Daily management of neurodegenerative diseases by electrical neuromodulation techniques requires an integrated health care system for the continuous assistance to the patient. In this scenario, a direct bi-directional exchange of information between the patient's electronic health record (EHR) and patient's personal mobile health apps (mHealth) can boost the active contribution of patients and caregivers to safe homecare management. Grounding on a recently proposed standards-based architecture, we describe here a prototype implementing the mHealth App/EHR bi-directional health information exchange for supporting homecare transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) therapy. We first modeled the tDCS case study using the Unified Modeling Language (UML) and, then, we developed the mHealth app for the patient side in order to implement the exchange architecture. We then connected the app to an EHR system developed using a web-based platform (Web Bio Bank) based on a framework for EHR management. The neurologist, using the EHR system, can configure the patient's homecare plan sent to the mHealth App, and can see the patient's monitoring reports sent from the mHealth App to the EHR. The integration architecture is implemented by CDA-2 compliant XML encrypted files. The current prototype proves that direct information exchange between mHealth Apps and EHR systems is possible by a standards-based architecture and can be effectively used to improve patient-neurologist communication as well as to support tDCS home therapy.


The research that forms the basis for this article draws attention to a group of middle managers who are reluctant to become leaders because they seek more space and autonomy to stay in touch with their subject, their students, and their own pedagogic values and identities, family commitments and the balance between work and life. This reluctance is reinforced by their scepticism that leadership in Further Education (FE) is becoming less hierarchical and more participative. In a sector that has had more than its fair share of reformist intervention, there is some scepticism of the latest fad of distributed and transformative leadership as a new panacea to cure all the accumulated `ills'of Further Education in England. Although focused primarily on this one sector in an English context, the article draws some inferences where there are parallels with wider sectors of public sector reform and where the uneasy (and incomplete) transitions from `old' to `new' public management have been underpinned by invasive audit, inspection and performance cultures.


ABSTRACT This article considers two conceptual formations – brainbodies and plasticity – through some of the image-form processes of neuroscience, art and curation. Underpinned by the writings of philosopher Catherine Malabou, the ethnography of Science and Technology Studies (STS) scholar Joseph Dumit, and the artistic projects of curator Carolyn Christov-Bakargiev, the article firstly examines Positron Emission Tomography (PET) (as articulated by Dumit) and its image-making processes to show how plasticity is at work in the brainbody's molecular negotiations with the scanning apparatus. Secondly, the article analyses the entanglements generated out of the receptions of neuro-aesthetic and artistic image-forms in the curatorial directions of two of Carolyn Christov-Bakargiev's projects: dOCUMENTA (13) and the 14th Istanbul Biennial SALTWATER: A Theory of Thought Forms. A diffractive methodology of reading, as articulated in the feminist technoscientific writings of Donna Haraway and Karen Barad, helps to re-register the plasticity of matter in the contexts of art and curation. The image-forms that feature in this article expose some of the boundaries and limitations of cultural meaning-making and their associated forms. This includes the productive insights generated out of the crossing through of disciplinary perspectives and their image-making mechanisms.


Disaster Management (DM) is a complex set of interrelated activities. The activities are often knowledge intensive and time sensitive. Sharing the required knowledge timely is critical for DM. In developed countries, for recurring disasters (e.g. floods), there are dedicated document repositories of Disaster Management Plans (DMP) that can be accessed as needs arise. However, accessing the appropriate plan in a timely manner and sharing activities between plans often requires domain knowledge and intimate knowledge of the plans in the first place. In this paper, we introduce an agent-based knowledge analysis method to convert DMPs into a collection of knowledge units that can be stored into a unified repository. The repository of DM actions then enables the mixing and matching knowledge between different plans. The repository is structured as a layered abstraction according to Meta Object Facility (MOF). We use the flood management plans used by SES in NSW to illustrate and give a preliminary validation of the approach. It is illustrated using DMPs along the flood prone Murrumbidgee River in central NSW.


Elsevier's new "Problem Solving in Abdominal Imaging" offers you a concise, practical, and instructional approach to your most common imaging questions. It presents basic principles of problem solving while imaging the abdominal and pelvic organs, gastrointestinal tract, and genitourinary tract. Inside, you'll find expert guidance on how to accurately read what you see, and how to perform critical techniques including biopsy and percutaneous drainage. User-friendly features, such as tables and boxes, tips, pitfalls, and rules of thumb, place today's best practices at your fingertips. A full-color design, including more than 700 high-quality images, highlights critical elements and compliments the text, to enhance your understanding. Best of all, a bonus CD provides you with an atlas of basic surgical procedures and survival guides for managing musculoskeletal and chest findings encountered on abdominal imaging examinations.


Objective: To investigate a dose-response relationship between continuing to play following concussion and outcomes. Participants: A total of 130 athletes (age 11-19 years). Design: Repeated-measures design comparing symptoms, neurocognitive performance, and recovery time between 52 athletes immediately removed from play (Removed), 24 who continued to play for 15 minutes or less (Short-Play), and 32 who continued to play for more than 15 minutes (Long-Play). Main Measures: Recovery was the number of days from injury to clearance. Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT) measured neurocognitive outcomes and the Post-Concussion Symptom Scale (PCSS) measured symptom severity. Results: Long-Play (44.09 ± 27.01 days) took longer to recover than Short-Play (28.42±12.74 days) and Removed (18.98 ± 13.76 days). Short-Play was 5.43 times more likely, and Long-Play 11.76 times more likely, to experience protracted recovery relative to Removed. Both Play groups had worse neurocognitive performance and higher symptom scores than Removed at days 1 to 7, with Long-Play demonstrating worse reaction time than Short-Play. At days 8 to 30, both Play groups performed worse than Removed on visual memory and visual motor speed, while only Long-Play performed worse on verbal memory and reaction time. Conclusions: Results provide initial evidence of a dose-response effect for continuing to play on recovery from concussion, highlighting the importance of removal from play.


Tumor treating fields (TTFields) are low-intensity electric fields alternating at an intermediate frequency (200kHz), which have been demonstrated to block cell division and interfere with organelle assembly. This novel treatment modality has shown promise in a variety of tumor types. It has been evaluated in randomized phase 3 trials in glioblastoma (GBM) and demonstrated to prolong progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) when administered together with standard maintenance temozolomide (TMZ) chemotherapy in patients with newly diagnosed GBM. TTFields are continuously delivered by 4 transducer arrays consisting each of 9 insulated electrodes that are placed on the patient's shaved scalp and connected to a portable device. Here we summarize the preclinical data and mechanism of action, the available clinical data, and further outlook of this treatment modality in brain tumors and other cancer indications.


In this paper we investigate the activity of 1 million users tweeting under 455 different hashtags related to a wide range of topics (political activism, health, technology, sports, Twitter-idioms). We find that 70% of users in the sample tweet across multiple information streams, frequently engaging in what could be described as serial activism. We furthermore determined the dominant language in each hashtag to trace which users overlap between the thematic and linguistic communities delineated by different information streams. Although social media is frequently assumed to bring together people of different nationalities and cultures to discuss a wide range of controversial issues, our results indicate that the underlying social network that connects hashtags through overlapping users is heavily limited to linguistic and content-oriented communities. Information streams are clustered around linguistic communities, and hashtags within the same language group are clustered around well-defined topics, such as health, entertainment and politics. The only information streams that transcend language barriers are activism-related hashtags, which cluster information streams in different languages. Contrasting with the assumption that social media acts as the enabler of a globalized public debate, our results indicate a linear relationship between users who are very active in political hashtags and users who tweet across multiple political hashtags. The results suggest that activist campaigns based on social media are driven by a relatively small number of highly-active, politically engaged users.


The parrotfish Sparisoma viride is an abundant and ecologically important member of the tropical NW Atlantic reef fish fauna. Sagittal otoliths of 417 individuals were analysed to estimate age-based demographic variables at 4 localities (Lee Stocking Island, Barbados, Los Roques Archipelago and the San Blas Archipelago) spanning 14° of latitude. The sampling localities ranged from an area protected from trap- and net-based reef fisheries (Los Roques) to an area supporting a dense human population and sustained trapping and spearing for reef fishes including S. viride (Barbados). Examination of sectioned sagittal otoliths from each locality revealed regular increments in the sagittal matrix. A preliminary validation at San Blas was consistent with these increments being annual check marks. These increments provided estimates of age structure, maximum longevities and mortality rates for the 4 study populations of S. viride. Von Bertalanffy growth functions fitted to each size-at-age plot generated similar growth curves from 3 of these 4 localities. The exception was Lee Stocking, where fish grew faster and reached a substantially larger size than those from the other 3 localities. Further analysis of the growth curves demonstrated that the differences between Lee Stocking and the other localities were attributable to more rapid growth over the first 4 yr of life. Age-based growth curves derived from the Los Roques population were very similar to a size-based curve generated by an independent study on S. viride carried out in Bonaire, adjacent to Los Roques. Maximum longevities for all 4 of our populations varied from 7 to 9 yr. Mortality rates generated from catch curve analysis were also similar among localities and suggest that maximum life spans do not exceed 12 yr. This result differs from that obtained at Bonaire, where repeated censuses of tagged fish suggest 30 yr maximum longevity. Abundances of S. viride varied 3-fold among localities, being highest at Los Roques (protected from reef fishing), lowest at Barbados (high fishing) and Lee Stocking (low fishing). Thus our age-based study suggests that S. viride is a relatively short-lived fish with consistent demographic parameters over a range of localities, latitudes and fishing intensities.


Digitisation has become a part of quality education and can help change the teacher's role from a lecturer to a supervisor, encourage a more student-centred approach, and increase the interactivity between the teacher and the students. However, it can be challenging to facilitate more interactive pedagogy in large classes. The aim of this study was to gain knowledge about nursing students' experience with the use of a student response system (SRS) in learning activities when learning physiology. This study was conducted at a university college in Norway, which offers Bachelor of Nursing degrees. In the Anatomy and Physiology course, a flipped classroom design, including the use of an SRS, was offered to nursing students. Data were collected in 2014 using focus group interviews with six students who were enrolled in the course and analysed using systematic text condensation. From this, four categories emerged describing the students' experiences with how the use of the SRS can support their learning: 1) creating a welcoming and stimulating learning environment, 2) encouraging participation in learning activities on campus, 3) facilitating collaboration on campus and 4) motivating students to study before and after on-campus meetings. The findings indicate that an SRS can be combined with different pedagogical strategies. Additionally, teachers should be aware of what kind of questions facilitate participation in polls versus those that are perceived as too challenging. New university college students studying within a flipped classroom design may struggle to prepare adequately before class meetings and need guidance from the teacher to handle both a new teaching approach and a new student role.


In this paper I discuss how critical realism in economics can help under-labouring for an alternative economic and social theory. The contributions of the Cambridge tradition in economics, which also * University of the Azores and Centro de Estudos em Gestão e Economia (CEGE). University of the Azores, Rua Capitão João D'Ávila, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal. email@example.com. Centro de Estudos de Gestão e Economia (CEGE) is financed by the Portuguese Government through the Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia. Ti à t Revue de Philosophie Économiques 14(1) 2013 © Librairie Philosophique J. Vrin, 2013 50 Nuno Ornelas Martins revue de philosophie économique / volume 14, n ̊ 1 influenced critical realism in economics, will prove most useful for developing an alternative economic and social theory. I will argue that while an earlier revival of classical political economy in the Cambridge tradition focused on the reproduction of economic structures, critical realism in economics has been concerned with the reproduction of social structures. I will discuss how these projects recover the framework that existed within classical political economy, and was brought to its most advanced stage by Marx. Such a framework focused on the economic reproduction of a surplus, and on its (institutional) distribution through the various social classes under a given social structure. The social ontology of critical realism enables us to understand why the study of reproduction of a (internally related) system is the best starting point for the development of economic and social theory.


The cryosphere—the portion of the Earth's surface where water is in solid form for at least one month of the year—has been shrinking in response to climate warming. The extents of sea ice, snow, and glaciers, for example, have been decreasing. In response, the ecosystems within the cryosphere and those that depend on the cryosphere have been changing. We identify two principal aspects of ecosystem-level responses to cryosphere loss: (1) trophodynamic alterations resulting from the loss of habitat and species loss or replacement and (2) changes in the rates and mechanisms of biogeochemical storage and cycling of carbon and nutrients, caused by changes in physical forcings or ecological community functioning. These changes affect biota in positive or negative ways, depending on how they interact with the cryosphere. The important outcome, however, is the change and the response the human social system (infrastructure, food, water, recreation) will have to that change.


We first develop techniques for identifying the configuration of a body assembly system. These techniques are essential because of the increasingly sophisticated hardware adopted in modern automotive assembly plants. Then we use these techniques to benchmark the system configurations of three different automotive body assembly lines. Then we analyze the system reliability of serial, parallel, and parallel-lines and serial-groups systems. Some results are the following: with constant machine reliability, an assembly system could become more reliable if it has more possible paths of material flow. A parallel system configuration has the maximum system redundancy, and its reliability is highest. A serial system configuration has only one path of material flow, so system shutdown cannot be avoided if any of its stations fail. A serial-groups system has a slightly higher reliability than a parallel-lines system has, and both of them are much more reliable than a serial system. If we want to increase the reliability of some critical processes, we can combine several tasks and then duplicate the lines to form a parallel system with not-so-expensive machines. We then analyze the same four configurations for their expected production and present these results also. The relationships between sheet metal assembly quality and different assembly system configurations are investigated. Four different assembly system configurations (serial, parallel, and parallel-lines and serial-groups system configurations) are designed to produce the same sheet metal product. With the same sources of variation, we simulate how the dimensional variation of assembled sheet metal parts is affected by different system configurations. "Mechanistic variation simulation" is used to analyze the variation stack-up of deformable sheet metal part assemblies. From the simulation results, we find that the more material-flow paths an assembly-system had, the distribution of its products' quality is wider. Also, the parts processed through more serial fixtures may have a higher mean deviation.


Although the benefits of nature exposure to human health are well documented, less is known about the psychological benefits of exposure to nature indoors. This study observed whether the addition of greenery to a workplace setting improved psychological well-being and performance of employees. A crossover study among 63 adults examined perceived psychological well-being and objective memory task performance with and without indoor greenery present in an open workplace setting. Statistical analyses indicated that there was only a marginally significant increase in memory task performance with the presence of plants. However, participants showed slightly better psychological well-being without the presence of plants when compared to performance with plants, on both floors. Study results suggest that the presence of windows, natural light, and high ratings of perceived psychological health may have confounded the effects of plant presence.


Previous studies on Cecily von Ziegesar's series Gossip Girl fail to explain the functionality of the series for the actual readers. Therefore, a discussion of the relationship between reader and text is necessary. By explaining from a literary perspective how reader and text interact, we can better understand why teen girls want to read the series and the exchanges that occur between the books and the readers. An exploration of how Gossip Girl relates to its series predecessors, like Nancy Drew, demonstrates how the popularity of Gossip Girl is not unique, but rather fits in with the established series pattern while receiving the same harsh criticism. As a result of analyzing the "bad" reputation Gossip Girl has earned, we can explicate how the series is currently seen to operate for the reader, questions left open when simply looking at series books historically. This exploration of the books as carriers of ideology examines how and if readers are invited to participate in a relationship with the text. However, simple reader-response theories only replicate a static relationship between reader and text. By also using a Deleuzo-Guattarian approach to the series, an understanding of how Gossip Girl acts as an "apparatus of capture" built on social conditions while still allowing the reader minimal agency for the channeling of energy/desiring flows can be found. These approaches work in conjunction in order to address the engagement readers experience with the Gossip Girl texts, which, in turn, help elucidate the phenomenon associated with von Ziegesar's books.


This article examines the importance of perceptions of police legitimacy in the decision to report hate crime incidents in Australia. It addresses an identified gap in the literature by analysing the 2011-2012 National Security and Preparedness Survey (NSPS) results to not only explore differences between hate crime and non-hate crime reporting but also how individual characteristics and perceptions of legitimacy influence decisions about reporting crime to police. Using the NSPS survey data, we created three Generalised Linear Latent and Mixed Models (Gllamm), which explore the influence of individual characteristics and potential barriers on the decision to report crime/hate crime incidents to police. Our results suggest that hate crimes are less likely to be reported to police in comparison to non-hate crime incidents, and that more positive perceptions of police legitimacy and police cooperation are associated with the victim's decision to report hate crime victimisation.


Research was completed to characterize the root behavior of the LS-DYNA MAT54 composite orthotropic material model. This primarily involved investigating the constitutive relations, ply failure (damage onset), ply deletion, damage factors, and element deletion. A single shell element under uniaxial tensile and compressive loading was employed to isolate MAT54 behavior for three different idealized laminates. Simulation results were compared against expected behavior from published material properties and experimental testing. A parametric study was also conducted to confirm the behavior of all other MAT54 inputs. Overall the LS-DYNA MAT54 material model adequately predicted Unidirectional (UD), cross-ply, and fabric laminate behavior for the majority of cases. However, results showed pronounced plasticity when the strength-based Chang-Chang ply-failure criteria was reached prior to the strain-based ply-deletion parameters. This led to significant energy and failure strain errors in some cases.


Since 2007, the competitive-authoritarian regime that President Hugo Chaez created in Venezuela has become less competitive, and by extension, more authoritarian. This article explores the causes of this transformation. The electoral decline of Chaez's ruling party has to do mostly with the regime's mismanagement of the economy, heightened radicalism in dealing with the opposition, heavy-handed approach to the oil sector and lackadaisical approach to crime. The regime is in a trap. The more the government loses hegemony over the electorate, the more it responds by increasing autocratic practices, which further erodes its electoral appeal.


Asilomar. The word conjures up not only stunning California coastline but also vexing questions posed by new, potentially world-changing technologies. In 1975, the Asilomar conference center hosted a meeting where biologists crafted guidelines for research that altered the DNA of living organisms. Now scientists are calling for another Asilomar—this time to discuss the possibility of genetically engineered human beings. In 1975, the notion of using recombinant DNA to design human babies was too remote to seriously consider, but the explosion of powerful new genome-editing technologies such as CRISPR-Cas9, zinc fingers, and TALENs has changed that. They have made it easy for anyone with basic molecular biology training to insert, remove, and edit genes in cells, including sperm, eggs, and embryos, potentially curing genetic diseases or adding desirable traits. Rumors are rife that scientists in China have already used CRISPR on human embryos. Researchers fear that publicity surrounding such experiments could trigger a public backlash that would block legitimate uses of the technology. In two commentaries, one published online in Science on 19 March and one in Nature on 12 March, two groups of scientists recommend what steps the scientific community could take to ensure the technology would be used safely and ethically.


Agriculture in the United States uses millions of pounds of pesticides and herbicides per year. At the same time, many amphibians are 'feminizing' – meaning male frogs and toads, among other animals, are producing eggs instead of sperm. Are agricultural chemicals to blame? What are the implications for human fertility and health? Join us as one of the nation's leading experts on the effects of agricultural chemicals on hormones, Dr. Tyrone Hayes, answers these questions and more.


State-of-the-art anomaly detection systems deployed in oilfields are expensive, not scalable to a large number of sensors, require manual operation, and provide data with a long delay. To overcome these problems, we design a wireless sensor network system that detects, identifies, and localizes major anomalies such as blockage and leakage that arise in steamflood and waterflood pipelines in oilfields. A sensor network consists of small, inexpensive nodes equipped with embedded processors and wireless communication, which enables flexible deployment and close observation of phenomena without human intervention. Our sensor-network-based system, Steamflood and Waterflood Tracking System (SWATS), aims to allow continuous monitoring of the steamflood and waterflood systems with low cost, short delay, and fine-granularity coverage while providing high accuracy and reliability. The anomaly detection and identification is challenging because of the inherent inaccuracy and unreliability of sensors and the transient characteristics of the flows. Moreover, observation by a single node cannot capture the topological effects on the transient characteristics of steam and water fluid to disambiguate similar problems and false alarms. We address these hurdles by utilizing multimodal sensing and multisensor collaboration, and exploiting temporal and spatial patterns of the sensed phenomena.


Recent advancements in online streaming technologies have re-centered the audience as an important part of live broadcasts, including live political events. In fall 2020, each of the U.S. presidential and vice presidential debates were streamed on a number of online platforms that provided an integrated streaming chat where the public could comment in real-time alongside the live debate video. Viewers could simultaneously tune into what the candidates were saying and see what a sample of their peers thought about the candidates. This study examines large samples of comments made in social chat feeds during the livestreamed debates on the ABC News, NBC News, and Fox News Facebook pages to quantify key features associated with the quality of political discussion on these platforms. The results reveal that consistent with the quasi-anonymous, constrained nature of dynamic chat, the comments made are generally short, include a substantial degree of toxicity and insults, and differ significantly in their content across platforms. These findings underscore the importance of further study of online streaming chat as a new source of potential influence on political attitudes and behavior.


Leader-centric views of leadership tend to regard followers as passive recipients of leaders' influences. As such, researchers often control for follower characteristics (e.g., age, gender, organizational tenure) when examining relations between leadership behaviors and other variables. However, reversing-the-lens theory suggests that followers' characteristics represent substantive factors that may affect how they perceive their leaders or how leaders behave toward different followers. We conducted two studies to investigate this possibility. In Study 1, we meta-analyzed data from 479 primary studies (N = 172,494) and found meaningful relations between follower individual differences (e.g., gender, personality) and ratings of their leaders' behaviors (e.g., transformational leadership, abusive supervision). In Study 2, we conducted a primary study to estimate the extent to which actual leader behaviors or differences in follower perceptions of those behaviors account for these relations. Results suggest that follower perceptions and measurement error explain almost the same or more variance in follower ratings than do actual leader behaviors. In addition, other findings imply that relations between some follower characteristics (e.g., gender, neuroticism) and leadership ratings are likely to be due to perceptual differences associated with these follower characteristics. However, actual leader behaviors also appear to play a role, such that leaders tend to behave differently toward followers who possess high or low levels of certain characteristics (e.g., agreeableness). Taken together, this two-study investigation provides evidence that follower individual differences are related to ratings of leader behaviors and, thus, deserve more attention within leadership theory and research.


Eye and head movements were recorded objectively during reading of low contrast text on both a single page and a double page presentation at an intermediate test distance using either SVL or PAL having different intermediate zone widths. Lens design impacted on reading eye movements and reading ability.


The problematic internet usage in academic youth is increassingly relevant for overall health and functioning, yet little studied and poorly defined to this date.
 Aim . To investigate the associations between the level of internet usage and self-reported well-being, and also the association between the level of internet usage and demographic parameters (age, gender, faculty, year of study, relationship status, country of permanent residence) in foreign medical students.
 Materials and method. In May 2019, 110 foreign students from the French and English section of medicine and dentistry faculties, from the "Iuliu Haţieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, signed the consent and filled in a self-reported questionnaire including demographic data, Internet Addiction Test, World Health Organization well-being questionnaire (WHO-5).
 Results . The higher levels of internet usage in medical university foreign students were associated with lower levels of self-reported well-being. The level of internet usage was significantly lower in students from EU and associated countries than in those from non-EU countries. The second year students reported the highest levels of internet usage, while those in years 4 and 5 reported the lowest levels. Men reported higher levels of internet usage than women.
 Discussion and conclusions. Further assessments, such as the type of internet activities of male and female students, cutoffs for problematic internet usage, cultural issues, perceived stress and coping mechanisms in relationship with internet usage level, can give us a better understanding of internet usage and of its health impact in academic youth.


Aims : The aim of the current study was to evaluate dentists and patients choices of type of restorative materials applied in fillings and their knowledge about the mercury content in amalgam restorations. Matrials and Methods: a cross sectional descriptive study based on two types of questionnaire, one for the dentists(119) and the other specific for the patients (500) were distributed to determine the knowledge and awareness, preference of amalgam and composite restorations. Results: showed that the awareness of the dentists about the amalgam controversy came from different sources, half of the dentists sample stated amalgam restorations were safe, were as 21% of the sample stated it unsafe. Placement of the selected restoration(either type) was influenced by different factors, recall appointments of patients complaining from several complaint was mostly from composite, 67.6 % of patients didn't have any knowledge about harmful effect of mercury release from amalgam with the majority of the patients stating that they preferred composite or a tooth colored restoration. Conclusion: within the limitations of this study awareness of safety of dental amalgam among the dentists was low, with a large agreement that postoperative complications were mainly due to composite restorations. For the patients, the majority of them did not know anything about issues related to the mercury content of the amalgam and the majority of them favored the placement of composite restoration similar to the color of their teeth.


In Colombia, ethnic and cultural diversity are conceived by the government to be a social right. They find expression, among other ways, in the large number of indigenous languages that have been kept alive for centuries. However, efforts towards the conservation and preservation of these languages have generally fallen short. This is the case with the Nasa Yuwe language, spoken by the Nasa, or Paez indigenous community, the status of which is endangered. Given such a predicament, the use of technology has been found to provide a strategic opportunity for the adaptation, ownership and development of Nasa Yuwe within the social and cultural environment of the Nasa people. The technology includes the use of computational techniques that allow the exchange of information by means of IR activities. These encourage different, new possibilities for Nasa people to be able to interact in Nasa Yuwe. It has therefore become necessary to adapt stages of the IR process for this language. The current paper specifically presents a process for adapting a tokenizer for texts written in Nasa Yuwe. It involves making use of the precision-recall curve as an evaluation and comparison measure. The results presented allow an appreciation of: all stages in the process of adapting the standard tokenizer to produce the Nasa version; the Nasa tokenizer and its results over texts written in Nasa Yuwe; and the analysis of the precision-recall curve baseline in contrast to that of the Nasa tokenizer.


Type inference can be considered a form of partial evaluation that only evaluates a program with respect to its type annotations. Building on this key observation, this dissertation presents a uniform framework for expressing computation, its dynamic properties and corresponding static type information. By using a unified approach, the static phase divide between values and types is lifted. Instead, computations and properties can be freely assigned to the static or dynamic phase of computation. Even more, moving a property from one world to the other does not require any program modifications. This thesis builds a bridge between two worlds: That of statically typed languages and the dynamically typed world. The former is wanted for the offered static guarantees and detection of a range of defects. With the increasing power of type systems available, the kinds of errors that can be statically detected is growing, nearing the goal of proving overall program correctness from the program's source code alone. However, such power does come for a price: Type systems are becoming more complex, restrictive and invasive, to the point where specifying type annotations becomes as complex as specifying the algorithm itself. Untyped languages, in contrast, may provide less static safety but they have simpler semantics and offer a higher flexibility. They allow programmers to express their ideas without worrying about provable correctness. Not surprisingly, untyped languages have a strong following when it comes to prototyping and rapid application development. Using the framework presented in this thesis, the programmer can have both: Prototyping applications using a dynamically typed approach and gradual refinement of prototypes into programs with static guarantees. Technically, this flexibility is achieved with the novel concept of auxiliary computations. Auxiliary computation are additional streams of computation. They model, next to the data's computation, the computation of property of data. These streams thereby may depend on the actual data that is computed, as well as on further auxiliary computations. This expressiveness brings auxiliary computations into the domain of dependent types. Partial evaluation of auxiliary computations is used to infer static knowledge from auxiliary computations. Due to the interdependencies between auxiliary computations, evaluating only those parts of a program that contribute to a property is non trivial. A further contribution of this work is the use of demands on computations to narrow the extent of partial evaluation to a single property. An algorithm for demand inference is presented and the correctness of the inferred demands is shown.


Our object is to develop a method for the public approval and re-evaluation of pesticides that emphasises a wide evaluation of social benefits. This is done through the case for the three plant-growth regulators approved for use in Norwegian grain production at present: chlormequat chloride, ethephon and trinexapacethyl. A multicriteria method is founded on the premises for an expert based model as opposed to e.g. a market based model. It seems to be a possible method that allows for the use of several incommensurable criteria in the approval process by National Agricultural Inspection Service (NAIS). Furthermore, it results in greater transparency, which may be an important quality in a public decision process. However, there are problems connected to a social benefit evaluation like this, some of these are: • There may be other criteria that also should be included • Effects outside the agricultural sector are not considered The environmental effect and the health effect are estimated by NAIS, while a model for estimation of the economic margin is developed in this project. The economic margin for a specific strategy is calculated for a specific species in a specific region and a specific lodging category. Afterwards the economic margin for each lodging category is multiplied with the probability of having that lodging category and finally the lodging categories are summarised. This leaves then together with the other evaluated criteria a multicriteria basis on a ha-basis. The modelled economic benefits and usage of growth regulators are the aggregated due to the registrered acreage of the different crops to a regional and national level corrected to absolute numbers by the total registered use of every growth regulator. A general problem is that such an approval has to be based on future behaviour and effects where the trial data is relatively scarce when it comes to the agronomic effect. The environmental and health effects are even less well documented and only the direct effects on health and the environment are considered by NAIS.


Abstract Many dabbling ducks Anas spp. are largely granivorous, consuming a variety of seeds chiefly from aquatic plants. To assess the relative value and carrying capacity of wetlands for dabbling ducks, species-specific information about seed mass is needed, but it is still largely missing or scattered in the literature. By combining weights of seeds collected in the field with a literature review, we provide a reference table for seed mass of 200 western European plant taxa frequently encountered by foraging dabbling ducks. Seeds collected in the field were sampled in microhabitats and at depths at which ducks were observed to forage, and study sites represent wintering, staging as well as breeding areas within a flyway in western Europe. When combined with calorimetric data, the present reference table will aid managers and scientists in assessing the importance of seed food resources at different sites and during different parts of the annual cycle.


We resampled one of the earliest replicated experimental sites used to investigate the impacts of native tropical tree species on soil properties, to examine longer term effects to 1-m depth. The mono-dominant stands, established in abandoned pasture in 1988 at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica, contained six species, including one exotic, Pinus patula ssp. tecunumanii (Eguiluz & J.P. Perry) Styles, and five native species: Pentaclethra macroloba (Willd.) Ktze (N 2 -fixing); Hyeronima alchorneoides Allemao; Virola koschnyi Warb.; Vochysia ferruginea Mart.; and Vochysia guatemalensis J.D. Smith. Soil organic carbon (SOC) differed significantly among species in the surface (0-15-cm) layer, ranging from 44.5 to 55.1 g kg -1 , compared with 46.6 and 50.3 g kg -1 in abandoned pasture and mature forest, respectively. The change in surface SOC over 15 yr ranged from -0.03 to 0.66 Mg C ha -1 yr -1 . The species differed in the quantity and chemical composition of their detrital production. Soil organic C was significantly correlated with fine-root growth, but not with aboveground detrital inputs. Soil organic C increased with potential C mineralization on a grams of C basis, indicating that species influenced both the quality and quantity of SOC. Contrary to expectations, SOC declined with increasing fine-root lignin concentrations, indicating that lignin-derived C did not dominate refractory SOC pools. We hypothesize that differences among species in the capacity to increase SOC stocks involved fine-root traits that promoted soil microbial turnover and, thus, greater production of recalcitrant, microbial-derived C fractions.


Abstract Oxygen isotope compositions of tooth enamel increments in theropod dinosaurs are investigated as potential proxies of climate seasonality. Six teeth of large carnivorous theropods collected from four Cretaceous formations deposited under contrasted climates have been sampled. These teeth have been analyzed for the oxygen isotope compositions of their apatite phosphate (δ18Op) through incremental sampling performed along the major growth axis. Significant fluctuations in oxygen isotope compositions along the growth axis of each tooth are observed and interpreted as reflecting seasonality in ingested local surface water δ18Ow values. Fluctuations in δ18Op values of theropod teeth from the Aptian of Thailand and Cenomanian of Morocco vary similarly to meteoric water δ18Omw values occurring today in sub-tropical regions subjected to large seasonal amounts of precipitations. A dinosaur tooth recovered from the more inland and mid-latitude Nemegt Formation of Mongolia shows a seasonal pattern similar to present-day cold temperate and continental climate. Finally, the high latitude and coastal Kakanaut Formation (Russia) experienced strongly dampened seasonal variations, most likely due to the influence of warm Pacific oceanic currents. Such conditions occur today in high latitude regions submitted to marine influence. These results further highlight the potential of using the oxygen isotope compositions of large theropod teeth to reconstruct past seasonal variations of terrestrial climates. Increased knowledge of past seasonality may help to better understand the complex interactions between climate and the dynamics of land biodiversity in terms of ecological adaptations, biogeography and the evolutionary history of organisms.


This paper, based on oral histories, archaeology, geography and historical records,
argues for the preservation of rural properties, specifically the Martindale Farm in
Wilmington, North Carolina. As a 19th Century representation of a coastal farmhouse,
constructed of local resources in the vernacular style, it is worthy of protection from the
encroaching urban sprawl. The farm, placed in context with New Hanover County
agricultural history, exemplifies various methods of farming through the lives of four
generations of a single family. Oral history with the last living relative of the Martindale
family to live on the farm, as well as other local farmers, contribute gender and racial
diversity to local rural history, traditionally focused on the port and downtown. Artifacts
retrieved from an archaeological excavation lend additional supporting evidence to these
oral histories. The property's geographic location in the hinterland service area of
Wilmington contributed to the farm's economic involvement with the city's
transportation modes and public markets.
It is now with the land needs of this expanding Southern city that the house and
property come into jeopardy by the zeal of construction developments. Various methods
of preservation for the site through recognition designations at the state and local level do
not offer total protection, but bring awareness to the situation. This paper advocates
shifting the ideals of conservation to include rural sites in local preservation attempts.
The Martindale Farm presents a positive model as a case study for rural preservation in
an urban environment.


We study the problem of optimal execution of a trading order under Volume Weighted Average Price (VWAP) benchmark, from the point of view of a risk-averse broker. The problem consists in minimizing mean-variance of the slippage, with quadratic transaction costs. We devise multiple ways to solve it, in particular we study how to incorporate the information coming from the market during the schedule. Most related works in the literature eschew the issue of imperfect knowledge of the total market volume. We instead incorporate it in our model. We validate our method with extensive simulation of order execution on real NYSE market data. Our proposed solution, using a simple model for market volumes, reduces by 10% the VWAP deviation RMSE of the standard "static" solution (and can simultaneously reduce transaction costs).


The startling spread of H5N1 across much of the globe highlights our vulnerability to the emergence of novel subtypes of influenza virus. Yet despite our fears of pandemic human disease, H5N1 is primarily a disease of birds. Olsen and colleagues (p. [384][1]) outline the unseen network of influenza among migratory birds that spans Earth. H5N1 has engendered alarm not only because it is unusually virulent, laying waste to poultry and causing severe economic losses for farmers, but also because it can, with some difficulty, infect humans and other mammals. So far, the virus has killed more than half of the nearly 200 people known to have been infected. Kuiken and colleagues (p. [394][2]) explore the routes through the obstacles to interspecies transmission (the host species barrier) of viruses. Their analysis focuses on which adaptations are needed to facilitate bird-to-human transfer of H5N1. Examples are provided by Shinya[*][3] and in a Brevia by van Riel et al. (p. [399][4]). These authors show that the virus preferentially binds to cell types bearing specific surface receptors found deep in the lungs, which may partly explain its poor human-to-human transmissibility.

The combination of ever-unfolding modes of variability (Stevens, p. [404][5]) and symptomless transmission makes identification of the virus slow and hinders the implementation of influenza containment. As Lu outlines in his Editorial (p. [337][6]), we urgently need faster and more robust diagnostic tests for field use (an area we will be covering shortly in our pages). Further articles in this special section describe other tools and approaches for preparedness. Smith (p. [392][7]) summarizes the models that have been developed for tracing the rate and spread of pandemic influenza through human populations, including scenarios for the deployment of drugs and development of vaccines. We might be able to buy some time for vaccine manufacture by stockpiling antiviral drugs for immediate use, but that time may be short. Regoes and Bonhoeffer (p. [389][8]) indicate that the generation and transmission of resistant strains could happen quickly. Unfortunately, our knowledge of influenza transmission is incomplete, and more basic data are needed to make models accurate and to give them predictive weight. Seasonal influenza statistics will provide an important insight into the transmission biology of influenza; Viboud et al. (p. [447][9]) have used a large data set from the United States to model annual waves of infection.

In a News story (p. [380][10]), Kaiser explores efforts to develop broader influenza vaccines that protect against new strains and perhaps even all influenza subtypes. Antiviral drugs are also sorely needed to fight a pandemic, but oseltamivir, or Tamiflu, has been in short supply. As Enserink describes (p. [382][11]), Roche and other companies are now ramping up production, while scientists are investigating faster and cheaper synthetic pathways that could make the drug affordable to developing countries. In an [accompanying podcast][12], Wills interviews some of the contributing authors and journalists.

An energetic response to H5N1 does not have to be alarmist. We can marshal existing concern about this particular strain of avian influenza to build a long-lasting international infrastructure to monitor and thwart threats from such emerging infections.

 [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1122438
 [2]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1122818
 [3]: #fn-1
 [4]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1125548
 [5]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1124513
 [6]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1128199
 [7]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1122665
 [8]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1122947
 [9]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1125237
 [10]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.312.5772.380
 [11]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.312.5772.382
 [12]: http://www.sciencemag.org/about/podcast.dtl#20060421


The superior colliculus of the midbrain has been implicated in spatial and attentional behaviours, in particular the redirecting of attention to novel peripheral stimuli. Paradoxically, while certain aspects of sensory and motor organisation within the structure are common to all species studied, others (eg. single unit characteristics) show wide interspecies variation. Models of intracollicular processing and possible functional subdivisions were discussed.

The hippocampal formation and dorsomedial frontal cortex in the rat have also been reported as having spatial and attentional functions. Thus in the present studies, rats with both types of lesion were compared with colliculars on a variety of behavioural measures. Those with bilateral collicular lesions were grossly inattentive towards novel stimuli in a number of situations, regardless of lesion size. Elevation of open field activity occurred in animals with large lesions extensively damaging deeper collicular laminae. Unilateral lesions of colliculus or frontal cortex produced ipsiversive turning when leaving a goaldoor, and contralateral stimulus neglect, though gross locomotion was at worst temporarily affected. Rats with bilateral frontal lesions were normally attentive and tended to exhibit elevated "attentional" behaviour in an open field arena. Hippocampals showed intermittent distractability in a runway and, unlike other groups (but like visual decorticates), exhibited a severe radial maze deficit. Hippocampal "hyperactivity" in an open field was found to result primarily from decreased habituation across test sessions.

It was concluded that hippocampal, dorsomedial frontal cortical, collicular and posterior cortical lesions are dissociable in terms of their behavioural consequences; also that the most likely function of the superior colliculus is the detection of novelty and shifting of attention, though the details of such a function are likely to vary with task, species, amplitude of orientation response, and the location, meaningfulness and other parameters of the stimulus concerned.


Abstract. The study focuses on circumstances that affect people during periods of bad weather conditions characterised by winds, rainfall, landslides, flooding, and storm surges. A methodological approach and its application to a study area in southern Italy are presented here. A 10-yr database was generated by mining data from a newspaper. Damaging agents were sorted into five types: flood, urban flooding, landslide, wind, and storm surge. Damage to people occurred in 126 cases, causing 13 victims, 129 injured and about 782 people involved but not injured. For cases of floods, urban flooding and landslides, the analysis does not highlight straightforward relationships between rainfall and damage to people, even if the events showed different features according to the months of occurrence. The events occurring between May and October were characterised by concentrated and intense rainfall, and between May and July, the highest values of hourly (103 mm on the average) and monthly rainfall (114 mm on the average) were recorded. Urban flooding and flash floods were the most common damaging agents: injured, involved people and more rarely, cases with victims were reported. Between November and April, the highest number of events was recorded. Rainfall presented longer durations and hourly and sub-hourly rainfall were lower than those recorded between May and October. Landslides were the most frequent damaging agents but the highest number of cases with victims, which occurred between November and January, were mainly related to floods and urban flooding. Motorists represent the totality of the victims; 84% of the people were injured and the whole of people involved. All victims were men, and the average age was 43 yr. The primary cause of death was drowning caused by floods, and the second was trauma suffered in car accidents caused by urban flooding. The high number of motorists rescued in submerged cars reveals an underestimation of danger in the case of floods, often increased by the sense of security related to the familiarity of the road. In contrast, in the cases of people involved in landslides, when there was enough time to realise the potential risk, people behaved appropriately to avoid negative consequences. Of the victims, 50% were killed along fast-flowing roads; this may be related to the high speed limit in force on these roads, as a car's speed reduces the reaction time of a driver's response to an unexpected situation, whatever the damaging agent is. These results can be used in local information/education campaigns to both increase risk awareness and promote self-protective behaviours. Moreover, the mapping of damaging effects pointed out the regional sectors in which the high frequency of the events suggests further planning of in-depth examinations, which can individuate the critical points and local regulator interventions that might change damage incidences in the future.


The paper discusses edge stability, beta limits and power handling issues for negative triangularity tokamaks. The edge magnetohydrodynamic stability is the most crucial item for power handling. For the case of negative triangularity the edge stability picture is quite different from that for conventional positive triangularity tokamaks: the second stability access is closed for localized Mercier/ballooning modes due to the absence of a magnetic well, and nearly internal kink modes set the pedestal height limit to be weakly sensitive to diamagnetic stabilization just above the margin of the localized mode Mercier criterion violation. While a negative triangularity tokamak is thought to have a low beta limit with its magnetic hill property, it is found that plasmas with reactor-relevant values of normalized beta βN > 3 can be stable to global kink modes without wall stabilization with appropriate core pressure profile optimization against localized mode stability, and also with increased magnetic shear in the outer half-radius. The beta limit is set by the n = 1 mode for the resulting flat pressure profile. The wall stabilization is very inefficient due to strong coupling between external and internal modes. The n > 1 modes are increasingly internal when approaching the localized mode limit, and set a lower beta in the case of the peaked pressure profile leading to a Mercier unstable core. With the theoretical predictions supported by experiments, a negative triangularity tokamak would become a prospective fusion energy system with other advantages including a larger separatrix wetted area, more flexible divertor configuration design, wider trapped particle-free scrape-off layer, lower background magnetic field for internal poloidal field coils, and larger pumping conductance from the divertor room.


The Statewide Landcover and Trees Study (SLATS) is a major vegetation monitoring initiative of the Queensland Department of Natural Resources and Water (NRW). SLATS gathers accurate woody vegetation cover and land cover change information for vegetation management planning and compliance, and for greenhouse gas inventory purposes. The SLATS land cover change is produced annually over the state of Queensland and is required to map changes in woody vegetation at a sub-hectare scale. Detailed operational mapping of such a large area requires robust and automated methods wherever possible in the image processing chain. The SLATS woody vegetation change classification relies on the analysis of Landsat TM and ETM+ satellite imagery but this imagery is limited in its ability to reliably detect minor clearing and more subtle changes in woody vegetation such as thinning and drought related death using only two image dates. However, by accessing the SLATS archive of Landsat imagery it is possible to develop change detection algorithms that account for the historical variability of woody cover to improve the classification estimator. This paper describes the development of the classifier, which uses the statewide change classification from previous eras as training data to derive both time series and spectrally based indices. The output from the classifier is a woody change probability and an interpretation image that is then checked by an operator before field validation.


Seismic instantaneous phase attribute was applied for conventional seismic interpretation (structural interpretation) on 3D seismic cube of 1914.72km² of Samawa-Diwan area, located in the south part of Iraq within Muthna governorate. Instantaneous phase section is very important to detect structural and stratigraphic features. Six reflectors represent Upper Jurassic and Cretaceous formations were defined from synthetic seismogram of wells in study area, then picked over seismic cube. Fault boundaries maps for each horizon were drawn depending on horizon contacts then fault planes were constructed. Finally, a 3D structural model was constructed in time domain, then converted to depth domain by using 3D average velocity model. Structurally, 3D models showed that study area affected by two types of normal faults formed a graben appear at west side a long study area, and separated by transverse fault to the north and south parts at Hartha Fn. and deep layers, while Tertiary formations have not affected by any type of faults systems. Also, structural map showed existence of four structural domes which they are Samawa and Diwan folded domes, Samawa south faulted dome and fourth one is new folded dome locates in the northwest of study area. All these features extend in northwest-southeast trend .


Glucose and oxygen supply to the brain is critical for its proper function and when it is restricted as during a stroke, neurons and glial cells quickly become necrotic leading to structural damage as well as functional impairment and even death. To date there are few effective therapies that inhibit the neurodegenerative process and improves the outcome for the affected individual. One possible target is the cannabinoid system. Cannabinoid receptor agonists reduce ischemic volume, endogenous cannabinoid levels are elevated during neurodegenerative insults and mice devoid of the central cannabinoid receptor are more seriously affected by experimental stroke than wild type mice. The cannabinoids are also ascribed anti-inflammatory properties and post ischemic inflammation has been proposed to contribute to the evolution of the ischemic damage. In this thesis mechanisms that can contribute to cannabinoid neuroprotection have been studied. In papers I and II the chick was used as a model species, since preparation of embryonic primary neuronal cultures from chick is relatively simple and time efficient compared to rodent primary cultures. Both adult and embryonic chick brain membranes contain functional CB1 receptors and in the cultures they are coupled to inhibition of cAMP production. In embryonic primary cultures, neurons were not protected from glutamate toxicity by preincubation with CB receptor agonists suggesting that postsynaptic cannabinoid mediated neuroprotection is not effective in this system. The effect of cannabinoid agonists on neutrophil chemotaxis and transmigration was investigated in paper III. The CB1/CB2 agonist WIN 55,212-2 inhibited TNF-α-induced transmigration across ECV304 cell monolayers. The effect of WIN 55,212-2 on this process which was mediated by a reduction of IL-8 release from the ECV304 cells rather than a direct effect upon the migratory response to IL-8 was not possible to abolish with CB1 or CB2 agonists suggesting a mechanism distinct from the cannabinoid receptors is operative. In paper IV the photothrombotic ring stroke model was evaluated to determine if it is suitable in intervention studies targeting the cannabinoid system. Three major endpoints were of interest, ischemic volume, neutrophil infiltration and CB1 receptor function. Consistent with previous studies the ischemic volume peaked at 48 hours after irradiation. Neutrophil infiltration was quantified using a myeloperoxidase activity assay. The assay revealed an increase in myeloperoxidase activity 48 hours after irradiation, albeit at a modest level. The function of the CB1 receptor was assessed by radioligand binding and there was no change in either total binding or functional G-protein coupling following photothrombosis. Taken together these results indicate that it is feasible to undertake cannabinoid intervention studies in this model.


Israeli narratives of the 1973 Arab-Israeli War highlight the army's lack of preparedness in the wake of a successful surprise attack by Egypt and Syria on the Jewish holiday of Yom Kippur, despite assumptions of Israel's intelligence gathering capabilities. Using recently declassified government documents, this article reveals a communication breakdown among Israel's leadership over the operational status of a top secret means of surveillance. This intelligence failure provides the missing link between Israel's wealth of information and the decision to avoid mobilizing the country's reserve army until it was too late.


A thermally actuated non-cantilever-beam microelectromechanical viscosity sensor is presented. The proposed device is based on thermally induced vibrations of a simple silicon diaphragm and its damping due to the surrounding fluid. This vibration viscometer device utilizes thermal actuation through an in situ resistive heater and piezoresistive sensing, both of which utilize CMOS compatible materials leading to an inexpensive and reliable system. Thermal analysis was performed utilizing temperature diodes in the silicon diaphragm to determine the minimum heater voltage pulse amplitude and time in order to prevent heat loss to the oil under test that would lead to local viscosity changes. Viscosity measurements were performed and compared to motor oil measured on a commercial cone-and-plate viscometer.


Swarm robotics in real world requires a large number of robots and thus enough room for experimentation. Therefore, to implement such experiments with limited budget, robots should be compact and low cost, which entails the use of microcontroller-based miniature robots. In this context, developing behaviour is challenging, because microcontrollers are not powerful enough to support common high-level development environments such as Java. Furthermore, the development tools for microcontrollers are not able to monitor and debug groups of robots online. In this paper, we present a new event-based control architecture: ASEBA. It solves the problem of developing and testing collective behaviours by running script inside a lightweight virtual machine on each microcontroller and by providing an integrated development environment to program and monitor the whole group of robots from a single application running on any desktop computer. We have validated ASEBA by implementing a dangerous-area avoidance experiment using the e-puck robot. Experiments of this type are common in swarm robotics, but porting them to real robots is often challenging. By easing the development of complex behaviours on real robots, ASEBA both exposes collective robotics programming to a large community and opens new research perspectives for swarm robotics.


Factor returns, net of changes in valuation levels, are much lower than recent performance suggests. Value-add can be structural, and thus reliably repeatable, or situational—a product of rising valuations—likely neither sustainable nor repeatable. Many investors are performance chasers who in pushing prices higher create valuation levels that inflate past performance, reduce potential future performance, and amplify the risk of mean reversion to historical valuation norms. We foresee the reasonable probability of a smart beta crash as a consequence of the soaring popularity of factor-tilt strategies.


The diel vertical migration (DVM) and population dynamics of northern krill were investigated in the Clyde Sea over several years using depth-discrete net-sampling and a moored 300 kHz acoustic Doppler current profiler. Krill performed DVM throughout each year of sampling. The respective arrival and departure of the krill scattering layer to and from the upper layers occurred consistently 30 min after sunset and 30 min before sunrise. DVM of males and females was different, with females migrating closer to the surface at night than males of equivalent size. The sex ratio was initially 1:1 when juveniles matured into adults after their first winter, but the ratio became increasingly biased towards males as the season progressed such that, by October, the ratio was close to 3:1. A deterministic individual-based model, in which predation risk was a function of the light available to visual predators, showed that the bias could be accounted for by the difference in risk taken by males and females as a result of their DVMs. The same model also showed that, during summer, the difference in these DVMs resulted in females making a net energy gain that was 40% higher than that of males. The predicted net energy gain for females met the immediate energetic demand for egg production as well as providing a surplus that could offset any future decline in food availability. The model did not predict the observation that the decline in male numbers was greater than that of females over the winter. This may be a result of females being more able to cope with starvation through reabsorption of their lipid-rich ovaries. The greater demand for energy to fuel reproduction appeared to be driving females to undertake a riskier DVM than males. This drive is likely to be common to most euphausiid species.


To examine effects of input and learner characteristics on morphology acquisition, 60 adult English speakers learned to inflect masculine and feminine Russian nouns in nominative, dative, and genitive cases. By varying training vocabulary size (i.e., type variability), holding constant the number of learning trials, we tested whether learners required a "critical mass" of vocabulary to generalize case marking patterns to new nouns. Cattell's Culture-Fair IQ Test mediated the effect of type variability on success in generalizing case marking to new vocabulary: only participants with above-median Culture-Fair Test scores showed the predicted critical mass effect of better generalization with larger training vocabulary. These results demonstrate how individual differences in central executive functioning and attention allocation capacity can affect adult second language learning.


In Cohen v. Cowles Media Co., Justice Byron R. White wrote that the First Amendment offers no protection from the enforcement of "generally applicable laws" against newsgatherers and that First Amendment protection applies only to information that has been "lawfully acquired." This Article shows that these doctrines are not only false, but have already done serious damage to First Amendment interests. It surveys lower court decisions from around the country to demonstrate the doctrines' pernicious influence, then it evaluates alternative solutions to the problem. The article concludes that the most effective, if least likely, solution would be a rule that tracks the New York Times Co. v. Sullivan "actual malice" standard, redefined as "bad faith" or "outrageous behavior" when applied to newsgathering torts. This article examines these doctrines with a view toward exposing their role in obstructing the natural evolution of a constitutional rule that ensures First Amendment values are taken into account when tort liability for reporters' conduct in gathering news is alleged. Part II discusses what little the Supreme Court has already told us about First Amendment protection for newsgathering and places that in the context of other press clause jurisprudence, including New York Times Co. v. Sullivan and Hustler Magazine, Inc. v. Falwell. Part III examines the Cohen case in detail, dissecting and debunking the two major doctrines that now effectively deprive newsgathering of constitutional protection. Part IV reviews the damage those flawed doctrines have already done in trial and appellate courts around the country. And Part V discusses alternative approaches toward a new constitutional rule that might evolve, indeed that might have already evolved, in the absence of the Cohen "maledicta." This article concludes that, although the First Amendment confers no immunity upon the press to violate laws of general applicability or to commit tortious or unlawful acts in pursuit of the news, neither do such violations relieve the courts of responsibility to consider the First Amendment values at stake, weigh them against the other societal values represented by the laws in question, and, where appropriate, adjust those laws to accommodate any higher values they may find.


OBJECTIVE
This study investigated whether trait positive schizotypy or trait dissociation was associated with increased levels of data-driven processing and symptoms of post-traumatic distress following a road traffic accident.

METHODS
Forty-five survivors of road traffic accidents were recruited from a London Accident and Emergency service. Each completed measures of trait positive schizotypy, trait dissociation, data-driven processing, and post-traumatic stress.

RESULTS
Trait positive schizotypy was associated with increased levels of data-driven processing and post-traumatic symptoms during a road traffic accident, whereas trait dissociation was not.

CONCLUSIONS
Previous results which report a significant relationship between trait dissociation and post-traumatic symptoms may be an artefact of the relationship between trait positive schizotypy and trait dissociation.


We consider the problem of inferring IPv6 router uninterrupted system availability, or uptime, from a remote vantage point without privileged access. Uptime inference is important to broader efforts to measure and characterize the availability of critical infrastructure, provides insight into network operations, and has subtle security implications. Our approach utilizes active probes to periodically elicit IPv6 fragment identifiers from IPv6 router interfaces, and analyzes the resulting identifier time series for reboots. We demonstrate the approach's potential by characterizing 21,539 distinct IPv6 router interfaces over a five-month period. We find evidence of clustered reboot events, popular maintenance windows, and correlation with globally visible control plane data. Our results, validated by five ASes, provide initial insight into the current state of IPv6 router availability.


Barleria cristata Linn. (Acanthaceae) has been widely used for its reported biological activities in indigenous system of medicine. The present investigation was carried out to find the effect of methanolic extract of roots for its anti-inflammatory activity in rats. Oral administration of the extract at the doses 250 and 500 mg/kg b.w. exhibited dose dependent and significant anti-inflammatory activity in acute (carrageenan-induced hind paw edema) and chronic (cotton pellet granuloma models) inflammation. Animals receiving 500 mg/kg exhibited maximum inhibition (p<0.001). Hence, the present investigation established some pharmacological evidences to support the folklore claim of Barleria cristata Linn. as an anti-inflammatory agent.


We describe the implementation of first-class polymorphic delimited continuations in the programming language Scala. We use Scala's pluggable typing architecture to implement a simple type and effect system, which discriminates expressions with control effects from those without and accurately tracks answer type modification incurred by control effects. To tackle the problem of implementing first-class continuations under the adverse conditions brought upon by the Java VM, we employ a selective CPS transform, which is driven entirely by effect-annotated types and leaves pure code in direct style. Benchmarks indicate that this high-level approach performs competitively.


There are a number of bone regeneration therapeutics available to aid spinal fusion, however,
many are associated with pseudarthrosis, inflammation and other complications. The use of
mesenchymal stem cells for fusion has been promoted to mitigate these risks yet achieve
successful bony fusion. This paper sought to review the clinical studies available to date with
use in spinal fusion. The preliminary results from these studies demonstrate that stem cells can
provide high rates of fusion that are comparable to autograft without associated morbidity.
Both autologous and allogeneic stem cell sources showed similar rates of fusion in this review.
However, further research is required to evaluate which clinical situations is the optimum for
stem cell use.


Abstract Background Lung cancer incidence and mortality could be influenced by altitude. In Tibet population Lung cancer was reported to be the sixth deadly malignant cancer, compared with the first deadly tumor in mainland of China. This study is conducted to investigate the mutation profile of Tibet non-small cell lung cancer by whole-exome sequencing. Methods We enrolled 17 Tibetan lung cancer patients. Composing of seven adenocarcinomas (Tibetan-LUAD) and 10 squamous carcinomas (Tibetan-LUSC). Paired tissues from malignant tumors and normal lymph nodes were subjected to whole exome sequencing by Illumina X TEN platform using paired-end 150X strategy. Results Tibetan LUAD harbored less somatic mutations comparing to median number of somatic mutations detected in TCGA. EGFR mutated most frequently in Tibetan LUAD, but TP53 only mutated in two patients, one of which harbored EGFR mutation as well suggesting reduced responsiveness to first line EGFR-TKIs. Mutation burden of Tibetan-LUSC was similar with TCGA LUSC cohort. In Tibetan LUSC, eight patients carried TP53 mutations. Besides, C>A transversion ratio was lower in Tibetan population than in TCGA for both adenocarcinomas and squamous carcinomas. Mutational signature 1 and 4, which were defined in COSMIC to be related with aging and smoking, contributed largely in Tibetan NSCLC. Other mutational signatures related with failure of DNA double-strand break-repair by homologous recombination and AID/APOBEC cytidine deaminases activation were also noticed. In Tibetan LUAD, amplification in 18 cytobands with q value Conclusions We revealed different mutational landscape, including base substitution status, mutational signature, frequently mutated genes, between Tibetan NSCLC, Chinese Han NSCLC and TCGA NSCLC and provide some insights about the possible role of high-altitude environment on NSCLC and uncovered potential candidate genes for further investigation. Legal entity responsible for the study Guowei Che. Funding Genetron Health (Beijing) Co. Ltd., Beijing, China. Disclosure All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.


Firefighters have to perform in high demanding environments, which require the ability to cope with stress. Research has shown that performance as well as stress reduction is affected by mental preparation strategies such visual imagery, activation, self-confidence, attentional control, relaxation, goal setting and self-talk. The outcome of mental preparation strategies is a psychological state called 'mental readiness'. Mental readiness emerged from sport psychology and was found to be important for performance improvements of top athletes. However, until now mental readiness has never been used to predict firefighter performance. Thus, the purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between mental readiness dimensions and perceived stress, success and task performance of firefighters. A sample of 68 firefighters was surveyed. The mental readiness dimensions as well as performance and stress issues were measured with the Mental Readiness Scale (MRS). Correlations and multiple regression analyses showed mixed results. Some scales like self-talk and goal setting did not significantly correlate with performance, success or stress of firefighters, whereas other sub scales such as visual imagery, activation and attentional control showed medium to large effects. The results reveal that firefighters benefit differently from the specific mental preparation strategies. Some strategies help firefighters to cope with stress. Other strategies seem to improve task performance and success. The results can be used to design evidence-based mental training programs to improve firefighter's performance and stress reduction.


1. Introduction to Algebraic Expressions 1.1 Introduction to Algebra 1.2 The Commutative, Associative, and Distributive Laws 1.3 Fraction Notation 1.4 Positive and Negative Real Numbers 1.5 Addition of Real Numbers 1.6 Subtraction of Real Numbers 1.7 Multiplication and Division of Real Numbers 1.8 Exponential Notation and Order of Operations 2. Equations, Inequalities, and Problem Solving 2.1 Solving Equations 2.2 Using the Principles Together 2.3 Formulas 2.4 Applications with Percent 2.5 Problem Solving 2.6 Solving Inequalities 2.7 Solving Applications with Inequalities 3. Introduction to Graphing 3.1 Reading Graphs, Plotting Points, and Scaling Graphs 3.2 Graphing Linear Equations 3.3 Graphing and Intercepts 3.4 Rates 3.5 Slope 3.6 Slope-Intercept Form 3.7 Point-Slope Form and Equations of Lines 4. Polynomials 4.1 Exponents and Their Properties 4.2 Negative Exponents and Scientific Notation 4.3 Polynomials 4.4 Addition and Subtraction of Polynomials 4.5 Multiplication of Polynomials 4.6 Special Products 4.7 Polynomials in Several Variables 4.8 Division of Polynomials 5. Polynomials and Factoring 5.1 Introduction to Factoring 5.2 Factoring Trinomials of the Type x2+bx+c 5.3 Factoring Trinomials of the Type ax2+bx+c 5.4 Factoring Perfect-Square Trinomials and Differences of Squares 5.5 Factoring Sums or Differences of Cubes 5.6 Factoring: A General Strategy 5.7 Solving Quadratic Equations by Factoring 5.8 Solving Applications 6. Rational Expression and Equations 6.1 Rational Expressions 6.2 Multiplication and Division 6.3 Addition, Subtraction, and Least Common Denominators 6.4 Addition and Subtraction with Unlike Denominators 6.5 Complex Rational Expressions 6.6 Rational Equations 6.7 Applications Using Rational Equations and Proportions 7. Functions and Graphs 7.1 Introduction to Functions 7.2 Domain and Range 7.3 Graphs of Functions 7.4 The Algebra of Functions 7.5 Formulas, Applications, and Variation 8. Systems of Linear Equations and Problem Solving 8.1 Systems of Equations in Two Variables 8.2 Solving by Substitution or Elimination 8.3 Solving Applications: Systems of Two Equations 8.4 Systems of Equations in Three Variables 8.5 Solving Applications: Systems of Three Equations 8.6 Elimination Using Matrices 8.7 Determinants and Cramer's Rule 8.8 Business and Economics Applications 9. Inequalities and Problem Solving 9.1 Inequalities and Applications 9.2 Intersections, Unions, and Compound Inequalities 9.3 Absolute-Value Equations and Inequalities 9.4 Inequalities in Two Variables 9.5 Applications Using Linear Programming 10. Exponents and Radicals 10.1 Radical Expressions and Functions 10.2 Rational Numbers as Exponents 10.3 Multiplying Radical Expressions 10.4 Dividing Radical Expressions 10.5 Expressions Containing Several Radical Terms 10.6 Solving Radical Equations 10.7 The Distance Formula, the Midpoint Formula, and Other Applications 10.8 The Complex Numbers 11. Quadratic Functions and Equations 11.1 Quadratic Equations 11.2 The Quadratic Formula 11.3 Studying Solutions of Quadratic Equations 11.4 Applications Involving Quadratic Equations 11.5 Equations Reducible to Quadratic 11.6 Quadratic Functions and Their Graphs 11.7 More About Graphing Quadratic Functions 11.8 Problem Solving and Quadratic Functions 11.9 Polynomial Inequalities and Rational Inequalities 12. Exponential Functions and Logarithmic Functions 12.1 Composite Functions and Inverse Functions 12.2 Exponential Functions 12.3 Logarithmic Functions 12.4 Properties of Logarithmic Functions 12.5 Common Logarithms and Natural Logarithms 12.6 Solving Exponential Equations and Logarithmic Equations 12.7 Applications of Exponential Functions and Logarithmic Functions 13. Conic Sections 13.1 Conic Sections: Parabolas and Circles 13.2 Conic Sections: Ellipses 13.3 Conic Sections: Hyperbolas 13.4 Nonlinear Systems of Equations 14. Sequences, Series, and the Binomial Theorem 14.1 Sequences and Series 14.2 Arithmetic Sequences and Series 14.3 Geometric Sequences and Series 14.4 The Binomial Theorem R. Elementary Algebra Review R.1 Introduction to Algebraic Expressions R.2 Equations, Inequalities, and Problem Solving R.3 Introduction to Graphing R.4 Polynomials R.5 Polynomials and Factoring R6. Rational Expressions and Equations Appendix A. Mean, Median, and Mode Appendix B. Sets Appendix C. Synthetic Division and the Remainder Theorem


Linkages combines a topological exercise in dividing the picture plane with half and quarter circles with a play of geometric proportions and colors based on the Fibonacci series and the related Lucas series. Within the armature of arcs and planes are embedded images from a variety of sources: the visible Human project of the US National Institute of Health, images from the Hubble Space Telescope, high-resolution images of earth from various NASA space flights, and digitized photographs by Alma de la Serra. Algorithmically produced texts add another layer. Fictitious artist Alma de la Serra, invented by the flesh-and-blood artist Paul Hertz, is a former high school math teacher turned photographer and a member of the Ignostudio, an artists' cooperative home to three other fictitious artists: dysfunctional fortune-teller Juan Teodosio Pescador, also known as " Ignotus the Mage " ; painter Darrell Luce; and digital media artist Paul Hertz. These fictitious artists offer Hertz an opportunity to critique and parody the experiences of artists marketing their art and struggling to survive, and to develop " product lines " very different from his own. While de la Serra has not yet provided a full explanation of her imagery, it is not out of place to suggest that she is looking for a way to engage social issues while placing her point of departure in a formal idiom. She states of her work: " My premises are simple: the world is deeper than our knowledge, and everything in it belongs to life. I have learned to understand this through number, measure, and reason, and to my astonishment have found that these tools, rightly understood, can speak to the breadth and depth of our experience. " Technical Statement Linkages consists of seven square modules that can fit together into any configuration, provided they are hung with the diagonals of the squares perpendicular to the floor. Images were digitized from analog film or obtained from public-domain sources on the internet. In Adobe Illustrator, topological divisions of a square by arcs were regulated by Fibonacci and Lucas series to create an armature for images. The armatures and images were combined with texts in Photoshop. Linkages was printed on a high-resolution inkjet printer with an archival inkset on archival paper. Linkages 17.0 inches x 45.25 inches Multi-panel collage of digitized photos, texts, and geometry


We propose a method for hiding patterns within printed images by making use of classical and of two daylight fluorescent magenta and yellow inks. Under the D65 illuminant we establish in the CIELAB space the gamut of a classical cmyk printer and the gamut of the same printer using a combination of classical inks with daylight fluorescent inks. These gamuts show that a significant part of the classical ink gamut can be reproduced by combining classical inks with daylight fluorescent inks. By printing parts of images with a combination of classical and daylight fluorescent inks instead of using classical inks only, we can hide security patterns within printed images. Under normal daylight, we do not see any difference between the parts printed with classical inks only and the parts printed with daylight fluorescent inks and classical inks. By changing the illumination, e.g. by viewing the printed image under a tungsten lamp or under a UV lamp, the daylight fluorescent inks change their colors and reveal the security pattern formed by combinations of classical inks and of daylight fluorescent inks.


Abstract In today's trade, the vast majority of commercial transactions in both domestic and international trade are concluded by applying trade credit terms. The aim of this article is to analyse the trade credit insurance and, according to the methodology, to evaluate it as a credit risk management tool in the context of Lithuanian business market. The authors have proposed a methodology that combines theoretical and practical research methods. First of all, with assistance of qualitative analysis, the alternative external credit risk management tools were examined. Such analysis allows not only to identify the advantages, disadvantages and benefits of researched risk management tools but also to assess the efficiency and rationality of trade credit insurance in the context of alternative methods. In order to carry out an assessment in the practical aspect, considering the lack of statistical data, it was decided additionally to perform an expert evaluation. After performing an assessment of trade credit insurance, it was concluded that in international trade, with a large buyer portfolio and high sales volume, the trade credit insurance becomes the most effective and rational way to manage credit risk, which eliminates the losses because of the debtor's insolvency or bankruptcy, manages countries and sector's risks and helps to discipline the debtor, what determines the decline in overdue accounts frequencies, amounts and volumes.


The ubiquity of multihoming amongst mobile devices presents a unique opportunity for users to co-operate, sharing their available Internet connectivity, forming multihomed mobile networks on demand. This model provides users with vast potential to increase the quality of service they receive. Despite this, such mobile networks are typically underutilized and overly restrictive, as additional Internet connectivity options are predominantly ignored and selected gateways are both immutable and incapable of meeting the demand of the mobile network. This presents a number of research challenges, as users look to maximize their quality of experience, while balancing both the financial cost and power consumption associated with utilizing a diverse set of heterogeneous Internet connectivity options. In this thesis we present a novel architecture for mobile networks, the contribution of which is threefold. Firstly, we ensure the available Internet connectivity is appropriately advertised, building a routing overlay which allows mobile devices to access any available network resource. Secondly, we leverage the benefits of multipath communications, providing the mobile device with increased throughput, additional resilience and seamless mobility. Finally, we provide a multihomed framework, enabling policy driven network resource management and path selection on a per application basis. Policy driven resource management provides a rich and descriptive approach, allowing the context of the network and the device to be taken into account when making routing decisions at the edge of the Internet. The aim of this framework, is to provide an efficient and flexible approach to the allocation of applications to the optimal network resource, no matter where it resides in a mobile network. Furthermore, we investigate the benefits of path selection, facilitating the policy framework to choose the optimal network resource for specific applications. Through our evaluation, we prove that our approach to advertising Internet connectivity in a mobile network is both efficient and capable of increasing the utilization of the available network capacity. We then demonstrate that our policy driven approach to resource management and path selection can further improve the user's quality of experience, by tailoring network resource usage to meet their specific needs.


Abstract. The terrestrial biosphere is currently acting as a net carbon sink on the global scale, exhibiting significant interannual variability in strength. To reliably predict the future strength of the land sink and its role in atmospheric CO2 growth, the underlying biogeochemical processes and their response to a changing climate need to be well understood. In particular, better knowledge of the impact of key climate variables such as temperature or precipitation on the biospheric carbon reservoir is essential. It is demonstrated using nearly a decade of SCIAMACHY (SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY) nadir measurements that years with higher temperatures during the growing season can be robustly associated with larger growth rates in atmospheric CO2 and smaller seasonal cycle amplitudes for northern mid-latitudes. We find linear relationships between warming and CO2 growth as well as seasonal cycle amplitude at the 98% significance level. This suggests that the terrestrial carbon sink is less efficient at higher temperatures during the analysed time period. Unless the biosphere has the ability to adapt its carbon storage under warming conditions in the longer term, such a temperature response entails the risk of potential future sink saturation via a positive carbon-climate feedback. Quantitatively, the covariation between the annual CO2 growth rates derived from SCIAMACHY data and warm season surface temperature anomaly amounts to 1.25 ± 0.32 ppm yr−1 K−1 for the Northern Hemisphere, where the bulk of the terrestrial carbon sink is located. In comparison, this relationship is less pronounced in the Southern Hemisphere. The covariation of the seasonal cycle amplitudes retrieved from satellite measurements and temperature anomaly is −1.30 ± 0.31 ppm K−1 for the north temperate zone. These estimates are consistent with those from the CarbonTracker data assimilated CO2 data product, indicating that the temperature dependence of the model surface fluxes is realistic.


Richard H. Day was one of the first economists to recognize the importance of complex dynamics, or chaos theory, to economics. He can justly be described as one of the originators of the now extensive economic literature on chaos. The two volumes of Complex Economic Dynamics show that, far from being a passing trend in economic research, complex dynamics belongs at the heart of the subject. Although they can be read independently, the volumes follow a logical sequence. Volume 1 contained nontechnical introductions to the basics of economic change and to the mathematical and theoretical tools used to describe them. Volume 2, which is concerned with macroeconomic dynamics, looks at the economy as a whole. Topics include business cycles, economic growth, economic development, and dynamical economic science and policy. The book concludes with the author's reflections on the implications of complex dynamics for economic theory, quantitative research, and government policy.