INVESTIGATION OF SPATIO-TEMPORAL EFFECTS OF FMRI VISUAL FIELD MAPPING TECHNIQUES ON V1 John Janik Marquette University, 2011 Blood oxygenation level dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging has been used extensively for mapping the representation of the visual field within the human brain. Visual field mapping using fMRI has been used clinically to assess patients with cortical pathology and to plan surgical treatment impacting the visual system. The accuracy of fMRI-based visual field mapping methods needs to be better understood for clinical use. This accuracy can be important for presurgical mapping of brain function near a tumor resection site since inaccurate rendition of the underlying neural function could lead to inappropriate resection of viable brain tissue. The most widely used method for visual field mapping is temporal phase mapping. This dissertation investigates the accuracy of temporal phase mapping, specifically focused on the detection of polar angle visual field locations in primary visual cortex. Early studies show that polar angle positions are not uniformly distributed as suggested by animal studies. These nonuniformities are seen as relatively under-represented areas in the visual field maps used to display the fMRI data. This dissertation shows that temporal phase mapping is susceptible to hemodynamic distortions that lead to missassignment of visual field locations. Further analysis of the non-uniformity in the frequency distribution of voxels representing different angular position within the visual field shows an underrepresentation of locations near the vertical meridia in V1. These results led to the development of a new retinotopic mapping technique, code-based mapping. The main reason for developing a new retinotopic mapping technique was to reduce the underrepresentations of vertical meridia posed by using temporal phase mapping when assigning a stimulus location to a voxel. This dissertation shows that code-based mapping is a viable method for mapping visual field locations and produces a uniform distribution of voxels representing different angular positions within the visual field. Furthermore, the code-based mapping method is less susceptible to the hemodynamic biases than temporal phase mapping. With respect to clinical utility of fMRI mapping techniques, the codebased mapping shows a greater potential to accurately map a patient's visual field in the presence of a tumor or other malformations that can induce large noise effects in the fMRI voxel responses.


The whole second thoracic mammary gland of estradiol-17beta + progesterone primed 3- to 4-week-old BALB/c female mice was induced to pregnancy-like lobulo-alveolar morphogenesis after 6-day cultivation in a serum-free culture medium containing a "growth promoting" hormone mixture, insulin + prolactin + growth hormone (somatotropin) + estradiol + progesterone. No radioimmunologically detectable casein was present in these glands. Subsequent cultivation for another 6 days in a "lactogenic" medium with the hormones insulin + prolactin + cortisol produced abundant milk-like secretory material in the alveolar lumen. RNA of the mammary gland after estradiol + progesterone priming or cultivation in the "growth-promoting" medium failed to show a measurable amount of casein mRNA activity when assayed in a cell-free protein synthesis system derived from Ehrlich ascites ribosomes, rabbit reticulocyte factors, and tRNA. However, the glands sequentially cultivated in the "growth-promoting" and the "lactogenic" media showed a high level of casein mRNA activity in the heterologous cell-free protein synthesis system. Sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic characteristics of the immunoprecipitable (by antibody to mouse milk casein) polypeptides directed by the mammary RNA induced in organ culture medium containing the lactogenic hormones were similar to the characteristics of the polypeptides directed by mammary polysomes of lactating mice. These results demonstrate hormonal induction of a specific mRNA in a sequential two-step culture of an entire organ in a serum-free chemically defined medium.


Critical Infrastructure (CI) interdependencies have important consequences for crisis management, particularly when the crises are cross-border. However, research into CI interdependencies is still immature. The nature of large-scale, cross-border crises in these systems of systems is not easily understood. We have identified several aspects that need to be investigated to gain a more complete understanding of the development of crises in these systems. These aspects include the following: there is a need to understand CIs as interdependent elements of a complex system; ever-increasing interdependencies create new complexity; crises in CI are dynamically complex owing to the existence of significant time delays; there is a need for a long-term perspective; knowledge about CIs is fragmented and resides in many different stakeholders that need to be identified and brought together; there is a need for modelling techniques that can unite the fragmented CI knowledge; there is a need to create effective training and communication tools to transfer insights to crisis managers, policy makers and the general public.


Abstract. Ground-based measurements of scattered sunlight by the Multi Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) have been carried out at an urban site (39.95° N, 116.32° E) in Beijing megacity since 6 August 2008. In this study, we retrieved the tropospheric NO 2 vertical column densities (VCDs) over Beijing from these MAX-DOAS observations from August 2008 to September 2011. Over this period, the daytime (08:00–17:00 Beijing Time (BJT, which equals UTC + 8)) mean tropospheric NO 2 VCDs varied from 0.5 to 13.3 with an average of 3.6 during summertime, and from 0.2 to 16.8 with an average of 5.8 during wintertime, all in units of 10 16 molecules cm −2 . The average diurnal variation patterns of tropospheric NO 2 over Beijing appeared to be rather different from one season to another, indicating differences in the emission strength and atmospheric lifetime. In contrast to previous studies, we find a small weekly cycle of the tropospheric NO 2 VCD over Beijing. The NO 2 VCD in the late afternoon was the largest on Saturday and the lowest on Sunday, and in the morning it reached a clear maximum on Wednesday. We also find a post-Olympic Games effect, with 39–54% decrease in the tropospheric NO 2 VCD over Beijing estimated for August of 2008, compared to the following years. The tropospheric NO 2 VCDs derived by our ground MAX-DOAS measurements show a good correlation with SCIAMACHY and OMI satellite data. However, compared with the MAX-DOAS measurements, the satellite observations underestimate the tropospheric NO 2 VCDs over Beijing systematically, by 43% for SCIAMACHY and 26–38% for OMI (DOMINO v2.0 and DOMINO v1.02). Based on radiative transfer simulations, we show that the aerosol shielding effect can explain this underestimation, while the gradient smoothing effect caused by the coarse spatial resolution of the satellite observations could play an additional role.


This paper reviews ultrahigh-speed data transmission in optical fibers based on optical time division multiplexing (OTDM) transmission technology. Optical signal processing in the transmitter and receiver as well as the requirements on ultrahigh-speed data transmission over a fiber link are discussed. Finally, results of several OTDM-transmission experiments, including 160-Gb/s transmission over 4320 km, 1.28-Tb/s transmission over 240 km, and 2.56-Tb/s transmission over 160-km fiber link, are described


ABSTRACT  How do international music festivals produce experiences of the sacred in multifaith audiences? What is their part in creating transnational communities of affect? In this article, I theorize what I call "the promise of sonic translation": the trust in the ultimate translatability of aural (as opposed to textual) codes. This promise, I assert, produces the "festive sacred," a configuration of aesthetic and embodied practices associated with festivity wherein people of different religions and nations create and cohabit an experience of the sacred through heightened attention to auditory and sense-based modes of devotion conceived as "universal." The festive sacred is a transnational (thus mobile) phenomenon inextricable from the enterprise of sacred tourism. Such festive forms not only produce a Turnerian communitas but also create new transnational categories that mediate religious sentiment and reenchant the world.


A light beam changes direction as it enters a liquid at an angle from another medium, such as air. Should the liquid contain molecules that lack mirror symmetry, then it has been predicted by Fresnel that the light beam will not only change direction, but will actually split into two separate beams with a small difference in the respective angles of refraction. Here we report the observation of this phenomenon. We also demonstrate that the angle of reflection does not equal the angle of incidence in a chiral medium. Unlike conventional optical rotation, which depends on the path-length through the sample, the reported reflection and refraction phenomena arise within a few wavelengths at the interface and thereby suggest a new approach to polarimetry that can be used in microfluidic volumes.


Reactive nitrogen compounds, released by anthropogenic activities, may take different pathways in the environment, not all of which are easily traceable. Nitrogen budgets allow using surrogate information for fluxes that otherwise cannot easily be measured or validation of flux quantities for which an independent second set of data can be made available. In order to reliably assess nitrogen budgets and to make them comparable, the harmonization of approaches is required. Such a harmonizing effort has been performed under the European "air quality" convention, the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution. Based on existing efforts to collect data on fluxes of nitrogen compounds, specifically in the framework of the convention, from national greenhouse gas inventories mandatory under UNFCCC, or in connection with European activities of EUROSTAT or OECD, a guidance document has been developed to allow assessing national nitrogen budgets. Eight individual "pools" have been identified that are considered the startand endpoints of environmental fluxes. The guidance document allows fluxes between pools to be properly assigned and quantified and provides a framework for consistent nomenclature. This paper shows complete and partial applications of the concept, and demonstrates the advantages of harmonizing approaches. It takes available published budgets for several European and non-European countries, analyzes them for compatibility, and evaluates nitrogen budgets for their potential contribution to a sustainable development of agriculture and beyond agriculture. From the few available examples is can be shown that nitrogen budgets allow to identify missing information as well as to define areas of intervention into the nitrogen regime. Comparing over time shows trends, e.g. as a result of environmental legislation, comparing between countries displays national characteristics useful for benchmarking. Linking towards specific abatement, nitrogen budgets may help in attaining "planetary boundaries" for nitrogen.


BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Human studies that have investigated the association between caffeine intake during pregnancy and offspring's behavioral outcomes are scant and inconclusive. We prospectively investigated the association between maternal caffeine intake during pregnancy and children's problem behavior at age 5 to 6 years. Mediation by fetal growth restriction and gestational age as well as effect modification by the child's gender and maternal smoking was tested. METHODS: In a community based multiethnic birth cohort, dietary caffeine intake (coffee, caffeinated tea, and cola) was measured (maternal self-report, n = 8202) around the 16th week of gestation. At age 5, children's overall problem behavior, emotional problems, conduct problems, hyperactivity/inattention problems, peer relationship problems, and prosocial behavior were rated by both mother and teacher (n = 3439) with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Analyses were adjusted for maternal age, ethnicity, cohabitant status, education, smoking and alcohol consumption during pregnancy, child's gender, family size, and prenatal maternal anxiety. RESULTS: Caffeine intake was not associated with a higher risk for behavior problems or with suboptimal prosocial behavior. No evidence was found for mediation by fetal growth restriction or gestational age, nor for effect modification by the child's gender. CONCLUSIONS: Results did not provide evidence for developmental programming influences of intrauterine exposure to caffeine on offspring's problem behavior at age 5. Present results give no indication to advise pregnant women to reduce their caffeine intake to prevent behavior problems in their children.


A fiber-based chirped-pulse amplification (CPA) system with an active feedback loop for pulse shaping is experimentally demonstrated. A spectral processor is used in conjunction with a frequency-resolved optical gating measurement to produce high-quality pulses. Spectral phase and intensity shaping are utilized to generate a clean, high-contrast, transform-limited pulse with 15 dB pedestal suppression in the pulse wing tails, resulting in a five time increase in peak power of the CPA system.


Nonimpaired and low-vision older adults responded to a questionnaire regarding the types of visual difficulties experienced while performing daily tasks and while driving. Using the factors produced from a factor analysis as predictors, a discriminant analysis was performed to determine whether significant differences in visual problems existed between the groups. The majority of participants reported that they currently required more time than in the past to perform tasks that depended on their vision, regardless of their visual status. All participants reported experiencing significant difficulties with static and dynamic acuity, peripheral vision, illumination problems, and contrast sensitivity. Both nonimpaired and low-vision older adult drivers reported experiencing difficulty with glare, peripheral vision, and night driving. Low-vision drivers reported experiencing unique difficulties with near acuity, distant acuity, and physical obstructions. Potential applications of this research include suggestions for redesigning automobiles and highway signs for safer use and viewing.


In conventional single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), only the photoelectric events in the detectors are used for image reconstruction. However, if the 131I isotope, which emits high-energy radiations (364, 637, and 723 keV), is used in nuclear medicine, both photoelectric and Compton scattering events can be used for image reconstruction. The purpose of our work is to perform simulations for Compton SPECT by using the Geant4 application for tomographic emission (GATE). The performance of Compton SPECT is evaluated and compared with that of conventional SPECT. The Compton SPECT unit has an area of 12 cm × 12 cm with four gantry heads. Each head is composed of a 2-cm tungsten collimator and a 40×40 array of CdZnTe (CZT) crystals with a 3×3 mm2 area and a 6-mm thickness. Compton SPECT can use not only the photoelectric effect but also the Compton scattering effect for image reconstruction. The correct sequential order of the interactions used for image reconstruction is determined using the angular resolution measurement (ARM) method and the energies deposited in each detector. In all the results of simulations using spherical volume sources of various diameters, the reconstructed images of Compton SPECT show higher signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) without degradation of the image resolution when compared to those of conventional SPECT because the effective count for image reconstruction is higher. For a Derenzo-like phantom, the reconstructed images for different modalities are compared by visual inspection and by using their projected histograms in the X-direction of the reconstructed images.


PurposeAlthough the role of reflections in entrepreneurship education is undeniable, the research has focused mainly on their advantages and consequences for learning process, whereas their dynamics and interrelations with other mental processes remain unexplored. The purpose of this paper is to better understand how personality and intelligence constructs: cognition, conation, and affection evolve and change along the learning process during entrepreneurship education.Design/methodology/approachTo better understand reflective processes in entrepreneurial learning this paper adopts the tripartite constructs of personality and intelligence. By employing longitudinal explorative research approach and self-organizing map (SOM) algorithm, the authors follow students' reflections during their two-year learning processes. First, the authors try to identify how the interplay between the cognitive, conative, and affective aspects emerges in students' reflections. Then, the authors investigate how this interplay evolves during the individual learning process and finally, by looking for similarities in these learning pathways, the authors aim to identify patterns of students' reflective learning process.FindingsAll constructs are present during the learning process and all are prone to change. The individual constructs alone shed no light on the interplay between different constructs, but rather that the interplay between sub-constructs should be taken into consideration as well. This seems to be particularly true for cognition, as procedural and declarative knowledge have very different profiles. Procedural knowledge emerges together with emotions, motivation, and volition, whereas the profile of declarative knowledge is individual. The unique profile of declarative knowledge in students' reflections is an important finding as declarative knowledge is regarded as the center of current pedagogic practices.Research limitations/implicationsThe study broadens the understanding of reflective practices in the entrepreneurial learning process and the interplay between affective, cognitive, and conative sub-constructs and reflective practices in entrepreneurship education. The findings clearly indicate the need for further research on the interplay between sub-constructs and students' reflection profiles. The authors see the study as an attempt to apply an exploratory statistical method for the problem in question.Practical implicationsThe results are able to advise pedagogy. Practical implications concern the need to develop reflective practises in entrepreneurial learning interventions to enhance all three meta-competencies, even though there are so far no irrefutable findings to indicate that some types of reflection may be better than others.Originality/valueThe results of the analysis indicate that it is possible to study the complex and dynamic interplay between sub-constructs of cognitive, conative and affective constructs. Moreover, the research succeeded in identifying both individual variations and general reflection patterns and changes in these during the learning process. This was possible by adopting a longitudinal explorative research approach with SOM analyses.


The Bucaramanga earthquake nest is situated at a depth of about 160 km beneath Colombia at 6.8° N, 73° W, and it produces about eight earthquakes of mb 4.7 or more each year from a source region having dimensions of about 10 km or less. In this study, we evaluate nest properties using reported locations, focal mechanisms, and moment tensors, as well as relocations determined from teleseismic P, pP , and PKP arrivals. We also introduce a novel method for determining the "volume" of a group of hypocenters and use this volume as a statistic for evaluating the accuracy of nest hypocenters. We have relocated 26 nest earthquakes occurring between 1964 and 1986 using the JHD method and carefully reread teleseismic P, pP , and PKPdf arrivals. The relocated earthquakes cluster within a region having a volume of 776 km3 and east-west, north-south, and vertical dimensions of 13 × 18 × 12 km, a smaller region than any found previously from analysis of teleseismic data. In practical terms, this represents an approximate upper bound on the accuracy of relative earthquake locations possible using teleseismic data and standard relocation methods. This compares with a volume of 11 km3 and dimensions of 5.1 × 3.4 × 3.8 km as determined by Schneider et al. (1987) from observations of microearthquakes collected over 16 days with a temporary local network. These dimensions are comparable to those of the rupture dimensions of the largest observed nest earthquakes, as determined from an analysis of their seismic moments (∼5 × 1024 dyne-cm). Furthermore, an evaluation of cumulative moment rate since 1964 indicates that strain rates within the nest volume must be between 10−13/sec and 10−11/sec. The b values (∼2.0) and β values (∼0.9) determined from available magnitudes and moments are remarkably high, suggesting that earthquakes of all observed sizes (3 × 1020 to 5 × 1024 dyne-cm) contribute significantly to the moment release. Focal mechanisms determined from teleseismic observations exhibit a consistent pattern, most having westward-dipping P axes and eastward-dipping T axes; this differs from the more varied pattern reported by Schneider et al. (1987) for microseismic earthquakes.


Abstract : This paper begins with a discussion of the factors affecting emission, transmission, reflection, and absorption of light, including most importantly, the role of the atmosphere. It continues with a discussion of various applications, including detection of point targets and imaging of extended targets. The use of EO/IR for tracking targets is also covered, as are some recent technological advancements. Finally, sections are dedicated to the topics of sampling, aliasing, and reconstruction, as well as issues in color cameras.


Ivanova, M. T., Radoukova, Tz. I., Dospatliev, L. K. & Lacheva, M. N. (2020). Ordinary least squared linear regression model for estimation of zinc in wild edible mushroom (Suillus luteus (L.) Roussel). Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 26 (4), 863–869 Suillus luteus (L.) Roussel is a basidial fungus, and the type species of the genus Suillus. A common fungus native to Eurasia, from the British Isles to Korea, it has been introduced widely elsewhere, including North and South America, southern Africa, Australia and New Zealand.The aims of this work were to determine trace elements (Pb, Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Zn and Fe) contents in the wild edible mushroom S. luteus growing in the Batak Mountain, Bulgaria and to identify the relationship between Zn and the other elements using ordinary least squares multiple linear regression model. Quantitative determination of the concentration of the studied trace elements was carried out in mineralized samples by Perkin Elmer A Analyst 800 atomic absorption spectrometer with deuterium background corrector. All statistical computing, analysis and all charts were performed with the statistical software R program. The ordinary least squares linear regression model was obtained for Zn. Based on the obtained model, the following interpretations for Zn contents in the wild edible mushroom S. luteus growing in the Batak Mountain, Bulgaria could be made: if Fe and Cd increase by 1%, the effect of this increase would result in an increase in Zn by 15.245% on the average; if Mn, Cu, Co and Pb decreases by 1%, the effect of this decrease would result in an decrease in Zn by 3.582% on the average.


Features of the surface water circulation near the fast ice edge of the flaw polynya have been investigated on the basis of field measurements in the Laptev Sea during April-May 1999. The conclusion about a convective nature of the measured surface currents with a velocity of up to 62 cm/s is made from CTD profiles and current records. These currents seem to be part of the circulation cells formed due to the brine rejection during intensive ice formation in the polynya. The spatial ice crystal alignment in the flaw polynya is a result of a quasi-stationary cell water circulation at the edge of the polynya.


Background: Air pollution has been associated with cardiovascular mortality, but it remains unclear as to whether specific pollutants are related to specific cardiovascular causes of death. Within the multicenter European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE), we investigated the associations of long-term exposure to several air pollutants with all cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality, as well as with specific cardiovascular causes of death. Methods: Data from 22 European cohort studies were used. Using a standardized protocol, study area–specific air pollution exposure at the residential address was characterized as annual average concentrations of the following: nitrogen oxides (NO2 and NOx); particles with diameters of less than 2.5 &mgr;m (PM2.5), less than 10 &mgr;m (PM10), and 10 &mgr;m to 2.5 &mgr;m (PMcoarse); PM2.5 absorbance estimated by land-use regression models; and traffic indicators. We applied cohort-specific Cox proportional hazards models using a standardized protocol. Random-effects meta-analysis was used to obtain pooled effect estimates. Results: The total study population consisted of 367,383 participants, with 9994 deaths from CVD (including 4,992 from ischemic heart disease, 2264 from myocardial infarction, and 2484 from cerebrovascular disease). All hazard ratios were approximately 1.0, except for particle mass and cerebrovascular disease mortality; for PM2.5, the hazard ratio was 1.21 (95% confidence interval = 0.87–1.69) per 5 &mgr;g/m3 and for PM10, 1.22 (0.91–1.63) per 10 &mgr;g/m3. Conclusion: In a joint analysis of data from 22 European cohorts, most hazard ratios for the association of air pollutants with mortality from overall CVD and with specific CVDs were approximately 1.0, with the exception of particulate mass and cerebrovascular disease mortality for which there was suggestive evidence for an association.


Emotional Intelligence (EI) is a recent psychological construct, and also one of the most discussed aspects regarding intelligence. Moreover, it reflects the study of the interrelations between emotion and intelligence, which allows us to infer the complexity of its conceptual field, as well as its methodological difficulties. This article aims to inform the reader of the current status of EI from a scientific point of view. Therefore, it comprises the current EI theoretical models, as well as its main characteristics, qualities, pitfalls, critics, applications and correlations with other psychological constructs. Additionally, it will be discussed the types of instruments that have been used to assess EI, including aspects and researches related to the capacity of these scales to predict behavior, independently of the existing psychometric measures. Although the progress in the development of the EI theory is noticeable, as well as the tests that are devised to measure it, there are still problems remaining unsolved which ought to be better investigated like those related to construct validity and the types of existent scales. These and other aspects will be reported and discussed throughout the article.


Financial Accounting: Building Accounting Knowledge is a new textbook written for the first financial accounting subject that a student majoring in accounting is required to study. Based on the successful introductory accounting textbook, 'Accounting: building business skills', this text will provide students and academics with a well written and accessible textbook on the principles of financial accounting, with ample illustrations and applications to business.
The text maintains the balance between a 'user' and 'preparer' perspective effectively by
integrating real financial information and business decision choices throughout the chapters.
Through the use of real company information and financial statements students will quickly appreciate the use of accounting information. The textbook clearly outlines to students how accounting information communicates the financing, operating, and investing activities of a
business. The text builds a strong conceptual understanding and develops skills in the application of accounting principles and techniques, providing students with a solid foundation for studying accounting.


Technological change is often hypothesized as one of the main drivers of merger activities. This paper analyzes the role of technology in mergers and acquisitions (M&As) at the firm level. Based on a newly created data set that combines financial information and patent data for public firms in Europe as well as country level variables, we apply a structural model to investigate technology-related motivations behind merger formation. Distinguishing between cross-border and domestic M&As, we find that technological relatedness of the M&A partners reduces uncertainty and the expected risk of failure associated with cross-border acquisitions significantly, whereas there is no evidence for technological complementarities driving domestic M&As. The relevance of technology for cross-border M&As further illustrates the international character of technology markets.


From a theoretical investigation of the continuity of wastewater organic (COD) and N compounds along the links connecting the primary settling tank (PST), fully aerobic or N removal activated sludge (AS) treating raw and settled wastewater and aerobic digestion unit operations, it was found that the PS characteristics, viz. the biodegradable and unbiodegradable soluble and particulate COD and N concentrations, need to be calculated from mass balances around the PST so that the organic and N concentrations conform to continuity principles. Also, it can be accepted that the influent wastewater (fixed) inorganic suspended
solids (ISS) concentration is conserved through the primary settling tank, activated sludge, aerobic digestion systems. However, the measured ISS flux at different stages through a series of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) unit operations is not equal to the influent ISS flux because the OHO biomass contributes to the ISS flux by differing amounts depending on the active fraction of the VSS solids at that stage. The steady state activated sludge and aerobic digestion models, both modified to include the inorganic suspended solids (ISS) and the latter to include aerobic digestion of primary sludge, yielded virtually
identical results as Activated Sludge Model No 1 (ASM1), also modified to include the ISS. This research shows that the mass balance-based steady state activated sludge and aerobic digestion models, modified to include the ISS compound, can be coupled to produce a plant-wide WWTP model for aerobic stabilisation of sludge that can be used for design and operation and checking of simulation model results. Water SA Vol.32 (3) 2006: pp.297-306


In these notes from the field, I will think ethnographically about the ways in which Latvia's rural inhabitants live what is referred to as the "emptying of the countryside." I will also consider how and with what effect policy makers, scholars, and intellectuals constitute the phenomenon of rural emptiness as a problem of migration and a problem of demography thought to have dire consequences for the life of the nation. In oscillating between these different registers of living and talking about the emptiness, my aim is to trace what Kathleen Stewart has called "a contact zone for analysis" without definitively enclosing it in particular interpretive frames. In the midst of research, I wish to see whether and how dwelling in this "contact zone" can generate insights that are overlooked by scholarly and political discourses concerned with migration and demography. Keywords : emptying of the countryside, life, nation, migration, Latvia.


With distrust between the political parties running deep and Congress divided, the government of the United States goes to war. The war is waged without adequately preparing the means to finance it or readying suitable contingency plans to contend with its unanticipated complications. The executive branch suffers from managerial confusion and in-fighting. The military invades a foreign country, expecting to be greeted as liberators, but encounters stiff, unwelcome resistance. The conflict drags on longer than predicted. It ends rather inconclusively --or so it seems in its aftermath. Sound familiar? This all happened two hundred years ago. What So Proudly We Hailed looks at the War of 1812 in part through the lens of today's America. On the bicentennial of that formative yet largely forgotten period in U.S. history, this provocative book asks: What did Americans learn --and not learn --from the experience? What instructive parallels and distinctions can be drawn with more recent events? How did it shape the nation? Exploring issues ranging from party politics to sectional schisms, distant naval battles to the burning of Washington, and citizens' civil liberties to the fate of Native Americans caught in the struggle, these essays speak to the complexity and unpredictability of a war that many assumed would be brief and straightforward. What emerges is a revealing perspective on a problematic ""war of choice"" --the nation's first, but one with intriguing implications for others, including at least one in the present century. Although the War of 1812 may have faded from modern memory, the conflict left important legacies, both in its immediate wake and in later years. In its own time, the war was transformative. To this day, however, some of the fundamental challenges that confronted U.S. policymakers two centuries ago still resonate. How much should a free society regularly invest in national defence? Should the expense be defrayed through new taxes? Is it possible for profound partisan disagreements to stop ""at the water's edge""? What are the constitutional limits of executive powers in wartime? How, exactly, should the government treat dissenters, especially when many are suspected of giving aid and comfort to an enemy? As Americans continue to reflect on their country and its role in the world, these questions remain as relevant now as they were then.


Roads are an important component of the world's transportation infrastructure and economy, thus necessitating sustainable design and construction methodologies to ensure optimized pavement construction. About 15000 tons of natural aggregates are required to build every kilometer stretch of a highway in India. In the US, annually about 1300 million tons of natural aggregates are being used in the pavement construction. The pavement industry is not only consuming huge amounts of natural
resources worldwide but is also responsible for the global energy consumption, air pollution, greenhouse gas production and fossil fuel burning across the world. If
these adverse effects are not addressed consciously during the design and construction phases of pavements now, the coming generations will have to pay for the huge loss. One of the alternatives available is to recycle the existing distressed pavements and use the reclaimed materials in new pavement construction. Furthermore, the cost of virgin aggregates (VA) is alarming and necessitates the use
of high percentages of recycled materials in pavement construction. The utilization of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) material in road construction has been proven to reduce both the amount of construction debris disposed-off in the urban landfills and the rate of depletion of natural resources. It has also resulted in considerable savings in terms of money, energy and carbon credits with equal or better performance with nominal stabilization.


As expert analysis concentrates on indigenous rights instruments, particularly the long fought for 2007 UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, a body of jurisprudence over indigenous land and resources parallels specialized standard-setting under general human rights treaties. The aim of the present article is to provide a practical and comparative perspective on indigenous land rights based on the process of jurisprudential articulation under such treaties, principally in the Inter-American and African contexts. While specialized standards inevitably generate a view of such rights (and, indeed, indigenous rights more generally) as a set of entitlements separate from general human rights, judicial and quasi-judicial practice as it exists or is being developed within regional and global human rights systems is effectively shaping up their content and meaning. I argue that indigenous land rights jurisprudence reflects a distinctive type of human rights discourse, which is an indispensable point of reference to vest indigenous land issues with greater legal significance. From a practical standpoint, focussing on human rights judicial and quasi-judicial action to expand existing treaty-based regimes and promote constructive partnerships with national courts, though not a panacea to all the intricacies of indigenous rights, does appear to offer a more realistic alternative to advocacy strategies primarily based on universally binding principles (at least at this stage) or the disengagement of domestic systems from international (human rights) law.


U.S. consumers today have a broad range of choices about how to make payments. In addition to checks, credit cards and traditional debit cards, consumers may be offered prepaid cards, contactless cards, mobile payment devices, online payment sites, online credit payments, and other new ways to pay. Federal payments law was developed before many of these methods existed, so it is no surprise that it has gaps in coverage. The variations in the law underlying the different payments methods place consumers in very different legal positions when something goes wrong. The gaps in the law mean that the particular payment method used, and how the payment is processed, can affect the consumer's ability to get his or her money back if the goods are not delivered as ordered, the payment information is stolen and misused, the payment was unauthorized, or the payment is processed for the wrong amount. This article, first published at 83 Chicago-Kent Law Review, No. 2, 769 (2008), describes the current state of confusion and gaps in the payments law; outlines a set of five immediate changes to current law that would address major problems and ambiguities in payment law; and offers ten principles to evaluate existing and future payments methods, regulations and laws. First, the article describes the current state of the law as applied to some of the new payments methods in terms of the questions consumers might ask: Is my money safe? Will it disappear in fees before I have a chance to spend it? Will I get my money back if someone else makes a mistake? Can I stop or reverse payment if I do not get the goods? This section describes the different answers to these questions depending on which payment product is used. Second, the article describes how many of these problems could be eliminated and greater consumer protection in the non-cash payment marketplace could be accomplished with a handful of changes to the Electronic Fund Transfer Act, the Fair Credit Billing Act, and the Expedited Funds Availability Act, plus more vigorous regulatory use of the power to prohibit unfair practices. These changes could provide a baseline set of consumer protections, built from the strongest elements of current federal consumer protections in payments law. Finally, the article recommends ten principles for evaluating new payments products and new payments law.


The last few decades have provided evidence on how governments at different scales are called upon to effectively respond to rapidly changing social, political and economic scenarios. Scientific community seems to have paid scarce attention to the analysis and understanding of bureaucratic changes linked to the enactment of new forms of interaction between political institutions and civil society. Participation of civil society can rely on either circumscribed or broad political projects involving and affecting the ways public sector formulates and delivers the public services. In this paper I take stock of the scientific debate concerning margins of reform in public sector through participatory processes. On the basis of my academic experience on and practice with participatory initiatives, my argument is that we need to foster new reflections on the ways public sector can achieve effective goals through participation.


Poker is a game of imperfect information where players make inferences and investments under uncertainty. Winning requires skill as well as luck, and people play with different styles. Here I examine the roles of style and skill in a simplified poker game. I propose that style arises from mental limits in estimating odds and stakes, and I define style as a strategy for making decisions in light of these mental limits. I then develop formal models of cognitive styles, such as "Tight" and "Loose", and pit them against each other in heads-up (pair-wise) face-offs (match-ups). I also develop a formal model of normative skill and pit this skill against the styles. My results show that the best style for one player depends on the style of his opponent, and that Novice styles can be remarkably effective against Expert skill. I discuss the reasons behind these results and suggest how this study may apply to practical problems in business and warfare – which are real life games of inference and investment that are also played with style and skill.


Using survey data from Norway and Sweden, we assess people's attitudes toward gender equality. Previous studies argue that these attitudes are more egalitarian in Sweden than in Norway. Similar to previous research, we find that Swedes are more positive towards gender equality in general. However, we find no differences regarding views on egalitarian sharing of household responsibilities, and Norwegians are actually more supportive of government intervention to increase gender equality. This suggests that the lower support for gender equality in Norway is not as clear-cut as previously thought and that active state intervention to improve gender equality may be even more feasible in Norway than in Sweden.


A quantum phase transition is generally thought to imprint distinctive characteristics on the nonequilibrium dynamics of a closed quantum system. Specifically, the Loschmidt echo after a sudden quench to a quantum critical point-measuring the time dependence of the overlap between initial and time-evolved states-is expected to exhibit an accelerated relaxation followed by periodic revivals. We here introduce a new exactly solvable model, the extended Su-Schrieffer-Heeger model, the Loschmidt echo of which provides a counterexample. A parallell analysis of the quench dynamics of the three-site spin-interacting XY model allows us to pinpoint the conditions under which a periodic Loschmidt revival actually appears.


Award-winning author Bob Alexander presents a biography of 20th-century Ranger Captain Jack Dean, who holds the distinction of being one of only five men to serve in both the Officer's Corps of the Rangers and also as a President-appointed United States Marshal.
Jack Dean's service in Texas Ranger history occurred at a time when the institution was undergoing a philosophical revamping and restructuring, all hastened by America's Civil Rights Movement, landmark decisions handed down by the United States Supreme Court, zooming advances in forensic technology, and focused efforts designed to diversify and professionalize the Rangers. His job choice caused him to circulate in the duplicitous underworld of dishonesty and criminality where twisted self-interest overrode compliance with societal norms. His biography is packed with true-crime calamities: double murders, single murders, negligent homicides, suicides, jailbreaks, manhunts, armed robberies and home invasions, kidnappings, public corruption, sexual assaults, illicit gambling, car-theft rings, dope smuggling, and arms trafficking.
"Bob Alexander personally interviewed Jack Dean, a renowned Texas lawman who wore a badge for forty-three years. These conversations form the core of a well-researched and fascinating account of Lone Star justice from the mid-twentieth century into the new millennium." —Darren L. Ivey, author of The Ranger Ideal, Volumes 1 and 2.


This article presents a digital environmental media studies (DEMS) framework that shifts the primary focus of digital media study from one grounded in computation to one fully rooted in the earth. DEMS proposes a relational, metabolic ontology wherein popular media theory terms like atmospheric media, elemental media, cyborg, and digital labor are put to new use to call attention to the evolving, inseparable and transformative, material relations between the human, the earth, and the digital network. Motivated by the absence of environmental thinking from both digital theory and popular digital rhetoric, this article counters by making visible the overlooked intersections of media materiality, social reflexivity, and the environment.


Upconverting Gd2O3 nanoparticles (NPs) doped 1% Er3+ and 18% Yb3+ permits one to perform optical imaging. Because of the presence of Gd3+ they are useful in MRI. The main challenge is to enhance the NPs upconversion efficiency. As a result of co-doping the NPs with Zn2+ ions, achieved using microwave-induced solution combustion synthesis, we obtained optimal upconversion quantum yields (UQYs). The breakdown of the local crystal field symmetry around the rare earth ions, maximal in the presence of 5% of zinc, may be responsible for the highest observed UQY. The upconversion of IR light results in emission of visible red light mainly at 660 nm and at 550 nm. Optimized red photoluminescence of the samples observed in an organic environment was examined as a function of the laser power density to explain the mechanism of the upconversion emission. Paramagnetic properties of the NPs were determined by superconducting quantum interference device measurements. The non-functionalized nanoparticles incubated with HeLa cells were endocytosed and imaged by confocal laser scanning microscopy. We investigated their localization inside HeLa cells for various incubation times and NPs concentrations. PrestoBlue toxicity assay was performed to test the NPs bio-efficacy.


The recent experiences of asymmetric urban military operations have highlighted the pressing need for incorporation of soft data, such as informant statements, into the fusion process. Soft data are fundamentally different from hard data (generated by physics-based sensors), in the sense that the information they provide tends to be qualitative and subject to interpretation. These characteristics pose a major obstacle to using existing multi-sensor data fusion frameworks, which are quite well established for hard data. Given the critical and sensitive nature of intended applications, soft/hard data fusion requires a framework that allows for convenient representation of various data uncertainties common in soft/hard data, and provides fusion techniques that are robust, mathematically justifiable, and yet effective. This would allow an analyst to make decisions with a better understanding of the associated uncertainties as well as the fusion mechanism itself.
We present here a detailed account of an analytical solution to the task of soft/hard data fusion. The developed analytical framework consists of several main components: (i) a Dempster-Shafer (DS) belief theory based fusion strategy, (ii) a complete characterization of the Fagin-Halpern DS theoretic (DST) conditional notion which forms the basis of the data fusion framework, (iii) an evidence updating strategy for the purpose of consensus generation, (iv) a credibility estimation technique for validation of evidence, and (v) techniques for reducing computational burden associated with the proposed fusion framework.
The proposed fusion strategy possesses several intuitively appealing features, and satisfies certain algebraic and fusion properties making it particularly useful in a soft/hard fusion environment. This strategy is based on DS belief theory which allows for convenient representation of uncertainties that are typical of soft/hard domains.
The Fagin-Halpern (FH) notion is perhaps the most appropriate DST conditional notion for soft/hard data fusion scenarios. It also forms the basis for our fusion framework. We provide a complete characterization of the FH conditional notion. This constitutes a strong result, that sets the foundation for understanding the FH conditional notions and also establishes the theoretical grounds for development of algorithms for efficient computation of FH conditionals. We also address the converse problem of determining the evidence that may have generated a given change of belief. This converse result can be of significant practical value in certain applications.
A consensus control strategy developed based on our fusion technique allows consensus analysis to be carried out in a multitude of applications that call for extended flexibility in uncertainty modeling. We provide a complete theoretical development of the proposed consensus strategy with rigorous proofs. We make use of these consensus notions to establish a data validation technique to assess credibility of evidence in the absence of ground truth. Credibility estimates can be used in fusion equations and also be used to estimate reliability of sources for subsequent fusion operations.
Computational overhead is one of the major obstacles associated with data fusion operations, especially in DS theoretic methods. We propose a graphical procedure and its associated message passing scheme for efficient computation of the conditionals, along with the theoretical bounds for computational costs. In addition, we propose a method based on statistical sampling techniques to approximate DST data models. This allows for efficient computational representations as well as further reductions in computational costs associated with DS theoretic fusion operations.
We have used several example scenarios throughout the presentation to clarify and validate the proposed notions and techniques. We conclude the dissertation by providing severalguidelines for future research and summary of the work that is being presented.


Background Most studies examining processes of change in psychological therapy for social anxiety disorder (SAD) have analysed data from randomised controlled trials in research settings. Method To assess whether these findings are representative of routine clinical practice, we analysed audit data from two samples of patients who received Cognitive Therapy for SAD (total N = 271). Three process variables (self-focused attention, negative social cognitions, and depressed mood) were examined using multilevel structural equation models. Results Significant indirect effects were observed for all three variables in both samples, with negative social cognitions showing the strongest percent mediation effect. 'Reversed' relationships, where social anxiety predicted subsequent process variable scores, were also supported. Conclusion The findings suggest the processes of change in this treatment may be similar between research trials and routine care.


In recent years, building web-accessible dictionaries has become a new way of organizing and publishing data from linguistic fieldwork on indigenous languages. This paper provides an overview of one such online dictionary. The language we worked on was Southeastern Pomo, an endangered native American language which was historically spoken in the area of Clear Lake, California. The structure of the dictionary and the files that are needed to construct it are introduced in detail. We also demonstrate three types of searches that are made available on the dictionary website.


We have developed an embodied avatar mediated communication system by using a human avatar called the 'VirtualActor' and an abstract avatar called the 'VirtualWave' within the same communication space. VirtualActor is a CG character based on a talker's embodied information in the virtual space. The self-referable avatar's motion is consistent with the talker's conscious behavior and unconscious communication rhythms of the body, w hich are measured using sensors. This paper show s the effect of embodied avatar mediated communication for remote talkers in a communication experiment in which the head motion of the listener's VirtualActor is stopped inconsistently. And we propose the concept of the embodied avatar called the 'PuppetAvatar' based on the talker's hand motion and the prototype of the system by using the glove sensor or trackball is developed.


Introduction: Visceral pleural invasion, which is defined as tumor extension beyond the elastic lamina, is one of the most important prognostic factors in patients who have undergone curative resection for non-small cell lung cancer. However, in pathologic slides, pleural elastic lamina could not be found in the hilar region in which the pleura is reflected. Till date, when cancer cells are seen in this region, a basical agreement dealing with T factor is controversial among pathologists. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the significance of tumor invasion of that region as a prognostic factor. Methods: We reviewed 91 cases of surgically resected lung cancer in which invasion of the hilar region was visible macroscopically. By microscopic examination, we divided them into three groups: a group in which no cancer cells are seen in the soft tissue beyond the hilar region (group A), a group in which cancer cells are seen in the soft tissue beyond the hilar region (group B), and a group in which cancer cells could not be seen in the soft tissue beyond the hilar region but invade into the mediastinal visceral pleura at some other site (group C). We then evaluated the clinicopathologic characteristics of the patients and their outcome. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in the 5-year overall survival rate or disease-free survival rate between group A and group B (overall: 55 versus 48%; disease free: 43 versus 42%), but disease-free survival of group C was significantly lesser than that of group A and group B (A versus C: p = 0.022; B versus C: p = 0.040). Conclusion: Tumor invasion of the soft tissue beyond hilar region would not be a prognostic factor in patients who have undergone curative resection for primary lung cancer, although investigation of larger number of cases will be needed to confirm the validity of our conclusion.


Oscar G. Chase and Janet Walker, Introduction to "Civil Law, Common Law and the Future of Categories," Walker and Chase, eds.(LexisNexis 2010). This volume includes the edited papers presented at a 2009 conference of the International Association of Procedure Law held at the Osgoode Hall Law School in Toronto. Presenters considered whether in view of ongoing world-wide procedural reforms the age-old categories of common law and civil law continue to be useful procedural taxonomies and, if not, whether new categories are emerging that will have a role to play in the future. Distinguished scholars from 35 countries that represented virtually all of the world's legal systems took an informed look at the directions of procedural reform in the context of the conference themes. Differing perspectives and opinions based on knowledgeable descriptions of changing systems led to provocative discussions. In the Introduction to the book co-authors Oscar G. Chase and Janet Walker explore the major themes of the conference including the underlying issue of the continuing utility of categories as organizers of any system of thought, and consider possible alternative categorization.


THIS issue of the TEACHERS COLLEGE JL RECORD may be viewed as an experiment in educational decision-making. We started with the general question, What shall the schools teach?, and asked two educational practitioners to discuss the concrete issues they face when making curriculum decisions. The general question thus led to a number of specific educational problems. Our next step was to submit these statements to representatives of four fields of study: philosophy, developmental psychology, learning theory, and sociology. Each of these writers was asked to address himself to the question, What does your field of knowledge contribute to answering the question posed?


This study estimates the return to education in Britain using two instrumental variable (IV) estimators: one exploits variation in schooling associated with early smoking, the other uses the raising of the school leaving age; both affect a sizeable proportion of the sample. Early smoking is found to be a strong and valid IV and unlike previous IV strategies uses variations in education at numerous points across the distributions of (i) education, and (ii) ability. Thus whilst still a 'local average treatment effect' the estimate is closer to the average effect of additional education, akin to least squares but corrected for endogeneity.


Events play an important role in the construction of most software that involves interaction or simulation. Typically, programmers make use of a fixed set of low level events supplied by a window system, possibly augmented with timers and UI components. Event handling generally involves some interpretation of these event occurrences, followed by external actions or modifications to program state. It is possible to extend the event paradigm by using event interpretation to synthesize new kinds of events tailored specifically for a domain or application. In turn, these new events may be used to synthesize yet others, and so on, to an arbitrarily sophisticated degree. This programming paradigm, which we call event-oriented programming, aids in the factoring of programs into understandable and reusable pieces. We propose a declarative approach to event-oriented programming, based on a powerfully expressive event language with a lightweight notation. We illustrate this new approach through the design of an interactive curve editor.


Quantifying the hydrologic balance at high temporal resolution is necessary to evaluate field‐scale management effects on soil water storage. Our objective was to develop and evaluate a hybrid procedure to estimate drainage, infiltration, and evaporation based on changes in plot‐scale soil water storage on a Pullman clay loam. Soil water contents were monitored in 2005 at 0.5‐h intervals on 12 plots instrumented with time‐domain reflectometry probes at 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, and 0.3 m depths, and weekly using a neutron moisture meter to a depth of 2.3 m in 0.2‐m increments. During periods in August 2005 when either a plane of zero flux existed or when a wetting front penetrated into an upper soil layer at ∼0.24 m, changes in soil water storage were used to iteratively fit hydraulic parameters to estimate soil water fluxes into and out of the control volume. Predicted hydraulic conductivities were not significantly different (p = 0.471) from hydraulic conductivities calculated using the iterative method during three other months in 2005 and yielded drainage rates that differed by less than 0.05 mm d−1 as compared to calculated changes in storage below the plane of zero flux. By considering the delayed response of water content measurements to precipitation inputs, cumulative infiltration and evaporation throughout a month with 103‐mm precipitation could be estimated from the measured changes in soil water storage with expected uncertainties of ± 5 mm. The proposed procedure permits the indirect estimation of soil water balance components useful for comparing plot‐scale treatments and overcomes some of the difficulties associated with weighing lysimeter and meterological approaches.


Accurate thermophysical property data are of fundamental importance for reliable simulation and design of molten-metal processes. This paper provides specific heat, density, thermal diffusivity, thermal conductivity, and electric resistivity data for three aluminium casting alloys (A210, A319, and A356). The data for each alloy are shown to be self-consistent with respect to transformation temperatures. In addition, the electric resistivity and thermal conductivity data are compared with predictions based on the Wiedemann-Franz-Lorenz law. Experimentally determined Lorenz numbers, L, for these casting alloys have been found to be approximately equal to 95% of the theoretical Lorenz number, L 0 , for solid materials, and equal to L 0 for completely molten samples. Anomalous behavior of the Lorenz number correlation was exhibited in the mushy zone. This is believed to be due to part of the laser-flash energy being consumed in additional melting of the solid phase in mushy-zone material giving rise to lower than expected back surface temperature rises and subsequent decreases in measured values of thermal diffusivity and conductivity in the mushy zone.


Abstract In this study, we introduce the digital backpack as a means for creating a rich learning experience for students of multiple ages. Development, design, and refinement of the digital backpack are grounded in the theoretical framework of Universal Design for Learning using a Design-Based Research (DBR) model. This article presents the design and initial testing of the digital back-pack. We discuss the refinement of the digital backpack in a case format that involved three DBR cycles focused on increasingly complex outcomes of design and learning. Finally, the article offers the lessons learned to encourage further exploration of this technology.


Pt–Ni bimetallic nanoparticles on the surface of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanosheets were prepared by using a wet–reflux strategy and characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Xray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy. The glassy carbon electrode modified with Pt–Ni/rGO demonstrated excellent electrochemical activity towards dopamine (DA) in the presence of acetaminophen (APAP) and etilefrine hydrochloride (ET). From the differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) results obtained for the ternary mixture of DA, APAP and ET, the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of DA were calculated to be 0.0026 μM and 0.00876 μM, respectively. The proposed sensor was successfully employed for the sensing of DA in aqueous solution, pharmaceutical drugs and human serum samples in a mixture with APAP and ET.


Introduction I. Functional Categories of Ex Post Debtor Protection II. Channels of Production of Ex Post Debtor Protection III. Implications of the Legal Infrastructure A. Should Debtor Protections be Bundled or Unbundled? B. How Does Legal Infrastructure Hinder Effective Use of Intermediaries? Conclusion INTRODUCTION On the first Tuesday of the month, a few dozen people stand staggered on the steps of the county courthouse. They appear to be reading aloud to themselves from a sheaf of papers. Passersby steal glances but often are unaware that these readings carry great legal significance: foreclosure auctions of homes. Those representing the mortgagees have neither podium nor microphone, let alone a gavel. Murmuring simultaneously, they don't take turns. As the law requires, these auctions likely have been advertised in small print in newspapers. But, for a variety of reasons, interested third-party bidders with the requisite cash, cashier's check, or wiring instructions are few and far between. Absent a higher third-party bidder, the mortgagee becomes the owner of the home in a matter of minutes. Absent a later challenge, the process is over. (1) Just a few city blocks away, people with distressed mortgages file bankruptcy petitions in a federal courthouse. These filings will usually stop a scheduled foreclosure auction of their houses, at least temporarily. Many of these homeowners will propose repayment plans that will cure their mortgage arrears, although completion of those plans is far from certain. These observations illustrate how bankruptcy and foreclosure systems address very similar legal and economic issues. But, as a formal matter, they are entirely distinct. Different judges, different lawyers, different rules. The division of debtor-creditor law among multiple legal systems has many perfectly reasonable explanations. Yet, the consequences for the delivery of consumer protection are too often overlooked and not yet well understood. This Cooper-Walsh Colloquium contribution reviews the legal infrastructure of tools that protect debtors' assets or income, or that enable debtors to resolve secured credit problems during ordinary times (e.g., not specific crisis interventions). Part I divides consumer protection tools into functional categories: protection of assets and future income, and retention of property subject to a security interest in default. Part II identifies the location of similar tools in federal law, uniform state law, and non-uniform state law. Part III examines implications of this divided system, with a special focus on the bundling of debtor protections and the role of intermediaries. This discussion helps us imagine improvements to consumer protection whether or not new legal tools are added. I. FUNCTIONAL CATEGORIES OF EX POST DEBTOR PROTECTION In the traditional law school model, the concept of a remedy is equated with an action for money or injunctive relief in a lawsuit. Indeed, many federal and state statutes or common law doctrines offer these forms of relief to consumer debtors. (2) Damages might be compensatory, punitive, and/or include attorneys' fees for a prevailing debtor. (3) For example, section 9-625 of the Uniform Commercial Code (part of Article 9 governing secured transactions in personal property) explicitly authorizes damages to a defaulting debtor if a secured creditor fails to comply with Article 9's requirements, such as conducting a commercially reasonable foreclosure sale, providing reasonable notice of the sale, and not breaching the peace during any self-help repossession of collateral. (4) Scholars and advocates have long recognized a variety of impediments to consumers' effective use of traditional litigation-based remedies. Many consumers with viable claims do not seek advice on pursuing such claims either offensively or defensively. (5) Or, if they do, they wait too long for such actions to be any use. …


Magnetic thin films based on the giant magnetoresistance (GMR) and colossal
magnetoresistance (CMR) effects are currently being used as head sensor in the
magnetic data storage technology. With the technological revolution in the magnetic
recording world of last decades, a need of better and more sensitive
magnetoresistance material arises for head sensing. In the first part of this work, a
series of Ag-Fe-Co granular films with different composition and thickness had been
fabricated onto microscope glass slides using RF magnetron sputtering system. The
crystalline analysis show that the as-deposited films consist of and
silver texture. Negative GMR values have been obtained and no tendency to saturate
at any temperature has been observed. The experimental results show that the GMR
value is governed by the composition, microstructure, thickness and temperature.
Under an optimum condition, formation of the right shape and size of magnetic
cluster in the matrix will cause rapid increase of the GMR value.


Network Intrusion Detection Systems (NIDS) have become crucial to securing modern networks. To be effective, a NIDS must be able to counter evasion attempts and operate at or near wire-speed. Failure to do so allows malicious packets to slip through a NIDS undetected. In this paper, we explore NIDS evasion through algorithmic complexity attacks. We present a highly effective attack against the Snort NIDS, and we provide a practical algorithmic solution that successfully thwarts the attack. This attack exploits the behavior of rule matching, yielding inspection times that are up to 1.5 million times slower than that of benign packets. Our analysis shows that this attack is applicable to many rules in Snort¿s ruleset, rendering vulnerable the thousands of networks protected by it. Our countermeasure confines the inspection time to within one order of magnitude of benign packets. Experimental results using a live system show that an attacker needs only 4.0 kbps of bandwidth to perpetually disable an unmodified NIDS, whereas all intrusions are detected when our countermeasure is used.


Geophagy is common in extant nonhuman primate species, but the exact reasons for it across species remain unclear. Previous diet studies on Yunnan snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) were only focused on organic materials (plants and small animals). There are no reports on R. bieti exhibiting geophagy in the field before this study. This study was carried out at Xiangguqing in the Baimaxueshan Nature Reserve from June 2008 to May 2009. We recorded the behavior of geophagy and collected samples of soil consumed by the monkeys there and analyzed their content in a laboratory. We identified a total of eight sites where the monkeys consumed soil in the home range during the study period. The total time spent ingesting soil was 13,690 seconds. 20 adult males, 34 adult females except lactating mothers, and 12 immatures without infants were seen to eat soil throughout this study. Average time spent in soil-eating bouts differed significantly among age/sex classes. This study suggests that particular age/sex classes or individuals in certain states of society and health will predictably display a behavioral pattern of geophagy. Our data indicate that geophagy in R. bieti is best explained as a response to nutrient deficiency, as soil consumed by the monkeys was significantly higher in calcium, copper, zinc, iron, manganese, and sodium. Although R. bieti consumes iron- rich soil, control samples that were not consumed also had high levels of iron, suggesting that high altitude alone is not a sufficient explanation for geophagy in this species.


. Under habitat loss and fragmentation, the intensity of local ecological processes involving species interactions changes pervasively, accelerating local species extinctions, and disrupting essential ecosystem functions. We addressed this issue by examining the direct population drivers of apex predators ( fi ve felid species), armadillo mesopredators, leafcutter ants ( Atta sexdens and Atta cephalotes ), and the indirect effects mediated by their inter-trophic relationships in a ~ 25-yr-old land-bridge island system formed by a hydroelectric dam in the Central Amazon. These trophic groups and pioneer tree abundance were surveyed across 34 variable-sized islands and three continuous forest sites. Leafcutter populations were characterized in relation to their occurrence, colony density, and proportion of inactive colonies, and for each leafcutter response, we considered the direct and/or indirect effects of forest area on each trophic group. Leafcutter occupancy was best explained by the direct model, colony density by either the direct or the indirect model, and proportion of inactive colonies by an indirect model via the effects of pioneer tree abundance. The direct forest area effects were positive for apex predators and leafcutter occupancy, but negative for armadillos and pioneer trees. Yet leafcutter colony density declined in increasingly larger forest areas. The absence or low abundance of apex predators on small islands released armadillo hyper-abundance, which contrary to expec-tation from top-down control, covaried positively with leafcutter colony density. Finally, the indirect model showed that leafcutter colonies were more active under higher pioneer tree abundances. That leafcutter density increases on smaller islands whenever present is likely attributed to the hyper-abundance of pioneer plants and canopy gaps. Although apex predators apparently suppressed armadillos, the remaining fraction of the food web seems to be controlled by bottom-up mechanisms most likely related the overall low foliage palatability typical of wet evergreen forests. Our fi ndings can be used to inform the long-term viability of forest ecosystems affected by hydropower development in lowland Amazonia.


The study aims to investigate the progressive collapse behaviour of RCC building under extreme loading events such as gas explosion in kitchen, terroristic attack, vehicular collisions and accidental overloads. The behavioural changes have been investigated and node displacements are computed when the building is subjected to sudden collapse of the load bearing elements. Herein, a RCC building designed based on Indian standard code of practice is considered. The investigation is carried out using commercially available software. The node displacement values are found under the column removal conditions and collapse resistance of building frame is studied due to increased loading for different scenarios. This simple analysis can be used to quickly analyse the structures for different failure conditions and then optimize it for various threat scenarios.


Published in: Histories of Knowledge in Postwar Scandinavia DOI: 10.4324/9781003019275-9 Publication date: 2020 Document version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Document license: CC BY Citation for published version (APA): Olsen, N. (2020). Welfare State Criticism as Elite Criticism in 1970s Denmark. In N. Olsen, J. Östling, & D. L. Heidenblad (Eds.), Histories of Knowledge in Postwar Scandinavia : Actors, Arenas, and Aspirations (pp. 111126). Routledge. Knowledge Societies in History https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003019275-9


Study utilizes cointegration and vector error correction analysis to determination the long and short run dynamics between electricity demand and its determinants. Study uses time series data for Pakistan from 1970 to 2010. Johansen cointegration test indicate that variables integrate in the long run. Error correction term reflects the convergence of variables towards equilibrium. Electricity acts as a necessity in short run and luxury in long run. Study concludes that effective price and income policies, group pricing policy and peak-load pricing policy should be exercised for electricity demand management. Keywords: Electricity Intensity; Peak-load Pricing; Derived demand; Pakistan  JEL Classifications: Q400; Q410


The consequences of the extensive changes in age distribution now occurring in developed countries are different according to whether one considers aspects of production or consumption. Too little attention has been given to the former, especially in relation to the pace of technical change. This paper opens up that subject. Under fixed technology, experience is an asset to the individual and to the economy; under rapid change, experience can be a handicap to both. It is also shown how fewer entrants into the labor force makes for higher starting wages but slower promotion to more responsible work.

Of the various consumption and redistribution aspects, social security is the most conspicuous. An earlier paper (Keyfitz, 1981) developed formulas for the implicit reserve of a social security scheme; here we carry these further in relation to social security wealth. The crisis in social security consists in the fact that schemes have been priced lower than sheer arithmetic shows to be their long-term cost. Because the public believed the costs to be lower than it now realizes they are, it bought a larger quantity than it really wanted. Yet it is reluctant to reduce the quantity--by raising the retirement age or lowering the replacement ratio--because the scheme seems so fragile that any tampering with it could be the opening wedge to total dismantling. We locate social security in the framework of intergenerational transfers, whose problems arise as a direct consequence of birth fluctuations. Lines of argument converge to show that the solidarity of the generations is strengthened by at least partial funding of social security.


With Writing for the Web, youll learn everything you need to know to create effective Web content using words, pictures, and sound. Follow along as instructor and writer Lynda Felder combines easy-to-follow guidelines with photographs, lists, and tables to illustrate the key concepts behind writing nonlinear, interactive stories; creating succinct and clear copy; and working compelling images, motion graphics, and sound into your content. Many books offer instruction on how to use software programs to build Web sites, podcasts, and illustrations. But only Writing for the Web explains when and why an author might choose an illustration over a photograph, motion graphics over text, or a slice of Beethovens Fifth over the sound of a bubbling brook. Focusing on storytelling techniques that work best for digital media, this book describes the essential skills and tools in a Web authors toolbox, including a thorough understanding of grammar and style, a critical eye for photography, and an ear for just the right sound byte for a podcast. This clearly written guide provides a fun and practical approach to Web writing that busy students and writers will be eager to learn and explore. Uses concise, straight-to-the-point style to illustrate techniques for writing sharp and focused Web copy, coupled with compelling visuals and sound Focuses on writing practices and guidelines, with exercises and prompts developed and tested by the author Features clear design, with plenty of pictures and visual elements, and a friendly and knowledgeable voice For more tips, exercises, and suggestions for teachers, check out the books Web site at www.write4web.com.


This paper investigates the design of incentives in a dynamic adverse selection framework when agentsi?½ production technologies display learning effects and agentsi?½ rate of learning is private knowledge. In a simple two-period model with full commitment available to the principal, we show that whether learning effects are over- or under-exploited crucially depends on whether learning effects increase or decrease the principali?½s uncertainty about agentsi?½ costs of production. Hence, what drives the over- or under-exploitation of learning effects is whether more efficient agents also learn faster (so costs diverge through learning effects) or whether it is the less efficient agents who learn faster (so costs converge). Furthermore, we show that if divergence in costs through learning effects is strong enough, learning effects will not be exploited at all, in a sense to be made precise.


The essential guide to understanding and using firewalls to protect personal computers and your network An easy-to-read introduction to the most commonly deployed network security device Understand the threats firewalls are designed to protect against Learn basic firewall architectures, practical deployment scenarios, and common management and troubleshooting tasks Includes configuration, deployment, and management checklistsIncreasing reliance on the Internet in both work and home environments has radically increased the vulnerability of computing systems to attack from a wide variety of threats. Firewall technology continues to be the most prevalent form of protection against existing and new threats to computers and networks. A full understanding of what firewalls can do, how they can be deployed to maximum effect, and the differences among firewall types can make the difference between continued network integrity and complete network or computer failure. Firewall Fundamentals introduces readers to firewall concepts and explores various commercial and open source firewall implementations--including Cisco, Linksys, and Linux--allowing network administrators and small office/home office computer users to effectively choose and configure their devices. Firewall Fundamentals is written in clear and easy-to-understand language and helps novice users understand what firewalls are and how and where they are used. It introduces various types of firewalls, first conceptually and then by explaining how different firewall implementations actually work. It also provides numerous implementation examples, demonstrating the use of firewalls in both personal and business-related scenarios, and explains how a firewall should be installed and configured. Additionally, generic firewall troubleshooting methodologies and common management tasks are clearly defined and explained.


Lay understandings of human cognition, affect, and behaviour often diverge from those informed by the findings of scientific investigations. In the present study I examined South African psychologists' judgments about the factual correctness of statements of psychological phenomena that have been demonstrated to be incorrect by empirical research. Forty-five psychologists responded to a mail survey and completed a questionnaire that required them to decide on the validity of a list of empirically untrue statements. The results show that a large proportion of psychologists indicated that they believed many incorrect statements to be probably or definitely true. These results are discussed with reference to the curricula of South African psychology training courses and the influence of popular culture on beliefs about human behaviour.


This is the story of one of the most famous literary "sets" of the 20th century. Gerald and Sara Murphy were at the centre of a group that included Ernest Hemingway and his wives, F. Scott and Zelda Fitzgerald, John Dos Passos, Archibald MacLeish, Dorothy Parker, Alexander Woollcott, Robert Benchley, Phillip Barry and many others. They personified the jazz age and the lost generation. The Murphys have been viewed primarily as cult-pop figures, particularly as they were depicted in Calvin Tomkin's "Living Well is the Best Revenge". In this book, Miller shows, through a sequential interweaving of letters from several correspondents, that they were actually the nucleus without which the group as we know it would not have stayed together. Miller allows the individual correspondents to tell their own stories, providing new insights into their lives and this era. Miller provides nearly every extant letter between the Murphys and their friends during the 20s and 30s, when they were living in France. Most of these letters have not been published previously and have never been presented collectively.


Abstract Reconstruction of the pulmonary valve and outflow tract is frequently needed to repair congenital defects. Current substitutes lead to graft failure and reoperation due to calcification, shrinkage, progressive insufficiency or transvalvular gradients, and relative growth of the patient compared to the valve. CorMatrix extracellular matrix (ECM), derived from decellularized, non-crosslinked small intestine submucosa (SIS) is used for general cardiac repairs and regenerates into normal cardiac tissue with growth potential. Previously, we showed that an ECM pulmonary valve leaflet remodeled into a neo-leaflet histologically similar to native valve architecture. In this study we used an ECM valved conduit for pulmonary valve replacement in an ovine model to demonstrate its potential to remodel into native tissue. A trileaflet valved conduit was produced from CorMatrix ECM sutured into a tube then intussuscepted to form a tube within a tube. At three equidistant points the inner tube was sutured to the outer tube forming three leaflets to guide unidirectional flow with physiologic opening and closing mechanics. Under cardiopulmonary bypass the ovine pulmonary valve and pulmonary artery section was removed and replaced with the ECM valved conduit. Valve function was evaluated by echocardiography post-operatively and at bi-monthly intervals until euthanasia at 3, 5, 8, and 12 months. Histological evaluation included H and E, Movat pentachrome, von Kossa, anti-CD31, and anti-eNOS. Our echocardiography results show that a pulmonary valve constructed from ECM opens and closes completely without regurgitation or stenosis for 12 months. Grossly, explanted valves appeared similar to native valves and were remodeling after 3 months with further progression to native morphology after 5, 8 and 12 months. Histological examination showed diffuse cellular infiltration by 3 months. At 5 months, collagen organization was increased and glycosaminoglycans were distributed throughout the middle of the leaflet. At 3 months, SEM and eNOS staining demonstrated a confluent and functional endothelial lining on the pulmonary artery and hinge regions of the valve. At 5 months, this lining extended to the center of the leaflet with confluent areas at the leaflet tip. At 8 and 12 months, a tri-layered structure similar to native valve architecture was demonstrated histologically by a Movat stain with a confluent endothelial lining demonstrated by eNOS and CD31 staining. The von Kossa stain showed an absence of calcific deposits at all time points except occasionally at the suture. These results demonstrate the potential of a CorMatrix ECM pulmonary valve to remodel into endothelialized tissue that is indistinguishable from the host's native valve both grossly and histologically. Such a regenerated valve would be expected to improve patient outcomes since it remodels into native tissue with growth potential.


Objective -- As a first step in gathering evidence, this study surveyed school libraries and examined the services those libraries provide in relation to the Universal Basic Education (UBE) program at a primary level. The purpose of this paper is to explore these UBE factors in relation to school libraries in Oyo State, Nigeria.

Methods -- A questionnaire was sent to the 33 schools which have a library and information centre staffed by a teacher-librarian, in order to examine library services and the views of those providing them. The questionnaire covers library space, categories of library resources, student activities during library visits, mobile library services, and the teacher-librarians' perception of the adequacy of the collection and the challenges in the use of library.

Results -- Questionnaires were returned by 30 teacher-librarians out of 33, a response rate of 91%. Although pupils across each local government area have the chance to visit school libraries, the system of one short visit per week is inadequate for developing a universal interest in reading and in study skills. Staff responsible for the libraries consider many of the resources to be inadequate or outdated and stock is depleted as pupils borrow books, leaving fewer for those who follow.

Conclusions -- As a first step to implementing evidence based practice, this paper describes the primary school library system in Nigeria and provides evidence on how it operates in Oyo State. Teacher-librarians who staff the libraries confirm the inadequacies in the system. They perceive collections to be inadequate and confirm that some pupils in the state have only limited access to library resources. Respondents also believe that they need further training, particularly in computer and information literacy.


ABSTRACT The cfr gene encodes the Cfr methyltransferase that methylates a single adenine in the peptidyl transferase region of bacterial ribosomes. The methylation provides resistance to several classes of antibiotics that include drugs of clinical and veterinary importance. This paper describes a first step toward elucidating natural residences of the worrisome cfr gene and functionally similar genes. Three cfr-like genes from the order Bacillales were identified from BLAST searches and cloned into plasmids under the control of an inducible promoter. Expression of the genes was induced in Escherichia coli, and MICs for selected antibiotics indicate that the cfr-like genes confer resistance to PhLOPSa (phenicol, lincosamide, oxazolidinone, pleuromutilin, and streptogramin A) antibiotics in the same way as the cfr gene. In addition, modification at A2503 on 23S rRNA was confirmed by primer extension. Finally, expression of the Cfr-like proteins was verified by SDS gel electrophoresis of whole-cell extracts. The work shows that cfr-like genes exist in the environment and that Bacillales are natural residences of cfr-like genes.


It is well known that customers have varying needs and wants and thus expect to have a broad spectrum of products to choose from. However, they hardly tolerate variation in products produced to the same specifications. This variation, which originates from multiple sources and adversely affects product quality, should be detected, identified and managed throughout the Product Realization Process (PRP). While the PRP is a widely defined concept, this thesis focuses on its two distinct parts, namely production and product development.

There are essentially two strategies for dealing with variation. One is to detect and eliminate sources of variation. This is usually done using Statistical Process Control (SPC) procedures. The second is to minimize the impact that the sources of variation have on important product characteristics. This is usually done using Robust Design Methodology (RDM) tools.

The main objective of this thesis has been to develop statistical methods that support the execution of both strategies. More specifically, in order to identify and assess the risks related to variation from early phases of product development, a new statistically based engineering method, Variation Mode and Effect Analysis (VMEA), has been developed. Furthermore, to effectively address variation-related problems in production, especially when traditional control charts cannot detect assignable causes of variation, a number of modifications to Shewhart's criteria and Exponentially Weighted Moving Average (EWMA) control charts have been proposed and applied in practice. Finally, some contributions have been made to the understanding and definition of predictability as an important notion in statistical quality control.


Methods for measuring aerobic methane oxidation (MOx) rates in aquatic environments are often based on the incubation of water samples, during which the consumption of methane (CH4) is monitored. Typically, incubation vessels are sealed with butyl rubber because these elastomers are essentially impermeable for gases. We report on the potential toxicity of five different commercially available, lab‐grade butyl stoppers on MOx activity in samples from marine and lacustrine environments. MOx rates in incubations sealed with non‐halogenated butyl were > 50% lower compared to parallel incubations with halogenated butyl rubber stoppers, suggesting toxic effects associated with the use of the non‐halogenated butyl type. Aqueous extracts of non‐halogenated butyl rubber were contaminated with high amounts of various organic compounds including potential bactericides such as benzyltoluenes and phenylalkanes. Comparably small amounts of organic contaminants were liberated from the halogenated butyl rubber stoppers but only two halogenated stopper types were found that did not seem to leach any organics into the incubation medium. Furthermore, the non‐halogenated and two types of the halogenated butyl elastomers additionally leached comparably high amounts of zinc. While the source of the apparent toxicity with the use of the non‐halogenated rubber stoppers remains elusive, our results indicate that leaching of contaminants from some butyl rubber stoppers can severely interfere with the activity of MOx communities, highlighting the importance of testing rubber stoppers for their respective contamination potential. The impact of leachates from butyl rubber on the assessment of biogeochemical reaction rates other than MOx seems likely but needs to be verified.


The sterile insect technique (SIT) is increasingly being evaluated as a potential complementary strategy for pest suppression or elimination. New Zealand's export fruit sector has an imperative to meet strict international phytosanitary requirements, together with increasing market demand for residue-free produce. SIT is a pest-specific method of insect control that can complement current Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies. Successful SIT presents significant challenges: the target pest must be a good candidate for suppression, and strong stakeholder and community commitment is required to achieve and maintain suppression until area-wide elimination is achieved. Emerging sterilisation technologies and refinement of existing methods are making this technology progressively more efficient and cost-effective. This study reviewed the advantages of including SIT in an IPM programme and described the first use of codling moth SIT in New Zealand. A pilot programme is currently underway to evaluate its potential to achieve local elimination of codling moth in Central Hawke's Bay apple orchards.


"The Star Spangled Banner" is one of the best known patriotic songs in the United States; however, most people do not know it originated as a poem during a much understudied, but highly influential time. "The Star Spangled Banner" is one of several poems that helped build unity in America during and after the War of 1812. This project analyzes early 19th century American poetry and the influence it had on building foundational ideologies of American nationalism. It focuses on the role poetry played in creating nationalistic myths by using primary texts to explore and analyze the different themes, words, and styles used to convey poetry to the populace between 1812 and 1829. It also shows ideas, beliefs, and social and political ideologies prevalent among those with the influence to get their voices heard. The ideas that are most prevalent in the American nationalistic myth are those of valor, gallantry, pride, perseverance, godly endeavor, liberty, duty, roughness, and steadfastness. This study helps provide a general understanding of how national unity is built in fledgling countries.


The interfacial layer in a Schottky barrier solar cell (SBSC) plays an important role in reducing the dark current, blocking the majority carriers injected into the frontal electrode at forward bias, reducing surface recombination velocity and passivating silicon surface. All these effects reflect into an improvement of the device performance. Interfacial layers between the semiconductor and the metal realized with a low thermal budget are highly desirable in solar cell processing technology. In the present paper we realize and test the passivation properties of graphene oxide (GO) thin films dip coated on silicon wafers. Wafer passivation is monitored through contactless determination of the effective minority carriers lifetime (τeff) from quasi-steady-state photoconductance (QSSPC) data. The best passivating GO layer has been tested as interfacial layer in silicon based SBSC. The realized device exhibits better performances in terms of external quantum efficiency (EQE) and power conversion efficiency (PCE) respect to a SBSC reference device.


This work presents experimental discrimination strategies based on advanced chemometric tools for the differentiation of steel grades using stand-off laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. The experiments are aimed at simulating the conditions existing in the continuous casting line of a steel factory. For this purpose, measurements of the as-cast samples provided by steelmakers have been carried out at a distance of 4.5 m, with samples in motion heated at temperatures up to 900 °C. Coaxial double-pulse laser excitation was used. The main challenge of the present study derives from the formation of an oxide layer on the surface when the steel sample is heated in contact with air. The chemical composition of such a layer deviates significantly from that of the bulk material, and not in a linear way. Moreover, complete removal of the scale layer from the surface with a single laser shot is not feasible. Therefore, quantitative analysis or calibration-based methods have to be discarded and specific chemometric strategies for identification purposes were developed. Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA) has been chosen as the semi-quantitative statistical method for the differentiation of steel grades from the corresponding scale layers. The statistical parameters derived from DFA and discriminant functions are presented with good correlation between real and predicted steel grades.


A scanning and transmission electron microscope study of aluminosilicate glasses within melt inclusions from the Martian meteorite Nakhla shows that they have been replaced by berthierine, an aluminum‐iron serpentine mineral. This alteration reaction was mediated by liquid water that gained access to the glasses along fractures within enclosing augite and olivine grains. Water/rock ratios were low, and the aqueous solutions were circumneutral and reducing. They introduced magnesium and iron that were sourced from the dissolution of olivine, and exported alkalis. Berthierine was identified using X‐ray microanalysis and electron diffraction. It is restricted in its occurrence to parts of the melt inclusions that were formerly glass, thus showing that under the ambient physico‐chemical conditions, the mobility of aluminum and silicon were low. This discovery of serpentine adds to the suite of postmagmatic hydrous silicates in Nakhla that include saponite and opal‐A. Such a variety of secondary silicates indicates that during aqueous alteration compositionally distinct microenvironments developed on sub‐millimeter length scales. The scarcity of berthierine in Nakhla is consistent with results from orbital remote sensing of the Martian crust showing very low abundances of aluminum‐rich phyllosilicates.