The glass transition is a kinetic barrier that divides the behavior of silicate melts into two types, liquid and glassy. Liquid behavior is the equilibrium response of a melt to an applied perturbation, resulting in the determination of an equilibrium liquid property. The equilibrium may be stable (superliquidus) or metastable (subliquidus). Glassy behavior occurs when the timescale of the perturbation is too short for melt equilibration. This can occur when the frequency of an applied sinusoidal perturbation is too high or when the observation time of an experiment is too short. The timeor frequency-dependent response of the structure and properties of a melt to a perturbation is termed relaxation. Liquid and glassy behavior are relaxed and unrelaxed behavior, respectively. Linear viscoelastic theory provides mechanical models for the prediction of the isothermal transition from liquid to glassy behavior. A simple series combination of Hookean spring and Newtonian dashpot (a Maxwell element) is capable of predicting the timescale corresponding to the glass transition from the ratio of the relaxed viscosity to the infinite frequency elastic modulus. We review some experimental work on silicate melts that can be used to constrain the location of the glass transition in time-temperature space at 1 atm pressure (e.g., ultrasonic wave propagation, fiber elongation, torsional testing, scanning calorimetry). The microscopic origin of the glass transition in silicate melts is related to the exchange ofSi-O bonds. Recent" Si NMR work indicates that the Si-O bond exchange frequency matches the timescale of the glass transition. This explains the Newtonian viscosity of silicate liquids. No extended species (e.g., "polymers") can exist at higher temperatures and longer timescales than the lifetime of the fundamental Si-O bond. Silicate melts, however, become non-Newtonian as the strain rate approaches the equilibration rate of the Si-O bonds. Such a correlation between Si-O bond exchange and the viscous flow mechanism, in turn, explains the success of the Eyring relationship in relating high temperature oxygen and silicon self-diffusion to viscosity. Knowledge of the structural relaxation timescale is important in extracting equilibrium information from studies of the structure and properties of quenched glasses. Quench rate-dependent speciation data for glasses imply a temperature-dependence of the species equilibrium in the liquid state. Estimation of the relaxation times associated with the quench rates allows reconstruction of the temperature-dependence of homogeneous equilibria in liquids. Experimental work on silicate melts should consider the location of the experimental method in time-temperature space, with respect to the glass transition. Diffusivity measurements, for example, are influenced by the glass transition. When the duration of a diffusivity experiment crosses the volume relaxation time, an inflection in the temperature-dependence of diffusivity of cations is observed. A second "transition" in diffusivity behavior is expected to occur at higher temperatures when the diffusivity of network oxygen and silicon approaches that of


We provide a class of necessary and sufficient conditions for the dis-creteness of spectrum of Schrödinger operators with scalar potentials which are semibounded below. The classical discreteness of spectrum criterion by A.M.Molchanov (1953) uses a notion of negligible set in a cube as a set whose Wiener's capacity is less than a small constant times the capacity of the cube. We prove that this constant can be taken arbitrarily between 0 and 1. This solves a problem formulated by I.M.Gelfand in 1953. Moreover, we extend the notion of negligibility by allowing the constant to depend on the size of the cube. We give a complete description of all negligibility conditions of this kind. The a priori equivalence of our conditions involving different negligibility classes is a non-trivial property of the capacity. We also establish similar strict positivity criteria for the Schrödinger operators with non-negative potentials.


From constructivist textile and clothing designs by Aleksandr Rodchenko and Varvara Stepanova to the soft sculptures of Claes Oldenburg and Louise Bourgeois, twentieth century artists have looked to fabric and other materials to push artistic production beyond the image and the object. Over the past twenty-five years The Fabric Workshop and Museum, an experimental arts laboratory in Philadelphia, has evolved into an influential contemporary art museum with a significant permanent collection, collaborating with artists to redefine the boundaries of fabric and other innovative materials including rubber, industrial felt, fiberglass, horse hair, hog intestine, and plastic as artistic media. This book, which accompanies a twenty-five-year retrospective exhibition from the collection, highlights more than fifty artists' projects. The artists, designers, and architects include Marina Abramovic, Doug Aitken, Louise Bourgeois, Chris Burden, Felix Gonzalez-Torres, Ann Hamilton, Howard Hodgkin, Anish Kapoor, Roy Lichtenstein, Glenn Ligon, Robert Morris, Louise Nevelson, Faith Ringgold, Yinka Shonibare, Gary Simmons, Robert Venturi and Denise Scott Brown, Carrie Mae Weems, Rachel Whiteread, and Yukinori Yanagi. The essays included in New Material as New Media range from a personal musing on specific art objects to a historical investigation of cloth's use and meaning. The book has an introduction by Mark Rosenthal, interviews by Ruth Fine and Thelma Golden, and essays by Francesco Bonami, Arthur Danto, Larry Rinder, and Robert Storr. New Material as New Media is co-published with The Fabric Workshop and Museum, Philadephia. Please note: This book was published in three different colors--green, pink and purple. Customers can not choose the color they receive.


Viruses have been postulated to be involved in the induction of autoantibodies by: autoimmunization with tissue proteins released by virally induced tissue damage; immunization with virally encoded antigens bearing molecular similarities to normal tissue proteins; or nonspecific (polyclonal) B cell stimulation by the infection. Infectious mononucleosis (IM) is an experiment of nature that provides the opportunity for examining these possibilities. We show here that IgM antibodies produced in this disease react with at least nine normal tissue proteins, in addition to the virally encoded Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen (EBNA-1). The antibodies are generated to configurations in the glycine-alanine repeat region of EBNA-1 and are crossreactive with the normal tissue proteins through similar configurations, as demonstrated by the effectiveness of a synthetic glycine-alanine peptide in inhibiting the reactions. The antibodies are absent in preillness sera and gradually disappear over a period of months after illness, being replaced by IgG anti-EBNA-1 antibodies that do not crossreact with the normal tissue proteins but that are still inhibited by the glycine-alanine peptide. These findings are most easily explained by either a molecular mimicry model of IgM autoantibody production or by the polyclonal activation of a germline gene for a crossreactive antibody. It also indicates a selection of highly specific, non-crossreactive anti-EBNA-1 antibodies during IgM to IgG isotype switching.


In this paper we develop a one-factor non-affine stochastic volatility option pricing model where the dynamics of the underlying is endogenously determined from micro-foundations. The interaction and herding of the agents trading the underlying asset induce an amplification of the volatility of the asset over the volatility of the fundamentals. Although the model is non-affine, a closed form option pricing formula can still be derived by using a Gauss-Hermite series expansion methodology. The model is calibrated using S&P 500 index options for the period 1996-2013. When its results are compared to some benchmark models we find that the new non-affine one-factor model outperforms the affine one-factor Heston model and it is competitive, especially out-of-sample, with the affine two-factor double Heston model.


Background: Mounting prevalence of end-stage renal disease is a major public health problem worldwide, resulting in millions of individuals affected. It is important to note that between 50% to 100% of such group have been found to have at least one or the other dermatological disorder. In the present study we have tried to analyze patients with end stage renal disease who had developed superficial fungal infections. Methods and Findings: In between January 2000 to June 2016, analysis have been made on 2112 patients with end stage renal disease, who were undergoing haemodialysis at least thrice a week for a minimum of three months at our centre. Out of the above 2112 patients, 1500 suspected cases of superficial fungal infections we identified, 1040 cultures tested positive. The macroscopic examination of the scalp, skin and the nails revealed 0.2% Tinea capitis, 28.8% Pityriasis versicolor, 16.7% Tinea corporis, 5.3% Tinea mannum, 32.4% Onychomycosis, 13.5% Tinea cruris and 3.1% Tinea pedis. Culture examination highlighted 29.1% Trichyopyton rubrum, 22.9% Trychophyton mentagrophyte, 5.1% Trychophyton violaceum, 0.9% Trichophyton verrucosum, 0.1% Microsporum canis, 3.1% Epidermophyton flucossum, 3.1% Trychophyton tonsurans, 6.9% Scopulariopsis brevicaulis and 28.8% Malassezia. The predominant clinical abnormality observed was Onychomycosis and the prevalent fungal isolate was Trichophyton rubrum. Conclusion: The current study illustrates that a notable number of patients with the end stage renal disease had a prevalence of superficial fungal infection; hence, a prompt recognition of skin lesion and identification of these superficial fungal infections alarm us to undertake early and judicious management in order to reduce the associated morbidity and thereby improve the quality of life in the said patients.


Games are shaped by the tools we use to make them and our ability to model the concepts they address. Vast improvements in computer graphics technology, processing power, storage capacity, and physics simulations have driven game design for the past forty years, leading to beautiful, spacious, detailed, and highly immersive worlds supporting games that are, for the most part, fundamentally about movement, collision, and other physics-based concepts. Designers use increasingly complex tools that support the creation of these worlds. The games industry is undoubtedly thriving on these technologies, but what comes next? The tools that game designers use today are highly complex–too complex for a growing population of novice designers, and offering little support for reasoning about gameplay–and there are entire genres of games that cannot be made using the tools available to us now.
This dissertation presents the use of procedural content generation to create expressive design tools: content generators that are accessible to designers, supporting the creation of new kinds of design tools and enabling the exploration of a new genre of game involving the deep integration of procedural content generation into game mechanics and aesthetics. The first of these tools is Tanagra, the first ever AI-assisted level design tool that supports a designer creating levels for 2D platforming games. Tanagra guarantees that levels created in the tool are playable, and provides the designer with the ability to modify generated levels and directly control level pacing. The second tool is Launchpad, which supports a designer controlling both component and pacing features of generated levels; its companion game Endless Web uses the generator to create an infinite world for players to explore and alter through their choices. Endless Web is one of a handful of games in a new genre enabled by content generation: PCG-based games. Finally, this dissertation presents a novel method for understanding, visualizing, and comparing a generator's expressive range, thus allowing designers to understand the implications of decisions they will make during the design process.


The launch of the Global War on Terror (GWOT) soon after September 11, 2001 has been predicted to fundamentally alter U.S. foreign aid programs. In particular, there is a common expectation that development assistance will be used to support strategic allies in the GWOT, perhaps at the expense of anti-poverty programs. In this paper we assess changes in country allocation by USAID over 1998-2001 versus 2002-05. In addition to standard aid allocation variables, we add several proxies for the GWOT, including the presence of foreign terrorist groups, sharing a border with a state sponsor of terrorism, troop contribution in Iraq, and relative share of Muslim population. We find that any major changes in aid allocation related to the GWOT appear to be affecting only a handful of critical countries, namely, Iraq, Afghanistan, Jordan, and the Palestinian Territories. The extra resources to these countries also seem to be coming from overall increases in the bilateral aid envelope, combined with declines in aid to Israel, Egypt, and Bosnia and Herzegovina. We do not find that any of our GWOT proxies (or their interactions) are significantly correlated with changes in country allocation of aid flows to the rest of the world, including to sub-Saharan African countries. oncerns that there is a large and systematic diversion of U.S. foreign aid from fighting poverty to fighting the GWOT do not so far appear to have been realized.


Proper preventative diagnosis of different art objects, including wooden, bronze and marble sculptures, frescoes, and paintings (on canvas, wood, metal, and glass), is very important for conservation purposes. Various advanced ultrasonic imaging methods for analysis and assessment of art objects can bring about drastic changes in the regular evaluation and inventory carried out by museums and can bring advanced, powerful, and new techniques for objective assessment of physical conditions of museum resplendence. Using these methods, it will be possible to plan ad hoc repair works on art objects, and, as a result, we will preserve our heritage. The goal of this review is to introduce recent advances in acoustical imaging and quantitative acoustical imaging for the evaluation of art objects. Physical principles as well as experimental fundamentals for quantitative characterization of the contrast response in the acoustic imaging, together with the recent results of technical developments in this field, are discussed. Based on the most successful research results, examples of different applications are provided.


Selective enrichment of phosphopeptides is a key factor for successful detection of protein phosphorylations. Here, three types of mesoporous nanoparticles, ZnSn(OH)6, P0.5–Ti-40 and P0.5–Ti-50, were evaluated for their efficiency in enriching phosphopeptides from β-casein and Arabidopsis thaliana leaf protein tryptic digests and compared with commercially available benchmarks. The three types of nanoparticles had different core metal ions and were synthesized under different reaction conditions, so they showed different characters in phosphopeptide enrichment. Various factors that may affect enrichment efficiency including the peptide to nanoparticle ratio and the composition and concentration of the loading buffer were optimized. Under optimal conditions, the three types of mesoporous nanoparticles were utilized to capture phosphopeptides from the Arabidopsis leaf protein digest. ZnSn(OH)6 can enrich 3557 phosphopeptides with 3826 phosphosites from 1611 phosphoproteins in a 95 min nano-LC/MS run. For P0.5–Ti-40, 1474 phosphoproteins with 3850 phosphopeptides and 4589 phosphosites were identified. For P0.5–Ti-50, 1449 phosphoproteins, 3454 phosphopeptides and 3872 phosphosites were enriched. The three types of mesoporous metal oxide nanoparticles showed excellent enrichment efficiency towards phosphopeptides compared with commercially available benchmarks (TiO2 beads and PolyMAC-Ti) and provided a low cost and efficient alternative for future protein phosphorylation studies.


Consumers' conceptions of a market's institutional logic affect mechanisms of firm–consumer relationships, but are generally neglected in comparative studies of international marketing. This study bridges institutional and relationship marketing theories to examine two questions: do consumers hold meaningful mental models of a market's institutional logics, and do these mental models explain differentiated patterns of market relationships across international contexts? Building on contract-relational duality, we develop a market-level construct for capturing consumers' socially constructed mental models for the institutional logics of market action. We theorize that differences in consumers' institutional logics will influence both their evaluation of a firm's capabilities (first-order effect) and the degree to which they reward a firm through their commitment (second-order effect). These bridging predictions are tested using data from the insurance industry across three international markets. Our results show that the German insurance market is located in the relatively high contracts–low relational quadrant, whereas the US and Dutch markets are both located in the relatively low contracts – high relational quadrant. Our results also suggest that consumer commitment conforms to a principle of alignment such that commitment accrues to providers who align their capabilities with consumers' prevalent institutional logics of the market, and penalizes those who deviate from it.


Contrary to the (in)famous line in the film Zero Dark Thirty, the CIA's torture program was not based on biology or any other science. Instead, the Bush administration and the CIA decided to use coercion immediately after the 9/11 terrorist attacks and then veneered the program's justification with a patina of pseudoscience, ignoring the actual biology of torturing human brains. We reconstruct the Bush administration's decision-making process from released government documents, independent investigations, journalistic accounts, and memoirs to establish that the policy decision to use torture took place in the immediate aftermath of the 9/11 attacks without any investigation into its efficacy. We then present the pseudo-scientific model of torture sold to the CIA based on a loose amalgamation of methods from the old KUBARK manual, reverse-engineering of SERE training techniques, and learned helplessness theory, show why this ad hoc model amounted to pseudoscience, and then catalog what the actual science of torturing human brains – available in 2001 – reveals about the practice. We conclude with a discussion of how process of policy-making might incorporate countervailing evidence to ensure that policy problems are forestalled, via the concept of an evidence-based policy brake, which is deliberately instituted to prevent a policy going forward that is contrary to law, ethics and evidence.


Equine ocular Setariasis is a vision threatening disease of equine, caused by Setaria spp. This clinical communication describes two equine ocular Setariasis cases which were successfully treated with a single dose of ocular Ivermectin injection. Two ponies were referred to the Ambulatory clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka with the complaint of observation of a moving worm inside the anterior chamber of the eye since few days. The cloudiness of the cornea has been gradually increasing since the day the owner observed the worm inside the eye. Upon the clinical examination, both ponies were normal except the signs related to the eye condition including extent lacrimation, and moderate, unilateral corneal opacity. On close examination of the affected eye, the swirling movements of white thread like worm swimming continuously in aqueous humor of anterior chamber of the eye was evident in both cases. The ponies were properly restrained. 0.05ml of 1% ivermectin was loaded in to a sterile 1cc syringe with a 29G needle and was double diluted with normal saline. While the pony's head was held firm, the needle was inserted in to the anterior chamber of the eye and the drug was released slowly. Prophylactic eye ointment containing an antibiotic i.e. 3% Tetracycline Hydrochloride (Galentic®) ointment was prescribed to be applied in the eye twice daily. Within an hour after the ivermectin treatment, the movements of the worm became sluggish and the movements were restricted to the most ventral part of the anterior chamber. The worm which was in the anterior chamber died on the same day of treatment. But few days later, the dead worms had triggered an inflammatory reaction in the eye, thus the animals were treated with an ophthalmic preparation containing NSAID i.e. 0.5% Ketorolac Tromethamine (Ketrosan®) ophthalmic solution. The condition recovered without any impairments of the vision or damages to the eye. Treatment of ocular Setariasis is always being a challenge. There are reported cases of successful surgical and medical interventions for ocular Setariasis in equids. This method would provide a less invasive, quick method done using only a single dose of ocular ivermectin injection in order to treat equine ocular Setariasis.


We extend first-order logic with counting by a new operator that allows it to
formalise a limited form of recursion which can be evaluated in logarithmic
space. The resulting logic LREC has a data complexity in LOGSPACE, and it
defines LOGSPACE-complete problems like deterministic reachability and Boolean
formula evaluation. We prove that LREC is strictly more expressive than
deterministic transitive closure logic with counting and incomparable in
expressive power with symmetric transitive closure logic STC and transitive
closure logic (with or without counting). LREC is strictly contained in
fixed-point logic with counting FPC. We also study an extension LREC= of LREC
that has nicer closure properties and is more expressive than both LREC and
STC, but is still contained in FPC and has a data complexity in LOGSPACE. Our
main results are that LREC captures LOGSPACE on the class of directed trees and
that LREC= captures LOGSPACE on the class of interval graphs.


We introduce a category Prob of probability spaces whose objects are all probability spaces and arrows are corresponding to measurable functions satisfying an absolutely continuous requirement. We can consider a Prob-arrow as an evolving direction of information with a way of its interpretation. We introduce a contravariant functor E from Prob to Set, the category of sets. The functor E provides conditional expectations along arrows in Prob, which are generalizations of the classical conditional expectations. For a Prob arrow f, we introduce two concepts f-measurability and f-independence and investigate their interaction with conditional expectations along f. We also show that the completion of probability spaces is naturally formulated as an endofunctor of Prob.


Since 2015, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) began the process of inculcating culture as part of the United Nations' (UN) post‐2015 Sustainable (former Millennium) Development Goals, which member countries agreed to achieve by 2030. By conducting a thematic analysis of the 25 UN commissioned reports and policy documents, this research identifies 14 broad cultural heritage information themes that need to be practiced in order to achieve cultural sustainability, of which information platforms, information sharing, information broadcast, information quality, information usage training, information access, information collection, and contribution appear to be the significant themes. An investigation of education on cultural heritage informatics and digital humanities at iSchools (www.ischools.org) using a gap analysis framework demonstrates the core information science skills required for cultural heritage education. The research demonstrates that: (i) a thematic analysis of cultural heritage policy documents can be used to explore the key themes for cultural informatics education and research that can lead to sustainable development; and (ii) cultural heritage information education should cover a series of skills that can be categorized in five key areas, viz., information, technology, leadership, application, and people and user skills.


1. Title: The Life of a Child: Learning, Imitating, and Interacting Among Children in the Northern and Ashanti Regions 2. Author: Annie Alexander (firstname.lastname@example.com; Juniata College) 3. Objective: The objectives of this project were three fold i. To observe and record children in communities of both the Northern and Ashanti regions. ii. To record and understand how children grow, learn their role, and interact within these communities iii. To explore the similarities and differences both regions of Ghana 4. Methodology: During the time of independent study, I split my time between the Northern and Ashanti Regions. I lived in a village by the name of Gumo outside of Tamale and in the Ashanti Region; I stayed in Benim located near Ashanti Mampong. While my home was in each respective village, I traveled to surrounding areas to expand the scope of my research and provide conclusive evidence. I spent my time among the children observing, learning, and recording their interactions. Living in the village gave me the chance to experience the daily lives and actions of the children. Using participant and non-participant observation engaging in the lives of the kids I produced the majority of my research. I then, both informally and formally interviewed children of all ages, adolescents, parents, and teachers. This age range provided a solid foundation for my findings. 5. Findings: The data I collected from the village stays covers a vast amount of children and their interactionshow they care for one another, teach, learn, and play. While Gumo and Benim are incredibly different, there was a striking resemblance between the different worlds and the lives of children. In both places, children were all obedient and gave respect to parents and elders. In general, each child will do what he or she can to prove he or she is "moral" or a good person – a benefit to the community. Additionally, lives of children are very physical and hands on whether it was through interactions with other people or doing work for their families. Furthermore, children learn through imitation of all kinds beginning at a young age. To support my findings I had six formal interviews and formal group questions for primary schoolchildren in p5 and p6 at St. Charles r/c Lwanga Primary outside of Tamale metropolis. I also had a variety of informal interviews with children ranging in age from 4 years old to adults in the communities. 6. Conclusion: While riddled with differences the basic lives, games, learning, and roles of children in each village appeared parallel with one another. Being a child in Gumo, Benim, or another village is a life among children emulating the lives of adults and elder peers. Further studies are needed to examine deeper the ways in which children are taught to follow their elders and if they understand the actions, they embody. Additionally, exploring ways in which children express emotions and feelings they have need to be explored. Table of


Urbanization is influencing development of any nation adversely. Rapid Urbanization especially in India is leading to severe problems such as urban poverty, environmental degradation, traffic congestion, etc. A sustainable approach to reduce these problems as well as ensure proper growth of the city is required urgently. A transit-oriented development (TOD) is thus an approach integrating land use and transit systems to maximize access to public transport and solve other problems. Transit Oriented Development incorporates designed residential and Commercial Centers providing proper accessibility to Transit and Non-motorized transportation and encouraging Transit Ridership. Delhi, the capital city of India, has a decennial population growth rate of over 45 % for last six decades. A phenomenal increase in the growth of vehicles (four wheelers, three wheelers, two wheelers and buses) has been observed during 1981-2001. Vehicles increased from 5.13 lakhs in 1981 to 32.38 lakhs in 2001, and the number of buses has grown from 8,600 to 41,483 during this period. There has been a rise of per capita trip rate from 0.72 in 1981 to 0.87 in 2001. Master Plan for Delhi, 1962 emphasized on a poly-nodal, polycentric, distribution of work centers, mainly based on road transport nodes which led to deformation between land use, transport and infrastructure and unplanned haphazard growth of the city. This paper explains the need of Transit oriented development, its importance and possible solutions to congestion problems in Delhi. Current scenario of Delhi transportation system and traffic problems has been studied and impact of implementation of transit oriented development has been identified. Growth trends and respective areas of Delhi are recognized and possible development through TOD is proposed. Equity of access to Transit, reducing dependency on private vehicles, utilization of private investment for funding of public facilities/affordable housing and conservation of environmentally sensitive areas through properly planned development are some of the key objectives of this research.


BACKGROUND
Measurement of saliva microbes is promoted as a way to detect oral and systemic disease, yet there is a multitude of factors that affect the oral microbiome. The salivary microbiome is influenced by oral biofilm of shedding (epithelial) and non-shedding (tooth) surfaces.

METHODS
To gauge the ability of salivary microbial analytics to distinguish between edentulous and dentate oral conditions, we looked for differences in the saliva microbiome of subjects with and without teeth. Fifty-two dentate and 49 edentulous subjects provided stimulated saliva samples. 16S rRNA gene sequencing, QIIME-based data processing, and statistical analysis were done using several different analytical approaches to detect differences in the salivary microbiome between the two groups.

RESULTS
Bacteria diversity was lower in the edentulous group. Remarkably, all 31 of the most significant differences in taxa were deficits that occur in the edentulous group. As one might expect many of these taxa are attributed to dental plaque and gingival sulcus associated bacteria.

CONCLUSION
In sum, the measurement of 16S rRNA genes in the bacteria of the saliva can be used to reproducibly measure differences in the oral microbiome that occur with edentulism, mainly the lack of tooth and tooth-related structures.


Cystic Fibrosis (abbreviated as CF) is a deadly disease with no cure that affects over 70,000 people worldwide every year. In this study, we aimed to discover an efficient way of diagnosing the disease and hence wanted to figure out the best predictor of a newborn's predisposition to developing CF by comparing different nucleotide patterns in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (abbreviated as CFTR) gene. We compared nucleotide sequences from CF patients to healthy humans. We then ran string analyses over each nucleotide sequence, looking for pre-determined patterns. We then compared the patterns we observed in the diseased patients and healthy patients. The pattern that showed the most discrepancy from the diseased gene to the healthy gene was noted as the best predictor of someone's predisposition to CF. In this experiment, we focused on sequences two to eight bases long. We hypothesized the eight-base long sequence "GGGGGGGG" would be the best predictor due to it being that of the greatest length, therefore making the respective nucleotide sequences longer. Furthermore, G is the least common base, so we reasoned that this sequence will be the least common sequence. Because this sequence is least common, a single occurrence of it would be statistically significant. This differs from the current research, as the current research focuses on analyzing point mutations, and not the whole exon. By focusing on the whole exon, we propose a more accurate determination technique because more DNA is being analyzed. We can carry this work forward by using the same code and scientific process on other exons. Overall, we found "TTCCACAG" occurs 9.13 times more in the healthy nucleotide sequence than the mutant nucleotide sequence. Hence, if we can compare the DNA of a newborn to their parents' and the DNA string occurs "TTCCACAG" more often, we can conclude the child may have increased risk of developing CF.


Abstract. To understand the formation conditions of debris-covered glaciers, we examined the dimension and shape of debris-covered areas and potential debris-supply (PDS) slopes of 213 glaciers in the Bhutan Himalaya. This was undertaken using satellite images with 2.5 m spatial resolution for manual delineation of debris-covered areas and PDS slopes. The most significant correlation exists between surface area of southwest-facing PDS slopes and debris-covered area. This result suggests that the southwest-facing PDS slopes supply the largest quantity of debris mantle. The shape of debris-covered areas is also an important variable, quantitatively defined using a geometric index. Elongate or stripe-like debris-covered areas on north-flowing glaciers are common throughout the Bhutan Himalaya. In contrast, south-flowing glaciers have large ablation zones, entirely covered by debris. Our findings suggest that this difference is caused by effective diurnal freeze–thaw cycles rather than seasonal freeze–thaw cycles, permafrost degradation, or snow avalanches. In terms of geographic setting, local topography also contributes to glacier debris supply and the proportion of debris cover on the studied glaciers is suppressed by the arid Tibetan climate, whereas the north-to-south asymmetric topography of the Bhutan Himalaya has less influence on the proportion of debris cover.


Maritime Extractive Reserves, a new type of government-community collaborative management regime, are being established in coastal areas of Brazil in order to protect natural resources while sustaining local livelihoods. The long-term participation of resource users provides the cornerstone of this conservation and development model. This approach to conservation is supported by common property theory that questions the inevitable destruction of collectively managed resources. This thesis explores the relationship between Maritime Extractive Reserves in Brazil and the traditional coastal communities they are created to protect. Specifically, it investigates the quality of the institutions which have traditionally governed the beach seining community in Arraial do Cabo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It then analyses the levels and kinds of participation and perceptions of the newly created Extractive Reserve, which attempts to build upon these traditional relationships. Finally, the study identifies community level factors that constrain or provide potential for long-term participatory conservation in this area. A case study approach is adopted, involving both quantitative and qualitative research methods. Data were collected through a questionnaire, participant observation, formal and informal interviews, focus groups and document review. This hybrid approach enables contextual exploration for which qualitative methods are essential ensuring a higher degree of accuracy and reliability than either could offer in isolation. The data reveal that, although local traditional resource management institutions have a long history and were once effective, they have weakened over time. The data also indicate that there are significant social barriers to collective action within this user group which have implications for the operational viability of the Extractive Reserve concept. These barriers include weak organization, hierarchical structures, high levels of intra-community conflict and mistrust of government. Consequently, both the quantity and quality of participation in the reserve is low and therefore, local fishers are not becoming decisive players in the decision-making process. The implications of these conclusions for future maritime conservation policy in Brazil are explored.


Background: The main philosophy of postgraduate preparation for working in critical care units is to ensure the safety and quality of patients' care. Increasing the complexity of technology, decision-making challenges and the high demand for advanced communication skills necessitate the need to educate learners. Within this aim, a master's degree in critical care nursing has been established in Iran. Current study was designed to collect critical care nursing students' experiences as well as their feedback to the field critical care nursing. Methods: This study used qualitative content analysis through in-depth semi-structured interviews. Graneheim and Lundman method was used for data analysis. Results: The results of the total 15 interviews were classified in the following domains: The vision of hope and illusion; shades of grey attitude; inefficient program and planning; inadequacy to run the program; and multiple outcomes: Far from the effectiveness. Overall findings indicated the necessity to review the curriculum and the way the program is implemented. Conclusion: The findings of this study provided valuable information to improve the critical care-nursing program. It also facilitated the next review of the program by the authorities.


We have applied a birefringent acousto-optic crystal for wavelength tuning of a Ti:sapphire laser. A continuous-tuning range of 12 nm, which was limited by wavelength-dependent angle deviation of the beam def lection in the crystal, was extended to over 100 nm by optical correction. Fast and random access of lasing wavelengths by direct electronic tuning was demonstrated at a pulsed operation of 10 Hz.


Some new faculty must balance the competing demands of the desire to teach effectively while maintaining a heavy teaching load. Oh, and, by the way, along the way to the tenure hurdle, research, professional development, and service duties may distract from family, friends, and real life. Based on the author's participation in the NSF's New Century Scholars (NCS) Workshop at Stanford University as both a scholar (1999) and, subsequently, as a senior scholar (2000), this paper summarizes six useful tips for tenure-track faculty. This second paper in the series by NCS senior scholars provides the perspective of an engineering educator at a California State University campus with approximately 4000 engineering students.


Results are presented of a study of the plasma induced by the irradiation of a steel target by an excimer laser (308 nm, 28 ns, 40 mJ/pulse). Plasmas were formed in atmospheres of air, argon, nitrogen, and helium, at pressures from 0.5 Torr to 760 Torr. The maximum spectral intensity and line-to-background ratio occur in an atmosphere of argon at a pressure of 50 Torr. Spectroscopic techniques were used to measure time-integrated electron temperature and density profiles of the plasmas.


Background: This thesis represents the application of cognitive psychology, specifically phenomena reported in the concepts and categorisation literature, to autism research. The studies reported here tested the claim that prototype formation and therefore prototype effects are impaired in autism (Klinger & Dawson, 2001). The claim is supported by other theories: weak central coherence (Frith, 1989; Frith & Happe, 1994) and a reduced perception of similarity (Plaisted, 2001). Additionally, supporting evidence suggests that individuals with autism do not show prototype effects (Klinger & Dawson, 2001; Plaisted, O'Riordan, Aitken, & Killcross, Submitted). Method: There were three studies each with two participant groups: high-functioning children with autism and a matched control group of typically developing children. The first study used stimulus cards to test whether prototype effects were shown in recognition memory (Experiments 3.1 - 3.3). The second used dot pattern stimuli presented on computer to compare the influences of recognition and categorisation on prototype effects (Experiment 4.1). The final study used stimulus cards to investigate the influence of ambiguity on children's categorisation responses (Experiments 5.1 - 5.3). Results: The majority of participants with autism demonstrated prototype effects similar to those of controls in all three studies. Other findings reported for the autism groups were reduced visual recognition memory for old, meaningless stimuli (Experiment 4.1) and reduced category membership decisions (Experiment 5.3). Conclusion: The convergence of experimental findings showed that most children with autism do show intact prototype effects. These findings limit the theoretical claims presented earlier. The discussion (Chapter 6) also summarises suggestions for future research into visual recognition memory and category membership decisions. Finally it is argued that a major implication of the research presented in this thesis together with other relevant findings is that considerable instability exists (on whether or not participant group differences are shown) both with the demonstration of prototype effects and in the perception of similarity. It is argued that elucidating the causes of instability in the latter is a priority for future research.


OBJECTIVES
To investigate the effects of oral zinc supplementation on: (i) plasma zinc concentrations; (ii) platelet membrane microviscosity in vivo; and (iii) cognitive function of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients.

DESIGN
An open-labelled pilot study.

SETTING
University of Stellenbosch Medical School and Stikland Hospital.

SUBJECTS
Six volunteer AD patients.

OUTCOME MEASURES
Plasma zinc levels, platelet membrane microviscosity and cognition (MMSE and ADAS-cog tests).

RESULTS
Oral zinc supplementation (30 mg/day) did not increase plasma zinc levels significantly, but significantly increased platelet membrane microviscosity (P = 0.02; 6 patients). Four patients, who underwent 12 months of evaluation, showed modest cognitive improvement on psychometric testing (Mini-Mental State Examination and the cognitive portion of the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment scale scores).

CONCLUSIONS
While earlier literature promoted the use of zinc in AD patients, a recent study has contradicted this and implicated zinc in the aetiology of Alzheimer's disease. On the basis of the above results, it may be premature to single out zinc as a causal agent in AD.


Rates of gross primary production (GPP) and respiration (CR) of plankton communities in the upper ocean were evaluated on the basis of a data set comprising 3149 paired light and dark bottle measurements of volumetric GPP‐CR of euphotic zone plankton communities. The data were from 72 published and unpublished reports of measurements made between 1981 and 2011 from the open ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. The data set is dominated by measurements in chlorophyll a (Chl a)‐rich oceans and North Atlantic waters, with a paucity of measurements in the Indian Ocean and South Pacific Ocean. CR scaled as the 3/4 power of GPP with a power slope of 0.79 ± 0.01, implying that the threshold GPP separating heterotrophic from autotrophic plankton communities is 1.26 mmol O2 m−3 d−1. Plankton communities with Chl a < 0.35 mg m−3 tend to be heterotrophic. Both GPP and CR declined exponentially with depth, but the GPP declined faster, at 42% ± 7% m−1, than CR (29% ± 8% m−1), so that CR increases relative to GPP with depth.


Carbon fabric-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites are widely used in aerospace, automotive and construction structures thanks to their high specific strength and stiffness. They can also be used in various products in sports industry. Such products can be exposed to different in-service conditions such as large bending deformations caused by quasi-static and dynamic loading. Composite materials subjected to such bending loads can demonstrate various damage modes - matrix cracking, delamination and, ultimately, fabric fracture. Damage evolution in composites affects both their in-service properties and performance that can deteriorate with time. Such damage modes need adequate means of analysis and investigation, the major approaches being experimental characterisation and numerical simulations. This work deals with a deformation behaviour and damage in carbon fabric-reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates caused by quasi-static and dynamic bending. Experimental tests are carried out first to characterise the behaviour of a CFRP material under tension, in-plane shear and large-deflection bending in quasi-static conditions. The dynamic behaviour of these materials under large-deflection bending is characterised by Izod-type impact tests employing a pendulum-type impactor. A series of impact tests is performed on the material at various impact energy levels up to its fracture, to obtain a transient response of the woven CFRP laminate. Microstructural examination of damage is carried out by optical microscopy and X-ray micro computed tomography (Micro-CT). The damage analysis revealed that through thickness matrix cracking, inter-ply delaminations, intra-ply delamination such as tow debonding, and fabric fracture was the prominent damage modes.

These mechanical tests and microstructural studies are accompanied by advanced numerical models developed in a commercial code Abaqus. Among those models are (i) 2D FE models to simulate experimentally observed inter-ply delamination, intra-ply fabric fracture and their subsequent interaction under quasi-static bending conditions and (ii) 3D FE models based on multi-body dynamics used to analyse interacting damage mechanisms in CFRP under large-deflection dynamic bending conditions. In these models, multiple layers of bilinear cohesive-zone elements are placed at the damage locations identified in the Micro CT study. Initiation and progression of inter-laminar delamination and intra-laminar ply
fracture are studied by employing cohesive elements. Stress-based criteria are used for damage initiation while fracture-mechanics techniques are employed to capture its progression in composite laminates. The developed numerical models are capable to simulate the studied damage mechanisms as well as their subsequent interaction observed in the tests and microstructural damage analysis. In this study, a novel damage modelling technique based on the cohesive-zone method is proposed for analysis of interaction of various damage modes, which is more efficient than the continuum damage mechanics approach for coupling between failure modes. It was observed that the damage formation in the specimens was from the front to the back at the impact location in the large-deflection impact tests, unlike the back-to-front one in drop-weight tests. The obtained results of simulations showed a good agreement with experimental data, thus demonstrating that the proposed methodology can be used for simulations of discrete damage mechanisms and their interaction during the ultimate fracture of composites in bending.

The main outcome of this thesis is a comprehensive experimental and numerical analysis of the deformation and fracture behaviours of CFRP composites under large-deflection bending caused by quasi-static and dynamic loadings. Recommendations on further research developments are also suggested.


Fire and rescue staff routinely endure significant psychological and environmental stress exposure on the job. While much has been done to improve understanding of the physiological effects of exposure to these conditions, little has been done to quantify the inflammatory stress response that firefighters are exposed to during wildfire suppression. Therefore the aim of the present study was to explore whether firefighters experienced a change in inflammatory markers following one day, and across two days of wildfire suppression tasks. Twelve male fire-fighters participated in two consecutive days of live-fire prescribed burn operations in Ngarkat National Park, South Australia. Typical work tasks included lighting burns, patrolling containment lines, supressing spot fires, and operating vehicles. A number of the inflammatory markers changed significantly across the course of a shift and several presented with an attenuated response across the second day. This finding implies that there was a compounding effect of repeated exposure to these stressors which could have considerable implications for managing fire-fighters health and wellbeing over a multi-day campaign. Further research is required to see which fire ground stressor, or combination of stressors is causing these changes in the inflammatory markers across consecutive work shifts.


A new theory 'Energy Theory of Matter & Cosmology', as an alternative theory, is proposed which could explain all the problems with different theories of physics, the main cause of which is space–time concept and resultantly the Big Bang Theory fails. Since it is established that the basic building substance of matter is 'energy' and it has to be under the influence of the Universal Creator this energy is converted into the matter. Energy is the name given to the basic substance of which the matter is made up of unlike the meaning as applies in the adopted main-stream physics. During the process of conversion of energy into particles, the particles attained high velocities and collisions of the particles started. These particles in the process of fusion emit radiation which finally have taken the form of Cosmic Background Radiation and under the influence of the conditions created by the Universal Creator and electromagnetic forces in different forms atoms, mainly hydrogen, started forming. Then these atoms under the influence of the gravitation force, which also being an electromagnetic force, started clustering and thereby stars and other astronomical bodies came into existence.


High-rise buildings are subjected during severe earthquakes and strong winds to intensive large axial and lateral loads, particularly at their lower stories, where the exterior columns experience varying high axial loads. Herein, the seismic performance of two precast high-strength reinforced concrete exterior beam-column joints subjected to different varying high-axial levels is investigated while premature shear failure is generally suspected. High-grade steel bars were used for reinforcement. Splice grout-sleeves and mechanical anchors were used in the columns and beams, respectively. The strength of the concrete was 70 MPa. The maximum axial tension level in columns was 90% of the yield strength of the main bars. Under high axial tension, the tested subassemblies exhibited stable response, good damping characteristics, appropriate lateral force resistance and energy absorption capacity. They performed well within the lateral story drift angle of 3% where the successive failure modes (beam/column flexural yielding followed by joint shear failure) confirmed the appropriateness of the design equations in AIJ and ACI regulations. Furthermore, the use of mechanical anchors proved to be very effective and no sign of concrete crushing (pushing toward the exterior face of the joint) was observed within the lateral story drift angle of 2%.


Background: Risky sexual behaviors (RSBs) are behaviors that could result in unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections. These behaviors are often initiated during adolescence, and the frequency of engagement in such behaviors rises with increasing age during the teenage years. It has been asserted that exposures to sexual materials early in life could lead to early sex debut among adolescents. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the early life exposures contributing to RSBs among basic school pupils in the Twifo Praso District of Ghana. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using a structured questionnaire. Three hundred and sixty basic school pupils were selected by simple random sampling technique. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20. Results: The study found that 64.4% of the respondents have had sexual intercourse at a mean age of 13.7 years. Respondents from polygamous homes were more likely to engage in earlier sexual debut than those from monogamous home (r = 0.0343, P = 0.003). Furthermore, having a high number of friends who have had sex was associated with an early sexual debut (r = 0.720, P = 0.000). Conclusion: Adolescents are initiating sexual intercourse very early in life and this calls for customized reproductive health promotion activities aimed at minimizing risky sexual behaviors. Further studies on how parent–child sexual communication could delay sexual debut are recommended.


Abstract Among the different instruments of collaborative governance, participatory budgeting (PB) is of particular interest in Poland. PB includes the residents who co-decide about local public expenditure. PB proponents suggest that it has the potential to democratize budgeting but others point to the ease with which organized groups sometimes capture the process to serve their interests. The analysis shows that due to the weak axiological grounds that result from the infringements of all nodal public values, e.g. human dignity, sustainability, citizen involvement, openness, secrecy, compromise, integrity, and robustness, PB in Poland has little potential to enhance accountability for the protection of the common good.


Th is article explores the potential for advancing environmental justice (EJ) theory and practice through engaging with Indigenous intellectual traditions. When EJ is grounded in Indigenous epistemological and ontological foundations, a distinct EJ framework emerges, leading to a deeper understanding of Indigenous EJ and to a renewed vision for achieving it. I highlight the emergence of the Anishinaabe philosophy referred to as mino-mnaamodzawin ("living well" or "the good life"), common to several Indigenous epistemologies, that considers the critical importance of mutually respectful and benefi cial relationships among not only peoples but all our relations (including all living things and many entities not considered by Western society as living, such as water and Earth itself). Mino-mnaamodzawin is suggested as a foundational contributor to a new ethical standard of conduct that will be required if society is to begin engaging in appropriate relationships with all of Creation, thereby establishing a sustainable and just world.


The flk-2/flt-3 receptor tyrosine kinase was cloned from a hematopoietic stem cell population and is considered to play a potential role in the developmental fate of the stem cell. Using antibodies derived against the extracellular domain of the receptor, we show that stem cells from both murine fetal liver and bone marrow can express flk-2/flt-3. However, in both these tissues, there are stem cell populations that do not express the receptor. Cell cycle analysis shows that stem cells that do not express the receptor have a greater percentage of the population in G0 when compared with the flk-2/flt-3-positive population. Development of agonist antibodies to the receptor shows a proliferative role for the receptor in stem cell populations. Stimulation with an agonist antibody gives rise to an expansion of both myeloid and lymphoid cells and this effect is enhanced by the addition of kit ligand. These studies serve to further illustrate the importance of the flk-2/flt-3 receptor in the regulation of the hematopoietic stem cell.


Since the advent of smart phone and devices, ubiquitous computing has begun to be been realized in reality. These ubiquitous technologies begun to permeates the daily lives of ordinary individuals by linking information systems that had been developed as information islands. As information technologies and systems are becoming ubiquitous, everybody is now becoming users of technologies and technological services. User typologies developed till now mostly concerned about users in specific domains, such as SNS or mobile phone or specific application. As understanding users is critical not only to understand their needs for new services, but also to comprehend the complex interactive patterns of users using services in IoT age. A typology of IT service users could reduce complexity of understanding user behavior by finding common patterns of users based on their motivation, thought, and actual use. In this study, we have developed a comprehensive user typology via a meta synthetic analysis of research across domains. Using systematic literature review, we collected and analyzed 32 user typologies from 2010 to 2015. As a result, total 14 user types were identified and presented with proposed underlying dimensions.


This guide presents some of the important resources in support of GO111: Introduction to American Politics available via the Colby Libraries and on the Web.


Continuum generation from normally dispersive ultrahigh-numerical-aperture fibers deteriorates in relatively short times, limiting its application as a practical optical source for high-resolution optical coherence tomography. We find that reversible light-induced structural modification of fiber optic materials, rather than permanent optical damage, is responsible for this deterioration. By examining how the optical properties of corresponding light-induced waveguides depend on pumping wavelength, we isolate a waveguide that is beneficial for stable continuum generation. The performance deterioration due to the formation of other waveguides can be reversed by overwriting them with this particular waveguide.


The Internet of Things (IoT) enables connected objects to capture, communicate, and collect information over the network through a multitude of sensors, setting the foundation for applications such as smart grids, smart cars, and smart cities. In this context, large scale analytics is needed to extract knowledge and value from the data produced by these sensors. The ability to perform analytics on these data, however, is highly limited by the difficulties of collecting labels. Indeed, the machine learning techniques used to perform analytics rely upon data labels to learn and to validate results. Historically, crowdsourcing platforms have been used to gather labels, yet they cannot be directly used in the IoT because of poor human readability of sensor data. To overcome these limitations, this paper proposes a framework for sensor data analytics which leverages the power of crowdsourcing through gamification to acquire sensor data labels. The framework uses gamification as a socially engaging vehicle and as a way to motivate users to participate in various labelling tasks. To demonstrate the framework proposed, a case study is also presented. Evaluation results show the framework can successfully translate gamification events into sensor data labels.


ABSTRACT This article discusses collaborative arrangements within the state and looks at their consequences for democratic accountability in networked governance involving public actors at different levels and in different policy areas. Applying an institutional perspective, it examines two such collaborations in Norway: work-related organized crime and vulnerable youths. It finds that horizontal collaborationsincorporate local differentiation and expertise resulting in a 'collaborative culture' facilitating broader involvement and more deliberative processes. However, top-down mechanisms, organizational commitment, resource allocation, and monitoring are also important. The cases demonstrate a shift towards more informal, voluntary, and horizontal accountability existing in the shadow of hierarchy, constraining the collaborative arrangements' effectiveness and making them more complex and multi-layered.


A solvent-based welding process enables the joining of precise, cast polyimide membranes at their edges to form larger precise membranes. The process creates a homogeneous, optical-quality seam between abutting membranes, with no overlap and with only a very localized area of figure disturbance. The seam retains 90 percent of the strength of the parent material. The process was developed for original use in the fabrication of wide-aperture membrane optics, with areal densities of less than 1 kg/m2, for lightweight telescopes, solar concentrators, antennas, and the like to be deployed in outer space. The process is just as well applicable to the fabrication of large precise polyimide membranes for flat or inflatable solar concentrators and antenna reflectors for terrestrial applications. The process is applicable to cast membranes made of CP1 (or equivalent) polyimide. The process begins with the precise fitting together and fixturing of two membrane segments. The seam is formed by applying a metered amount of a doped solution of the same polyimide along the abutting edges of the membrane segments. After the solution has been applied, the fixtured films are allowed to dry and are then cured by convective heating. The weld material is the same as the parent material, so that what is formed is a homogeneous, strong joint that is almost indistinguishable from the parent material. The success of the process is highly dependent on formulation of the seaming solution from the correct proportion of the polyimide in a suitable solvent. In addition, the formation of reliable seams depends on the deposition of a precise amount of the seaming solution along the seam line. To ensure the required precision, deposition is performed by use of an automated apparatus comprising a modified commercially available, large-format, ink-jet print head on an automated positioning table. The printing head jets the seaming solution into the seam area at a rate controlled in coordination with the movement of the positioning table.


In March 2006 the Effective Pre-school and Primary Education Project (EPPE 3-11) team were asked to give evidence on 'Associations between the Pre-School, Home Learning Environment (HLE), Family SES, Ethnicity, Gender and SEN status of children and their attainment at age 7 years' to The Equalities Review team to help inform the consultation paper being prepared for the Cabinet Office. The EPPE team were subsequently commissioned to provide further evidence on equality and inequality in early years education and care. This report to The Equalities Review Team provides an evidential base for practical recommendations that can enhance the life chances and academic success of children who fare poorly at school and are at risk of social exclusion. This commissioned study from the Equalities Review Team brings together important strands of social inequality relevant to the early years phase of education and focuses specifically on the impact of pre-school and the importance of child, family and HLE characteristics on children's development during their early years. It is targeted specifically to inform 'practical action points', i.e. those services or institutions that can be changed in the interest of children from ethnic minorities, from impoverished backgrounds, disadvantaged boys and children with English as an additional language (EAL).


Abstract Indirectly driven double shell implosions are being investigated as a possible noncryogenic path to ignition on the National Ignition Facility. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory has made several technological advances that have produced double shell targets that represent a significant improvement to previously fielded targets. The inner capsule is supported inside the ablator shell by SiO2 aerogel with a nominal density of 50 mg/cm3. The aerogel is cast around the inner capsule and then machined concentric to it. The seamless sphere of aerogel containing the embedded capsule is then assembled between the two halves of the ablator shell. The concentricity between the two shells has been improved to less than 1.5 μm. The ablator shell consists of two hemispherical shells that mate at a step joint that incorporates a gap with a nominal thickness of 0.1 μm. Using a new flexure-based tool holder that precisely positions the diamond cutting tool on the diamond turning machine, step discontinuities on the inner surface of the ablator of less than 0.5 μm have been achieved. New methods have been used to comprehensively characterize each of the targets using high-resolution x-ray imaging systems.


On September 25, 2002, Notice-to-Proceed for a Design/Build Agreement was issued by the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT), directing Tacoma Narrows Constructors (TNC) to design and construct a new parallel suspension bridge on behalf of the Washington State Department of Transportation. The longest suspension bridge to be built in the United States since New York's Verrazano Narrows Bridge opened in 1964, the new bridge will be the first major suspension bridge in the world to be constructed under a Design/Build contracting arrangement with a fixed price and firm delivery date. The new suspension bridge will consist of a 2,800-ft (854 m) mainspan with side spans of 1400 ft (427 m) and 1200 ft (366 m) respectively. Gravity anchorages located on the hillside of the Narrows resist the tension in the main cables by a combination of base friction and passive resistance of the soil. The anchorages are massive reinforced concrete structures each containing 20,600 cubic yards (15,750 m³) of concrete and 900,000 lbs (408,000 kg) of reinforcing steel. Two- and three-dimensional soil-structure interaction analysis was carried out to determine the stability of the anchorage under cable pull and extreme event seismic loads. A global slope stability analysis was also carried out to evaluate the factor of safety against the failure of the hillside on the shoreward side of each anchorage. Two towers, 510 feet (152.5 m) tall, support the main cables. Three post-tensioned concrete struts brace the two legs of each tower. Tower legs were constructed using the jump form method of construction.


This article explores the international law obligations that prohibit torture so to investigate the variety of so-called 'torture-lite' techniques often used during interrogation. More particularly, it examines the specific obligations that states bound by these sources of law bear, and whether there is any merit in the distinction drawn in some treaties between torture, and cruel, inhumane or degrading treatment. What international tribunals and treaty-monitoring bodies have had to say about these specific 'torture-lite' methods of interrogation, whether they constitute a breach of international legal obligations, and whether these obligations are altered as a result of the location of the conduct is considered. In conclusion I offer some critique of the rationality of the interrogative purpose in light of the reality within the 'wild zone of power', and suggest some thoughts on the way forward for the human rights project of prohibiting torture, in light of what can and does occur in this 'wild zone of power'.


Organic thermally activated delayed fluorescent (TADF) materials can harvest 100% of the electrically generated excitons as a result of their small singlet–triplet energy difference. However, maximizing the external quantum efficiency (EQE) of a device also requires enhancing the light out‐coupling efficiency. This work presents a new acceptor–donor–acceptor (ADA) emitter employing an indolocarbazole donor and diphenyltriazine acceptors that show nearly‐completely horizontal orientation regardless of the host matrix, leading to a sky‐blue organic light‐emitting diode (λEL = 483 nm, CIE coordinates of 0.17, 0.32) with EQEMAX of 22.1%, a maximum luminance of 7800 cd m−2, and blue emission.


There is increasing recognition of the importance of identifying and perhaps incorporating into psychological services the spiritual and religious beliefs and practices (SRBP) of patients. Research suggests that psychologists are reluctant to address the SRBP of their patients, because they are unsure how to do so without contravention of ethical standards. Moreover, numerous approaches have been published and promoted, and psychologists may feel overwhelmed by the profusion of advice. We organize the suggested approaches into four categories and place them on a continuum, and we discuss the ethical concerns related to each. At one end is spiritually avoidant care, which entails the attempt to avoid conversations with patients about their SRBP. Given the importance of these issues to psychological health and to understanding the patient, this approach is untenable. At the other end of the continuum, spiritually directive psychotherapy is characterized by an explicit attempt to maintain or change the SRBP of patients. Spiritually integrated psychotherapy entails utilizing SRBP to ameliorate patients' emotional distress. We suggest that psychologists should at least engage in spiritually conscious care, which we characterize as the explicit assessment of the general importance of SRBP to the patient, its influence on the presenting problem, and the potential of SRBP as a resource to help recovery. Specific suggestions are presented for how spiritually conscious care might be implemented. Finally, the need for better training in both basic and specific competencies needed to address patients' SRBP is reviewed.


Introduction: Slum population, ranked among the neediest and ironically, the most underserved group in terms of health care has the worst dietary and nutritional profile. Women of reproductive age residing in slums are especially vulnerable to malnutrition because of social and biological reasons. Hence, the present study was conducted to assess the prevalence of chronic energy deficiency and its socio-demographic correlates among women in various slum areas of Amritsar city. Material and Methods: A total of 30 clusters of 7 units each were taken to make a sample of 210 units. The women who had delivered within one year before the interview were taken as study units. They were interviewed with the help of a pretested proforma Body Mass Index was used to assess the nutritional status of women. Regression analysis was applied to evaluate the effect of various socio-demographic factors on chronic energy deficiency. Results: On bivariate analysis nativity, socio-economic status, literacy, and contact with health worker were the statistically significant factors affecting chronic energy deficiency among women. But, multivariate regression analysis identified only literacy of the women (OR=0.31, CI= 0.11 to 0.83, p= 0.03) as significant factor affecting the nutritional status of women. Conclusion: Literacy of women is the only statistically significant factor determining the prevalence of chronic energy deficiency. Therefore, the overall educational status of women should be improved to have better nutritional health.


American writer and world traveler Constance Fenimore Woolson (1840 1894) was author of more than fifty short stories, four novels, a novella, and numerous poems and travel essays. During her lifetime, she achieved both popular and critical success, but much of her work is no longer available. This volume, as the first anthology to collect representative samples of her stories, travel sketches, poems, and correspondence, represents a major advance toward re-establishing her place in nineteenth-century literature and letters. As these pieces demonstrate, Woolson offered keen observations on the issues she cared most deeply about, namely the cultural and political transformation of the United States in the wake of the Civil War, the status of women writers and artists in the nineteenth century, and the growing implications of nationalism and imperialism. Woolson grew up in Cleveland, Ohio, and began her career writing regional travel stories about the closing of the American frontier in the old Northwest Territories (now known as the Great Lakes region). During the Civil War, she worked for a variety of Union causes and in 1873 moved to St. Augustine, Florida. Traveling throughout the South, she wrote stories and travel narratives that highlighted the wholesale changes facing Americans after the Civil War. In 1879, Woolson left the United States for Europe. There, she engaged her passion for nature and exercised her gift for social satire. In her European writings, she deplored the Americans slavish devotion to the ubiquitous guidebooks of the nineteenth century, and she chose instead to spend long periods of time in one place in order to better learn about it. Throughout her time in Europe (including visits to North Africa), Woolson often commented that she could not describe landscapes, only experience them. By the time of her death in Venice at age fifty-three, she had become convinced that the colonial agendas of the United States and Europe would transform landscapes and peoples in far-reaching and ultimately dangerous ways. This collection features selections from each of the three distinct periods of Woolson s career and includes a chronology of her life and travels. Focusing primarily on Woolson s short stories, editors Victoria Brehm and Sharon L. Dean also include a representative letter, poem, and travel sketch for each section. Victoria Brehm is associate professor of English at Grand Valley State University. She is editor of three anthologies, including A Fully Accredited Ocean: Essays on the Great Lakes and Sweetwater, Storms, and Spirits: Stories of the Great Lakes. Sharon L. Dean is professor of English at Rivier College and is author of Constance Fenimore Woolson: Homeward Bound and Constance Fenimore Woolson and Edith Wharton: Perspectives on Landscape and Art. "


Materials which are both lighter and stronger have faced an increased demand over the past decades to fulfil the requirements across a range of industrial applications. More specifically, demands for titanium alloys have increased significantly due to its high strength to weight ratio which is particularly attractive for increasing fuel efficiency in aircrafts and cars and is also used in biomedical implants. Despite the increasing demand for titanium made products, machining titanium alloys remains a significant challenge. High material strength and hardness lead to excessive heat generation at the cutting zone which accumulates and results in high cutting temperatures due to the poor thermal conductivity. The high cutting temperatures together with inherent material properties of titanium are responsible for short tool life and poor surface finish. Despite the environmental and health drawbacks, a generous amount of cutting fluids is commonly used to control the cutting temperature in machining titanium alloys. However, conventional cutting fluids evaporate at high cutting temperatures which isolate the cutting zone by forming a vapour cushion resulting in further increases in cutting temperatures. This research investigates the effects of cryogenic cooling on machinability of Ti-6Al-4V alloy in CNC milling as compared to conventional dry and wet machining environments. Two literature reviews were conducted and a methodology has been developed and implemented consisting of three experimental stages of i) design and manufacture of a cryogenic cooling system, ii) comparative study of cryogenic cooling with dry and wet machining and iii) optimisation of cutting parameters for cryogenic machining. The major contribution of this research can be summarised as design, realisation and assessment of a novel cryogenic cooling system for CNC milling, termed cryogenic shower, which is retrofitable to an existing CNC machining centre. In addition, the research provides a thorough study on the effects of cryogenic cooling on machinability of Ti-6Al-4V alloy in comparison with dry and wet machining. The studies range from power consumption and tool wear through to surface topography and surface integrity. Furthermore, the optimum cutting parameters for cryogenic machining are identified. The research demonstrates that using the cryogenic shower has significantly improved machinability of Ti-6Al-4V through realisation of higher material removal rates, reduced tool wear and improved surface finish, surface topography and surface integrity.


The ease with which large amounts of data can be collected via the Internet has led to a renewed interest in the use of non-probability samples. To that end, this paper performs a case study, comparing two non-probability datasets – one based on a river-sampling approach, one drawn from an online-access panel – to a reference probability sample. Of particular interest is the single-question river-sampling approach, as the data collected for this study presents an attempt to field a multi-item scale with such a sampling method. Each dataset consists of the same psychometric measures for two of the Big-5 personality traits, which are expected to perform independently of sample composition. To assess the similarity of the three datasets we compare their correlation matrices, apply linear and non-linear dimension reduction techniques, and analyze the distance between the datasets. Our results show that there are important limitations when implementing a multi-item scale via a single-question river sample. We find that, while the correlation between our data sets is similar, the samples are composed of persons with different personality traits .


This is the second of two papers that investigate soil−air exchange of organochlorine (OC) pesticides. In the present paper, a fugacity meter was used to measure soil−air partition coefficients (KSA) under controlled laboratory conditions for OC pesticides in three different soils as a function of temperature and soil organic carbon content. A strong temperature dependence of KSA was observed for all three soils. A linear relationship between KSA and the octanol−air partition coefficient (KOA) was observed for all soils. The enthalpy of soil−air exchange (ΔHSA) was calculated and shown to be slightly greater than the enthalpy of octanol−air exchange or the enthalpy of vaporization, possibly because of interactions between the pesticides and the organic matter in the soil. ΔHSA values were very similar for all soils, irrespective of organic matter content/type. An expression for predicting KSA values on the basis of KOA, fraction of organic carbon, and soil density (Karickhoff relationship) was tested against the chamber measurements and found to produce consistent values of KSA. A small offset was observed between field-derived values of QSA (soil−air quotient, an approximation of KSA) and chamber-derived values of KSA. This was attributed to several factors including possible incomplete equilibrium during the field measurements and fluctuation of meteorological parameters that govern soil−air exchange. Ultimately, the findings of this work and the previous field study of soil−air exchange indicate that the Karickhoff relationship is useful and valid from a modeling standpoint where it is necessary to compromise accuracy in exchange for simple relationships that utilize readily available input data.


CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2008 Abstracts

Abstract #906

Background : Vandetanib (V) is an oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors 2 and 3 and epidermal growth factor receptor. Metronomic chemotherapy, continuous low-dose oral cyclophosphamide and methotrexate (CM), has activity in combination with anti-angiogenic treatments. We sought to define the safety and tolerability of all-oral combination therapy with V and CM in advanced breast cancer. Patients and Methods : Eligible patients (pts) had stage IV breast cancer; measurable disease was not required and stable brain metastases were acceptable. Up to 4 prior chemotherapy regimens were allowable, as was prior bevacizumab. Pts with systemic anticoagulation or QTc abnormalities were excluded. Three sequential dose escalation cohorts of approximately 8 pts were enrolled. All pts received CM (C 50 mg PO qd, M 2.5 mg PO d1-2 q week), and V in 3 dose-escalation cohorts: 100 mg qd (Cohort 1), 200 mg qd (Cohort 2), and 300 mg qd (Cohort 3). Pts received V + CM until progression or unacceptable toxicity; dose adjustments were made for treatment related toxicity. The primary endpoint was safety and toxicity of the regimen; secondary endpoints included response rate, non-invasive vascular analysis of hypertension, and platelet proteomics. Results : 24 pts (median age 49 years) entered the study. 83% had visceral disease, 92% had received prior chemotherapy for metastatic disease (median number of regimens, 2), and 38% had received prior bevacizumab. Median cycles of therapy completed was 2 (range 1-8); median number of weeks on study was 8 (range 2-33). Toxicities in Cohorts 1 and 2 were generally manageable, and most commonly consisted of diarrhea, nausea, fatigue, abnormal hepatic function, and hyperglycemia. Despite fewer cycles of drug exposure, increased toxicity was observed in Cohort 3, including 3 episodes of dose limiting toxicity (mucositis/rash, 1; abnormal hepatic function, 2). One-third of pts required V dose reduction, and 21% of pts came off study for toxicities including cerebrovascular event (1), pulmonary embolus (1), rash (1), abnormal hepatic function (1), and myocarditis (1). Moderate hypertension was observed in 42% of pts, with a single grade 3 event. Of the 20 response-evaluable pts, 2 (10%, 95% CI 1.2 – 31.7 %) demonstrated partial response, one lasting over 30 weeks, and 3 had stable disease > 24 wks (15%, 95% CI 3.2 – 37.9%). Results from correlative vascular hypertension analyses and platelet proteomics will be presented. Conclusions : The all-oral regimen of V + CM was tolerable at a maximum dose of V 200 mg qd. Dose-limiting toxicity was seen in the V 300 mg cohort. Modest clinical activity in this heavily pretreated population was observed, and supports further investigation of this anti-angiogenic regimen in advanced breast cancer.

Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 906.


In a series of experiments in the late 1970s, Alec J. Jeffreys in the UK and Richard A. Flavell in the Netherlands developed a technique to detect variations in the DNA of different individuals. They compared fragments of DNA from individuals' beta-globin genes, which produce a protein in hemoglobin. Previously, to identify biological material, scientists focused on proteins rather than on genes. But evidence about proteins enabled scientists only to exclude, but not to identify, individuals as the sources of the biological samples. By 1979, Jeffrey's experiments on beta-globin genes shifted the analytical approach of scientific identification from proteins to genes to identify an individual's genetic identity. The ability to match a person to a biological sample developed in the 1980s and impacted many fields including paternity testing, forensics, immigration, and body identification.


This section contains problems that challenge students and teachers of college mathematics. We urge you to participate actively in this section by submitting solutions and by proposing problems that are new and interesting. To promote variety, the editors welcome problem proposals that span the entire undergraduate curriculum. Whenever possible, a proposed problem should be accompanied by a solution, appropriate references, and any other material that would be helpful to the editors. Each proposal or solution should be typed or printed neatly on separate sheets of paper, with your name and affiliation (if desired) on each page. Include a self-addressed, stamped envelope or postcard if you want us to acknowledge the receipt of your contribution. Proposed problems and solutions may be mailed to the address provided above or sent via e-mail (as English text or plain TeX) to firstname.lastname@example.com. Solutions to the problems in this issue must be postmarked no later than April 15, 2001.


This study describes the adaptation and validation of the American Institute for Research (AIR) Self-Determination Scale for use in Norwegian research and education. The study contributes to the field by enabling reliable assessment of self-determination of Norwegian students with intellectual disability. The operational equivalence of the construct of self-determination in American and Norwegian culture were examined. The article further describes the adaptations that were made to the scale to ensure its fitness for intended use. Psychometric reliability (Cronbach's and test-retest reliability) was tested on 121 students, and the underlying structure of the scale was examined by means of principal component analysis. The adapted version of the questionnaire (AIR-S-NOR) shows respectable psychometric properties. Suggestions for how the AIR-S-NOR can be used in future research and educational practices are presented.


Direct seeding techniques often result in unsatisfactory outcomes in rangeland rehabilitation, primarily because of low seedling emergence and poor establishment. Seed processing techniques aimed at improving seedling emergence have gained interest by pasture managers. The purpose of this study was to investigate the combined effects of bracteole removal and seeding rate on seedling emergence in seven halophytic species: Atriplex halimus, A. canescens, A. leucoclada, A. nummularia, A. lentiformis, Salsola vermiculata and Haloxylon aphyllum under semi-arid conditions in Tel Hadya (Syria). Each of these species was evaluated for seedling emergence under two seed treatments (bracteoles removed and non-removed bracteoles) with three seeding rates (10, 30 and 60 seeds per pot), in a completely randomised block design. The results showed a positive effect of seed treatment on seedling emergence for all studied species. The native A. halimus had the highest emergence percentages whereas the introduced A. mummularia, had the lowest. However, there were no significant effects of seeding rates on seedling emergence. These results showed that bracteole removal could improve germination and seedling emergence, and potentially increase the rate of establishment of the species studied. Therefore, when implementing rangeland rehabilitation projects, bracteole removal needs to be considered. The native S. vermiculata should be recommended for direct seeding in the West Asia and North Africa region given its high seedling emergence, known high palatability, nutritive value, and high auto-regeneration performance.


Many different health service models for providing neonatal intensive care have been established over the past 30 years, and much of the developed world is moving towards a centralised model of care. At least initially, preterm infants often require specialised care in an intensive care setting. As a result, newborn infants and pregnant mothers may have to move between hospitals for appropriate care because of prematurity or the threat of preterm delivery. Sometimes this move means that the infant and family have to travel hundreds of miles.

This article focuses on the postnatal transfer of preterm infants between hospitals. Antenatal transfer of pregnant women is not considered here, although in utero transfer has better clinical outcomes for mother and infant than transfer after birth. Many of the issues discussed are applicable to transfers within hospitals.

In utero transfer is not always possible—for example, if labour is too advanced. Of the several models for transporting newborn infants, the most sophisticated are regional transport services that carry out all neonatal moves in a defined area using dedicated staff and equipment. These teams are responsible for neonatal transport only and are often "independent," not being affiliated to a particular maternity or neonatal unit. A medical director usually runs such regional services, and the staff carrying out the transports may be medical or nursing staff with other professionals sometimes contributing. Referring hospitals and receiving hospitals do not have to provide staff or equipment, and each transport is undertaken by dedicated staff who have training and experience in transporting sick neonates.

View this table:

Reasons for transferring preterm infants between hospitals

When no regional transport service is available, medical and nursing staff from either referring or receiving units undertake the transport on an ad hoc …


This paper introduces a model of household consumption and savings in which household members have imperfectly aligned altruistic preferences. Specifically, member A values his own consumption more than member B values A's consumption. Each period, members individually choose the amount of household wealth to consume as Nash best responses. At each point in time, the household consumes a higher fraction of wealth than under the full commitment Pareto optimum. Ex-ante Pareto optimal household consumption plans are not subgame perfect because both members wish to deviate to increase their own consumption. As a result the household is willing to pay for a technology that commits them to an optimal lifetime consumption plan. Despite both members individually having time consistent exponential discount rates, equilibrium household consumption dynamics are captured by a single representative agent with hyperbolic time preferences.


Background:Receiving a diagnosis of cancer often means suffering for the affected, but if the individual can see some kind of hope in the situation, it is possible to move on. Coping is a matter of adapting to difficult life situations. Promoting health and quality of life are main objectives when it comes to cancer care. The nurse will see and respond to the patient's experience of illness and suffering and have an ethical approach with a holistic approach.Aim:The aim of the study was to describe patients experiences after receiving a cancer diagnosis.Method:Qualitative litterature review where twelve articles were analysed regarding similarities and differences. Based on the analysis four main categories and three subcategories were identified.Results:Experiences of crisis, after receiving a cancer diagnosis, were dominated by anxiety and uncertainty. To reduce the mental stress and find some kind of security and stability the patients felt a need for information and support. How patients were able to accept their situation and move on was dependent on a positive attitude, a desire to live and the ability to maintain their daily routine.Conclusion:If cancer patients receive appropriate information, at the right times, and various forms of support this will help the individual to find some form of security, stability and hope in the situation


The Eisfabrik is integrally embedded within the historic queer and music sub-cultures operating alongside the Spree River. Queer spaces were a vibrant component of urban life and public culture during the interwar period in Berlin, but were forced to adapt during the 1930s, camouflaging sites of resistance in opposition to the oppressive Nazi regime, which labeled suspected homosexuals with the pink triangle and carried out violent persecution of this group as a part of wider eugenic policies targeted at Jewish citizens. After the 1960s, Queer space evolved into a way to infiltrate a city and subvert heteronormative spaces for same gender sex. Since the 1990s, the "pink dollar" became an integral part of the music subculture and of municipal and corporate advertising strategies. Queer space was itself subverted, and turned into a highly visible marketing strategy, a way to promote nightlife to enrich the city.


Background and Purpose: Muscle atrophy is common in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Although neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is a viable treatment for muscle atrophy, there is no evidence about the use of NMES in patients with RA. The purposes of this multiple-patient case report are: (1) to describe the use of NMES applied to the quadriceps femoris muscles in conjunction with an exercise program in patients with RA; (2) to report on patient tolerance and changes in lean muscle mass, quadriceps femoris muscle strength (force-producing capacity), and physical function; and (3) to explore how changes in muscle mass relate to changes in quadriceps femoris muscle strength, measures of physical function, and patient adherence. Case Description: Seven patients with RA (median age=61 years, range=39–80 years) underwent 16 weeks of NMES and volitional exercises. Lean muscle mass and strength of the quadriceps femoris muscle and physical function were measured before and after treatment. Outcomes: One patient did not tolerate the NMES treatment, and 2 patients did not complete at least half of the proposed treatment. Patients who completed the NMES and volitional exercise program increased their lean muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical function. Discussion: Because of the small sample, whether NMES combined with exercises is better than exercise alone or NMES alone could not be determined. However, the outcomes from this multiple-patient case report indicate that NMES is a viable treatment option to address muscle atrophy and weakness in patients with RA. Strategies to increase tolerance and adherence to NMES are warranted.


The route to chaos through type I intermittency is observed in a gain-modulated cw CO2 laser at a low frequency, 120 Hz. As the current is decreased, the output follows the pattern quasi-periodicity → type I intermittency → chaos → laser off. We characterize the chaos by obtaining the Kolmogorov entropy and prove that the pattern is caused by the unstable discharges.


We previously demonstrated that it is possible to learn position-independent responses to rotation and dilation by filtering rotations and dilations with different centers through an input layer with MT-like speed and direction tuning curves and connecting them to an MST-like layer with simple Hebbian synapses (Sereno and Sereno 1991). By analyzing an idealized version of the network with broader, sinusoidal direction-tuning and linear speed-tuning, we show analytically that a Hebb rule trained with arbitrary rotation, dilation/contraction, and translation velocity fields yields units with weight fields that are a rotation plus a dilation or contraction field, and whose responses to a rotating or dilating/contracting disk are exactly position independent. Differences between the performance of this idealized model and our original model (and real MST neurons) are discussed.


Efficient land and water management require the accurate selection of suitable crops that are compatible with soil and crop water requirements (CWR) in a given area. In this study, twenty soil profiles are collected to represent the soils of the study area. Physical and chemical properties of soil, in addition to irrigation water quality, provided data are utilized by the Agriculture Land Evaluation System for Arid and semi-arid regions (ALES-Arid) to determine crop suitability. University of Idaho Ref-ET software is used to calculate CWR from weather data while the Surface Energy Balance Algorithms for Land Model (SEBAL) is utilized to estimate CWR from remote sensing data. The obtained results show that seasonal weather-based CWR of the most suitable field crops (S1 and S2 classes) ranges from 804 to 1625 mm for wheat and berssem, respectively, and ranges from 778 to 993 mm in the vegetable crops potato and watermelon, respectively, under surface irrigation. Mean daily satellite-based CWR are predicted based on SEBAL ranges between 4.79 and 3.62 mm in Toshka and Abu Simbel areas respectively. This study provides a new approach for coupling ALES-Arid, Ref-ET and SEBAL models to facilitate the selection of suitable crops and offers an excellent source for predicting CWR in arid environments. The findings of this research will help in managing the future marginal land reclamation projects in arid and semi-arid areas of the world.


This address to UNCTAD's 49th Trade and Development Board explores what Rio 20 failed to do: move us toward international consensus on what is appropriate state behavior in the pursuit of a green economy. We have a panoply of unilateral measures employed to capture both environmental and industrial policy-type benefits – from renewable energy subsidies to aviation levies – but little consensus on their propriety. Some are clearly WTO-illegal, some are not, and others occupy a legal grey area. But more important than legality is the question: can they actually be effective both environmentally (in disseminating more green technology) and economically (in fostering mature new entrants and innovators in the green tech space)? And how do we balance any global environmental benefits against the impacts on trading partners? Such questions cannot be answered in the WTO, and are caustic to the WTO's dispute settlement mechanism. But we have no other suitable venues for discussion.