The properties of Ho-Sc alloys and superlattices grown by molecular-beam epitaxy have been investigated using x-ray and neutron-diffraction techniques. Structural studies reveal that the alloy samples have different a lattice parameters for the Sc-seed layer and the Ho:Sc alloy grown on top of the seed layer; while the superlattices have different a lattice parameters for the Sc seed, and for both the Ho and Sc in the superlattice layers. The structural characteristics are related to the large lattice mismatches (of the order 7{percent}) between the constituent elements. The magnetic moments in the alloys form a basal-plane helix at all temperatures, with distortions of the helical arrangement for samples with the highest Ho concentrations. The dependences of the N{acute e}el temperature, T{sub N}, and the helical wave vector upon both temperature and concentration are compared with those of other alloy systems. It is found that a good description of the dependence of T{sub N} upon concentration is given by a virtual-crystal model where the peak in the conduction-electron susceptibility varies linearly between that of the pure constituents. In the superlattices, the moments also form a basal-plane helix at T{sub N}. In this helical phase, some samples exhibit a short-range coherence ofmore » an antiferromagnetic coupling between adjacent Ho blocks. For one superlattice, there is a low-temperature transition to a ferromagnetic phase, in which moments are ferromagnetically aligned within Ho blocks, and coupled antiferromagnetically between adjacent Ho blocks. The contrast with systems which have Y or Lu as the nonmagnetic element is discussed in terms of the structural properties of the samples, band-structure calculations, and the possible influence of dipolar forces. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}« less


The study of Spanish and Portuguese intonation within the Autosegmental Metrical (AM) framework has developed substantially over the past 30 years, and recent applications of common methodology make comparative studies more feasible. Here we compare the intonational systems of Peninsular Spanish (PS) and European Portuguese (EP), considering previous research on prosodic hierarchy, phrasing and tonal density. Finally, we compare the two tonal inventories and their respective (ToBI) labeling conventions. We find a considerable amount of overlap in terms of phonetic implementations of the tonal categories, showing, at times, labeling differences. We use this comparative analysis (i) to discuss these labeling differences and (ii) to motivate the need for uniform but also transparent labeling conventions in order to account for variation across Ibero-Romance varieties and as the field moves forward, Romance varieties.


The Pebble Bed Modular Reactor (PBMR) is a 4" generation nuclear reactor based on the HTR-Modul of Siemens currently being developed by Eskom in South Africa. The major safety characteristics of the PBMR are the fuel design and physical dimensions that make it an inherently safe reactor. This means that the reactor will not melt down like a typical Light Water Reactor (LWR) when cooling of the reactor is lost. The thermo-hydraulic analysis of the Used Fuel Tank (UFT) is of great importance in the safety analysis of the PBMR. The UFT is one of two types of tanks that will be used to store fuel that has been in the reactor for a finite time. The fuel would therefore contain fission products and would generate decay heat. This decay heat should be removed to limit the temperature of the fuel. The temperature of the fuel should be limited to prevent the release of fission products to the environment. The temperature limit on the fuel during storage is required to ensure that the graphite in the fuel does not oxidize in the presence of oxygen. The fuel is normally kept in a helium environment, but it must be shown that the fuel is safe when there is air ingress into the system. The purpose of this study is therefore to determine the temperature distribution in the fuel and the components of the used fuel tank for different scenarios. This includes the forced cooling of the tanks and the possibility of cooling the tanks with natural convection. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) was used to model the various heat transfer mechanisms present. This includes convection heat transfer between the gases and the solids, conduction through the solids and thermal radiation between most of the surfaces. The effect of natural convection was also included, as the pipes through the tank cause result in high mass flow through these pipes due to the buoyancy effect. The results show that the fuel temperature will not exceed the allowable limit during forced cooling if the Heating, Ventilation and Air-conditioning (HVAC) is supplied at 6 kgls. The possibility of cooling the tanks with passive means during upset events looks promising, but it is dependant on the design of the chimneys. The chimney cross-flow area was the most significant factor influencing the air mass flow through the system. The chimney design and the rest of the system not included in this study should be analysed in detail before the passive operation of the system can be guaranteed.


Information System Security and its management "is a parasite on the profit" Gerald Kovacich.This thesis presents research intended to both modify the understanding for, and to introduce information system security not only as a cost factor but also as a business enabler for eCommerce systems. To achieve this, system theoretic concepts will be applied to information security management, taking technology, sociology and business aspects into consideration. The first aspects dealt with are security conception and system specification. A set of requirements for electronic money systems has been developed. However, security management does not only consist of requirement specifications, but must also open for an economically and socially acceptable implementation. Therefore we have developed a holistic framework for security management. This framework describes the activities and workflows that lead to satisfactory security levels in eCommerce. To be able to develop an understandable framework we apply black boxing in order to hide details. The development progress results in investigations of some of the black boxes mentioned. To motivate the need of inclusion in the framework, two of these inquires will be presented, where the first one deals with the improvement of a risk assessment methodology for faster application in e-commerce, and the second one with the influence of the Internet on privacy.


1. The Green Revolution successfully increased food production but in doing so created a legacy of inherently leaky and unsustainable agricultural systems. Central to this are the problems of excessive nutrient mining. If agriculture is to balance the needs of food security with the delivery of other ecosystem services, then current rates of soil nutrient stripping must be reduced and the use of synthetic fertilisers made more efficient.
2. We explore the global extent of the problem, with specific emphasis on the failure of macronutrient management (e.g. nitrogen, phosphorus) to deliver continued improvements in yield and the failure of agriculture to recognise the seriousness of micronutrient depletion (e.g. copper, zinc, selenium).
3. Nutrient removals associated with the relatively immature, nutrient-rich soils of the UK are contrasted with the mature, nutrient-poor soils of India gaining insight into the emerging issue of nutrient stripping and the long-term implications for human health and soil quality. Whilst nutrient deficiencies are rare in developed countries, micronutrient deficiencies are commonly increasing in less-developed countries. Increasing rates of micronutrient depletion are being inadvertently accomplished through increasing crop yield potential and nitrogen fertiliser applications.
4. Amongst other factors, the spatial disconnects caused by the segregation and industrialisation of livestock systems, between rural areas (where food is produced) and urban areas (where food is consumed and human waste treated) are identified as a major constraint to sustainable nutrient recycling.
5. Synthesis and applications. This study advocates that agricultural sustainability can only be accomplished using a whole-systems approach that thoroughly considers nutrient stocks, removals, exports and recycling. Society needs to socially and environmentally re-engineer agricultural systems at all scales. It is suggested that this will be best realised by national-scale initiatives. Failure to do so will lead to an inevitable and rapid decline in the delivery of provisioning services within agricultural systems.


Mucocele-like lesion (MLL) of the breast has been firstly described as a benign lesion resembling mucinous carcinoma of the breast. Subsequently, it has also been reported to be associated with ductal hyperplasia or breast carcinoma. The risk of cancer development in the long term is unknown. Therefore, the approach to pure MLL of the breast detected during percutaneous biopsy is controversial. In this report, a mucocele-like breast lesion in a 47-year-old woman was first noticed during a core biopsy and later detected to be associated with ductal carcinoma in-situ focuses in excisional biopsy material is presented. The aim of this paper was to provide an overview of this rare and controversial lesion and its variabilities with regard of the presented case.


1. Blood turbidometry is recommended as a screening technic for distinguishing between anemic and nonanemic individuals.

2. Blood turbidometry must be supplemented by other technics for an exact diagnosis of the type of anemia. However, with such help it makes its own contribution to the accuracy of the diagnosis.

3. Blood turbidometry alone would seem to be capable of following an anemic individual's response to therapy once the proper diagnosis is established.

4. Determination of hemoglobin concentration by turbidometry appears as a distinct possibility. However, further investigation is necessary to validate its utility.

5. Evidence is accumulated that the shadow-volume relationship is a constant in several species.

The author is particularly indebted to the following for advice in connection with this work: Dr. Peter Olafson of the Department of Veterinary Pathology, Dr. C. E. Hayden of the Department of Veterinary Physiology, Dr. L. I. Barnes of the Department of Physics, and Dr. W. B. Carver of the Department of Mathematics, all of Cornell University, and Dr. Charles P. Winsor of Johns Hopkins University. Dr. Robert N. Ericson conducted some preliminary explorations of the problem with the author when both were connected with Kansas State College.


As South Africa moves towards majority rule, and blacks begin to exercise direct political power, apartheid becomes a thing of the past - but its legacy in South African history will be indelible. this book is designed to introduce students to a range of interpretations of one of South Africa's central social characteristics: racial segregation. It:

• brings together eleven articles which span the whole history of segregation from its origins to its final collapse
• reviews the new historiography of segregation and the wide variety of intellectual traditions on which it is based
• includes a glossary, explanatory notes and further reading.


The outbreak of a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in Wuhan, China in December 2019 has now become a pandemic with no approved therapeutic agent. At the moment, the genomic structure, characteristics, and pathogenic mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 have been reported. Based upon this information, several drugs including the directly acting antivirals have been proposed to treat people with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This rapid review aims to describe the directly acting antivirals that have been examined for use in the management of COVID-19. Searches were conducted in three electronic databases, supplemented with a search on arXiv, bioRxiv, medRxiv, ChinaXiv, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Chinese Clinical Trial Registry for studies examining the use of antivirals in COVID-19 to identify for case reports, case series, observational studies, and randomized controlled studies describing the use of antivirals in COVID-19. Data were extracted independently and presented narratively. A total of 98 studies were included, comprising of 38 published studies and 60 registered clinical trials. These drugs include the broad spectrum antivirals such as umifenovir, protease inhibitors such as lopinavir/ritonavir as well as the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitors, remdesivir, and favipiravir. Other drugs that have been used include the nucleosidase inhibitors and polymerase acidic endonuclease inhibitors which are currently approved for prevention of influenza infections. While some of the drugs appear promising in small case series and reports, more clinical trials currently in progress are required to provide higher quality evidence.


Collaboration is a key requirement in several contemporary interventional radiology procedures (IRPs). This work proposes a multicast hybrid satellite system capable of supporting advanced IRP collaboration, and evaluates its feasibility and applicability. Following a detailed IRP requirements study, we have developed a system which supports IRP collaboration through the employment of a hybrid satellite-terrestrial network, a prototype multicast version of wavelet based interactive communication system (WinVicos) application, and a partition aggregation and conditional coding (PACC) wavelet codec. A semistructured questionnaire was also used to receive evaluative feedback from collaborating participants. The departments of interventional radiology of University Hospital of Patras, Greece and of Charite Hospital of Berlin, Germany have been connected on the system. Eight interventional radiologists and a vascular surgeon participated periodically in three satellite-terrestrial ldquofully collaborativerdquo IRPs (average time 90 min) of high complexity and in four terrestrial educational sessions with great success, evidenced by considerable improving the IRP outcomes (clinical and educational). In case of high complexity, where the simultaneous presence of remote interventional expert and/or surgeon is required, advanced collaboration among staff of geographically dispersed international centers is feasible via integration of existing networking and other technologies.


This is the second of two papers on the response functions and collective modes of /sup 3/He-B in a strong magnetic field. Here we compare the theory developed in the first paper (R. S. Fishman and J. A. Sauls, Phys. Rev. B 33, 6068 (1986)) with the susceptibility data of Scholz and Hoyt et al. and with the collective-mode data of Shivaram et al. at the lowest pressures, where strong-coupling corrections to the BCS free energy are known to be negligible. In principle this comparison yields new results for some of the material parameters of liquid /sup 3/He. Determinations of these material parameters are important for testing the consistency of quasiclassical theory and the interpretation of different measurable properties of /sup 3/He, and perhaps future microscopic theories of quantum liquids. The material parameters extracted from these two different data bases are in serious disagreement, and cannot be reconciled even with radically different empirical temperature scales. We do, however, find that our determination of the f-wave interaction at papprox. =0 bar agrees with that obtained by Meisel et al. who analyze the zero-field squashing-mode data.


Cryogenic environments benefit ion trapping experiments by offering lower motional heating rates, collision energies, and an ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) environment for maintaining long ion chains for extended periods of time. Mechanical vibrations caused by compressors in closed-cycle cryostats can introduce relative motion between the ion and the wavefronts of lasers used to manipulate the ions. Here, we present a novel ion trapping system where a commercial low-vibration closed-cycle cryostat is used in a custom monolithic enclosure. We measure mechanical vibrations of the sample stage using an optical interferometer, and observe a root-mean-square relative displacement of 2.4 nm and a peak-to-peak displacement of 17 nm between free-space beams and the trapping location. We packaged a surface ion trap in a cryopackage assembly that enables easy handling while creating a UHV environment for the ions. The trap cryopackage contains activated carbon getter material for enhanced sorption pumping near the trapping location, and source material for ablation loading. Using $^{171}$Yb$^{+}$ as our ion, we estimate the operating pressure of the trap as a function of package temperature using phase transitions of zig-zag ion chains as a probe. We measured the radial mode heating rate of a single ion to be 13 quanta/s on average. The Ramsey coherence measurements yield 330-ms coherence time for counter-propagating Raman carrier transitions using a 355-nm mode-locked pulse laser, demonstrating the high optical stability.


The last 50 yeas have witnessed a steadily increasing understanding of the biochemistry of vitamins and trace minerals and their role in human nutrition and intermediary metabolism.1-7 There also has been a growing public awareness of the sometimes dramatic clinical impact of vitamin and mineral administration in deficiency states. As nutritional needs became more clearly defined, essential vitamins and minerals were incorporated into processed formulas with the aim of providing an essentially complete food for infants; specific nutrients likely to be lacking in the diet of older infants and children were also used to fortify certain food products, such as infant cereal. Supplemental vitamin and mineral drops or tablets continued to be used, probably to a greater extent than necessary considering the more extensive fortification of food. Vitamin and/or mineral supplements are relatively inexpensive and available without prescription; therefore, it is understandable that they are used by a substantial portion of the population. The widespread consumption of these products is also fostered by a combination of advertising pressure and concern about dietary adequacy. Many individuals regard vitamin and/or mineral supplements as a reliable method of ensuring that real or imagined dietary shortcomings are corrected. Others, on far less rational grounds, have come to regard supplements in a wide range of doses as the philosopher9s stone for good health or as treatment for a wide array of ailments from mental retardation to the common cold. As a result, vitamin and mineral supplements are widely abused by the general public, occasionally to the point of toxicity.


Antenna array of large scale have been examined for different applications including 5G technology. To get better data rate or a reliable link substantial number of antenna arrays have been utilized to provide high multiplexing gains as well as array gains with high directivity. In this paper a simple but efficient implementation technique of using sub-arrays for the improvement of large-sized uniform arrays. By repeating a small sub-array multiple times large arrays can be designed. This implication of utilizing small array simplifies the design of a larger array which allows the designer to concentrate on the smaller sub-array before assembling larger arrays. So, by investigating the sub arrays the performance and radiation characteristics of large arrays can be anticipated. The array-factor for a planar sub-array of 2x2 (4 elements) is analyzed using Mat-lab software and then a large array is formed by placing the 2x2 sub-array indifferent configurations in a rectangular arrangements up to 8x8 planar array. And then the results are validated with CST (Computer simulation technology) simulation results.In this way the array-factors, directivities, HPBWs, and side lobes of the constructed large arrays are analyzed and associated with the small sub-array.


Background Liver enzyme abnormalities have been reported in Turner's syndrome (TS). There are some studies about possible causes of abnormal levels of liver enzymes. One of the main suggestions is obesity. The study aimed to determine the relationship between obesity and liver enzymes levels in patients with TS. Methods Forty-one karyotype-proven TS patients referred to Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center were included in this cross-sectional study. Height and weight of patients were measured and their body mass index (BMI) was calculated. The patients were divided into two groups as the control group including 27 cases (65.8%) with normal BMI (defined as < 85th percentile for age and gender), and the overweight group including 14 cases (34.2%) (defined as BMI > 85th percentile for age and gender). Serum levels of aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (AlkPh) were measured. Results There were no statistically significant differences regarding AST (27 ± 2.7 vs. 29.6 ± 5.85 U/L; P = 0.3), ALT (20.1 ± 2.45 vs. 22.2 ± 5.85 U/L; P = 0.5), and AlkPh (583.4 ± 2.45 vs. 472.8 ± 161.5 U/L; P = 0.28) between overweight TS patients and those with normal BMI. Conclusion There was no significant difference in liver enzyme levels between TS patients with normal BMI and those who were overweight.


The maintenance of genetic diversity in populations is one of the key concerns in wildlife management. Levels of genetic diversity are partly determined by the evolutionary history of a population and partly by environmental factors which affect population size, gene flow and mating systems. In this study, we used microsatellite DNA markers to assess the level of genetic diversity in a population of orange-breasted sunbirds (Anthobaphes violacea), an endemic nectarivore in the fynbos biome at Jonkershoek Nature Reserve, South Africa. We found high levels of genetic diversity in this population, with an average of 19 alleles per locus, and both expected and observed heterozygosities of 0.84. The level of genetic diversity found in this species is comparable to that of Cape sugarbirds (Promerops cafer), a fellow fynbos endemic, but higher than that reported for other species of nectarivorous birds not affected by frequent habitat fires. We suggest that the destruction of flowering plants by fires, forcing birds to disperse, may have contributed to the maintenance of high levels of genetic diversity through encouraging outbreeding in orange-breasted sunbirds and Cape sugarbirds. We also discuss the implications of our findings for management of these species.


This study examines the correlation between childhood poverty and its influence on adulthood wage distribution, where childhood poverty refers to experience of poverty or poor family background during one's childhood. With the data from Korean Labor Income Panel Study, KLIPS, quantile regression technique and decomposition method are conducted to identify and decompose the wage gap between low (poor) and middle class income group along the whole current wage distribution, based on a simulated counterfactual distribution.The results show that, those who had been less fortunate during their childhood likely had less opportunity to gain labor market favored characteristics such as a higher level of education, and even earn lower returns to their labor market characteristics in the current labor market. This leads to a discount of about fifteen percentages points off of the wage on average in total for those with underprivileged backgrounds during childhood compared to those with the middle class background, and that disadvantage is observed heterogeneously, greater at the lower quantiles than the higher quantiles of the current wage distribution. Then this research contributes to the literature by providing a partial understanding of poverty in Korea and its possible causes, in particular, in form of poor family background or childhood poverty, with which the implication of intergenerational effect issue is considered.


In post-crisis Korea, facility (equipment) investment shows the worrisome trends of a slowdown in investment growth and a decline in investment propensity. We marshal micro and macro data to examine four major explanations for these important developments. Our analysis: (a) finds that cyclical factors such as depressed private consumption in 2003 and 2004 did lead to lower investments in automobiles, hence dragging down total investment growth in these years; (b) rejects the claim that investment was lowered by an anti-chaebol environment created by the Roh Moo-hyun government (facility investment by large firms actually increased by a great deal in 2003 and 2004, whereas aggregate investment in the national account showed anemic growth); (c) supports the moral hazard hypothesis, which states that chaebol investment in the pre-crisis period was abnormally high because of implicit state guarantees (the chaebol dummy in our investment equations was no longer statistically significant in the post-crisis period, in the aftermath of large-scale bankruptcies); and (d) supports the hollowing-out hypothesis, which holds that outward foreign direct investment has reduced domestic facility investment because the price competitiveness of final assembly and other labor-intensive sectors in Korea has been eroded by the rise of late-developing countries such as China and Vietnam.


This study was aimed at evaluating effects of psychoeducation on medication compliance and symptom management for clients with bipolar affective disorder attending community psychiatric clinics in the Ethekwini Health District of KwaZulu-Natal Province. A quantitative study was done using a quasi-experimental design. A one group pre-test and post-test design was used to assess the effects of psychoeducation. The population of the study were all clients with bipolar affective disorder attending Escoval House community psychiatric clinic and its satellite clinic (Austerville). Systematic sampling was used to select clients to participate in the study and a total of forty clients were selected. Two self-administered questionnaires were used to collect data. Clients were assessed in areas of their knowledge, medication compliance and symptom management (Pre-test). The group was then exposed to six sessions of psychoeducation, and they were assessed again a week after the psychoeducation (post-test) using the same instruments. The data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Descriptive statistics were used to analyse participants' characteristics and some selected variables. Crosstabulations, chi-squares and paired t-tests were used on dependent variables and on social variables of interest to compare the changes in scores and means respectively and lastly to determine the relationship of social variables and the dependent variables. The findings of this study revealed that psychoeducation improved respondents' knowledge about their illness and symptom management techniques (with P-values ranging from 0.00010.03), psychoeducation also improved medication compliance with P-value =0.000, but it did not affect the respondents' ability to use new techniques in managing their symptoms (with P-values ranging from 0.1250.75).


We evaluate the use of the magnetotelluric (MT) method to locate crystalline basement and overlying carbonate reservoir rocks underneath a thick overburden in the São Francisco basin in Brazil. Mapping the complex basement and the carbonate reservoir using seismic reflection is a major problem in hydrocarbon exploration in this intracratonic basin, and it is expected that MT will provide useful complementary information. In the present study, we analysed 31 MT soundings along four survey lines in the central region of the basin. The MT soundings covered a period range of 0.001–100 s, probing the subsurface resistivity structure down to a maximum depth of about 15 km. The MT data were inverted using a regularized two-dimensional (2D) inversion algorithm with a variety of a priori data for comparison. For model appraisal, we analysed well log (gamma ray, deep resistivity and neutron porosity) data as well as seismic, gravity and magnetic profiles coincident with one MT line passing through the well. We found that shallow geological boundaries separating zones of strong resistivity contrasts also coincide with seismic boundaries in the inversion models with or without a priori data. Using gravity data, it was also possible to define the compartmentalized basement in this sector of São Francisco Basin, not clear in the seismic section. However, only by integrating all available information were we able to map the Lagoa do Jacaré and Sete Lagoas carbonate member-formations of the Bambuí Group, which are considered to host both the source and reservoir rocks identified from past exploratory history of this basin. We also imaged a basement structural high with thinned or disrupted conductive cover rocks over a known zone of hydrocarbon microseepage and a buried conductive (source rock?) channel at its NW margin, the trace of which coincides with the present-day River Paracatu along which gas bubbles have been observed. This suggests that MT may be fruitfully integrated with gravity, magnetic and seismic data to study the structural controls on hydrocarbon occurrence in this basin.


A 13-year-old boy was first observed due to nail lesions of the hands, dating from 9 months. The family history was positive for autoimmunity, because the paternal grandmother had thyroiditis, a maternal aunt had psoriasis and a first cousin, daughter of the aunt with psoriasis, was celiac. The physical examination put in evidence nails with irregular lamina, coarse, with longitudinal streaks, leading to the diagnosis of trachyonychia. Tazarotene gel 0.05% on the nail matrix and a urea-based cream on the nail plate was prescribed. After 3 months the nails had improved, but the boy told us that from about a year ago he was no longer able to pull back the foreskin and discover the glans. The physical examination showed a whitish ring (Fig. 2) that prevented the retraction of the foreskin. The urethral orifice was not compromise and there were no other skin lesions at extragenital sites. The final diagnosis was lichen sclerosus.


In June 1405, King Henry IV stopped at a small Yorkshire manor house to shelter from a storm. That night he awoke screaming that traitors were burning his skin. His instinctive belief that he was being poisoned was understandable: he had already survived at least eight plots to dethrone or kill him in the first six years of his reign. Henry IV had not always been so unpopular. In his youth he had been a great chivalric champion and crusader. The son of John of Gaunt, he was courteous, confident, well-educated, generous, devoted to his family, musical and spiritually fervent. In 1399, at the age of thirty-two, he was enthusiastically greeted as the saviour of the realm when he ousted from power the insecure and tyrannical King Richard II. But therein lay Henry's weakness. He had to contend with men who supported him only as long as they could control him; when they failed, they plotted to kill him. Welsh, French and Scottish adversaries also tried to take advantage of his questionable right to the crown. Such overwhelming threats transformed him from a hero into a duplicitous murderer: a king prepared to go to any lengths to save his family and his throne. That legacy of unrest has defined Henry's subsequent reputation. Henry's notoriety in the sixteenth century was such that merely to write about him was to risk imprisonment in the Tower. Shakespeare was forced to downplay his achievements, and instead to present his adversary Richard II as the wronged man. But what Henry actually provoked was a social revolution as much as a political one. Against all the odds, he took a poorly ruled nation, established a new Lancastrian dynasty, and introduced the principle that a king must act in accordance with parliament. He might not have been the most glorious king England ever had, but he was one of the bravest, and certainly the greatest survivor of them all.


Abstract. The use of Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) to study agricultural crop traits is becoming popular. Wheat plant traits such as crop height, biomass fractions and plant population are of interest to agronomists and biologists for the assessment of a genotype's performance in the environment. Among these performance indicators, plant population in the field is still widely estimated through manual counting which is a tedious and labour intensive task. The goal of this study is to explore the suitability of LiDAR observations to automate the counting process by the individual detection of wheat ears in the agricultural field. However, this is a challenging task owing to the random cropping pattern and noisy returns present in the point cloud. The goal is achieved by first segmenting the 3D point cloud followed by the classification of segments into ears and non-ears. In this study, two segmentation techniques: a) voxel-based segmentation and b) mean shift segmentation were adapted to suit the segmentation of plant point clouds. An ear classification strategy was developed to distinguish the ear segments from leaves and stems. Finally, the ears extracted by the automatic methods were compared with reference ear segments prepared by manual segmentation. Both the methods had an average detection rate of 85 %, aggregated over different flowering stages. The voxel-based approach performed well for late flowering stages (wheat crops aged 210 days or more) with a mean percentage accuracy of 94 % and takes less than 20 seconds to process 50,000 points with an average point density of 16  points/cm2. Meanwhile, the mean shift approach showed comparatively better counting accuracy of 95% for early flowering stage (crops aged below 225 days) and takes approximately 4 minutes to process 50,000 points.


Centralisation of cancer services is ongoing in many countries due to the rapid increase of knowledge in oncology, the interdisciplinary of many cancer treatments and economic pressure. This study investigated whether cancer patients are willing to accept this additional burden. All patients who came in February 2012 for a consultation or an ambulant treatment were asked to answer to a survey. The questionnaire covered among other six questions whether the patients would be willing to travel more frequently or further away. These questions were split in two groups: one for a slightly more efficacious therapy and the other for a therapy with slightly fewer side effects. To travel more frequently is well accepted as a clear majority of patients say yes or rather yes to travel more frequently for a more efficacious therapy (67%) as for a therapy with fewer side effects (62%). To travel further away doesn't have a clear majority as 51% of the patients say yes or rather yes for a more efficacious therapy and 49% for a therapy with fewer side effects. General acceptance of travelling further away as a consequence of centralisation of oncology services cannot be assumed. Particularly elderly patients are reluctant to it and will require specific solutions.


Motivated by previous work on XML stream processing, we noticed that programmers need concurrency to save space, especially in a lazy language. User-controllable concurrency provides the possibility of reducing space usage in many programs. With lower garbage-collection overhead resulting from concurrent execution, the elapsed time of programs, stream processing ones in particular, is tremendously decreased. The challenge is how to encapsulate concurrency without compromising expressiveness and flexibility of languages. We propose the idea of pushing datatypes — when a pushing closure is demanded, all expressions referring to it are evaluated concurrently to weak head normal forms. The closure is no more alive and may thus be garbage collected. Semantically, it is a non-intruding extension because it does not change the denotational semantics of an expression. It is also easy to be implemented on top of a language providing concurrent threads and inter-thread synchronisation. We have developed a prototype using Haskell and showed pushing datatypes can be used to effectively reduce space usage and thus result in shorter elapsed time in many programs.


One of the most successful methods for planning in large partially observable stochastic domains is depth-limited forward search from the current belief state together with a utility estimation. However, when the environment is continuous and the number of possible actions is practically infinite, then abstractions have to be made before any forward search planning can be performed. The paper presents a method to dynamically generate such planning problem abstractions for a domain that is inspired by our research with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The planning problems are created by first stating the selection of points to fly to as an optimization problem. When the points have been selected, a set of possible paths between them are then created with a pathplanner and then forward search in the belief state space is applied. The method has been implemented and tested in simulation and the experiments show the importance of modelling both the dynamics of the environment and the limited computational resources of the architecture when searching for suitable parameters in the planning problem formulation procedure.


Isothermal reduction of haematite carbon mixtures was investigated at temperatures 750–1100°C under inert atmosphere. Mass loss curves proved the stepwise reduction of haematite to metallic iron. The non-linear feature of haematite to magnetite reduction kinetics was observed and an activation energy of 209 kJ mol−1 was calculated. Irrespective of carbon-bearing material type, reduction rate of magnetite was linear. Activation energy values were calculated to be 293–418 kJ mol−1. Significant increase in the reduction kinetics in the last step (Wustite reduction) was observed and explained by the catalytic effect of freshly formed metallic iron. During the initial stages of wustite reduction, the activation energy values were calculated to be in the range of 251–335 kJ mol−1 for all carbon-bearing materials.


Diabetes self-management education (DSME) is a critical element of care for all people with diabetes and is necessary in order to improve patient outcomes. The National Standards for DSME are designed to define quality diabetes self-management education and to assist diabetes educators in a variety of settings to provide evidence-based education. Because of the dynamic nature of health care and diabetes-related research, these Standards are reviewed and revised approximately every 5 years by key organizations and federal agencies within the diabetes education community.

A Task Force was jointly convened by the American Association of Diabetes Educators and the American Diabetes Association in the summer of 2006. Additional organizations that were represented included the American Dietetic Association, the Veteran's Health Administration, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Indian Health Service, and the American Pharmaceutical Association. Members of the Task Force included a person with diabetes; several health services researchers/behaviorists, registered nurses, and registered dietitians; and a pharmacist.

The Task Force was charged with reviewing the current DSME standards for their appropriateness, relevance, and scientific basis. The Standards were then reviewed and revised based on the available evidence and expert consensus. The committee convened on 31 March 2006 and 9 September 2006, and the Standards were approved 25 March 2007.

Diabetes self-management education (DSME) is the ongoing process of facilitating the knowledge, skill, and ability necessary for diabetes self-care. This process incorporates the needs, goals, and life experiences of the person with diabetes and is guided by evidence-based standards. The overall objectives of DSME are to support informed decision-making, self-care behaviors, problem-solving and active collaboration with the health care team and to improve clinical outcomes, health status, and quality of life.

Before the review of the individual Standards, the Task Force identified overriding principles based on existing evidence that would …


Charles Darwin's ideas resonate deeply in Western culture today, and his theory still lies at the heart of modern scientific evolutionary research. As other nineteenth-century figures fade, Darwin's theory of evolution still provokes controversy, spilling over into curriculum battles at state and local school boards in the United States and around the world. In exploring the everyday artifacts of Darwin's life, his notebooks, and early manuscripts, Niles Eldredge "a candid, no-punches-pulled interpreter of the core ideas of evolutionary biology" (Science News) provides a rare glimpse into the mind of this highly intuitive, creative scientist. The celebration of Charles Darwin's 200th birthday in 2009 begins in November 2005 with the opening of a major exhibition at the American Museum of Natural History in New York, curated by Eldredge, that will travel across the nation. More than a companion book to the exhibit, Darwin is a rich and inspiring reconstruction of Darwin's life through his writings and discoveries.


[Abstract] This study aims at preparing a vision for educational competencies of school teachers in light of the global tendencies toward a knowledge-based economy in order to refine qualifying teacher programs. To achieve these goals, the study addressed the following concerns: the educational competencies, the challenges that face the teaching systems in the current century as well as the knowledge-based economy, and the suggested educational competencies for school teachers. This study used an analytical descriptive method in the summation of information, opinions, facts, and concepts that were related to the core of the study to construct a knowledge system that highlights the studied problem's importance and its targets. This study suggested 45 educational competencies for teachers that were divided into seven categories. [Keywords] teacher competency; knowledge economy; global knowledge system; instructional competencies. Background and Importance The current communication and information revolution embodies a core of concern for human thinking and a controversial issue of modern life as a result of the technical aspect of life and a clear interest in reviving and improving different human lifestyles. It is similar to fishing net without strings or ropes; however, they have been inevitably able to hunt the word. People start out on journeys for them and move through their windows and electronics and creativity because they occupy an important position, especially in educational systems, as they are considered a matter of life or death to any modern society, as stated by the well-known scientist of civilization Arnold Twin. They are the means of nations to solve their problems as stated by Torans, the psychologist interested in the study of creativity and distinction (2005). Societies are in need of reviewing their systems and teaching methods in order to bring out new ideas imposed by the continuous process of change, development, and innovation and creativity. This is the only way for development associated with practice and activity linked to work plans (Morgerison, 1998). The partnership report of 21st century skills for learning and competition (2008) referred to the necessity of reform and reshaping of educational systems for the following reasons: a) The change toward a knowledge economy and information, b) The need for trained qualified people who are able to adapt with time requirements, c) The ability to compete with developed countries in the fields of science, industry and economy, d) The need for obtaining the skills of critical and creative thinking and problemsolving methods and to apply them in real life situations (Bakhsh & Yasseen, 2009). Jordan is the one of the countries that started an objective investigation of the educational system, aiming at all its inputs, processes, and outputs through a scientific and practical framework. Jordan is characterized as being realistic, flexible and dynamic. A clear vision in pursuing and comprehensively assessing the educational system is necessary to promote the output level of general education and align competences with the job market to concur with the needs and ambitions of the Jordanian society, their development plans, and keeping up with modern development and international (global) civilization and cultures. Educational reform for the knowledge economy, which has been adopted by the Jordanian government, is a sign of the concern of educational leaders about linking education to current innovations. Education, regardless of its level, is like other sectors that have adopted change and modernization as a response to time requirements, globalization challenges, the information revolution, and the knowledge economy. Modern educational trends emphasize the necessity of keeping up with the educational policies of the 21st century, which are featured by the technological revolution, knowledge burst, and economic blocs, and driven by education professionals who take the leading role of steering development and progress. …


Long-run growth in many models is the product of two terms: the effective number of researchers and their research productivity. We present evidence from various industries, products, and firms showing that research effort is rising substantially while research productivity is declining sharply. A good example is Moore's Law. The number of researchers required today to achieve the famous doubling of computer chip density is more than 18 times larger than the number required in the early 1970s. More generally, everywhere we look we find that ideas, and the exponential growth they imply, are getting harder to find. (JEL D24, E23, O31, O47)


Chemical aspects of the toxicity of mercury compounds and the use of British anti-Lewisite [BALH₃ , CH₂(SH)CH(SH)CH₂OH] as an antidote for mercury poisoning have been investigated.
Assignments of vas(SMS) and vs(SMS) for the complexes M(SR)₂ (M = Zn , Cd , Hg ; R = Et , But) and Hg(SRI)₂ (R' = me , Ph CH₂CH₂0H) are reported. Comparison of frequencies for the complex Hg(SBut)₂ containing four-coordinate mercury with those of Hg(SR")₂ (R" = Me , Et) containing two-coordinate mercury allows assignment of a polymeric structure with linear coordination, (-Hg-S-S-)n (n > 1), rather than the cyclic, monomeric structure usually drawn for the 1 : 1 complex of Hg(II) with BALH₃, Hg(BALH). An analogous derivative of 1,3-dimercapto-2-propanol (DMPH₃),Hg(DMPH), adopts a similar polymeric structure in the solid state and is dimeric in pyridine. Crystalline Hg(DMPH).py1.5, which rapidly loses pyridine at ambient temperature, is obtained from a pyridine solution of Hg(DMPH).
The dithiols BALH₃ and DMPH₃ form complexes RHgS-SHgR (R = Me , Ph). Infrared, Raman, and ¹H NMR spectra of RHg(II) and Hg(II) dithiol complexes are compared with those of PhHgSR (R = Me , Et , Pr' , But , Ph , CH₂CH₂0H) and Hg(SR1)₂ (Rs = Me ,
Et , But , ph , CH₂CH₂0H). Mercury-sulphur stretching frequencies have been assigned for most of these complexes. Phenylmercury(II)
, thiolates have the coupling constant J(orthoH-199 Hg) within the range 144-155 Hz.
The complexes PhHgSR and Hg(SR")₂ (R" = Et , But , Ph) ere monomeric in chloroform; the chloroform insoluble complexes
Hg(SR"')₂ (R'" = Me , CH₂CH₂OH) and organomercury(II) dithiolates (RHg)₂LH (R = Ph , LH = BALH; R = Me , Ph , LH = DMPH) are monomeric in pyridine. The PhHg(II) dithiolate (PhHg)₂DMPH crystallizes as an adduct (PhHg)₂DMPH.py from pyridine.
The PhHg(II) dithiolates decompose in benzene and methanol at ambient temperature to form diphenylmercury.
The preparation and characterization of Hg(II), PhHg(II) and MeHg(II) complexes of L-cysteine and DL-penicillamine
are reported. Infrared and Raman spectra of the new complex p-cysteinato-S,N-bis[phenylmercury(M]monohydrate and of previously reported complexes of L-cysteine and DL-penicillamine are compared. The complexes decompose to form diphenylmercury when stirred as suspensions in benzene at ambient temperature.
The complexes RSHgX (R = Me , Et, But ; X = Cl , Br) form non-conducting solutions in pyridine, and either crystallize from pyridine [MeSHgBr and EtSHgX(X = Cl , Br)] or form pyridine mplexes[MeSHgCl.py,(BuSHgC1)₂.py, and Bu SHgBr.py].
An X-ray crystal structure analysis of (ButSHgC1)₂.py has been determined by Drs. A.H. White and C.L. Raston. The structure is based on a zig-zag polymer chain of mercury and sulphur atoms of bridging Bu S groups (-Hg-S-). Every alternate mercury is bonded to chlorine and nitrogen of pyridine to give distorted tetrahedral geometry; and the other mercury atoms are bonded to one chlorine and more weakly to an equivalent chlorine of an adjacent chain. The two different mercury environments correspond to the moieties 'ButSHgCl.py' and 'ButSHgC1', respectively, of (ButSHgC1)2.py.
The relevance of this work to the biological behaviour of mercury compounds and to the use of British anti-Lewisite as an antidote for mercury poisoning are discussed.


A  BSTRACT Osteoporosis is one of the most challenging diseases facing orthopedic surgery. Implants may exhibit poor bone retention due to the decreased density of osteoporotic bone, leading to mechanical failure. Our study aimed to design a pedicle screw for vertebral implantation that exhibited pullout strengths that were higher than the current industry standard screw. We created three prototypes to address pullout failure with varying numbers of helices and one design that was a two-part hybrid (triple helix and pedicle screw). Each screw was subjected to pull-out testing in foam blocks (n=3). Ultimate pull-out load, ultimate extension, and screw removal energy were determined based on testing results. Based on the results, the two-part assembly demonstrated significantly improved pull-out strength to 102.76 ± 2.52 N (P < 0.0002), ultimate extension to 8.787 ± 0.242 (P < 0.002), and screw removal energy of 2.37 ± 0.03 kJ (P < 0.0003) vs 1.66 ± .08 kJ in the control screw, and the other two screw designs. It is noteworthy that the flexible and stiff helix designs by themselves did not exhibit improved performance, but when combined into a dual-threaded screw the helix features improved performance. The results for the two-part design suggested that there is utility in this design or variations thereof for improving screw-to-bone retention in osteoporotic patients.


Analysis of gene expression data provides an objective and efficient technique for sub-classification of leukemia. The purpose of the present study was to design a committee neural networks based classification systems to subcategorize leukemia gene expression data. In the study, a binary classification system was considered to differentiate acute lymphoblastic leukemia from acute myeloid leukemia. A ternary classification system which classifies leukemia expression data into three subclasses including B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and acute myeloid leukemia was also developed. In each classification system gene expression profiles of leukemia patients were first subjected to a sequence of simple preprocessing steps. This resulted in filtering out approximately 95 percent of the non-informative genes. The remaining 5 percent of the informative genes were used to train a set of artificial neural networks with different parameters and architectures. The networks that gave the best results during initial testing were recruited into a committee. The committee decision was by majority voting. The committee neural network system was later evaluated using data not used in training. The binary classification system classified microarray gene expression profiles into two categories with 100 percent accuracy and the ternary system correctly predicted the three subclasses of leukemia in over 97 percent of the cases.


Abstract We consider time discretization methods for abstract parabolic problems with inhomogeneous linear constraints. Prototype examples that fit into the general framework are the heat equation with inhomogeneous (time-dependent) Dirichlet boundary conditions and the time-dependent Stokes equation with an inhomogeneous divergence constraint. Two common ways of treating such linear constraints, namely explicit or implicit (via Lagrange multipliers) are studied. These different treatments lead to different variational formulations of the parabolic problem. For these formulations we introduce a modification of the standard discontinuous Galerkin (DG) time discretization method in which an appropriate projection is used in the discretization of the constraint. For these discretizations (optimal) error bounds, including superconvergence results, are derived. Discretization error bounds for the Lagrange multiplier are presented. Results of experiments confirm the theoretically predicted optimal convergence rates and show that without the modification the (standard) DG method has sub-optimal convergence behavior.


Income inequalities have increased in most OECD countries over the past decades; particularly the income share of the top 1%. In this paper we argue that the growing importance of digital innovation – new products and processes based on software code and data – has increased market rents, which benefit disproportionately the top income groups. In line with Schumpeter's vision, digital innovation gives rise to "winner-take-all" market structures, characterized by higher market power and risk than was the case in the previous economy of tangible products. The cause for these new market structures is digital non-rivalry, which allows for massive economies of scale and reduces costs of innovation. The latter stimulates higher rates of creative destruction, leading to higher risk as only marginally superior products can take over the entire market, hence rendering market shares unstable. Instability commands risk premia for investors. Market rents accrue mainly to investors and top managers and less to the average workers, hence increasing income inequality. Market rents are needed to incentivize innovation and compensate for its costs, but beyond a certain level they become detrimental. Public policy may stimulate innovation by reducing ex ante the market conditions which favor rent extraction from anti-competitive practices.


Written in a lively, engaging style, The Food and Drink Police is a thoroughgoing examination and critique of the efforts of government agencies and private organizations (including the Center for Science in the Public Interest, Mothers Against Drunk Driving, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms, and the Food and Drug Administration) to regulate the dietary habits and choices of private citizens. Irreverent, yet always informed, the authors analyze the ideological motivations, spurious science, and assaults on freedom that underlie the activities of these groups. General readers, nutritionists and scientists in general, doctors, and government policymakers will find this indispensable reading. Chapters such as "Eat, Drink, and Keel Over: Lasagna, Egg Rolls, and Popcorn Can Kill" discuss the "evils" of multicultural cuisine and coffee, and the "good news" about junk food. In "care for a Drink?" and "None for the Road" the authors provide an in-depth look at Prohibition 1990s-style; "Glow-in-the-Dark Eggs or Anal Leakage: Pick Your Poison" provocatively fuels the current debate on fake fats and irradiated beef. In The Pleasure Police, David Shaw quotes the psychologist and advocate of "defensive" eating, Dr. Stephen Gullo, as advising his thin-obsessed patients to "drink tomato juice before ordering" in restaurants; tomato juice, after al, is "a natural appetite suppressant." To which Shaw adds, "I assume he also advises his clients to masturbate before making love." James T. Bennett and Thomas J. DiLorenzo expose this sort of convoluted advice in The Food and Drink Police, a timely and important contribution to the cultural debate on government and private choice.


First, this paper establishes the conceptual model of circular agriculture, conducts systematic analysis on the circular agriculture on the basis of conceptual model, and discusses the characteristics of closeness and openness of circular agriculture and relationship between closeness and openness of circular agriculture. Second, this paper introduces the industrial diversity related to circular agriculture, defines the concept of industry and the concept of industries related to agriculture, and illustrates the related industries that are conducive to circular agriculture and the related industries that are not conducive to circular agriculture. Finally, this paper analyzes the mutual relationship between circular agriculture and industrial diversity as follows, in the system of circular agriculture, the industrial diversity can transform the wastes in upstream industries into resources in downstream industries; the industrial diversity creates possibility for recycling of agricultural byproducts; the industrial diversity is conducive to the diversification of industries related to circular agriculture.


Bagjata area is a part of Singhbhum Shear Zone (SSZ) falling within Survey of India Toposheets No. 73J/6, J/7, J/10 and J/11. The Subarnarekha River, Sankh Nala and Gohala faults are major disconti-nuities in the area. An attempt has been made to simulate the regional groundwater hydrodynamics. Few dug-wells were monitored for more than a year to find out the seasonal fluctuation changes in the drainage pattern and groundwater level. Groundwater samples were analyzed for physical and chemical analysis. Results show that one of the major discontinuities in the area-the Gohala Fault controls largely the geohydrodynamics of the area. Discharge of groundwater is of effluence type during all the three seasons. The water is safe for drinking as most of the contaminations are much below the permissible limits. No such previous work has been attempted in this area to investigate the groundwater dynamics and hence the selection of few parameters were assumed and taken from similar surrounding aquifer systems for modeling. The groundwater flow was also assumed to be in steady state. The present paper deals with some important aspects related to the hydrological significance of the Bagjata Uranium mining area and its relationship with the local climate, physiography and meteorology. An attempt is also made to simulate the status of groundwater conditions of hard rock aquifers in the region. Further it envisages the necessity of such study being undertaken in the entire SSZ belt to secure precise information about the surface manifestations which govern the groundwater recharge potentiality as well as its quality.


Using data from January 18, 1996 to March 31, 2011, we construct and evaluate returns on a buy-write strategy on the Russell 2000 index. The results demonstrate that the strategy has consistently outperformed the Russell 2000 index on a risk-adjusted basis, when implemented with one month to expiration calls and when performance is evaluated using standard performance measures. Over the 182-month period of analysis, the RUT buy-write strategy using 2% out-of-themoney, one-month calls generated higher returns than the underlying index (8.87% versus 8.11%) at about three-quarters of the standard deviation (16.57% versus 21.06%). The outperformance is robust to measures which specifically consider the non-normal distribution of the strategy's returns. However, the consistent performance advantage does not remain if we utilize two-month to expiration calls. To evaluate the performance in varying market conditions, we break our sample into sub-periods. Specifically, one of the worst market conditions for the buy-write strategy is March 2003 to October 2007, when the Russell 2000 experiences a high sustained growth at a relatively low volatility. Even in this market environment, we find that the 2% out-of-the-money one-month buy-write strategy outperforms the Russell 2000 on a risk-adjusted basis, returning almost the same returns as the index return at three-quarters its volatility. We provide insight into the sources of the performance. On average, the expiration value of written calls exceeds the premium collected and the transaction costs of writing the call at the bid further increases the losses. However, the buy-write strategy benefits by writing calls at an implied volatility that is generally higher than the realized volatility. In fact, we find that the contribution of the volatility risk premium—the difference between implied and realized volatility—is typically larger than the net losses incurred by the call position or the transaction costs. It appears that the existence of the risk premium is critical to the performance of the strategy. In fact, the (Leland's) alpha of the strategy is typically significantly smaller than the risk premium implying that the buy-write strategy would not provide excess returns in the absence of the risk premium.


CACIC'09 was the fifteenth Congress in the CACIC series. It was organized by the School of Engineering of the National University of Jujuy. The Congress included 9 Workshops with 130 accepted papers, 1 main Conference, 4 invited tutorials, different meetings related with Computer Science Education (Professors, PhD students, Curricula) and an International School with 5 courses. CACIC 2009 was organized following the traditional Congress format, with 9 Workshops covering a diversity of dimensions of Computer Science Research. Each topic was supervised by a committee of three chairs of different Universities. The call for papers attracted a total of 267 submissions. An average of 2.7 review reports were collected for each paper, for a grand total of 720 review reports that involved about 300 different reviewers. A total of 130 full papers were accepted and 20 of them were selected for this book.


The article describes the new method of assessment of microcirculatory blood perfusion and introduction of this method into the study of intranasal drugs effects on mucosal blood flow in the nasal cavity. The research work presents some different groups of drugs — decongestants, physical solutions for irrigation therapy and local corticosteroids. It has been revealed that intranasal decongestants have a significant effect on the intranasal blood flow, but their intake affects the mucosal membrane of the nasal cavity. Other drugs have not shown such negative effects and have not caused tachyphylaxis. Therefore these medicines may be recommended for more common use in ENT-practice.


In Between Feminism and Orthodox Judaism, Yael Israel-Cohen offers an intricate picture of feminist religious identity, resistance, and religious change.


This paper reviews and highlights recent research findings on food web processes since an earlier review by Kimmerer et al. (2008). We conduct this review within a conceptual framework of the Delta–Suisun food web, which includes both temporal and spatial components. The temporal component of our framework is based on knowledge that the landscape has changed markedly from historical conditions. The spatial component of our framework acknowledges that the food web is not spatially static; it varies regionally and across habitat types within regions. The review highlights the idea of a changing baseline with respect to food web function. New research also indicates that interactions between habitat-specific food webs vary across the current landscape. For example, based on early work in the south Delta, the food web associated with submerged aquatic vegetation was thought to provide little support to species of concern; however, data from other regions of the estuary suggest that this conceptual model may not apply across the entire region. Habitat restoration has been proposed as a method of re-establishing historic food web processes to support species of concern. Benefits are likely for species that directly access such restored habitats, but are less clear for pelagic species. Several topics require attention to further improve the knowledge of food webs needed to support effective management, including: (1) synthesis of factors responsible for low pelagic biomass; (2) monitoring and research on effects of harmful algal blooms; (3) broadening the scope of long-term monitoring; (4) determining benefits of tidal wetland restoration to species of concern, including evaluations of interactions of habitat-specific food webs; and (5) interdisciplinary analysis and synthesis. The only certainty is that food webs will continue to change in response to the changes in the physical environment and new species invasions.


The polarization dependence of an arrayed waveguide grating demultiplexer based on Si photonic wires is analyzed. The height and width of the arrayed waveguides are optimized to make the channel spacing polarization insensitive. To make the central wavelength polarization insensitive, different diffraction orders are chosen for TE and TM polarizations, and the remaining polarization-dependent wavelength is compensated with a noncentral input. A detailed design procedure is presented and numerical simulation results are given.


Drug eluting stents (DES) have been successfully implemented in clinical practice in the treatment against coronary artery disease. Compared to the implantation of bare metal stents, restenosis rates decreased significantly after stenting of DES into coronary arteries [1, 2, 3]. This project aims at creating a novel, structured, ceramic drug delivering coating for stent implants. In the following, the preparation of a titanium dioxide (TiO2) film With macroporous drug reservoirs in a mesoporous bulk ceramic is shown. The film is predominantly composed of anatase. The broad pore size distribution has a median pore width below 100 nm. The open porosity of the mesoporous bulk, which is greater than 50%, and the embedded macropores were successfully loaded with Paclitaxel (PTX). The quantity of drug loaded reaches values up to 1.2 mu g/mm(2). The continuous release of the agent into water extends over I month. The biocompatibility of the non PTX-loaded, nanostructured coating tested with primary bovine endothelial cells shows good results regarding the number of living cells, the cell vitality and morphology.


The Palestinian Authority and the Government of Israel have appointed official liaisons to Builders for Peace both to symbolize their endorsement and to facilitate the process where possible. The U.S. Government has provided modest operating funds in support of the effort out of its foreign assistance budget. The World Bank, the Departments of State and Commerce, the U.S. Trade Representative, the U.S. Trade and Development Agency ("TDA"), the U.N. Development Project ("UNDP"), the U.S. Ambassadors and Consuls General in the region and the U.S. Congress have all been consistent supporters of the mission. Individually and collectively, each has endorsed the general proposition that private sector Palestinian development is not just a worthwhile end in itself, but also a precondition to the success of the peace process. The concept has now had two-and-a-half years to germinate . . . and the attentive observer has a right to ask how well Palestinian private sector development is progressing in the real world. The answer is of course more complicated than the question, but the following generalizations are permissible: (1) the diplomatic agenda has moved forward more rapidly than the economic agenda; (2) a number of the economic benefits presumed to be forthcoming with the 1993 breakthrough are only now beginning to materialize, and most remain hypothetical; (3) impediments that would appear inconsistent with the mission's widespread, high level support have plagued many committed investors; and yet (4) there is documentable progress in several key areas that provide a solid basis for hope. PALESTINIAN ECONOMIC PROGRESS UNDER THE OSLO AGREEMENTS


The real-time control of multiple robots requires the design and implementation of innovative techniques to overcome the inherent complexities of a multi-agent closed kinematic system. This paper presents an application of software based control as a means for utilizing novel control algorithms on real-world multiple robotic systems. The configuration and motivation of the robotic system definition, application notes, and results are included. Remote real-time computer control allows software-enabled controllers to handle tasks with far greater computational complexity than through currently available industrial controllers. The methodology is based upon hierarchical interfaces defined by timing and complexity constraints. A supervisory control interface abstracts the control algorithms from the hardware, allowing new tools to be added, removed, or upgraded with minimum system downtime and reconfiguration. In order to demonstrate a real time control task, two industrial 6-axis robots are used to manipulate a common heavy load. The hierarchical control scheme used is devised to manage the interfaces between the manipulators, robot controllers, and a supervisory computer controller. This control system is developed in Mathworks Simulink control environment as a combination of high-level control modules, middleware interface functions, and low-level software drivers.


Abstract The structure of vegetation in grassland systems, unlike that in forest systems, varies dramatically among years on the same sites, and among regions with similar vegetation. The role of this variation in vegetation structure on bird density and nesting success of grassland birds is poorly understood, primarily because few studies have included sufficiently large temporal and spatial scales to capture the variation in vegetation structure, bird density, or nesting success. To date, no large-scale study on grassland birds has been conducted to investigate whether grassland bird density and nesting success respond similarly to changes in vegetation structure. However, reliable management recommendations require investigations into the distribution and nesting success of grassland birds over larger temporal and spatial scales. In addition, studies need to examine whether bird density and nesting success respond similarly to changing environmental conditions. We investigated the effect of vegetation structure on the density and nesting success of 3 grassland-nesting birds: clay-colored sparrow (Spizella pallida), Savannah sparrow (Passerculus sand-wichensis), and bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus) in 3 regions of the northern tallgrass prairie in 1998–2001. Few vegetation features influenced the densities of our study species, and each species responded differently to those vegetation variables. We could identify only 1 variable that clearly influenced nesting success of 1 species: clay-colored sparrow nesting success increased with increasing percentage of nest cover from the surrounding vegetation. Because responses of avian density and nesting success to vegetation measures varied among regions, years, and species, land managers at all times need to provide grasslands with different types of vegetation structure. Management guidelines developed from small-scale, short-term studies may lead to misrepresentations of the needs of grassland-nesting birds.


Representational predicaments refer to situations in which job incumbents believe that dominant authorities are holding incomplete or otherwise incorrect work-related assumptions about them. We carried out qualitative interviews with a diverse and gender-balanced sample of 55 Hong Kong Chinese job incumbents, from whose perspective we identified three broad categories of representational predicament: (1) doing unvalued work; (2) doing thankless work; and (3) being subject to distorted representation. Each category of representational predicament was reported both by female and male informants, with females reporting more representational predicaments than males. Stories of unvalued work referred either to unnoticed and unvalued work, which entailed voluntary care work, or to noticed but unvalued work. Stories of thankless work fell into four subcategories: carrying out a superior's request believed to be illegitimate; pacifying uncivil service recipients; dealing with subterranean internal obstacles; and conducting informal negotiations with troublesome service recipients/suppliers. Stories about being subject to distorted representation fell into six subcategories: being publicly ridiculed or humiliated; having flaws spotlighted but merits downplayed; receiving misattributed blame; being subject to false or misleading uncorrected allegations; suffering prejudicial stereotyping; and receiving reprimands perceived as unfounded. All but two of the representational predicament stories alleged or implied at least one type of ethical problem that concerned breaches of interpersonal justice; violations of, or threats to procedural justice; or indifference toward, or neglect of, the ethics of care. It is inferred that representational predicaments are symptoms of poor ethical climates.


Graphics processing units (GPUs) traditionally have been used to accelerate only parts of the graphics pipelines. The emergence of the new age GPUs as highly parallel, multi-threaded and many core processor systems with the ability to perform general purpose computations has opened doors for new form of heterogeneous computing where the GPU and CPU can be used together in accelerating the underlying computations. General-purpose computing on graphics processing unit (GPGPU, also referred to as GPU) techniques can be used to perform highly data parallel computations and to accelerate some critical sections of an application. Accelerating the computation of fMRI analysis on a graphics processing unit is mainly attractive when used in a clinical environment. In this thesis, I discuss methods which try to exploit the capabilities provided by GPUs to accelerate the analysis of time varying data acquired during fMRI experiments for identifying regions of activity/inactivity. Static activation maps are obtained by inspecting voxels independently with the help of statistical methods in parallel using CUDA (Compute unified device architecture) threads. I provide an efficient strategy for mapping each individual time varying voxels to GPU kernel threads for data parallel analysis of fMRI data and present GPU version of methods used in the fMRI analysis pipeline based on voxel to thread mapping technique. Also, an efficient method for octree based hierarchical clustering of voxels on a GPU and using ii a combination of GPU and CPU for enhanced clustering speedup is discussed. A comparison between the data parallel methods implemented on GPU and the corresponding CPU implementations and overall speed up achieved using combined GPU and CPU implementations in octree based hierarchical clustering is discussed.


Recently, electrical power generation from oceanic waves is becoming very popular, as it is prospective, predictable, and highly available compared to other conventional renewable energy resources. In this paper, various types of nearshore, onshore, and offshore wave energy devices, including their construction and working principle, are explained explicitly. They include point absorber, overtopping devices, oscillating water column, attenuators, oscillating wave surge converters, submerged pressure differential, rotating mass, and bulge wave converter devices. The encounters and obstacles of electrical power generation from the oceanic wave are discussed in detail. The electrical power generation methods of the generators involved in wave energy devices are depicted. In addition, the vital control technologies in wave energy converters and devices are described for different cases. At present, piezoelectric materials are also being implemented in the design of wave energy converters as they convert mechanical motion directly into electrical power. For this reason, various models of piezoelectric material-based wave energy devices are illustrated. The statistical reports and extensive literature survey presented in this review show that there is huge potential for oceanic wave energy. Therefore, it is a highly prospective branch of renewable energy, which would play a significant role in the near future.


Through a diverse research programme, the Tokamak a Configuration Variable (TCV) addresses physics issues and develops tools for ITER and for the longer term goals of nuclear fusion, relying especially on its extreme plasma shaping and electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) launching flexibility and preparing for an ECRH and NBI power upgrade. Localized edge heating was unexpectedly found to decrease the period and relative energy loss of edge localized modes (ELMs). Successful ELM pacing has been demonstrated by following individual ELM detection with an ECRH power cut before turning the power back up to trigger the next ELM, the duration of the cut determining the ELM period. Negative triangularity was also seen to reduce the ELM energy release. H-mode studies have focused on the L-H threshold dependence on the main ion species and on the divertor leg length. Both L- and H-modes have been explored in the snowflake configuration with emphasis on edge measurements, revealing that the heat flux to the strike points on the secondary separatrix increases as the X-points approach each other, well before they coalesce. In L-mode, a systematic scan of the auxiliary power deposition profile, with no effect on confinement, has ruled it out as the cause of confinement degradation. An ECRH power absorption observer based on transmitted stray radiation was validated for eventual polarization control. A new profile control methodology was introduced, relying on real-time modelling to supplement diagnostic information; the RAPTOR current transport code in particular has been employed for joint control of the internal inductance and central temperature. An internal inductance controller using the ohmic transformer has also been demonstrated. Fundamental investigations of neoclassical tearing mode (NTM) seed island formation by sawtooth crashes and of NTM destabilization in the absence of a sawtooth trigger were carried out. Both stabilizing and destabilizing agents (electron cyclotron current drive on or inside the q = 1 surface, respectively) were used to pace sawtooth oscillations, permitting precise control of their period. Locking of the sawtooth period to a pre-defined ECRH modulation period was also demonstrated. Sawtooth control has permitted nearly failsafe NTM prevention when combined with backup NTM stabilization by ECRH.


This paper's intended contribution, in terms of providing an additional angle in the existing Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) state-of-the-art knowledge spectrum, is a dual one. On the one hand, it provides a detailed description of the mode, re-defining BRT as an overall concept by identifying, discussing, and categorizing in a systematic way its strengths and its weaknesses in comparison with rail-based solutions and conventional bus services. On the other hand, it presents in detail a number of selected scheme-oriented applications from around the world, looking into some of the basic ingredients behind BRT's success (or failure) stories. This is a scientific effort that could inform the reader about the current status of BRT inter nationally and about the challenges and opportunities that exist when trying to materialize BRT's potential as an effective urban passenger solution that could challenge the merits of more conventional mass-transit options.


Spatial dependence exists whenever the expected utility of one unit of analysis is affected by the decisions or behavior made by other units of analysis. Spatial dependence is ubiquitous in social relations and interactions. Yet, there are surprisingly few social science studies accounting for spatial dependence. This holds true for settings in which researchers use monadic data, where the unit of analysis is the individual unit, agent, or actor, and even more true for dyadic data settings, where the unit of analysis is the pair or dyad representing an interaction or a relation between two individual units, agents, or actors. Dyadic data offer more complex ways of modeling spatial-effect variables than do monadic data. The commands described in this article facilitate spatial analysis by providing an easy tool for generating, with one command line, spatial-effect variables for monadic contagion as well as for all possible forms of contagion in dyadic data.


A power‐law relation for the frequency–area distribution (FAD) of medium and large landslides (e.g. tens to millions of square meters) has been observed by numerous authors. But the FAD of small landslides diverges from the power‐law distribution, with a rollover point below which frequencies decrease for smaller landslides. Some studies conclude that this divergence is an artifact of unmapped small landslides due to lack of spatial or temporal resolution; others posit that it is caused by the change in the underlying failure process. An explanation for this dilemma is essential both to evaluate the factors controlling FADs of landslides and power‐law scaling, which is a crucial factor regarding both landscape evolution and landslide hazard assessment. This study examines the FADs of 45 earthquake‐induced landslide inventories from around the world in the context of the proposed explanations. We show that each inventory probably involves some combination of the proposed explanations, though not all explanations contribute to each case. We propose an alternative explanation to understand the reason for the divergence from a power‐law. We suggest that the geometry of a landslide at the time of mapping reflects not just one single movement but many, including the propagation of numerous smaller landslides before and after the main failure. Because only the resulting combination of these landslides can be observed due to a lack of temporal resolution, many smaller landslides are not taken into account in the inventory. This reveals that the divergence from the power‐law is not necessarily attributed to the incompleteness of an inventory. This conceptual model will need to be validated by ongoing observation and analysis. Also, we show that because of the subjectivity of mapping procedures, the total number of landslides and total landslide areas in inventories differ significantly, and therefore the shapes of FADs also differ considerably. © 2018 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.


Actors who are involved in innovation face a large, diverse range of – often conflicting – interests from stakeholders in many areas of business and society. Innovations can only succeed if they are aligned with societal demands and supported by a range of factors, such as regulation and technical infrastructures.

Through three studies, this dissertation shows how standardisation helps balance these interests and create foundations for new technologies. The results reveal (1) how standards emerge in highly complex and dynamic processes which may simultaneously rely on coordination in markets, committees, and/or governments to shape emerging technologies. They show (2) a range of strategic options for influencing these processes' outcomes, which are available to companies and other actors. This dissertation also shows (3) how these options can be integrated into managing technology development at the company- and industry levels. Doing so helps ensure that innovations, standards, and regulation are aligned, thus supporting a technology's market introduction. Finally, the dissertation (4) identifies specific strategies that companies follow with regards to the choice of forum where they engage in standardisation, revealing different priorities in firms' activities.

Altogether, this dissertation shows standardisation to be key to achieving the balance of interests that is required for innovations to prosper. Standardisation allows companies and other actors to establish an equilibrium of interests that sets that stage for innovation.


Roman artistic works from the Augustan period begin to use the bodies of women, but also of men and children, to represent the empire as a household with Augustus as its head. Such representations manipulate developing metaphors of family loyalty and paternal control to express the transformative power of Augustus's imperial policies that made former enemies into subjects or cooperative participants in Roman society. The poetry of Ovid reveals the pervasiveness of this imagery and the range of interpretations placed upon it by a member of the elite now subject to an emperor.


This article describes the significant S corporation shareholder basis limitations on pass-through losses. The article focuses on the Internal Revenue Service's (Service) and the courts' strict scrutiny and denial of S corporation shareholder basis when related party debt has been restructured to increase the amount of allowable pass-through losses. The Tax Court, in its recent decision in Culnen v. Commissioner, 79 T.C.M. (CCH) 1933 (2000), rev'd on other grounds, 89 A.F.T.R.2D (RIA) 383 (3d Cir. 2002), has made an affirmative statement that it will not automatically disallow an S corporation shareholder's basis when borrowed funds originate with a related entity. The court's analysis of the requirements for shareholder basis, however, is inconsistent with its analysis in prior decisions and the Service's absolute denial of basis with respect to related party debt restructurings. This article attempts to analyze and reconcile the Tax Court's opinion in Culnen, and Yates v. Commissioner, 82 T.C.M. (CCH) 805 (2001), a subsequent complementary case, with the preceding case law.


Water resources in the armed conflict are facing extensive destruction and pollution. Today, protection of water and water resources has become increasingly important during armed conflict. Water resources can be used as a means of warfare, and are also an important source of sustaining civilian life and survival. The key question is, what are the rules in humanitarian law to protect waters during armed conflict? In short, although there are few rules for protecting waters in armed conflict, there are some rules and documents in international humanitarian law. The most important of these rules are: prohibition of water pollution, prohibition of attack on water facilities, guarantee of drinking water rights of prisoners, prohibition of using water as a destructive weapon, and finally the prohibition of attacks on those water resources, which is necessary for the survival of the civilian population. The main purpose of this paper is that for the first time in Persian literature review and analysis of the rules of international humanitarian law concerning the protection of waters and, for the main audience of governments and international lawyers to develop and provide these rules.


In 2015, the FCC reclassified the framework for regulation of the Internet from Title I of the Telecommunications Act to Title II. This reclassification treats the Internet as a common carrier and bans any vertical agreements between Internet service providers and content providers. Economic analysis shows the 2015 Order harmed consumers and depressed investment. In April 2017, the FCC initiated a proceeding to end the Title II regulatory approach. Such a shift will also replace the categorical ban on vertical arrangements to a regulatory regime grounded by antitrust law and its "rule of reason." Critics argue the antitrust approach cannot reach each of the harms envisioned by proponents of net neutrality or is otherwise insufficient. We explain that the criticism that antitrust cannot reach harm to innovation caused by anticompetitive conduct is wrong as a matter of both antitrust as a matter of theory and practice. We conclude that antitrust is superior to proposed alternatives that would condemn vertical arrangements in broadband markets either on a categorical basis or the plaintiff bearing the prima facie burden of showing proof of harm to competition.


Research Informed Teaching supports the development of students into autonomous independent learners, capable of using and undertaking research, by employing a combination of research-led, research-oriented, research-based and research-tutored teaching techniques (Healey 2005). As part of the Level 5 Business Simulation Unit in the Faculty of Management, an innovative form of problem based assessment has been created in which learning is structured around an ambiguous and complex problem. Tutors become facilitators, supporting and guiding students in their attempt to solve this real-world problem. Working in groups within a simulated environment, students develop a funding application to be submitted to a fictitious government. The students take a personal journey of learning in which they have to first understand the company, the sector in which it operates, the drivers and barriers that it faces, and the products/services that it currently delivers. The students then need to undertake their own research to develop novel project ideas using creative-thinking and innovation techniques. They work together to develop the details of their proposal, thinking about markets, competition, advertising, human resources requirements, funding needs, project planning, risk mitigation and value for money. Based on the Jenkins et al (2007) model of Research Informed Teaching, tutors on the unit bring professional practice experience developing research funding applications which ensures that the teaching is Research-Led, linking the students to external tools, techniques and data sources from which they can develop their ideas and be Research-Orientated, ensuring the students can see the wider context in which their university education is placed facilitates them being Research-Tutored, and supporting the development of their own research ideas ensures they are Research-Based. Healey, M., 2005. Linking research and teaching: Disciplinary spaces, in: R. Barnett (Ed.) Reshaping the university: new relationships between research, scholarship and teaching, 30-42. Maidenhead: Milton Keynes, UK: McGraw-Hill/Open University Press. Jenkins, A., Healey, M. and Zetter, R., 2007. Linking teaching and research in disciplines and departments. York, UK: The Higher Education Academy (HEA).


This book examines poverty as a structural problem caused by the way economic systems operate. It poses a simple question: Why do poor people earn less? Case studies in Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica and Peru find the poor caught in a vicious circle. They lack sufficient access to education, credit and other means to generate income, so they earn lower wages, which in turn prevents them from accumulating the assets they need to increase future income. The authors analyze the ownership and use of income-generating assets, as well as access to them. Where there are market imperfections, they propose policies to ease the constraints faced by the poor in accumulating the human, physical and social capital they need to generate greater income.


This chapter considers how we might locate 'Africa' or 'African Culture' in the letters Lady Margaret Herschel wrote from the Cape of Good Hope between 1834 and 1838. In her four-year residency with her famous astronomer husband, Sir John Herschel, and her growing family (having arrived with three children, aged only 23, she produced a further three children while at the Cape, and another six on her return to England), Lady Herschel was a dedicated correspondent, particularly to her mother 'Mrs Stewart', her brothers in India, China and London, and Sir John's cousins Thomas & Mary Baldwin and his celebrated aunt (his father's assistant astronomer), Caroline Herschel in Hanover. The collection of letters we have also includes one local friend, Mrs Maclear, wife of the Royal Astronomer at the Cape, recent arrivals like themselves.

There is something of a Herschel at the Cape industry, sparked primarily by the prolific professor of astronomy, Brian Warner, at the University of Cape Town. Warner has also taken a great interest in archival material which is not of a scientific nature, editing not only the selection of letters by Lady Herschel, which I am focusing on here, but also her husband's Cape sketches, and their collaboration on botanical paintings; additionally, Professor Warner has edited the papers of Lady Jane Franklin, who visited the Cape with her husband Sir John during the Herschels' sojourn at the Cape and on their way to his Governorship of Van Dieman's Land (now Tasmania).

Warner has done the most to focus readers on Lady Herschel's experience at the Cape, as well as Sir John's. His focus, however, is not on the content of her writing or her travels, which have yet to be given extensive critical analysis. Rather, Lady Herschel's letters – which are introduced by her descendant, John Herschel-Shorland, who has given permission to Warner to reproduce them here – are seen here as a supplement, interesting for what her letters provide regarding Sir John's family life and the social history of the Cape in the early nineteenth century. In addition to Warner's editorial role with regards to Lady Herschel, this chapter will address Elizabeth Green Musselman's fascinating work on Sir John Herschel at the Cape. While attentive to metaphor ('hunt' and 'harvest') in Sir John's diaries and letters from the Cape and incorporating fragments from Lady Margaret Herschel's letters, Green Musselman does not consider questions of gender and empire and how Lady Herschel's letters and botanical paintings significantly expand Herschel's narrative of Africa. Thus if Green Musselman wants to read Herschel in the tradition of scientific explorer-adventurer in the service of Empire, we might consider how Lady Margaret Herschel acts both independently of her husband and as his collaborator in the pursuit of knowledge about 'Africa' or – at the very least, a small corner of the western Cape.

One of the reasons we are gathered here is to debate the very idea of how we 'locate African culture' in our various disciplines and with our different methodologies. Ideas of what is authentic to Africa or authentically African still seem to provoke controversy, despite the inevitable essentialist nature of these very terms. What does it mean, then, to look at the European encounter with Africa in regional and gendered terms? How diverse and how fluid are the identities of the European writing subjects I focus on here, and their impressions of the landscape they have come to temporarily or permanently inhabit? How much does 'Africa' resist colonial inscription?

As you will easily recognize, the phrase 'Out of Africa' in my more specific title alludes immediately to a more famous story of settler-colonial life in East Africa by Karen Blixen, who wrote under the pseudonym Isak Dinesen, and whose autobiographical account in the Highlands of Kenya inspired the popular film starring Robert Redford and Meryl Streep. In Dinesan's book, the romance element that was marginal to her plot was emphasized in the film adaptation at the expense of her story of an encounter with Africa and Africans. But in my casting about for a new title, and in my anxiety that my subject has in fact not enough to do with 'Africa' (which is exactly what intrigued me), I was reminded of an article by J. M. Coetzee which reviews Ali Mazrui's film series on Africa. 'Out of Africa' is now both something of a brandname, and a way to refer to what might be considered a superficial, surface encounter with a continent that has often been spoken of in monolithic terms. (There are similar issues when we look at the series 'Into Africa' with Henry Louis Gates, Jr, and 'Geldof in Africa'.)

The story of the Herschels at the Cape is also a romance of a kind: of serious stargazing, bird hunting, bulb collecting, flower painting, and raising children in the idyllic surroundings of their renamed Dutch homestead Feldhausen (alias 'The Grove'). According to Lady Herschel, her industrious husband is never more 'idle' – a word she uses often – and 'free from anxiety' – than during his time at the Cape, despite the magnificent effort of late nightly watches to sweep the southern hemisphere.

This chapter will consider how Lady Herschel 'maps' the Cape in her letters, and how we might read her narrative of family life at Feldhausen and her tours up-country with Sir John – and the final achievement of an ascent of Table Mountain (and a galloping on horseback across it while apparently four months' pregnant – hence the chair, according to Prof Warner) – as a turning away from or turning to 'Africa', or 'South Africa'. Remembering that her travels took place only 20 years after the Cape was secured by the British (after the end of the Napoleonic Wars), and that she was there to accompany her husband, the famous astronomer, in his mission to sweep the southern hemisphere at 'the far end of Africa' (his phrase), how does her own authorship to a private audience negotiate her own temporary residency in a British colony in Africa? What references does she make, if any, to Africa as a whole, and how much is British possession of the Cape naturalised in the discourse of the time? Does this change significantly, once we get to Lucie Duff Gordon, writing in the 1860s? Can we expect these two liberal-minded women, living quite different lives at the Cape, to share the same political views a generation distant?