An evaporation system is a network of evaporators and heat exchangers which integrates an evaporation task with existing hot and cold process streams. This paper presents a systematic procedure for synthesizing evaporation systems which feature minimum utility use. A first result in this paper shows that if a minimum utility N+1-effect system does not contain the minimum utility N-effect system, it can be only marginally better. Given the feed and product temperatures, as well as the temperatures of the process streams, we use this insight to select the effect temperatures sequentially using a simple graphical procedure. A second set of results aids in the selection of the two most energy-efficient flowpatterns from among the N! possible in an N-effect system. A third set of results shows where to introduce evaporator bypass. An algorithm is also presented which results in an evaporation system with equal effect areas. We apply the proposed procedure to the design of a triple-effect evaporation system integrated with two process streams. The resulting minimum utility flowsheet requires 17 percent less steam than a more conventional tripleeffect system design.


This thesis examines Chinqua-Penn Plantation, a 1920s mansion located in the Piedmont
of North Carolina. Once a private residence to Thomas Jefferson Penn and his wife, Beatrice
Schoellkopf Penn, the home was donated to the State of North Carolina in the 1960s and was
used as a historic house museum. After years of financial struggle caring for the house, the state
chose to close the museum. The mansion, its outbuildings, and collection of decorative arts are
now for sale.
Most previous treatments of Chinqua-Penn have formed upon curiosity and wonder at its unique
exterior and eclectic furnishings. This thesis presents the home as a historic text from which
information and insight may be gleaned. It progresses through examination of exterior
architecture, floor plan, interior decor, and grounds. In each chapter, the house is compared to
others from a similar time period.
This text presents a new system of classification for the spaces utilized within this
domestic structure. It had previously been the norm to place areas of homes and their grounds
within the categories of ?public? and ?private.? Chinqua-Penn contains myriad spaces used by
owners, guests, and servants. The terms ?civic,? ?personal,? and ?support? are used in this
discussion to better relate the meaning of these areas for their occupants.
Of particular interest is the desire of the Penns to create a permanent home that was
different from others. On the surface, the estate appears unique in its design and interior
furnishings. Upon close inspection, it becomes clear that Chinqua-Penn has more in common
with contemporary mansions than differences in its materials, separation of spaces, and decor.


The Emancipation of Catholics, Jews, and Protestants: Minorities and the Nation State in Nineteenth-Century Europe. Edited by Rainer Liedtke and Stephan Wendehorst. (New York: Manchester University Press. Distributed in the U.S.A. by St. Martin's Press. 1999. Pp. x, 223. $79.95.) The historiography of European religious minorities traditionally focuses upon the idea of emancipation. Concerned primarily with advancing the civil and legal rights of religious minorities, emancipation became the subject of intense debate in several major European countries during the nineteenth century. In their volume entitled The Emancipation of Catholics, Jews, and Protestants: Minorities and the Nation State in Nineteenth-Century Europe, Rainer Liedtke and Stephan Wendehorst offer a series of interesting essays by a group of international scholars who examine emancipation within the context of nineteenth-century nation building. The result is a fine collection of historical studies delineating the process through which Catholics, Jews, and Protestant minorities in nineteenth-century Great Britain, France, Italy, and Germany achieved equal legal standing with members of the majority religious group. Using a comparative historical approach, the essays in this volume offer detailed and critical narratives of how Catholics, Jews, and Protestants gradually became assimilated into the social and political mainstream of nineteenthcentury European life. What emerges is an understanding of the emancipation process within the conceptual framework of European nation building. Thus, each essay seeks to demonstrate that legal and political rights for religious minorities were linked closely to the formation of more modern and secular nation states. Nevertheless, conditions for Catholics,Jews, and Protestants differed widely throughout Europe, influencing the pace of legal and political recognition for each group. For example, in his treatment of French Protestants (pp. 56-82), Andre Encreve notes that Catholic hostility toward the Huguenots was so intense that even by the end of the nineteenth century French Protestants remained a highly suspect community. Similarly, Wolfgang Altgeld's essay on German Catholics (pp. 100-121) documents carefully the political and social oppression Catholics faced within a deeply national Protestant culture. Altgeld, however, attributes Catholic failure to gain "formal" emancipation, not so much to Protestant political and religious antipathy, as to Catholic adherence to the old rural social and economic order. By the 1870's, Germany was transformed into a major industrialized state. Therefore, the failure of many German Catholics to progress economically and socially in a modern industrial society hindered emancipation significantly. But even after Bismarck's Kulturkampf, more progressive and liberal middle-class Catholics favored integration into the wider national community. Even so, emancipation proved a formidable struggle. Like the experiences of French Protestants and German Catholics, other essays in this volume document conditions specific to particular religious minorities. Thus, as Ian Machin explains in his discussion of British Catholics (pp. 11-32), Catholic Emancipation was a direct result of Irish pressure (p. 14), although discrimination against English Catholics socially and professionally continued well into the twentieth century (p. …


Couple therapy research has traditionally utilized either quantitative or qualitative methods to examine the mechanisms of change and outcomes in couple therapy. Also, while studies have examined couples' experiences in therapy, few have specifically examined the most and least helpful aspects of therapy according to the couple. The purpose of the present study was to utilize a mixed-methods design to examine couples' written responses about their experiences in therapy. Two hundred ten individual responses were obtained from a sample of 134 couples who sought Traditional Behavioral Couple Therapy (TBCT) or Integrative Behavioral Couple Therapy (IBCT) for marital distress as part of a larger research project (Christensen et al., 2004). Content analysis of the written responses resulted in five reliably-coded domains; most and least helpful aspects of therapy included therapy, therapist, outcome, client, and logistical factors. Chi-square tests demonstrated treatment group differences on most helpful therapy, therapist, and client factors; and differences between those who recovered and those who deteriorated by 2-year follow up on least helpful therapist and outcome factors. McNemar's tests (McNemar, 1947) also revealed just one significant difference between husbands and wives within IBCT on most helpful client factors. The results particularly suggest that couples in TBCT treatment report different most helpful factors than couples in IBCT treatment. Furthermore, the findings of the five domains found across treatments support the common factors research (e.g., Davis & Piercy, 2007a, 2007b; Sprenkle & Blow, 2004) and have several implications for the clinical treatment of couples. Client Perceptions 1


In the late 1980s and into the 1990s, South Korean social movements converted a former military dictatorship into a more democratic regime, while raising hopes for yet more improvements in the position of Korean workers and farmers. In the 1990s, Thai social movements also cast aside a military dictatorship and opened a period in which popular movements seemed poised to make yet greater gains. Yet as of 2008 it is apparent that social movements in both South Korea and Thailand have faced increased difficulties and have seen a number of significant setbacks. The authors of this article analyze what they take to be one of the reasons for these setbacks: the failure of social movements in both of these countries to more successfully internationalize their efforts. Failed internationalism is far from being the only significant factor in this social movement decline, and, moreover, it has not necessarily occurred in precisely the same way in the South Korean and Thai cases. The authors show, however, that by analyzing similarities and differences in the patterns of social movement decline between South Korea and Thailand one can discern some common conundrums faced quite generally by social movements in an era of neoliberalism and neoconservatism.


Reads from paired-end and mate-pair libraries are often utilized to find structural variation in genomes, and one common approach is to use their fragment length for detection. After aligning read-pairs to the reference, read-pair distances are analyzed for statistically significant deviations. However, previously proposed methods are based on a simplified model of observed fragment lengths that does not agree with data. We show how this model limits statistical analysis of identifying variants and propose a new model, by adapting a model we have previously introduced for contig scaffolding, which agrees with data. From this model we derive an improved improved null hypothesis that, when applied in the variant caller CLEVER, reduces the number of false positives and corrects a bias that contributes to more deletion calls than insertion calls. A reference implementation is freely available at https://github.com/ksahlin/GetDistr.


To evaluate developmental plasticity in thermal tolerance of zebrafish Danio rerio, common-stock zebrafish were reared from fertilization to adult in the five thermal regimes (two stable, two with constant diel cycles and one stochastic diel cycle) and their thermal tolerance at three acclimation temperatures compared. The energetic cost of developing in the five regimes was assessed by measuring body size over time. While acclimation accounted for most of the variability in thermal tolerance, there were also significant differences among fish reared in the different regimes, regardless of acclimation. Fish reared in more variable environments (as much as ±6° C diel cycle) had a greater tolerance than those from non-variable environments at the same mean temperature. Fish from the more variable environments were also significantly smaller than those from non-variable environments. These results indicate that the thermal history of individual zebrafish induces irreversible changes to the thermal tolerance of adults.


Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is the most widespread synthetic polyester, having been utilized in textile fibers and packaging materials for beverages and food, contributing considerably to the global solid waste stream and environmental plastic pollution. While enzymatic PET recycling and upcycling have recently emerged as viable disposal methods for a circular plastic economy, only a handful of benchmark enzymes have been thoroughly described and subjected to protein engineering for improved properties over the last 16 years. By analyzing the specific material properties of PET and the reaction mechanisms in the context of interfacial biocatalysis, this Perspective identifies several limitations in current enzymatic PET degradation approaches. Unbalanced enzyme–substrate interactions, limited thermostability, and low catalytic efficiency at elevated reaction temperatures, and inhibition caused by oligomeric degradation intermediates still hamper industrial applications that require high catalytic efficiency. To overcome these limitations, successful protein engineering studies using innovative experimental and computational approaches have been published extensively in recent years in this thriving research field and are summarized and discussed in detail here. The acquired knowledge and experience will be applied in the near future to address plastic waste contributed by other mass-produced polymer types (e.g., polyamides and polyurethanes) that should also be properly disposed by biotechnological approaches.


A novel high resolution planar optode (HiPO) for two dimensional oxygen and light‐field imaging is presented. Optical cross‐talk effects, limiting the precision and resolution of conventional planar optode setups, could be strongly reduced by the use of a fiber optic faceplate as sensing window. The new device, therefore, allows for accurate calculation of oxygen fluxes and respiration rates from oxygen concentration images, especially for measurements on small scales. In addition, the setup can be used to estimate the distribution of scalar irradiance within illuminated sediments or mats, thus directly linking local light availability to oxygen dynamics at high resolution. Irradiance values obtained with the HiPO were found to be in good agreement with scalar irradiance microsensor measurements in sandy sediment, and a spatial resolution of ~120 µm could be achieved. The performance of the HiPO for oxygen measurements was tested experimentally and the theoretical limit of spatial (~100 µm) and temporal (~10 s) resolution, governed by oxygen diffusion within the sensing layer, was determined by mathematical modeling. Rates of primary production and respiration in sandy sediments were calculated from the transient oxygen concentrations after perturbations in light condition showing a highly patchy distribution on submillimeter scale. These heterogeneities were clearly correlated to local irradiance within the sediment. Spatial correlations of photosynthesis and respiration were strongly dependent on incident irradiance.


Asked about his first sexual experience by an interviewer, Reverend Jerry Falwell said, "I never really expected to make it with Mom, but then after she showed all the other guys in town such a good time, I thought 'What the hell!'" Falwell went on to describe a a Campari-fueled sexual encounter with his mother in an outhouse near Lynchburg, Virginia. Neither the incestuous sex nor the interview ever happened, of course. They sprang from the imagination of a parody writer for Hustler Magazine. When the Campari parody ad appeared in the November 1983 issue of Hustler, the founder of the politically-engaged organization Moral Majority sued, alleging defamation and intentional infliction of emotional distress. The trial and appeals that followed would provide great theater, produce a landmark Supreme Court ruling on the First Amendment, and eventually lead to one of the most unlikely of friendships.


This is a response to the article by Ethan Zuckerman "New Media, New Civics?" published in this issue of Policy & Internet (2014: vol. 6, issue 2). Dissatisfaction with existing governments, a broad shift to "post-representative democracy" and the rise of participatory media are leading toward the visibility of different forms of civic participation. Zuckerman's article offers a framework to describe participatory civics in terms of theories of change used and demands places on the participant, and examines some of the implications of the rise of participatory civics, including the challenges of deliberation in a diverse and competitive digital public sphere. Philip Howard responds.


The catalytic hydrogenation of the LOHC compound dibenzyltoluene (H0-DBT) was investigated by 1H NMR spectroscopy in order to elucidate the reaction pathway of its charging process with hydrogen in the context of future hydrogen storage applications. Five different reaction pathways during H0-DBT hydrogenation were considered including middle-ring preference (middle-side-side, MSS), side-middle-side order of hydrogenation (SMS), side-ring preference (SSM), simultaneous hydrogenation of all three rings without intermediate formation and statistical hydrogenation without any ring preference. Detailed analysis of the 1H NMR spectra of the H0-DBT hydrogenation over time revealed that the reaction proceeds with a very high preference for the SSM order at temperatures between 120 °C and 200 °C and 50 bar in the presence of a Ru/Al2O3-catalyst. HPLC analysis supported this interpretation by confirming an accumulation of H12-DBT species prior to full hydrogenation to H18-DBT with middle ring hydrogenation as the final step.


The successful treatment of extreme shape concern in patients with eating disorders has been shown to be important for their sustained recovery. This case series reports a preliminary investigation of the effects of a new brief cognitive-behavioural intervention for extreme shape concern. The intervention, which is implemented in a single 2-hour session, addresses four mechanisms hypothesized to contribute to the maintenance of extreme shape concern and is designed to be suitable as an adjunct to existing treatments for eating disorders. Participants were five women with extreme shape concern and three female patients with eating disorders. The results indicate that the intervention was effective to various degrees in each participant, and suggest that the intervention warrants further investigation. In particular, methods of increasing the potency of the intervention should be investigated, and its efficacy tested in a larger controlled study.


Social enterprise has been portrayed as challenging neoliberalism, and alternatively, as neoliberalism by stealth. Here we conceptualise social enterprise as a microparadigm nested within wider political and economic frameworks. Our analysis of continuity and change over a period of political and economic crisis in England demonstrates considerable evidence of normative change in the ideas underpinning social enterprise policies. However, further analysis reveals that the (neoliberal) cognitive ideas underpinning the social enterprise paradigm remained intact. This suggests that policy paradigms can accommodate normative differences within a shared cognitive framework, and hence, are more fluid, and have greater longevity, than previously recognised.


We apply social network analysis (SNA) to examine the dynamics of leadership in distributed groups, specifically Free/Libre Open Source Software development projects, and its relation to group performance. Based on prior work on leadership in distributed groups, we identify leaders with those who make the highest level of contribution to the group and assess the degree of leadership by measuring centralization of communications. We compare the dynamics of leadership in two FLOSS projects, one more and one less effective. We find that in both projects, centralization was higher in developer-oriented communications venues than in user-oriented venues, suggesting higher degrees of leadership in developer venues. However, we do not find a consistent relation between centralization and effectiveness. We suggest that SNA can instead be useful for identifying interesting periods in the history of the project, e.g., periods where the leadership of the project is in transition.


The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is a cornerstone of EU policy relating to rural areas. Initially, it aimed to provide a harmonised framework for maintaining adequate supplies, increasing productivity and ensuring that both consumers and producers received a fair deal in the market. These priorities have shifted to environmental and animal welfare concerns, as well as food safety and security aspects. As a consequence, the CAP has gradually moved from a production-based structure of subsidies to a market-oriented system, integrating standards for food, environment and biodiversity, as well as animal welfare. In 2010, the EU launched an extensive debate on the future of the CAP, as the European Union needs a better tailored, reformed Common Agricultural Policy to answer the challenges of food, growth and jobs in rural areas. The European agriculture must address the expectations of rural society and demands of the market concerning public goods, the environment and climate change. This raises questions of whether the CAP payments in the past have been effective in achieving their objectives and whether direct payments should be continued for supporting agricultural environmental issues.


Pro/TOOLMAKER offers the power of high-speed machining for toolmaking, prototypes, and other precision machining applications, with a fast, easy-to-use, NC toolpath programming application. Manufacturing engineers and machinists now have the most powerful package of NC programming capabilities, including NC post-processing and tooling libraries, in a single, stand-alone product package. With Pro/TOOLMAKER, manufacturing engineers can work with data from any CAD system, create associative NC toolpaths directly from CAD models, and leverage concurrent engineering. The result: you have the power to increase product quality, reduce scrap, and shave production time and costs for any design.


Urban areas account for more than 70% of CO2 emissions from burning fossil fuels. Urban expansion in tropics is responsible for 5% of the annual emissions from land use change. Here I show that the effect of urbanization on the global carbon cycle extends beyond these emissions. I quantify the contribution of urbanization to the major carbon fluxes and pools globally and identify gaps crucial for predicting the evolution of the carbon cycle in the future. Urban residents currently control ~22 (12-40) % of the land carbon uptake (112 PgC/yr) and ~24 (15-39) % of the carbon emissions (117 PgC/yr) from land globally. Urbanization resulted in the creation of new carbon pools on land such as buildings (~6.7 PgC) and landfills (~30 PgC). Together these pools store 1.6 (±0.3) % of the total vegetation and soil carbon pools globally. The creation and maintenance of these new pools has been associated with high emissions of CO2, which are currently better understood than the processes associated with the dynamics of these pools and accompanying uptake of carbon. Predictions of the future trajectories of the global carbon cycle will require a much better understanding of how urban development affects the carbon cycle over the long term.


Reduced hydroxyl formation in presensitized fibers exposed to cw 244-nm light after hydrogen outdiffusion is reported. The OH band in the presensitized fiber shifts toward 1390 nm. In the fully hydrogen-loaded fiber the OH band is centered at 1397 nm and does not shift with fluence.


. Learning a new object class from cluttered training images is very challenging when the location of object instances is unknown. Previous works generally require objects covering a large portion of the images. We present a novel approach that can cope with extensive clutter as well as large scale and appearance variations between object instances. To make this possible we propose a conditional random field that starts from generic knowledge and then progressively adapts to the new class. Our approach simultaneously localizes object instances while learning an appearance model specific for the class. We demonstrate this on the challenging Pascal VOC 2007 dataset. Furthermore, our method enables to train any state-of-the-art object detector in a weakly supervised fashion, although it would normally require object location annotations.


Lack of transparency in securitization transactions significantly contributed to the severe financial crisis of 2007–2009. To increase transparency we propose a new mechanism: financial claims with fingerprints. They would allow market participants at each stage of the securitization process to obtain easily full information about the underlying original risks and the superior claims that need to be satisfied before receiving their own payoffs. The fingerprint mechanism would considerably enhance transparency in securitization transactions at the expense of some transaction costs, while reducing the need for government involvement in securitization markets.


Oithona spp. is considered the most abundant and ubiquitous copepod genus in the marine environment, often outnumbering calanoid copepods throughout the year. Previous studies have argued that one of the reasons for such success is that the respiration rate of Oithona spp. is insensitive to temperature changes and lower than in calanoids. However, comprehensive data on the thermal biology of this important copepod genus is lacking. In this study, the respiration rate of adult female O. similis from the English Channel, was measured over the temperature range 4 to 25°C. The respiration rate of O. similis changed exponentially with temperature (ln O2-rate = -3.59 + 0.114 T, df = 35, r 2 = 0.85, p < 0.001, Q10 = 3.1) similar to that of other poikilotherms. Over the temperature range examined, O. similis basic metabolic cost varied from a minimum of ~1.4% body-C d -1 at 4°C to a maximum of 23% body-C d -1 at 25°C, corresponding to an energy demand of ~3% and 32% body-C d -1 respectively. The respiration rate of O. similis, from the present study, is ~8 times lower than that of a calanoid copepod of equivalent body weight estimated from published empirical metabolism-temperature data. We suggest that these differences in metabolic rates may account for the year-round persistence and higher abundances of Oithona spp. over calanoid copepods, particu- larly in oceanic and oligotrophic environments where food resources may be limiting for calanoid copepods.


Abstract:This essay provides a cultural analysis of the work of Trinidadian-born artist Nicole Awai and is derived from a collaborative process between author and artist, including a studio visit in 2014. This discussion presents the author's reflections on the deeper philosophical implications of Awai's work, as an artist striving to represent her Caribbean and diaspora experience in an art practice that moves between mediums. This movement is interpreted as a way of figuring the slippery relationship between multiple perceptual dimensions and real worlds.


We examine the relation between the use of collateral and accounting conservatism for a sample of Chinese firms during 2001 to 2006. China provides a powerful setting for testing the direct effect of accounting conservatism on collateral requirements because of the government's tight control over interest rates during our sample period, which severely limits lenders' use of loan pricing (through interest rates) to differentiate across borrowers with different risks. We document that accounting conservatism and the use of collateral are negatively related, after controlling for firm performance and risk. The negative relation is consistent with collateral and accounting conservatism being used as substitute mechanisms to reduce the agency cost of debt. Further analyses reveal that the substitutive relation is attenuated by borrower and lender state ownership. These results are consistent with our hypotheses that the marginal benefit of accounting conservatism, as reflected in reduced collateral requirements, is less pronounced for state-owned enterprises and for firms that obtain more loans from state-owned banks.


"The Road to Damascus": A church theology perspective This article researches the historical and methodological background to the document The Road to Damascus . Investigation shows that this background is provided by Liberation Theology in general and the views developed by the Ecumenical Association of Third World Theologians in particular. An analysis of the basic line of thought in The Road to Damascus is made, which is then followed by an attempt to enter into a meaningful dialogue with it. Appreciation is expressed for the social concern voiced by the document. Questions are however raised concerning the axiomatic function accorded to social analysis in a theological statement. It is contended that such a socio-analytical method adversely affects the ability to render an historically adequate interpretation of Biblical and secular texts.


Abstract Significant savings are being realized from the consolidated tritium gas-processing operations at the Savannah River Site. However, the trade-off is some reduction of operational flexibility due to decreased storage capacity for process and waste gases. Savannah River National Laboratory researchers are developing an integrated process gas model for tritium processing using Aspen Custom ModelerTM (ACM) software. The modeling involves fully characterizing process flow streams (gas composition, quantity), frequency of batch transfers, and availability of equipment in the flow stream. The model provides a valuable engineering tool to identify flow bottlenecks, thereby enabling adjustments to be made to improve process operations.


Mg2(dopbdc) (H4-dobpdc = 4,4′-dihydroxy-(1,1′-biphenyl)-3,3′-dicarboxylic acid) is an important MOF for its astonishing properties in gas separation and storage, in particular for applications related to CO2 separation. Its technological relevance is limited by its reputation for fast decomposition in air. In this article, this reputation is denied by showing that, if fully desolvated, the MOF is stable in air for 24 h (25 °C and 28–35 RH%), a time sufficiently long to allow its processing in a non-inert environment and its use as a CO2 scrubber in a wet post-combustion flow. In contrast, the material solvated with methanol showed a 93% decrease in surface area under the same conditions. Material activation is proposed here as a simple way to increase the stability of Mg2(dobpdc) in air, by the removal of preadsorbed polar molecules that can act as seeds for water condensation. This work allows us to make some important general considerations which can be taken into account in studies on material sensitivity to air. The importance of quantifing the aging time and testing the materials at different relative humidity is stressed. These parameters are important to determine, when possible, the conditions of use and storage, suitable for large scale processing and applications. Among the adopted characterization techniques (XRD, IR spectroscopy, N2 and CO2 volumetry), N2 volumetry at 77 K turned out to be the most suitable to evidence small variations in the structure due to decomposition. In contrast, CO2 uptake at RT and 1 bar was not a reliable quantity to evaluate MOF stability, because of the significant change in the (apparent) MOF affinity toward CO2 upon damaging.


The article analyzes one of the fundamental rights – the right to maintenance, which proper implementation ensures normal development of the child. This right matches with the duty of parents to maintain their minor children. Paragraph 6 of Article 38 of the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania states that parents have a duty to educate their children to be honest people and loyal citizens, supporting them until adulthood. The obligation to maintain children is established in the first 3.192 Article paragraph of the Civil Code of the Republic of Lithuania, and the responsibility for avoiding to maintain a child is provided in Article 164 of the Criminal Code. The article discusses the fact that the analysis of criminal law rate is not precise enough. Article 164 of the Criminal Code does not match with the child maintenance methods specified in the CC Article 3.196 paragraph 1. Since criminal liability is only for judgment in default in civil cases, a person shall only be liable for breaking the right to maintain a child, provided in the CC 3.196 paragraph 1. This article deeply analyzes the problematic qualification aspects of the avoidance to maintain a child. Some alternative ways of child maintenance are mentioned, as can be chosen from other law instruments (bailiffs, Guarantee child support fund) and it leads to the ultima ratio principle. On the other hand, it is not required to seek alternative remedies for affected interests, and it is possible to initiate a pre-trial investigation. Therefore, this article seeks to identify specific civil and criminal law rules delimitation. Avoidance of child maintenance is an ongoing crime. The main problem in legal practice is to determine an end of this ongoing criminal conduct. The practice of the Supreme Court of Lithuania is not unanimous. In some cases, the end of this ongoing conduct is considered to be a moment when the past judgment has entered into force, in other cases – the moment of indictment. These positions are criticized by many authors and it is suggested to follow the Supreme Court's practice, according to which the moment when a judgment of conviction for the criminal act is passed should be considered as an end of an ongoing criminal conduct.


Peasant-pastoralists land use conflict remains to be the most serious resource-use conflict in Tanzania. The study investigated the role of local authority institutions on land use conflict mitigation between peasants and pastoralists in Kishapu district, Tanzania. A case study design was adapted. A sample of 100 purposively selected respondents constituting peasants, pastoralists and local authority officials participated in the study. Questionnaire survey and in-depth interview techniques were applied in data collection. Descriptive statistics and content analysis were the data analysis techniques used by the study. The study identified that there is a serious land use conflict involving peasants and pastoralists in the study area. The role of local authority institutions (i.e. Village Land tribunals, Ward Land tribunals, District Land tribunals) is awareness raising on land use and management, land use conflict mediation and arbitration, awareness of land policy and judgment of land use cases. However, land use mitigation measures of local authority institutions found to be less effective in combating the prevailing land use conflicts between peasants and pastoralists. The study recommends local authority institutions to effectively use participatory approaches in organizing the land use planning so that peasants and pastoralists can have opportunities in making decisions pertaining to alternative land uses to ensure a sustainable land resource utilization in Kishapu district.


We establish connections between the lattices of non-crossing partitions of type B introduced by V. Reiner, and the framework of the free probability theory of D. Voiculescu. Lattices of non-crossing partitions (of type A up to now) have played an important role in the combinatorics of free probability, primarily via the non-crossing cumulants of R. Speicher. Here we introduce the concept of non-crossing cumulant of type B; the inspiration for its definition is found by looking at an operation of restricted convolution of multiplicative functions, studied in parallel for functions on symmetric groups (in type A) and on hyperoctahedral groups (in type B). The non-crossing cumulants of type B live in an appropriate framework of non-commutative probability space of type B, and are closely related to a type B analogue for the R-transform of Voiculescu (which is the free probabilistic counterpart of the Fourier transform). By starting from a condition of 'vanishing of mixed cumulants of type B, we obtain an analogue of type B for the concept of free independence for random variables in a non-commutative probability space.


This article explores the meeting of two approaches towards philosophy and education: the philosophy for children (P4C) approach advocated by Lipman and others, and Schmid's (2000) philosophical concept of Lebenskunst (the art of living). Schmid explores the concept of the beautiful or good life by asking what is necessary for each individual to be able to develop their own art of living and which aspects of life are significant when shaping a good and beautiful life. One aspect of Schmid's theory is the practical application of philosophy through the notions of Bildung, (self-) refection, prudence and practical wisdom, as well as the requirement for each individual to take responsibility for actively shaping their life as an artwork. In this sense, each person is the artist responsible for living their own beautiful life. We argue that there are some useful parallels between Schmid's concept of the art of living and P4C, such as the ideal of a holistic philosophy that is "lived". The pragmatic approach of P4C focuses on the embodied learner who practices critical, caring and creative thinking. Both P4C and Schmid's theory are reminiscent of the Aristotelian notion of practical wisdom (phronesis), which allows for an approach to an education for life that prepares (young) students to develop their own art of living. We also critically discuss tensions arising between these two concepts.


South Asia combines a low level of regional integration and the presence of relatively high trade barriers. The proportion of trade originating in the region has increased in the last decade but still lags behind many similar regional arrangements. The present study employs an augmented gravity model to examine the impact of a set of macroeconomic and other policy factors on trade flows in the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) region. The interesting finding is that export between two countries would increase by 152.2%, if there exists a bilateral trade agreement between countries compared to country-pairs without having bilateral trade ties. The empirical analysis reveals that reduction in tariff level is also a better measure to improve trade in the region. Further, the study supports specialisation in the region based on the relative factor endowments and cost advantage as well.


Payments for Environmental Services (PES) are praised as innovative policy instruments and they influence the governance of forest restoration efforts in two major ways. The first is the establishment of multi-stakeholder agencies as intermediary bodies between funders and planters to manage the funds and to distribute incentives to planters. The second implication is that specific contracts assign objectives to land users in the form of conditions for payments that are believed to increase the chances for sustained impacts on the ground. These implications are important in the assessment of the potential of PES to operate as new and effective funding schemes for forest restoration. They are analyzed by looking at two prominent payments for watershed service programs in Indonesia—Cidanau (Banten province in Java) and West Lombok (Eastern Indonesia)—with combined economic and political science approaches. We derive lessons for the governance of funding efforts (e.g., multi-stakeholder agencies are not a guarantee of success; mixed results are obtained from a reliance on mandatory funding with ad hoc regulations, as opposed to voluntary contributions by the service beneficiary) and for the governance of financial expenditure (e.g., absolute need for evaluation procedures for the internal governance of farmer groups). Furthermore, we observe that these governance features provide no guarantee that restoration plots with the highest relevance for ecosystem services are targeted by the PES.


This brief overview focuses on three of the main basic phenomena limiting the applications of photocatalysis using semiconductors for the treatment of water, so that this technology has really not gone beyond the demonstration stage aside from niche applications. These phenomena are: the recombination of photogenerated charges; the adsorption of trace organic pollutants; the spectral range of photocatalytic activity. The accomplishments and failures of the various and numerous attempts to overcome these fundamental limitations are summarized and discussed. The emphasis is on the methods susceptible to improve the use of photons, including those in the visible domain to better use solar irradiation if applicable, and to facilitate the contact between the semiconductor and the trace organic pollutants in liquid water. Despite numerous studies, these limitations have not yet been overcome for water purification, because additionally the photocatalysts must contain chemical elements that are both innocuous and inexpensive. However, combinations of TiO 2 and activated carbon might provide materials of interest.


The estimation of the cost of energy of offshore wind farms has a high uncertainty, which is partly due to the lacking accuracy of information on wind conditions and wake losses inside of the farm. Wake models that aim to reduce the uncertainty by modeling the wake interaction of turbines for various wind conditions need to be validated with measurement data before they can be considered as a reliable estimator. In this paper a methodology that enables a direct comparison of modeled with measured flow data is evaluated. To create the simulation data, a model chain including a mesoscale model, a large-eddy-simulation (LES) model and a wind turbine model is used. Different setups are compared to assess the capability of the method to reproduce the wind conditions at the hub height of current offshore wind turbines. The 2-day-long simulation of the ambient wind conditions and the wake simulation generally show good agreements with data from a met mast and lidar measurements, respectively. Wind fluctuations due to boundary layer turbulence and synoptic-scale motions are resolved with a lower representation of mesoscale fluctuations. Advanced metrics to describe the wake shape and development are derived from simulations and measurements but a quantitative comparison proves to be difficult due to the scarcity and the low sampling rate of the available measurement data. Due to the implementation of changing synoptic wind conditions in the LES, the methodology could also be beneficial for case studies of wind farm performance or wind farm control.


A 13-year-old otherwise healthy premenarchal girl presented with acute onset of painful vulvar ulcerations. One day before developing vulvar ulcerations, she experienced flu-like symptoms, including a low-grade fever, cough, sore throat, and myalgia. Results of a throat swab were positive for influenza A infection (polymerase chain reaction [PCR] assay), and the patient was treated with oseltamivir. The patient's constitutional symptoms improved slightly, but within 2 days after her initial presentation, she returned to her primary care provider and described 24 hours of dysuria and vulvar swelling. She had a history of herpes labialis (cold sores) and rare episodes of minor oral aphthae (canker sores) that occurred less than twice a year. The patient denied a history of sexual activity, sexual abuse, or physical trauma. Physical examination showed ulceration and swelling of the labia minora, and the patient received an empiric dose of acyclovir (200 mg 4 times daily) for presumed autoinoculated herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection. An ulcer swab was performed, and urinalysis revealed no evidence of infection. Two days later, the patient presented to the emergency department with increasing vulvar pain and vaginal discharge. The previous ulcer swab findings were negative for HSV (PCR assay), and consequently, acyclovir was discontinued after 1 day of therapy. She received topical viscous lidocaine and an empiric dose of oral fluconazole. The lidocaine provided temporary symptomatic relief. Results of DNA amplification studies were negative for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. A potassium hydroxide preparation was negative for fungi, and an ulcer swab for bacterial culture revealed usual flora. Of note, the PCR assay for Epstein-Barr virus was not performed on ulcer cells. The patient was referred to the department of dermatology, and results of a physical examination showed copious white mucoid discharge and a 2-cm ulceration of the left labia minora (Figure, panel A). Two smaller pinpoint ulcerations and swelling of the left labia minora were also noted. The lesions were clinically indistinguishable from the genital aphthous ulcers of patients with complex aphthosis (recurrent, severe aphthous ulcers on oral or genital mucosa). A diagnosis of ulcus vulvae acutum was made, and treatment was started with clobetasol 0.05% ointment (4 times daily) and lidocaine gel as needed. Four days later, the patient reported marked symptomatic improvement. Physical examination showed near resolution of the large vulvar ulceration (Figure, panel B). The patient tapered use of clobetasol ointment over the next several days until the ulcerations healed completely. Two months after her initial episode, the patient again had 3 small vulvar erosions after symptoms that included low-grade fever, malaise, and vomiting. She did not receive oseltamivir for this illness; clobetasol ointment was applied 4 times daily, and the vulvar erosions ameliorated within a few days. Her constitutional symptoms resolved without treatment. The patient has not experienced any further episodes of vulvar ulcerations in the 18 months after the most recent treatment.


We initiate the study of a new problem on searching and fetching in a distributed environment concerning treasure-evacuation from a unit disk. A treasure and an exit are located at unknown positions on the perimeter of a disk and at known arc distance. A team of two robots start from the center of the disk, and their goal is to fetch the treasure to the exit. At any time the robots can move anywhere they choose on the disk, independently of each other, with the same speed. A robot detects an interesting point (treasure or exit) only if it passes over the exact location of that point. We are interested in designing distributed algorithms that minimize the worst-case treasure-evacuation time, i.e. the time it takes for the treasure to be discovered and brought (fetched) to the exit by any of the robots.
The communication protocol between the robots is either wireless, where information is shared at any time, or face-to-face (i.e. non-wireless), where information can be shared only if the robots meet. For both models we obtain upper bounds for fetching the treasure to the exit. Our main technical contribution pertains to the face-to-face model. More specifically, we demonstrate how robots can exchange information without meeting, effectively achieving a highly efficient treasure-evacuation protocol which is minimally affected by the lack of distant communication. Finally, we complement our positive results above by providing a lower bound in the face-to-face model.


This paper deals with achieving sustainable pedestrian safety in Bangladesh within the concept of safe system approach. The fact is that despite the rapid motorization level in Bangladesh, pedestrians form the largest single user group and accounted for more than half (52 percent) of the reported road traffic fatalities in Bangladesh. Detailed analysis of crash statistics revealed that around 80 percent of pedestrian accidents occurred in urban areas and rest in rural areas. Nearly 50 percent of the pedestrian fatalities occurred on road sides and 22 percent occurred while crossing the road. Children are particularly vulnerable as pedestrians. One third of the pedestrian deaths are under the age of 16 years. Heavy vehicles such as buses and heavy trucks are over involved in pedestrian injuries accompanied by the incidence of high speeding. Hazards and deficiencies associated with road infrastructure and roadside environment are major contributors to pedestrian fatalities. The iRAP infrastructure risk assessment revealed that the major highways are mostly (97 percent) 2-star or less (out of possible 5-star) for pedestrians, indicative of serious deficiencies of pedestrian facilities. Road infrastructure safety is clearly a priority and it is time for Bangladesh to quickly tighten this area for improving pedestrian safety. The relevance and the scope of introducing the new paradigm of safe system approach are briefly outlined in this paper. Some of the effective road infrastructure and speed management related countermeasures which demand priority consideration in delivering sustainable pedestrian safety are also discussed in the paper.


Due to the rapidity of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy, the information about several soil properties in NIR-spectra and the possibility to build robust field instruments, NIR has gained much interest for quantitative on-line soil analysis. As the NIR region mainly consists of broad and overlapping peaks, the spectra have to be evaluated in relation to known reference samples. Especially in on-line analysis, it could be a problem to standardize conditions as sample presentation is automatic and the operator has little control over the sample presentation. In this project, we tested a prototype of a probe with a fibre optic NIR sensor and an inbuilt light source. One spectrum averaged from 50 was saved every seven meters. The spectra showed a large variation in total reflectance and spectral features. The cause for this variation and how it could be handled is discussed.


Despite the increasing policy and academic attention given to child poverty in recent years, little is known about children's perspectives and their experiences of risk, coping and resilience in the context of poverty. The existing child poverty literature is dominated by studies from economics and developmental psychology, which for the most part overlook not only the perspectives of children in poverty but also their use of coping strategies and experiences of resilience. Much can be inferred, however, from studies of the lives of children in developing countries in terms of the active role poor children play in their lives and their families' lives. Additionally, a small but growing number of qualitative child poverty studies in Europe and North America (e.g. Ridge, 2002) have highlighted the resourcefulness and optimism of many children living in poverty. They have shown the merit of prioritizing children's perspectives and experiences or minimally setting them alongside the perspectives of adults in order to understand their lives and concerns fully. This thesis builds on these studies by exploring the lives of children living in poverty that go beyond their material disadvantage or survival. It highlights the priorities, concerns and responses of children living in a context different from the one covered by most of these studies. It also explores the theoretical concepts of coping and resilience to establish whether these constructs can be reliably applied in a society that is very different from the one in which they were developed. The study focuses on Ethiopia, one of the poorest countries in the world. It addresses the perspectives and experiences of twenty-six children (11 girls and 15 boys) between the ages of 11 and 14 in Kolfe area, one of the poorest neighbourhoods in Addis Ababa. It employs qualitative research methods such as semi-structured individual interviews, daily diaries, drawings and timelines with the children. The key finding of the study is that the majority of these children perceive that relationships that are characterized by conflict are more damaging than material poverty. This suggests that research and interventions focusing on poverty not only undermine children's positive experiences and agency but also obscure their real priorities and concerns. The children's accounts further suggest that the theoretical concepts of "coping" and "resilience" are applicable to Ethiopian children, although as in other contexts how the children understand and experience them is influenced by the culture and environment in which they live.


1. A model developed over 20 years ago has been used to estimate daily food intake in brown trout living in streams and lakes over a wide geographical range. The chief disadvantages of this early model are that it is not continuous and requires twelve parameters, not all of which can be interpreted biologically. A new model, using a larger data set, was therefore developed to overcome these problems and estimate the mean daily energy intake.

2. The two data sets used to develop the original model were also used to develop the general form of the new one, but a third data set was used to specify the model more precisely and to estimate the parameters. This third data set originated from experiments in which 185 trout (live weight range 1–350 g) were kept individually at 19 constant temperatures (range 3.8–21.7 °C) usually for 5–6 weeks. They were fed freshly killed shrimps (Gammarus pulex) and their food consumption was recorded throughout each experiment.

3. Five, six and eight parameter versions of the new model were all excellent fits to the data (P 0.99), with the eight parameter version being slightly the best. All parameters can be interpreted in biological terms; three define threshold temperatures, three define the curvilinear slopes in the model over different temperature ranges, one is a weight exponent and one is the maximum daily energy intake of a 1 g trout. The simpler six parameter model was adequate at temperatures above 7 °C.

4. An additional experiment with twenty-eight trout feeding on six different invertebrate foods provided estimates of energy intake that were very similar to those predicted from the model. However, when daily intake was converted to dry weight, agreement with values from the model (also as dry weight) was poor. Possible reasons for this are discussed, as are other studies using the earlier model, and it is shown that different conclusions can be reached depending upon whether comparisons are based on units of energy, dry weight or wet weight.


Some advantages of predicting reliability include providing advance warning signs of failure, and the reduction of life cycle costs by reducing inspection and unscheduled maintenance. However, predictions can be inaccurate if they do not account for the actual environments that the product is subjected to in its li8fe cycle. This paper describes an in-situ sensor (prognostic monitor) approach, which can be used to estimate the accumulated damage and the remaining life of semiconductor devices.


The treatment of epilepsy using antiepileptogenic drugs is complicated by drug resistance, resulting in treatment failure in more than one-third of cases. Human P-glycoprotein (hPGP;MDR1) is a known epileptogenic mediator.Given that experimental investigations have suggested a role for pharmacogenetics in this treatment failure, it would be of interest to study hPGP polymorphisms that might contribute to the emergence of drug resistance. Changes in protein functional activity could result from mutations as well as altered abundance. Bioinformatics approaches were used to assess and rank the functional impact of 20 missenseMDR1polymorphisms and the top five were selected. The structures of the wildtype and variant hPGP were modelled based on the mouse PGP structure. Docking studies of the wildtype and variant hPGP with four standard anti-epileptic drugs were carried out.Our results revealed that the drug binding site with respect to the wildtype protein was uniform. However, the variant hPGP proteins displayed a repertoire of binding sites with stronger binding affinities towards the drug.Our studies indicated that specific polymorphisms inMDR1could drive conformational changes of PGP structure, facilitating altered contacts with drug-substrates and thus modifying their bioavailability. This suggests thatMDR1polymorphisms could actively contribute to the emergence of pharmaco-resistance in antiepileptic therapy.


This paper reviews the experience of the use of computable or applied general equilibrium (CGE or AGE) models to affect public policy. The range of issues on which CGE models have had an influence is quite wide, and includes structural adjustment policies, international trade, public finance, agriculture, income distribution, and energy and environmental policy. In the cases where CGE models have enlightened the policy debate, the reasons have to do with one or more of the following: (i) consistency between results from CGE models and other types of analysis (for instance in the debate on NAFTA); (ii) the fact that the CGE models captured particular features of the economy, such as some structural rigidities and institutional constraints, that rules of thumb, based on simpler analysis failed to capture; or (iii) CGE models provided a consistent framework to assess the linkages and tradeoffs among different policy packages. We also consider misuses of CGE models in policy debates. Most of these stem from: (i) pushing the model beyond its domain of applicability; (ii) violating the principle of Occam's razor—use the simplest model suited to the task; (iii) the "black box syndrome"—results whose link with the policy change is opaque. In assessing the use of models in policy, it is important to distinguish between stylized and applied models. Both have been used in policy debates, but there are important differences in their uses, particularly in their domain of applicability. Stylized models tend to be small, narrowly focused, and emphasize a particular causal chain or policy. Applied models are usually larger, seek to capture important institutional characteristics of the economy being modeled, and encompass a wider spectrum of issues; but they are vulnerable to the black-box syndrome and violation of Occam's razor. Complementary use of stylized and applied CGE models has enhanced the effectiveness of both in policy debates.


In 2006, events surrounding the University of Geneva led to the resignation of its executive board, and a political reform of the institution. This case constitutes a typical example of where a crisis is strengthened, and even created, by inappropriate information-management. Such situations, in which material damages and personal harm are generally quite limited, are increasingly frequent and have a particularly important impact on public trust in political and administrative institutions. The main aim of this paper is to identify the characteristics of this type of crisis, and errors linked to it from a media-communications perspective. This will be done through an analysis of publications in four different newspapers, as well as of official documents and statements from the period during which the crisis took place and in the months that followed.


Alzheimer´s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia and has no successful treatment. Vascular Dementia (VaD) is the second common cause of dementia and the borderlines between AD and VaD are blurred in many cases. While age remains the main risk factor to suffer AD, in the last few years epidemiological and clinical studies have identified different metabolic alterations as risk factors to develop AD. Following this idea diabetes mellitus (DM) seems to play a relevant role at this level. Nevertheless, basic science studies are limited and the underlying mechanisms for this relationship (AD-DM) remain largely unknown. In order to explore the close relationship between both pathologies, we have developed 3 animal models using a classical model of AD, the APPswe/PS1dE9 mouse (APP/PS1) in that we have induced a prediabetic state by administering high fat diet (HFD), type 1 diabetes (T1D) by administering streptozotozin (STZ) and T2D by crossing them with the db/db mouse. While db/db mice have been widely used in metabolic studies, they have not been fully characterized at central level. We observed that db/db mice per se show vascular damage, brain atrophy and increased tau phosphorylation in an age dependent manner. They also present increased neurogenesis, which decreases as T2D evolves. In our prediabetes-AD model, induced in APP/PS1 mice by long-term HFD treatment, we detected learning and memory impairments. We observed a significant increase in tau hyperphosphorylation and amyloid-β (Aβ) pathology, including Aβ levels and amyloid burden. Microglia activation was also significantly increased in prediabetic-AD mice. Our data show that the prediabetic state is enough to worsen central pathology in APP/PS1 mice. On the other hand, we have induced experimental T1D diabetes to APP/PS1 mice by ip STZ injection at 18 weeks of age, when AD pathology is not yet established in this animal model. Cognition was evaluated at 26 weeks of age, and in our hands cognitive impairment was exacerbated in STZ-treated APP/PS1 mice. In this animal model we also observed a shift in soluble/insoluble Aβ levels, towards more toxic soluble species. The presence of hemorrhages was significantly higher in APP/PS1-STZ mice and phospho-tau levels were also increased in this group, accompanied by an exacerbated inflammatory process. Finally, we have developed a new model by crossing APP/PS1 mice with db/db mice (APP/PS1xdbdb). We characterized metabolic and cognitive evolution before T2D or AD pathology are present (4 weeks of age), when T2D has debuted but no senile plaques are present (14 weeks of age) and when both pathologies are well established (26 weeks of age). APP/PS1xdb/db mice showed an age-dependent synergistic effect between T2D and AD. Significant brain atrophy and tau pathology were detected in the cortex by 14 weeks, that spread to the hippocampus by 26 weeks of age. Severe cognitive impairment was also detected as soon as at 14 weeks of age. Interestingly, in APP/PS1xdb/db mice we observed a shift in Aβ soluble/insoluble levels, and whereas more toxic soluble species were favoured, senile plaque were reduced. An overall increase of microglia activation was observed in APP/PS1xdb/db mice. We also found exacerbated hemorrhagic burden in APP/PS1xdb/db mice, suggesting that blood brain barrier alterations may be responsible, at least in part, for the early pathological features observed. We also observed an early affection of metabolic parameters in APP/PS1xdb/db mice supporting a two-way cross talk between both pathologies. In addition, at cellular level a significant increase of neurite curvature was observed in prediabetic APP/PS1 mice, and this effect was worsened in APP/PS1xdb/db animals. Synaptic density, analysed by array tomography, was reduced in APP/PS1xdb/db mice whereas an intermediate state was observed, once more, in prediabetic-AD mice. Moreover, metabolic parameters predicted many of these alterations, supporting a role for T2D in AD pathology. Altogether, our data support the relevant role that metabolic alterations play at central level and help to elucidate the implication of prediabetes and diabetes in AD development. These models provide a relevant tool to further explore the relationship between T2D, AD and vascular implications, offering the possibility to assess therapeutic approaches that by improving metabolic control could delay or prevent AD pathology.


Salvation and welfare in the present time, covenant and mission In the theological debate on salvation and welfare an important question that must be asked is the one concerning the relevance of the present time and world. The Marxist view presents the radical revolution as solution. The neo-Marxist view is that the revolution should continue. The theology of hope regards future freedom as way of salvation. The theology of liberation regards the exodus of the poor as salvation. The theology of reconstruction looks forward to a future where justice and human rights will be stressed. Salvation and welfare in the present time should, however, be related to the covenant of God. This is also very important for the way in which salvation must be seen from a missiological point of view.


Trademark protection, as with intellectual property (IP) protection across the board, has expanded in recent years. Some contend that IP expansion has occurred primarily at the behest and for the benefit of large corporate conglomerates. Professor Greene's previous work has contended that trademark expansion has the potential to negatively impact cultural production and free speech, particularly in the expressive context of entertainment products such as music, film and television. Trademark critics have grown vocal in recent years about the misuse of trademark law. Similarly, numerous academic commentators have detailed the deleterious effects of a too-robust trademark law regime.There is also increasing recognition, among academics at least, that trademark law and IP law generally impact diverse constituencies, including creators, consumers, and corporations. However, outside of the topic of racially offensive trademark registrations, IP scholars have devoted relatively scant analysis to the intersection of race and trademark law. Professor Greene's scholarship, however, has closely examined African-American cultural production and its relationship to intellectual property, particularly copyright law.In this article, Professor Greene explores trademark law in conjunction with racial dynamics within American culture. The article's thesis consists of three points. First, although trademark law, like copyright, is a formally "race-neutral" legal regime, it has both impacted and been impacted by the racial dynamics underlying American society. In the United States, our public discourse has historically focused on racial classifications and stereotypes.Second, far from being at the fringes of the process of racial subordination, trademarked imagery has been central to the promotion of derogatory racial stereotypes. Negative racial stereotypes have generally declined as norms of racial equality have taken hold in our society. However, despite progress in race relations, the resonance of stereotypes is still profoundly strong in American culture and is reflected in stereotypical trademark uses.Third, drawing on the work of scholars with "critical" perspectives of the law, this article contends that the treatment of African-American artists, consumers and producers within the IP context can serve as a barometer for how our society serves (or disserves) the least advantaged in society. A corollary of this point is that where a group's civil rights are weak, so is the degree of protection afforded by the IP system. IP protection or lack thereof is related to racial subordination and can serve as a leading indicator of racial progress.


Background. Decentralised teaching has the potential to transform medical education but requires greater use of online learning to address some of the challenges of decentralised teaching in low- and middle-income countries. Given the digital divide that exists in South Africa (SA), it is necessary to establish the extent of student readiness for the broader implementation of online learning.
Objectives. To determine medical students' device ownership, usage and attitudes towards online learning at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.
Methods. A cross-sectional survey of first-, third- and sixth-year students was conducted in 2017. The questionnaire included open- and closed-ended questions. Quantitative data were analysed using frequency and custom tables and Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests. Open-ended responses were analysed using content analysis.
Results. The survey response rate was 48.5% (448/924). No significant differences in device usage and attitudes towards online learning were observed across the 3 years of study. Most respondents (99%) owned internet-capable devices, and >90% wanted some degree of online learning. The perceived barriers included poor internet connectivity on university campuses and the high cost of data in SA.
Conclusion. The majority of respondents owned internet-capable devices and requested more online learning, but the socioeconomic disparities in the country raise concerns about students' readiness. Wider online learning requires policy decisions to ensure not only access to devices and data but also the implementation of online learning in ways that avoid further disadvantaging already disadvantaged students. Institutional barriers must be addressed before an expanded online learning environment can be considered.


In this paper we present a simultaneous maximum likelihood estimator (ML) for time delay and time-scaling in the presence of additive white Gaussian Noise. The Cram´ erRao lower bound for the variance of the estimates is also derived. The performance of the estimator is evaluated for ultrasound echoes for different time-scalings and different time delays. The performance is compared to the standard cross-correlation estimator.


Osteoporosis is the most prevalent among bone diseases. It is manifested by low bone mass and architectural abnormalities that lead to bone fragility and elevated fracture risk. Mechanistically, osteoporosis occurs as a result of decreased bone formation (by osteoblasts) and increased bone resorption (by osteoclasts). Thus, a tip in the balance favouring bone resorption results in osteoporosis e.g. porous bone. A wide range of factors contribute to the development of osteoporosis including genetic predisposition, ageing, reduced physical activity, diet, hormonal changes and more. Osteopetrosis, however, reflects the state of dense yet fragile bones due to dysfunctional or lack of osteoclasts.

Keywords:

osteoporosis;
osteopetrosis;
calcium;
vitamin D;
osteoclast;
BMD


Good faith is established in the Lithuanian law as one of the fundamental principles of law. In the present article fault is analysed as a bad faith and its relationship with unlawful actions is shown. In the new Civil Code unlawful actions may be identified with fault. The author presents arguments that fault should be treated as an independent basis for liability. Issues of the presumption of innocence of a person in applying civil liability are examined. The author discusses the concept of fault in the Civil law and the groundless treatment of fault as a mental relationship between a person and the actions performed by him. The article also presents analysis of notarial actions, activity of banks in the aspect of fault, and the relevant judicial practice of the Lithuanian courts of today.


In adult rats, cortical neurons that extend an exon through the pyramidal tract (a major subcortical efferent projection of the neocortex) are limited to layer V of about the rostral two-thirds of the neocortex. In neonates, however, pyramidal tract neurons are distributed throughout the neocortex, but all of those found in certain areas, such as the posterior occipital region (including primary visual cortex) selectively lose their pyramidal tract axon (Stanfield et al., 1982) yet maintain axon collaterals to other subcortical targets (O'Leary and Stanfield, 1985). To determine if the regional location of a developing pyramidal tract neuron critically influences the maintenance or elimination of the axon collaterals it initially extends, pieces of cortex from embryonic day 17 (E17) rat fetuses (exposed to 3H-thymidine on E15) were transplanted heterotopically into the cortex of newborn (PO) rats; rostral cortex was placed into the posterior occipital region (R----O), or posterior occipital cortex into a rostral cortical locale (O----R). The retrograde tracers Fast blue (FB) and Diamidino yellow (DY) were used to assay for the presence of specific populations of cortical projection neurons within the autoradiographically identified transplants. In terms of the extension and maintenance of pyramidal tract axons, the transplanted neurons behave like the host neurons of the recipient cortical region rather than like those of their site of origin. At P40, following FB injections into the pyramidal decussation on P34, pyramidal tract neurons are labeled within the O----R transplants, but none can be labeled within R----O transplants, although in the same R----O cases transplanted neurons are labeled by an injection of DY in the superior colliculus. However, at P13 pyramidal tract neurons can be identified within the R----O transplants, as well as in the host occipital cortex, following injections made on P9, a period when the distribution of pyramidal tract neurons in normal rats is widespread (Stanfield and O'Leary, 1985b). In a second series of host rats, on P34 FB was injected in the pyramidal decussation of the O----R cases, or in the superior colliculus of the R----O cases, and in both groups DY was injected into the region of contralateral cortex homotopic for the new location of the transplant. On P40, in both the O----R and R----O transplants, many neurons singly labeled with FB or DY are found, but no double dye-labeled cells are seen.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)


Purpose—the concept of Sustainable Development (SD) is embodied in complexities and intrinsic contradictions. Its boundaries are vague, deriving in an unresolved paradox. Development is, in its genesis, linked to economy features and achievements, and sustainability is traditionally associated with ecology and social progress. However, the merger of both can drive the main human freedoms. Countries and companies should monitor their sustainable development indicators using the capabilities allowed by information and communication technologies and through integrated knowledge management systems. This paper aims to provide a standard and conceptual framework for sustainable development performance analysis. Design/methodology/approach—based on the themes and headline indicators, disclosed by the European Union and the SD indicators included in the listed companies' management reports, a conceptual framework was designed. A content analysis of the sustainability reports, issued by some Portuguese listed companies, has supported our suggestion for a set of key performance indicators, through a balanced scorecard approach. Findings—through a Balanced Scorecard approach we suggest a dynamic framework, which combines an integrated analysis at the country and corporate levels. A set of key performance indicators are also identified, aggregated and integrated in a proposed sustainability scorecard. Research limitations—the set of key indicators included in the framework proposed are not exclusive and can be changed according to the sector and company specificities. The integrated approach that is proposed is dynamic and should be adjusted according to the information management requirements. Practical implications—a conceptual framework was designed through a Balanced Scorecard approach. Based on the agency theory background, companies can provide a standard framework about sustainability key indicators. Management reports are improved towards a better approach between companies and their stakeholders. Originality/value—this paper highlights the boundaries of sustainable development, their complexities, and provides a systematic framework which allows performance monitoring through a selected set of key performance indicators. This dynamic framework can be adjusted in order to reflect the continuous achievements and insights in this scientific field. Paper type: Conceptual paper.


The present study examined 2008 global publications on Withania somnifera, as indexed and covered in international Scopus database during 1995-18, with a view to understand their publications growth rate, global publication share, citation impact, share of their international collaborative publications, distribution of publications by broad subjects, productivity and citation profile of top organizations and authors, preferred media of communication and bibliographic characteristics of high cited publications. The global publications registered 18.31% annual average growth rate and its citation impact averaged to 18.55 citations per publication. The global share of top 10 countries ranged from 1.34% to 70.42%, with the largest share (70.42%) from India, followed by USA (11.35%) and other 8 countries from 1.34% to 4.03%. More than 100% of the cumulative global publication and citation share comes from top 10 countries during 1995-18. Only four countries among top 10 registered relative citation index above the world average of 1.0: U.K. (2.48), USA (1.80), Germany (1.69) and South Korea (1.08) during 1995-18. Pharmacology, toxicology and pharmaceutics contributed the largest global publications share of 42.33%, followed biochemistry, genetics and molecular biology (32.42%), medicine (30.73%), agricultural & biological sciences (25.45%), etc. during 1995-18. 377 global organizations and 422 global authors participated in global Withania somnifera research, of which the 15 most productive global organizations and authors together contributed 25.65% and 14.59% global publication share and 32.31% and 23.82% global citation share respectively during 1995-18. Amongst 1964 journal publications (in 313 journals) in global Withania somnifera research, the top 15 most productive journals together contributed 21.49% global share of total journal publication output during 1995-18. Sixty Eight (68) publications were found to be high cited, as they registered citations from 100 to 601 during 1995-18 and they together received 11582 citations, averaging to 170.32 citations per publication.


Abstract Active Security Vulnerability Notification and Resolution Abdulaziz Ibrahim AlayedActive Security Vulnerability Notification and Resolution Abdulaziz Ibrahim Alayed The early version of the Internet was designed for connectivity only, without the consideration of security, and the Internet is consequently an open structure. Networked systems are vulnerable for a number of reasons; design error, implementation, and management. A vulnerability is a hole or weak point that can be exploited to compromise the security of the system. Operating systems and applications are often vulnerable because of design errors. Software vendors release patches for discovered vulnerabilities, and rely upon system administrators to accept and install patches on their systems. Many system administrators fail to install patches on time, and consequently leave their systems vulnerable to exploitation by hackers. This exploitation can result in various security breaches, including website defacement, denial of service, or malware attacks. The overall problem is significant with an average of 115 vulnerabilities per week being documented during 2005. This thesis considers the problem of vulnerabilities in IT networked systems, and maps the vulnerability types into a technical taxonomy. The thesis presents a thorough analysis of the existing methods of vulnerability management which determine that these methods have failed to mange the problem in a comprehensive way, and show the need for a comprehensive management system, capable of addressing the awareness and patch deployment problems. A critical examination of vulnerability databases statistics over the past few years is provided, together with a benchmarking of the problem in a reference environment with a discussion of why a new approach is needed. The research examined and compared different vulnerability advisories, and proposed a generic vulnerability format towards automating the notification process. The thesis identifies the standard process of addressing vulnerabilities and the over reliance upon the manual method. An automated management system must take into account new vulnerabilities and patch deployment to provide a comprehensive solution. The overall aim of the research has therefore been to design a new framework to address these flaws in the networked systems harmonised with the standard system administrator process. The approach, known as AVMS (Automated Vulnerability Management System), is capable of filtering and prioritising the relevant messages, and then downloading the associated patches and deploying them to the required machines. The framework is validated through a proof-of-concept prototype system. A series of tests involving different advisories are used to illustrate how AVMS would behave. This helped to prove that the automated vulnerability management system prototype is indeed viable, and that the research has provided a suitable contribution to knowledge in this important domain.


OBJECTIVE
To evaluate characteristics associated with adverse outcomes in low-risk nulliparous women randomized to elective labor induction at 39 weeks of gestation or expectant management.

METHODS
We conducted a secondary analysis of women randomized during the 38th week to induction at 39 weeks of gestation or expectant management. Deliveries before 39 weeks of gestation and those not adherent to study protocol or with fetal anomalies were excluded. A composite of adverse outcomes (perinatal death or severe neonatal complications), third- or fourth-degree lacerations, and postpartum hemorrhage were evaluated. Log binomial regression models estimated relative risks and 95% CIs for associations of outcomes with patient characteristics including randomly assigned treatment group. Interactions between patient characteristics and treatment group were tested.

RESULTS
Of 6,096 women with outcome data, 5,007 (82.1%) met criteria for inclusion in this analysis. Frequency of the perinatal composite was 252 (5.0%), 166 (3.3%) for third- or fourth-degree perineal laceration, and 237 (4.7%) for postpartum hemorrhage. In multivariable analysis, intended labor induction at 39 weeks of gestation was associated with a reduced perinatal composite outcome (4.1% vs 6.0%; adjusted relative risk [aRR] 0.71; 95% CI 0.55-0.90), whereas increasing body mass index (BMI) was associated with an increased perinatal composite outcome (aRR 1.04/unit increase; 95% CI 1.02-1.05). Decreased risk of third- or fourth-degree perineal laceration was observed with increasing BMI (aRR 0.96/unit increase; 95% CI 0.93-0.98) and in Black women compared with White women (1.2% vs 3.9%; aRR 0.34; 95% CI 0.19-0.60). Increased risk of postpartum hemorrhage was observed in Hispanic women compared with White women (6.3% vs 4.0%; aRR 1.64; 95% CI 1.18-2.29). Patient characteristics associated with adverse outcomes were similar between treatment groups (P for interaction >.05).

CONCLUSION
Compared with expectant management, intended induction at 39 weeks of gestation was associated with reduced risk of adverse perinatal outcome. Patient characteristics associated with adverse outcomes were few and similar between groups.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION
ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01990612.


In the matter between Sumiseki Materials Co Ltd v Wambo Coal Pty Ltd 2013 NSWSC 235 (25 Mar 2013) the Supreme Court of New South Wales had to decide on the legal difficulty arising from unpaid dividends. The Court was required to decide whether a shareholder has a right to a predetermined annual dividend. The principles applied by the Supreme Court entailed estoppel (common law), minority oppression (company law) and contractual law principles. Although the principles of estoppel were relevant, these fall outside the ambit of this article concerning unpaid dividends. The Supreme Court cited approximately 40 cases and considered 5000 pages of documentary evidence pertaining to the contractual right to a predetermined dividend. Although the latter seems applicable and relevant to the South African corporate law environment, South African case law does not support it. Besides a contractual right, this article also investigates the Oxford Legal Group case in establishing at least an implied right (based on the doctrine of proper purpose) to claim an undeclared dividend or unauthorised dividend that is contrary to the board of directors discretion not to authorise any dividends. Both these cases argue when and why a court should interfere in company resolutions in striking a better balance between a right to a dividend and a company's discretionary power not to recommend or declare a dividend.


The surface energy of unmodified and thermally modified spruce wood components was researched at dry and moist conditions using inverse gas chromatography. The results indicate a more pronounced heterogeneous nature of the thermally modified wood surfaces in terms of the dispersive (nonpolar) component of the surface energy, compared with that of the unmodified wood surfaces. The dispersive component of the surface energy of the thermally modified wood ranged between 44 and 38 mJ/m2 corresponding to an increase in surface coverage from a low level and up to about 10%. Suggested explanations for the more distinct heterogeneity of the thermally modified wood sample are related to chemical changes of the wood substance which seem to result in certain micromorphological features observed by scanning electron microscopy as alternated fracture surfaces created in the grinding process; and also possible changes or redistribution of the wood extractives. An increase of the MC, representing a change from a dry condition of approximately 0% RH to ca 75% RH, of both the unmodified and thermally modified samples seemed to have a marginal influence on the dispersive component of the surface energy. Possible implications of the results in this study can be found in the tailoring of new compatible and durable material combinations, for example, when using thermally modified wood residuals as a component in new types of biocomposites.


In cases where invasive species are presumed to be strictly exotic, the discovery that the species is also native can be disconcerting for researchers and land managers responsible for eradicating an exotic invasive. Such is the case with reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea), for which decades of misinformation led to the call for nationwide control of this species in the United States. However, native populations were first reported by LaVoie and then later confirmed by Casler with molecular analyses. This, coupled with the discovery by Anderson that this species has been used in weavings by Native Americans for centuries, also made the native forms of interest for protection. Identifying the native status of historic, herbarium specimens via molecular analyses is of great interest to determine localities of native populations for confirmation with extant specimens. Genetic-based methods describing DNA polymorphism of reed canary grass are not well developed. The goal of the presented research is to assess the utility of genomic DNA obtained from historic (herbaria) and extant (fresh) tissue of reed canarygrass and the application of using Diversity Arrays Technology sequencing low density for genetic population studies.


In this paper the two canonical theories of the firm - transaction costs economics and the knowledge-based view of the firm - predictions on 'make-or-buy' are tested on the news industry. The news industry provides an interesting case on which to test the two theories since it is characterized by a high degree of urgency. Urgency refers to the need to catch and process inputs fast. A tendency that is becoming more widespread in other industries where the production cycle tends to be reduced. The test is don on original data on the newspaper industry collected by the author. The conclusions drawn are that that newspapers are organized differently than is predicted from the knowledge-based view of the firm and transaction cost economics. The newspapers do no specialize in core competencies measured in terms of topics covered. On the contrary, a precondition for outsourcing is well-developed competencies in house. The widespread use of integration cannot either be explained as a solution to hold up either, such as transaction cost economics predicts. The reason behind has to be sought in urgency.


Abstract Acanthocephalus rhinensis n. sp. is described from the European eel, Anguilla anguilla (Linnaeus, 1758), collected in the Rhine River near the city of Karlsruhe, Germany. It is the sixth species of Acanthocephalus Koelreuther, 1771 described from European fish. Four other species are known from amphibians. The new species is distinguished from the other 5 species infecting fish by having a 1.2-mm-long proboscis armed with 15–21 rows of 13–16 hooks each, lemnisci about as long as receptacle, oblong and slightly pre-equatorial testes, and thin fusiform eggs measuring 85–95 × 15–18 μ. Testes in the other European species are usually round to ovate, except in Ac. anguillae (Müller, 1780) Lühe, 1911 where they are also elongated but postequatorial. It also has an orange-brown belt encircling the anterior end of the trunk. The comparative distribution of Acanthocephalus in Europe and North America, and the validity of 2 presumably questionable species are discussed, Acanthocephalus falcatus (Froelich, 1789) Lühe, 1911 and Ac. paronai (Cendorelli, 1897) Meyer, 1932. A dichotomus key distinguishing Ac. rhinensis from the other 9 European species is also included. The new species was only found in 3 of 390 eels examined during 11 yr; this may be related to the changing benthos community in the Rhine River.


Princeton University is building the Coronagraphic High Angular Resolution Imaging Spectrograph (CHARIS), an integral field spectrograph (IFS) for the Subaru telescope. CHARIS is funded by the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan and is designed to take high contrast spectra of brown dwarfs and hot Jovian planets in the coronagraphic image provided by the Coronagraphic Extreme Adaptive Optics (SCExAO) and the AO188 adaptive optics systems. The project is now in the build and test phase at Princeton University. Once laboratory testing has been completed CHARIS will be integrated with SCExAO and AO188 in the winter of 2016. CHARIS has a high-resolution characterization mode in J, H, and K bands. The average spectral resolution in J, H, and K bands are R82, R68, and R82 respectively, the uniformity of which is a direct result of a new high index material, L-BBH2. CHARIS also has a second low-resolution imaging mode that spans J,H, and K bands with an average spectral resolution of R19, a feature unique to this instrument. The field of view in both imaging modes is 2.07x2.07 arcseconds. SCExAO+CHARIS will detect objects five orders of magnitude dimmer than their parent star down to an 80 milliarcsecond inner working angle. The primary challenge with exoplanet imaging is the presence of quasi-static speckles in the coronagraphic image. SCExAO has a wavefront control system to suppress these speckles and CHARIS will address their impact on spectral crosstalk through hardware design, which drives its optical and mechanical design. CHARIS constrains crosstalk to be below 1% for an adjacent source that is a full order of magnitude brighter than the neighboring spectra. Since CHARIS is on the Nasmyth platform, the optical alignment between the lenslet array and prism is highly stable. This improves the stability of the spectra and their orientation on the detector and results in greater stability in the wavelength solution for the data pipeline. This means less uncertainty in the post-processing and less overhead for on-sky calibration procedures required by the data pipeline. Here we present the science case, design, and construction status of CHARIS. The design and lessons learned from testing CHARIS highlights the choices that must be considered to design an IFS for high signal-to-noise spectra in a coronagraphic image. The design considerations and lessons learned are directly applicable to future exoplanet instrumentation for extremely large telescopes and space observatories capable of detecting rocky planets in the habitable zone.


A high-performance anode material was prepared from a hierarchically structured activated carbon which contains in situgraphene and nano-graphite. The activated carbon was immersed in a solution of SnCl2·2H2O and subjected to ultrasound. As a result, nanoparticles of SnO2 were uniformly deposited on the surface of the activated carbon. The composite material was then coated with a thin layer of carbon by soaking it in a sucrose solution, followed by carbonization of the adsorbed sucrose at 500 °C. The resulting composite showed an outstanding high-rate cycling performance that can deliver an initial discharge capacity of 1417 mAh g−1 and maintain a discharge capacity of more than 400 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at a high current density of 1000 mA g−1. This outstanding electrochemical performance is likely to be related to a unique combination of the excellent electrical conductivity of the activated carbon with graphite layers formed inside, its hierarchical pore structure which enhances lithium-ion transportation, and the carbon coating which alleviates the effects of volume changes, shortens the distance for Li+ diffusion, facilitates the transmission of electrons, and keeps the structure stable.


Background: Prediction of the left ventricular remodeling (LVR) after ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in patients treated with effective myocardial reperfusion is challenging. Methods: Forty-one consecutive patients (36 males, age 59 ± 10 years) with STEMI who underwent effective (TIMI III) primary coronary angioplasty were enrolled. All patients had an echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) study within 72 h from revascularization. Three echocardiographic parameters including LV ejection fraction (EF), global longitudinal strain (GLS) and severe altered longitudinal strain (SAS) area by two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography (2D-STE) and 3 CMR indices including LV global function index (LV-GFI), myocardial salvage index (MSI), and microvascular obstruction (MVO) were calculated. LVR was defined as an increase in CMR LV end-diastolic volume (EDV) >15% after 6 months. Results: Of 41 patients, 10 (24%) had LVR (LV-EDV from 145.1 ± 29.3 to 185.9 ± 49.8 ml, P < 0.001). A significant correlation with LV-EDV variation was found for baseline SAS area (r = 0.81), LV-GFI (r = −0.56), MVO (r = 0.55), EF (r = −0.42), GLS (r = 0.42), not for MSI (r = −0.25). At the multivariable analysis, a significant correlation remained only for the SAS area. The receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis showed that a baseline SAS area ≥15% predicts LVR with a sensitivity of 80.0% and a specificity of 90.3%. Conclusions: The SAS area evaluated by 2D-STE early in acute STEMI is a valuable predictor of LVR after 6 months. Further investigations are needed to verify its value in predicting patient survival.


The extent of human‐induced change and damage to Earth's ecosystems renders ecosystem repair an essential part of our future survival strategy, and this demands that restoration ecology provide effective conceptual and practical tools for this task. We argue that restoration ecology has to be an integral component of land management in today's world, and to be broadly applicable, has to have a clearly articulated conceptual basis. This needs to recognize that most ecosystems are dynamic and hence restoration goals cannot be based on static attributes. Setting clear and achievable goals is essential, and these should focus on the desired characteristics for the system in the future, rather than in relation to what these were in the past. Goal setting requires that there is a clear understanding of the restoration options available (and the relative costs of different options). The concept of restoration thresholds suggests that options are determined by the current state of the system in relation to biotic and abiotic thresholds. A further important task is the development of effective and easily measured success criteria. Many parameters could be considered for inclusion in restoration success criteria, but these are often ambiguous or hard to measure. Success criteria need to relate clearly back to specific restoration goals. If restoration ecology is to be successfully practiced as part of humanity's response to continued ecosystem change and degradation, restoration ecologists need to rise to the challenges of meshing science, practice and policy. Restoration ecology is likely to be one of the most important fields of the coming century.