We present measurements of the properties of the central radio source in M87 using Event Horizon Telescope data obtained during the 2017 campaign. We develop and fit geometric crescent models (asymmetric rings with interior brightness depressions) using two independent sampling algorithms that consider distinct representations of the visibility data. We show that the crescent family of models is statistically preferred over other comparably complex geometric models that we explore. We calibrate the geometric model parameters using general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD) models of the emission region and estimate physical properties of the source. We further fit images generated from GRMHD models directly to the data. We compare the derived emission region and black hole parameters from these analyses with those recovered from reconstructed images. There is a remarkable consistency among all methods and data sets. We find that >50% of the total flux at arcsecond scales comes from near the horizon, and that the emission is dramatically suppressed interior to this region by a factor >10, providing direct evidence of the predicted shadow of a black hole. Across all methods, we measure a crescent diameter of 42±3 μas and constrain its fractional width to be <0.5. Associating the crescent feature with the emission surrounding the black hole shadow, we infer an angular gravitational radius of GM/Dc=3.8±0.4 μas. Folding in a distance measurement of + 16.8 Mpc 0.7 0.8 gives a black hole mass of =    ́  ∣ ∣ M M 6.5 0.2 0.7 10 stat sys 9 . This measurement from lensed emission near the event horizon is consistent with the presence of a central Kerr black hole, as predicted by the general theory of relativity.


College student leaders in the United States engage in programming, governance, social, athletic, and many other co-curricular opportunities during their time on campus. Throughout the leadership process in these activities, students complement their academic learning, gain experience, and connect with communities within and beyond their campus borders. Often without realizing it, student leaders are participating in the creation of programs, processes, and cultures that have the potential to implement lasting change and override the short-term impact of a one-time event. This article proposes the application of sustainability principles to leadership to increase students' capacity for making sustainable change beyond their presence or involvement.


Piping systems are important means of fluid transportation and we can find their use in several industrial and commercial applications. Some of the typical situations where pipes are used are: power plants, oil refineries, steel industry, oil and gas transportation, commercial heating etc. Hence, sustainability and durability of piping system is of keen importance. Failure in piping deign can cause severe accidents and shortage of many other essential resources like electricity, water, gas, fuel for transportation etc. Pipe failure is typically caused by increased stresses beyond allowable limits which are caused due to thermal expansion, fatigue, creep, sustained loading, wind, seismic loading, snow etc. Although with the advent of computers we have resorted to computations methods of piping design, the manual analytical methods still find their utility. Hence in this paper, we present the analytical method of calculating two important components of piping design i.e piping thickness and stress under sustained loading.


Through the case study of Amazon Ring's cameras, this paper explores the deepening material and discursive alliance between public and private institutions in the building of digital infrastructures that support the development of community surveillance. The analysis reveals a complex supply-chain network entangled with histories of settler-colonialism, racialization and gendered inequities. Bolstered by developments in cloud computing, concealing the human and nonhuman supply-chains, these systems are never detached from material inputs; rather, they are embedded in vast infrastructural systems and complex transnational supply chains powered by logics of extraction, circulation and accumulation of capital. I argue that Amazon Ring cameras are an articulation of "infrastructural power" defined by Laleh Khalili (2018: 915) as an assemblage of "practices, discourses, physical fixtures, laws and procedures" with the aim of (re)producing capitalist relations. Through a material and discursive analysis, this paper aims to draw into the light the complex human and non-human entanglements that constitute community surveillance networks in order to move towards an infrastructural critique so that we may more effectively evaluate the social costs of digital systems that can never be detached from their material and human creators.


This reference grammar, written for advanced students of French, their teachers, and others who want to improve their understanding of the French language, combines the best of modern and traditional approaches. Its objective is not only practical mastery of the language, but familiarity with its structure.Taking into account modern linguistic research, the Grammar approaches the French language primarily through the study of syntactic structures, but without excessive emphasis on formalism. It provides a generous number of examples, based on the author's own experience of teaching French to foreigners, to help the student to understand the different meanings of apparently similar syntactic alternatives. The norms of 'correct expression' are given, together with current usage and deviations, and appendixes provide information on the 1990 spelling reforms and on numbers.A substantial index of French and English words and of topics provides easy access to the text itself.


This Chapter is aimed in presenting the importance of hard-facing as the manufacturing technology, which nowadays is used increasingly for revitalization of the responsible plants and the machine parts. The reason for such development lies in multifolded advantages that the hard-facing could provide, which could be observed form both the technical and economical point of view. Here is presented a procedure for prescribing the optimal technology for reparation of various technical systems with special reference to possible savings in money and time that could be realized by application of that technology. Costs and savings for reparation of various complex machine parts are analyzed by the profitability method. All the analyzed machine parts were revitalized by hard-facing, with substantial savings in money and machines' downtimes. Evaluation and verification of the hard-facing technology quality was done both experimentally and by monitoring the performance of the repaired parts in exploitation. The realized savings, calculated according to the profitability method, are presented by concrete monetary amounts for each analyzed working part, compared to costs of procuring the respective new part. In general, this Chapter can be considered as the voluminous techno-economic analysis of hard-facing as the revitalization technology of various machine systems.


The success of many machine learning and pattern recognition methods relies heavily upon the identification of an appropriate distance metric on the input data. It is often beneficial to learn such a metric from the input training data, instead of using a default one such as the Euclidean distance. In this work, we propose a boosting-based technique, termed BOOSTMETRIC, for learning a quadratic Mahalanobis distance metric. Learning a valid Mahalanobis distance metric requires enforcing the constraint that the matrix parameter to the metric remains positive semidefinite. Semidefinite programming is often used to enforce this constraint, but does not scale well and is not easy to implement. BOOSTMETRIC is instead based on the observation that any positive semidefinite matrix can be decomposed into a linear combination of trace-one rank-one matrices. BOOSTMETRIC thus uses rank-one positive semidefinite matrices as weak learners within an efficient and scalable boosting-based learning process. The resulting methods are easy to implement, efficient, and can accommodate various types of constraints. We extend traditional boosting algorithms in that its weak learner is a positive semidefinite matrix with trace and rank being one rather than a classifier or regressor. Experiments on various data sets demonstrate that the proposed algorithms compare favorably to those state-of-the-art methods in terms of classification accuracy and running time.


International travel is known as a factor that can contribute the increasing trend of dengue. It is still questioned on under what condition those travelers are able to underpin or diminish the transmission. In this study, we attempt to answer this question with the help of a mathematical model. The basic reproduction number is derived. An analysis showed that the tourists can contribute in epidemic only if the local transmission is closed to the threshold. We apply the analysis to dengue epidemic in Phuket, 2013 and showed that the tourists cannot contribute the emerging of dengue outbreak in that year.


Letter to Mrs. Linnet White. She says that the past summer was her busiest and shortest, even when the girls were babies. She will tell Linnet about camping later. She had help from Mrs. Chambers, who is now in California. The family sale happened Saturday and almost everything went wrong. The weather was bad. But they had a good time.


Author(s): Houston, Douglas; Bagdasaryan, Sofya; Ong, Paul M. | Abstract: Arts and cultural institutions enrich the communities of the Los Angeles region through art exhibits, cultural activities, and educational programs. Many museums have adopted outreach strategies and developed programs that respond to and embrace regional growth and increasing diversity, but substantial challenges remain to their efforts to reach all groups and communities.The Los Angeles County Museum of Art, The Museum of Contemporary Art, the Japanese American National Museum, the Skirball Cultural Center, and the Museum of Tolerance participated in this study because of their commitment to serve the region's diverse communities. This report contributes to this effort by providing a geographic perspective on neighborhood-level usage patterns and by suggesting ways the arts and cultural community can continue to diversify its base of support and visitation.


Estimates of health care expenses for the U.S. population are critical to policymakers and others concerned with access to medical care and the cost and sources of payment for that care. Medical care expenses, however, are highly concentrated among a relatively small proportion of individuals in the community population. Using information from the Household Component of the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS-HC), this study provides detailed estimates of the concentration and persistence in the level of health care expenditures in the United States. Attention is given to identifying the characteristics of individuals with the highest levels of medical expenditures, in addition to those factors that are associated with low medical expense profiles. Analyses are included to discern the most salient factors that serve to predict the likelihood of experiencing high levels of medical expenditures in a subsequent year, in addition to the factors operational in predictions of experiencing low levels of medical expenditures in a subsequent year.


We study numerically and analytically the average length of reduced (primitive) words in the so-called locally free and braid groups. We consider the situations when the letters in the initial words are drawn either without or with correlations. In the latter case, we show that the average length of the reduced word can be increased or lowered depending on the type of correlation. The ideas developed are used for analytical computation of the average number of peaks of the surface appearing in some specific ballistic growth model.


Refugee camps are typically perceived as militarized and patriarchal spaces, and yet the Sahrawi refugee camps and their inhabitants have consistently been represented as ideal in nature: uniquely secular and democratic spaces, and characterized by gender equality. Drawing on extensive research with and about Sahrawi refugees in Algeria, Cuba, Spain, South Africa, and Syria, Fiddian-Qasmiyeh explores how, why, and to what effect such idealized depictions have been projected onto the international arena. In The Ideal Refugees, the author argues that secularism and the empowerment of Sahrawi refugee women have been strategically invoked to secure the humanitarian and political support of Western state and non-state actors who ensure the continued survival of the camps and their inhabitants. This book challenges the reader to reflect critically on who benefits from assertions of good, bad, and ideal refugees, and whose interests are advanced by interwoven discourses about the empowerment of women and secularism in contexts of war and peace.


How and why has the saga of Scarlett O'Hara kept such a tenacious hold on our national imagination for almost three-quarters of a century? In the first book ever to deal simultaneously with Margaret Mitchell's beloved novel and David Selznick's spectacular film version of "Gone with the Wind", film critic Molly Haskell seeks the answers. By all industry predictions, the film should never have worked. What makes it work so amazingly well are the fascinating and uncompromising personalities that Haskell dissects here: Margaret Mitchell, David Selznick, and Vivien Leigh. As a feminist and onetime Southern adolescent, Haskell understands how the story takes on different shades of meaning according to the age and eye of the beholder. She explores how it has kept its edge because of Margaret Mitchell's (and our) ambivalence about Scarlett and because of the complex racial and sexual attitudes embedded in a story that at one time or another has offended almost everyone.Haskell imaginatively weaves together disparate strands, conducting her story as her own inner debate between enchantment and disenchantment. Sensitive to the ways in which history and cinema intersect, she reminds us why these characters, so riveting to Depression audiences, continue to fascinate seventy years later.


William Lane Craig is the most recognizable contemporary defender of the kalam cosmological argument. The argument, in its simplest form, is that (i) Whatever begins to exist has a cause of its existence, (ii) The universe began to exist, and (iii) Therefore, the universe has a cause of its existence. In defending this argument, he claims that it presupposes the theory of time commonly referred to as the A-theory of time, which is roughly the view that time really does flow from the nonexistent future into the present, and then out of existence into the past. Though this may be the commonsense view of time, it is not the view held by many philosophers and physicists. Because Craig's argument relies on a controversial view of time, the argument in my view carries an unnecessary burden of proof on behalf of the A-theory. My thesis, then, is to argue in support of the kalam cosmological argument, but also to argue against Craig's claim that it must be dependent on the A-theory of time, the result of which will be a more general yet stronger version of the kalam cosmological argument for the existence of God.


Saying that a minority language proves to be quite a fascinating object of research when it comes to describing how it is affected by a stronger (standard) language is quite obvious. However, the way in which elements (both lexical and functional) borrowed from the stronger language infiltrate the weaker one is far less evident. Observing the Cimbrian CP, I will take into account both the complementizer ke (Italian loanword, competing with the earlier az ) and other (CP-related) particles that I take to have undergone a process of reanalysis from a diachronic point of view, putting forward that the "expansion" of loanwords (especially functional ones) does not take place randomly. I also will show that synchronic data - especially when it comes to the so-called semi-speakers - can confirm this hypothesis. Key words. Complementation, minority language, cartography.


The interaction of relative humidity and salinity on garden beet, onion, and radish was studied in sunlit climate chambers at temperatures cycling daily between 26 and 10 C. Average daytime relative humidity (RH) was controlled at 45 and 90%. The root medium of each crop was maintained at four different osmotic potentials, the range depending on the crop's salt tolerance. With a nonsaline root medium, increasing RH from 45 to 90% increased the yield of beet by 50% and radish by 15%, but did not enhance the yield of onion. In saline root media, high RH significantly raised the salinity level at which the yield was reduced to 50% of the nonsaline yield for onion and radish, but did not affect this level for beet. Linear relationships between leaf water (ΨL) and osmotic (πL) potentials and the osmotic potential of the root medium (πS) were found for all three crops. Except low values of πS (high salinity), ΨL and πL were lower at 45% RH than at 90% RH. Leaf turgot potential was not affected by salinity in beet and onion but was reduced in radish. The relationship between crop yield and ΨL was linear. The difference in ΨL for plants between full yield and almost no yield was only 13 bars for beet, 6 bars for radish, and 4 bars for onion.


This paper highlights the work that conventions do in making visualisations seem objective. This focus on visualisation conventions is important in order to make sense of the apparent contradiction between critics' assertions that visualisations serve as mechanisms of control and designers' assertions of their desire to 'do good with data' (Periscopic, nd). We focus on two conventions here. First, the use two-dimensional viewpoints, such as front-on views in graphs or top-down views in maps and pie charts, which encode objectivity because the 'distortions that usually come with perspective' are 'neutralised' (2006, p.149). Second, the inclusion of data sources in visualisations, which call upon the viewer to see visualisations as objective and based on 'facts'. Thus designers make choices about the data visualisations that they produce, but their choices are constrained by semiotic resources and other conventions that are available to them. We argue that visualisers are not in league with 'them' to bamboozle 'us', as one participant in our focus groups with visualisation consumers claimed. Rather, they do their best to 'do good with data' with available conventions. Thinking in this way advances understanding of the ways in which visualisations come into being, the conventions on which visualisers draw to produce them, and how these conventions imbue visualisations with particular qualities.


Objectives In an innovative approach to improve the contribution of health psychology to public health we have analysed the presence and nature of affect within the visual materials deployed in antimicrobial stewardship interventions targeting the public identified through systematic review. Design A qualitative analysis focused on the affective content of visual materials garnered from a systematic review of antibiotic stewardship (k = 20). Methods A novel method was devised drawing on concepts from semiotics to analyse the affective elements within intervention materials. Results Whilst all studies examined tacitly rely on affect, only one sought to explicitly deploy affect. Three thematic categories of affect are identified within the materials in which specific ideological machinery is deployed: (1) monsters, bugs, and superheroes; (2) responsibility, threat, and the misuse/abuse of antibiotics; (3) the figure of the child. Conclusions The study demonstrates how affect is a present but tacit communication strategy of antimicrobial stewardship interventions but has not – to date – been adequately theorized or explicitly considered in the intervention design process. Certain affective features were explored in relation to the effectiveness of antimicrobial resistance interventions and warrant further investigation. We argue that further research is needed to systematically illuminate and capitalize upon the use of affect to effect behaviour change concerning antimicrobial stewardship. Statement of contribution What is already known on this subject? The (mis)use of antibiotics and consequent risk of antimicrobial resistance is a critical public health problem. If sufficient action is not taken, global society will face the 'post‐antibiotic' era, in which common infections will lead to death for many millions. Key desirable behavioural changes are decreased patient demands for antibiotics, use of them for targeted purposes alone, and compliance with prescribed dosing. There is a growth of interest in the role of affect in mass media interventions designed to engage publics and produce health‐related behavioural change. What does this study add? This article presents a novel analytic approach to understanding and intervening within behaviour change in public health that may complement other types of analysis. We present findings specifically from an 'affective' analysis based on semiotics in which we critically interrogated the visual imagery being deployed in mass media public health interventions concerning antimicrobial stewardship. Three thematic categories of affect are identified within the materials in which specific ideological machinery is deployed and that demonstrate some association with intervention effectiveness worthy of further investigation and testing.


A straightforward, versatile approach to the production of protein gradients on planar and spherical particle surfaces is described. The method is based on the spatially controlled oxidation of thiolated surfaces by Au(III) ions generated via the electrochemical oxidation of a gold electrode in a phosphate-buffered saline solution (10 mM PBS, pH 7.2, 150 mM NaCl). Because the gold electrode is in direct contact with the thiolated surfaces, the released Au(III) ions, which are present as Au(III) chloride complexes, give rise to the formation of a surface gradient of Au(I)-thiolate complexes depending on the local redox potential given by the local Au(III) concentration. As is shown on the basis of the use of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and fluorescently labeled proteins, the Au(I)-thiolate complexes can subsequently be functionalized with thiolated proteins, yielding surface density protein gradients on micrometer-sized nonconducting polymer beads as well as linear Au(I)-thiolate gradients on planar silicon surfaces.


White-rot fungi secrete a repertoire of high-redox potential oxidoreductases to efficiently decompose lignin. Of these enzymes, versatile peroxidases (VPs) are the most promiscuous biocatalysts. VPs are attractive enzymes for research and industrial use but their recombinant production is extremely challenging. To date, only a single VP has been structurally characterized and optimized for recombinant functional expression, stability, and activity. Computational enzyme optimization methods can be applied to many enzymes in parallel but they require accurate structures. Here, we demonstrate that model structures computed by deep-learning-based ab initio structure prediction methods are reliable starting points for one-shot PROSS stability-design calculations. Four designed VPs encoding as many as 43 mutations relative to the wildtype enzymes are functionally expressed in yeast, whereas their wildtype parents are not. Three of these designs exhibit substantial and useful diversity in their reactivity profiles and tolerance to environmental conditions. The reliability of the new generation of structure predictors and design methods increases the scale and scope of computational enzyme optimization, enabling efficient discovery and exploitation of the functional diversity in natural enzyme families directly from genomic databases.


This paper analyses the increase in mother's employment in Britain over the period 1974-2000. The approach consists of isolating those whose birth cohorts whose mothers experienced significant increases in employment and relating those to changes in policies (maternity rights, taxation and childcare). The results suggest that maternity rights have induced a change in behaviour toward returning to work in the first year post-birth, among many mothers who would otherwise gone back to work when their children were age 3-5. This effect has been most marked among better educated and higher paid mothers and has strengthen as real wages have risen through time. However, the paper also suggests that the increased labour market experience and job tenure of mothers as a result of maternity rights legislation has only had a very modest impact on earnings. This is as a result of most of the extra experience being part-time which has very low returns.


Author(s): Taylor, M; fujita, K | Abstract: This report synthesizes consumer behavior research as it pertains to the plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) purchase decision process. The purpose is to clarify what is known about the vital role consumers play in the U.S. PEV market as it matures to become less policy-reliant and more representative of the U.S., both spatially and demographically. A more representative PEV market will: help OEMs recoup more of their RaD investments in PEVs; help American consumers access the economic and performance benefits of PEVs; and help the U.S. become more energy independent while improving air quality-related public health and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.


As in earlier Addison-Wesley books on the UNIX-based BSD operating system, Kirk McKusick and George Neville-Neil deliver here the most comprehensive, up-to-date, and authoritative technical information on the internal structure of open source FreeBSD. Readers involved in technical and sales support can learn the capabilities and limitations of the system; applications developers can learn effectively and efficiently how to interface to the system; system administrators can learn how to maintain, tune, and configure the system; and systems programmers can learn how to extend, enhance, and interface to the system.The authors provide a concise overview of FreeBSD's design and implementation. Then, while explaining key design decisions, they detail the concepts, data structures, and algorithms used in implementing the systems facilities. As a result, readers can use this book as both a practical reference and an in-depth study of a contemporary, portable, open source operating system.This book: Details the many performance improvements in the virtual memory system Describes the new symmetric multiprocessor support Includes new sections on threads and their scheduling Introduces the new jail facility to ease the hosting of multiple domains Updates information on networking and interprocess communicationAlready widely used for Internet services and firewalls, high-availability servers, and general timesharing systems, the lean quality of FreeBSD also suits the growing area of embedded systems. Unlike Linux, FreeBSD does not require users to publicize any changes they make to the source code.


Feminist knowledge and its impact on other academic disciplines arose in the 1970s, but it has had an uneven impact in different disciplines. We argue that gender as a theoretical concept has challenged both sociology and archaeology but analyses of gender practices and embodiment which challenge the homogenous categories of 'women' and 'men' have made much less impact in archaeology – particularly the archaeology of deep time. The paper concludes by suggesting that feminist archaeology's exploration of the origins of gender offers critical insights concerning the ways in which feminist sociologists defi ne their theories with and against the 'Western folk model' of sex and gender.


We develop a quantum theory of propagation in dispersive nonlinear media from the foundations of a correctly quantized field theory. Quantum fluctuations are handled by coherent-state expansions of localized field states. A stochastic nonlinear Schrodinger equation in the field variables is obtained for media with an intensity-dependent refractive index. This predicts squeezing for a continuous-wave input, over a wide bandwidth with anomalous dispersion, and over a gradually reducing bandwidth with normal dispersion. The equation is easily modified to include thermal-noise sources as well. For solitons, fluctuations are reduced over the soliton bandwidth. This leads to quantum solitons that have quadrature fluctuations less than the level of vacuum fluctuations. The complementary quadrature has a correspondingly increased fluctuation level.


Most current speech recognition systems use hidden Markov models (HMMs) to deal with the temporal variability of speech and Gaussian mixture models (GMMs) to determine how well each state of each HMM fits a frame or a short window of frames of coefficients that represents the acoustic input. An alternative way to evaluate the fit is to use a feed-forward neural network that takes several frames of coefficients as input and produces posterior probabilities over HMM states as output. Deep neural networks (DNNs) that have many hidden layers and are trained using new methods have been shown to outperform GMMs on a variety of speech recognition benchmarks, sometimes by a large margin. This article provides an overview of this progress and represents the shared views of four research groups that have had recent successes in using DNNs for acoustic modeling in speech recognition.


... a system in which reason fulfilled itself would have to unite all the demands of the spirit as of the heart, of the most conscientious feeling as of the strictest understanding. (1) ... reason must sooner or later be satisfied. (2) MODERN GERMAN PHILOSOPHY PRESENTS A PECULIAR PUZZLE to the historian of ideas. For most of the early modern period, philosophers throughout Europe had allied themselves with the Enlightenment in its self-proclaimed struggle against dogma, superstition, and ignorance. Yet beginning in late eighteenth century Germany, this situation began to change--so much so that by the early decades of the twentieth century, Germany had become the undisputed home of the philosophical Counter-Enlightenment. If today the most celebrated Counter-Enlightenment figures hail from France or Italy, that should not obscure the fact that the ideas of such authors as Derrida and Foucault, Vattimo and Virilio descend directly from the writings of Nietzsche and Heidegger. All of these theorists are united in their opposition to the Enlightenment and what they see as its detrimental social and political effects in the modern world. Moreover, all of them deny the core assumptions of the Enlightenment: the possibility and goodness of rational discourse dispelling darkness and mystery from human life. Hence, their writings tend to take the form of deconstructive commentaries on seminal texts from the Western philosophical and literary traditions or radically critical analyses of the social and intellectual practices common to the post-Enlightenment world. Above all, these works claim to show that what might superficially appear to be examples of disinterested argument and rational impartiality in those texts and practices are, instead, attempts at violating, marginalizing, delegitimizing, and dominating the "other"--with the "other" defined as the nonrational, unusual, different, or abnormal dimensions of human life and experience. The role of the Counter-Enlightenment theorist is to liberate the "other" from its subjugation at the hands of reason by exposing the myriad ways in which all supposedly enlightened discourses and practices are themselves permeated by the "other" and thus always one step away from collapsing under the weight of their own incoherence. In other words, Counter-Enlightenment philosophy seeks to expose reason's own inevitable and fatal dependence upon unreason. And so the question remains: Why is it that so much of German philosophy since Kant has taken such a virulently Counter-Enlightenment form? The answer is extremely difficult to determine, not least because of the complexity of the issues involved and the obscurity of the philosophers in question. But in trying to make headway toward an answer, the work of F. W. J. Schelling (1775-1854) promises to be extremely helpful. According to a widely accepted view of his philosophical development, (3) Schelling began his career (in the mid 1790s) as arguably the most gifted and ambitious of the young German Idealist philosophers trying to complete the radical Enlightenment project of Kant and Fichte. However, by the time of his last published work of philosophy (the Philosophical Inquiries into the Nature of Human Freedom of 1809), and even more so in the posthumously published lectures of the numerous university courses he taught during the last four decades of his life, Schelling had broken decisively with the idealism of his youth. In these late works, Schelling can be seen to be struggling to articulate a new understanding of philosophy--one that would come to exercise an enormous influence on the Counter-Enlightenment philosophies of Kierkegaard, Heidegger, and, through them, many others in our century. That is, the postidealist Schelling seeks to show that the enlightened understanding of the world is grounded in something prereflective or preenlightened that it must presuppose and yet cannot grasp. He thus begins (4) the Counter-Enlightenment's great effort to show that far from being what it itself claimed to be--namely, the clear-sighted attempt to cast the light of human reason into all the dark corners of the world--the Enlightenment was and is willfully oblivious to the ineradicability of darkness and mystery at the basis of human existence. …


Like many developing countries /tieing severe foreigil exchange problems, Ghana has embqrked on a policy of export diversification. Lately, the country has concentrated on the promotion of international tourism as a major source offoreign exchange earning. The initial results are promising. The present paper examines the growth of this industry from its early and unremarkable inception in the mid 1950's to its present state where it is the third largest foreign exchange earner for the nation.


A multi-agent system is a group of software or hardware agents that cooperate or compete to achieve individual or shared goals. A method for developing a multi-agent system must be capable of modelling the concepts that are central to multi-agent systems. These concepts are identified in a review of Agent Oriented Software Engineering methodologies. The rigorous development of complex systems using formal methods can reduce the number of design faults. Event-B is a formal method for modelling and reasoning about reactive and distributed systems. There is currently no method that guides the developer specifically in the modelling of agent-based concepts in Event-B. The use of formal methods is seen by some developers as inaccessible. This thesis presents an Incremental Development Process for the development of multi-agent systems in Event-B. Development following the Incremental Development Process begins with the construction of informal models, based on agent concepts. The informal models relate system goals using a set of relationships. The developer is provided with guidance to construct formal Event-B models based on the informal design. The concepts that are central to multi-agent systems are captured in the Event-B models through the translation from the goal models. The Event-B models are refined and decomposed into specifications of roles that will be performed by the agents of the system. Two case studies illustrate how the Incremental Development Process can be applied to multi-agent systems. An additional aid to the developer presented in this thesis is a set of modelling patterns that provide fault-tolerance for Event-B models of interacting agents.


Functional diversity, an important element of avian biodiversity, can be examined by quantifying foraging guild composition. Understanding the ecological processes that underpin functional diversity of birds in oil palm Elaeis guineensis landscapes is important because different foraging guilds are likely to be influenced in different ways by land use practices. We surveyed birds at 55 sites within oil palm landscapes and at 20 sites within logged peat swamp forest, recording 208 species belonging to 19 foraging guilds. Oil palm landscapes supported a lower abundance of insectivorous, granivorous and omnivorous birds than did logged peat swamp forest despite the latter being severely degraded due to intensive timber extraction. However, abundances of other groups of foraging birds, such as raptors and wetland taxa, were higher in oil palm landscapes than logged peat swamp forest. Frugivorous species were more abundant in smallholdings than plantation estates, probably because of the presence of native trees. Foraging guild diversity was explained by stand-level attributes such as stand age, vegetation cover, epiphyte persistence and canopy cover. However, each foraging guild exhibited unique responses to different oil palm management regimes and stand-level attributes. Only arboreal omnivores and terrestrial frugivores were affected by the proximity of nearby natural forest. This diversity of responses implies that the occurrence of particular avian foraging guilds may not be a suitable ecological indicator of best-practice palm oil production. Our study also suggests that multiple conservation measures will be needed in oil palm landscapes irrespective of management regimes, including: (1) the maintenance of ground layer vegetation cover; (2) the pruning of oil palm canopy to permit light penetration to the ground layer; (3) re-vegetation of parts of oil palm landscapes with native trees; and (4) retention of natural and/or secondary forest patches within the boundaries of plantations.


Direct numerical simulation (DNS) and linear analysis (LIA) of isotropic turbulence interacting with a shock wave are performed for several upstream shock normal Mach numbers (Ml). Turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) is amplified across the shock wave, but this amplification tends to saturate beyond M1 = 3.0. TKE amplification and Reynolds stress anisotropy obtained in DNS are consistent with LIA predictions. Rapid evolution of TKE immediate downstream of the shock wave persists for all shock strengths and is attributed to the transfer between kinetic and potential modes of turbulence energy through acoustic fluctuations. Changes in energy spectra and various length scales across the shock wave are predicted by LIA, which is consistent with DNS results. Most turbulence length scales decrease across the shock. Dissipation length scale (-#q3/e), however, increases slightly for shock waves with MI < 1.65. Fluctuations in thermodynamic variables behind the shock wave stay nearly isentropic for M1 < 1.2 and deviate significantly from isentropy for the stronger shock waves due to large entropy fluctuation generated through the interaction.


A study is presented on the modeling of fuel sprays in diesel engines. The objective of this study is in the first place to accurately and efficiently model non-reacting diesel spray formation, and secondly to include ignition and combustion. For that an efficient 1D Euler-Euler spray model [21] is implemented and applied in 3D CFD simulations. Concerning combustion, a detailed chemistry tabulation approach, called FGM (Flamelet Generated Manifold), is adopted. Results are compared with EHPC (Eindhoven High Pressure Cell) experiments, data from Sandia and IFP. The newly created combination of the 1D spray model with 3D CFD gives a good overall performance in terms of spray length and shape prediction, and also numerically it has advantages above Euler-Lagrange type models. together with the FGM, also auto-ignition and a flame lift-off length is achieved.


Location-awareness indoors will be an inseparable feature of mobile services/applications in future wireless networks. Its current ubiquitous availability is still obstructed by technological challenges and privacy issues. We propose an innovative approach towards the concept of indoor positioning with main goal to develop a system that is self-learning and able to adapt to various radio propagation environments. The approach combines estimation of propagation conditions, subsequent appropriate channel modelling and optimisation feedback to the used positioning algorithm. Main advantages of the proposal are decreased system set-up effort, automatic re-calibration and increased precision.


The purpose of this paper is to analyze Colombia's experiences with and opportunities for export led growth. We first review Colombia's growth and export performance over the past 30 years and find that the country is indeed facing an export challenge. We then go on to develop new metrics and apply them to Colombia's export challenge. First, we consider the opportunities for upgrading quality within existing exports, and find that Colombia has very little opportunity for growth in this dimension. Second, we consider the level of sophistication of the current export basket, and find that it is low and commensurate with the lack of export dynamism. Although not a significant drag on growth, the current export basket will not be sufficient to fuel future output growth. Finally, we develop the concept distances between products, open forest, and the option value of exports to examine the possibility that Colombia's current structure of production is itself a barrier to future structural transformation. While improvements in the export package have been slow in the past, this evidence suggests that Colombia does now enjoy more options for future structural transformation. As there are attractive options for structural transformation nearby, a parsimonious approach to industrial strategy, rather than a risky strategic bet to move to a new part of the product space, seems appropriate. In order to inform such a strategy, we use the metrics developed in the diagnostic to evaluate new export activities in terms of their proximity to current activities, their sophistication, and their strategic value. We identify the sectors representing the best tradeoffs between these aims for Colombia as a whole, as well as its regions. We also devote separate attention to the topic of Agricultural exports, and to exports of services. Finally, we use these metrics to analyze the list of 'high-potential' sectors in the United States, developed by another firm, as well as the sectors prioritized in Colombia's Agenda Interna. These external lists of high-potential sectors are found to be sensible, but could be further rationalized using these metrics. This identification of nearby, high-potential, and strategically valuable sectors is not meant to be a definitive list for targeted subsidies and 'picking winners'. Rather, it provides a robust data-driven approach to inform the next steps in achieving export-led growth in Colombia: which private sector actors should be consulted first? What sector-specific reforms should be stressed? How should public spending on infrastructure and training, which are also sector-specific, be prioritized? What foreign firms should be targeted by FDI promotion agencies? These decisions can be informed by our analysis and the accompanying data.


Dignity is seen commonly as an ethical obligation owed to human persons. The dimensions of this obligation in today's post secular society, are -- however -- subject to wide discussion and debate; for, the term, human dignity, and its preservation, defies universal agreement. Yet, its preservation -- together with the prevention of indignity -- should be a guiding principle or at least a vector of force in a wide range of issues in health care management ranging from embryo research and assisted reproduction to biomedical enhancement, and the care of the disabled and the dying. In clinical medicine, safeguarding the dignity of the patient is a core responsibility of all physicians to respect patient autonomy and to act with beneficence and non-maleficence in health care decisionmaking. This Article examines both the domestic and the international applications of human dignity as a standard for maintaining security, privacy, well being, compassion and humanism. Because of the capacious nature of human dignity, it is concluded that -- rather than being accepted as a normative standard -- it will continue to serve as a fact-sensitive catalyst for informing and shaping ongoing debates on how human conduct can be judged ethically -- especially in end-of-life cases.


Privacy is main concern in the present technological phase in the world. Information security has become a critical issue since the information sharing has a common need. Thus privacy is becoming an increasingly important issue in many data mining applications in various fields like medical research, intelligence agencies, hospital records maintenance etc. This paper suggests advancing the existing database systems and increasing the security and efficiency of the systems. This paper proposes a new concept to implement a real world anonymous database which improves the secure efficient system for protection of data, restricting the access to data even by the administrator thus maintaining the secrecy of individual patients. Keywords— privacy, database, security, confidentiality, anonymous, cryptography


Recent changes in New Zealand's employment relations framework has made the topic vital for many students but its multi-disciplinary foundation and its particular historical and cultural setting have proved difficult for student learning. This paper overviews our development of employment relations teaching materials and it shows how this development has been driven by specific shortfalls in the available teaching materials and by changing student needs. It is also emphasised how the teaching and research processes are interlinked and this provides an avenue for making research-driven teaching obtainable. In order to facilitate the students' understanding of and interest in the research process we have developed a number of case studies and a CD-ROM design has been trialled in 2005. The paper overviews two of the case studies and it also details the development logic of the CD-ROM design.


The aim of Metta Vee is to explore stylistic metamorphosis in an extended cross-generic work for electroacoustic string ensemble which combines the rich vocabulary of string writing from the Western art tradition with that found in jazz, folk and rock music. In performance this is achieved by individually expressing and then fusing the associated playing styles. In a series of supporting works different aspects of cross-genre writing for strings are explored, both in scored and sonic pieces. The final composition, Metta Vee (a phonetic abbreviation of metamorphous violin) is an evolving landscape which travels through various styles whilst retaining cohesion in the overall design. It is, as expressed in the subtitle, a stylistic journey through a landscape of string.

Two violin soloists, one acoustic and one electric, convey the more intricate details of stylistic fusion, exploiting the instrument's technical capacities and broad repertoire. The electric solo part has been scored for a 5-string violin, incorporating the low viola C string in addition to the standard tuning. Opportunities for soloing and musical exchanges between the players have been designated within the main work to showcase the crossstylistic performance aesthetic through a series of variations generated by repeated motifs. Metta Vee is a work that faces the challenge of mixing the tonal characteristics of the electric violin with the acoustic string world so the two may be not just individually showcased, but homogenized, creating a new sonority as well as stylistic fusion.


In recent years, the operating cost of sewage treatment plants (STPs) in some parts of the world has been rising due to increases in the cost of energy. STPs have focused on energy reduction and recovery from treatment processes in order to lower energy consumption. The development involves the improvement of capital set-up for treatment plants in terms of equipment upgrading/plant sizing as well as exploration of novel technologies for sewage, excess sludge treatment and biogas recovery. This review compares the current technologies applied in STPs around the world and discusses these technologies and facilities which may enhance energy reduction and recovery in sewage treatment.


This work explains the speed control design for a DC motor using fuzzy logic with LabVIEW software. It is also a literature review about the design and the implementation environment and is presented using fuzzy logic to describe the materials and methods used. Various processes on the subject highlight the idea, creation, development, and implementation of intelligent control, and the results considering the application and development for this purpose are presented.


Title of Document: TEST METHODOLOGIES FOR DYNAMIC FRACTURE STRENGTH OF SINGLE CRYSTAL SILICON Saifa Hasin Master of Science, 2008 Directed By: Professor Donald Barker Department of Mechanical Engineering Single crystal silicon (SCSi) is the primary component for many microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). Therefore, identification of the dynamic fracture strength of SCSi can tremendously aid in virtual qualification of new MEMS devices used in dynamic loading applications. Unfortunately, the fracture strength is influenced by surface flaws, which are functions of microfabrication processing techniques. This work assesses the influence of deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) technology on the dynamic fracture strength of SCSi. The primary focus was to develop test methodologies that can be used for identifying the dynamic fracture strength of SCSi. The methodologies developed were applied to simple MEMS shock test structures to measure preliminary dynamic fracture strength values. Based on the experiments performed thus far, the dynamic fracture strength of DRIE processed (100) SCSi is >1.10 GPa and <1.37 GPa for bending around <100> and <110> directions, respectively. A statistically significant number of tests will be performed in the near future for verifying these fracture strength values and quantifying the uncertainties. Finally, recommendations are provided for the planned future experiments. TEST METHODOLOGIES FOR DYNAMIC FRACTURE STRENGTH OF SINGLE CRYSTAL SILICON


Abstract K-Ar dating of mixed-layer illite-smectite from clay fractions extracted from pyroclastic horizons was used to address the controversy about the age and mechanism of the thermal alteration of Carboniferous rocks from the Upper Silesia Coal Basin (USCB). The clay fractions were also investigated by X-ray diffraction in order to select for dating samples possibly rich in illite- smectite, and to evaluate the K-Ar dates for possible contamination by K-bearing pre-diagenetic minerals, of pyroclastic or epiclastic origin. The K-Ar dates document intense Variscian tectonic burial illitization produced by thrusting (~290 Ma) in the SW of the basin, and the lack of intense burial illitization in the NE, which is consistent with sedimentological models of the basin. The burial illitization in its final phase (<30%S in illite-smectite) involved incorporation of measurable amounts of ammonium cation in the illite structure (substitution for K). Advanced illitization in the NE of the basin is much younger than its tectonic inversion (uplift and erosion started in Permian), and the corresponding K-Ar dates have to be interpreted as the result of a Mesozoic thermal event, which produced widespread pervasive illitization at shallow depth. This event was dated at 175 Ma, but it may have started earlier and could have lasted longer. This conclusion is consistent with widespread evidence of a major Mesozoic thermal event all over Central Europe, produced by rifting and lithospheric thinning during the opening of the Tethys and Atlantic oceans. This study demonstrates that smectite illitization histories may be very complex, and that the nature of the illitization mechanism results in mixed K-Ar dates encompassing pro-longed or multiple illitization histories. Dating of several grain-size fractions may help to unravel such histories. When a calibration using data from Neogene sedimentary basins is applied, vitrinite reflectance and %S in I-S indicate similar palaeotemperatures of tectonic burial diagenesis in the USCB, but they produce very different estimates of the temperature of the thermal event.


In the era of postmodernity, issues of the body, gender and power are increasingly raised by the non-normative performativity of the anomalous embodiment. I shall focus in particular on one aspect of such forms of embodiment that mobilises acute questions about the always ambivalent relationship between human subjects and biotechnology. Where in the past, the term prosthesis intended some material object that stood in for a lack that was seen as a negative but compensatable aspect of embodiment, the emphasis now is firmly on enhancement and supplement. For many disabled people, their interface with the world relies to a greater or lesser extent on the deployment of prostheses, no longer in the mode of rehabilitation to normative practices, but as a highly productive alternative that inevitably queers experience itself. Going further, the notion of prostheses can be transformed to encompass a Deleuzian understanding of embodiment as necessarily entailing assemblage -in both organic and non-organic forms – as a mode of existence that speaks to us all


Abstract The extent of lithofacies variability in fine-grained sedimentary rocks is very poorly known in comparison to that present in coarser grained clastic and carbonate successions. The absence of this information means that sediments present on continental shelves are rarely considered as integrated systems because fine-grained facies (such as shales) are mostly excluded from sophisticated, regional facies models. To shed light upon lithofacies and grain size in shale-dominated successions, so that they can be incorporated into shelf-wide depositional models, the Blackhawk Formation of the Mancos Shale (Campanian age), exposed in the Book Cliffs, Utah was investigated using combined field, whole-rock geochemical, optical, and electron optical methods. These sediments show systematic grain-size variations, are intensely bioturbated, and composed predominantly of detrital clays (mainly dioctahedral micas), quartz, and feldspar with minor pyrite and organic matter. They are organized into very thin (< 10 mm), upward-fining, genetic beds; they exhibit both systematic lateral (103 m scale), and vertical (10−2 to 100 m scales) lithofacies variability. Preferentially cemented units occur close to sequence boundaries (unconformities). These cemented units typically contain a very different detrital assemblage (including significant quantities of chlorite) from the rest of the succession and are located close to levels where there are marked stacking-pattern discontinuities. Overall, lithofacies variability is interpreted in terms of deposition occurring on an oxic continental shelf, with the coarser-grained facies being deposited in proximal settings (offshore-transition zone), in contrast to the finer-grained units that were deposited in more distal environments (offshore zone). Storms are interpreted to have been the dominant mechanism dispersing the sediment. Once deposited, the surface layers of the sediment were intensely reworked by burrowing organisms. Preferential preservation of ichnogenera from mid- and lower tiers suggest that the depositional environment was energetic and erosion commonly removed the surface sediment layers, prior to deposition of thin (10−2 m) storm beds. The larger scale (100 m) upward-coarsening units that are composed of stacked beds, are interpreted to be parasequences. Preferential cementation, at levels where large-scale stacking patterns change, is interpreted to occur at horizons where there were breaks in sediment accumulation, and bacterial metabolic processes were able to supply sufficient solutes to fill uncompacted pore space with cement. The presence of a very different detrital assemblage in these units suggests that winnowing occurred. Despite their relatively innocuous appearance in the field, these surfaces are likely to be significant bypass surfaces, over which sediment was delivered to the deeper parts of the basin during times of relative lowstand of sea level.


The ability of detecting people has become a crucial subtask, especially in robotic systems which aim an application in public or domestic environments. Robots already provide their services e.g. in real home improvement markets and guide people to a desired product. In such a scenario many robot internal tasks would benefit from the knowledge of knowing the number and positions of people in the vicinity. The navigation for example could treat them as dynamical moving objects and also predict their next motion directions in order to compute a much safer path. Or the robot could specifically approach customers and offer its services. This requires to detect a person or even a group of people in a reasonable range in front of the robot. Challenges of such a real-world task are e.g. changing lightning conditions, a dynamic environment and different people shapes. In this thesis a 3D people detection approach based on point cloud data provided by the Microsoft Kinect is implemented and integrated on mobile service robot. A Top-Down/Bottom-Up segmentation is applied to increase the systems flexibility and provided the capability to the detect people even if they are partially occluded. A feature set is proposed to detect people in various pose configurations and motions using a machine learning technique. The system can detect people up to a distance of 5 meters. The experimental evaluation compared different machine learning techniques and showed that standing people can be detected with a rate of 87.29% and sitting people with 74.94% using a Random Forest classifier. Certain objects caused several false detections. To elimante those a verification is proposed which further evaluates the persons shape in the 2D space. The detection component has been implemented as s sequential (frame rate of 10 Hz) and a parallel application (frame rate of 16 Hz). Finally, the component has been embedded into complete people search task which explorates the environment, find all people and approach each detected person.


This chapter explores the acoustics and phonology of speech sounds produced by Norwegian heritage speakers in the Upper Midwest in Norwegian and to a lesser extent in English. The study reports work on acoustic differences in obstruents spoken by heritage speakers whose L1 and L2 are both 'aspiration' languages, namely Norwegian and American English, but which differ phonologically in other ways. Our focus falls in particular on laryngeal features, that is, the realization of the distinction between 'voiced' and 'voiceless' or 'lenis' and 'fortis' consonants, along with the closely related issue of durational contrasts in Norwegian. Building on Allen and Salmons (2012), we argue that the Norwegian and English spoken by Norwegian-American bilinguals will each show influence from the other language, but asymmetrically.


By Isaac Asimov This is by far my favorite story of all those I have written. After all, I undertook to tell several trillion years of human history in the space of a short story and I leave it to you as to how well I succeeded. I also undertook another task, but I won't tell you what that was lest l spoil the story for you. It is a curious fact that innumerable readers have asked me if I wrote this story. They seem never to remember the title of the story or (for sure) the author, except for the vague thought it might be me. But, of course, they never forget the story itself especially the ending. The idea seems to drown out everything -and I'm satisfied that it should.


Simulations of virtual species (i.e. species for which the environment–occupancy relationships are known) are increasingly being used to test the effects of different aspects of modelling and sampling strategy on performance of species distribution models (SDMs). Here we discuss an important step of the simulation process: the translation of simulated probabilities of occurrence into patterns of presence and absence. Often a threshold strategy is used to generate virtual occurrences, where presence always occurs above a specific simulated probability value and never below. This procedure effectively translates any shape of simulated species response into a threshold one and eliminates any stochasticity from the species occupancy pattern. We argue that a probabilistic approach should be preferred instead because the threshold response can be treated as a particular case within this framework. This also allows one to address questions relating to the shape of functional responses and avoids convergence issues with some of the most common SDMs. Furthermore, threshold‐based virtual species studies generate over‐optimistic performance measures that lack classification error or incorporate error from a mixture of sampling and modelling choices. Incorrect use of a threshold approach can have significant consequences for the practising biogeographer. For example, low model performance may be interpreted as due to sample bias or poor model choice, rather than being related to fundamental biological responses to environmental gradients. We exemplify these shortcomings with a case study where we compare results from threshold and probabilistic simulation approaches.


Pro-vice chancellor, in my 30th year of being in nursing, it is very special to stand here today in front of family, friends and colleagues – both past and present – and give my inaugural lecture.

Occasions like this are, of course, rites of passage, marking the transitions we make in life, from one status or position to another. But today is not merely a celebration of my own rite of passage to professorship. I want it equally to be a way of formally acknowledging the investment others have made in my journey of becoming. My family who have always, through thick and thin, supported my academic ambitions and aspirations. And of course colleagues both past and present, who have over the years and in many different ways influenced my thoughts and actions. This inaugural is therefore a celebration of all our efforts.

I wonder what some of you might have thought, when you read the summary of the lecture content on the posters and invitations. Were you interested? Intrigued? Did you understand it? My family told me there were too many big words! So, I hope that in delivering a theoretical inaugural lecture, I can make it understandable, thought-provoking, entertaining and, perhaps most importantly, relevant to our practice as nurses and educationalists. So, let the lecture begin!

With respect to the title, the lecture could be about a whole number of different bodies: the body of nursing, the statutory regulatory body, bodies of knowledge, bodies of evidence, professional bodies, a body of people, the body of the nurse, or the body of the patient. However, what I'm going to focus on is what might be described as the 'literal' body (as opposed to metaphors of the body) – the body of the patient in particular, and also the body of the nurse.

There has been an explosion of writing over the last 20 years, across a range of disciplines on the body and embodiment – that is what it means to live in and through the body. As a predominantly 'body-based' profession, nursing serves to benefit significantly from these theoretical insights and yet, with a few notable exceptions, theoretical and empirical investigation of the body in mainstream nursing has remained largely neglected. So, despite the body being so obvious in the work of nurses – the body of the person 'to-be-healed' (the patient) and also the body of 'the healer' (the nurse) – its presence is strangely absent. This inaugural lecture is all about this paradox.

It is arranged in three parts. The first part – 'presence'– locates my own interest in this area and briefly describes the centrality of our bodies to our existence and identity and how our presence in the world is all body-based. In the second part – 'paradox' – I set out a brief history of the development of different forms of authoritative, body-knowledge before reaching the hub of my argument, which is that despite increasing interest in 'the body', the emphasis on 'body theory' has, paradoxically, left bodies out. In the final section – 'practice' – I ask why all this matters and how, through a process of embodied engagement, we might (with thanks to the sociologist Arthur Frank) 'bring bodies back in' to nursing.


Compensating area, which refers to off-site land being used if the energy demand cannot be met due to the urban arrangement of buildings, is required in a carbon-free city because the energy demand, including thermal energy (heating, cooling and hot water), power (ventilation and artificial light) in buildings and transport, need to be covered by the renewables gained on site or in the surrounding area outside of the town. This paper aims to develop a method to explore the urban density that could deliver an energy saving, land saving, and human-scaled urban situation. Various scenarios of urban densities in the cities in different climate zones were created to emphasize the comparison and the relative difference in the required compensating area. It is found that, although transportation energy consumption can be reduced by increasing number of storeys, the rate of decrease slows down as the number of storeys increases. Also, building energy consumption increases with the number of storeys because the artificial light will reach saturation (100% of hours of use) with the increased number of storey. In terms of the comparison between climate zones, the optimal scenario would be 4 to 6 storeys in cold or moderate climates. And the optimal choice would be 6 to 8 storeys in the hot and humid climates. With regard to the consideration of human scale, not only do these optimal ranges of the number of storeys provide good daylight access, but they also fall into the range of human scale.


Mixed marriages in Indonesia were initially reguleted through GHR S. 1898-158, which enabled the mixed marriages of candidate husbands/wives who possessed certain differences. Thius regulation was withdrawn trough the introduction of Law Number 1 of 1974 regarding Marriaeges. Regarding mixed marriages, in accordance with Article 57, allowed mixed marriages were those with candidate husbands / wives who possessed different nationalities, and of which the marriages wre performed in Inonesia. Should the difference of the candidate husband or wife lie in their respective religion, than that marriage would still be possible to be established outside Indonesia provided it is allowed in that particular country and as long as the Indonesian citizen taking part in that marriage does not transgreess any mariage laws of Indonesia. A marriage between persons of different denominations is allowed in Indo. If the registering of a marriage would be regarded as the finalization of the legal validity of a marreage, than a marriage of persons of different denominations / religion perfprmed outside Indonesia should actually not be ollowed for registration in Indpnesia. The marriage of persons of the same gender (such as between homosexuals and lesbians) in Indonesia, not only being not yet popular, even the existence of such a relation is regarded as being sinful and degrading. The prediction into the future, in Indonesia, based on the legal norms of the Indonesian Constitution – UUDNRI of 1945 Article 27 (1) likewise Artcle 28B (1) & 28I (5), should be taken into consideration for establishing a sexual relationship with the purpose of creating a family trough marriage regulations, taking into account that no one whosoever in this world wants and likes to be destined as a human being possessing an deviation.


Background — Surgeon-dependent factors such as optimal implant alignment are thought to play a significant role in outcome following primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Exact definitions and references for optimal alignment are, however, still being debated. This overview of the literature describes different definitions of component alignment following primary TKA for (1) tibiofemoral alignment in the AP plane, (2) tibial and femoral component placement in the AP plane, (3) tibial and femoral component placement in the sagittal plane, and (4) rotational alignment of tibial and femoral components and their role in outcome and implant survival. Methods — We performed a literature search for original and review articles on implant positioning following primary TKA. Definitions for coronal, sagittal, and rotational placement of femoral and tibial components were summarized and the influence of positioning on survival and functional outcome was considered. Results — Many definitions exist when evaluating placement of femoral and tibial components. Implant alignment plays a role in both survival and functional outcome following primary TKA, as component malalignment can lead to increased failure rates, maltracking, and knee pain. Interpretation — Based on currently available evidence, surgeons should aim for optimal alignment of tibial and femoral components when performing TKA.


I examine the roles of valuable internal capital markets, cross-subsidization, and insider ownership as determinants of choice between tracking stock and spin-offs in corporate equity restructuring. I show that conglomerates are more likely to choose tracking stock if they want to obtain some of the benefits offered by a spin-off, without loosing the potential for valuable internal capital markets. My results suggest that the market rewards firms with valuable internal capital markets that opt for tracking stocks, and penalizes the possibility of consolidated tax treatments. The market also reacts more favorably to unanticipated tracking-stock announcements.


We analyze the most important approaches for comparing the performance of hospitals: hospital cost functions, stochastic frontier analysis (SFA), and data envelopment analysis (DEA). Our analysis suggests that the strengths and weaknesses of these approaches differ by type of research or policy question and by the kind of data at hand. Parametric approaches including SFA are particularly useful when the research questions can be analyzed via aggregate output indicators. In addition these approaches are particularly good at analyzing hospital costs and performance in an episode specific manner. The non-parametric DEA in contrast facilitates to consider the great variety of inputs and outputs in a disaggregated form. However, for DEA results to be meaningfully interpretable, the hospitals under consideration need to be similar with regard to input and output categories as well as with regard to their production process. Furthermore, the DEA can only to a limited extent take account of the influence of exogenous environmental factors, modelling and data errors, and statistical outliers. It is therefore particularly useful when similar hospitals ought to be compared based on a high-quality data-set. Moreover, the paper illustrates that average and individual performance scores for hospital differ by type of approach selected, modeling and specification choices. We conclude the paper by outlining an approach that enables researchers and policy makers to deduct policy recommendations in the face of this uncertainty and by presenting recent methodological innovations for the outlined approaches.


The purpose of this systematic literature review was to explore the question: "What scholarly literature exists which explores the interrelated themes of treating Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Substance Use Disorders in the presence of a Personality Disorder?". Using the databases PILOTS: Published International Literature On Traumatic Stress , PsycARTICLES and PsycINFO and working within specific inclusion and exclusion criteria, seven peer-reviewed articles met the criteria and were reviewed. Each article was coded and five interrelated treatment themes emerged: 1) behavior is functional, 2) acceptance of self, 3) cognitive reappraisal, 4) collaboration, 5) healthy expression. The research shows that humans who experience trauma are best rehabilitated through a corrective experience rather than a correctional one. The difficulties in locating enough studies to complete this systematic literature review indicate that more research needs to be done in developing best practices to treat clients who are incarcerated. 3 MENTAL HEALTH CARE FOR CLIENTS WHO ARE INCARCERATED


Quartz-molybdenite veins up to 15 cm in width occur in fine to mediumgrained porphyritic biotite-hornblende granodiorite at Priestly Lake, north-central Maine. An area of about 150 m x 150 m contains quartzmolybdenite veins; a larger area is characterized by barren quartz veins. Quartz-molybdenite veins are concentrated within the most felsic variants of the intrusion as suggested by lower mafic mineral contents. The pluton has a narrow range in Si02 (67-70 wt.%), major oxides, and in trace-element compositions. Molybdenite occurs as coarse grained clusters in pockets within the quartz veins, and fills fractures in the quartz veins and host rocks. Disseminated molybdenite in the granodiorite is relatively rare and ocurrs only in the area characterized by a high density of quartz veins (up to 50 veins per square meter). Alteration envelopes along the quartz veins are very thin or absent, although in some areas the granodiorite appears to be selectively and pervasively altered. Sericite, chlorite, epidote, calcite, pyrite, and quartz are concentrated near the quartzmolybdenite veins. Many of the field and geochemical characteristics of the Priestly Lake pluton are unlike those of major molybdenum-producing areas (Climax, Henderson, Urad). For example, the area of alteration seems to be of limited extent, the host rock is not intensely altered hydrothermally at the surface, the density of fractures is rather low in the mineralized area, and the amount of disseminated molybdenite appears to be small. However, the Priestly Lake pluton may be a small fraction of a concealed batholith as suggested by geophysical data. It is conceivable that the type of mineralization at the surface might be the expression of more extensive molybdenite mineralization at depth. The quartz-molybdenite veins in the Priestly Lake pluton are significant because they indicate that potential molybdenum sources for producing mineralized granites were available at depth. Future studies should be aimed at delineating the area of quartz-molybdenite mineralization, documenting hydrothermal alteration and zonation, determining fracture density, and evaluating the sulfide assemblage.


Tor Pluggable transports enable the users to overcome the adversaries which block access to the Tor network. Different pluggable transport systems use different mechanisms. Consequently, the adversaries adapt by using different approaches to identify Tor pluggable transport traffic. The deep packet inspection and the flow analysis are two of such approaches. To this end, we investigate how well pluggable transports can obfuscate user traffic under adversarial conditions. We represent the adversarial environments using the existing traffic analysis systems. Our results show that while some pluggable transports systems can hide the traffic well from adversaries, others cannot.


O KA* Abstract Simultaneous measurements of mechanomyogram (MMG) and electromyogram (EMG) may be useful for accurate evaluation of skeletal muscle contraction. However, unlike the EMG, the MMG is rarely used in clinical tests. As the target muscle has to be fixed during conventional MMG measurements, it is not possible to measure MMG during dynamic exercises such as sports and rehabilitation. To solve these problems, the authors developed an MMG (displacement-MMG) / EMG hybrid transducer system that allows simultaneous MMG and EMG measurements. Furthermore, we also developed an analysis method that is able to evaluate muscle contraction using the power spectra of each signal. The measurement system and the analysis method were applied to recumbent bicycle pedaling, during which work rate was increased incrementally. The results showed that this transducer system provided MMG / EMG measurements stably during dynamic exercise. When the work rate of the bicycle pedaling increased; that is, when the dynamic muscle strength increased, the sum of the power spectra of the MMG / EMG also increased. The MMG / EMG hybrid transducer system and the analysis method were useful for evaluating muscle strength during


The suitability of cysts of the brine shrimp Artemia sp. as a factitious food for the predator Macrolophus pygmaeus Rambur was investigated. The influence of decapsulation time and hydration of the cysts on the performance of the predator were studied in the absence of plant material. A longer time of decapsulation had a positive influence on the development of the predator. Hydration of cysts had a significant impact on nymphal survival when cysts where non‐decapsulated or poorly decapsulated. An experiment in which nymphs were switched from a diet of hydrated cysts to non‐hydrated cysts showed that in the absence of plant material the relative importance of hydrating the cysts decreased with nymphal age. Especially, the first instar and to a lesser extent the second instar appear to be susceptible to water shortage. Effects of prolonged rearing on development and reproduction on brine shrimp cysts from different origins were tested in the presence of plant material. Rearing M. pygmaeus on Artemia sp. (Jingyu Lake) cysts yielded similar survival, development, adult weight and fecundity in the fourth as in the second generation. In contrast, for Artemia franciscana cysts, an increase in nymphal development was notable. Biochemical analyses showed that total amino acid content and the concentration of the different amino acids did not differ among diets and generations. There were, however, differences in total fatty acid content between the different diets and generations and in the concentration of certain fatty acids, indicating that insects fed brine shrimp cysts may show nutritional deficiencies compared to those reared on a diet of Ephestia kuehniella eggs. Our results indicate that decapsulated brine shrimp cysts are an economically viable alternative food source in at least part of the rearing process for M. pygmaeus.


Summary As the sea anemones, Entacmaea quadricolor and Heteractis crispa, provide essential habitat for obligate symbiotic anemonefish, knowledge of their reproductive biology is crucial to their effective management and conservation. This paper provides the first detailed information on the spawning times, behaviour and mode of gamete release for these host anemone species. Anemones were collected from subtropical reefs in the Solitary Islands Marine Park, eastern Australia, and monitored in outdoor flow-through seawater tanks from 2003 to 2005. Sexually reproductive anemones were either male or female, releasing their gametes into the water column for external fertilisation and development. Spawning of both sexes was predominately synchronous and was restricted to a few nights each year during the austral summer and autumn. Males generally began to release gametes prior to females, suggesting that sperm or some associated product may trigger the females to spawn. Sperm were commonly released in milky white streams or clouds, whereas eggs were released singly or in large masses. Reproductive seasonality and synchrony of gamete release suggests that spawning in both species is coordinated by similar responses of individuals to a range of environmental factors such as seawater temperature, photoperiod and lunar cycles. Incorporating knowledge of the sexual reproductive biology of host sea anemones into management and conservation programs could help ensure the viability of their populations and their resident anemonefish.


The ontology engineering research community has focused for many years on supporting the creation, development and evolution of ontologies. Ontology forecasting, which aims at predicting semantic changes in an ontology, represents instead a new challenge. In this paper, we want to give a contribution to this novel endeavour by focusing on the task of forecasting semantic concepts in the research domain. Indeed, ontologies representing scientific disciplines contain only research topics that are already popular enough to be selected by human experts or automatic algorithms. They are thus unfit to support tasks which require the ability of describing and exploring the forefront of research, such as trend detection and horizon scanning. We address this issue by introducing the Semantic Innovation Forecast (SIF) model, which predicts new concepts of an ontology at time t+ 1, using only data available at time t. Our approach relies on lexical innovation and adoption information extracted from historical data. We evaluated the SIF model on a very large dataset consisting of over one million scientific papers belonging to the Computer Science domain: the outcomes show that the proposed approach offers a competitive boost in mean average precision-at-ten compared to the baselines when forecasting over 5 years.


There are many reasons to align tests with curricular standards, but this alignment is not sufficient to protect against score inflation. This report explains the relationship between alignment and score inflation by clarifying what is meant by inappropriate test preparation. It provides a concrete, hypothetical example that illustrates a process by which scores become inflated and follows this with more complete discussion of the mechanisms of score inflation and their link to teachers' responses to high-stakes testing. Policymakers embarking on an effort to create a more effective system less prone to the drawbacks of simple test-based accountability cannot rely solely on alignment and should consider several additional steps: redesigning external tests in other ways to minimize inflation, setting attainable performance targets, relying on multiple measures, and reestablishing a role for professional judgment. Developing more effective alternatives will take us beyond what is well established and will require innovation, experimentation, and rigorous


Although self-talk has been shown to be an effective performance enhancement tool, accessing athletes' ongoing inner experiences, including self-talk, has proven difficult. This study investigated the feasibility and desirability of using Descriptive Experience Sampling (DES) to sample athletes' inner experiences during competition, thus avoiding potential distortions that arise from retrospective reports and questionnaires. Golfers (N = 10) were trained as DES participants in their natural environments; then their experiences were sampled during a golf tournament. More self-talk occurred during tournament play than in natural environments. Self-talk was a frequent but not ubiquitous component of experience during tournament play, inner-speaking self-talk was six times as frequent as speaking aloud self-talk, and effortful System 2 self-talk was rare. The results of this research demonstrate that DES can be feasibly implemented in sport settings and may be a useful approach for researchers exploring athle...


Aims and background The project Surveillance of rare cancers in Italy (RITA) provides, for the first time, estimates of the burden of rare cancers in Italy based on the list of rare cancers proposed in collaboration with the European project Surveillance of Rare Cancers in Europe (RARECARE). Methods RITA analyzed data from Italian population-based cancer registries (CR). The period of diagnosis was 1988 to 2002, and vital status information was available up to December 31, 2003. Incidence rates were estimated for the period 1995–2002, survival for the years 2000–2002 (with the period method of Brenner), and complete prevalence at January 1, 2003. Results Rare cancers are those with an incidence <6/100,000/year. In Italy, every year there are 60,000 new diagnoses of rare cancers corresponding to 15% of all new cancer diagnoses. Five-year relative survival was on the average worse for rare cancers (53%) than for common cancers (73%). A total of 770,000 patients were living in Italy in 2008 with a diagnosis of a rare cancer, 22% of the total cancer prevalence. Conclusions Our estimates constitute a useful base for further research and support the idea that rare cancers are a public health problem that deserves attention. Centers of expertise for rare cancers that pool cases, expertise and resources could ensure an adequate clinical management for these diseases. Our data also showed that cancer registries are suitable sources of data to estimate incidence, prevalence and survival for rare cancers and should continue to monitoring rare cancers in Italy.


I read the decision that exonerated ex-Minister of Interior of Egypt and his assistants from the charge of giving orders to kill demonstrators textually. Shortcomings known to lawyers and journalists who were following the case about failure of performance on the part either of prosecutors, lawyers, or the judge overseeing the trial are not considered in my reading. You might call it a close reading — specifically, a reading of the rationalizing language used by the judge writing the decision to explain his verdict.


Little attention has been paid to ideologically motivated tax protesters who use frivolous legal arguments as moral or legal justification for committing tax fraud and related financial crimes. These crimes have defrauded private citizens and governments and are associated with violent far-right extremism, negatively impacting public safety and stability. Using data from the U.S. Extremist Financial Crime Database, we provide an exploratory, descriptive analysis of the composition and motivation of financial crime schemes associated with the American far-right extremist anti-tax movement. Our innovative open-source database permits systematic empirical research into connections among tax avoidance, anti-tax, and anti-government belief and related criminal behavior, which is necessary for the advancement of scholarship on the causes and consequences of these frauds and the development of sound intervention and prevention policies and practices.


Experimental results are presented for an adaptive optics system based on a quadrature Twyman-Green interferometric wave-front sensor. The system uses a circularly polarized reference beam to form two interferograms with a pi/2 phase shift. The experiments conducted used Kolmogorov phase screens to simulate atmospheric phase distortions. Strehl ratio improvements by a factor of 8, to an absolute value of 0.45, are demonstrated.


Predicting time and effort of software task completion has been an active area of research for a long time. Previous studies have proposed predictive models based on either text data or metadata of software tasks to estimate either completion time or completion effort of software tasks, but there is a lack of focus in the literature on integrating all sets of attributes together to achieve better performing models. We first apply the previously proposed models on the datasets of two IBM commercial projects called RQM and RTC to find the best performing model in predicting task completion effort on each set of attributes. Then we propose an approach to create a hybrid model based on selected individual predictors to achieve more accurate and stable results in early prediction of task completion effort and to make sure the model is not bounded to some attributes and consequently is adoptable to a larger number of tasks. Categorizing task completion effort values into Low and High labels based on their measured median value, we show that our hybrid model provides 3-8% more accuracy in early prediction of task completion effort compared to the best individual predictors.


This paper explores the relationship between the ACA Medicaid Expansion and the bankruptcy rate in states that did and did not expand their Medicaid programs. In general, past research has found that the Medicaid expansions of the 1990s are associated with a decrease in bankruptcy rates, but as of yet, there has been little formal research into changes in the bankruptcy rate as a result of the 2014 Medicaid expansion. Utilizing a difference-in-differences analysis, I find that the bankruptcy rate fell more in states that did expand than those that did not expand in the post-expansion timeframe, lending evidence to the 2014 ACA Medicaid expansion having decreased the bankruptcy rate.


A new and patented polishing tool called Orthogonal Velocity field Tool (OVT) was built and its material removal characteristics from Chemical Vapor Deposition Silicon Carbide (CVD SiC) mirror surfaces were investigated in this study. The velocity field of OVT is produced by rotating the bicycle type tool in the two orthogonal axes, and this concept is capable of producing a material removal foot print of pseudo Gaussian shapes. First for the OVT characterization, we derived a theoretical material removal model using distributions of pressure exerted onto the workpiece surface, relative speed between the tool and workpiece surface, and dwell time inside the tool- workpiece contact area. Second, using two flat CVD SiC mirrors that are 150 mm in diameter, we ran material removal experiments over machine run parameter ranging from 12.901 to 25.867 psi in pressure, from 0.086 m/sec to 0.147 m/sec tool in the relative speed, and 5 to 15 sec in dwell time. Material removal coefficients are obtained by using the in-house developed data analysis program. The resulting material removal coefficient varies from 3.35 to 9.46 um/psi hour m/sec with a mean value of 5.90 ± 1.26(standard deviation). We describe the technical details of the new OVT machine, the data analysis program, the experiments, and the results together with the implications to the future development of the machine.


Deep learning methods especially recurrent neural network based models have demonstrated early success in disease risk prediction on longitudinal patient data. Existing works follow a strong assumption to implicitly assume the stationary disease progression during each time period, and thus, take a homogeneous way to decay the information from previous time steps for all patients. However,in reality, disease progression is non-stationary. Besides, the key time steps for a target disease vary among patients. To leverage time information for risk prediction in a more reasonable way, we propose a new hierarchical time-aware attention network, named HiTANet, which imitates the decision making process of doctors inrisk prediction. Particularly, HiTANet models time information in local and global stages. The local evaluation stage has a time aware Transformer that embeds time information into visit-level embed-ding and generates local attention weight for each visit. The global synthesis stage further adopts a time-aware key-query attention mechanism to assign global weights to different time steps. Finally, the two types of attention weights are dynamically combined to generate the patient representations for further risk prediction. We evaluate HiTANet on three real-world datasets. Compared with the best results among twelve competing baselines, HiTANet achieves over 7% in terms of F1 score on all datasets, which demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed model and the necessity of modeling time information in risk prediction task.


We work towards establishing that if it is consistent that there is a supercompact cardinal then it is consistent that every locally compact perfectly normal space is paracompact. At a crucial step we use some still unpublished results announced by Todorcevic. Modulo this and the large cardinal, this answers a question of S. Watson. Modulo these same unpublished results, we also show that if it is consistent that there is a supercompact cardinal, it is consistent that every locally compact space with a hereditarily normal square is metrizable. We also solve a problem raised by the second author, proving it consistent with ZFC that every rst countable hereditarily normal countable chain condition space is hereditarily separable.


Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) is the most effective and measurable predictor of animal intake. About 70% of the variation in animal production is attributed to differences in intake potential of livestock feed. Sixteen molecular markers associated with NDF in four divergently selected smooth bromegrass (Bromus inennis L.) populations were selected from a previous study for further examination for possible use in a marker-assisted selection (MAS) breeding program. The objectives of this experiment were to confirm the association of previously identified markers to NDF concentration in smooth bromegrass populations and to develop a marker-based selection index. Marker and NDF data were analyzed and marker indices were constructed using data from the current and previous studies. Index scores were used to rank genotypes and create selection differentials on the basis of phenotypic data. Marker frequencies calculated on a subpopulation basis between the previous and current studies were highly unrepeatable. Nevertheless, of the 14 groups of marker indices, seven of which accounted for pedigree structure, one marker index appears to provide the greatest potential for use in MAS to reduce NDF across all four populations of smooth bromegrass. Where pedigree structure is known, selections made using this index would lead to the largest expected response per year and eliminate the need to collect phenotypic data for as long as linkage relationships remain intact. Where pedigree structure is unknown, a general marker index may be used, or phenotypic data can be utilized along with a marker index. However, inclusion of phenotypic data would necessitate a cost-benefit analysis.


Abstract Background: Chatbots are currently on the rise as more and more researchers tackle this topic from different perspectives. Simultaneously, workplaces and ways of working are increasingly changing in the context of digitalization. However, despite the promised benefits, the changes still show problems that should be tackled more purposefully by chatbots. Application areas and underlying objectives of a chatbot application at digital workplaces especially have not been researched yet. Method: To solve the existing problems and close the research gap, we did a qualitative empirical study based on the grounded-theory process. Therefore, we interviewed 29 experts in a cross-section of different industry sectors and sizes. The experts work in the information systems domain or have profound knowledge of (future) workplace design, especially regarding chatbots. Results: We identified three fundamental usage scenarios of chatbots in seven possible application areas. As a result of this, we found both divisional and cross-divisional application areas at workplaces. Furthermore, we detected fifteen underlying objectives of a chatbot operation, which can be categorized from direct over mid-level to indirect ones. We show dependencies between them, as well. Conclusions: Our results prove the applicability of chatbots in workplace settings. The chatbot operation seems especially fruitful in the support or the self-service domain, where it provides information, carries out processes, or captures process-related data. Additionally, automation, workload reduction, and cost reduction are the fundamental objectives of chatbots in workplace scenarios. With this study, we contribute to the scientific knowledge base by providing knowledge from practice for future research approaches and closing the outlined research gap. Available at: https://aisel.aisnet.org/pajais/vol12/iss2/3/ Recommended Citation Meyer von Wolff, Raphael; Hobert, Sebastian; Masuch, Kristin; and Schumann, Matthias (2020) "Chatbots at Digital Workplaces – A Grounded-Theory Approach for Surveying Application Areas and Objectives," Pacific Asia Journal of the Association for Information Systems: Vol. 12: Iss. 2, Article 3. DOI: 10.17705/1pais.12203 Available at: https://aisel.aisnet.org/pajais/vol12/iss2/3


Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETS) consists of a collection of mobile nodes without having a central coordination. In MANET, node mobility and dynamic topology play an important role in the perform ance. MANET provide a solution for network connection at anywhere and at any time. The major features of MANET are quick set up, self organization and self maintenance. Routing is a major challenge in MANET due to it's dynamic topology and high mobility. Several routing algorithms have been developed for routing. This paper studies the AODV protocol and how AODV is performed under multiple connections in the network. Several issues have been identified. The bandwidth is recognized as the prominent factor reducing the performance of the network. This paper gives an improvement of normal AODV for simultaneous multiple connections under the consideration of bandwidth of node.