This Article serves is a sequel to a previous Article: Sex, Culture, and the Biology of Rape: Toward Explanation and Prevention, 87 Cal. L. Rev. 827 (1999). Part I briefly considers the threshold question: why consider the behavioral biology of sexual aggression at all? Part II proposes that the first step in transitioning to a more accurate and more useful model of rape behavior is to avoid a number of common definitional ambiguities that plague most rape discussions. Because those ambiguities are particularly likely to foster misunderstandings about biobehavioral perspectives, Part II also clarifies the scope of what biobehavioral theories address. Part III proposes that the commonly tangled realm of rape theory be divided into two distinct (though in some contexts overlapping) realms: one of theories about the meanings of rape, and the other of theories about the causes of rape. Part IV proposes that causes of rape, in turn, be sorted into two kinds, the precise and necessary inter-relationship of which can be understood in a way that provides important and continuing utility for the ongoing research in both social science and life science perspectives on sexual aggression. Part V offers thoughts on two complexities arising from the transition to an integrated model of rape behavior.


The use of many plastic packaging materials such as PVC, PAN, etc. to protect food and beverages is restricted because of toxicity and recycling problems and there is a need for the development of new packaging materials with good gas barrier properties. Plasma polymerized amorphous carbon hydrogen (a-C:H) films with a thickness of up to 100 nm are promising gas barriers for foodstuff applications when deposited on the outside of poly(ethyleneterephthalate) (PET) films. In order to understand the impact of the surface modification on permeability properties, a characterization method was developed using TOF-SIMS (time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry) as the principal technique. The chemical and structural nature of plasma modified surfaces are characterized and related to the quality of a-C:H films on PET produced at EMPA (Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research). In a first step, the mass peaks of TOF-SIMS spectra provided from the substrate materials PET and biopol® a biodegradable packaging material were identified and structural and/or total formulas were assigned. In the case of the biopol® substrate, the citroflex® plasticizer was detected on the polymer surface. Relative signal intensities were utilized to study the distribution of the two monomer units (valerate and butyrate) of biopol®. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to reveal differences in relative signal intensities among TOF-SIMS spectra obtained from PET substrates provided by different suppliers and using different manufacturing processes. In some cases, the presence of acetaldehyde and surface pre-treatment from the manufacturer were established. In addition, the ion beam modification (dynamic SIMS mode) of the PET substrate material was studied to determine the static limit of TOF-SIMS measurements. In order to get insight into how the sputter process alters organic substrate materials during depth profiling, the decrease of molecular PET fragment intensities was studied. In a second step, existing structural and chemical SIMS parameters were applied and optimized to investigate TOF-SIMS spectra obtained from a-C:H films on PET. Molecular ion fragments (CxHyOz+) revealed a partially oxidized nature of the a-C:H films. In addition, the use of SIMS parameters combined with PCA analysis allowed to correlate poor gas barrier properties with a low degree of saturation (i.e. high aromaticitiy). Low mass and quasi molecular ions were used to identify the a-C:H/PET interface by dynamic TOF-SIMS depth profiling. AFM (Atomic Force Microscopy) and XPS (X-ray Photelectron Spectoscopy) were used as complementary methods to investigate the topography and the chemical composition of the a-C:H films on PET as well as of the substrate material. The partially oxidized nature of the a-C:H films was confirmed, the oxygen contents varying between 12-18%. A correlation between the oxygen content and the plasma treatment conditions of the substrate (application of a rf- or grounded-bias) was established, but no correlation with respect to gas permeability was found. Oxygen is believed to originate from post plasma reactions with air. ERDA (elastic recoil detection analysis) permitted to determine the bulk hydrogen content of the a-C:H films. However, the observed hydrogen content of 40% to 50% did not Vary significantly enough to be correlated to gas barrier properties. RBS (Rutherford Backscattering) allowed us to measure quantitative depth profiles of a-C:H carbon and revealed oxygen also inside of the a-C:H films. In addition, RBS measurements were useful to determine the areal densities of the a-C:H films on PET. The atom number density of the investigated a-C:H films varied between 0.19 and 0.24 g atom/cm3 and are similar to values found in the literature.


Using a notebook to sketch designs, reflect on a topic, or capture and extend creative ideas are examples of active note taking tasks. Optimal experience for such tasks demands concentration without interruption. Yet active note taking may also require reference documents or emails from team members. InkSeine is a Tablet PC application that supports active note taking by coupling a pen-and-ink interface with an in situ search facility that flows directly from a user's ink notes (Fig. 1). InkSeine integrates four key concepts: it leverages preexisting ink to initiate a search; it provides tight coupling of search queries with application content; it persists search queries as first class objects that can be commingled with ink notes; and it enables a quick and flexible workflow where the user may freely interleave inking, searching, and gathering content. InkSeine offers these capabilities in an interface that is tailored to the unique demands of pen input, and that maintains the primacy of inking above all other tasks.


This chapter examines the experiences of American high school students participating in a summer study and home stay program in China. Drawing on a corpus of qualitative interviews with high school participants and college-aged alumni, the authors examine how these students represent the extent to which their experience involved active engagement in communicative settings, including the negotiation of difference. The participants report having enjoyed many opportunities to become involved in routine family interactions while also encountering challenges to their common-sense understandings and values. The findings thus suggest that high school home stays may be quite different from those of the older students typically portrayed in the research literature on study abroad.


Water motion has been shown to influence almost every aspect of the ecology of seagrass communities; seagrass communities have likewise been shown to significantly influence water movement around them. This thesis examines the important role of water motion on seagrass ecosystems by integrating field and laboratory studies of several aspects of seagrass ecology influenced by water motion.

To facilitate the study of hydrodynamics of seagrass ecosystems, a solid state electronic current meter was designed and developed, using thermistors as flow sensing devices. Important characteristics of the meters include: no moving parts, compact size, high sensitivity (resolution better than plus-minus 0.5 cm s-1), and high sampling rate (greater than 0.2 Hz). Deployment of the meters in field measurements provided reliable and meaningful results of flow conditions through seagrass canopies, and they show great potential for use in many studies of marine ecology.

Field studies of water velocity profiles revealed significant differences between the shapes of profiles of different seagrass species, particularly between species of Posidonia and Amphibolis. Of particular note is the observation of a region of high water velocity beneath the leafy canopy of Amphibolis, which was not present in the Posidonia plants.

Water velocity profile measurements, sediment grain size analyses and standing stock measurements were conducted across an exposure gradient in a Posidonia sinuosa meadow. These studies revealed that, while the exposed location experienced a higher ambient water velocity than the sheltered site, the baffling influence of the seagrass canopy reduced the water velocity to approximately the same at both sites, within the meadow, although the effects varied seasonally. It was also observed that the seagrass meadow produced apparent skimming flow under the low flow conditions measured at the sheltered location; this phenomenon reflects the capacity for flow redirection over the canopy, and has important implications for the sub-canopy ecosystem and the protective role of seagrasses on the seabed.

Field and laboratory studies on the role of seagrass density on the hydrodynamic nature of seagrass ecosystems revealed that water velocity profiles through meadows of reduced densities, and different shoot arrangements, were markedly different to 'natural' profiles, implying the existence of a 'critical density' (approximately 25 % of natural meadow density) with regard to canopy hydraulics.

The role of water motion at an individual leaf scale was investigated with a series of laboratory flume studies of photosynthetic rates of seagrass and algae. The results show that the response of photosynthetic rate to water velocity depends very much on the plant species, with the algae markedly more productive (on a unit chlorophyll basis) than the seagrasses tested. Increases in photosynthetic rate were observed at water velocities above approximately 2.5 cm s-1; negligible photosynthetic activity was observed below this velocity. Calculation of P v. I curves indicated that the Posidonia species had high Ik values at low velocities (1360 :mol quanta m-2 s-1 for P. australis and 250.8 :mol quanta m-2 s-1 for P. sinuosa at 1.58 cm s-1), which decreased with increasing water velocity (to 138.9 and 24.77 :mol quanta m-2 s-1 for P. australis and P. sinuosa respectively), while the algal species had relatively constant values of Ik across all water velocities (85.42 to 312.7 :mol quanta m-2 s-1 for Ulva lactuca and 169.7 to 573.9 :mol quanta m-2 s-1 for Laurencia cruciata). Dye visualization studies showed that the algae remained quite rigid at all the velocities tested, while the seagrass leaves compressed as velocity increased. This resulted in an increased rate of turbulence creation by the algae, which is believed to enhance photosynthetic rates, through improved nutrient exchange rates across the boundary layer adjacent to the thallus.

Further dye visualization studies revealed the significance of blade morphology on the creation of microscale turbulence at the surface of seagrass leaves. Epiphytic growth on seagrass leaves was observed to play an important role in breaking up water flow across the leaf surface, thereby enhancing the creation of microscale turbulence.

From these studies, it is clear that water motion influences all aspects of the functioning of all components of seagrass communities, playing a role in nutrient supply, reproduction, physical stability, temperature and metabolic functions. The influence of seagrass meadows on coastal hydrodynamics is also apparent, with potential impacts on sediment stability, recruitment of benthic species and coastal erosion. This thesis has clearly demonstrated that water motion is an important parameter in seagrass ecology, and requires serious consideration in seagrass research, conservation and rehabilitation programmes.


Since there is also no U.S. constitutional guarantee to basic social goods, such as housing, education, or health care, the anti-discrimination, sameness-of-treatment approach to equality prevalent in the United States is particularly problematic. The discourse of human rights that supports claims to such goods in European and other countries does not exist in America. We have not ratified many of the international agreements, including those associated with economic rights, as well as CEDAW and CRC. The courts are little help. In fact, attempts to apply human rights ideals internally - to American practices and laws - have been met with resistance, if not outright rejection. Several Justices of the Supreme Court decried references to human rights principles used to bolster arguments about constitutionality under American precedent to be the application of "foreign fads" when (superior) American constitutional provisions should prevail.My development of the concept of vulnerability and the idea of a vulnerable subject began as a stealthily disguised human rights discourse, fashioned for an American audience. The concept has evolved from those early articulations, and I now think it has some significant differences as an approach, particularly in that a focus on vulnerability is decidedly focused on exploring the nature of the human part, rather than the rights part, of the human rights trope. Importantly, consideration of vulnerability brings societal institutions, in addition to the state and individual, into the discussion and under scrutiny. Vulnerability is posited as the characteristic that positions us in relation to each other as human beings and also suggests a relationship of responsibility between state and individual. The nature of human vulnerability forms the basis for a claim that the state must be more responsive to that vulnerability and do better at ensuring the "All-American" promise of equality of opportunity.


Cardboard hospital is a co-design method and prototyping environment for creating patientcentric hospital spaces and services. The method development was situated within a building project of a hospital wing in which the aim was to find new ways for including patients in the design process. The method was developed through combining participatory design methodology with the professional capabilities of a set designer. Cardboard hospital provides an environment that supports participatory design processes and guides participants towards participation as an artistic practice. The paper is situated in the theoretical framework of pragmatic aesthetics and builds on the notion of an aesthetic experience. The results encourage towards a wider utilization of set design capabilities and aesthetics in co-design environments.


Background Nocturnal enuresis is among the most common disorders in children. Several pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments are available for nocturnal enuresis. Studies for reaching the best pharmacological treatment for this disorder are continuing. Objective To compare the effectiveness and safety of Desmopressin and oxybutynin for treatment of nocturnal enuresis in children from Bandar Abbas in 2014. Methods This randomized controlled trial was conducted in 2014 and participants included 66 children with nocturnal enuresis who were more than 5 years old. Patients were randomly assigned into two groups. The first group received 120 microgram Desmopressin daily for 2 months, then 60 microgram daily for 2 months, then 60 microgram every 2 days. The second group received 5 mg oxybutynin twice a day for 6 months. The patients were followed after 1, 3, and 6 months to track treatment response. The study outcomes were frequency of nocturnal enuresis, urinary incontinency, urgency, and frequency. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results There were no significant differences between the two groups with respects to sex, age, place of residence, and parents' education (p<0.05). Nocturnal enuresis, incontinency, urgency, and frequency of nocturnal enuresis was significantly lower with Desmopressin treatment in comparison to the oxybutynin treated group after 1 and 3 months (p<0.05). In addition, constipation and xerostomia were more frequent among the oxybutynin group after 1, 3, and 6 months (p<0.01). Blurred vision was also more frequent among oxybutynin group after 3 months (p<0.01). After 6 months the frequency of nocturnal enuresis and its frequency was higher in oxybutynin group in comparison to the Desmopressin group (p<0.05). Conclusion Desmopressin is more effective and has lower rate of side effects in comparison to oxybutynin for treatment of nocturnal enuresis. We recommend using Desmopressin for treatment of nocturnal enuresis in children. More studies are needed to achieve the best pharmacological treatment option for treatment of nocturnal enuresis. Trial registration The trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov with a ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02538302 Funding The funder of this research is Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences.


We report on the experimental assessment of an all-optical clock-recovery scheme at 40-Gb/s cascading a polarization-insensitive bulk-based self-pulsating (SP) laser and a high spectral purity quantum-dots-based SP laser. It is demonstrated experimentally that such a clock-recovery scheme is polarization insensitive, efficient in the jitter filtering, and tolerant for an input optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) as low as 15 dB/0.1 nm. It is shown theoretically that the jitter-filtering function of the cascade is the product of the transfer functions of both lasers. The contributions of the phase noise of these two lasers to the final jitter are also identified and quantified. The influence of the degradation of the OSNR to the total timing jitter is also analyzed. The approach proposed in this paper offers the real opportunity to realize an all-optical clock recovery with a performance compatible for system applications


This paper (1) presents the first partially manually verified treebank for Dutch CHILDES corpora, the AnnCor CHILDES Treebank; (2) argues explicitly that it is useful to assign adult grammar syntactic structures to utterances of children who are still in the process of acquiring the language; (3) argues that human annotation and automatic checks on this annotation must go hand in hand; (4) argues that explicit annotation guidelines and conventions must be developed and adhered to and emphasises consistency of the annotations as an important desirable property for annotations. It also describes the tools used for annotation and automated checks on edited syntactic structures, as well as extensions to an existing treebank query application (GrETEL) and the multiple formats in which the resources will be made available.


Microseismic monitoring allows an inversion of advanced parameters that characterize a reservoir such as a stress-field orientation in addition to usual locations and source mechanisms. By inverting source mechanisms of microseismic events induced by hydraulic fracturing in a shale reservoir and using those mechanisms, one can obtain the stress field. Stress-field inversions using source mechanisms inverted from manually and automatically picked P-wave arrival amplitudes were compared. Stress fields determined from manual and automated P-wave arrival amplitudes are consistent. This implies that one can use the automated inversion of source mechanisms to reliably determine the stress field. The resulting stress fields are stable and consistent with the regional stress field measured in the region on the World Stress Map. Obtained maximum regional stress in the vertical direction, which is typical for most sedimentary basins, and a maximum horizontal stress oriented approximately 75° from the direction of the drilled lateral sections of wells. Finally, an inverted-shape ratio is used to plot Mohr diagrams that illustrate the most likely fault planes activated through hydraulic fracturing.


An experimental device is designed and developed in order to estimate thermal conditions at the Glass / Metal contact interface. The device is made of two parts: the upper part contains the tool (piston) made of bronze and a heating device to raise the temperature of the piston to 700° C. The lower part is composed of a lead crucible and a glass sample. The assembly is provided with a heating system, an induction furnace of 6 kW for heating the glass up to 950° C. Both parts are put in contact through a mechanical system consisting of a pneumatic cylinder sliding on a column and a pump providing the required pressure in the enclosure. The developed experimental procedure has permitted the estimation of the Thermal Contact Resistance TCR using a developed measurement principle based on an inverse technique. The semi-transparent character of the glass has been taken into account by an additional radiative heat flux and an equivalent thermal conductivity. After the set-up tests, reproducibility experiments for a specific contact pressure have been carried out. Results shows a good repeatability of the registered and estimated parameters such as the piston surface temperature, heat flux density and TCR. The maximum dispersion of the estimated TCR doesn't exceed 6%.Copyright © 2013 by ASME


Slow slip events (SSEs) at the northern Hikurangi subduction margin, New Zealand, are among the best-documented shallow SSEs on Earth. International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 375 was undertaken to investigate the processes and in situ conditions that underlie subduction zone SSEs at the northern Hikurangi Trough by (1) coring at four sites, including an active fault near the deformation front, the upper plate above the high-slip SSE sourc e region, and the incoming sedimentary succession in the Hikurangi Trough and atop the Tūranganui Knoll Seamount, and (2) installing borehole observatories in an active thrust near the deformation front and in the upper plate overlying the slow slip source region. Logging-while-drilling (LWD) data for this project were acquired as part of Expedition 372 (26 November 2017-4 January 2018; see th e Expedition 372 Preliminary Report for further details on the LWD acquisition program). Northern Hikurangi subduction margin SSEs recur every 1-2 years and thus provide an ideal opportunity to monitor deformation and associated changes in chemical and physical properties throughout the slow slip cycle. Sampling of material from the sedimentary section and oceanic basement of the subducting plate reveals the rock properties, composition, lithology, and structural character of material that is transported downdip into the SSE source region. A recent seafloor geodetic experiment raises the possibility that SSEs at northern Hikurangi may propagate all the way to the trench, indicating that the shallow thrust fault zone targeted during Expedition 375 may also lie in the SSE rupture area. Hence, sampling at this location provides insights into the composition, physical properties, and architecture of a shallow fault that may host slow slip. Expedition 375 (together with the Hikurangi subduction LWD component of Expedition 372) was designed to address three fundamental scientific objectives: (1) characterize the state and composition of the incoming plate and shallow plate boundary fault near the trench, which comprise the protolith and initial conditions for fault zone rock at greater depth and which may itself host shallow slow slip; (2) characterize material properties, thermal regime, and stress conditions in the upper plate above the core of the SSE source region; and (3) install observatories at an active thrust near the deformation front and in the upper plate above the SSE source to measure temporal variations in deformation, temperature, and fluid flow. The observatories will monitor volumetric strain (via pore pressure as a proxy) and the evolution of physical, hydrological, and chemical properties throughout the SSE cycle. Together, the coring, logging, and observatory data will test a suite of hypotheses about the fundamental mechanics and behavior of SSEs and their relationship to great earthquakes along the subduction interface.


Abstract. Building Information Model (BIM) is a database, which makes a detailed 3D geometrical model with rich semantic information of building, go beyond the standard Computer-Aided Design approach. BIM could be as an ideal source to store, formation model and analyses spatial information of internal environments. GIS is an effective tool for analysing the constant and dynamic variables in small areas such as indoor environments. Therefore, integration of the BIM and GIS is useful for integrating the internal environment and networks for designing optimal routes in emergency evacuation problems. Increasing complexity of high-rise buildings and underground structures lead to much more complication in urban disaster management. One of the main challenges in disaster management and emergency evacuation is to guide people in optimal routes to reach safe areas. In this paper, in order to create optimal routes in internal environments and create an internal geometric network model based on the internal nodes and edges, BIM of a 3D commercial building located in the 8th district of Tehran, was made and transferred to the ARCGIS that enables us to use routing algorithms to find the optimize routes between both internal positions. Flammability, occupancy load, width of exit access and distance of fire point criteria were considered to find the safest routes in emergency evacuation times. Network Analysis and Ant Colony's algorithm were applied for finding the safest routes. The results indicated that the Network Analysis was better in terms of processing time and finding short and safe paths related to the Ant Colony's algorithm.


Time series on the leaf biometry and rhizome production of the endemic Mediterranean seagrass Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile were investigated in a meadow of the Ligurian Sea (NW Mediterranean) in order to assess changes in the plant growth during a massive flowering event occurred in 2003, in coincidence with the warmest summer temperatures recorded in the last centuries. P. oceanica exhibited the highest values of leaf surface area during the flowering year and the highest values of rhizome production in the previous year. The years immediately following the flowering event were characterized by a decrease in both parameters. Comparison of the years of massive flowering events reported in the literature at the whole Mediterranean-wide spatial scale with the historical series (spanning the last 50 years) of the air temperature and of the sunspot number suggested that intense solar activity, and not warmer temperature per se , was likely to be the main trigger of massive flowering events in Posidonia oceanica .


Background and Aims: Accurate endoscopic detection of premalignant lesions and early cancers in the colon is essential for cure, since prognosis is closely related to lesion size and stage. Although it has great clinical potential, autofluorescence endoscopy has limited tumor-to-normal tissue image contrast for detecting small preneoplastic lesions. We have developed a molecularly specific, near-infrared fluorescent monoclonal antibody (CC49) bioconjugate which targets tumor-associated glycoprotein 72 (TAG72), as a contrast agent to improve fluorescence-based endoscopy of colon cancer. Methods: The fluorescent anti-TAG72 conjugate was evaluated in vitro and in vivo in athymic nude mice bearing human colon adenocarcinoma (LS174T) subcutaneous tumors. Autofluorescence, a fluorescent but irrelevant antibody and the free fluorescent dye served as controls. Fluorescent agents were injected intravenously, and in vivo whole body fluorescence imaging was performed at various time points to determine pharmacokinetics, followed by ex vivo tissue analysis by confocal fluorescence microscopy and histology. Results: Fluorescence microscopy and histology confirmed specific LS174T cell membrane targeting of labeled CC49 in vitro and ex vivo. In vivo fluorescence imaging demonstrated significant tumor-to-normal tissue contrast enhancement with labeled-CC49 at three hours post injection, with maximum contrast after 48 h. Accumulation of tumor fluorescence demonstrated that modification of CC49 antibodies did not alter their specific tumor-localizing properties, and was antibody-dependent since controls did not produce detectable tumor fluorescence. Conclusions: These results show proof-of-principle that our near-infrared fluorescent-antibody probe targeting a tumor-associated mucin detects colonic tumors at the molecular level in real time, and offer a basis for future improvement of image contrast during clinical fluorescence endoscopy.


Several indicators of socioeconomic status have been applied by researchers in the analysis of inequalities and poverty in Africa. Inconsistent results from these applications raise concerns about their appropriateness in ranking households and communities in African contexts. This paper reviews the epistemological assumptions underlying those indicators and shows why they may not be fitted to the African social conditions. It suggests a hermeneutical approach based on community self knowledge that facilitates the social ranking of households and individuals on the basis of how they are inserted into the social power relations that determine their socioeconomic status. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


The occult was a crucial influence on the Renaissance, and it obsessed the popular thinkers of the day. But with the Age of Reason, occultism was sidelined; only charlatans found any use for it. Occult ideas did not disappear, however, but rather went underground. It developed into a fruitful source of inspiration for many important artists. Works of brilliance, sometimes even of genius, were produced under its influence. In A Dark Muse, Lachman discusses the Enlightenment obsession with occult politics, the Romantic explosion, the futuristic occultism of the fin de siecle, and the deep occult roots of the modernist movement. Some of the writers and thinkers featured in this hidden history of western thought and sensibility are Emanuel Swedenborg, Charles Baudelaire, J. K. Huysmans, August Strindberg, William Blake, Goethe, Madame Blavatsky, H. G. Wells, Edgar Allan Poe, and Malcolm Lowry.


IDPC is pleased to announce that the IDPC Drug Policy Guide is now available in Georgian. This publication is a collaborative effort by a number of IDPC members and partners, and brings together global evidence and best practices on the design and implementation of drug policies and programmes at national level. We are in an era of uncertainty for national policy makers in this field – drug problems and related challenges are increasing and it is increasingly clear that simple 'war on drugs' approaches are not succeeding in eradicating the problem. There are a growing number of policy and programme options available to address the harms that are associated with drug markets and drug use. Politicians and officials therefore face the challenge of defining a set of policies and programmes that are appropriate for the situation in their country. This guide, and the network of expertise that exists across the IDPC, is designed to help in that process. The guide is divided into 15 chapters across four sections: Principles for Effective Drug Policies; Criminal Justice; Health and Social Programmes; Strengthening Communities. Each chapter describes the nature of the policy challenges and the range of evidence and experiences around the world, and sets out advice and recommendations for effective policy going forward. The IDPC Drug Policy Guide is now available in English, French, Spanish, Russian and Georgian. The Executive Summary of the IDPC Guide is available in English, Arabic, Czech, French, Italian, Russian and Spanish.


The human body-an amazing biological system that scales up fractally from its cellular building blocks-exhibits an incredible ability to self heal. Why then, are chronic diseases and degeneration on the rise in the population? Why are we sicker, more obese, and more depressed and stressed than ever before in human history? Why can't we heal? The answers to these questions may lie in our ancestry, and modern departure from the human ecological niche. The ability to heal requires proper spatio-temporal inputs-nutrition, sleep, stress, activity, and socialization-in order for cellular signaling to occur properly across semi-permeable cell membranes. We first review key steps in the evolutionary history of multicellular life, focusing on the fundamental role of cell-cell interactions. Next, we present this as an important framework by which to understand how the entrainment of physiological signals in homeostatic mechanisms reveals new insights into the processes of disease. Examples are drawn from the evolution of metabolism, nutrition, and respiration in multicellular life. We argue that disease processes result from a mismatch between the physiological inputs an individual receives and their optimal amount and fractal distribution as determined by an individual's ancestry. A comparative analysis is a useful tool by which to illuminate deep homologies that reveal a mechanistic account for disease processes. This cell-molecular approach provides a useful contrast to the traditional reductionist approach to disease exemplified by the human genome project. As an example, we describe how cell-cell communication drives the ontogeny and phylogeny of physiology, producing the tissues, organs, and organ systems that hierarchically serve human physiology on various levels. Modern society, with its disconnected and stress-riddled lifestyle, is increasingly failing to provide the proper inputs for healthy gene expression and physiological function. Thus, the answers to our modern health woes-physical, mental, and social-may lie in acknowledging the powerful roles that our past has played in shaping our bodies. Finding ways to provide the proper inputs of the human ecological niche in the modern day may lead to significant, perhaps staggering improvements in our health and wellness. The fractal mathematics underpinning these dynamics also serves as a metaphor for the Ancestral Health Movement, which is currently arising as a multi-cultural, multi-national grass-roots pluralistic phenomenon.


Traceability between published scientific breakthroughs and their implementation is essential, especially in the case of Open Source Software implements bleeding edge science into its code. However, aligning the link between GitHub repositories and academic papers can prove difficult, and the link impact remains unknown. This paper investigates the role of academic paper references contained in these repositories. We conducted a large-scale study of 20 thousand GitHub repositories to establish prevalence of references to academic papers. We use a mixed-methods approach to identify Open Access (OA), traceability and evolutionary aspects of the links. Although referencing a paper is not typical, we find that a vast majority of referenced academic papers are OA. In terms of traceability, our analysis revealed that machine learning is the most prevalent topic of repositories. These repositories tend to be affiliated with academic communities. More than half of the papers do not link back to any repository. A case study of referenced arXiv paper shows that most of these papers are high-impact and influential and do align with academia, referenced by repositories written in different programming languages. From the evolutionary aspect, we find very few changes of papers being referenced and links to them.


The impact of variational data assimilation for predicting two heavy rainfall events that caused devastating floods in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia is studied using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. On 25 November 2009 and 26 January 2011, the city was deluged with more than double the annual rainfall amount, caused by convective storms. We used a high‐resolution, two‐way nested domain WRF model to simulate the two rainfall episodes. Simulations include control runs initialized with National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Global Forecasting System (GFS) data and three‐dimensional variational (3D‐Var) data assimilation experiments conducted by assimilating NCEP PREPBUFR and radiance observations. Observations from Automatic Weather Stations (AWSs), synoptic charts, radar reflectivity and satellite pictures from the Presidency of Meteorology and Environment (PME), Jeddah are used to assess the forecasting results. To evaluate the impact of the different assimilated observational datasets on the simulation of the major flooding event of 2009, we conducted 3D‐Var experiments assimilating individual sources and a combination of all datasets. Results suggest that while the control run had a tendency to predict the storm earlier than observed, the assimilation of profile observations greatly improved the model's thermodynamic structure and led to better representation of simulated rainfall both in timing and amount. The experiment with assimilation of all available observations compared best with observed rainfall in terms of timing of the storm and rainfall distribution, demonstrating the importance of assimilating different types of observations. Retrospective experiments with and without data assimilation, for three different model lead times (48, 72 and 96 h), were performed to examine the skill of the WRF model to predict the heavy rainfall events. Quantitative rainfall analysis of these simulations suggests that 48 h lead time runs with assimilation of all observational data provide the best statistical scores.


The paper describes the approach used for the calibration of a price-endogenous programming model, developed for the agricultural sector of the region Khorezm in Uzbekistan. Extensive datasets from farm surveys were used to parameterize the model, which nevertheless tended to over-specialization and failed in general to replicate the observed levels of primal model variables. Calibration of the model with "Positive Mathematical Programming" approaches was not satisfying as the additional cost terms introduced to replicate the observed situation were in many cases not plausible and deviated substantially from any available information on cost structure of the agricultural production activities in the study region. After revising the survey data it became obvious that the variances of technical parameters of the model, namely the input coefficients, were significantly larger than any other used set of information. Consequently, instead of introducing additional cost terms, we decided to estimate the technology parameters, such that the observed situation was replicated and the Kuhn-Tucker conditions for an optimum in this point were fulfilled. The estimation was based on a cross entropy approach. The needed support points and prior distributions of the technology coefficients and dual values were drawn from survey data and additional sources of information, such as expert interviews. The result is a calibrated agricultural sector model with a technology representation that was derived by systematical exploitation of relevant data sources for the study region.


Successful Artificial Insemination (AI) requires that humans detect the receptive phase of oestrus. There are various ways to detect oestrus in cattle, and behavior plays a key role in each method. The aim of this study was to detect different behaviors using time sampling method in 5-minute intervals and analyzed. Given over a period of 1 week (24 hours) in 34 dairy cows of LLFG Iden recorded these behaviors, in which 11 cows were observed in oestrus. The behavior has been differentiated as follows: feeding, resting and lying including rumination, standing on the walkways or the cubicles and standing rumination, including the duration of milking. The activities presented as percentages of the daily sum shows that the largest changes in the "standing" of the cows are observed. For standing in the time without oestrus 30 % of the day were used. In oestrus increased it to an average of 47 % of the day. The duration of the externally visible oestrus of cows averaged 944 minutes per day, with a very high variability could be determined.


Research Question: This paper investigates whether the Monte Carlo simulation can be widely used as a practicable method for the analysis of the risks that impact project duration. Motivation: The main goal was to explore the use of the Monte Carlo simulation for project time management, and shed some light on the key benefits and drawbacks of this method. The paper reviewed the existing literature considering traditional use of the Monte Carlo for quantitative project risk analysis (such as Kwak & Ingall, 2007; Hulett, 2017) and elaborated the issue by suggesting potential improvements in terms of method modification for schedule management, such as event chain methodology proposed by Agarwal & Virine (2017). Another goal was to examine the capability of user-friendly software to provide project managers with some of these benefits. Idea: The core idea of this paper was to evaluate the value of the Monte Carlo method for project time and schedule management, by matching traditional foundations with modern techniques. Data: The paper used the secondary data extracted from relevant literature and project examples. A literature review reveals how the application of the Monte Carlo simulation evolved as a project management tool, along with specific benefits and concerns for its application. Tools: A detailed application of the Monte Carlo in predicting project duration is provided, and the applicability and viability of the method are proven through a case demonstration. Following the presentation of a practical example and discussion of the main features, some limitations and potential improvements to the Monte Carlo method are suggested. Findings: Even with the existence of certain limitations, the Monte Carlo simulation remains the primary method for quantitative analysis of project risks. Despite the Monte Carlo having been found to be applicable, adaptable and predictive of total project duration, it is found to be insufficiently used by practitioners. Contribution: The paper urges the need for research on successful diffusion of the Monte Carlo simulation and helps practitioners to understand the adaptability of the Monte Carlo simulation as a tool for risk quantification and its use for effective duration planning of their projects.


Theodore Roosevelt is carved onto Mount Rushmore along with our great est presidents. (At least the greatest as of 1927, when work on the monument began.) But does he belong in the conservative pantheon? John McCain thinks so. "I count myself as a conservative Republican," he told the New York Times, "yet I view it to a large degree in the Theodore Roosevelt mold." In some conservative circles this caveat deepens the suspicion that McCain may not be one of them. Writing in National Review Online, the Web site of the magazine that has defined mainstream conservatism for more than four decades, author and biographer Michael Knox Beran complains, "Far from allaying conservative fears, McCain can only add to them by trying to make a conservative of a man who, largely for reasons of expediency, embraced a host of dubious reforms, and who ended his public career by embracing the Progressive dream of a state strong enough to command the industry and commerce of the nation." A similar case was made in Bully Boy, a polemic published in 2006 by Cato Institute fellow Jim Powell. (Woodrow Wilson and Franklin Roosevelt have come in for similar thrashings from Powell.) From the other side of the political spectrum, historian Douglas Brinkley opines, "Roosevelt today would be on the left," and New York Times


We recruit an online labor force through Amazon.com's Mechanical Turk platform to identify clouds and cloud shadows in Landsat satellite images. We find that a large group of workers can be mobilized quickly and relatively inexpensively. Our results indicate that workers' accuracy is insensitive to wage, but deteriorates with the complexity of images and with time-on-task. In most instances, human interpretation of cloud impacted area using a majority rule was more accurate than an automated algorithm (Fmask) commonly used to identify clouds and cloud shadows. However, cirrus-impacted pixels were better identified by Fmask than by human interpreters. Crowd-sourced interpretation of cloud impacted pixels appears to be a promising means by which to augment or potentially validate fully automated algorithms.


Intestinal inflammation caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium increases the availability of electron acceptors that fuel a respiratory growth of the pathogen in the intestinal lumen. Here we show that one of the carbon sources driving this respiratory expansion in the mouse model is 1,2-propanediol, a microbial fermentation product. 1,2-propanediol utilization required intestinal inflammation induced by virulence factors of the pathogen. S. Typhimurium used both aerobic and anaerobic respiration to consume 1,2-propanediol and expand in the murine large intestine. 1,2-propanediol-utilization did not confer a benefit in germ-free mice, but the pdu genes conferred a fitness advantage upon S. Typhimurium in mice mono-associated with Bacteroides fragilis or Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. Collectively, our data suggest that intestinal inflammation enables S. Typhimurium to sidestep nutritional competition by respiring a microbiota-derived fermentation product.


This collection of studies examines several aspects of the behaviour of exchange rates using high-frequency data. Chapter 1 provides an introduction to the thesis, details the structure of what follows and presents a selective review of relevant literature. Chapters 2 and 3 focus on issues related to the microstructure of the foreign exchange market. Employing a short, transactions based data set derived from an electronic, inter-dealer broking system they test hypotheses related to the linkage between inside spreads and foreign exchange market volatility, the existence of private information on foreign exchange markets and the effects of 'thin markets' on the dynamics of quotations. Chapter 4 concentrates on the behaviour of intraday foreign exchange volatility. The chapter presents and estimates a stochastic volatility model, extended to include intra-daily seasonality and the effects of U.S. macroeconomic announcements. Results demonstrate the importance of explicitly modelling the seasonal and show very large effects of public information releases. Chapter 5 builds on observations from Chapter 4 and estimates a long range dependent specification for volatility. Significant long memory is found in the volatilities of three major exchange rates and the long memory specification is shown to be superior to traditional short memory volatility specifications. Chapter 6 also extends the work in Chapter 4, examining the effect of U.S. and German macroeconomic news on the level of exchange rates. Estimations show that there are significant effects of U.S. and German 'news' at very high-frequencies but that these impacts are drowned very swiftly in subsequent exchange rate fluctuations. Finally, Chapter 7 uses daily data in order to examine the behaviour of the foreign exchange forward premium, proposing and estimating an explicitly non-linear model of forward premium behaviour. Results demonstrate that the forward premium is mean reverting, but in a non-linear fashion which cannot be captured in standard econometric specifications.


Human activities can degrade the quality of coral reefs, cause a decline
in fish species richness and functional diversity and an erosion of the
ecosystem services provided. Environmental DNA metabarcoding (eDNA) has
been proposed as an alternative to Underwater Visual Census (UVC) to
offer more rapid assessment of marine biodiversity to meet management
demands for ecosystem health indices. Taxonomic information derived from
sequenced eDNA can be combined with functional traits and phylogenetic
positions to generate a variety of ecological indices describing
ecosystem functioning. Here, we inventoried reef fish assemblages of two
contrasted coastal areas of Curaçao, (i) in close proximity to the
island's capital city and (ii) in a more remote area under more limited
anthropogenic pressure. We sampled eDNA by filtering large volumes of
sea water (2 x 30L) along 2km boat transects, which we coupled with
species ecological properties related to habitat use, trophic level and
body size to investigate the difference in fish taxonomic composition,
functional and phylogenetic indices recovered from eDNA metabarcoding
between these two distinct coastal areas. Despite no marked difference
in species richness, we found a higher phylogenetic diversity in
proximity to the city, but a higher functional diversity on the more
isolated reef. Composition differences between coastal areas were
associated with different frequencies of reef fish families. Because of
a partial reference database, eDNA only partly matched those detected
with UVC, but eDNA surveys nevertheless provided rapid and robust
species occupancy responses to contrasted environments. eDNA
metabarcoding coupled with functional and phylogenetic diversity
assessment can serve the management of coastal habitats under increasing
threat from global changes.


Lakes in permafrost regions are highly sensitive to changes in air temperature, snowmelt, and soil frost. In particular, the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) is one of the most sensitive regions in the world influenced by global climate change. In this study, we use retracked Enivsat radar altimeter measurements to generate water level change time series over Lake Qinghai and Lake Ngoring in the northeastern QTP and examine their relationships with precipitation and temperature changes. The response of water levels in Lake Qinghai and Lake Ngoring is positive with regards to precipitation amount. There is a negative relationship between water level and temperature change. These findings further the idea that the arid and high-elevation lakes in the northeastern QTP are highly sensitive to climate variations. Water level increases in Lake Qinghai in winter may indicate inputs of subsurface water associated with freeze-thaw cycles in the seasonally frozen ground and the active layer.


Threshold-multisignature schemes combine the properties of threshold group-oriented signature schemes and multisignature schemes to yield a signature scheme that allows a threshold (t) or more group members to collaboratively sign an arbitrary message. In contrast to threshold group signatures, the individual signers do not remain anonymous, but are publicly identifiable from the information contained in the valid threshold-multisignature. The main objective of this paper is to propose such a secure and efficient threshold-multisignature scheme. The paper uniquely defines the fundamental properties of threshold-multisignature schemes and shows that the proposed scheme satisfies these properties and eliminates the latest attacks to which other similar schemes are subject. The efficiency of the proposed scheme is analyzed and shown to be superior to its counterparts. The paper also proposes a discrete logarithm based distributed-key management infrastructure (DKMI), which consists of a round optimal, publicly verifiable, distributed-key generation (DKG) protocol and a one round, publicly verifiable, distributed-key redistribution/ updating (DKRU) protocol. The round optimal DKRU protocol solves a major problem with existing secret redistribution/updating schemes by giving group members a mechanism to identify malicious or faulty share holders in the first round, thus avoiding multiple protocol executions


Once upon a time, a young triathlete named Goldilocks visited three sports medicine doctors. She was experiencing Achilles tendon pain and was concerned about her ability to train and compete. The first doctor told her she was training too much and simply needed complete rest; the second doctor told her she could bike and swim but could not run; the third doctor told her she could continue to train but prescribed a course of physical therapy. Goldilocks was confused and did not know what treatment was just right.

The Goldilocks Principle states that something must fall within certain margins, as opposed to reaching extremes. In the care of multisport athletes, we often apply this principle to define the appropriate balance of training volume, intensity and recovery to avoid and treat injury. This principle may work for a girl in the forest looking for a warm meal and a proper sized bed to sleep in, but anyone who has ever watched the video footage of triathlete Julie Moss stumbling, staggering and eventually crawling across the finish line in Kona at the 1982 World Championship understands that 'extreme' is what many multisport endurance triathletes do. The remarkable force of mental and physical will that defines many of these athletes is also the Achilles heel that exposes them to injury. Overuse injury risk has been reported to be higher during the competitive race season as opposed to preseason training,1 likely because of the strong competitive drive of these athletes. After hours and hours of training, these athletes are focused on accomplishing their competitive goals first and dealing with injury later.

It is not always the competition, however, that forces an athlete to the sideline, but sometimes their …


Active Disturbance Rejection Control (ADRC) tuning employing the LQR approach is applied for decoupling uncertain MIMO systems. This is done by considering all the coupling and interference interactions between the channels of the system as disturbances, using an Extended State Observer (ESO) to estimate them in real time and then canceling its effect employing the estimate as part of the control signal. The ADRC tuning is essentially a pole-placement technique and the desired performance is indirectly achieved through the location of the closed-loop poles. However, the final choice of these poles becomes a trial-and-error strategy. In contrast with pole-placement, in the LQR method, the desired performance objectives are directly and globally addressed by minimizing a quadratic function of the state and control input. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.itc.43.2.4059


Graph-based methods are known to be successful in many machine learning and pattern classification tasks. These methods consider semi-structured data as graphs where nodes correspond to primitives (parts, interest points, segments, etc.) and edges characterize the relationships between these primitives. However, these non-vectorial graph data cannot be straightforwardly plugged into off-the-shelf machine learning algorithms without a preliminary step of -- explicit/implicit -- graph vectorization and embedding. This embedding process should be resilient to intra-class graph variations while being highly discriminant. In this paper, we propose a novel high-order stochastic graphlet embedding (SGE) that maps graphs into vector spaces. Our main contribution includes a new stochastic search procedure that efficiently parses a given graph and extracts/samples unlimitedly high-order graphlets. We consider these graphlets, with increasing orders, to model local primitives as well as their increasingly complex interactions. In order to build our graph representation, we measure the distribution of these graphlets into a given graph, using particular hash functions that efficiently assign sampled graphlets into isomorphic sets with a very low probability of collision. When combined with maximum margin classifiers, these graphlet-based representations have positive impact on the performance of pattern comparison and recognition as corroborated through extensive experiments using standard benchmark databases.


The two‐state two‐path model is introduced as a minimized model to describe the quantum dynamics of an electronic wave packet in the vicinity of a conical intersection. It involves two electronic potential energy surfaces each of which hosts a pair of quasi‐classical trajectories over which the wave packet is assumed to be delocalized. When both trajectories evolve dynamically either diabatically or adiabatically, the full wave packet dynamics shows only features of the dynamics around avoided level crossings in the vicinity of the conical intersection. When one trajectory evolves adiabatically whereas the other trajectory follows a diabatic evolution, quantum mechanical interference of the wave packet components on each path generates Stueckelberg oscillations in the transition probability. These are surprisingly robust against a dissipative environment and, thus, should be a marker for conical intersections.


Abstract Commercial inertial fusion energy power plants will require 5-20Hz fusion target injection rates for utility-scale power production. To mitigate damage from target emission, some designs include a buffer gas in the chamber to reduce heat and particle fluxes to the chamber wall. The evolution of chamber environment between shots is an important issue as residual heat and eddies in the gas pose a serious threat on target survival during injection and target trajectory. We have simulated the evolution of a direct-drive IFE chamber with helium, deuterium, and xenon buffer gases at several densities. To evaluate the link between these simulations and the risk posed to a direct-drive target, we modify an analytical expression of the free-molecular heat flux on a surface element to account for the possibility of chamber gas condensation on the target. We show this expression compares favorably with Monte Carlo simulations in the same gas regime. These results are used to estimate risk for target survival based on several target heating failure modes. Though lower density chamber gas would improve target survival, experimental quantification of several key gas-surface interaction coefficients for cryogenic targets could open the chamber gas design window.


BACKGROUND
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) may cause peroxydation of lipids, proteins and deoxyribonucleic acids with subsequent cell damage. The hydroxyl radical (OH*) represents a measure of global oxidative stress. Hydroxyl radicals are short-lived; they form an important part of radical chemistry nonetheless. The measure of total antioxidant system (TAS) can give useful information about the extent of defence capable of counteracting the oxidative damage. Pregnancy is an important condition that favors oxidative stress in the fetus. Clinical studies indicate a protective mechanism against O2 toxicity in the human feto-placental unit.

AIM
This study reports the OH* and TAS concentrations in mother and fetus at birth to evaluate the role of the placenta against fetal oxidative stress.

METHODS
Blood samples were collected at delivery from 45 healthy women at term and from their newborns. The maternal and neonatal OH* and TAS concentrations were compared by paired Student t-test.

RESULTS
OH* was higher in maternal blood than in cord blood (573.75+/- 170.0 UCarr/l vs 40.08+/-33.37 UCarr/l) (p<0.01); TAS concentrations did not differ between the two groups (1.11+/-0.09 mmol/l vs 1.17+/-0.12 mmol/l). Multiple regression analyses: maternal and neonatal OH* decreases with maternal age; only maternal TAS and OH* are related to gestational age in a nonlinear fashion. Female infants showed higher values of maternal and neonatal TAS as compared to male infants.

CONCLUSION
TA protective role of the placenta against oxidative damage is in keeping with a large enough gradient of ROS (between mother and fetus) and the passage of TAS from mother to fetus.


Objective: Some patients reportedly present with oral manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). It is unknown if this is due to the virus itself or a side effect of treatment; however, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has been shown to have a predilection for angiotensin-converting enzyme receptors that are present in the respiratory tract, oral mucosa, tongue, and salivary glands, causing alterations in taste and smell. Therefore, the objective of this review was to present the future challenges of Covid-19 and oral manifestations in daily dental practice through a literature review. Materials and Methods: Scientific evidence in the databases Scopus and PubMed was searched using the Boolean operators. Articles published in Spanish and English between January and December 2020 were included. Results: Of the 89 articles found in Scopus, 69 were of the open access type and 20 were in the "others" category; only 22 scientific articles were found in PubMed. Conclusion: It is important to take into account these clinical manifestations such as loss of taste and smell in order to detect the disease. Good oral hygiene is also recommended as a preventive measure to reduce viral load, which considerably reduces the probability of infecting other people who are in contact with the infected patient.


In recent work, Thomas Kroedel has proposed a novel solution to the lottery paradox. As he sees it, we are permitted/justified in believing some lottery propositions, but we are not permitted/justified in believing them all. I criticize this proposal on two fronts. First, I think that if we had the right to add some lottery beliefs to our belief set, we would not have any decisive reason to stop adding more. Suggestions to the contrary run into the wrong kind of reason problem. Reflection on the preface paradox suggests as much. Second, while I agree with Kroedel that permissions do not agglomerate, I do not think that this fact can help us solve the lottery paradox. First, I do not think we have any good reason to think that we're permitted to believe any lottery propositions. Second, I do not see any good reason to think that epistemic permissions do not agglomerate.


We review the equations for correlation-based redatuming methods. A correlation-based redatuming method uses natural-phase information in the data to time shift the weighted traces so they appear to be generated by sources (or recorded by geophones) shifted to a new location. This compares to model-based redatuming, which effectively time shifts the traces using traveltimes computed from a prior velocity model. For wavefield redatuming, the daylight imaging, interferometric imaging, reverse-time acoustics (RTA), and virtual-source methods all require weighted correlation of the traces with one another, followed by summation over all sources (and sometimes receivers). These methods differ from one another by their choice of weights. The least-squares interferometry and virtual-source imaging methods are potentially the most powerful because they account for the limited source and receiver aperture of the recording geometry. Interferometry, on the other hand, has the flexibility to select imaging conditions that target almost any type of event. Stationary-phase principles lead to a Fermat-based redatuming method known as redatuming by a seminatural Green's function. No crosscorrelation is needed, so it is less expensive than the other methods. Finally, Fermat's principle can be used to redatum traveltimes.


A permutation class which is closed under pattern involvement may be described in terms of its basis. The wreath product construction $X\wr Y$ of two permutation classes $X$ and $Y$ is also closed, and we exhibit a family of classes $Y$ with the property that, for any finitely based class $X$, the wreath product $X\wr Y$ is also finitely based. Additionally, we indicate a general construction for basis elements in the case where $X\wr Y$ is not finitely based.


The in this paper described torsion force measurement system contributes to the Lorentz force velocimetry application, where the horizontal force in combination with dead load of 1 kg is measured. The theoretically calculated stiffness of the system is 0.5 N/m, undamped nature frequency is 0.06 Hz and it is expected to achieve the force resolution of 0.5 nN. Initially the electrical voltage as the output signal of the photoelectrical position sensor is converted into angle with an autocollimator system. Then the output signal of the position sensor is calibrated into force with the help of a known tilt force generated by tilt angle and a normal mass piece, the convert factors for the two positon sensors are 37.1038 µN/V and 38.7247 µN/V. A standard deviation of 5.5 nN over one hour has also been achieved and the linear working range of the system is nearly ± 40 µN.


Abstract In July 2012, Romania witnessed signs hinting at a possible erosion of political freedom. The paper shows that these signs point to a significant shortfall in economic freedom, deeply rooted in insecure property rights and high corruption. Such a shortage accounts for both the absence of the rule of law and many people's reliance on the government for a job. Voters reliant on redistribution (mainly employees in the public sector, pensioners and welfare recipients) who actually cast their votes have outnumbered the other voters and have come to think of themselves as the owners not only of the redistribution rights set forth by law, but also of the values of those rights. Thus, excessive redistribution lays the groundwork for the "tyranny of the majority" and explains why the mechanisms to correct excesses cannot be used or are used too late, as they seem illegitimate. The paper presents the particularities of voters reliant on redistribution and the mechanism whereby they may come to agree, even if not wholeheartedly, to the reduction in their political freedoms if this means averting a cut in redistribution incomes. The paper concludes that it is only a matter of time before political freedom deteriorates in the absence of higher economic freedom via enhanced property rights, lower corruption and less reliance on redistribution.


Abstract Culex pipiens s.l. is one of the primary vectors of West Nile Virus in the USA and Continental Europe. The seasonal abundance and eco-behavioural characteristics of the typical form, Cx. pipiens pipiens, make it a key putative vector in Britain. Surveillance of Culex larvae and adults is essential to detect any changes to spatial and seasonal activity or morphological traits that may increase the risk of disease transmission. Here we report the use of the modified Reiter gravid box trap, which is commonly used in the USA but scarcely used in the UK, to assess its suitability as a tool for British female Culex mosquito surveillance. Trapping was carried out at 110 sites in urban and rural gardens in Berkshire in May, July and September 2013. We tested if reproductively active adult female Culex are more abundant in urban than rural gardens and if wing characteristic traits and egg raft size are influenced by location and seasonal variations. Gravid traps were highly selective for Culex mosquitoes, on average catching significantly more per trap in urban gardens (32.4 ± 6.2) than rural gardens (19.3 ± 4.0) and more in July than in May or September. The majority of females were caught alive in a good condition. Wing lengths were measured as an indicator of size. Females flying in September were significantly smaller than females in May or July. Further non-significant differences in morphology and fecundity between urban and rural populations were found that should be explored further across the seasons.


ABSTR AC T S elf and O ther – Representations of the Korean M inorit y in Japan This paper focuses on the study of the diversity, mutual representations and the expression of identity of the Korean minority in Japan, which occurs through the assertion of their existence and value in a foreign country, through an analysis of the problems of their lack of recognition, and through giving them voice. The question of identity in general and national and ethnic identity in particular requires not just the identification of the subject with a specific space as home, but also the examination of the process of production and reproduction of such an identity. The paper focuses on the problems that the minority group of resident Koreans has with understanding, expressing and representing their identities.


Household composting is a practical sustainable behavior which should be further investigated. The Short Composting Survey was developed for use during the Compost Project pilot study to measure the knowledge, values, barriers, and social norms surrounding composting (n=25). The purpose of this research was to describe the testing and refining of the survey tool for the pilot study. Statistical analyses included calculating the Index of Item-Objective Congruence (IIOC) values and conducting a confirmatory factor analysis following administration of the survey. Nine respondents assisted with survey tool development by completing the IIOC, and values ranged from 0.29 to 0.66 which indicated that all of the survey questions matched more than one construct. The factor analysis resulted in a three-factor solution with a cumulative loading of 71.2%, meaning that these identified factors contributed 71.2% of the variance in responses. Factor 1 ("Values") proved to be the strongest factor, explaining 36.6% of the variance, whereas Factor 2 ("Social Norms") explained 20.04%, and Factor 3 ("Barriers") had 14.6%. This survey may be useful for future food composting and


Picking the Lock of Time: Developing Chronology in American Archaeology. JAMES TRUNCER (ed). University Press of Florida, Gainesville, 2003. 208 pp., 11 figs., 3 tables, notes, references, index. $55.00 (cloth), ISBN 0-8130-2678-4. Reviewed by Phillip R. Hodge In Picking the Lock of Time: Developing Chronology in American Archaeology, James Truncer has assembled a short yet highly informative collection of essays on the formative ideas, institutions, and individuals behind the development of chronological method in prewar American archaeology. Truncer classifies the volume as a "history of archaeology" because the contributors rely on largely historical methods to understand the evolution of chronology, as both a concept and problem, and the development of methods appropriate for measuring time. Truncer 's volume is organized into eight short chapters of about twenty pages each. The middle five chapters (3-7) outline a time period in the history of early American archaeology during which professionals and amateurs developed and applied stratigraphie excavation methods. These "middle" chapters are bracketed by ones (chapters 2 and 8) that discuss the transitional events that led to the "stratigraphie revolution" and, ultimately, the development of absolute dating methods. Following Truncer's introductory chapter, Robert Dunnell (chapter 2) discusses the role that the "American Paleolithic" and Moundbuilder controversies played in the emergence of a methodological trend toward making archaeology scientific. This concern led to greater emphasis on methods in general and on chronological method in particular. Dunnell argues this shift was important enough that early archaeologists distinguished their archaeology from their predecessors with the descriptor "new archaeology." The volume ends with Stephen Nash's (chapter 8) discussion of the development of dendrochronology, which marked a transition to an even greater concern with chronological method since it permitted actual scale measurements of time. Nash openly confronts the idea that culture historians during this period were "measuring time" by correctly arguing that there was a discrepancy between what culture historians said they were doing and what they were actually doing. Nash attributes this to the position of archaeology in the academy as a social and not natural science. This situation, compounded by archaeology's nineteenth-century legacy of discovery for discovery's sake, led to a concern with description and comparison rather than hypothesis testing. The majority of the volume deals with the "stratigraphic revolution." David Browman (chapter 3) traces the genealogy of stratigraphie excavation methods in American archaeology to William Pengelly's excavations at the English site of Brixham Cave. Chapters 4 and 5 can be seen as a pair, since both focus on NeIs Nelson's 1914 excavations at San Cristobal, New Mexico. James Snead (chapter 4) uses Nelson's work to explore the influence of sponsoring institutions in the development of chronological method, whereas Michael O'Brien (chapter 5) successfully argues that Nelson's use of stratigraphie methods was in and of itself not unique. O'Brien documents the use of stratigraphie methods before 1914 by other scientists in other places, eventually suggesting that the revolutionary aspect of Nelson's work was his analysis of materials derived from stratigraphic contexts rather than mere application of the method. Although the remaining chapters conform to the larger theme of the volume, they deal with different aspects of the stratigraphie revolution. Truncer's (chapter 6) contribution dovetails with Snead's discussion of the institutional context, but takes it further by exploring the long-term effects of institutional sponsorship and competition for funding, patronage, and personnel on regional developments and ultimately the discipline's move toward science. …


User-defined functions (UDFs) are an integral part of performing indatabase analytics. Executing data analysis inside a database provides significant improvements over traditional methods, such as close-to-the-data execution, low conversion overhead and automatic parallelization. However, UDFs have poor support for debugging. Since they are executed from within the database process, traditional debugging tools such as Integrated Development Environments (IDEs) and Read-Eval-Print Loops (REPLs) cannot be used during development. As a result, writing functional UDFs is challenging. In this paper, we present an extension to the open-source database system MonetDB that allows developers to debug their UDFs using modern debugging techniques.


We present revised near-infrared albedo fits of 2835 main-belt asteroids observed by WISE/NEOWISE over the course of its fully cryogenic survey in 2010. These fits are derived from reflected-light near-infrared images taken simultaneously with thermal emission measurements, allowing for more accurate measurements of the near-infrared albedos than is possible for visible albedo measurements. Because our sample requires reflected light measurements, it undersamples small, low-albedo asteroids, as well as those with blue spectral slopes across the wavelengths investigated. We find that the main belt separates into three distinct groups of 6%, 16%, and 40% reflectance at 3.4 μm. Conversely, the 4.6 μm albedo distribution spans the full range of possible values with no clear grouping. Asteroid families show a narrow distribution of 3.4 μm albedos within each family that map to one of the three observed groupings, with the (221) Eos family being the sole family associated with the 16% reflectance 3.4 μm albedo group. We show that near-infrared albedos derived from simultaneous thermal emission and reflected light measurements are important indicators of asteroid taxonomy and can identify interesting targets for spectroscopic follow-up.


Outreach activities become an increasingly important part of a researcher's life, out of social responsibility as well as to meet expectations by research funding institutions. Yet, outreach activities are little supported by resources which provide guidance, strategies, examples and materials, and researchers are widely left alone with the task of re-inventing the wheel when starting to engage with the public. Whilst public platforms are slowly starting to be developed which provide support and resources for educational activities, initiative can also be taken at the grass root level to improve this situation. Here we show how final year undergraduate student projects can be used to deliver freely available outreach resources. Thus, the Faculty of Life Sciences at The University of Manchester runs projects on public engagement where students develop outreach exhibitions which they personally display on an open day at the Manchester Museum. We capitalised on this by using the subsequent project evaluation phase to further improve the content and design of the resource, guided by the practical experience made on the open day. As proof-of-concept we publish here the resource on the topic of cell migration together with the thoughts, rationale and strategies that have underpinned its development. We discuss the win-win situation this strategy provides for both students and researchers and how this approach can be further developed in the future, but also what grant-giving institutions can do to improve the status quo.

[This publication and its reference can be downloaded from dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.741264]


In 2007, the Institute for Financial Literacy released its first Annual Consumer Bankruptcy Demographics Report. These reports have looked at the demographic profile of American debtors and noted any shifts in data from one year to the next. Since the first report, which was prompted by the passage of the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005 (BAPCPA), the United States has seen significant economic and political changes. The country has entered and exited the Great Recession of 2008, seen a change in the political and economic landscape in Washington D.C., and watched as several major pieces of consumer/financial legislation have passed. The question naturally arises, what impact if any has this had on the face of the American debtor? As the world has transformed so dramatically in five years, does the individual who filed for bankruptcy in 2006 look the same as the individual who filed last year? This year's Annual Consumer Bankruptcy Demographics Report is therefore not just presenting the 2010 demographic information, but is a comparative of the data collected since 2006. While the data presented in this report does not lend itself to drawing final conclusions about any topic or issue, the 2010 report does give us the opportunity perhaps to get a better perspective by seeing several years presented together. From here we can begin to see what demographic changes may be attributable to the passage of BAPCPA, the recession, and the shifts in the political and legislative environment.


The flux of dimethylsulfide (DMS) to the atmosphere is generally inferred using water sampled at or below 2 m depth, thereby excluding any concentration anomalies at the air–sea interface. Two independent techniques were used to assess the potential for near-surface DMS enrichment to influence DMS emissions and also identify the factors influencing enrichment. DMS measurements in productive frontal waters over the Chatham Rise, east of New Zealand, did not identify any significant DMS gradients between 0.01 and 6 m in sub-surface seawater, whereas DMS enrichment in the sea-surface 15 microlayer was variable, with a mean enrichment factor (EF; the concentration ratio between DMS in the SSM and in subsurface water) of 1.7. Physical and biological factors influenced sea-surface microlayer DMS concentration, with high enrichment (EF > 1.3) only recorded in a dinoflagellate-dominated bloom, and associated with low to medium wind speeds and near-surface temperature gradients. On occasion, high DMS enrichment preceded periods when the air–sea DMS flux, measured by eddy covariance, exceeded the flux calculated using COARE parameterised gas transfer velocities and 20 measured sub-surface seawater DMS concentrations. The results of these two independent approaches suggest that air–sea emissions may be influenced by near-surface DMS production under certain conditions, and highlights the need for further study to constrain the magnitude and mechanisms of DMS production in the sea surface microlayer.


Background and Objectives: Nowadays, cell therapy is one of the most important and promising strategies in the treatment of diseases. Unique capabilities of stem cells caused them to be used in both research and treatment as a valuable resource in basic science and medical researches. The use of stem cells has been limited due to the related ethical problems. One of the major concerns of scientists to develop and use more of this science is finding alternative methods for producing these cells. Creating induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSCs) is one of the most important methods in achieving this goal. In this regard, various methods are developing that have the ability to change the gene expression and protein profiles, which results in a change in cells morphology and function in the direction of returning to a undifferentiated status and creating stem cells. These methods include nuclear transfer, use of cell extracts and synthetic molecules, mandatory expression of specific genes, and changes in the levels of cytoplasmic. In this review article, it has been tried to review the methods in the field of the induced pluripotent stem cells production. Literature search was performed through various combinations of keywords regarding induced pluripotent stem cells, Dedifferentiation methods, and IPSCs generation methods. Papers included in our review cover the period between 2002 to 2015.At the end of the review process, 68 articles were used in our final manuscript. In the present study, we review various methods in the IPS cells generation. Key words: Induced pluripotent stem cells, Dedifferentiation methods, IPSCs generation methods Funding: This research was funded by The Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Qom, Iran. Conflict of interest: None declared. Ethical Approval: The Ethics Committee of Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Qom, Iran approved the study. How to cite this article: Sheykhhasan M, Ghiasi M. Evaluation of the Production Methods of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells :A Short Review. J Rafsanjan Univ Med Sci 2016; 15(4): 355-76. [Farsi]


Mucocele, usually associated to paranasal sinuses is defined as an abnormal accumulation and retention of mucous secretions. It usually presents with intraorbital or paranasal and rarely with pure neurological symptoms. We report a 41 years old male who presented with a history of supraorbital left headache, diplopia and proptosis. CT scans and magnetic resonance imaging showed an expansive mass in the right frontal sinus. The patient was operated, the presumptive preoperative clinical diagnosis of mucocele was confirmed and the lesion was drained. A postoperative CT scan confirmed the normal expansion of the frontal lobe.


OBJECTIVE
To examine whether self-assessment of tender and swollen joints by patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) can be used to evaluate changes in disease activity instead of joint counts by physicians.

METHODS
Eighty-two patients with RA taking part in controlled studies were recruited for investigation. The patient's self-assessment of joint tenderness and swelling was completed both before and 30 minutes after examination by a physician. Examinations of tender and swollen joints by a rheumatologist were performed at baseline and 3 months later. The correlations and verification of agreement of these clinical assessments were analyzed.

RESULTS
Within-patient and patient-physician correlations for joint tenderness counts were high (r = 0.96 and 0.78, respectively). Patient-physician correlation for joint swelling counts was still significant, although much lower (r = 0.34). Patients' and physicians' estimations of the change in disease activity over 3 months did not differ (p > 0.76 for all comparisons).

CONCLUSION
Joint tenderness counts were consistent when comparing intra-patient and patient-physician assessments, while joint swelling counts were poorly correlated. Patient and physician assessments of change over 3 months were parallel and similar for joint tenderness count. Self-administered tender joint counts might be a useful tool to evaluate the response to therapy in RA.


Medical practitioners share the responsibility of action against crime by supporting the justice system. The best way for a medical practitioner to achieve this is by proper examination of victims and/or perpetrators, and completing the legal documents meticulously. This can be a frightening experience without proper formal training. Paper 1 addresses the role and responsibility of the medical practitioner and issues around consent, general information on the completion of the J88, as well as the perceived gold standard of medical information relayed to the courts. Medico-legal documentation is more than the compilation of a medico-legal report. The clinical notes are part and parcel of the documentation to protect  practitioners against negligence and malpractice investigations. Valid medico-legal consent differs from medical consent. Knowledge of legislation pertaining to child pornography and the practical and ethical aspects of photography is also necessary. Inappropriate completion of medico-legal documentation may necessitate the practitioner having to explain the documentation to make it understandable to the court.


Human genetic linkage maps are based on rates of recombination across the genome. These rates in humans vary by the sex of the parent from whom alleles are inherited, by chromosomal position, and by genomic features, such as GC content and repeat density. We have examined--for the first time, to our knowledge--racial/ethnic differences in genetic maps of humans. We constructed genetic maps based on 353 microsatellite markers in four racial/ethnic groups: whites, African Americans, Mexican Americans, and East Asians (Chinese and Japanese). These maps were generated using 9,291 subjects from 2,900 nuclear families who participated in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-funded Family Blood Pressure Program, the largest sample used for map construction to date. Although the maps for the different groups are generally similar, we did find regional and genomewide differences across ethnic groups, including a longer genomewide map for African Americans than for other populations. Some of this variation was explained by genotyping artifacts--namely, null alleles (i.e., alleles with null phenotypes) at a number of loci--and by ethnic differences in null-allele frequencies. In particular, null alleles appear to be the likely explanation for the excess map length in African Americans. We also found that nonrandom missing data biases map results. However, we found regions on chromosome 8p and telomeric segments with significant ethnic differences and a suggestive interval on chromosome 12q that were not due to genotype artifacts. The difference on chromosome 8p is likely due to a polymorphic inversion in the region. The results of our investigation have implications for inferences of possible genetic influences on human recombination as well as for future linkage studies, especially those involving populations of nonwhite ethnicity.


ABSTRACT This study examined patterns of association between experiencing 12 traumatic life events, resilience, and substance use at a conservative church-affiliated university. The authors used data (N = 278) from a Health Risk and Protective Factors Study that was conducted during the 2012 spring semester. Initial bivariate analysis indicated several significant positive and negative associations between three of the traumatic life event variables and alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco use within the past year and between two of the traumatic life event variables and alcohol use within the past 30 days. Preliminarily, resilience was only inversely associated with amphetamine use within the past year for men. When examined further using partial correlations to clarify these relationships while controlling for resilience, strong significant positive associations were found specifically between experiencing a disaster-type event and alcohol use within the past year and within the past 30 days for men only. Overall significant moderate positive associations were found between experiencing parental divorce and alcohol use within the past year, and between experiencing a disaster-type event and alcohol use within the past year and within the past 30 days. Use of two-way between-groups ANOVA found no significant interaction among these variables. Results may suggest that experiencing certain traumatic life events and male gender are more likely connected to alcohol use behaviors, whereas resilience may have multiple pathways for adaptive coping.


Both habitat area and predators are known to affect the diversity and composition of species that live in a locality. In addition, habitat area can influence the presence of predators, indirectly affecting the diversity of prey. Thus, habitat area may influence species diversity directly and indirectly through the presence of top predators. Here we examine the effects of habitat area and predators on the species richness and composition of a foliage living arthropod community in a fragmented complex of glades (small grassland patches within a forested matrix) in the Ozark Plateau, Missouri. We find that a top predator, the eastern collared lizard Crotaphytus collaris collaris, occurs primarily on larger glades. Glade area was positively correlated with arthropod diversity, but only after removing the effect of collared lizard presence. Moreover, collared lizards reduced overall arthropod richness, and shifted the dominance from predatory arthropods (e.g. spiders) and Orthopteran grasshoppers to Homopterans (planthoppers). This study shows the importance of accounting for variation in the presence of a top predator when studying the effect of landscape-level processes on species richness and composition.


These original contributions by philosophers and historians of science discuss a range of issues pertaining to the testing of hypotheses in modern physics by observation and experiment.Chapters by Lawrence Sklar, Dudley Shapere, Richard Boyd, R. C. Jeffrey, Peter Achinstein, and Ronald Laymon explore general philosophical themes with applications to modern physics and astrophysics. The themes include the nature of the hypothetico-deductive method, the concept of observation and the validity of the theoretical-observation distinction, the probabilistic basis of confirmation, and the testing of idealizations and approximations.The remaining four chapters focus on the history of particular twentieth-century experiments, the instruments and techniques utilized, and the hypotheses they were designed to test. Peter Galison reviews the development of the bubble chamber; Roger Stuewer recounts a sharp dispute between physicists in Cambridge and Vienna over the interpretation of artificial disintegration experiments; John Rigden provides a history of the magnetic resonance method; and Geoffrey Joseph suggests a statistical interpretation of quantum mechanics that can be used to interpret the Stern-Gerlach and double-slit experiments.This book inaugurates the series, Studies from the Johns Hopkins Center for the History and Philosophy of Science, directed by Peter Achinstein and Owen Hannaway.A Bradford Book.


We develop a rich model to study the complex interrelationship between health insurance and retirement decisions. The decision to retire depends on a number of factors including availability of health insurance, health shocks, pensions, Social Security, and how consumption and health interact in the utility function. We incorporate these features in a computational model of optimal wealth and retirement decisions, solving the model household-by-household using data from the HRS. We use the model to study two important SSA priority areas: first, to what extent do people remain in the labor force until age 65 in order to maintain health insurance for themselves (and after age 65 to maintain health insurance for their spouses)? Second, do early retirees have poorer health than others and does the availability of Medicare interact with their decision to claim benefits?


Key to any successful attempt to combat international terrorism is the elimination of sanctuary and safe-haven for terrorists. The United States has pressed consistently for international agreements – the anti-hijacking conventions and the Internationally Protected Persons Convention being examples – requiring States either to prosecute or extradite international terrorists found within their borders. Because its efforts to establish a "basic extradite-or-prosecute obligation" have not met with general success, the U.S. has had to consider, among other alternatives, various unilateral responses to help curb terrorist activities. One obvious response, drawing upon a wealth of domestic precedents, involves the possible invocation of economic sanctions.Since the enactment in 1962 of the Hickenlooper Amendment, which proscribed the nationalization of U.S.-owned property without the payment of prompt, adequate, and effective compensation, the U.S. has threatened recipients of economic or military aid with its termination if they engaged in various acts which conflicted with major U.S. foreign policy objectives.No one disputes that State terrorism is a serious problem and that it certainly deserves more adequate scrutiny and condemnation than it has received to date. The fact is, though, that there already exists a large body of conventional international law regulating State terrorism in the armed conflict context. Additionally, there is a substantial and developing body of customary international law governing the responsibility of States for terrorist activities which they either initially sponsor or subsequently assist in accessory-after-the fact fashion. Moreover, another provision in the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended, requires the termination of U.S. aid to States that utilize terror against their own citizens, the same sanction device found in the terrorism amendment. Finally, there is no dispute that the underlying causes of terrorism should be studied and then eliminated. The recognition of this fact, however, does not mean that one should stand idly by while terrorist outrages continue. No one today would contend seriously that the U.S. should limit itself to studying the causes and alleviating the impact of racism, all the time foregoing the opportunity to pass laws against racial discrimination. The same reasoning applies in the terrorism field.


This lively, intimate, sometimes disrespectful, but always knowledgeable history of the Bollingen Foundation confirms its pervasive influence on American intellectual life. Conceived by Paul and Mary Mellon as a means of publishing in English the collected works of C. G. Jung, the Foundation broadened to encompass scholarship and publication in a remarkable number of fields. Here are wonderful portraits of the central figures, including the Mellons, Jung himself, Heinrich Zimmer, Joseph Campbell, D. T. Suzuki, Natacha Rambova, Vladimir Nabokov, Gershom Scholem, Herbert Read, and Kurt and Helen Wolff.


Progressing sustainability requires a more networked approach to governance?an approach that connects otherwise segmented policy areas and fosters greater communication among governments, stakeholders and citizens. Of particular importance is the development of discursive spaces in which diverse actors are able to explore the differing knowledge, perspectives and values raised by the challenge of sustainability. This thesis develops the notion of transactional space to bring into focus the processes of reflection, dialogue and mutual learning that effective sustainability discourse involves. In the first part of the thesis I review literature on the theory and practice of participation, deliberation and collaboration, giving particular attention to the ways in which these processes have potential to create space for a depth of exchange and enable participants to engage with the tensions inherent in complex policy issues. While many authors point to the importance of negotiating difference in these processes, the literature reveals that, in practice, this type of exchange tends to be overlooked or underdeveloped. I therefore argue in this thesis that critical, reflective dialogue plays a key role in generating greater understanding among participants, more comprehensive understanding of policy issues, and more integrative and shared approaches, and for these reasons must be actively developed.

The case study in the second part of the thesis explores this concern for developing reflective exchange in practice. The formation of the Western Australian Collaboration in 2002 - a partnership of non-government organizations from a range of social and environmental perspectives committed to 'a just and sustainable Western Australia'- represented an opportunity to examine the development of participatory and collaborative processes for sustainability. The thesis presents a case study of the WA Collaboration's development over 2002-2006 to illustrate the potential such networks and open forums offer for transformative exchange around sustainability. It describes the intensive process conducted with the Steering Committee to cultivate a culture of reflection and learning in the organization, and the practical initiatives the process helped to generate.

The thesis concludes with a discussion of the lessons learnt and key principles and practical considerations relevant to fostering transactional space. The WA Collaboration experience and the review of literature reveal a tendency in practice to privilege action and outcomes over reflection and learning. Furthermore, despite the necessity for a depth of engagement with complex policy issues, funding systems and policy environments often fail to allow the time and resources needed to support genuine dialogue and collaborative work. The thesis provides the concept and principles of transactional space as a means of helping to address this imbalance. They are designed to encourage practitioners to create opportunities for critical, reflective dialogue in a range of deliberative settings.