G. D. Sevastopulo writes: Clipstone & Roycroft (1992) have argued that the occurrence of muscovite of magmatic origin in Lower Carboniferous (Courceyan; Dinantian) limestones near Kilmaclenine, north County Cork constitutes primary evidence of the presence of now buried granites in southwest Ireland. Ford et al. 1991 have interpreted the gravity field over the south of Ireland. Their low pass filtered gravity map (fig. 3) shows two large negative anomalies. The first extends southwestward to the neighbourhood of Fermoy, County Cork; Ford et al. interpreted it as the expression of a laccolith, probably the subsurface extension of the Leinster Granite, within the basement to the Upper Palaeozoic. Because of its location within the basement, this laccolith could not have been a source of detrital muscovite during the Dinantian. The second negative anomaly is centred southwest of Killarney. Ford et al. were unable to decide whether it is caused by a buried granite or by an exceptionally thick succession of Devonian sandstone. In their 'granite model' (Ford et al. 1991, fig. 6), the main mass of the granite was shown in the footwall of the Killarney–Mallow fault, overlain by Old Red Sandstone and Dinantian limestone. To the south of the fault the granite is modelled as being below the thick succession of Old Red Sandstone, which can be mapped on the Iveragh Peninsula. If a granite was exposed in this region during latest Devonian and Dinantian time, it must have been located in what is now the footwall of the Killarney–Mallow


While blockchain technology (BT) has gained a great deal of publicity for its use in cryptocurrencies, another area of BT application has emerged away from the public eye, namely supply chains. Due to the increasing fragmentation and globalisation of supply chains in recent years, many products have to pass through countless production steps worldwide (from raw material extraction to the point of sale). Ensuring the quality and sustainability of production in preceding steps is a major challenge for many firms and thus, ultimately, also for the consumer. BT offers potential for achieving significant progress on this front. Put simply, the blockchain makes it possible to verify data decentralised within a network, store it in a tamper-proof and traceable format and make it accessible to all members of a network. The potential benefits of BT lie firstly with the consumer, who is able to trace the origin of products, which makes sustainable purchases easier. Secondly, BT enables producers to automate parts of their supply chains and to verify cost effectively the quality and origin of their products. Thirdly, there are hopes that BT could make supply chains more inclusive for small and medium-sized suppliers, especially in developing countries. BT also offers a means of more easily creating confidence in intermediate goods supplied, thereby dismantling barriers to entry. Taken together, BT could thus help to make consumption and production more environmentally friendly, socially equitable and inclusive, and thereby foster sustainable development. So far, pilot projects have received investment primarily from very large companies. Both the firms and their consumers can now audit a number of products in real time for manufacturing method and origin. While BT can securely store and chain together the inputted data, it cannot yet guarantee the accuracy of that data. This remaining challenge regarding the digital-analogue link could be addressed through links with other technologies, such as the Internet of Things (IoT). However, independent analogue audits are still the only means in most cases of checking compliance with labour, environmental, animal-welfare and other relevant standards. Consequently, the use of BT offers substantial potential benefits for sectors in which the digital-analogue link can be effectively bridged, such as the food and high-quality commodities sectors. Small-scale suppliers in developing countries also frequently lack the digital education, equipment and infrastructure needed in order to deploy BT. This is where national and international development policy is needed to leverage the benefits of BT solutions for inclusive production. General technological standards can also help to counteract the monopolisation of technological developments by multinational concerns. In this way, policy-makers could help to harmonise the interests of consumers and producers with those of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the supply chain.


This paper presents a novel approach to the diagnosis of blade faults in an electric thruster motor of unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs) under stationary operating conditions. The diagnostic approach is based on the use of discrete wavelet transforms (DWT) as a feature extraction tool and a dynamic neural network (DNN) for fault classification. The DNN classifies between healthy and faulty conditions of the trolling motor by analyzing the stator current and vibration signals. To overcome feature redundancy, which affects diagnosis reliability, the Orthogonal Fuzzy Neighbourhood Discriminant Analysis (OFNDA) approach is found to be the most effective. Four faulty conditions were analyzed under laboratory conditions, and the results obtained from experiment demonstrate the effectiveness and reliability of the proposed methodology in classifying the different faults faster and more accurately.


Aims and objectives: To generate gender-specific and broadly based agerelated indices for normative lumbar ranges of motion for all planes of movement. Design: This was a repeated measures prospective study of spinal range of motion in a sample of volunteer subjects utilizing a portable modified CA6000 Spine Motion Analyzer (Orthopedic Systems Inc., Union City, CA, USA). Setting: Data collection was carried out in a variety of community locations including fire, police and ambulance stations, offices and community centres. Subjects: A total of 405 asymptomatic subjects (196 female, 209 male) were recruited, aged 16–90 years, from sedentary, mixed and physically demanding occupations. Methodology: Indices of lumbar spine ranges of motion were measured in standing following a standardized protocol for sagittal flexion/extension, coronal lateral flexion and horizontal axial rotation movements. Results: Male and female normative flexion ranges declined by approximately 40% (72–40 degrees) across the age spectrum. Extension declined the greatest, by approximately 76% (29–6 degrees) overall. In lateral flexion male and female ranges declined approximately 43% (29–15 degrees) in each direction (total 58–30 degrees). In axial rotation no age-related decline was observed and ranges of motion remained at approximately 7 degrees in each direction (total 14 degrees) across all the ages of the subject group. Conclusions: Data have been generated that provide comprehensive, gender-specific, broadly based and age-related indices for normative lumbar ranges of motion in all planes of movement. These are applicable to individuals throughout adult life, from adolescence through to old age.


Beacons, thresholds and webs: Theology as creative endeavour. This article argues from the premise that theology is a creative undertaking. Nothing can be thought about God other than by thinking about people's experience and understanding of God. Theology therefore speaks objectively about God from the subjective experience of God and from testimonies about that experience. Such reflections and testimonies are expressed in language. However, the inherent constraints of vocabulary and formulation render any linguistic expression of such spiritual encounters incomplete. Theology is always seeking for new possibilities of expression in order to overcome the constraints. It stands to reason that the figurative mode of expression will be preferred to the concrete or factual register of language because figurative language is more suited to articulate the elusive spiritual experience of meeting God through faith. Signposts, thresholds and webs are employed here as metaphors to emphasise the creative aspect of theology within the context of a changing world. They represent the three phases in the so-called rites of passage described by anthropologist Arnold van Gennep and refined by Victor Turner into an abstract model employed in the understanding of all similar experiences of ritual transference. Here the model is applied to the church and its theology.


OBJECTIVE: To investigate students' and instructors' educational experiences in Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Education Programs (CAAHEP)-accredited athletic training education programs and specifically to determine to what extent pedagogic strategies were reflected in students' perceptions of their learning experiences, instructors' perceptions of their teaching, and athletic training course syllabi. DESIGN AND SETTING: Students and instructors currently enrolled in or teaching in 5 university athletic training programs accredited by CAAHEP provided in-depth interviews pertaining to students' educational experiences. Students' educational experiences in CAAHEP-accredited athletic training programs were also examined through current athletic training education course syllabi. SUBJECTS: Twenty-one students (9 males, 12 females) and 12 instructors (7 males, 5 females) were interviewed to examine their perceptions of teaching and learning experiences within their program. MEASUREMENTS: Students' and instructors' perceptions of their educational experiences in CAAHEP-accredited athletic training education programs were analyzed qualitatively using the data-analysis software program NUD*IST. Data from all 3 sources (students' interviews, instructors' interviews, course syllabi) were coded into categories within the NUD*IST program and then triangulated to ensure the authenticity of the findings. RESULTS: Based on the analysis of students' and instructors' interviews and course syllabi, 3 pedagogic strategies were identified that appeared to facilitate athletic training education in CAAHEP-accredited programs: use of scenarios and case studies, authentic experiences, and a positive educational environment. CONCLUSIONS: Students and instructors in CAAHEP-accredited athletic training education programs recognize and value specific pedagogic theories of teaching and learning and achievement motivation in students' educational experiences. Specific educational themes identified across athletic training instructors, students, and programs are outlined. All athletic training educators should take an interest in understanding what students and instructors in CAAHEP-accredited athletic training programs view as helpful pedagogic practices within their educational experiences.


We present a detailed study of the biogeochemical factors controlling mercury (Hg) distribution, methylmercury (MeHg) production, and MeHg efflux in sediments of the mid‐Atlantic continental shelf and slope. The mildly reduced surface sediments of the shelf and slope provide ideal conditions for MeHg production. They are sufficiently reduced to support microbial sulfate reduction, but contain very low dissolved sulfide concentrations. The redox zonation of sediments determined the depth distribution of MeHg production, whereas the bioavailability of inorganic Hg for methylation appeared to be the dominant driver of spatial patterns across the shelf and slope. Sediment total Hg concentrations were well predicted by sediment organic matter (SOM) content, with the highest concentrations of Hg and MeHg in the fine‐grained organic clays of the slope. However, SOM‐normalized Hg concentrations decreased with distance from shore. The changing character of organic matter with distance from shore appeared to affect Hg partitioning and bioavailability for methylation. The percentage of Hg in sediments as MeHg was well predicted by measured methylation rates, but not by demethylation rates. On the basis of measured concentrations in bottom waters and surficial pore waters, the average diffusive efflux of Hg(II) and MeHg from sediments to coastal waters was estimated to be 26 and 0.8 pmol m−2 d−1, respectively. Extrapolated globally, the diffusive input of MeHg from shelf and slope sediments is estimated to be 0.01 Mmol per year. As the actual fluxes can be substantially higher than diffusive fluxes, we suggest that shelf and upper slope sediments are a major source of MeHg to the coastal ocean.


The number of no-take marine protected areas (here referred to as no-take areas, NTAs) on coral reefs has increased considerably in recent decades. coincident with accelerating degradation of coral reefs, expectations of the benefits that NTAs can provide for coastal societies and sustainability of marine ecosystems has grown. These include increasing abundance of reef organisms both inside and outside NTAs, protecting key ecosystem functions, and providing social and economic benefits through improved fisheries and tourism. However, there is a lack of convincing evidence for many of these expectations. This is the first attempt to synthesize all potential costs
and benefits of coral reef NTAs and critically examine evidence of their impacts on both ecosystems and societies. NTAs with high compliance consistently increase the diversity, density and biomass of exploited reef fishes and certain groups of motile invertebrates within their boundaries and have benefits for reef-associated tourism. Some NTAs provide small increases in the abundance of cor-
als and decreases in macroalgal cover. The effects of NTAs on genetic diversity and connectivity among meta-populations are variable or as yet unquantified. There is limited evidence of NTAs providing social benefits through increased fishery yields and tourism revenue. There are examples of both positive and negative effects on social well-being. Finally, sharks, marine megafauna and
microbial communities showed few tangible benefits from NTAs. Substantial gaps in the science of coral reef NTAs remain, especially in their capacity to provide socioeconomic benefits. A crucial research priority is understanding how the cumulative effects of climate change will influence the various benefits that NTAs provide. To be effective, NTAs must be used in conjunction with a range
of other management tools and applied according to local environmental and societal contexts.


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Recent innovations in the field of silicon imaging technology for consumer applications open extraordinary opportunities for new detector concepts, and hence offer strongly improved physics scope. This document presents a proposal for the construction of a novel vertex detector consisting of curved wafer-scale ultra-thin silicon sensors arranged in perfectly cylindrical layers, featuring an unprecedented low material budget of 0.05 % X0 per layer, with the innermost layer positioned at only 18 mm radial distance from the interaction point. This new vertex detector is planned to be installed during the LHC LS3 to replace the innermost three layers of the ALICE Inner Tracking System. It will provide a large reduction of the material budget in the region close to the interaction point and a large improvement of the tracking precision and efficiency at low transverse momentum. The combination of these two improvements will lead to a significant advancement in the measurement of low momentum charmed hadrons and low-mass dielectrons in heavy-ion collisions at the LHC, which are among the main objectives of the ALICE physics programme in the next decade. Geneva, Switzerland January 6, 2019


Long-term conservation of gray wolves is possible if states recognize a legal obligation to conserve species as a public trust resource. In April 2011, the U.S. Congress removed Endangered Species Act (ESA) protections for gray wolves in the northern Rocky Mountains. In an unprecedented action, Congress sidestepped the provisions of the law, removing protections via a legislative rider (1). Absent these protections, management authority has returned to state governments, which, citing wolves' impacts on domestic livestock and wild game, have exhibited hostility toward wolves. We examine the wildlife trust doctrine as a tool for promoting the conservation of wolves and other imperiled species under state management. We argue that this doctrine is best understood as establishing a legal obligation for states to conserve species for the benefit of their citizens. However, for the wildlife trust to act as a check against interests that promote exploitation over conservation, courts must use the doctrine to hold states accountable rather than grant excessive deference to management agencies.


The existence of foot structure in (Québec) French is disputed, since the only position of obligatory prominence in the language is the right edge of the phonological phrase. In this paper, we propose that a segmental process, namely, high vowel deletion (HVD), supports the existence of iterative iambic footing in Québec French. We report on a judgement task with auditorily-presented stimuli in which native speakers judged whether words with and without HVD sounded natural. The results show that (i) HVD is preferred in even-numbered syllables from the right word edge, (ii) HVD is preferred when the resulting consonantal cluster mirrors an ill-formed branching onset, and (iii) although non-deletion is overall preferred to deletion, deletion is preferred in one context: when the target vowel is at a suffix boundary and in foot-dependent positions.


Basic information on the distribution and habitat preferences of ecologically important species is essential for their management and protection. This study focuses on the depth related trends and the geographic patterns that shape the community of the elasmobranch species in the Balearic Islands (Mediterranean Sea) using data collected from 2001 to 2009. Non-metric Multi-Dimensional Scaling (MDS) ordination was used to detect zonation patterns in the community. Generalized Additive Models (GAMs) were applied to analyse spatial and temporal variation in elasmobranch community descriptors (abundance, biomass, mean fish weight, number of species and diversity), as well as the abundance and mean length of the four individual species ( S. canicula, G. melastomus, R. clavata, R. miraletus ). Depth was the main factor determining the assemblage composition, and the MDS analysis identified four main groups with 60% of the similarity found to correspond to the continental shelf, shelf break, upper slope and middle slope of the surveyed area. GAM analysis identified spatial patterns that were independent of the bathymetric distribution preference. Although depth was a strong predictor for all the analyses performed, the geographic variation in the elasmobranch abundance was also important. The results also show a reduction in the mean length of the elasmobranch species in the areas with high fishing intensity. Our study evidences a clear spatial segregation of the main species throughout the ontogeny because the geographic and bathymetric effects were highly size dependent, with clear differences between the bathymetric distributions of juveniles and adults but no clear spatial overlapping. This study sheds new light on the spatial distribution of the elasmobranch species off the Balearic Islands, which is essential information for protecting marine organisms along with their habitats and promoting ecosystem based management.


We demonstrate the design and integration of droplet-based microfluidic devices with microoptical element arrays for enhanced detection of fluorescent signals. We show that the integration of microlenses and mirror surfaces in these devices results in an 8-fold increase in the fluorescence signal and in improved spatial resolution. Using an array of microlenses, massively parallel detection of droplets containing fluorescent dyes was achieved, leading to detection throughputs of about 2000 droplets per second and per lens, parallelized over 625 measurement points.


The paper investigates the performance of a blind symbol synchronisation technique for optical OFDM systems based on virtual subcarriers. The test-bed includes a real-time 16-QAM OFDM transmitter operating at a net data rate of 30.65 Gb/s using a single OFDM band with a single FPGA-DAC subsystem and demonstrates transmission over 23.3 km SSMF with direct detection at a BER of 10(-3). By comparing the performance of the proposed synchronisation scheme with that of the Schmidl and Cox algorithm, it was found that the two approaches achieve similar performance for large numbers of averaging symbols, but the performance of the proposed scheme degrades as the number of averaging symbols is reduced. The proposed technique has lower complexity and bandwidth overhead as it does not rely on training sequences. Consequently, it is suitable for implementation in high speed optical OFDM transceivers.


This project places the bodies of energy sector workers at the center of analysis through a critique of pericias medicas, or medical examinations following work accidents and an exploration of workers" views on the role environment places in their workday. Industrial hygienists often portrayed the work locales as an industrial factory rather than a "workscape" intertwined with the natural environment and workers" bodies, meanwhile workers pointed to the natural world as a cause without admissible evidence or a precise causal nexus. Both hold truths about perceptions and realities on environmental effect on Brazilian labor history. Control over these narratives had mater consequences. As a general objective, my project will explore the interplay between the environment, the workplace, and workers" bodies" in energy production as this dynamic affects impairments and illness through work "accidents" and how understandings or ignorance of this relationship influenced common law and social providence for Brazilian workers in mid-twentieth century. My preliminary research on Joao Silva da Oliveira"s individual and collective cases reveals how emphasis on pathological issues, or health issues related to disease, over physical injuries caused by arduous work in volatile workscapes allowed the court to rationalize work accidents as specific occurrences separated from the environment. Joao appears to have suffered most from physical injuries, but won his cases because he had SilicosisAnthracose. The court admitted his Black Lung was minor, but could not ignore his physical injuries. His diagnosis did not match his condition due to the bureaucrat"s view of the environment in workplaces. Divisions between nature admissible as evidence vs. nature that is ignored or industrialized helped maintain state power over a larger work accident narrative overall. A pathological focus, a focus on disease, appears to have allowed the legal system to ignore widespread physical degradation involved in mine labor in law, but perhaps left a contradiction in the larger Brazilian society.


Wireless body area sensing networks have the potential to revolutionize health care in the near term. The coupling of biosensors with a wireless infrastructure enables the real-time monitoring of an individual's health and related behaviors continuously, as well as the provision of realtime feedback with nimble, adaptive, and personalized interventions. The KNOWME platform is reviewed, and lessons learned from system integration, optimization, and in-field deployment are provided. KNOWME is an endto- end body area sensing system that integrates off-the-shelf sensors with a Nokia N95 mobile phone to continuously monitor and analyze the biometric signals of a subject. KNOWME development by an interdisciplinary team and in-laboratory, as well as in-field deployment studies, employing pediatric obesity as a case study condition to monitor and evaluate physical activity, have revealed four major challenges: (1) achieving robustness to highly varying operating environments due to subject-induced variability such as mobility or sensor placement, (2) balancing the tension between acquiring high fidelity data and minimizing network energy consumption, (3) enabling accurate physical activity detection using a modest number of sensors, and (4) designing WBANs to determine physiological quantities of interest such as energy expenditure. The KNOWME platform described in this article directly addresses these challenges.


Optical OFDM based on discrete Hartley transform (DHT-O-OFDM) has been proposed for large-size data mapping intensity modulation direct detection (IM/DD) scheme as an alternative to the conventional optical OFDM. This paper presents a performance analysis and evaluation of IM/DD optical DC-biased DHT-O-OFDM over diffused multipath optical wireless channels. Zero-padding guard interval along with minimum mean-square error (MMSE) equalizer are used in electrical domain after the direct detection to remove the intersymbol interference (ISI) and eliminate the deleterious effects of the multipath channels. Simulation results show that the ZP-MMSE can effectively reduce the effects of multipath channels. The results also show that the effects of optical wireless multipath channel become more serious as the data signaling order increases.


This paper proposes that with the right hardware and software tools, it is possible to: (1) engage students during lecture with short in-class exercises to help them to learn course material immediately, (2) provide students with feedback on how they are doing on a particular topic, (3) conduct frequent (even daily) assessment of each student in order to identify students who are not catching on, and (4) to conduct short programming exercises in lecture or lab, exercises that are easy to evaluate and can give valuable clues as to who can program and who cannot. We show how we use a web-based tool called MessageGrid in a laptop-enhanced computer science class to implement student activities that both engage the students and reap the benefits of peer-instruction and peer-collaboration. The exercises we describe and the pedagogical techniques we employ can be used in CS1, CS2, CS4, and other computer science classes.


Anisotropy of materials has harmful effects during deep drawing operations and reduce it will strongly enhance the productivity and quality of deep drawing yields. In this work the effect of annealing treatment on texture and anisotropy behavior of cold rolled stainless steel 304 sheets were investigated. Uniaxial tensile test samples cut at 0o, 45o and 90o to the rolling direction were prepared in order to measure the anisotropy parameters (normal anisotropy, r_n, and planar anisotropy, ∆r). Two annealing temperatures (1050, and 1150) °C were used to study their effects on anisotropy behavior. The results show that the normal anisotropy value of annealed samples at 1150°C increases by (31%) as compared to the received samples. This indicates that the annealed samples at 1150 °C have the highest formability. Also, results show significant reduction (about 88.7%) in planar anisotropy value for 1150°C annealed samples. This gave rise to an increase in deep drawing yield


A query against a database behind a site like Napster may search, e.g., for all users who have downloaded more jazz titles than pop music titles. In order to express such queries, we extend classical monadic second-order logic by Presburger predicates which pose numerical restrictions on the children (content) of an element node and provide a precise automata-theoretic characterization. While the existential fragment of the resulting logic is decidable, it turns out that satisfiability of the full logic is undecidable. Decidable satisfiability and a querying algorithm even with linear data complexity can be obtained if numerical constraints are only applied to those contents of elements where ordering is irrelevant. Finally, it is sketched how these techniques can be extended also to answer questions like, e.g., whether the total price of the jazz music downloaded so far exceeds a user's budget.


This thesis describes the work carried out by the author between September 1970 and September 1973. The electrolysis products of sulfur and S(_4)N(_4) in liquid ammonia, and (_4)N(_4) in organic solvents were studied with a view to devising improved routes to S(_7)NH, S(_4)(NH)(_4) and other imides. The reactions of these two compounds as model sulfur imides were also investigated. Addition reactions of (NSCl)(_3) were studied because it is the cheapest source of SN and NSCl fragments, and because it was hoped to convert the imides into SN compounds with exocyclic S-Cl bonds. It was found that (NSCl)(_3)/metal chloride adducts behaved as a source of NS(^+) ions in thionyl chloride solution, which reacted with SCl(_2) and S(_4)N(_4) to form the cations S(_2)NCl(_2)(^+) and S(_5)N(_5)(^+) respectively. The structures of these two cations were discussed, in particular the structure and reactions of S(_5)N(_5)(^+) as a member of the "electron rich" aromatic series of sulfur-nitrogen compounds. Other as yet unknown species were predicted as also being members of this series, and their possible stability and preparative routes discussed. A study was also carried out on the little investigated compound "S(_3)N(_2)Cl". The chlorodisulfate derivative:- S(_6)N(_4)(^2+) (ClS(_2)0(_6-))(_2) - was prepared, and the structure (obtained from x-ray crystallographic studied) discussed with reference to the unusual bonding observed in this compound. Finally, a summary of the work carried out at Staveley Chemicals Limited is included.


Social media is increasingly used in higher education settings by researchers, students and institutions. Whether it is researchers conversing with other researchers, or universities seeking to communicate to a wider audience, social media platforms serve as a tool for users to communicate and increase visibility. Scholarly communication in social media and investigations about social media metrics is of increasing interest for scientometric researchers, and to the emergence of altmetrics. Less understood is the role of organizational characteristics in garnering social media visibility, through for instance liking and following mechanisms. In this study we aim to contribute to the understanding of the effect of specific social media use by investigating higher education institutions' presence on Twitter. We investigate the possible connections between followers on Twitter and the use of Twitter and the organizational characteristics of the HEIs. We find that HEIs' social media visibility on Twitter are only partly explained by social media use and that organizational characteristics also play a role in garnering these followers. Although, there is an advantage in garnering followers for those first adopters of Twitter. These findings emphasize the importance of considering a range of factors to understand impact online for organizations and HEIs in particular.


We have examined the outburst tracks of 40 novae in the color–magnitude diagram (intrinsic B − V color versus absolute V magnitude). After reaching the optical maximum, each nova generally evolves toward blue from the upper right to the lower left and then turns back toward the right. The 40 tracks are categorized into one of six templates: very fast nova V1500 Cyg; fast novae V1668 Cyg, V1974 Cyg, and LV Vul; moderately fast nova FH Ser; and very slow nova PU Vul. These templates are located from the left (blue) to the right (red) in this order, depending on the envelope mass and nova speed class. A bluer nova has a less massive envelope and faster nova speed class. In novae with multiple peaks, the track of the first decay is more red than that of the second (or third) decay, because a large part of the envelope mass had already been ejected during the first peak. Thus, our newly obtained tracks in the color–magnitude diagram provide useful information to understand the physics of classical novae. We also found that the absolute magnitude at the beginning of the nebular phase is almost similar among various novae. We are able to determine the absolute magnitude (or distance modulus) by fitting the track of a target nova to the same classification of a nova with a known distance. This method for determining nova distance has been applied to some recurrent novae, and their distances have been recalculated.


In the wake of the U.N. General Assembly's recent recognition of Palestinian statehood, the Palestinian government has made clear its intention to accept the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court (ICC), where it could challenge the legality of Israeli settlements. This Article explores the previously unexamined jurisdictional hurdles for such a case. (To focus on the jurisdictional issues, the Article assumes for the sake of argument the validity on the merits of the legal claims against the settlements.) First, the ICC can only consider situations "on the territory" of Palestine. Yet the scope of that territory is undefined. An "occupation" can arise even in an area that is not the territory of any state – but ICC jurisdiction does not extend there. Thus even if Israel is an occupying power throughout the West Bank for the purposes of substantive humanitarian law, this does not establish that settlement activity occurs "on the territory" of Palestine. Moreover, the ICC lacks the power to determine the boundaries of states, and certainly of non-member states. Moreover, the Oslo Accords give Israel exclusive criminal jurisdiction over Israelis in the West Bank. Palestine cannot delegate to the ICC territorial jurisdiction that it does not possess.Second, the ICC only takes situations of particular "gravity." Yet settlements are not a "grave breach" of the Geneva Conventions. No international criminal tribunal has ever prosecuted non-grave breaches. The ICC's gravity measure involves the number of people killed; for settlements it would be zero. Indeed, the ICC prosecutor triages situations by the numbers of victims; settlements do not appear to have direct individual victims. Finally, the ICC would at most only have jurisdiction over settlement activity from the date of Palestine's acceptance of jurisdiction. Settlement activity in this time frame would not immediately cross the Court's gravity threshold.The impact of these issues goes beyond a possible settlements case. The controversy over a referral of Israel, a non-member state, raises important questions about the meaning of the ICC Statute. These have great importance for other non-member states, such as the United States. They also demonstrate the extent to which major aspects of the ICC Statute remain vague and undefined.


Equivalent circulation density (ECD) management is a key factor for the successfulness of the drilling operations, especially when dealing with narrow mud-weight windows. Poor management of ECD can result in unsafe and/or inefficient drilling as well as an increase in drilling cost due to associated non-productive time (NPT). Different parameters can affect the ECD directly or indirectly including, but not limited to, wellbore geometry, cuttings, hole cleaning efficiency, flow rate, and rheological properties of the drilling fluid. However, the magnitude of the effect of each parameter is not well understood.
 In this paper, a comprehensive statistical analysis using the correlation coefficient was conducted using real field data to investigate the effect of three controllable factors – solid contents (SC), yield point (Yp), and plastic viscosity (PV) – on ECD. Data from over 1000 wells drilled in thirteen oilfields in Iraq were collected, tested for outliers, and examined for normality to appropriately select the method of the analysis.
 The results showed that all three parameters have a direct relationship with ECD, or in other words, increasing the values of these parameters will lead to increasing ECD values. However, the plastic viscosity effect showed the highest magnitude, or strongest relationship to ECD, while the yield point resulted in the lowest effect, or weakest relationship with ECD from among these three parameters. Therefore, it is crucial to pay close attention to the magnitude of PV and alter it accordingly.
 Understanding the relationship between the drilling fluid rheological properties and ECD is vital for better ECD management in order to minimize the non-productive time and cost associated with ECD-related drilling problems.


In this book, both beginning and experienced translators will find pragmatic techniques for dealing with problems of literary translation, whatever the original language. Certain challenges and certain themes recur in translation, whatever the language pair. This guide proposes to help the translator navigate through them. The book's hands-on approach should make it accessible to translators of any background. A significant portion of this "Practical Guide" is devoted to the question of how to go about finding an outlet for one's translations.


At the risk of being perceived as pointlessly creating a straw man out of a very distinguished critic, I would like to preface these remarks on Michael Haneke by commenting first on Robin Wood's thoughts in Sexual Politics and Narrative Film concerning the nature of fascism and what he terms, borrowing from Norman O. Brown, the struggle of life against death, represented by an unrepressed, creative civilization versus fascism and its various institutions functioning as agents of repression. In one subsection of his introductory remarks, in which he complements sectors of cultural resistance to the fascist complexion of our current society, Wood writes "In Praise of Yo-Yo Ma," about the distinguished cellist whose video of his teaching sessions at the Tanglewood music festival Wood screened while writing Sexual Politics. Wood is a dedicated student of classical music, and a devotee of Bach and Mozart, whose works he counts among the greatest achievements of humanity. Wood praises not only Yo-Yo Ma's extraordinary mastery of Bach, but his apparent openness and congeniality in the Tanglewood session, an expression, in Wood's mind, of the values antithetical to fascism. Wood writes, "Let him stand as the perfect paradigm of the human being in his/her creative flowering, from which all taint of the fascist mindset is totally absent."1 Was there absolutely no evidence with which Wood could anticipate Yo-Yo Ma's joining U.S. Secretary of State-then National Security Advisor-Condoleeza Rice in concert at the April 2002 National Humanities Medal Ceremony, the two playing the adagio to Brahms's Sonata for Violin and Piano in D Minor? Mrs. George Bush introduced the performance, saying that Yo-Yo Ma and "Doctor" Rice, would "play it as a prayer for peace." Rice, of course, is a key operative in the current U.S. state murder apparatus, and a perpetrator of one of the worst genocidal wars of conquest of recent U.S. imperialism. Did Yo-Yo Ma at the time of his collaboration with Rice not understand Rice's relationship to power? Did Yo-Yo Ma, an intelligent man, not know of the ambitions of state power? Did he feign a familiar apolitical posture in order to maintain his position within dominant culture? (One might note that while there is a good argument, one offered in large measure by the Frankfurt School and Raymond Williams, that classical music is a healthy antidote to a degraded culture industry, the classics have seldom been seen as adversarial in nature, or in any sense threatening to state and private power.) I have little doubt that Robin Wood would not hesitate to analyze the Yo-Yo Ma/Rice performance and its implications. My point is that Wood's appreciation of Yo-Yo Ma, and many of his very well-reasoned appraisals of classical music generally, repeat to some degree reactionary and always popular refrains about the importance of the Western "canon," and how one's mastery of this culture essentially guarantees the construction of a humane self, a "better person." His praise of the famous cellist seems to take for granted Yo-Yo Ma's political worldview solely on the basis of his artistic accomplishment, and an attendant congeniality which can hardly be accepted as an index of his humanity. Certainly Michael Haneke doesn't partake of such illusions. His sense of the limits of culture, its role in simultaneously offering awareness while enforcing bourgeois notions of human interaction, is a major concern of all of his films. I have been reevaluating some of my initial analyses of his most accomplished work thus far, La Pianiste/The Piano Teacher (Michael Haneke, FR/AT, 2001) (although Cache challenges seriously this evaluation); my conversation with Haneke has assisted this reevaluation and disabused me of some assumptions.2 La Pianiste may be the most important study of repression and its consequences yet portrayed in narrative fiction film, but while I initially intended this paper to revisit the specifics of Haneke's delineation of the dynamics of repression (two earlier pieces on the film sketch this issue),3 I find that my understanding of Haneke benefits from mapping the framework of his overall vision, particularly his conception of the crisis of western patriarchal capitalist society as represented by its culture. …


The city of Mula (Region of Murcia, Spain), still retains important canvases of the medieval wall of the three enclosures (Alcazaba, Albacar and Medina) that shaped the urban layout from the twelfth century (Muslim domain), until the end of the fifteenth century (Christian Reconquest). Currently, the Albacar site is the most complete. On the Islamic Alcazaba was built, in the sixteenth century, the Castle and the wall of the Medina, only a few sections remain. Until now, the medieval wall was a great unknown. The historical landmark of the city has always been the castle. The communication focuses on exposing the exhaustive historical analysis, material, constructive and the state of conservation carried out of the medieval wall of Mula and, especially, of Albacar (the best preserved site). In addition, there has been a virtual volumetric recomposition, in 3D, of the entire Islamic walled complex (walls, towers, entrance doors to the Medina and cistern of Albacar). Also, the musealization of the Albacar site and the recovery of the volume of the cistern has been projected. This work is contributing to the recognition and social awareness of the heritage importance of the Islamic walls of Mula, being a guarantee for its restoration and conservation as a cultural reference of the city.


This review attempts to provide some sense of our current knowledge of water including overall patterns of intake and some factors linked with intake, the complex mechanisms behind water homeostasis, the effects of variation in water intake on health and energy intake, weight, and human performance and functioning. Water represents a critical nutrient whose absence will be lethal within days. Water's importance for prevention of nutrition-related noncommunicable diseases has emerged more recently because of the shift toward large proportions of fluids coming from caloric beverages. Nevertheless, there are major gaps in knowledge related to measurement of total fluid intake, hydration status at the population level, and few longer-term systematic interventions and no published random-controlled longer-term trials. We suggest some ways to examine water requirements as a means to encouraging more dialogue on this important topic.


There is gathering academic and policy momentum, although not without challenge, critique and ferocious debate, that an apparent 'place-based' mode of activity has emerged. Such a paradigm shift may in part be explained as a response to the deficiencies of 'people-centred' models, active regional development and space-blind policies. This article critically reviews some of the primary literatures relating to these competing, contradictory and also complementary methods of development. The place-based mode of working can be conceptualised as potentially offering the scope, through supportive institutional frameworks and collaborative means of governance, for developing embedded, multi-scalar and multi-annual strategies that are tailored to the complex geographies, capabilities, knowledge-sets, assets and resources of particular places (and networks of places). Whilst appearing to offer a panacea for securing economic growth in a sustainable and socially inclusive manner that releases the potential, creativity and knowledge of local actants, the dominant narrative associated with the place-based approach has not escaped critique and controversy. It is our contention that place-based thinking reflects the continual search for solutions to address territorial, social and economic inequalities and development capacities. Whether it provides a workable policy solution will be contingent on a number of factors, not least spatial context in terms of social, cultural, economic and institutional characteristics. Reflecting the multiplicity of places, place-based approaches, in raising questions about the relationship between scales of operation and institutional structures, are a subset of broader debates and issues concerning not only what works but also where.


We demonstrate fast-frequency-hopping modulation that exploits the unique features of acousto-optic-modulator based laser pulse shaping and the spectrally and temporally resolved upconversion technique (STRUT) pulse-characterization method. These pulses have been specifically designed so that they can be characterized by the STRUT, without any processing of the STRUT data set. We present examples of complex fast-frequency-hopping laser pulses that have been generated and characterized by our pulse-shaping system and STRUT. We discuss the theoretical limitations on the data rate that can be obtained with such a technique.


Computational approaches to climate modeling have advanced rapidly in recent years, as have the tools and techniques associated with the construction of artificial life, artificial societies, and social simulation experiments. However, the use of computer simulation to study the effects of climate change on human conflict and cooperation is still relatively rare. In this article, we consider some of the challenges and opportunities that face interdisciplinary teams seeking to develop models that incorporate human, ecological, and natural systems. There is an urgency to this task because climate-abetted socio-economic and inter-cultural stress can trigger conflict at all scales, which exacerbates human suffering. We argue that the interdisciplinary community of scholars with expertise in multi-agent artificial intelligence simulation and artificial life modeling have a unique opportunity to collaborate and address these challenges by attempting to develop artificial societies capable of uncovering adaptive pathways that can minimize social conflict and maximize cooperation in the face of climate-abetted social and ecological change.


Brick-red sandstones and conglomerates of Upper Old Red Sandstone age unconformably overlie chocolate-brown to purple-brown sandstones and conglomerates of Lower Old Red Sandstone age on Ardmore Peninsula, Dunbartonshire. The unconformity is well shown on the western side of the peninsula in the tidal area of the River Clyde (Nat. Grid: NS 788313) and a conglomerate from each formation has been analysed (Table 1). The specimens crushed for analysis were collected as close as possible to the plane of unconformity by Mr. Edward Scorgie during a study of the peninsula (Trans. geol. Soc. Glasg., 22, 295). Fragments greater than one inch across were separated and not included in the crushed samples. The Lower Old Red Sandstone conglomerate is made up essentially of fragments of quartzite set in a siliceous matrix with a red iron oxide cement. The fragments in the Upper Old Red Sandstone conglomerate are predominantly low-grade Dalradian schists containing variable amounts of quartz, chlorite and muscovite. The matrix is dominantly siliceous and is cemented by calcite and red iron oxide. These petrographic characters are reflected in the chemical analyses: the relatively greater amount of SiO2 in the Lower Old Red Sandstone conglomerate (Table 1—A) is the result of the abundance of quartzite fragments while the relatively greater proportions of TiO2, Al2O3, FeO, MgO and K2O in the Upper Old Red Sandstone conglomerate (Table 1—B) result from the presence of schist fragments. The CaO and CO2 proportions reflect the carbonate fraction of the matrix, which is more abundant in the This 250-word extract was created in the absence of an abstract


Surface nanobubbles have potential applications in the manipulation of nanoscale and biological materials, waste-water treatment, and surface cleaning. These spherically capped bubbles of gas can exist in stable diffusive equilibrium on chemically patterned or rough hydrophobic surfaces, under supersaturated conditions. Previous studies have investigated their long-term response to pressure variations, which is governed by the surrounding liquid's local supersaturation; however, not much is known about their short-term response to rapid pressure changes, i.e., their cavitation dynamics. Here, we present molecular dynamics simulations of a surface nanobubble subjected to an external oscillating pressure field. The surface nanobubble is found to oscillate with a pinned contact line, while still retaining a mostly spherical cap shape. The amplitude-frequency response is typical of an underdamped system, with a peak amplitude near the estimated natural frequency, despite the strong viscous effects at the nanoscale. This peak is enhanced by the surface nanobubble's high internal gas pressure, a result of the Laplace pressure. We find that accurately capturing the gas pressure, bubble volume, and pinned growth mode is important for estimating the natural frequency, and we propose a simple model for the surface nanobubble frequency response, with comparisons made to other common models for a spherical bubble, a constant contact angle surface bubble, and a bubble entrapped within a cylindrical micropore. This work reveals the initial stages of growth of cavitation nanobubbles on surfaces, common in heterogeneous nucleation, where classical models based on spherical bubble growth break down.


his paper focuses on the challenges faced by the Malaysian Islamic Banks in implementing Musharakah
Mutanaqisah (MM) Home Financing. Even though the study is specifically on the Malaysian Islamic banks, but
the issues and recommendations addressed in this study are also pertinent to other Islamic banks across the world since they are also offering it. Drawing upon in-depth semi-structured interviews with the senior officers in two leading Islamic banks in Malaysia, one is the bank which terminated its MM Home Financing products however the other one continues to offer it. Knowing the contradicting perspectives of both banks gives insight of the real challenges faced by them in offering MM for home financing which are advance rental and the system's incapability to capture the unique nature of MM, and at the same time to know the motivation of offering it i.e. product diversification and comprehensive risk mitigation. This paper concludes by making recommendations that may be adopted by Islamic banks and the regulators to facilitate the promotion of MM Home Financing. Notably, this paper offers empirical findings which are different from the previous literature.


We performed dual frequency comb spectroscopy for time-resolved methane detection in real time, which is of demanding interest for the natural gas industry, environmental science, atmospheric monitoring and geoscience research. Broadband MIR frequency combs provide high brightness and frequency precision for many spectroscopic applications. To increase the detection sensitivity, a multipass cell or a high finesse cavity with mid-infrared frequency comb produced by difference frequency generation is used. This setup increases also the interaction length between the detection target molecules and the MIR frequency combs. Both frequency comb sources are based on femtosecond Er-doped fiber laser oscillators with stabilized repetition rates at ∼250 MHz, which is stabilized and locked to sophisticated frequency references or GPS system in order to achieve comb-teeth resolved spectral measurements. We implemented the mid-infrared dual frequency comb spectroscopy in the spectral range between 2900 cm− 1 and 3150 cm− 1 with 0.07 cm− 1 resolution with a novel multipass cell of ∼580 m interaction length to detect the trace amount of methane in ambient air. We determined the methane concentration in the ambient air of the laboratory to be ∼ (1.5 ± 0.1) ppmv. The minimum detection limit for the current setup is ∼60 ppbv with an 80 ms data acquisition time. We note that most of current existing frequency comb technologies have relatively narrow bandwidth and microwatt power levels limited by the applications for sensitive and real time multi-target gas detection. Another approach based on OPO (optical parametric oscillator) sources provided hundred milliwatt power and broad spectra, but the repetition rates or the carrier-envelope offset frequencies were not fully controlled, which led to distorted spectral measurements. We resolved this problem by applying dual frequency comb lasers DFCS to use the later as Vernier scale for correcting the distortion of the first laser comb system. A simplified diagram of the experimental setup is presented in Fig.1. In Fig. 1, the experimental setup includes two MIR comb sources, mirrors and lenses allowing to couple the MIR comb2 into the multipass cell, one 50:50 beam splitter (BS) to obtain the reference and signal pulses, one 92:8 beam splitter to combine pulses from two comb sources, and an MCT photodetector with electronics for data acquisition. The spectra measured with a scanning monochromator are shown in inset (a) for MIR comb1 (cyan) and MIR comb2 (red). Interferometric autocorrelation traces are shown in inset (b) for MIR comb1 (cyan) and (c) for MIR comb 2 (red). The absorption features in the spectra are due to water vapor in the laboratory environment. Spot patterns on the mirrors of the multipass cell with the visible red laser are shown in inset (d) and are produced when the alignment red laser is introduced with the flip mirror off. The entrance/exit hole of 5 mm diameter can be seen in the top left part of the right side mirror. Our system is referenced to a Rb frequency standard (Stanford Research, PSR10). One advantage of these DFG sources is the passive carrier-envelope offset (CEO) frequency stabilization. Since the pump and signal fields originate from the same source, the generated idler field is carrier-envelope phase slip free. The MIR comb1 has ∼120 mW output power, covering a spectral range from 2.8 to 3.6 μm (2700 cm− 1 to 3600 cm− 1). The pulse duration is ∼80 fs. The MIR comb2, employing a higher power Ytterbium doped fiber amplifier, generates an MIR comb of ∼300 mW with a similar spectrum and pulse duration. We lock two femtosecond DFG MIR combs with slightly different repetition rates at fr1 = 249,998,633 Hz and fr2 = 250,000,122 Hz, thus the difference is δfr = 1489 Hz. In the time domain, when a pulse pair from two sources overlaps in time, the center burst of an interferogram is formed. Subsequent pulse pairs impinge on the detector with linearly increasing time delay. As a result, the detector records an interferogram formed by many pulse pairs of various delays. Because pulse pairs repeatedly move through each other, a new interferogram starts to form as soon as the previous is completed in 1/δfr∼0.672 ms. We record the interferogram train with an oscilloscope (Tektronix, MDO4104B-3) at a sampling rate of 250 MSPS with ∼10 bit resolution. The maximum record length is 20 Mega points, corresponding to 80 ms, or ∼118 complete interferograms. We first block the reference pulses, and record only signal interferogram train; which can be fast Fourier transformed to comb-teeth resolved spectrum with a simple software phase correction. The magnitude and phase radio frequency (RF) spectra are presented in Fig. 2. In figure2, fourier transformed magnitude (black) and phase (green) RF spectra from an 80 ms signal interferogram train with a software phase correction: (a) broad range from 18 to 63 MHz, (b) zoomed-in narrow range from 40.25 MHz to 40.45 MHz. The phase is only perceptible and plotted at comb teeth positions since the RF signals between comb teeth are simply noise and therefore have a random phase between − π to π. Because of the broad absorption features, the absorption dips can be observed in (a). The discrete comb lines with a spacing of δfr = 1489 Hz can be observed in (b). Because of the passive CEO frequency stabilization, the DFG MIR frequency combs have a simple form of vm = mfr, where v is the optical frequency in MIR, m is an integer, and fr is the source repetition rate. For the measurements in the frequency domain, the individual comb lines from two sources beat between (N+2)fr1 and Nfr2, where N is an integer between ∼347,600 and ∼377,600, and down convert the optical frequency information at about 87∼95 THz to RF at about 18∼63 MHz with a simple formula Nfr2 − (N+2)fr1 = fRF. Thus, the optical up conversion follows fRFfr2/δfr+2fr1fr2/δfr. The measured complex spectrum of the signal is S(ν) = S0(v)exp[ − α(v)L/2 − iφ(v)], where S0(v) is the complex spectrum of the reference, α(v) is the molecular absorption coefficient, L is the path length of the multipass cell, φ(v) is the phase shift. We evaluate the DFCS quality factor, which is the product of the SNR and the number of resolved spectral elements normalized by the square root of the total acquisition time. With a SNR ∼100, in 80 ms acquisition time, we obtain the number of resolved spectral elements as 250 cm− 1/0.07 cm− 1 ∼ 3600, and the experimental quality factor is ∼1.3 × 106 Hz1/2. This work was funded by the Robert A. Welch Foundation, Grant No. A1546 and the Qatar Foundation under Grant No. NPRP 6-465-1-091.


A multilevel Monte Carlo (MLMC) method for mean square stable stochastic dierential equations with multiple scales is proposed. For such problems, that we call sti, the performance of MLMC methods based on classical explicit methods deteriorates because of the time step restriction to resolve the fastest scales that prevents to exploit all the levels of the MLMC approach. We show that by switching to explicit stabilized stochastic methods and balancing the stabilization procedure simultaneously with the hierarchical sampling strategy of MLMC methods, the computational cost for sti systems is significantly reduced, while keeping the computational algorithm fully explicit and easy to implement. Numerical experiments on linear and nonlinear stochastic dierential equations and on a stochastic partial dierential equation illustrate the performance of the stabilized MLMC method and corroborate our theoretical findings.


Featuring a dynamic, full-color design with full-color photographs, "Nursing Interventions and Clinical Skills" presents basic and advanced nursing skills in a unique format that addresses the needs of today's students. The nursing process framework; crisp, clear writing style; consistent, logical format; generous use of color photographs and drawings; and functional use of color combine to make this text attractive, practical, and easy to use. The format includes assessment criteria, nursing diagnoses, expected outcomes and equipment, implementation, as well as evaluative criteria, unexpected outcomes and related interventions, and sample documentation for each skill.


The heritable fraction of human cancers, estimated from genetic and epidemiologic approaches, is 21–42%. Heritable cancers include common adult onset malignancies (e.g. prostate, colon, breast cancers) as well as rarer cancers. During past decades, genetic approaches (e.g. linkage analysis and positional cloning) identified rare genetic mutations associated with markedly elevated cancer risk, with subsequent translation of these findings into effective preventive interventions. Recently genomic approaches (e.g. genome wide association studies [GWAS] exploiting linkage disequilibrium between single nucleotide polymorphisms in the human genome) have identified common variants of lower disease risk, as well as common variants which modify the risk of high-penetrance rare alleles. Ongoing studies are utilizing next-generation massively parallel sequencing (NGS) of whole exomes and genomes to identify the "missing heritability" of human cancer. The status GWAS and NGS approaches to cancer risk assessment will be reviewed. The large sample sizes required for GWAS will be emphasized; a case example of our recent consortium effort to identify genomic modifiers of BRCA2 penetrance will be cited. While the methods of identification of genomic variants are distinct, the principles of biomarker identification and clinical translation to preventive oncology are shared. These similarities include: the use of clinically validated variants that may not be functionally characterized; the segregation of these variants in non-Mendelian as well as Mendelian patterns; the role of gene–environment interactions; the dependence on evidence for clinical utility; the critical translational role of behavioral science; and common ethical considerations. It will be emphasized that during the current period of transition from investigation to practice, consumers must also be protected from harms of premature translation of research findings, while encouraging the innovative and cost-effective application of genomic discoveries that improve personalized oncologic care. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2011;4(10 Suppl):SS01-01.


Detailed description of two new species, Ancylus irvinae n. sp.
This wonderfully fine and interesting addition to our
Mollucan fauna was obtained by Mr. R. Irvine, of Launceston,
during an excursion to the Lake district. It was found
attached to the rocks in the shallow margin of the lake, and
although apparently numerous at the particular locality
visited but only a very limited number of examples were
collected. (Illustrative Plate) Gundlachia beddomei. n. sp. Habitat – pool off the Brown's River Road. The specie is dedicated to its discoverer, Mr. C.
E. Beddome, the well known conchologist of Hobart.


Although paraphrasing is the linguistic mechanism underlying many plagiarism cases, little attention has been paid to its analysis in the framework of automatic plagiarism detection. Therefore, state-of-the-art plagiarism detectors find it difficult to detect cases of paraphrase plagiarism. In this article, we analyze the relationship between paraphrasing and plagiarism, paying special attention to which paraphrase phenomena underlie acts of plagiarism and which of them are detected by plagiarism detection systems. With this aim in mind, we created the P4P corpus, a new resource that uses a paraphrase typology to annotate a subset of the PAN-PC-10 corpus for automatic plagiarism detection. The results of the Second International Competition on Plagiarism Detection were analyzed in the light of this annotation.The presented experiments show that (i) more complex paraphrase phenomena and a high density of paraphrase mechanisms make plagiarism detection more difficult, (ii) lexical substitutions are the paraphrase mechanisms used the most when plagiarizing, and (iii) paraphrase mechanisms tend to shorten the plagiarized text. For the first time, the paraphrase mechanisms behind plagiarism have been analyzed, providing critical insights for the improvement of automatic plagiarism detection systems.


INVASION GENETICS OF THE BLUE CATFISH (ICTALURUS FURCATUS) RANGE EXPANSION INTO LARGE RIVER ECOSYSTEMS OF THE CHESAPEAKE BAY WATERSHED Colleen Beth Higgins, B.S., B.A. A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Corilmonwealth University, 2006 Director: Bonnie L. Brown, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Department of Biology The blue catfish, Ictalurus furcatus (Ictaluridae), is ranked among the most invasive, nonnative species of concern in the Chesapeake Bay watershed. This species, intentionally introduced to three major tributaries and a number of impoundments between 1974 and 1989 for sport fishing, has spread into three additional tributaries. Using samples from the introduced tributary populations as a baseline, we evaluated microsatellite genetic variation in light of demographic and ecological data to elucidate the potential sources of the invasive I. furcatus populations. In general, the populations surveyed in the Chesapeake 'Bay watershed were considerably more inbred ( F ranged from 0.03 0.27) than four native populations (all F = 0.03) and they exhibited 12% lower allelic diversity viii than native populations, showing evidence consistent with a founder effect. Lack of evidence for significant bottlenecks combined with high effective migration rates suggested that there may be a great deal more movement of this species within the Bay than was previously thought. Two proposed scenarios for expansion (dispersal from introduced populations and intentional surreptitious introductions) were evaluated. Although not inconceivable, genetic evidence did not support the Bubba mechanism as the primary mode of expansion and dispersal was found to be the most probable mode underlying the recent range expansion. However, a number of characteristics of the population genetic and mixed stock analyses indicate that a separate scenario, escapement from impoundments, is worth investigating as a substantial source of the expansion. The study has important implications for ecosystenl-based management because it is the first application of mixed stock analysis to an invasive species.


We introduce a new framework for the analysis of the dynamics of networks, based on randomly reinforced urn (RRU) processes, in which the weight of the edges is determined by a reinforcement mechanism. We rigorously explain the empirical evidence that in many real networks there is a subset of "dominant edges" that control a major share of the total weight of the network. Furthermore, we introduce a new statistical procedure to study the evolution of networks over time, assessing if a given instance of the nework is taken at its steady state or not. Our results are quite general, since they are not based on a particular probability distribution or functional form of the weights. We test our model in the context of the International Trade Network, showing the existence of a core of dominant links and determining its size.


Abstract. Very Low Frequency (VLF) disturbances in the ionospheric electric field observed by DEMETER satellite prior to three different earthquakes that occurred during the years 2008–2009 have been presented. The electromagnetic wave data has been analyzed for few days before the earthquake with special attention to the variation in spectral characteristics and non-linear effects using the statistical and wavelet based techniques. Results indicate that the earthquake preparation process may disturb the ionospheric plasma and these disturbances can reach the non-linear stage leading to the strong variations in the electromagnetic field and plasma parameters. The enhancement in statistical parameters shows the coherent structure and intermittent phenomenon which is the signature of turbulence. The characteristics features of VLF disturbances have further been studied using the wavelet and bispectral analysis tools which provide useful information on the plasma turbulence.


A widely used approach for calculating hedge ratios for Treasury futures contracts assumes that the contract will be settled with the currently cheapest–to–deliver note or bond. With that single–deliverable assumption, the futures' PVBP (price value of a basis point) is the converted, forward PVBP of $100,000 par of the cheapest to deliver. In reality, however, as market yields fluctuate, the identity of the cheapest–to–deliver bond may change. The authors derive the PVBP for futures contracts using an exchange option model and show that the futures' PVBP accounting for the uncertainty in the ultimate delivery bond is typically very different from the PVBP implied by a single–deliverable model. Explicitly accounting for the fair value of the futures price eliminates the discontinuity and instability that otherwise would characterize the interest rate sensitivity of the futures contract. Finally, the two–deliverable model allows for futures hedge ratios to exhibit negative convexity that is not possible in a single–deliverable model.


Giulia Lama (1681–1747), a Venetian painter and poetess, was born in the parish of Santa Maria Formosa. At an early age, her father, Agostino Lama, trained her as a painter. Her close friendship with the Venetian painter Piazzetta has mislead scholars in thinking that she was his pupil. However, records show that they were fellow painters. Since the eighteenth century critics have been paralleling Lama's physical unattractiveness of a harelip, snub nose and plainness, with her artistic talents, thus making negative statements about her natural appearance. At the same time she was highly regarded for her multiple artistic and intellectual talents, in embroidering and painting as well as in mathematics and poetry. Abbot Antonio Conti (1677–1749) commented in a letter of 1 May 1728 that 'Giulia Lama excels much in poetry as in painting, and I find in her poems the turn of phrase of Petrarch'.

This essay focuses on two aspects about Lama's accomplishments: as painter, examining some of her self-portraits and martyrdom paintings, and as a poet, analyzing an eulogy honoring and lamenting the death of her friend and poet Antonio Sforza (1700–1735). She also composed three poems and two songs translated for the first time in this essay. Her painterly brushstrokes of tenebrism, somber shadows, and dramatic coloratura are also reflected in her somber poetry. Lama epitomizes a nobil donna of the eighteenth century – the educated woman of the Enlightenment, who is accomplished in making lace, creating drawings and paintings, and composing philosophical poems.


The yield of charged particles opposite to a $Z$ boson with large transverse momentum ($p_{T}$) is measured in 260 pb$^{-1}$ of $pp$ and 1.7 nb$^{-1}$ of Pb+Pb collision data at 5.02 TeV per nucleon pair recorded with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. The $Z$ boson tag is used to select hard-scattered partons with specific kinematics, and to observe how their showers are modified as they propagate through the quark-gluon plasma created in Pb+Pb collisions. Compared with $pp$ collisions, charged-particle yields in Pb+Pb collisions show significant modifications as a function of charged-particle $p_{T}$ in a way that depends on event centrality and $Z$ boson $p_{T}$. The data are compared with a variety of theoretical calculations and provide new information about the medium-induced energy loss of partons in a $p_{T}$ regime difficult to measure through other channels.


The design of state-of-the-art low-power wireless sensor nodes involves the convergence of many technologies and disciplines. Submicron complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) devices, micro-electro-mechanical system filters, on- and off-chip electromagnetic elements, sensors and thin-film batteries are some of the technologies that will enable pervasive systems such as wireless sensor networks. High system complexity requires the use of many simu- lation environment during design: algorithm simulators, mechanical finite element analysis, beha- vioural and transistor-level circuit simulators, electromagnetic (EM) simulators, thin-film battery simulators and network simulators. It is shown that highly integrated, self-contained systems require multiple-domain simulations to uncover complex interactions between domains. Specific examples of block- and system-level design methodologies used in low-power wireless systems are presented here. Bottlenecks in the current methodology will be identified with an eye towards improving the scope and resolution of system-level simulations.


The relationship between deprivation and educational outcomes has been the subject of a long-running and deep debate in the economic literature. Recent discussions have focused on causality, with experimental and quasi-experimental approaches taken, yet, predominantly, the literature continues to proxy deprivation with measures of wealth. This paper explores a much wider measure and identifies a causal relationship between regional deprivation and school performance in Northern Ireland. Combining panel data on Key Stage II results from each of Northern Ireland's primary schools with the 2005 Northern Ireland Multiple Deprivation Measure, we show the net negative impact of this wider measure, whilst an extension explores the impacts of each single domain. Using an error-component two-stage least squares model, we account for school and neighbourhood selection and the potential endogeneity of our deprivation measure, showing spatial variation in historical violence, which occurred during "The Troubles", to be a valid instrument for deprivation. Our results confirm the negative impact of deprivation frequently found in the literature but also that, when the impacts of other deprivation domains are accounted for, education and crime deprivation, and not financial deprivation, play a significant role in determining outcomes. This confirms the limitations of using wealth as a proxy for neighbourhood deprivation, whilst suggesting that policies focusing only on income redistribution will be unsuccessful in improving education outcomes of those exposed to deprivation.


High on the western edge of the Tibetan Plateau, scientists last fall retrieved what may be the oldest ice on the planet. Ice cores drilled at the Guliya ice cap hold a record of ancient climate on the plateau that could stretch back nearly a million years. Guliya is thought to be the best record of midlatitude climate during the last ice age, and its ice may well turn out to be a Rosetta Stone for interpreting how Asia responds to a changing climate. The stakes are enormous: The Tibetan Plateau is the engine that drives the Indian monsoon and it gives rise to major rivers that are the lifeblood of more than 1.4 billion people.


Introduction 1 Part I: Living in the Microbial World 7 Chapter 1: Getting a Handle on the True Nature of Bacteria 9 Chapter 2: Looking at Bacterial Behavior in Your Body 19 Chapter 3: Discovering Prebiotics and Probiotics 31 Part II: Preserving and Improving Health with Probiotics 45 Chapter 4: Starting with the Obvious: Digestive Health 47 Chapter 5: Exploring Allergies and Probiotics 65 Chapter 6: Getting to the Bottom of Urinary Infections 75 Chapter 7: Using Probiotics in Women s Health 81 Chapter 8: Understanding Children s Health and Probiotics 87 Chapter 9: Applying Probiotics to Other Health Issues 93 Chapter 10: Exploring the Promise of Probiotics 105 Part III: Adding Probiotics to Your Lifestyle 113 Chapter 11: Filling Your Diet with Probiotics 115 Chapter 12: Cooking Up Delicious Probiotic-Rich Meals 125 Part IV: The Part of Tens 153 Chapter 13: Ten (Or So) Ways Probiotics Promote Good Health 155 Chapter 14: Ten Misconceptions about Probiotics 161 Chapter 15: Ten (Or So) Famous Bacteria 167 Index 175


Introduction: Scoping reviews are increasingly popular in rehabilitation. However, significant variability in scoping review conduct and reporting currently exists, limiting potential for the methodology to advance rehabilitation research, practice and policy. Our aim is to conduct a scoping review of rehabilitation scoping reviews in order to examine the current volume, yearly distribution, proportion, scope and methodological practices involved in the conduct of scoping reviews in rehabilitation. Key areas of methodological improvement will be described. Methods and analysis: We will undertake the review using the Arksey and O'Malley scoping review methodology. Our search will involve two phases. The first will combine a previously conducted scoping review of scoping reviews (not distinct to rehabilitation, with data current to July 2014) together with a rehabilitation keyword search in PubMed. Articles found in the first phase search will undergo a full text review. The second phase will include an update of the previously conducted scoping review of scoping reviews (July 2014 to current). This update will include the search of nine electronic databases, followed by title and abstract screening as well as a full text review. All screening and extraction will be performed independently by two authors. Articles will be included if they are scoping reviews within the field of rehabilitation. A consultation exercise with key targets will inform plans to improve rehabilitation scoping reviews. Ethics and dissemination: Ethics will be required for the consultation phase of our scoping review. Dissemination will include peer-reviewed publication and conferences in rehabilitation-specific contexts.


Do children's representations of complex words in their mental lexicon have an internal structure, with the stem as a separate unit? De Jong et al (2000) found that adults recognize words with a large Family Size, i.e. words occurring in many derivations and compounds, faster than equally frequent words with a small Family Size. This result is an indication that the occurrence of a stem in complex words facilitates the recognition of this stem. This article investigates whether the Family-Size-effect extends to children's reaction times as well. Using a lexical decision task, the effect was observed in 9-10 year old children (N=69) in Dutch. A large vocabulary and good reading ability shortened general reaction times, but had no influence on the difference between items with a small or large Family Size. Monolingual and bilingual children performed similarly on this task.


ROMi represents a specific subcorpus of CZESL (Czech as a Second Language). It collects examples of language use, both spoken and written, of Czech Romani children and teen-agers. The range of materials exceeds 1,5 million words.

Language Material
The material presents uses of spoken language by language-specific group of Romani speakers using Czech as their first language. However, this form of the language is specifically different from Czech as used by the Czech-speaking majority, both on the spoken and secondarily on the written level. It concerns the so-called Romani ethnolect of Czech, i.e. a variety of Czech used by Romani communities mainly in the Czech Republic. We may detect obvious influence of Romani, Slovak and Hungarian. Furthermore, many of the recorded speakers live in social exclusion and thus their language production is influenced by both factors, i.e. by Romani ethnolect and social exclusion.

The language material was collected in the years 2009 – 2012 under the Education for Competitiveness Operational Programme, within the framework of the project Innovations of Czech as a Second Language Education collaboratively by the Technical University of Liberec and the Institute of Czech Language and Theory of Communication, Faculty of Arts, Charles University. The language material was processed with support of Institute of Formal and Applied Linguistics - project LINDAT-Clarin.

It concerns 110 recordings obtained in various environments – the collection of material took place both in schools and also in several non-profit organizations offering leisure time activities to Romani students. Apart from the school setting, the recordings thus come from the environment of extracurricular activities, sport matches and households. Both the respondents and the collectors are Romani. The samples were acquired in all regions of the Czech Republic, although the majority of recordings were obtained in the Central Bohemia, South Bohemia, Usti and Vysocina Region. The age of the respondents ranges from 12 to 28 years. The collected samples are also accompanied by metadata relating to the following areas:
The collected samples are accompanied by metadata relating to the following areas:
• The place of origin (the place of collection, the size of the residence and dialect area, region, environment (school, extracurricular, private); socially excluded locality.
• The circumstances of the collection expressing the extent of control exercised by the collector (topic assigned/non-assigned).
• The respondent (the age of the student; class/year; sex; type of the school; subjective knowledge of Romani; first language – the one the student considers to be his first; communicative environment in the family – which language(s) is/are used for communication in the family.
• The place of data collection – in the case of schools metadata comprise characteristics of the type of school (primary, for students with special needs, remedial, vocational, secondary), the founder (state, church, private organisation), in the case of the place of individual collection of data you may find organisation, interest group markings, etc.
• The collector (the abbreviation of collector´s name and his work area, in some cases also his age).

Delimiting the group of respondents
The respondents are constituted by students of primary schools, schools for students with special needs, secondary schools and by teenagers who have just completed the compulsory education. For the purposes of the language material collection, those students who consider themselves to be Romani or who are considered Romani by others were included to the sample. Moreover, a language criterion was added to this definition - thus those students in whose families Romani is spoken at home were also included. Active knowledge of the Romani language was not required since hardly a third of Romani children living in the Czech Republic nowadays is competent in this language.

Ethical aspects of the data collection and processing
As regards the content of the language material, it places demands on the data processing from the ethical point of view. Frequently, the texts and recordings feature highly interesting material; the respondents talk about their life stories fully distant or inconceivable for the social majority. During the transcription process, all materials are anonymized and identification data are removed.

Field Research

When dealing with the environment threatened by social exclusion, it is highly important to consider especially the needs and opportunities of the group members as well as the needs of those individuals, who find themselves or work in such an environment. During the developmental process of the corpus, we became decidedly convinced that it is necessary to accommodate different demands on material quality of texts and recordings and not to overburden both the respondents and the collectors with limiting or impossible requirements. Therefore, the corpus comprises several recordings of lower technical quality which were acquired in the presence of other persons, with the television turned on, etc. Firstly, the recordings would not even have come into existence under different circumstances – it is natural that the interviewing of younger children was taking place directly in their households, in the presence of their parents. Secondly, the recordings would have been made, yet they would have been influenced by the unnaturalness of the situation, consequently affecting the language material. Apart from the interviews with younger children, it regards especially those conversations between the collectros and their peers, e.g. inside leisure time clubs.

Characteristics of the recordings
The collected recordings come both from the school environment (especially conversations of teacher assistants with individual students) and from the leisure time facilities (interest groups, after-school tutoring). In most cases it concerns conversations of the collector and the individual, alternatively a pair of respondents. The length of the recordings differs, although the majority ranges from 20 to 35 minutes. A single recording approximately contains 2 495 words. The quality of recordings is influenced by the limits of field-utilizable technologies and the effort to increase authenticity to the maximum.

Transcription of the recordings
The rules for transcription of the recordings are based on similar ones designed for SCHOLA corpus. Transcriptions are carried out by the means of folkloristic transcription, i.e. the closest to the written record, especially adapted for the purposes of computational processing, following the practice established in the Czech National Corpus. The transcription is performed with the help of the Transcriber programme, which connects the sound and graphic track.


The branching fraction ratio $\mathcal{R}(D^{*}) \equiv \mathcal{B}(\overline{B}^0 \to D^{*+}\tau^{-}\overline{\nu}_{\tau})/\mathcal{B}(\overline{B}^0 \to D^{*+}\mu^{-}\overline{\nu}_{\mu})$ is measured using a sample of proton-proton collision data corresponding to 3.0\invfb of integrated luminosity recorded by the LHCb experiment during 2011 and 2012. The tau lepton is identified in the decay mode $\tau^{-} \to \mu^{-}\overline{\nu}_{\mu}\nu_{\tau}$. The semitauonic decay is sensitive to contributions from non-Standard-Model particles that preferentially couple to the third generation of fermions, in particular Higgs-like charged scalars. A multidimensional fit to kinematic distributions of the candidate $\overline{B}^0$ decays gives $\mathcal{R}(D^{*}) = 0.336 \pm 0.027(stat) \pm 0.030 (syst)$. This result, which is the first measurement of this quantity at a hadron collider, is 2.1 standard deviations larger than the value expected from lepton universality in the Standard Model.


Recent high‐profile statements, criticisms, and boycotts organized against certain quantitative indicators (e.g., the DORA declaration) have brought misuses of performance metrics to the center of attention. A key concern captured in these movements is that the metrics appear to carry authority even where established agents of quality control have explicitly outlined limits to their validity and reliability as measurement tools. This raises a number of challenging questions for those readers of this journal who are implicated in questions of indicator "production" and, by extension, "effects." In this opinion piece we wish to critically engage the question of how producers of indicators can come to terms with their role as (partly) responsible parties in the current age of evaluative bibliometrics. We do so through the illuminating case of the professional scientometrics community.


Beginning during G.W. F. Hegel's own lifetime, two interlinked unsympathetic portraits of Hegel take shape and become enduring refrains in his critics' complaints. According to the first of these, the Hegelian philosophical system posits a foundational teleological necessity that rigidly determines the constitution of both natural and human realities. The second critical portrayal of Hegel charges him with an ideologically pernicious Panglossianism dressing up a miserably conservative/reactionary status quo as the highest possible sociohistorical realization of Reason itself. Taken together, these two connected criticisms amount to treating Hegelian Wissenschaft as a post-Kantian version of Leibniz's theosophy, with the former, purportedly like the latter, appealing to a necessary teleology supposedly guaranteeing the actualization of "the best of all possible worlds." From the late-period F. W. J. Schelling and Rudolf Haym through today, countless voices past and present have repeated these anti-Hegelian allegations. The goal of the paper, simply stated, is to discredit thoroughly both of these pictures of Hegel's philosophy. These two entwined lines of criticism ultimately rest upon the imputation to Hegel of a certain arrangement of modal categories in which possibility has priority over actuality, and necessity dictates the transition from the possible to the actual. Through a close reading of Hegel's core doctrine of modal categories as definitively delineated in his mature Logic, the author shows that the depiction of Hegel as a neo-Leibnizian is an intellectually bankrupt, one-hundred-eighty-degree inversion of the truth.


On-going measurements of the dark current in the WFPC2 detectors indicate that the average level of dark current has been slowly increasing over the instrument's lifetime. We have analyzed more recent dark current data, now covering the period from September 1994 to January 2001. This analysis shows that after late-1998, the dark current is increasing more slowly than expected and could possibly be leveling off temporarily. The STIS CCD dark current shows a similar effect. This behavior may be linked to the solar cycle, where the cosmic ray rate is reduced at solar maximum, causing the median dark current to be lower. If this hypothesis is correct, we expect the dark current to eventually continue increasing at its previous rate.


Human trypanosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Trypanosoma . Trypanosoma brucei is responsible for sleeping sickness, also called African trypanosomiasis, while Trypanosoma cruzi causes Chagas disease, or American trypanosomiasis. Together, these diseases are responsible for significant mortality, mor-bidity and lost productivity in the endemic regions. There are no vaccines and treatments rely on drugs with limited efficacy, high cost, serious side effects and long administration periods. Since these diseases affect mostly the poor, there is no economic interest in the development of new drugs by pharmaceutical companies, and hopes for new treatments rely on public initiatives, public-private partnerships or philanthropic programs. The first step in the discovery of new drugs involves the identification of active molecules as starting points for further development, by either employing whole cells or by specific molecular target screenings. Research efforts undertaken by the authors ' groups have focused on exploiting both strategies in the search for new molecules for trypanosomiasis drug discovery. In this chapter, we focus on Chagas disease and the recently uncovered potential of using sirtuins as targets for infection control. proliferation might be instrumental to mediate tissue integrity during aging.


Through the political, the technological and the commercial story of the early phases of the ECTOS project and its background, the implementation of hydrogen as transport fuel in Iceland is analysed. The presence of large amounts of geothermal energy is the resource basis for the governmental plans for converting Iceland into a hydrogen economy. Strong political commitment has established the framework for this transition. The goal of replacing the import of fossil fuels by 20302040 has provided motivation and support for hydrogen R&D projects. The early public scepticism turned into general support when large multinational companies entered the scene.


A real-time, adaptive control and optimization system for laser flame cutting of thick plates of mild steel has been developed. The proposed system consists of two subsystems: a process monitoring system and a control and optimization system. The first subsystem aims at the on-line observation of the process status and corresponding cut quality. Since the different cut quality characteristics (e.g. cutting edge striations or dross) cannot be measured directly, the proposed system is based on so-called sensing parameters, which are easily-observable physical parameters that correlate well with the quality characteristics of the cut surface. The applicability of different optical sensors (photodiodes and a NIR-camera) has been investigated. The most optimal configuration of the process monitoring system is presented, including an overview of the selected set of sensing parameters.The second subsystem, the real-time control and optimization system, supports the adaptation of the process parameters, based on the cut quality information obtained from the process monitoring system. A suitable hardware configuration for the real-time control and optimization is presented, starting from the original platform (i.e. an industrial 2D laser cutting machine). A generic expert strategy, has been designed for the control and optimization purpose. Using the developed experimental platform, the performance of the expert system was verified and optimized for different material-thickness combinations.The obtained results demonstrate the effectiveness of the chosen approach in terms of increased autonomy, productivity, and efficiency of the process, as well as elimination of the need for manual quality control and the possibility to automatically generate quality reports.A real-time, adaptive control and optimization system for laser flame cutting of thick plates of mild steel has been developed. The proposed system consists of two subsystems: a process monitoring system and a control and optimization system. The first subsystem aims at the on-line observation of the process status and corresponding cut quality. Since the different cut quality characteristics (e.g. cutting edge striations or dross) cannot be measured directly, the proposed system is based on so-called sensing parameters, which are easily-observable physical parameters that correlate well with the quality characteristics of the cut surface. The applicability of different optical sensors (photodiodes and a NIR-camera) has been investigated. The most optimal configuration of the process monitoring system is presented, including an overview of the selected set of sensing parameters.The second subsystem, the real-time control and optimization system, supports the adaptation of the process parameters, based on ...


Nicotinic receptors (nAchRs) are responsible for fast excitatory signaling by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (Ach). They are present on the postsynaptic membrane at neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) and also at brain synapses. Alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha-BTX), a high-affinity nAchR antagonist, inhibits Ach binding and neurotransmission. Here we demonstrate biotinylated alpha-BTX, bound to native mouse diaphragm nAchRs, can be quantified and visualized ex vivo using streptavidin-conjugated quantum dots. This approach provides a novel methodology for the direct assessment of the presence and mobility of neurotransmitter receptors in native tissue.


Abstract The current study sought to identify characteristics that may be associated with the misreporting of food energy intake (EI) in urban South African women. A total of 198 women (61 black, 76 of mixed ancestry, 61 white) completed a quantified food frequency questionnaire, from which daily energy and macronutrient intake were calculated. Body composition (body mass index [BMI], percentage of body fat), body image (Feel-Ideal Difference index and Body Shape questions) and socio-economic status (SES) (household density and asset index) were also measured. Food EI in relation to estimated basal metabolic rate ratio that was less than 1.05 represented under-reporting, whereas a ratio greater than 2.28 represented over-reporting. Results suggested that 26% of the participants under-reported, 64% adequately reported and 10% over-reported. Participants who under-reported had a higher BMI (p < 0.01) and higher percentage of body fat (p < 0.05) than those who adequately and over-reported. The majority of under-reporters were black (38%) versus 21% under-reporters of mixed ancestry and 20% white under-reporters (p < 0.01). Eighty-three per cent of black under-reporters were obese. On the other hand, a majority (63%) of overweight women of mixed ancestry and a majority (50%) of white normal-weight women under-reported their food EI. Under-reporters reported a lower intake of dietary fat (p < 0.01) and a higher intake of dietary protein (p < 0.01) than adequate or over-reporters. Food EI reporting was not influenced by SES or body image. In conclusion, results suggest that food EI reporting is influenced by body size, and may be ethnic-specific in South African women.