regularization and combination strategies and show that this approach outperforms existing methods on different types of relationships by achieving state-of-the-art results on four benchmarks of the literature.


Background: Recent research on mild cognitive impairment (MCI) has primarily focused on searching for measures to prevent or delay the progression of MCI to dementia. Physical exercise has shown to be effective in the prevention of age-related cognitive decline in elderly adults with MCI. However, the most effective type and dose of exercise for the improvement of cognition are yet to be determined. Objective: To compare the cognitive effects of choreographed exercise (Choreography group) with a multimodal physical therapy program (Physical Therapy group) in elderly adults with amnestic MCI, a population with an increased risk of developing dementia. Methods: We conducted a randomized clinical trial with two parallel groups under allocation concealment and assessor blinding. Participants were allocated into Choreography or Physical Therapy group and performed exercises twice per week in 60-minute sessions during 12 weeks. Results: Thirty-six participants with amnestic MCI, ages 65 to 85, were assessed at baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention, by comprehensive validated neuropsychological and physical assessments. A Repeated measures General Lineal Model showed statistically significant differences in cognitive and physical outcomes. Both groups significantly improved in visual delayed recall. The Choreography group exhibited significantly more benefits on verbal recognition memory than the Physical Therapy group. Conclusion: Greater cognitive benefits were achieved in the choreographic intervention than in the multimodal physical therapy, mainly in those functions more related to the risk of conversion to dementia. Additional studies are needed to confirm whether the observed effects are related to delayed onset of Alzheimer's disease in elderly adults with amnestic MCI.


Introduction: Transconjunctival lower blepharoplasty is increasingly used by surgeons, since it is reproducible and has a low rate of complications compared to transcutaneous technique. The advantage of the transconjunctival technique is the preservation of the orbital septum, middle lamella, and orbicularis muscle innervation. This study aims to assess the results and complications of transconjunctival blepharoplasty with skin resection in the lower eyelid without detachment. Method: Eighteen patients who underwent this surgery with or without lateral canthopexy were analyzed. The surgical technique is described in detail. Results: A total of 16 female and 2 male patients were assessed, with an average age of 52.7 years. There was improvement in all cases in the appearance of increased volume in the lower eyelid, and a decrease in skin and lateral ligament laxity. Late complications such as eyelid retraction, ectropion, unaesthetic scars, diplopia, or remnant fat bags were not observed. Surgical reintervention was not required in any cases. Conclusion: Transconjunctival lower blepharoplasty with skin resection without detachment and with preservation of the orbicularis muscle, with or without canthopexy, is an excellent technique, and is easily reproducible, reliable, and safe, with few postoperative complications in treatment of age-related changes in the lower eyelids. ■ ABSTRACT


This report has been produced by the International Cryosphere Climate Initiative (ICCI) under a grant from the Nordic Council of Ministers under its Arctic Cooperation Program, as part of a pilot project to reduce emissions of black carbon reaching the Arctic from residential heating from wood burning in Nordic countries. The report reviews legislation and other measures in the Nordic countries pertinent to the reduction of particulate matter (PM2.5) and Black Carbon (BC) –soot. It then assesses the effectiveness of the different policy instruments used in the Nordic countries as well as points to measures which may be most effective in reducing emissions of Black Carbon and PM2.5 from wood burning.


DNA molecules containing unmethylated CpG-dinucleotides in particular base contexts ("CpG motifs") are excellent adjuvants in rodents, but their effects on human cells have been less clear. Dendritic cells (DCs) form the link between the innate and the acquired immune system and may influence the balance between T helper 1 (Th1) and Th2 immune responses. We evaluated the effects of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides alone or in combination with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GMCSF) on different classes of purified human DCs. For primary dendritic precursor cells isolated from human blood, CpG oligonucleotides alone were superior to GMCSF in promoting survival and maturation (CD83 expression) as well as expression of class II MHC and the costimulatory molecules CD40, CD54, and CD86 of DCs. Both CD4-positive and CD4-negative peripheral blood dendritic precursor cells responded to CpG DNA which synergized with GMCSF but these DCs showed little response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In contrast, monocyte-derived DCs did not respond to CpG, but they were highly sensitive to LPS, suggesting an inverse correlation between CpG and LPS sensitivity in different subsets of DCs. Compared with GMCSF, CpG-treated peripheral blood DCs showed enhanced functional activity in the mixed lymphocyte reaction and induced T cells to secrete increased levels of Th1 cytokines. These findings demonstrate the ability of specific CpG motifs to strongly activate certain subsets of human DCs to promote Th1-like immune responses, and support the use of CpG DNA-based trials for immunotherapy against cancer, allergy, and infectious diseases.


Existing work on understanding deep learning often employs measures that compress all data-dependent information into a few numbers. In this work, we adopt a perspective based on the role of individual examples. We introduce a measure of the computational difficulty of making a prediction for a given input: the (effective) prediction depth. Our extensive investigation reveals surprising yet simple relationships between the prediction depth of a given input and the model's uncertainty, confidence, accuracy and speed of learning for that data point. We further categorize difficult examples into three interpretable groups, demonstrate how these groups are processed differently inside deep models and showcase how this understanding allows us to improve prediction accuracy. Insights from our study lead to a coherent view of a number of separately reported phenomena in the literature: early layers generalize while later layers memorize; early layers converge faster and networks learn easy data and simple functions first.


Mechanistic organizational structure is optimal when the environmental conditions are stagnant and balanced; while organic organization structure is optimal when the conditions are constantly and rapidly changing (Burns Stalker). In this research, structuring of the research and development (R&D) departments in the corporations executing in Turkey is examined. The research contains a field research stating the R&D structuring of two corporations in Eskisehir. These corporations are on the top two ranks among the members of Eskisehir Camber of Industry in terms of allocating resources for R&D. Neither of these corporations have an independent R&D structure. A seperate R&D structure as shown in Seperate Early model stated at the classification of Westerman doesn't apply for them. Both of them organize their studies by structuring a central R&D. This situation can be explained in two reasons: Saving money and benefiting from incentives. R&D departments of these corporations conduct their business by conceptualizing projects. In other words, some business executions are only possible by framing them in a project. Conducting project type business has brought along an organizational structure with specific characteristics. This development is the result of the need for different persons, sources and groups in order to complete a work defined as "project". The organizational structure widely used in project management is matrix organization. All these results indicate that corporations design their R&D structures by considering the dynamics of Turkey.


Objective Peripheral edema is considered to be a common and annoying adverse effect of calcium channel blockers (CCBs). It has been thought to occur secondary to arteriolar dilatation causing intracapillary hypertension and fluid extravasation. We aimed to evaluate the incidence and withdrawal rate of peripheral edema with CCBs. Methods A systematic search was made in PubMed, EMBASE and CENTRAL from 1980 to January 2011 for randomized clinical trials reporting peripheral edema with CCBs in patients with hypertension. Trials enrolling at least 100 patients in the CCB arm and lasting at least 4 weeks were included in the analysis. Both the incidence and withdrawal rate due to edema were pooled by weighing each trial by the inverse of the variance. Head-to-head comparison was done to evaluate the risk of edema between newer lipophilic dihydropyridine (DHP) CCBs and older DHPs. Results One hundred and six studies with 99 469 participants, mean age 56 ± 6 years, satisfied our inclusion criteria and were included in this analysis. The weighted incidence of peripheral edema was significantly higher in the CCBs group when compared with controls/placebo (10.7 vs. 3.2%, P < 0.0001). Similarly, the withdrawal rate due to edema was higher in patients on CCBs compared with control/placebo (2.1 vs. 0.5%, P < 0.0001). Both the incidence of edema and patient withdrawal rate due to edema increased with the duration of therapy with CCBs reaching 24 and 5%, respectively, after 6 months. The risk of peripheral edema with lipophilic DHPs was 57% lower than with traditional DHPs (relative risk 0.43; 95% confidence interval 0.34–0.53; P < 0.0001). Incidence of peripheral edema in patients on DHPs was 12.3% compared with 3.1% with non-DHPs (P < 0.0001). Edema with high-dose CCBs (defined as more than half the usual maximal dose) was 2.8 times higher than that with low-dose CCBs (16.1 vs. 5.7%, P < 0.0001). Conclusion The incidence of peripheral edema progressively increased with duration of CCB therapy up to 6 months. Over the long term, more than 5% of patients discontinued CCBs because of this adverse effect. Edema rates were lower with both non-DHPs and lipophilic DHPs.


The potential fecundity (PF) of advanced maturing and mature pre-spawning cuttlefish S. officinalis in the Aegean Sea varies from 3,700 to 8,000 (mean 5,871) oocytes, whereas the number of large yolk oocytes increases with mantle length from 130 to 839. Small oocytes predominate at all maturity stages. Spawning animals have a PF of some 1,000-3,000 eggs below that of pre-spawning females. This shows that intermittent spawning, which occurs in captivity, is a normal process in natural habitats. Empty follicular sheaths are resorbed very rapidly, and their number does not represent the number of eggs laid by the female prior to sampling. Regulative oocyte resorption was observed at early maturation in some cuttlefishes.


A sialic acid that is abundant in human mucus enhances Streptococcus pneumoniae virulence. Streptococcus pneumoniae is found in the upper respiratory tracts of many mammals, yet humans are particularly susceptible to this bacterium, which causes pneumonia and meningitis. The mucus lining the respiratory tract is rich in glycoproteins, many of which incorporate sialic acids. The sialidase NanA and the multisubunit sialic acid transporter SatABC enable S. pneumoniae to liberate sialic acids from glycoproteins and bring them into the bacterium, where they are metabolized to support growth. In most mammals, cytidine-monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH) converts some of the N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) into N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), leading to the presence of both of these sialic acids in the tissues of most mammals. However, human CMAH is catalyically inactive, leading to a greater abundance of Neu5Ac in human mucus relative to the mucus of other mammals. Hentrich et al. found that Cmah–/– mice were more susceptible to S. pneumoniae infection than were wild-type mice and that nanA transcription was induced in S. pneumoniae isolated from the nasopharynx of these mice a few hours after infection. Culturing S. pneumoniae in the presence of Neu5Ac induced the transcription of nanA and SatA. CiaR, the response regulator of the CiaRH two-component system, was required for Neu5Ac-stimulated expression of nanA and for bacterial growth on Neu5Ac. Wild-type S. pneumoniae exhibited increased colonization of the lungs of Cmah–/–- mice compared with wild-type mice, and infection with wild-type S. pneumoniae caused sepsis in Cmah–/– mice but not in wild-type mice. In contrast, S. pneumoniae mutants lacking satABC or ciaR colonized the lungs of wild-type and Cmah–/– mice at similar rates and did not induce sepsis in Cmah–/– mice. These findings indicate that the CiaHK two-component system is important for stimulating S. pneumoniae virulence in response to Neu5Ac and offer a potential explanation for why humans are more susceptible than other mammals to S. pneumoniae infection. K. Hentrich, J. Löfling, A. Pathak, V. Nizet, A. Varki, B. Henriques-Normark, Streptococcus pneumoniae senses a human-like sialic acid profile via the response regulator CiaR. Cell Host Microbe 20, 307–317 (2016). [PubMed]


This session was attended by the largest number to date of independent member states, and was much more representative of the African continent than the first, in January 1959, which was attended by only nine independent African states. Now there were delegates from 30 member states and 10 delegations from associate member states. Besides these, there were many observers from other governments, from specialised agencies, from intergovernmental and non-governmental organisations. The newest member states were Kenya and Zanzibar, which had become independent towards the end of last year; and as a result of the break-up of the Central African Federation, Northern Rhodesia, Nyasaland, and Southern Rhodesia separately had become associate members.


Wilson and Sperber (1988a; Sperber and Wilson 1986) have proposed semantic
analyses of declaratives, imperatives and interrogatives which are based on the notion
of 'a direct semantic link between linguistic form and representations of propositional
attitude'. They claim, however, that the various syntactic structures encode 'procedural'
rather than 'conceptual' information. Rather than encoding concepts which appear in
representations of propositional attitude (or what Sperber and Wilson call 'higher-level
explicatures') they convey information about how to proceed in recovering such
representations.
This thesis is an attempt to extend this analysis to some constructions which have
not been explicitly discussed by Wilson and Sperber, to consider the differences between
this approach and some alternatives, and to question the status of the notion of a
'sentence type', which has often been assumed in analysing the various syntactic
structures. Some evidence is provided that certain lexical items also encode procedural
information about propositional attitudes, and the role of intonation in utterance-interpretation
is also discussed.
This analysis is based on relevance-theoretic assumptions about semantics and
pragmatics. Chapter one presents the general approach to semantics assumed by
relevance theory and shows how Wilson and Sperber's proposal fits into this framework.
Chapter two is concerned with the proposed semantic analysis of imperatives.
This analysis is extended to some 'pseudo-imperatives': forms consisting of the
conjunction or disjunction of an imperative and a declarative clause, which have often been treated as conditionals. An analysis of imperative-like constructions containing 'let'
or 'let's' is also proposed. This analysis can be extended to related forms containing 'may'.
Chapter three is concerned with the semantic analyses of interrogatives and
exciamatives proposed by Wilson and Sperber. This approach is extended to some
constructions which seem to resemble interrogatives in some ways and exciamatives in
others. The relationship between grammar and intonation is also discussed. Tonal
structure can also be seen as encoding procedural information.
Chapter four contrasts this approach with alternatives which treat illocutionary
force or mood as semantic categories. Wilson and Sperber's approach is more successful
than the alternatives and suggests reasons for their inadequacy. A straightforward
account of the relationship between form and force, and the interpretation of utterances
which have been said to perform 'indirect speech acts', follows from Wilson and
Sperber's proposal.


You are about to embark on one of the most fascinating scientific journeys possible: inside your own brain! We start this journey by understanding what individual neurons in your neocortex do with the roughly 10,000 synaptic input signals that they receive from other neurons. The neocortex is the most evolutionarily recent part of the brain, which is also most enlarged in humans, and is where most of your thinking takes place. The numbers of neurons and synapses between neurons in the neocortex are astounding: roughly 20 billion neurons, each of which is interconnected with roughly 10,000 others. That is several times more neurons than people on earth. And each neuron is far more social than we are as people -estimates of the size of stable human social networks are only around 150-200 people, compared to the 10,000 for neurons. We've got a lot going on under the hood. At these scales, the influence of any one neuron on any other is relatively small. We'll see that these small influences can be shaped in powerful ways through learning mechanisms, to achieve complex and powerful forms of information processing. And this information processing prowess does not require much complexity from the individual neurons themselves -fairly simple forms of information integration both accurately describe the response properties of actual neocortical neurons, and enable sophisticated information processing at the level of aggregate neural networks. After developing an understanding of these basic neural information processing mechanisms in Part I of this book, we continue our journey in Part II by exploring many different aspects of human thought (cognition), including perception and attention, motor control and reinforcement learning, learning and memory, language, and executive function. Amazingly, all these seemingly different cognitive functions can be understood using the small set of common neural mechanisms developed in Part I. In effect, our neocortex is a fantastic form of silly putty, which can be molded by the learning process to take on many different cognitive tasks. For example, we will find striking similarities across different brain areas and cognitive functions -the development of primary visual cortex turns out to tell us a lot about the development of rich semantic knowledge of word meanings!


Univariate and multivariate analyses of 20 skull characters of 304 adult sea otters from throughout the geographic range strongly suggest that three subspecies should be recognized. The nominate form, Enhydra lutris lutris , occurs from the Kuril Islands north to the Commander Islands in the western Pacific Ocean. Individuals of E. l. lutris are characterized by large size and wide skulls with short nasal bones. E. l. nereis is found along the California coast and off San Nicolas Island, where the species recently has been reintroduced from coastal California. Specimens of E. l. nereis have narrow skulls with a long rostrum and small teeth, and usually lack the characteristic notch in the postorbital region found in most specimens of the other two subspecies. A new subspecies described by Don E. Wilson in this report, occurs throughout the Aleutian Islands and southward in the eastern Pacific to Washington. Specimens of the new subspecies are intermediate in size in most, but not all, characters and have longer mandibles than either of the other two subspecies.


Objective To compare responses to a sexual behavioral survey of spouses in cohabiting heterosexual relationships in Kigali, Rwanda. Design Cross-sectional survey. Methods Husbands and wives in 779 cohabiting couples were interviewed separately with parallel questionnaires. Participants were recruited from a three-year old cohort of 1458 antenatal clinic attendees enrolled in a prospective study in 1988. Analyses compared responses at the gender- and couple-level for agreement and disagreement. Results Couples were in disagreement more than agreement. Women reported occasionally refusing sex, suggesting condom use, and believing married men were unfaithful. Men reported being in a faithful relationship, greater condom use, and being understanding when wives refused sex. Agreement included relationship characteristics, safety of condoms, and whether condoms had ever been used in the relationship. Disagreement included the preferred timing of next pregnancy, desire for more children, and whether a birth control method was currently used and type of method. Conclusions Rwandan husbands and wives differed in sexual behavior and reproductive-related topics. Couple-level reporting provides the most reliable measure for relationship aspects as couples' agreement cannot be assumed among cohabiting partnerships. Furthermore, HIV prevention programs for couples should incorporate communication skills to encourage couple agreement of HIV-related issues.


We present a deterministic process-machine interaction (PMI) model that can associate different complex time-frequency patterns, including nonlinear dynamic behaviors that manifest in vibration signals measured during a chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) process for polishing blanket copper wafer surfaces to near-optical finish (Ra ~ 5 nm) to specific process mechanisms. The model captures the effects of the nonuniform structural properties of the polishing pad, pad asperities, and machine kinematics on CMP dynamics using a deterministic 2 ° of freedom nonlinear differential equation. The model was validated using a Buehler (Automet 250) bench top CMP machine instrumented with a wireless (XBee IEEE 802.15.4 RF module) multi-sensor unit that includes a MEMS 3-axis accelerometer (Analog Devices ADXL 335). Extensive experiments suggest that the deterministic PMI model can capture such significant signal patterns as aperiodicity, broadband frequency spectra, and other prominent manifestations of process nonlinearity. Remarkably, the deterministic PMI model was able to explain not just the physical sources of various time-frequency patterns observed in the measured vibration signals, but also, their variations with process conditions. The features extracted from experimental vibration data, such as power spectral density over the 115-120 Hz band, and nonlinear recurrence measures were statistically significant estimators (R2 ~ 75%) of process parameter settings. The model together with sparse experimental data was able to estimate process drifts resulting from pad wear with high fidelity (R2 ~ 85%). The signal features identified using the PMI model can lead to effective real-time in-situ monitoring of wear and anomalies in the CMP process.


Premature rupture of the membranes (PROM) defined as a rupture of membranes before onset of labor, which is one of the most complications of pregnancy that leads to significant maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. These complications depend on the gestational age to which it occurred. The aim of this study is to determine diagnostic value of CRP during pregnancy complicated by PROM. Retrospective study performed at Hamad Women's Hospital in Qatar. Data collected from files in the Medical Records over a two period from 27/11/2000 to 27/11/2002. One hundred and fifty cases were chosen and divided into: Group (la) 50 patients with PROM before 37 wks. Group (lb) 50 patients with PROM after 37 wks. Group (2) 50 patients as control. Statistical analysis showed high incidence of Oligohydroamnios and polyhydramnios in the group 1 compared with control Measurement of maternal blood CRP early before 37 weekindicated significant relation between the prevalence of premature rupture of the membranes, associated oligohydramnios with the incidence of positive results of CRP. We recommend that further investigations needed to document our data and to prove the beneficial effect of the test especially before 37 week of gestations.


The REDEEM authoring tool allows teachers to create adapted learning environments for their students from existing material. Previous evaluations have shown that under experimental conditions REDEEM can significantly improve learning. The goals of this study were twofold: to explore if REDEEM could improve students' learning in real world situations and to examine if learners can share in the authoring decisions. REDEEM was used to create 10 courses from existing lectures that taught undergraduate statistics. An experimenter performed the content authoring and then created student categories and tutorial strategies that learners chose for themselves. All first-year psychology students were offered the opportunity to learn with REDEEM: 90 used REDEEM at least once but 77 did not. Students also completed a pre-test, 3 attitude questionnaires and their final exam was used as a post-test. Learning with REDEEM was associated with significantly better exam scores, and this remains true even when attempting to control for increased effort or ability of REDEEM users. Students explored a variety of categories and strategies, rating their option to choose this as moderately important. Consequently, whilst there is no direct evidence that allowing students this control enhanced performance, it seems likely that it increased uptake of the system.


Polyglycerol (PG) coated polypropylene (PP) films were synthesized in a two-step approach that involved plasma bromination and subsequently grafting hyperbranched polyglycerols with very few amino functionalities. The influence of different molecular weights and density of reactive linkers were investigated for the grafted PGs. Longer bromination times and higher amounts of linkers on the surface afforded long-term stability. The protein adsorption and bacteria attachment of the PP-PG films were studied. Their extremely low amine content proved to be beneficial for preventing bacteria attachment.


Portrait of Asa Fuller, sheriff of Wilson County, Texas, seated behind a desk. He is leaning back in an office chair with his left leg crossed over his right knee and he is smoking a cigarette; his badge is visible in his breast pocket. There is an ashtray on the desk in front of him, as well as a folded newspaper and various other documents. Handwritten text on the back of the photograph says: "Asa G. Fuller, 1961-1980." and "WCHS prop., donated by Sherriff [sic] 'Pete' Bauman, Nov. 1990."


This paper documents important changes in real GDP growth of six large Latin American countries. The main results can be summarized as follows. First, there is evidence of a structural break in real GDP towards stronger mean growth and a substantial reduction in volatility. Second, the timing of the breaks suggests that the important changes in economic policies of the 1980s and 1990s have been effective in permanently improving economic growth in the region. Third, there is evidence of a positive and linear relationship between real GDP growth and the growth rate of commodity prices. As a result, the sustained increase in commodity prices observed in recent years explains an important share of growth in the region since 2003.


Cloud computing services are becoming integral part of people's daily life. These services are supported by Internet data centers (IDCs). As demand for cloud computing services soars, energy consumed by IDCs is skyrocketing. This paper studies an energy management problem - how to minimize energy cost for IDCs in deregulated electricity markets. While several existing works handle this problem by leveraging spatial diversity of electricity price, little has been done to address the temporal uncertainty in electricity price and arriving workload. This paper proposes a novel two-stage design and the eco-IDC (Energy Cost Optimization-IDC) algorithm to exploit temporal diversity of electricity price and dynamically schedule workload to execute on IDC servers through an input queue. Extensive evaluation experiments are performed to demonstrate that the proposed approach significantly reduces energy cost for IDCs, and guarantees a service delay bound for user requests.


Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is an all weather sensor that has provided breakthrough remote sensing capabilities for both civilian and military applications. SAR differs from other real-aperture sensors in that it achieves fine resolution using signal processing techniques that are based on certain assumptions about the relative dynamics between the sensor and the scene. When these assumptions are violated, the quality of the SAR imagery degrades, impacting its interpretability. This paper describes the development of a simulation testbed for evaluating the effects of SAR-specific error sources on image quality, including effects that originate with the sensor (e.g. system noise, uncompensated motion), as well as effects that originate in the scene (e.g. target motion, wind-blown trees). The simulation generates synthetic video phase history and can accommodate a variety of sensor collection trajectories, acquisition geometries, and image formation options. The simulation approach will be described, example outputs will be shown, and initial results relating simulation inputs to image quality measures will be presented.


This thesis analyzes some aspects of the appropriation of labor time and natural space in the Inka Empire (ca. AD 1400 – 1532) in order to illuminate the cultural organization of Inka imperial metabolism. Rather than understanding Inka imperialism simply as a political process with socioecological consequences, it is investigated as an ecological process organized through specific cultural categories. The Inka imperial economy is conceptualized in terms of transfers of time and space between different categories of people. The thesis thus addresses long-standing questions regarding the economic operation of the Inka Empire as well as central issues in general social theory. It demonstrates how imperial power is based on biophysical flows of embodied labor and land, organized by specific cultural permutations of reciprocity and redistribution. The thesis focuses on estimating these flows through analyses of time-space appropriation. This is done by reconstructing, on the basis of archaeological, historical and ethnographic data, the production processes of three emblematic Inka artifacts: textiles, chicha (maize beer), and stone walls. (Less)


Component-based software engineering enables applications to be assembled from component parts that adhere to a component-style specific interface specification and protocol. Components available for one style are not available for another. Component styles evolve, too, which can obsolete components using a legacy style. This creates a demand for migrating components from one style to another, which can require complex changes to the component source code. For a large component library, doing this manually is likely prohibitive. An alternative is to apply automated program transformations to carry out the changes.
 Using source-to-source transformations on real code requires a scalable, robust program transformation technology. Such technologies are difficult to justify for single applications. DMS' is a commercial program transformation system which has been used to transform many programming languages, including C++, C#, Java and ObjectPascal. It is parameterized by language and desired task, enabling its infrastructure costs to be amortized across many different software analysis or change applications.
 This demonstration shows a concrete example of DMS program transformations being used to migrate legacy C++ components from a Boeing distributed avionics software system, using a Boeing proprietary component format, to a CORBA component style. The conversion requires nontrivial understanding and manipulation of the C++ source code. It will explain the component migration problem to be solved, show some of the transformations, and actually convert a component.


The Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology (JJO) was inaugurated in 1957 as a quarterly journal published in English by the Ophthalmology Department of the University of Tokyo, with the aim of disseminating the achievements of Japanese ophthalmologists worldwide. JJO remains the only Japanese ophthalmology journal published in English. In 1997, the Japanese Ophthalmological Society assumed the responsibility for publishing the Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology as its official English-language publication.   Currently the journal is published bimonthly and accepts papers from authors worldwide. JJO has become an international interdisciplinary forum for the publication of basic science and clinical research papers.   We encourage authors to submit original papers in all fields of ophthalmology.


The domains of application in applied linguistics have changed considerably since the early 1960s. In most of these domains, the fundamental property of language as a resource for making meaning has increasingly been foregrounded. This approach recognises, amongst other dimensions of language, its multi-stratal character, i.e. that a given instance of language consists of patterns of meaning (semantics), realized by patterns of wording (grammar), realized by patterns of sounding (phonology) or writing (graphology). The co-selection of these patterns both construes and expresses the kind of social context in which the language operates. There has not yet been a register of English described from the point of view of all four strata. In this paper, we report on a research project which is developing a multi-stratal description of a service encounter, namely the ordering of fast food by telephone. We present some of the findings here regarding the likely cross-stratal patterns for this kind of service encounter, and suggest areas of future research.


Generating musical audio directly with neural networks is notoriously difficult because it requires coherently modeling structure at many different timescales. Fortunately, most music is also highly structured and can be represented as discrete note events played on musical instruments. Herein, we show that by using notes as an intermediate representation, we can train a suite of models capable of transcribing, composing, and synthesizing audio waveforms with coherent musical structure on timescales spanning six orders of magnitude (~0.1 ms to ~100 s), a process we call Wave2Midi2Wave. This large advance in the state of the art is enabled by our release of the new MAESTRO (MIDI and Audio Edited for Synchronous TRacks and Organization) dataset, composed of over 172 hours of virtuosic piano performances captured with fine alignment (~3 ms) between note labels and audio waveforms. The networks and the dataset together present a promising approach toward creating new expressive and interpretable neural models of music.


The substitutability between workers within a firm, and between incumbent workers and outsiders, matters for understanding the operation of internal labor markets and the consequences of worker turnover. To assess the substitutability of workers, I estimate how exogenous worker exits affect a firm's demand for incumbent workers and new hires. Using matched employer-employee data based on the universe of German social security records, I analyze the effects of 34,000 unexpected worker deaths and show that these worker exits on average raise the remaining workers' wages and retention probabilities for a period of several years. These findings are difficult to reconcile with frictionless labor markets and perfect substitutability between incumbent workers and outsiders. The average effect masks substantial heterogeneity: Coworkers in the same occupation as the deceased see positive wage effects; coworkers in other occupations instead experience wage decreases when a high-skilled worker or manager dies. Thus, coworkers in the same occupation appear to be substitutes, while high-skilled workers and managers appear to be complements to coworkers in other occupations. Finally, when the external labor market in the deceased's occupation is thin, incumbents' wages respond more and external hiring responds less to a worker death. The results suggest that thin external markets for skills lead to higher firm-specificity of human capital and lower replaceability of incumbents.


This is a monumental and extraordinarily beautiful guide to the Earth's natural wonders. 5 years in the making, covering over 5,000 species, "The Natural History Book" is one-of-a-kind; the only book to offer a complete survey of the Earth's natural history. Each geological and biological grouping is introduced and explained in an engaging and highly informative way, making it the perfect addition to every family bookshelf, as well as an ideal gift for every nature lover. It is packed with thousands of stunning, specially commissioned photographs, and written by a worldwide team of natural history experts. From granites to grape vines, from microbes to mammals, "The Natural History Book" is a true visual dictionary of every kingdom of life.


Several concepts have been developed in the recent years for nanomaterial based integrated MEMS platform in order to accelerate the process of biological sample preparation followed by selective screening and identification of target molecules. In this context, there exist several challenges which need to be addressed in the process of electrical lysis of biological cells. These are due to (i) low resource settings while achieving maximal lysis (ii) high throughput of target molecules to be detected (iii) automated extraction and purification of relevant molecules such as DNA and protein from extremely small volume of sample (iv) requirement of fast, accurate and yet scalable methods (v) multifunctionality toward process monitoring and (vi) downward compatibility with already existing diagnostic protocols. This paper reports on the optimization of electrical lysis process based on various different nanocomposite coated electrodes placed in a microfluidic channel. The nanocomposites are synthesized using different nanomaterials like Zinc nanorod dispersion in polymer. The efficiency of electrical lysis with various different electrode coatings has been experimentally verified in terms of DNA concentration, amplification and protein yield. The influence of the coating thickness on the injection current densities has been analyzed. We further correlate experimentally the current density vs. voltage relationship with the extent of bacterial cell lysis. A coupled multiphysics based simulation model is used to predict the cell trajectories and lysis efficiencies under various electrode boundary conditions as estimated from experimental results. Detailed in-situ fluorescence imaging and spectroscopy studies are performed to validate various hypotheses.


Aerucyclamides C and D were isolated from the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806, and their structures established by NMR spectroscopy and chemical transformation and degradation. Acidic hydrolysis of aerucyclamide C (CF(3)CO(2)H, H(2)O) resulted in microcyclamide 7806A. This chemical evidence combined with spectroscopic and physical data suggest a structure revision for microcyclamide 7806A, which incorporates an O-acylated Thr ammonium residue instead of the originally proposed methyl oxazoline ring. We have prepared microcyclamide 7806B upon basic and acidic treatment of microcyclamide 7806A, which suggests that both these compounds are hydrolysis products of aerucyclamide C and that the aerucyclamides A-D are the actual metabolites produced via ribosomal peptide synthesis in M. aeruginosa PCC 7806. Antiplasmodial evaluation established submicromolar IC(50) values for aerucyclamide B against Plasmodium falciparum; low micromolar values for aerucyclamide C were found against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. The compounds were selective for the parasites over a cell line of L6 rat myoblasts and are thus considered for further study as antimalarial agents.


Large-scale cache-coherent systems often impose unnecessary overhead on data that is thread-private for the whole of its lifetime. These include resources devoted to tracking the coherence state of the data, as well as unnecessary coherence messages sent out over the interconnect. In this paper we show how the memory allocation strategy for non-uniform memory access (NUMA) systems can be exploited to remove any coherence-related traffic for thread-local data, as well removing the need to track those cache lines in sparse directories. Our strategy is to allocate directory state only on a miss from a node in a different affinity domain from the directory. We call this ALLocAte on Remote Miss, or ALLARM. Our solution is entirely backward compatible with existing operating systems and software, and provides a means to scale cache coherence into the many-core era. On a mix of SPLASH2 and Parsec workloads, ALLARM is able to improve performance by 13% on average while reducing dynamic energy consumption by 9% in the on-chip network and 15% in the directory controller. This is achieved through a 46% reduction in the number of sparse directory entries evicted.


The accession negotiations of Belarus to the WTO are unusual since, due to its obligations in the Eurasian Economic Union, WTO accession is not expected to impact its tariffs or formerly substantial trade distorting agricultural subsidies. Nonetheless, we estimate that WTO accession will increase welfare by 8.8 percent per year in Belarus in the medium term. We show that inclusion of (i) foreign direct investment; (ii) reduction on non-discriminatory barriers against services providers; and (iii) our model with imperfect competition and endogenous productivity effects together produce esti-mated gains eleven times larger than a model of perfect competition with only cross-border trade in services. Our analysis is enabled by our production of a dataset on both discriminatory and non-discriminatory barriers in services and their ad valorem equivalents. Based on a new dataset on labor productivity by sector and type of ownership, in our central model we estimate that privatization will increase welfare by 35.4 percent. We find substantial variance in the estimated gains from privatiza-tion depending on model assumptions; but all the estimates of the impacts of privatization indicate substantial welfare gains.


Black Zion-Yvonne Chireau 1999-12-16 This volume explores the myriad ways in which African American religions have encountered Jewish traditions, beliefs, and spaces. In contrast to previous works, which have typically focused on the social and political relationship between blacks and Jews, Black Zion places religion at the center of its discussion, thereby illuminating a critically important but little explored aspect of black-Jewish relations in America. The essays gathered here examine groups such as the Nation of Islam and the Hebrew Israelites, individuals such as Martin Luther King, Jr., and Abraham Joshua Heschel, and topics such as the transformation of synagogue space into African American churches and the symbolic role of the Jew in the Haitian religious imagination. This collection draws on sacred texts, interviews, and ethnographic and archival research to discuss the shared elements in black and Jewish sacred life, as well as the development and elaboration of new religious identities by African Americans. Featuring contributions from a group of renowned scholars and writers, this groundbreaking volume reveals a great deal about both African American religions and the meaning of Judaism in the contemporary world. It is essential reading for students of religion, history, cultural studies, black studies, and American studies.


Fast and accurate diagnosis is always in demand by modern medical professionals and in the area of national defense. At present, limitations of testing speed, sample conditions, and levels of precision exist under current technologies, which are usually slow and involve testing the specimen under laboratory conditions. Typically, these methods also involve several biochemical processing steps and subsequent detection of low energy luminescence or electrical changes, all of which reduce the speed of the test as well as limit the precision. In order to solve these problems and improve the sensing performance, this project proposes an innovative CMOS magnetic biological sensor system for rapidly testing the presence of potential pathogens and bioterrorism agents (zoonotic microorganisms) both in specimens and especially in the environment. The sensor uses an electromagnetic detection mechanism to measure changes in the number of microorganisms--tagged by iron nanoparticles--that are placed on the surface of an integrated circuit (IC) chip. Measured magnetic effects are transformed into electronic signals that count the number and type of organisms present. This biosensor introduces a novel design of a conical-shaped inductor, which achieves ultra-accuracy of sensing biological pathogens. The whole system is integrated on a single chip based on the fabrication process of IBM 180 nm (CMOS_IBM_7RF), which makes the sensor smallsized, portable, high speed, and low cost. The results of designing, simulating, and fabricating the sensor are reported in this dissertation.


As there is datum redundancy in tradition database and temporal database in existence and the quantities of temporal database are increasing fleetly. We put forward compress storage tactics for temporal datum which combine compress technology in existence in order to settle datum redundancy in the course of temporal datum storage and temporal datum of slow acting domain and momentary acting domain are accessed by using each from independence clock method and mutual clock method .We also bring forward strategy of gridding storage to resolve the problems of temporal datum rising rapidly.


The present study compares the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) performance for iron-nitrogen coordinated catalysts supported on carbon (FeNC) in acidic and alkaline electrolytes. The ORR activity of the synthesized FeNC materials was found to be significantly lower than state of the art platinum supported on carbon (Pt/C) in acidic medium. On the other hand, similar ORR activity for the two samples was observed in 0.1 M KOH. In addition, FeNC catalysts demonstrated much higher stability in alkaline medium relative to that in acidic electrolyte. These results demonstrate promise of FeNC materials as promising cathode catalysts for anion exchange membrane (AEM) fuel cells.


This submission is made up of two short essays linked by a chain of thinking that becomes evident as their stories unfold. The first reflects contemporary events against an interpretation of history Michel Foucault started to develop in the last few years of his life. That view is itself reflected against events of the not-too-distant past in the context of strategic leadership of a global enterprise with deep UK roots. The second is a reflection on those reflections. It ponders what the first and second drafts of history have to say about the nature of news and social science research, and how we tell such stories.


Objective: The objective was to find out the frequency of anemia during pregnancy and its association with the different socio-economic factors.
Study Design: A descriptive cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: District headquarter hospital Rawalpindi, from September–November 2015.
Material and Methods: The pre-diagnosed 196 pregnant anemic women were included in the study. Grand multipara pregnant women, anemia due to bleeding disorders and havingchronic illnesses were excluded from the study. The pretested questionnaire along with Pakistan Social Living Standards Measurements (PSLM) prepared poverty score card was used. The study variables age, maternal education, abortions, parity and poverty were studied. The data collected were analyzed through SPSS 20.0 and Chi-square test was used to find out association between demographic variables and severity of anemia at a significance level ofp< 0.05.
Results: The frequency of anemia in the sample (n=196) observed as mild, moderate and severe was 34.2% (67), 64.3% (126) and 1.5% (3) respectively. The mean (SD) hemoglobin recorded was 8.9 ± 0.9g/dl (range=6.2-10.9g/dl). The mean (SD) age in the sample was 23.7± 4.2 years (range=17-40 years) while 92% (182) of the subjects were below poverty line. Majority of the pregnant anemic women were illiterate constituting 56.6% (111) of the total sample.
Conclusion: There was a strong association between poverty, illiteracy, previous history of abortions, age and severity of anemia. Education, poverty, illiteracy, access to fortified sources, iron supplementation, deworming, and access to clean drinking water and sanitation, insecticides infections, inadequate nutrient intake all factors must be improved for success of anemia prevention strategies in developing countries like Pakistan.


Federal agencies have taken steps to include the public in a wide range of environmental decisions. Although some form of public participation is often required by law, agencies usually have broad discretion about the extent of that involvement. Approaches vary widely, from holding public information-gathering meetings to forming advisory groups to actively including citizens in making and implementing decisions. Proponents of public participation argue that those who must live with the outcome of an environmental decision should have some influence on it. Critics maintain that public participation slows decision making and can lower its quality by including people unfamiliar with the science involved. This book concludes that, when done correctly, public participation improves the quality of federal agencies' decisions about the environment. Well-managed public involvement also increases the legitimacy of decisions in the eyes of those affected by them, which makes it more likely that the decisions will be implemented effectively. This book recommends that agencies recognize public participation as valuable to their objectives, not just as a formality required by the law. It details principles and approaches agencies can use to successfully involve the public.


Despite a proliferation of 'one-to-one' taking practices that include counselling, psychotherapy and coaching, the existing approaches do not seem to by fully adequate, starting from their very names to, more importantly, the help that they can offer to clients. Broadly speaking, counselling and psychotherapy are mostly remedial, and usually lack more 'positive' or pro-active elements. Coaching, on the other hand, can be charged with not addressing deeper, underlying issues, and consequently being superficial. Personal consultancy approach allows practitioners to integrate the depth perspective, offered by counselling and psychotherapy, with an opportunity to make constructive, practical changes, associated with coaching. This is possible because all of these practices, in fact, use similar skills, and their domains already overlap to a large extent. In building its framework three essential elements of 'one-to-one' practices are considered first: the client, the consultant and the interaction (relationship) between them. On this basis four stages of the personal consultancy process are suggested: authentic listening, re-balancing, generating and supporting. The paper will expand on them, discussing the appropriate attitudes, methods, and techniques that can be used at each stage, in order to assist the process.


Chronic kidney disease (CKD), prevalent in more the 10% of the United States population is a progressive, degenerative disease affecting the renal function of afflicted individuals. In recent decades CKD has gained awareness among clinicians and medical professional due to growing concern for the many complications that arise in patients with CKD. For providers, CKD patient populations pose a significant challenge in terms of quality treatment because of the many associated risk factors and co-morbidities associated with a CKD diagnosis. The KDIGO (Kidney Disease; Improving Global Outcomes) 2012 clinical guidelines for the treatment of CKD were published under the sponsorship of the National Kidney Foundation in order to create uniform measures aimed to improve quality care and effective treatment of the CKD population. The purpose of this study is to investigate the extent to which these measures are being implemented and adhered to among providers at the practice level. Analysis of adherence to six specific measures of the KDIGO guidelines offers insight into the areas of implementation strengths and weaknesses. Results of this study indicate a widespread variation in the level of adherence to each measure on the practice level as well as variation among individual providers to each measure. While adherence levels were high among providers for certain measures, high adherence was not uniform across all six measures. Results of this study indicate the potential for improvement in CKD treatment through the use of centralized implementation structures such as practice based research networks (PBRN) or practice facilitation in order to generate higher adherence to all six KDIGO measures.


Gaussian Process Temporal Difference (GPTD) learning offers a Bayesian solution to the policy evaluation problem of reinforcement learning. In this paper we extend the GPTD framework by addressing two pressing issues, which were not adequately treated in the original GPTD paper (Engel et al., 2003). The first is the issue of stochasticity in the state transitions, and the second is concerned with action selection and policy improvement. We present a new generative model for the value function, deduced from its relation with the discounted return. We derive a corresponding on-line algorithm for learning the posterior moments of the value Gaussian process. We also present a SARSA based extension of GPTD, termed GPSARSA, that allows the selection of actions and the gradual improvement of policies without requiring a world-model.


Over the past years the economic crisis has been sensibly displaced. Starting as a subprime crisis in the US, it soon unfolded as a global economic and financial crisis. European countries confronted the crisis with banking rescue packages, economic stimulus programmes, automatic stabilisers and a common emergency fund for endangered states of the Eurozone. Consequently, not only private, but also public debt increased. The crisis therefore evolved towards a fiscal crisis and moved into the political system. Against this background, the article investigates the articulation of political economic interests and initiatives in the European management of the debt crisis. It argues that the emergence of a new austerity oriented fiscal consolidation agenda reflects a strengthened position of creditors and owners of financial assets. However, given the unequal – European and domestic – distribution of the adjustment burden, the revitalisation of European financial market capitalism remains characterised by intensified social struggles.


—Comprehensive geological and geophysical investigations were conducted to obtain new data on the structure and physical nature of the discharge site of steam hydrothermal fluids by the example of the Pauzhetka geothermal deposit (southern Kamchatka). An isometric concentric zonal structure has been identified within the temperature, geoelectric, magnetic, and gravimetric fields. It spatially correlates with an elevated tectonic block previously detected in the area of the Upper Pauzhetka thermal field. The central part of this structure includes a consolidated rock block composed presumably of quartz–adularia metasomatites formed at the pre-Holocene stage of evolution of the Pauzhetka hydrothermal system. The rocks form a physical heterogeneity within the structure of the aquifer, which greatly contributes to the distribution of flows of ascending thermal, mixed, and meteoric waters beneath the Upper Pauzhetka thermal field. The central area of the isometric concentric zonal structure is outlined by a zone consisting of local anomalies of positive magnetic-field values. The wide occurrence of subintrusive bodies (sills, dikes, and extrusion roots) of intermediate to rhyolite composition suggests the magmatic nature of the identified anomalies. The peripheral areas correlate with large discharge sites of high-temperature fluids. Thus, it is demonstrated that the structure of the circulation zones of waters of various types in the area of the Upper Pauzhetka thermal field is governed by the concentric zonal structure of the elevated tectonic block and the distribution of physical heterogeneities, both primary (of magmatic or volcanosedimentary nature) and resulted from the hydrothermal metasomatic alteration of the source rocks.


The aim of this study is to evaluate the most useful clinical signs and symptoms in the diagnosis of spermatic cord torsion, and so decreasing unnecessary surgical exploration and testicular loss rates for these patients. Between August 2013 and November 2014, patients with suspected spermatic cord torsion were included in this study; patient case sheets were prepared; history, examination, imaging, and post-operative results were recorded. The patients then divided into non-torsion and torsion groups, the torsion group further subdivided into salvaged and orchiectomy groups. Data evaluated and correlated with the result of the surgical exploration. Seventy-seven patients were included, 11 (15%) patients without torsion and 66 (85%) with torsion. Of the torsion group 35 (53%) were salvaged while orchiectomy done to the remaining 31 (47%). The patients' age ranged from 1 to 29 years with a mean of 16.22 years with standard deviation of 6 years, and they commonly presented during winter months, the salvageability rate decline with increase duration of symptoms especially after 24 hours. There were a significant difference (p<0.05) between torsion and non-torsion groups in the testis lay, testis orientation, cremasteric reflex, high riding testis, left side, and cord knotting. There were significant difference (p<0.05) between salvaged and orchiectomy groups in duration of symptom, onset of symptom, and in presence of scrotal edema. A univariate analysis showed that the pain was very sensitive but lacks specificity; the duration less than 6 hours, abnormal lay, absent cremasteric reflex, high riding testis, abnormal orientation, presence of cord knot, and presence of nausea and vomiting are highly specific. The multivariate analysis then repeated for combination of nausea and vomiting, high riding testis, abnormal lay, and absence of cremasteric reflex; showed 100% specificity if three and more of these four feature were present. In conclusion, careful history and physical examination can aid diagnosis of testicular torsion, no clinical signs and symptoms were highly specific and sensitive for torsion, and a constellation of clinical feature can aid the diagnosis.


Results are presented of searches for continuous gravitational waves from 20 accreting millisecond x-ray pulsars with accurately measured spin frequencies and orbital parameters, using data from the third observing run of the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors. The search algorithm uses a hidden Markov model, where the transition probabilities allow the frequency to wander according to an unbiased random walk, while the J -statistic maximum-likelihood matched filter tracks the binary orbital phase. Three narrow subbands are searched for each target, centered on harmonics of the measured spin frequency. The search yields 16 candidates, consistent with a false alarm probability of 30% per subband and target searched. These candidates, along with one candidate from an additional target-of-opportunity search done for SAX J 1808 . 4 − 3658 , which was in outburst during one month of the observing run, cannot be confidently associated with a known noise source. Additional follow-up does not provide convincing evidence that any are a true astrophysical signal. When all candidates are assumed nonastrophysical, upper limits are set on the maximum wave strain detectable at 95% confidence, h 95%0 . The strictest constraint is h 95%0 ¼ 4 . 7 × 10 − 26 from IGR J 17062 − 6143 . Constraints on the detectable wave strain from each target lead to constraints on neutron star ellipticity and r -mode amplitude, the strictest of which are ϵ 95% ¼ 3 . 1 × 10 − 7 and α 95% ¼ 1 . 8 × 10 − 5 respectively. This analysis is the most comprehensive and sensitive search of continuous gravitational waves from accreting millisecond x-ray pulsars to date. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.105.022002


Fluids are everywhere and still many of their fundamental properties are not understood. The apparent simplicity of the equations describing the motion of simple fluids contrasts with the beautiful complexity of turbulence. Fluid dynamics is clearly important to our daily life: we drive, navigate and fly inside fluids. Fluids are also responsible for the transport of mass and heat, for example in the atmosphere, while fluids flowing inside our body provide the fundamental support for cell life. In recent years computers have added to experimental equipment to help disclose the phenomenology of fluid motions. In this lecture I will try to illustrate the beauty of the physics behind fluid flows and some of the research topics that are currently keeping me busy.


—The Tor anonymous communication network uses self-reported bandwidth values to select routers for building tunnels. Since tunnels are allocated in proportion to this bandwidth, this allows a malicious router operator to attract tunnels for compromise. Although Tor limits the self-reported bandwidth, it uses a high maximum value, effectively choosing performance over high anonymity for all users. We propose a router selection algorithm that allows users to control the tradeoff between performance and anonymity. We also propose an opportunistic bandwidth measurement algorithm to replace self-reported values that is more sensitive to load and more responsive to changing network conditions. Our mechanism effectively blends the traffic from users of different preferences, making partitioning attacks difficult. We implemented the opportunistic measurement and tunable performance extensions and examined their performance both through simulation and in the real Tor network. Our results show that users can get dramatic increases in either performance or anonymity with little to no sacrifice in the other metric, or a more modest improvement in both. Our mechanisms are also invulnerable to the previously published low-resource attacks on Tor.


The class of Multivariate BiLinear GARCH (MBL-GARCH) models is proposed and its statistical properties are investigated. The model can be regarded as a generalization to a multivariate setting of the univariate BLGARCH model proposed by Storti and Vitale (2003a; 2003b). It is shown how MBL-GARCH models allow to account for asymmetric effects in both conditional variances and correlations. An EM algorithm for the maximum likelihood estimation of the model parameters is provided. Furthermore, in order to test for the appropriateness of the conditional variance and covariance specifications, a set of robust conditional moments test statistics are defined. Finally, the effectiveness of MBL-GARCH models in a risk management setting is assessed by means of an application to the estimation of the optimal hedge ratio in futures hedging.


Argument "The Case of Ellen West" was published by the Swiss psychiatrist, Ludwig Binswanger, in 1944–1945. The case-history depicts the illness and suicide of a young woman who was his patient twenty years earlier. It came to be considered one of the paradigmatic studies of the newly established discipline of Daseinsanalyse, an attempt to synthesize existential philosophy and therapeutic practice. This paper analyzes the case-study, employing newly uncovered archival material to expose important details regarding the treatment of Ellen West (a pseudonym) and the posthumous writing of her case-history. The richness of the archival sources and the various historiographical characteristics they exhibit raise methodological questions about the potentialities and limitations of historical representation. The new data will thus serve as a platform from which to explore and discuss more generally the problems involved in historical reconstruction – of both subjective experience and clinical knowledge – and the questions of authorship and intertextuality in the genre of the case-history.


Modern computer systems typically conbine multicore CPUs with accelerators like GPUs for inproved performance and energy efficiency. However, these systems suffer from poor performance portability - code tuned for one device must be retuned to achieve high performance on another. Image processing is increasing in importance, with applications ranging from seismology and medicine to Photoshop. Based on our experience with medical image processing, we propose ImageCL, a high-level domain-specific language and source-to-source compiler, targeting heterogeneous hardware. ImageCL resembles OpenCL, but abstracts away performance optimization details, allowing the programmer to focus on algorithm development, rather than performance tuning. The latter is left to our source-to-source compiler and auto-tuner. From high-level ImageCL kernels, our source-to-source compiler can generate multiple OpenCL implementations with different optimizations applied. We rely on auto-tuning rather than machine models or expert programmer knowledge to determine which optimizations to apply, making our tuning procedure highly robust. Furthermore, we can generate high performing implementations for different devices from a single source code, thereby improving performance portability. We evaluate our approach on three image processing benchmarks, on different GPU and CPU devices, and are able to outperform other state of the art solutions in several cases, achieving speedups of up to 4.57x.


BACKGROUND
Historical and anthropological data suggest the presence of descendents of Changos, Cuncos, Chonos and Yamanas, South American indian populations, in certain Chilean coastal villages.

AIM
To assess the degree of South American indian admixture in Chilean coastal villages using protein markers, to complete the assessment of human biological diversity in Chile.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS
ABO, Rh, MNS, Duffy and Kidd blood group systems were assessed in 47, 48, 55 and 24 individuals from Paposo, Carelmapu, Laitec and Ukika respectively. Phenotypic and gene frequencies were calculated. The degree of South American indian admixture was estimated from the ABO*O allele and Rh*dce haplotypes.

RESULTS
High frequencies of ABO*O, Fy*a, Jk*b alleles, Dce and Ms haplotypes were found in all villages, consistent with the pattern expected for South American Aboriginal populations. The highest presence of South American indian admixture was present in Laitec with 80% and in Ukika with 74%. The figures for Paposo and Carelmapu were 60 and 65% respectively.

CONCLUSIONS
According to South American indian admixture estimates, the genetic isolation of coastal populations is lower than that of inland subjects, suggesting that sea proximity facilitates gene flow.


Focusing on skill-building practice for more advanced students, this complete, multimedia TOEFL(R) course now helps students prepare for both the paper and computer versions of the TOEFL(R) Test. Longman Complete Course for the TOEFL(R) Test is appropriate for use as a primary test preparation text, as a supplement to general course, or as a self-study aid. The Complete Course is accompanied by a set of audiocassettes or dual-platform CDs and a User's Guide. The audiocassettes and CDs contain recorded listening material from the book. The User's Guide contains scripts of the listening material and an answer key with explanations. Coming soon...a Bonus Test Disk with an additional bank of questions.


Draught beer quality can be compromised by the growth of spoilage microorganisms. Whilst best practice for assuring dispense hygiene is broadly recognized, it is not always fully or regularly implemented. In some markets, tap nozzles are removed and stored overnight at room temperature in carbonated (soda) water. The next morning they are returned (sometimes after rinsing) to the dispense tap. The effectiveness of this approach is compared with soaking in diluted line-cleaning solution (UK best practice)or a solution containing hypochlorous acid (commercial sanitizing tablets). Two novel approaches – ozonated water and use of ultrasonics – were also evaluated. Bioluminescence analysis of microbial attachment to the inner surfaces of nozzles showed that soaking in carbonated water resulted in gross contamination. Sanitizing tablets achieved 'commercial sterility' and a 4-log reduction in bioluminescence compared with carbonated water. The efficacy of hypochlorous acid was confirmed by incubating cleaned nozzles in fresh beer without any increase in turbidity. Diluted line-cleaning solution was less effective and achieved a 2-log reduction. Ultrasonics reduced microbial attachment but effectiveness was aligned to increasing process time. Soaking in ozonated water was without antimicrobial impact. This work has shown carbonated water to be ineffective in cleaning microbiologically contaminated nozzles. This is a concern as these microorganisms derive from the dispense line, the environment and likely human interaction. To minimize the risks of transfer to dispensed product or back-contaminating the dispense line, soaking draught beer nozzles in an effective sanitizing solution is strongly recommended.


We compared hyperspectral infrared raster maps and images for contrast, definition and resolution of the same
samples recorded with a confocal microscope coupled with a synchrotron radiation source vs a Focal Plane Array (FPA)
detector equipped microscope. Biological samples (hair and skin sections) and astrophysics samples (meteoritic grains)
were used. The samples presented are a few microns in size, such as embedded particles, a single unique cell or thin
layer. Our results show that the actual spatial resolution and contrast of FPA images were lower than spectral maps from
the confocal microscope. The FPA microscope also produced measurements that lacked accuracy: size of sample
features and peak intensity were inaccurately estimated. More surprisingly, the intensity of absorption peaks in the FPA
images was lower than the intensity measured from the same sample with a confocal microscope. Our measurements
underlined the complementarity of FPA and confocal microscopes. FPA can be used to quickly measure the overall
composition of a sample and detect the distribution of its components, but may fail measuring the exact chemical
composition of the small features and may not detect weak spectral differences between adjacent positions. The
averaging effect of aperture-less systems not only affects image resolution but also lowers their spectral accuracy.
Confocal microscopes are inherently slower but give a more accurate measurement of the local composition at the
diffraction limit.


This qualitative study investigated four career status, four initially licensed, and four lateral entry high school Biology teachers' perceptions of the North Carolina Professional Teaching Standards' (NCPTS) usefulness in preparing them to be exemplary science teachers. These teachers are among the first group of teachers to use the NCPTS for professional growth and be evaluated with the Teachers Evaluation Process (TEP). Several historical documents including National Science Education Standards, National Board for Professional Teaching Standards, and How People Learn, along with NSTA's Search for Excellence in Science Teaching identify the characteristics of exemplary science teaching. These best practices are reflected in the NCPTS. Individual and cross case analysis found four themes of high-stakes testing, time, technology, and Teacher Evaluation Process that have an impact on these teachers. The results indicated there is an inconsistent distribution of technological resources, lack of funding for lab equipment and supplies, lack of time for inquiry, and lack of time to find and use resources. Teachers feel the additional stress for unprepared and unmotivated learners, a rigorous curriculum, and more accountability for student performance. Implications of this research include: Administrators need to spend more time with initially licensed and lateral entry teachers to help them understand how to improve their practice. There is a need for additional professional development for teachers to understand how to use the NCPTS to improve teaching and learning.


Human placenta undergoes both angiogenesis and vasculogenesis during fetal development. An imbalance in proangiogenic [placental growth factor (PlGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor] and antiangiogenic factors [soluble fms like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1), soluble endoglin (sEng)] has been reported to have a role in pathophysiology of preeclampsia. Hence the present study was designed to analyze heme oxygenase-1 and endoglin levels in maternal and cord blood of normotensive women. The study comprised of twenty five normotensive pregnant women immediately after delivery Study samples were drawn (maternal venous blood and umbilical cord blood) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and endoglin levels were analyzed by competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Heme oxygenase-1 levels were elevated in maternal blood as compared to cord blood of normotensive pregnant women. Also, serum blood endoglin levels were higher in maternal blood compared to cord blood of normotensive pregnant women. These findings indicate that there is angiogenic balance during normotensive pregnancy and dysbalance might occur during pathological pregnancy. These markers of angiogenic balance may serve as diagnostic marker and may help in explaining future risk of cardiovascular disease in these women. Keywords: Vasculogenesis; Proangiogenic and antiangiogenic factors; Pregnancy


In the study of nonconscious processing, different methods have been used in order to render stimuli invisible. While their properties are well described, the level at which they disrupt nonconscious processing remains unclear. Yet, such accurate estimation of the depth of nonconscious processes is crucial for a clear differentiation between conscious and nonconscious cognition. Here, we compared the processing of facial expressions rendered invisible through gaze-contingent crowding (GCC), masking, and continuous flash suppression (CFS), three techniques relying on different properties of the visual system. We found that both pictures and videos of happy faces suppressed from awareness by GCC were processed such as to bias subsequent preference judgments. The same stimuli manipulated with visual masking and CFS did not bias significantly preference judgments, although they were processed such as to elicit perceptual priming. A significant difference in preference bias was found between GCC and CFS, but not between GCC and masking. These results provide new insights regarding the nonconscious impact of emotional features, and highlight the need for rigorous comparisons between the different methods employed to prevent perceptual awareness.


The rapid growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) has led to a situation where individual manufacturers develop their own communication protocols and frameworks that are often incompatible with other systems. Part of this is due to the use of incompatible communication hardware, and part is due to the entrenched proprietary systems. This has created a heterogeneous communication landscape, where it is difficult for devices to coordinate their efforts. To remedy this, a number of IoT Frameworks have been proposed to provide a common interface between IoT devices. There are many approaches to common frameworks, each with their strengths and weaknesses, but there is no clear winner among them. This thesis presents a virtual network testbed for implementing smart home IoT Frameworks. It consists of a simulated home network made up of multiple Virtual Machines (VM), simulated smart home devices and an implementation of the OpenHAB framework to integrate the devices. Simulated devices are designed to be networkaccurate representations of actual devices, a LIFX smart lightbulb was developed and an existing Nest thermostat simulation was integrated. The demonstrated setup serves as a proof of concept for the idea of a home network testbed. Such a testbed could allow for the development of new IoT frameworks or the comparison of existing ones, and it could also serve as an education aid to illustrate how smart home IoT devices communicate with one another. Simulating IoT Frameworks and Devices in the smart home


The invention relates to human O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (hAGT) mutants showing, when compared to the wild type human AGT, two or more advantageous properties selected from (a) reduced DNA interaction; (b) localization of the expressed protein in eukaryotic cells that is no longer restricted to the nucleus; (c) improved expression yield as sol. protein and improved stability in various hosts; (d) improved stability under oxidizing conditions; (e) improved stability within cells after reaction with a substrate; (f) improved stability outside cells before and after reaction with a substrate; (g) improved in vitro soly.; (h) improved reactivity against O6-alkylguanine substrates; (i) reduced reactivity against DNA-based substrates; and (j) reduced reactivity against N9-substituted 06-alkylguanine substrates. Such AGT mutants with the mentioned improved properties are mutants wherein between 1 and 25 amino acids of the wild type human AGT are substituted by other amino acids, and optionally 1 to 5 amino acids out of the continuous chain at one, two or three positions are deleted or added and/or 1 to 4 amino acids at the N-terminus or 1 to 40 amino acids at the C-terminus are deleted. The invention further relates to a method for detecting and/or manipulating a protein of interest wherein the protein of interest is incorporated into a fusion protein with the AGT mutants of the invention. Another object of the invention are AGT fusion proteins comprising such AGT mutants and the protein of interest. [on SciFinder (R)]


As the need to deploy informative, expressive haptic phenomena in consumer devices gains momentum, the inadequacy of current design tools is becoming more critically obstructive. Current tools do not support collaboration or serendipitous exploration. Collaboration is critical, but direct means of sharing haptic sensations are limited, and the absence of unifying conceptual models for working with haptic sensations further restricts communication between designers and stakeholders. This is especially troublesome for pleasurable, affectively targeted interactions that rely on subjective user experience. In this paper, we introduce an alternative design approach inspired by musical instruments - a new tool for real-time, collaborative manipulation of haptic sensations; and describe a first example, mHIVE, a mobile Haptic Instrument for Vibrotactile Exploration. Our qualitative study shows that mHIVE supports exploration and communication but requires additional visualization and recording capabilities for tweaking designs, and expands previous work on haptic language.


Restorative Justice is an approach to resolving conflict that has become increasingly relevant as both financial and social costs associated with crime have continued to rise. As alternative methods of managing crime are being considered and implemented there is a call from policy makers for evidence that those programs are indeed the best practice. Although there is a significant amount of research on restorative justice, synthesis of that information is lacking which impedes full understanding of the potential of the impact and role of this approach. A central argument is that restorative based programs produce benefits because they reduce recidivism rates. Is that true? I conducted a meta-analysis on 24 published studies to evaluate the claims for effectiveness and to discover what aspects of restorative justice programs are most effective in reducing recidivism, as well as what offender characteristics make for the best restorative justice candidates. Analysis indicated that recidivism may be decreased more for adults than juveniles, when there is contact with the direct victim of the offense, and after the offender goes through the treatment. Surprisingly, community involvement, the ability to develop consensus, and victim satisfaction indicated an increase in recidivism.


Background: Increased exposure to deaths in the intensive care unit (ICU) generate grief among ICU staff, which remains unresolved most of the time. Unresolved grief becomes cumulative and presents a risk factor for burnout. "sacred pause" is a ritual performed at patient's death to honor the lost life and recognize the efforts of the health-care team. Objective: To study the impact of the ritual of sacred pause on the attitudes and behaviors of the ICU physicians and nurses. Methods: Ten-question online anonymous survey was sent to ICU physicians and nurses in the medical ICU of a tertiary care hospital in July 2017. Results: Thirty-four ICU team members completed the survey including 12 physicians and 22 nurses. Seventy sacred pause rituals were performed from July 2016 to June 2017. Seventy-nine percent respondents believed that the ritual brought closure and helped them overcome the feelings of disappointment, grief, distress, and failure after the death of their patient in ICU. Seventy-three percent agreed that the ritual has instilled and encouraged a sense of team effort. Eighty-two percent responded that the ritual makes their efforts feel appreciated. Many felt that the ritual should be a universal phenomenon in all ICUs. Only 55% respondents felt that the practice has a potential to decrease ICU burnout, many of them (42%) were undecided. Conclusion: Sacred pause brings closure, prevents cumulative grief and distress, builds resilience, promotes team effort, and improves professional satisfaction of ICU team. It may lower burnout syndrome in ICU, but further studies are warranted.


It would be true to say, that the past three years at Orange Hill School , have been the most exciting and rewarding of our teaching careers, realising our most ambitious hopes for design-linked craft studies in the all-ability school; the excitement and reward stemming from a veritable explosion of creative work produced with a general high degree of skill by the pupils in our care.


Introduction: The high prevalence of malnutrition in hospitals and its impact make the use of a nutritional screening tool necessary for its detection, diagnosis and early treatment. Objective: To evaluate the most appropriate tool for nutritional screening, globally and by hospital wards, in a tertiary hospital. Methodology: cross-sectional study in routine clinical practice. Four nutritional screening tools were evaluated: Subjective Global Assessment (SGA), Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA), Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST), and Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 (NRS-2002). Hospital wards were grouped into: medical wards, General Surgery, Orthopedics, other surgical wards, and Oncology-Hematology. A statistical analysis of sensitivity (S) and specificity (Sp) were performed, and were compared using ROC curve. Results: There were evaluated 201 patients with median age of 71.6 (RIC 21.4) years and 51.2% were women. The prevalence of nutritional risk (NR) and malnutrition (MN) was: SGS 62.1%, 68.6% MNA, MUST 53.7%, and NRS-2002 35.8%. All the evaluated nutritional screening tools, except MNA, detected a higher prevalence of RN and DN in the medical wards than surgical wards. In the overall analysis the MNA obtained S=93.3%, Sp=71.6% and an area under the ROC curve of 0.825; the MUST obtained S=82.4%, Sp=93.4% and an area under the ROC curve of 0.879; NRS-2002 obtained S=56.0%, Sp=97.4% and an area under the ROC curve of 0.766. These results were similar in the analysis by hospital wards. Conclusion: MUST could be the recommended nutritional screening tool to use in a tertiary hospital with elderly population, as the overall good results of sensitivity and specificity, as well as its simplicity.


Lead So Your People Speak Freely

 Candid communication enhances innovation, ownership, engagement, and performance. The benefits of hearing questions and uncertainties, good and bad ideas, and honest feedback are game-changing. Yet research shows that most of the time, people never share their true thoughts with each other—and especially not with their leaders.

 But what if they did? What if everyone could confidently communicate without fearing a negative response? In Permission to Speak Freely, highly acclaimed leader developers Doug Crandall and Matt Kincaid illustrate the benefits of candor, explain the inhibitors that cause it to feel unsafe, and provide tools for leaders to encourage their people and embed trust and openness into the foundation of their organizational culture.


This paper discusses different ways of trading between Flanders and Spain in relation to paintings in the sixteenth century. The importance of local fairs as markets providing luxury objects is well known both in Flanders and in the Spanish territories. Perhaps less well known is the role of Flemish artists workshops in transmitting new models and compositions, and why these remained in use for longer than others. The article gives examples of strong networks among painters and merchants throughout the century. These agents could also be artists, or Spanish merchants with ties in Flanders. The artists become dealers; they would typically sell works by their business partners not only on the art markets but also in their own workshops. They worked in the local trade, and specifically sought to acquire Flemish paintings, while becoming specialists in those products. At the same time, high quality Flemish paintings arrived in Spain through commissions. This form of import was more targeted than fairs and merchants and was promoted directly to the painters. Wealthy patrons looked for intermediaries to deliver specific requirements. Such commissions were received by important workshops and masters with a higher grade of quality. As the agent, the intermediary had to take care of the commission from the outset to the arrival of the painting in Spain. Such duties included the provision of detailed instructions and arrangement of shipping to a final destination. These agents used to be Spanish natives long settled in Flanders, who were fluent in the language and knew the local trade. Unfortunately, very little correspondence about the commissions has been preserved, and it is only the Flemish paintings and altarpieces preserved in Spanish chapels and churches which provide information about their workshop or patron. Last, not least it is necessary to mention the Iconoclasm revolt as a reason why many high quality paintings arrived in Spain at the end of the century and the beginning of the following. The Flemish and Spanish artistic trade in the 16th century is a complex subject, and it is necessary to understand the networks to realize why there are more paintings from some workshops and schools than others in different Spanish territories.


Can political philosophy be made interesting and accessible to teenage readers? The author tries to respect the intelligence of young adults in this first installment of a novel of ideas. Ella Seifenblasen, a spirited fifteen-year old cellist, is given a summer assignment by her bookish father: write letters to the great 16th century essayist, Michel de Montaigne. Then Ella's Palestinian friend disappears en route to a music festival on the Maine coast, and her Iranian roommate is hunted, escaping only through Ella's ingenuity. Suspecting government intrigue, Ella steals an explosive intelligence report from her father (who is more than he appears to be) and hides it in her cello. Montaigne writes back, and Ella thinks she is going mad. She isn't. Montaigne helps Ella navigate her own divided loyalties, while Ella helps Montaigne mediate the end of one of the French Wars of Religion and thwart the Spanish Armada. The story alternates between a tiny Maine island, Montaigne's fabled library, the steam tunnels under Harvard Yard, and a final confrontation at Camp David. We meet along the way Henri of Navarre, heir presumptive to the French crown, Maryam, the flirtatious daughter of a prominent Palestinian peace activist, Niall, a charming young spy of mysterious origins, Neda, a devout and elegant Iranian pianist, Frederick, a brave nonagenarian, Herrick Eaton's Eldest, a laconic young lobsterman, Francis Wallsingham, Queen Elizabeth's spymaster, and the President of the United States.


ABSTRACT Using country-level panel data over 1995–2013 on within-country income inequality and foreign bank presence, this paper establishes a positive relation between the two, running from higher foreign bank presence to income inequality. Given that foreign bank participation increased by 62% over the period 1995 to 2013, our baseline results imply a 5.8% increase in the Gini coefficient on average over this period, ceteris paribus. These results are robust to the inclusion of country and year fixed effects and to the use of restrictions on foreign bank entry in the host countries as an instrumental variable. We show that this positive effect is channelled through the lack of greenfield entry and the associated lower levels of competition.


continent. 1.2 (2011): 76-77. Please click to listen to the mp3 files of deep brain recordings of individual brain cells, the smallest unit of the brain, in a whole, intact living brain. Each brain region's cells possess an electrical signature. During recordings electrical signals are transformed into sound to facilitate auditory identification of cells during a process called "mapping." Subthalamic nucleus by continent Cortex by continent Mapping is an important step in successfully identifying and localizing the appropriate target site in the brain for an experimental therapeutic procedure called deep brain stimulation which has been used for patients with movement disorders and, more recently, for patients with psychiatric disorders. Thalamus by continent I have pursued a career as a neuroscientist for the past decade because I wanted to learn about the mind. In my most recent research, I record electrical activity from individual cells in the brain, and look at individual brain cells with a high resolution, electron microscope. Globus Pallidus (internal segment) by continent Globus Pallidus (external segment) by continent The closer I examine the brain, the less I learn about the mind. Rather, what has been most informative about the mind is how people—neuroscientists and non-neuroscientists alike—interpret neuroscience data. Some cognitive neuroscientists have proposed the qualities we hold most precious as humans, like morality and free will, exist only in the context of human interaction. Likewise, I propose that the mind does not exist in a vacuum and one's mind only necessitates distinction in a social context, and the mind's existence may only be relevant due to its relative relationships. In sum, bodies have brains. People have minds. Striatum by continent I invite readers to reflect on and/or refute these statements after listening to these recordings of the brain in action. These regions are part of the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical circuit, which is thought to possess parallel, functionally segregated loops including a motor-movement circuit and limbic-emotional circuit which work together to generate behavior (e.g. motivated movements) and have been researched for their role in Parkinson's disease as well as Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. EDITOR'S SUGGESTED RESOURCES Michael Gazzaniga's lecture, "Free Yet Determined and Constrained" at Edinburgh University Gifford Lectures in 19 October, 2009   is an excellent discussion of the field. It can be viewed on Edinburgh University's Youtube channel . The Cognitive Neuroscience of the Mind . Eds. Patricia A. Reuter-Lorenz, Kathleen Baynes, George R. Mangun, and Elizabeth A. Phelps. Cambridge: MIT Press. 2010. Print.