The liftoff spacing distance between the eddy current (EC) sensor and the test piece will influence the detected signals and accuracy of the measurement. Various techniques including novel sensor designs, features (liftoff point of intersection, liftoff invariance phenomenon), and algorithms have been proposed for the compensation of error caused by the liftoff effect using the EC sensor. However, few of these have directly measured the liftoff spacing distance, particularly for the distance up to 15 mm. In this article, a liftoff tolerant pancake sensor has been designed. By analyzing the sensitive region of the magnetic vector potential change (due to the test piece), the receiver of the sensor is designed as a circular spiral pancake coil with a large mean radius and span length (the difference between inner and outer radius). Experiments on the inductance measurement of three different nonmagnetic samples have been carried out using both the designed pancake sensor and the previous triple-helix sensor. From the experiment results, the detected signal of the designed sensor has been proven much larger than that of the triple-helix sensor. Besides, simplified algorithms have been proposed for the measurement of the liftoff spacing and thickness of non-magnetic samples when using the proposed pancake sensor. Results show that the liftoff spacing and thickness can be measured with a small error of 0.14 mm (absolute error under 209.66 kHz), and 1.35% (relative error, under low working frequencies of 142, 238, and 338 Hz) for the liftoff spacing from 1 to 15 mm.


Cohenite [(Fe, Ni)3C] is found almost exclusively in meteorites containing from 6 to 8 percent nickel (by weight). On the basis of iron-nickel-carbon phase diagrams at 1 atmosphere and of kinetic data, the occurrence of cohenite within this narrow composition range as a low-pressure metastable phase and the nonoccurrence of cohenite in meteorites outside the range 6 to 8 percent nickel can be explained. Cohenite formed in meteorites containing less than 6 to 8 percent nickel decomposed to metal and graphite during cooling; it cannot form in meteorites containing more than about 8 percent. The presence of cohenite in meteorites cannot be used as an indicator of pressure of formation. However, the absence of cohenite in meteorites containing the assemblage, metal plus graphite, requires low pressures during cooling.


ABSTRACT Although science educators at all levels have focused on teaching students scientific literacy for nearly five decades, studies indicate that the average student remains far from scientifically literate. To address this issue at the local level, faculty at Trinity University, in San Antonio, Texas, significantly revised the curriculum of an existing introductory physical geology laboratory course. The course, which satisfies general education requirements at Trinity, was revised to provide students learning opportunities in a scientific process context as part of a new science literacy initiative. This effort was spurred by general dissatisfaction with the existing curricular structure of the course as well as a new interdisciplinary, National Science Foundation (NSF)–funded initiative to support the integration of research-grade instrumentation in curricula and undergraduate research across campus. The physical geology laboratory course revision was based on research that demonstrated the efficacy of learning through active participation, interpretation, iteration, and reflection, especially when knowledge and skills are gained within an explicit scientific process context. In addition to significantly revising laboratory activities, we added new activities within the course framework that involved the use of two new, NSF-funded instruments, including a handheld X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF) and an inductively coupled plasma–optical emissions spectrometer (ICP-OES), which we used to improve student understanding of qualitative and quantitative elemental analyses. Finally, we introduced the use of a new course reader that provided both background materials for each activity as well as a new focus on providing a scientific process context for students. To assess student learning, we used in-class observations, student–instructor discussions, pre- and postlearning questionnaires, prelaboratory quizzes, course activities completed during class time, modified postactivity reflection questions, practical examinations, and a final examination. We also included faculty, staff, and administrator perspectives to qualitatively assess the impact of course changes upon student learning. Our results imply that students achieved the primary learning goals we developed for this scientific literacy initiative, including: (1) improved understanding of the scientific process and the nature of science; (2) improved understanding of qualitative and quantitative elemental research methods; and (3) improved understanding of the applicability of scientific research to real-world problems. Importantly, our findings suggest that the integration of research-grade instrumentation into introductory coursework, in a scientific process context, is an effective way to promote scientific literacy as well as to provide opportunities for students to understand and apply the knowledge and skills necessary to perform scientific research. We believe that this example of a significant course redesign provides a model that can be transferred to other geosciences departments as well as to other scientific disciplines.


Undergraduate students' perception of feedback and level of engagement with the feedback they receive have gained increasing attention in the educational literature recently to identify areas which require educators' attention. However, research in this area has generally been based on limited self-selecting samples, and has not considered how students' relationship with feedback may alter depending on their year of study. To address this, a survey measuring students' views and practices regarding feedback was completed at a higher education institution by 447 first-, second- and third-year psychology students, representing 77% of the cohort. Findings revealed that third years responded more negatively in both areas than their first- and second-year counterparts, whose ratings on these aspects themselves were far from optimal. These findings highlight the need for early interventions to improve students' perception of and engagement with feedback in the earlier years, and to prevent the recorded deterioration later on in the degree course.


This essay comprises three connected but conceptually separate parts. The first part, which is prevalently methodological in nature, contains as yet provisional reflections on the use of the tools of comparative analysis in labour law. This is a crucial issue that has to be reconsidered within the context of an era in which the territorial dimension of the regulation of labour relations no longer necessarily coincides with that of the nation state, and others become equally pertinent: the infranational, the European supranational and the global transnational dimensions. This was the guiding principle of the seminar from which the present paper originated. The second part focuses on the contents of the dialogue between labour law experts worldwide when faced with the radical changes in labour in the post-Fordist era. This transnational dialogue is an event which may be the prelude to the circulation of concepts and regulatory proposals, if not actual models, tending towards global governance of certain dynamics which are currently transforming labour. It is therefore assumed that the international labour law community cannot but accept responsibility for an open-minded interpretation of fundamental social rights, leading towards their global affirmation and effectiveness; an interpretation which, given its openness, must of necessity be of a comparative nature, not least by virtue of the many positive examples provided by high courts operating at a national, supranational and transnational level. This part will introduce a critique of certain cultural mindsets regarding the relationship between comparative legal analysis, national legal systems and market globalisation, attitudes which are not exhibited explicitly but, as often happens in dialogue between labour law scholars, come in the form of political and ideological pre-comprehension; attitudes frequently hovering in the background when specific issues are dealt with. The third and last part, which is closely connected with the previous one, presents a possible new cultural approach to some salient issues, chosen merely by way of example and treated in a general fashion: a) the problem of the relationship between territorial levels of regulation; b) the relationship between the weight and consistency of different regulatory sources (hard vs. soft law) and the related issues of governance. Reference to these issues confirms the increasingly axiological and normative, as compared with cultural and cognitive, function of comparative legal analysis in the era of globalisation. The analysis of these issues is mainly inspired by the constructive critical relativism of Michael Ost and Francois van de Kerchove. The approach is one of trying to imagine a possible way of avoiding certain dangerous epistemic traps that are widespread in current labour law analysis in Italy and elsewhere: the neo-liberal drift or a Third Way topdown approach, or again, the conservative, uncritical defence of tradition. An attempt will, however, be made not to lose sight of those legal principles that are an integral part of the labour law DNA and the values enshrined in the fundamental and constitutional social rights handed down by European "labour law" (legal) tradition.


A novel accelerometer based on light modulation has been designed and a prototype device manufactured. The device utilises the change in refractive index brought about by stress induced by the applied vibration. A detailed mathematical analysis of several feasible sensing designs has been performed to aid the design process.A mathematical model has been developed to assess the performance characteristics of the light modulated accelerometer the results of which were also used as a design tool.The prototype accelerometer was tested, from 1 g to 50 g between frequencies of 25 Hz to 2000 Hz, on a vibration system under three modulation schemes. The acceleration response of the device was seen to be linear over the testing range whilst the frequency response dropped off initially and levelled off at approximately 1 kHz.An experimental accelerometer was also assembled on the vibration table so that various materials could easily be tested without having to undergo precise machining. The acceleration and frequency responses showed similar behaviour to those obtained with the prototype accelerometer. However, the actual response levels varied with each material. To aid in the development of the accelerometer the stress-optic and thermo-optic coefficients have been determined for a range of polymeric materials.The stress optic coefficient was determined for polycarbonate, polymethyl methacrylate, polvinyl chloride and araldite epoxy resin using a circular polariscope and two interferometer configurations up to the yield stress of the materials tested. Each material showed a constant coefficient over the testing range. The results obtained using each technique were in good agreement with each other and the limited literature data available.The thermal variation of refractive index was also determined for the same materials. The Abbe refractometer was used for the determination between 5 and 140°C using five wavelength sources and two interferometer configurations using a HeNe laser from -50°C to approximately 30° above the glass transition temperatures.The change in index was found to be linear over the temperature range tested. However, at the glass transition temperature a change in gradient was observed with each material. Two simple mathematical relationships were used to predict the thermo-optic coefficient. These gave values reasonably close to those obtained in experiment.


We present Multiface, a multimodal dialog system that allows users to interact using different devices such as desktop computers, PDAs, and mobile phones. Users can request information and will receive multimodal responses, where the presented content and its modality are customized to individual and the device they are using. In addition, the system will attempt to assess the user's understanding and adapt its future responses accordingly. Multiface uses a plan-based approach to produce adaptive content and modalities from an annotated document and models of the user and device.


For protected areas (PAs), variation in forest impacts over space—including types of PA—are increasingly well documented, while shifts in impacts over time receive less attention. For Mexico, in the 1990s, PAs effectively were 'paper parks'. Thus, achieving impacts on the forest would require shifts over time in the politics of PA siting and PA implementation. We rigorously analyze the impacts of Mexican PAs on 2000–2005 loss of natural land cover, using matching to reduce location bias caused by typical land-use economics and politics. We find a 3.2% lower loss, on average, due to PAs. Since politics often vary by type of PA, we also show that in Mexico stricter PAs are closer to cities and have greater impact than mixed-use PAs. These shifts in impacts suggest some potential for PAs to conserve forests.


The paper uses an eclectic approach combining systemic functional linguistics (SFL), critical discourse analysis (CDA) and corpus linguistics to reveal how Mandela is presented in the Arab Media. SFL and CDA enable the researchers to explore the ideological and attitudinal bases underlying the selection of particular discourse structures for the realization of transitivity, that is, the ideational meaning in the texts/corpus. Specifically, the paper unravels process types, that is, material, relational, mental and verbal processes in data from Aljazeera's Arabic website to account for the manner Mandela as a participant is presented compared to other participants, and the kinds of participant roles ascribed to him. The paper shows that material processes covering actions and events in which Mandela is the main agent and actor are by far the most frequently used type of processes in the corpus. Additionally, the discourse structures appear deliberately selected not only for sentimental reasons, but also to evoke readers' sympathy regarding his wife's infidelities and his hospitalisation, and also to induce appreciation for the man who endured 27 years for the freedom of his people and yet held no grudges against those incarcerated him. We conclude that Mandela is constructed in such a way that he is the focal point on which the Arab world could look for moral inspiration, reformation and reconciliation in the face of adversities resulting from religious, political and socioeconomic turmoil. 124 TAWFFEEK A. S. MOHAMMED & FELIX BANDA


Few figures in modern American anthropology have been more controversial or influential than Leslie A. White (1900-1975). Between the early 1940s and mid-1960s, White's work was widely discussed, and he was among the most frequently cited American anthropologists in the world. After writing several respected ethnographic works about the Pueblo Indians, White broke ranks with anthropologists who favored such cultural histories and began to radically rethink American anthropology. As his political interest in socialism grew, he revitalized the concept of cultural evolution and reinvigorated comparative studies of culture. His strident political beliefs, radical interpretive vision, and often combative nature earned him enemies inside and outside the academy. His trip to the Soviet Union and participation in the Socialist Labor Party brought him to the attention of the FBI during the height of the Cold War, and near-legendary scholarly and political conflicts surrounded him at the University of Michigan. Placing White's life and work in historic context, William J. Peace documents the broad sociopolitical influences that affected his career, including many aspects of White's life that are largely unknown, such as the reasons he became antagonistic toward Boasian anthropology. In so doing, Peace sheds light on what made White such a colourful figure as well as his enduring contributions to modern anthropology. William J. Peace is an independent scholar and lives in Katonah, New York. He has a PhD in anthropology from Columbia University.


The requirement that agencies give reasons for their actions and in support of their interpretations in administrative law serves important Rule of Law values. It forces agencies to consider how and whether their actions can be justified and provides a means of accountability, allowing the public to judge the agency actions by the reasons offered. One of the areas where reason-giving is most debated is in the face of a new administration that seeks to alter, amend, or repeal a rule that has already gone through the strenuous notice and comment rulemaking process. Administrative law allows such changes so long as the new interpretation is reasonable and so long as the new rule follows the same notice and comment processes to replace the old.

If there is not a single unambiguous interpretation of a statute, then Chevron necessarily opens the door to the possibility of multiple reasonable interpretations which means that an agency might still be reasonable even if it adopts different interpretations at different times. Thus, a shift in agency interpretation is not per se invalid, but it is still subject to reason-giving hurdles. Curiously, the courts have generally not required a heightened standard of reason-giving to change a rule from an earlier adopted one. The agency need not prove that its new rule is better, just that it is reasonable as much as the first rule only had to show that it flowed from a reasonable interpretation (not necessarily proving itself as the best interpretation).

The recent U.S. Supreme Court case of Encino Motorcars, LLC v. Navarro revisited these standards. This Article examines that case and how its holdings fit within existing precedent to remind us of the standards at play for reason-giving in administrative law. If it had not been clear before, Encino starkly places reason-giving in its rightful place as a fundamental prerequisite to a complete and lawful notice-and-comment rulemaking process. If an agency does not fulfill the reason-giving requirement then it has not completed the process necessary for its action to carry the force of law. But the Article concludes that it is unlikely that Encino heightened the reason-giving standards, including for changes in policy precipitated by new presidential administrations.

Nevertheless, the Article advocates for a greater agency sensitivity to the benefits of going beyond what is legally required in reason-giving to add credibility to agency decision-making. Robustly providing reasons and thoroughly explaining changes goes a long way to increasing legitimacy for agency rules and for encouraging public buy-in for the regulations offered. Those are outcomes that agencies should strive to achieve even if the law is not mandating such a higher level of persuasion.


The fractional transmission of far infrared radiation through metal light pipes is calculated and compared with experimental data. Transmission factors greater than fifty percent are obtained over distances of several feet with typical parameters. Condensing cones allow the output radiation to be concentrated onto a small detector area for spectroscopic applications.


The Planetary Image Geometry (PIG) library is a multi-mission library used for projecting images (EDRs, or Experiment Data Records) and managing their geometry for in-situ missions. A collection of models describes cameras and their articulation, allowing application programs such as mosaickers, terrain generators, and pointing correction tools to be written in a multi-mission manner, without any knowledge of parameters specific to the supported missions. Camera model objects allow transformation of image coordinates to and from view vectors in XYZ space. Pointing models, specific to each mission, describe how to orient the camera models based on telemetry or other information. Surface models describe the surface in general terms. Coordinate system objects manage the various coordinate systems involved in most missions. File objects manage access to metadata (labels, including telemetry information) in the input EDRs and RDRs (Reduced Data Records). Label models manage metadata information in output files. Site objects keep track of different locations where the spacecraft might be at a given time. Radiometry models allow correction of radiometry for an image. Mission objects contain basic mission parameters. Pointing adjustment ("nav") files allow pointing to be corrected. The object-oriented structure (C++) makes it easy to subclass just the pieces of the library that are truly mission-specific. Typically, this involves just the pointing model and coordinate systems, and parts of the file model. Once the library was developed (initially for Mars Polar Lander, MPL), adding new missions ranged from two days to a few months, resulting in significant cost savings as compared to rewriting all the application programs for each mission. Currently supported missions include Mars Pathfinder (MPF), MPL, Mars Exploration Rover (MER), Phoenix, and Mars Science Lab (MSL). Applications based on this library create the majority of operational image RDRs for those missions. A Java wrapper around the library allows parts of it to be used from Java code (via a native JNI interface). Future conversions of all or part of the library to Java are contemplated.


The paper describes an improved hierarchical model for the assessment of high-level design quality attributes in object-oriented designs. In this model, structural and behavioral design properties of classes, objects, and their relationships are evaluated using a suite of object-oriented design metrics. This model relates design properties such as encapsulation, modularity, coupling, and cohesion to high-level quality attributes such as reusability, flexibility, and complexity using empirical and anecdotal information. The relationship or links from design properties to quality attributes are weighted in accordance with their influence and importance. The model is validated by using empirical and expert opinion to compare with the model results on several large commercial object-oriented systems. A key attribute of the model is that it can be easily modified to include different relationships and weights, thus providing a practical quality assessment tool adaptable to a variety of demands.


This oral history thesis draws on the life story narratives of four Alevi women who were participants of the militant left during the 1970s. Born in rural Turkey, these women were politicized at very young ages, and formulated their primary self-identifications in terms of their commitment to the 'revolutionary ideal'. As women who lived a good part of their life outside the boundaries of law, these narrators are representatives of what has been termed the generation of '78. Violence and restrictions upon their 'personhood' were inherent in their life stories, which are chiefly characterized by their long lasting sense of belonging to the leftist organizations and their continued opposition to the state. Through an analysis of these women's narratives, this thesis has a twofold aim. First, it aims to situate the layers of meaning, myth, ideology and activity - the symbolic world - of these women within the historicity of the '70s left. This will thereby emphasize the changing relationship of the collective political culture endorsed and reproduced by the leftist organizations to Kemalism on the one hand, and other networks and communities on the other. The continuities between the personal and the social within the narratives also point towards the prevalence of the meta narratives of patriotism, revolution and honor within the 'microcosm' of the movement and the world outside: the family, the ethnic community, the neighborhood or the nation. Therefore, these women's narratives are analyzed in terms of their wide variety of inter-subjective relationalities ranging from their family to their neighborhood, their ethnic group, their organization, and their state. Second, these women's narratives provide us with a chance to determine the specificities of the 'marginal' positions they have been placed in - as members of the generation of '78, as Alevi individuals, and as women. While this thesis follows each woman's path from her positionality as an Alevi woman within the left into a 'normal' and 'law-abiding' life path, through which their notions of their own 'personhood', 'womanhood' and their understanding of 'politics' was altered. With an emphasis on the heterogeneity of their fluid subjectivities, my aim has been to locate their agency whereby they assert their own needs and desires, negotiating, challenging and transforming the parameters of their life-worlds. An understanding of the complex manner through which these women asserted their agency will not only enable me to question categories such as 'terrorists', 'patriots' or 'members of a subordinate position within the left' as bestowed upon them by official state ideology, leftists and feminists respectively, but will also call for a rethinking of the notions of oppression, violence and power as one dimensional relationalities.


Positron emission tomography (PET) is a highly sensitive, noninvasive imaging technique for quantifying biological functions of tissues. However, at the time of this study, PET imaging applications had not been reported in the horse. The aim of this exploratory study was to determine whether a portable high-resolution PET scanner could be used to image the equine distal limb. Images of the front feet and fetlocks of three research horses, with known lesions localized to the distal front limbs, were acquired under general anesthesia after administration of 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18 F-FDG), with doses ranging from 1.5 to 2.9 MBq/kg. The radiation exposure measured during imaging was slightly higher than 99m Technetium scintigraphy. However, the use of general anesthesia allowed the proximity and the contact time with the patient to be minimized for the staff involved. 18 F-FDG uptake was evident throughout the soft tissues, with the highest uptake in the coronary band and the lowest uptake in the tendons. Anatomic structures could be discriminated due to the high contrast between soft tissue and bone. Detected lesions included lysis of the flexor cortex of the navicular bone, lesions of flexor tendons and suspensory ligament, and abnormal uptake through the lamina of a laminitic subject. Findings indicated that tomographic molecular imaging is feasible in the equine distal limb and could be useful as a future diagnostic technique for clinical and research studies, especially those involving tendinopathy/desmopathy and laminitis.


Three dimensional surfaces can be reconstructed by taking pairs of contours and tiling the space between them with polygonal faces. All such techniques must first resample the initial border to give fewer points and a smoother curve. Present sampling algorithms use points equally spaced along the border. This paper describes an improved sampling algorithm which uses nonequal spacing to give better contours. Effectively, this technique concentrates the final contour points in the rapidly varying sections. This can be utilised to give fewer points, (faster display), and better quality in the final image. Error analysis has shown that the new method is significantly better at segmenting medical shapes than previous techniques.


Human activity is altering the ocean. This is happening through climate change, the release of pollutants, and direct exploitation of the marine environment. Recent advances in understanding the chemical cycling of trace elements within the global ocean comes at a critical time. Society is now increasingly viewing the ocean as a resource while also recognising that ocean systems are vulnerable to change.


This paper presents the results of the EU-funded innovation action project Wear Sustain (Wearable technologists Engage with Artists for Responsible innovation) which involved a total of 46 teams in 2 rounds of seed funding with the goal of setting the stage for the sustainable and ethical transformation of the field of textile wearable technology. Looking at three of the funded teams, we especially focus on both the process of how they were motivated to challenge their own practice, but also how the project supported them in transforming it into a more critical, sustainable practice, taking into account expert consultations, network events, and stakeholder workshops.

Here, we introduce the Sustainability Strategy Toolkit (SST) and Wear Sustain platform, which was built to cater to the aforementioned challenges and provide textile wearable technologists with sustainability and ethics resources, a self-assessment tool, a viable network of peers as well as thematic hubs which provided hands-on support for the teams. We argue that this platform in conjunction with the SST may provide a starting point for novices as well as experts in the field of sustainable and ethical wearable technology, and will help push the field towards a common language regarding a more responsible practice. It supports in informing and subsequently empowering artists, designers, and technologists to implement a more sustainable and ethical approach in their practice.

Furthermore, we critically assess the barriers we encountered with the inclusion of diverse stakeholders, providing arguments for stronger involvement of industry and their collaboration with individual artists and small teams. Finally, we elaborate on the discrepancy of a global innovation paradigm and the everyday reality of wearable technologists (drawing from the experience of the teams involved in the project), and how this impacts further development of the Wear Sustain platform as an arena for debate regarding the transformation of textile wearable technology practice towards more responsible, sustainable and ethical innovation.


Objectives To examine the relationship between school playground size and total physical activity (PA), fitness and fundamental movement skills (FMS) of primary school students. Design Cross-sectional ecological analysis. Setting 43 primary schools in New South Wales, Australia. Participants Data were from 5238 students, aged 5 to 12 years, participating in the Schools Physical Activity and Nutrition Survey. Outcome measures Self (for age ≥11 years) and parent (for age <11 years) report of PA (meeting PA recommendations and number of days meeting recommendations), objectively measured FMS and cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness. Results Associations between playground space and measures of PA and fitness were mostly non-linear and moderated by loose equipment. Students in schools with no loose equipment showed a weak association between space and meeting PA recommendations (self-report). In schools with equipment, students' predicted probability of meeting PA recommendations increased sharply between 15 m2 and 25 m2 per student from 0.04 (95% CI: 0.01 to 0.08) to 0.30 (95% CI: 0.14 to 0.46), but at 30 m2 returned to levels comparable to students in schools with no equipment (0.18, 95% CI: 0.07 to 0.28). For cardiorespiratory fitness, in schools with no loose equipment, probabilities for being in the healthy cardiovascular fitness zone varied between 0.66 and 0.77, showing no consistent trend. Students in schools with loose equipment had a predicted probability of being in the healthy fitness zone of 0.56 (95% CI: 0.41 to 0.71) at 15 m2 per student, which rose to 0.75 (95% CI: 0.63 to 0.86) at 20 m2 per student. There was no relationship between space and FMS. Conclusions School space guidelines need to incorporate sufficient playground space for students. Our study provides evidence supporting better PA outcomes with increasing space up to 25 m2 per student, and access to loose equipment, however further research is required to determine precise thresholds for minimum space. Intersectoral planning and cooperation is required to meet the needs of growing school populations.


This output introduces Hipkin, an early-career researcher committed to the expansion of 'professional development' modules in art schools. His recent participation in CARcentre research (see Dorsett Output 4) arose through his experience of project management and the creative contribution made by artists working as assistants to major practitioners such as Antony Gormley. Hipkin was selected by Gormley to manage Domain Field from over one hundred applicants. With co-manager Dorian Hobday, he worked on the logistical problems of casting two hundred and eighty volunteers, producing moulds and fabricating the sculptures. This involved directing a team of forty-five technicians. He was also responsible for quality control. Domain Field established Hipkin's current research theme. Ambitious forms of sculptural production are usually collaborative and the pedagogic and vocational aspects of studio-based knowledge are an under-researched field (see Rose Aiden's outline of Henry Moore's assistants in 'Brush with Fame', The Observer, Oct 12 2003). Hipkin's practice-led research concerns the combination of creative, practical and managerial skills that enabled him to initiate and embed new metaphorical associations within Gormley's use of steel components leading to recent works such as 'Space Station', a major piece in the 'Blind Light' exhibition (Hayward Gallery, London, May-August 2007). As a Northumbria graduate with experience of studying on our master's level Studio Practice module, Hipkin is now using his research to add new dimension to the teaching of professional development routes. This output led directly to the researcher managing three other Gormley exhibitions: White Cube Gallery, London (April–May 2004) http://www.newstatesman.com/200405170038 http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/newsnight/review/3660787.stm; Sean Kelly Gallery, New York (May–June 2005) http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1248/is_8_93/ai_n15379636; Anna Schwarz Gallery, Melbourne (December 2007).


A "maverick firm" is one that behaves in a manner that differs from the industry norm. As a result they are perceived to present a barrier to tacit collusion and for that reason competition authorities can seek to prevent mergers that might result in their removal from a market. However, the existing literature on mavericks is limited. No formal theory exists and there is no established empirical method for identifying such firms. This thesis seeks to address these gaps. First, we begin to formulate a formal theory of mavericks via a repeated games model in which firms have contrasting preferences and asymmetric capacities. Then we analyse the use of the concept in European Commission merger cases during 2000-2013. Finally, we explore three strategies for empirical maverick identification. The first consists of a replication of the only previous attempt, which used simple regressions and a ranking system. The second utilises cointegration and error correction techniques. The third explores asymmetric error correction, applying the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) approach. These methods are used to identify the maverick in the market for bank and building society deposit accounts in the United Kingdom during 2000-2009. The theoretical model formally illustrates how a maverick can adversely impact non-mavericks' payoffs. However, we also highlight scenarios where collusion could occur despite the presence of a maverick. The analysis of EC merger cases highlights the fact that application of the concept has been inconsistent with merger guidelines. In particular, the term was regularly used in conjunction with unilateral effects whereas guidelines only relate the concept to tacit coordination. Finally, each of the identification strategies produces contrasting results. Ultimately, the NARDL approach allows the identification of favourable behaviours (from a consumer perspective). As a result we are able to identify the most likely candidate mavericks in our market.


The main goal of this thesis was to develop demographic models of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster using Approximate Bayesian Computation and Next Generation Sequencing Data. These models were used to reconstruct the history of African, European, and North American populations.
Chapter 1 deals with the demographic history of North American D. melanogaster. This project was motivated by the release of full-genome sequences of a North American population, which showed greater diversity than European D. melanogaster
although the introduction of the fruit fly to North America dates back to only �200 years ago. Here, we tested di�erent demographic models involving populations of Zimbabwe, The Netherlands, and North Carolina (North America). Among the tested models we included variants with and without migration, as well as a model involving admixture between the population of Africa and Europe that generated the population of North America. We found that the admixture model �ts best the observed data and we estimated the proportion of European and African admixture
in the North American population. This population has 85% European and 15% African ancestry. We also estimated other population parameters including population sizes (current and ancestral) and divergence times. Con�cerning previous studies we also estimated the divergence between African and European populations to be
around 19,000 years ago.
Chapter 2 deals with gene flow of D. melanogaster between African and European populations. Gene
flow in D. melanogaster is well acknowledged but has not been quanti�ed using DNA sequence data. Previous studies from the late 80's based on
allozymes found that the number of migrants per generation (Nm) was around 2 between several populations distributed worldwide. Here we used ABC methods and full-genome sequences to estimate the rate of migration between a population from
Rwanda in Africa and a population from France. We found that Nm is around 10, which may imply there was a signi�cant increase of gene flow in the last few decades. Our estimates show that the migration rate between these two populations is not necessarily symmetrical, with migration from Europe to Africa being higher than the opposite, although the di�erence does not seem to be significant. The study of gene flow is relevant because it constitutes an important force in population genetics. Theoretical studies have shown that, under neutrality, it is enough to have
one migrant per generation to stop two populations from diverging and speciating,
and if migration is strong enough it can also overcome the e�ect of selection.
Chapter 3 focuses on the sequencing of 130 full genomes of D. melanogaster from Africa and 9 from France. This project made use of haploid embryos, a new technique introduced in 2011 that allows the development of haploid D. melanogaster,
which is then used for sequencing. The main goal of this project was to characterize these populations in terms of their diversity, admixture, and di�erentiation. We found that the most diverse population comes from Zambia, which is now thought to be much closer to D. melanogaster 's center of origin. We also found a signi�cant amount of non-cosmopolitan admixture in several African populations, meaning that there exists a signi�cant amount of back migration from Europe to Africa (corroborating the fi�ndings of chapter 2). In order to identify admixture tracts a new method was developed for this purpose, which uses a hidden Markov model to locate admixed
regions along the genome. Admixed regions, as well as regions showing high levels of identity by descent were masked for downstream population genetics analyses. These full genomes constitute the second e�ort of the Drosophila Population Genomics Project (DPGP 2) and are now available for the scienti�c community.


antibiotic-resistance in Enterococcus isolates related to erythromycin and co-trimoxazole. ABSTRACT Background: Enterococcus spp., belonging to the group of lactic acid bacteria, are Gram-positive ubiquitous commensals of the intestines of human beings as well as warm-blooded animals. The main objective of this study was to determine the occurrence and antimicrobial resistance of Enterococcus spp. isolated from lettuce and irrigation water in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Methods: A total of 72 samples, including leaves of lettuce (n=36) and irrigation water (n=36) were randomly collected from three different agricultural sites located in Abidjan city, Côte d'Ivoire. After microbial analysis and identification of Enterococcus spp. by culturing and biochemical methods, antimicrobial susceptibility tests were carried out using disk diffusion method. Data were analyzed by statistical processing software R (R 3.0 for Windows). Results: E. faecalis was recognized as the most prevalent strain which was found in 27 out of 36 (75%) lettuce as well as 29 out of 36 (80.5%) irrigation water samples. The mean Enterococcus load of lettuces and irrigation water samples were 2.3±0.7 and 3.6±2 log Colony Forming Unit per g lettuce, respectively. Among 45 studied enterococci isolates, the most antibiotic-resistance rates were related to erythromycin (54%) and also co-trimoxazole (49%). Conclusion: There is a considerable public health concern regarding raw consumption of lettuce cultivated in Abidjan city which can cause gastroenteritis diseases in consumers.


Effective teaching that promotes learners' active engagement and the development of communicative proficiency has been a challenge to teachers of English as a second language (ESL). Previous research on second language (L2) teaching has shown that L2 learners improve better in communicative skills when they are actively engaged, participate in communicative tasks that facilitate interaction and are provided with the opportunity to use the target language in the classroom. This study focuses on improving ESL learners' learning outcomes in remotely-located primary schools in Nigeria. The study aimed to test whether the introduction of Personal Response System (PRS) and communicative approach can improve pupils' English-language communicative competences and their attitudes towards English learning. Specifically, this study examined the extent to which significant differences exist in pupils' communicative competence performance scores and learning gains based on teachers' use of a communicative approach, PRS and lecture methods in the ESL classroom. Furthermore, the research also attempted to find out whether pupils' attitudes towards the learning of English would significantly differ based on teaching strategy. Attitudes of pupils and teachers towards the interventions were also investigated. A pre-test and post-test non-randomised control group design was adopted in this study. Some qualitative data were also collected to augment the quantitative main data. Ninety nine pupils from three intact classes in different schools in Ijebu-North local government, Ogun-State, Nigeria were assigned to two experimental groups and one control group. In addition to the traditional use of textbooks, one of the experimental groups was taught using communicative activities, while the second experimental group experienced communicative tasks blended with the use of a personal response system. The control group received the conventional classroom instruction (lecture method), including the use of the English language textbook. In order to provide answers to the research questions and the hypothesis of this study, English Language Listening Tests and English Language Speaking Tests, Pupils' Attitude to English Language Lesson Questionnaire, Pupils' Attitude to Clickers' Questionnaire and Pupils' Attitude to Communicative Approach Questionnaire were administered at the pre-and post-test stages of the research. These instruments were also complemented with data from classroom observation, video recording of the instructional process, and audio-recorded interviews with the teachers and selected pupils in the experimental groups. The results indicate that the two experimental groups showed greater improvement in communicative competence than did the control group; but the PRS group improved more than the communicative approach group both in listening and speaking skills development. Moreover, pupils' learning gains were statistically different, with the PRS group having the highest gain scores above the communicative approach group, while…


The possible benefits of employing inerters in automotive suspensions are explored for passenger comfort and handling. Different suspension strut designs in terms of the relative arrangement of springs, dampers and inerters have been considered and their performance compared with that of a conventional system. An alternate method of electrically realizing complex mechanical circuits by using a linear motor (or a rotary motor with an appropriate mechanism) and a shunt circuit is then proposed and evaluated for performance. However, the performance improvement is shown from simulations to be significant only for very stiff suspensions, unlike those in passenger vehicles. Hence, the concept is not taken up for prototyping. Variable damping can be implemented in suspension systems in various ways, for example, using magneto-rheological (MR) fluids, proportional valves, or variable shunt resistance with a linear electromagnetic motor. Hence for a generic variable damping system, a control algorithm is developed which can provide more comfort and better handling simultaneously compared to a passive system. After establishing through simulations that the proposed adaptive control algorithm can demonstrate a performance better than some controllers in prior-art, it is implemented on an actual vehicle (Cadillac STS) which is equipped with MR dampers and several sensors. In order to maintain the controller economical so that it is practically viable, an estimator is developed for variables which require expensive sensors to measure. The characteristic of the MR damper installed in the vehicle is obtained through tests as a 3-dimensional map relating suspension speed, input current and damping force and then used as a look-up table in the controller. Experiments to compare the performance of different controllers are carried out on smooth and rough roads and over speed bumps.


When it was initially written in 1987, few could have predicted that The Leadership Challenge would become one of the best-selling leadership books of all time. Now, faced with the new challenges of our unpredictable global business environment, Jim Kouzes and Barry Posner--two of the country's premier leadership experts--have completely revised and updated their classic book.
Building on the knowledge base of their previous books, the third edition of The Leadership Challenge is grounded in extensive research and based on interviews with all kinds of leaders at all levels in public and private organizations from around the world. In this edition, the authors emphasize that the fundamentals of leadership are the same today as they were in the 1980s, and as they've probably been for centuries. In that sense, nothing's new. Leadership is not a fad. While the content of leadership has not changed, the context has-and in some cases, changed dramatically.


This project presents a novel battery-less wireless sensor that can be embedded in the road and used to measure traffic flow rate, speed and approximate vehicle weight. Compared to existing inductive loop based traffic sensors, the new sensor is expected to provide increased reliability, easy installation and low maintenance costs. The sensor uses power only for wireless transmission and has ZERO idle power loss. Hence the sensor is expected to be extremely energy efficient. Energy to power this sensor is harvested entirely from the short duration vibrations that results when an automobile passes over the sensor. A significant portion of the project focuses on developing low power control algorithms that can harvest energy efficiently from the short duration vibrations that result when a vehicle passes over the sensor. To this effect this report develops and compares three control algorithms " Fixed threshold switching " , " Maximum Voltage switching " and " Switched Inductor " for maximizing this harvested energy. The novel " Switched inductor " algorithm with a dual switch control configuration is shown to be the most effective at maximizing harvested energy. All three of the developed control algorithms can be implemented using simple low power analog circuit components. The developed sensor is evaluated using a number of experimental tests. Experimental results show that the sensor is able to harvest adequate energy for its operation from the passing of every axle over the sensor. The sensor can reliably and accurately measure traffic flow rate. Government do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers' names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to this report.


Augmented reality opens up a lot of possibilities for new types of games, where the real and the virtual world are mixed. Despite this, augmented reality games are still not very common, probably due to the fact that head-mounted displays (which are often used for augmented reality) are expensive. However, in recent years mobile phones have become more and more powerful, and since many of them have built-in cameras and rather large screens, they are a potential platform for augmented reality games. This thesis explores some of the problems and possibilities associated with the creation of augmented reality games for the Apple iPhone. In order to do that, a multi-player augmented reality game for the iPhone was implemented, and then a number of performance tests and a user study were conducted. The most important conclusion that was reached is that performance is a definite problem when creating augmented reality games for the iPhone.


ABSTRACT There have been a number of recent policies in the UK which have attempted to capitalise on the benefits that sport potentially offers for health and well-being. These are, however, set against a somewhat incongruous backdrop of reductions in opportunities to participate, resulting from the ongoing constraints on public spending associated with austerity. In response to these constraints, an increasing number of third-sector sports organisations (TSSOs) have emerged to fill some of the gaps left by the public services that local authorities are no longer able deliver. This research draws on the experiences of one of those TSSOs, Target Football, a Community Interest Company located in Princes Park, Liverpool, one of the most deprived neighbourhoods in the UK. Drawing upon 6 years of ethnographic research, and a posteriori semi-structured interviews, this paper examines the ways in which this TSSO has navigated – and continues to navigate – the contextual uncertainty arising from austerity, to sustain sports provision in an environment where opportunities have declined in recent years. Underpinned by stakeholder theory, this research examines the relationships that exist between organisations and their stakeholders, and frames these in relation to power, legitimacy and urgency. The findings provide insight into the significant obstacles that challenge the survival of TSSOs in the context of a scarcity of resources. From a more practical perspective, these findings also provide critical insight into David Cameron's aspiration 'to do more with less'.


Much of the literature develops theory using audits of publicly owned companies with agency costs that create demand for audit quality. In contrast, I study auditor size and industry specialization in the broker-dealer (BD) industry, where entities have weak incentives to demand and supply high audit quality. Using proprietary data, I test whether larger firms and industry specialists provide better audit quality, as proxied by audit adjustments. Consistent with theory, I find that larger firms provide higher audit quality. In contrast, industry specialists perform worse than non-specialists; industry specialist partners in small firms drive this result. These findings suggest that clients with weak demand for auditing hire low quality auditors, who in turn gain market share in the industry. Overall, my findings illustrate the importance of considering clients' demand for auditing when evaluating audit quality and industry specialization.


In this thesis some phases of the problem of the mechanics of faulting along the margins of what is
believed to be a typical basin and range in the Basin
and Range Province will be considered. The structure
and the later geologic history of a favorably located
area at the margin of this typical basin and range will
be presented in detail. What happens to a fault at depth? For that matter, what happens to it at only a short distance below the surface of the ground is sometimes equally as difficult to answer. This problem immediately presents itself when one attempts to establish the margin of a fault block mountain in a desert region. Gravel waste frequently covers much of its slopes and extends far into its reentrant valleys,
completely concealing the boundary between the mountain
and the valley blocks. Renewed movement along such a marginal fault in many cases has found expression in displacement of the overlying fanglomerate cover, with the development of a pattern of gravel scarps which roughly parallel the front of the mountain block. Such a series of gravel scarps may be found at the eastern base of the Northern Inyo Range, California-Nevada, where its gravel fans spread out into Fish Lake Valley. Study of the scarps and the gravels has disclosed a number of structural and physiographic relationships which
can be represented properly only on an accurate and large
scale map. At the suggestion of Dr. G. H. Anderson, under
whom the work was done, a preliminary map of the gravels
of the eastern slopes of the range was supplemented by a
detailed plane table map of the geology and topography in
the vicinity of the mouth of Perry Aiken Creek, latitude
37°40', longitude 118°6'. The preliminary mapping was done
in company with Mr. M. H. Evans during the first part of the summer field season of 1936, using an enlarged copy
of the White Mountain Quadrangle, California-Nevada, as
a base. The detailed mapping was done in the spring of
1937 with the assistance of a number of graduate and
undergraduate students including Messrs. J. F. Dougherty,
W. M. Fielder, L. F. Schombel, M. Sklar and J. C. Wells.


During the degradation of biological materials such as biopolymers, extracellular enzymes liberate oligosaccharides that act as common goods and become available for all cells in the local neighborhood. This phenomenon can lead to cooperative growth, whereby cell-cell aggregation increases both the per-capita availability of resources and the per cell growth rate. However, aggregation can also have detrimental consequences for growth, as gradients form within aggregates limiting the resource accessibility. We used a computational model to show that high bacterial densities and high enzyme secretion rates restrict cooperation in aggregates larger than 10μm, due to the emergence of polymer and oligomer counter-gradients. We compared these predictions against experiments performed with two well-studied alginate degrading Vibrios, one of which displayed a strong density dependent growth. We observed that both strains can form large aggregates (<50μm), overcoming diffusion limitation by rearranging their internal structure. The non-cooperative, strong enzyme producer formed aggregates with internal channels that allowed exchange between the bulk environment and the aggregate core, whereas the cooperative, weak enzyme producer formed dense aggregates that developed a hollow structure as they grew. These internal structures allowed cells to avoid overcrowded areas near the core, enabling the development of large cell aggregates. Our study shows that bacterial behavior can help overcome competition imposed by resource gradients within cell aggregates.


The performance of the fiber specklegram sensor (FSS) by use of the waveguide coupled-mode theory is analyzed. The analyses are based on the microbending effect on the sensing fiber, in which we have found that the sensitivity of the FSS is affected by the core diameter and the bending geometry. Experimental confirmations of the analyses are also provided in which we have shown that experimental data are consistent with the analyses.


As part of a research study on language maintenance and shift in the Indo-Fijian community in Wellington, New Zealand, a performance test was developed to assess the speaking and listening skills in Fiji Hindi of a sample of the Indo-Fijian teenagers. The design of the test needed to take account of the fact that Fiji Hindi is a preliterate vernacular language with no role in education and an ambivalent status within its own speech community. The test consisted of three main parts: a naturalistic conversation, two structured speaking tasks and a structured listening task. This paper focuses on some facets of the test administration, including the decision to administer it in the test-takers' homes; the influence of various personal attributes of the interviewer; the ways of dealing with the lack of a script for Fiji Hindi; and the issue of live versus tape-based assessment of the test-takers' performance. Both the test-takers and an independent rater provided feedback on the test that was generally very positive. The paper concludes with a discussion of various factors that may have influenced the reliability and validity of this somewhat unconventional language test.


It was conjectured by Jaeger that $4k$-edge connected graphs admit a $(2k+1, k)$-flow. The restriction of this conjecture to planar graphs is equivalent to the statement that planar graphs of girth at least $4k$ have circular chromatic number at most $2+ {{1}\over {k}}$. Even this restricted version of Jaeger's conjecture is largely open. The $k=1$ case is the well-known Grotzsch 3-colour theorem. This paper proves that for $k \geq 2$, planar graphs of odd girth at least $8k-3$ have circular chromatic number at most $2+{{1}\over {k}}$.


In current systems, memory accesses to a DRAM chip must obey a set of minimum latency restrictions specified in the DRAM standard. Such timing parameters exist to guarantee reliable operation. When deciding the timing parameters, DRAM manufacturers incorporate a very large margin as a provision against two worst-case scenarios. First, due to process variation, some outlier chips are much slower than others and cannot be operated as fast. Second, chips become slower at higher temperatures, and all chips need to operate reliably at the highest supported (i.e., worst-case) DRAM temperature (85° C). In this paper, we show that typical DRAM chips operating at typical temperatures (e.g., 55° C) are capable of providing a much smaller access latency, but are nevertheless forced to operate at the largest latency of the worst-case. Our goal in this paper is to exploit the extra margin that is built into the DRAM timing parameters to improve performance. Using an FPGA-based testing platform, we first characterize the extra margin for 115 DRAM modules from three major manufacturers. Our results demonstrate that it is possible to reduce four of the most critical timing parameters by a minimum/maximum of 17.3%/54.8% at 55°C without sacrificing correctness. Based on this characterization, we propose Adaptive-Latency DRAM (AL-DRAM), a mechanism that adoptively reduces the timing parameters for DRAM modules based on the current operating condition. AL-DRAM does not require any changes to the DRAM chip or its interface. We evaluate AL-DRAM on a real system that allows us to reconfigure the timing parameters at runtime. We show that AL-DRAM improves the performance of memory-intensive workloads by an average of 14% without introducing any errors. We discuss and show why AL-DRAM does not compromise reliability. We conclude that dynamically optimizing the DRAM timing parameters can reliably improve system performance.


There is a need to quantitatively assess the soil fertility status of tropical soils. Descriptive summaries help describe the effectiveness of liming programs, nutritional limitation in soils and the relative risk of off-field nutrient transport. A database of 1,168 soil test results collected from 1989 to 1999 from nearly 400 cultivated farms in Puerto Rico was used. Samples were analyzed for pH, organic matter (Walkley-Black method), extractable phosphorus (P) (Olsen and Bray 1), and exchangeable bases (NH 4 Oac method) by a commercial laboratory. Thirty-six percent of the samples had acidity problems (pH 40 g/kg) values. Fifty-three and 56% of the samples showed a need to fertilize with magnesium (Mg) and potassium (K), respectively, because they had values below the suggested critical levels of 2.5 cmolc/kg for soil exchangeable Mg and of 0.4 cmol c /kg for K. On the basis of current soil fertility criteria, P fertilization would be required in 69% of the samples with pH less than 7.3, but only in 28% of the samples with pH greater than or equal to 7.3. Although the soils grouped with pH >7.3 had a greater proportion of samples in the "extremely high" soil test P category, the potential environmental impact may be lessened because the climatic and topographic conditions where these soils occur favor less runoff. Follow-up studies are needed to assess the spatial variability and the temporal dynamics of the nutritional status of soils of Puerto Rico.


As a Bachelor thesis for two Swedish students from Lulea University of technology, a project was imple-mented at IDEXX Laboratories, Westbrook, Maine, USA in autumn 2014. IDEXX Laboratories is a diag-nostic product development company that develops products for veterinarians and technicians.The assignment was to develop one of IDEXX Laboratories new products for urine analysis that is current-ly, only available as a prototype. The goal has been to identify user needs to be able to design an intuitiveproduct with small margins for error.From the identified uses needs, a mission statement was made."A reliable product that is easy to use and deliver fast results."From the identified user needs, research questions for the project were compiled. Those have been:How can the design be made more intuitive for users?How can the functions be integrated into one design the best possible way?How can the design be integrated with IDEXX design guidelines?How can we prevent accidental cuvette spill from the cuvette holder by the users?How can we change the design of the cuvette holder without removing the only one way fit in the instru-ment?Through creative methods such as morphological analysis, brainstorming and Osborn's checklist, solu-tions for all the six interaction points were developed. These were illustrated by sketches, drawings andCAD models which were then used in the evaluations of the ideas and the concepts. The concepts werefurther developed and down selected to eventually become two final concepts.The first one, Vanorts, is a concept for the instrument door, with buttons, waste drawer and other intuitivesolutions, to make the workflow for the veterinarians easier.The second final concept, Dalalven, is a solution for the Cuvette holder and the holder attachment. Thesolution will prevent the users from accidentally remove the Cuvette holder and spill all the Cuvettes andit still has the one way fit.The final concept including final recommendations of further development will be submitted to IDEXXLaboratories, Inc. as the final step in the process


The purpose of this study was to measure and report stroke velocity in two-mallet marimba performance using a tri-axial accelerometer module and LabView 5.1 data collection and display software. A review of keyboard percussion instrument pedagogy materials and a review of previous research completed in this area of study revealed a lack of information dealing with the ability to quantify stroke velocity executed by a percussionist when playing keyboard percussion instruments. Pedagogical materials addressing keyboard percussion instruments were reviewed and three previous scholarly studies aided in the design of this study. Using a tri-axial accelerometer, a low velocity and high velocity piston stroke were measured, as well as three variations of a piston stroke as outlined by Leigh Howard Stevens in his book Method of Movement for Marimba. Stroke velocity in selected two-mallet marimba excerpts were also measured. Data was organized by specified stroke motions and excerpts. Line graphs were used to indicate stroke velocity values calculated using a mathematical formula that converted the x, y, and z axes of acceleration values into one composite stroke velocity measurement. The conclusion of this study indicates that stroke velocity can be quantified adhering to the outlined methods found in this research design. Further studies are needed to determine any relationship between stroke velocity and sound quality.


OBJECTIVES
Kidney involvement and medical compliance are frequent challenges in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Additional data reporting such as absolute risk estimates may strengthen risk stratification and compliance. This study provides absolute risk estimations of risk of new-onset proteinuria among SLE patients.

METHODS
Danish SLE centres provided clinical data on first time observations of proteinuria and other clinical parameters listed in the 1997 American College of Rheumatology Classification Criteria for SLE. Time from first occurring non-renal manifestation to new-onset proteinuria or censoring defined time at risk. Multivariate Cox-regression models were used to identify risk factors for new-onset proteinuria and to calculate risk of proteinuria stratified by risk factor debut age, duration, and sex.

RESULTS
The patient population consisted of 586 patients with SLE, mainly Caucasian (94%) women (88%), mean age at inclusion of 34.6 years (standard deviation, SD=14.4 years), observed for a mean of 14.9 years (SD=11.2 years). The cumulative prevalence of proteinuria was 40%. Discoid rash, HR =0.42 (p=0.01) and lymphopenia HR=1.77 (p=0.005) were associated with new-onset proteinuria. Male patients with lymphopenia had the highest predictive risks of proteinuria with a 1-, 5- and 10-year risk of proteinuria ranging from 9-27%, 34-75% and 51-89%, depending on the age at presentation (debut at 20, 30, 40 or 50 years). The corresponding risk profiles for women with lymphopenia were 3-9%, 8-34% and 12-58%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS
Large differences in absolute risk estimates for new-onset proteinuria were identified. The differences may aid risk stratification and patient compliance among high-risk individuals.


In the first four volumes of his Leatherstocking Tales (1823-1840), James Fenimore Cooper employs an arcane motif in which scenes of communication between Anglo-Americans and native Americans are set in sublime locations and, typically, interrupted by animals. Cooper has borrowed this motif of ""sublime translation"" from Walter Scott; the paradigm is the ""Highland Minstrelsy"" chapter of Waverley (1814). ""Sublime translation"" is crucial to the thematics of both sets of romances. In the works of Scott, Cooper finds a use of the sublime that is particularly suitable to his aesthetic agenda of differentiating his usage of English from that of the mother country. The motif figuratively naturalizes American English and links it to the indigenous languages, and it also transfers the quality of sublimity from the dying native tongues to the new American one. Thus the ultimate elevation of Reason over Nature that characterizes the Kantian sublime (Scott was strongly influenced by German Romanticism) takes on a new meaning in colonial and postcolonial contexts.


ABSTRACT: The distribution of epiphytic algae and sessile invertebrates on the leaves of the seagrasses Posidonia australis Hooker f. and P. sinuosa Cambridge and Kuo is not random. Epiphyte load on the leaves of both species increases with increasing distance away from the basal meristem. There are approximately 3 times as many epiphytic algal species as invertebrate species, and many of these epiphytes grow at distinct locations on the leaves. Epiphytic invertebrates were found primarily on the basal sections of the leaves, whereas algae were most abundant near the leaf apex. Distribution of epiphyte load across the leaf surface was also non-random, with initial settlement of epiphyte propagules occurring at the margins of the leaves. The structure of the epiphytic community is strongly correlated with leaf age, with a greater abundance of epiphytic species occurring on the older leaves. It is clear that leaf morphology also plays a significant role in the distribution of the epiphytes. There is no apparent difference in the epiphytic community between the sides of the flat P. australis leaf whereas, in P. sinuosa, the concave side of the curved leaf supports a more diverse epiphytic community than the convex side. Similar patterns in the distribution of epiphytic organisms were observed on artificial seagrass leaves, indicating that, although a temporal component is involved, epiphyte distribution is influenced mainly by the relative position upon the leaf surface as well as leaf morphology, which affects the water flow pattern over the leaf.


The scattering cross sections for large finitely conducting spheres with rough surfaces are determined for optical frequencies using the full wave approach. For the roughness scales considered the scattering cross sections differ significantly from those of smooth conducting spheres. Several illustrative examples are presented, and the results are compared to earlier solutions to the problem.


Due to a combination of state marriage laws and adoption statutes, most same-sex couples with children must make a very difficult decision - choosing which parent should be the legal parent. Most adoption laws state that when a natural parent participates in an adoption, this participation completely severs his or her legal rights. These laws leave the meaning of participation ambiguously broad and inclusive of processes such as second-parent adoption. Although state adoption laws often have a spousal/stepparent exception, which allows second-parent adoption without severing the biological parent's legal parent-child relationship, this exception does not provide a solution to most same-sex couples living in states that do not provide legally effective same-sex partnerships. The United States is currently enmeshed in a national debate over same-sex marriage. The debate is occurring in courtrooms as frequently as it occurs at the polls and in state and national legislatures. However, the legal system must address "trickle down" issues stemming from, but extending beyond, the task of simply determining the particular legal status that laws grant to a homosexual relationship. One of the major trickle down issues, though often left out of the public discourse, concerns parental determination for children of same-sex couples. Left even further outside pundit discussions, however, is how this parental determination for children of same-sex couples affects the children's inheritance rights under the laws of intestate succession. The latter concern is the principal subject of this Note. Second-parent adoption, in theory, provides an opportunity for a nonbiological parent to forge a legal relationship with his or her partner's biological child (most of whom are either from a previous relationship or born to the couple through in vitro fertilization, surrogacy, or another similar alternative method). While second-parent adoption allows a heterosexual family with a stepparent to ensure a legal relationship between the child and both parents, similarly situated homosexual couples must overcome several obstacles. The most significant obstacle is what is known as the "cut-off provision," which is present in most state adoption statues. The spousal/stepparent exception that prevents divestment of the legal relationship between the biological parent and child during a second-parent adoption remains unavailable for most same-sex couples living in states that do not grant the legal status of spouse to same-sex partners. This Note analyzes the impact of the cut-off provision on same-sex couples and their children, focusing on the impact this legal doctrine has on intestacy law. Principally, the Note discusses the parent-child provisions in the Uniform Probate Code and argues that the "simultaneous" adoption solution, which Sharon S. v. Superior Court articulates, should extend beyond the context of adoption and parentage laws to the analogous cut-off provisions in intestate laws. When read to maintain legislative intent and ensure the best interest of the child, provisions in the Uniform Probate Code defining a legal parent-child relationship for the purposes of intestate succession should follow a presumption of simultaneous adoption. Courts should interpret the cut-off provision as a default, but waivable, benefit for the adoptive parent and not as a mandatory requirement. In the context of same-sex couples seeking second-parent adoption, this Note proffer simultaneous adoption in lieu of sequential adoption because simultaneous adoption would allow an adoptive parent to consent to the maintenance of the legal relationship between the natural parent and the child, meaning that a nonbiological same-sex partner's adoption would not sever the right of the child to inherit from the biological parent.


We present a detailed study of the low-energy excitations of two existing finite-size realizations of the planar kagome Heisenberg antiferromagnet on the sphere: the cuboctahedron and the icosidodecahedron. After highlighting a number of special spectral features (such as the presence of low-lying singlets below the first triplet and the existence of localized magnons) we focus on two major issues. The first concerns the nature of the excitations above the plateau phase at 1/3 of the saturation magnetization Ms. Our exact diagonalizations for the s = 1/2 icosidodecahedron reveal that the low-lying plateau states are adiabatically connected to the degenerate collinear "up-up-down" ground states of the Ising point, at the same time being well isolated from higher excitations. A complementary physical picture emerges from the derivation of an effective quantum dimer model which reveals the central role of the topology and the intrinsic spin s. We also give a prediction for the low-energy excitations and thermodynamic properties of the spin s = 5/2 icosidodecahedron Mo72Fe30. In the second part we focus on the low-energy spectra of the s > 1/2 Heisenberg model in view of interpreting the broad inelastic neutron scattering response reported for Mo72Fe30. To this end we demonstrate the simultaneous presence of several broadened low-energy "towers of states" or "rotational bands" which arise from the large discrete spatial degeneracy of the classical ground states, a generic feature of highly frustrated clusters. This semiclassical interpretation is further corroborated by their striking symmetry pattern which is shown, by an independent group theoretical analysis, to be a characteristic fingerprint of the classical coplanar ground states.


The objective was to quantify the reinsemination intervals of lactating dairy cows that were either inseminated at estrus or received a timed AI (TAI) at first service. Cows in Experiment 1 were enrolled in a TAI program before first AI after calving. Cows detected in estrus after 50 days in milk (DIM) were inseminated, whereas the remainder continued in the TAI program and were inseminated as scheduled. Cows in Experiment 2 also were enrolled in a TAI program and were inseminated accordingly at first service after calving. On day 7 after TAI, cows were assigned randomly to receive either saline (control) or 1,000 IU human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to induce accessory luteal structures (corpora lutea) in an attempt to improve pregnancy outcome. First-repeat insemination dates were recorded for all cows after the initial AI and grouped as 25 days since first AI. More cows in Experiment 1 that were inseminated at estrus returned to estrus before 25 days than TAI cows and during summer months had shorter average return intervals by 1.7 days. More cows in Experiment 2 that received saline and had no accessory luteal structures also returned to estrus before 25 days than cows receiving hCG. Equal proportions of saline and hCG-treated cows (25%) in Experiment 2 had retained at least one of their original luteal structures until day 28 after TAI, but were not pregnant at day 32. Of those nonpregnant cows that retained luteal structures, average concentrations of pregnancy-specific protein B (BioPRYN test) concentrations were slightly elevated, but failed to retain the embryos to day 32 after AI. Furthermore, progesterone concentrations of these cows that lost their embryos were compromised compared with pregnant cows by day 21 after AI. Regardless of the number of luteal structures after first insemination, 25% were retained up to 28 days after AI, indicating pregnancy had occurred but embryo loss occurred between pregnancy recognition (day 15) and days 28 to 32 after insemination. Cows receiving TAI also had longer reinsemination intervals than cows inseminated at estrus, a phenomenon that is exaggerated during summer heat stress.


A significant challenge in predicting terrestrial ecosystem response to global changes comes from the relatively poor understanding of the processes that control pools and fluxes of plant nutrients in soil. In addition, individual global changes are often studied in isolation, despite the potential for interactive effects among them on ecosystem processes. We studied the response of gross N mineralization and microbial respiration after 6 years of application of three global change factors in a grassland field experiment in central Minnesota (the BioCON experiment). BioCON is a factorial manipulation of plant species diversity (1, 4, 9 and 16 prairie species), atmospheric [CO2] (ambient and elevated: 560 lmol mol ), and N inputs (ambient and ambient 1 4 g N m 2 yr ). We hypothesized that gross N mineralization would increase with increasing levels of all factors because of stimulated plant productivity and thus greater organic inputs to soils. However, we also hypothesized that N addition would enhance, while elevated [CO2] and greater diversity would temper, gross N mineralization responses because of increased and reduced plant tissue N concentrations, respectively. In partial support of our hypothesis, gross N mineralization increased with greater diversity and N addition, but not with elevated [CO2]. The ratio of gross N mineralization to microbial respiration (i.e. the 'yield' of inorganic N mineralized per unit C respired) declined with greater diversity and [CO2] suggesting increasing limitation of microbial processes by N relative to C in these treatments. Based on these results, we conclude that the plant supply of organic matter primarily controls gross N mineralization and microbial respiration, but that the concentration of N in organic matter input secondarily influences these processes. Thus, in systems where N limits plant productivity these global change factors could cause different long-term ecosystem trajectories because of divergent effects on soil N and C cycling.


Consumers regularly identify food safety as an issue of great concern. They also consistently rank mass media as a primary source of food safety information. The purpose of this study was to investigate Ohioans' levels of media system dependency and to assess the role of source trust and perceived food risk factors in influencing this dependency. Mail survey techniques were used to collect data from a sample of 7,976 Ohio residents. Data are reported for 4,014 respondents, for a 56 percent response rate. Traditional media, such as newspapers and television news, were perceived by respondents to be the most helpful among the media formats assessed. Moderate levels of perceived risk were found for the food safety items assessed. Pesticide residues in food and contamination of drinking water generated the highest levels of perceived risk. Relative to perceived source trust, physicians and scientists were evaluated most favorably, ahead of farmers and growers, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and Extension. Regression findings indicate that perceived trust in government and expert sources were the two best predictors of media dependency, followed by perceived food safety risk. Findings have implications for food safety communicators and journalists communicating with at-risk audiences about the safety of their food supply. This research is available in Journal of Applied Communications: https://newprairiepress.org/jac/vol88/iss1/1


We view a linear code (subspace) $C\leq\mathbb{F}_{q}^n$ as a light pattern on the \(n\)-dimensional Berlekamp Board $\mathbb{F}_{q}^n$ with $q^n$ light bulbs. The lights corresponding to elements of $C$ are ON , the others are OFF . Then we allow axis-parallel switches of complete rows, columns, etc. We show that the dual code $C^\perp$ contains a vector $v$ of full weight, i.e. $v_1,v_2,\dots,v_n\neq0$, if and only if the light pattern $C$ cannot be switched off. Generalizations of this allow us to describe anti-codes with maximal weight $\delta$ in a similar way, or, alternatively, in terms of a switching game in projective space. We provide convenient bases and normal forms to the modules of all light patterns of the generalized games. All our proofs are purely combinatorial and simpler than the algebraic ones used for similar results about anti-codes in $\mathbb{Z}_k^n$.  Aside from coding theory, the game is also of interest in the study of nowhere-zero points of matrices and nowhere-zero flows and colorings of graphs.


This document describes an optional extension to Router Advertisement messages for communicating default router preferences and morespecific routes from routers to hosts. This improves the ability of hosts to pick an appropriate router, especially when the host is multi-homed and the routers are on different links. The preference values and specific routes advertised to hosts require administrative configuration; they are not automatically derived from routing tables.


Global increases in the numbers of postgraduate students, their growing cultural diversity, and an emphasis on skill development and time to completion are accompanied by an increase in the numbers of supervisors and a professionalization of the training and development processes for both postgraduates and supervisors. Much research on supervision considers variations in practice from the perspective of the traditional functional, dyadic relationship. Other work considers power relations, research communities, and cultural diversity. This research focuses on 'fields of tensions' in discipline culture, identified by supervisors and facilitators on a supervisor development program on which both authors have taught. The research makes use of data from participant assessment responses, or course papers, and focused interviews with participants. 'Fields of tension' emerge in the design, actioning, and completion of the research project and in the shape and expression of the thesis, which we argue are inflected by the different disciplinary cultures in which supervisors and students locate research. Disciplinary differences and 'fields of tension' also emerge in the perceptions of differences in supervision, expectations of roles, relationships, and balances of power in the supervisor-student relationship. This paper examines the cultural differences in academic disciplines and how this is reflected in the supervisory process. We suggest that open sharing and discussion of such disciplinary differences and 'fields of tension' in supervisor development programs can enable vital, valuable, metacognitive awareness of supervision and research practices for supervisors and their students.


Recent experimental studies indicate that polymeric structures with a well-adjusted balance of amphiphilic parts may translocate through self-assembled phospholipid bilayers and enhance the passive trans-membrane transport of smaller molecules. Using a coarse grained lattice Monte Carlo model with explicit solvent we investigate self-assembled lipid bilayers interacting with a linear polymer chain under variation of the hydrophobicity of the chain. Here, we focus on the relationship between the chain's hydrophobicity and its translocation behavior through the membrane as well as induced membrane perturbations. We show, that there is an adsorption transition of the polymer at the bilayer interface, where effectively the solvent phase and the tail phase of the bilayer are equally repulsive for the polymer. Close to this adsorption threshold of the polymer both the translocation probability of the polymer as well as the permeability of the membrane with respect to solvent are enhanced significantly. The frequency of polymer translocation events can be understood quantitatively assuming a simple diffusion along a one-dimensional free energy profile, which is controlled by the effective lipophilicity of the chain and the tail-packing in the bilayer's core.


We live in an image society. Since the turn of the 20th century if not earlier, Americans have been awash in a sea of images throughout the visual landscape. We have become highly image-conscious, attuned to first impressions and surface appearances, and deeply concerned with our own personal images – our looks, reputations, and the impressions we make on others.The advent of this image-consciousness has been a familiar subject of commentary by social and cultural historians, yet its legal implications have not been explored. This article argues that one significant legal consequence of the image society was the evolution of an area of law that I describe as the tort law of personal image. By the 1950s, a body of tort law – principally the privacy, publicity, and emotional distress torts, and a modernized defamation tort – had developed to protect a right to control one's image and to be compensated for emotional and dignitary harms caused by interference with one's public image. This law of image produced the phenomenon of the personal image lawsuit, in which individuals sued to vindicate or redress their images. The rise of personal image litigation over the course of the 20th century was driven by Americans' increasing sense of protectiveness and possessiveness towards their public images and reputations.This article offers an overview of the development of the image torts and personal image litigation in the United States. It offers a novel, alternative account of the history of tort law by linking it to developments in American culture. It explains how the law became a stage for, and participant in, the modern preoccupation with personal image, and how legal models of personhood and identity in turn transformed understandings of the self. Through legal claims for libel, invasions of privacy, and other assaults to the image, the law was brought, both practically and imaginatively, into popular fantasies and struggles over personal identity and self-presentation.


Abstract. This paper presents a validation of a method to derive the vertical profile of carbon monoxide (CO) from its total column using data assimilation. We choose version 3 of MOPITT CO total columns to validate the proposed method. MOPITT products have the advantage of providing both the vertical profiles and the total columns of CO. Furthermore, this version has been extensively validated by comparison with many independent data sets, and has been used in many scientific studies. The first step of the paper consists in the specification of the observation errors based on the chi-square (χ2) test. The observations have been binned according to three types: over land during daytime, over land during night-time, and over sea. Their respective errors using the χ2 metric have been found to be 8, 11 and 7%. In the second step, the CO total columns, with their specified errors, are used within the assimilation system to estimate the vertical profiles. These are compared to the retrieved profiles of MOPITT V3 at global and regional scales. Generally, the two data sets show similar patterns and good agreement at both scales. Nevertheless, total column analyses slightly overestimate CO concentrations compared to MOPITT observations. The mean bias between both data sets is +15 and +12% at 700 and 250 hPa, respectively. In the third step, the assimilation of total column has been compared to the assimilation of MOPITT vertical profiles. The differences between both analyses are very small. In terms longitude–latitude maps, the mean bias between the two data sets is +6 and +8% at the pressure levels 700 and 200 hPa, respectively. In terms of zonal means, the CO distribution is similar for both analyses, with a mean bias which does not exceed 12%. Finally, the two analyses have been validated using independent observations from the aircraft-based MOZAIC program in terms of vertical profiles over eight airports. Over most airports, both analyses agree well with aircraft profiles. For more than 50% of recorded measurements, the difference between the analyses and MOZAIC does not exceed 5 ppbv (parts per billion by volume).


This study assesses the impact of the road segment widening in the southern area of West Java Island. The resulting network performance is measured by volume capacity ratio, network average speed, aggregate travel distance and time. The network 4-step modeling approach was used for the analysis and data on traffic counts and average speed are used to validate the model. The study proceeds two scenarios for the analysis, namely the do-nothing scenario, in which no road widening occurs, and the do-something scenario where the road widening is carried out. The result shows that widening the road segments will contribute to improving accessibility in the area, which is reflected by lower volume capacity ratio and higher average network speed. This study also triggers a research question on alternative transport modes to improve accessibility in the southern area of West Java.


This paper explores quantitatively the nexus between GDP growth and the two components of total exports, focusing particularly on the role of services exports in developing and transition countries. The Introduction exposes some of the shortcomings and methodological problems affecting BOP statistics on international trade in services, and briefly describes the main trends in international trade in services. Econometric analysis in the following sections shows that, in the long run, services exports do have a positive impact on GDP growth in developing countries. Yet, for developing countries, the services exports/ GDP growth nexus is weaker than in the case of developed countries. Moreover, in most developing regions, the growth-enhancing impact of exports as a whole appears to have declined in the 1990s, although this decline appears to be due more to the merchandise component of exports rather than to the services component. In the conclusions, a tentative explanation for the aforementioned results is proposed. Export-oriented services activities in developing countries are often under the control of foreign economic agent, and they tend to be poorly integrated to the rest of the domestic economy. Thus, their potential as engines for growth is relatively weak. Moreover, many previously inward-oriented developing countries, under conditions of financial duress, diverted resources towards exports as a goal per se, rather than in the framework of a comprehensive long-term growth-maximizing strategy. Such opening-up reforms ended up facingdiminishing returns


Reproductive efficiency is a major factor affecting livestock profitability. Sub-optimal reproductive performance of ruminants is a worldwide problem, especially in tropical countries. In view of current emphasis on cattle development, the nature and extent of reproductive problems in large ruminants are described. Sufficient data are available on reproductive performance of cattle and buffaloes (e.g. age at first calving, services per conception, non-return rate, calving interval) at farm level but more data related to fertility and infertility under small-holder conditions are required. Ruminant infertility usually results from a combination of climatic, genetic, management, nutritional and disease factors, leading either to fertilization failure or embryonic mortality. Reproductive problems reported include anestrus, repeated breeding, abortion, dystokia, retained placenta and endometritis. Anestrus and repeated breeding are major problems and diagnosis of these conditions should be given high priority. True anestrus, either post-calving or post-breeding, may be important in some farms where suckling and poor nutrition may be predisposing factors. Management deficiency at the smallholder level, especially for imported, more productive cattle, must be corrected. The national status of infectious reproductive disease needs further study. Although brucellosis and leptospirosis are endemic in certain farms, the prevalence and epidemiology of other diseases (e.g. vibriosis, IBR, mycoplasmosis) have to be evaluated further. Despite the success of A.I. in cattle breeding, certain constraints have affected the progress of this technology locally. The problems related to the application of A.I. under field conditions are discussed. The need for genetic improvement is great but until management, nutrition and A.I. services are improved especially at the smallholder level, the genetic impact of this technology will not be felt. With the heavy importation of cross-bred cattle, infertility problems are bound to increase in significance. Research on infertility, both at the farm and smallholder level, must be strengthened to meet the national objective of self-sufficiency in milk and meat. The ultimate goal is to lower calving intervals and the number of services per conception in order to maximise productivity from ruminant.