Neural network image classifiers are known to be vulnerable to adversarial images, i.e., natural images which have been modified by an adversarial perturbation specifically designed to be imperceptible to humans yet fool the classifier. Not only can adversarial images be generated easily, but these images will often be adversarial for networks trained on disjoint subsets of data or with different architectures. Adversarial images represent a potential security risk as well as a serious machine learning challenge---it is clear that vulnerable neural networks perceive images very differently from humans. Noting that virtually every image classification data set is composed of JPG images, we evaluate the effect of JPG compression on the classification of adversarial images. For Fast-Gradient-Sign perturbations of small magnitude, we found that JPG compression often reverses the drop in classification accuracy to a large extent, but not always. As the magnitude of the perturbations increases, JPG recompression alone is insufficient to reverse the effect.


Evolutionary Computation is an exciting research field with the power to assist researchers in the task of solving hard optimization problems (i.e., problems where the exploitable knowledge about the solution space is very hard and/or expensive to obtain). However, Evolutionary Algorithms are rarely used outside the circle of knowledgeable practitioners, and in that way have not achieved a status of useful enough tool to assist "general" researchers. We think that part of the blame is the lack of practical implementations of research efforts reflecting a unifying common ground in the field. In this communication we present GUIDE, a software framework incorporating some of the latest results from the EC research community and offering a Graphical User Interface that allows the straightforward manipulation of evolutionary algorithms. From a high-level description provided by the user it generates the code that is needed to run an evolutionary algorithm in a specified existing library (as of March 2009, EO and ECJ are the possible targeted libraries). GUIDE's GUI allows users to acquire a straightforward understanding of EC ideas, while at the same time providing them with a sophisticated research tool. In this communication we present~3 industrial case studies using GUIDE as one of the main tools in order to perform software testing on large, complex systems.


Land degradation is a major problem in the semi-arid environments of Sub-Saharan Africa. Fighting land degradation is essential to ensure the sustainable and long-term productivity of the habited semiarid lands. In Kenya, grass reseeding technology has been used to combat land degradation. However, despite the use of locally adapted perennial grass species namely Cenchrus ciliaris (African foxtail grass), Eragrostis superba (Maasai love grass) and Enteropogon macrostachyus (Bush rye) failure still abound. Therefore, more land is still being degraded. The aim of this study was to determine the main factors which contribute to failures in rehabilitating denuded patches in semi-arid lands of Kenya. A questionnaire was administered to capture farmer perceptions on failures on rangeland rehabilitation using grass reseeding technology. Rainfall data was collected during the study period. Moreover, rehabilitation trials using the three grasses were done under natural rainfall. Results from this study show that climatic factors mainly low amounts of rainfall to be the main contributor to rehabilitation failures. 92% of the respondents asserted that reseeding fails because of low rainfall amounts received in the area. The study area received a total of 324 mm of rainfall which was low compared to the average annual mean of 600mm. Reseeded trial plots also failed to establish due to the low amounts of rainfall received. This showed how low rainfall is unreliable for reseeding. Other factors namely destruction by the grazing animals, pests and rodents, flush floods, poor sowing time, poor seed quality, lack of enough seed and weeds also contribute to rehabilitation failures in semi-arid lands of Kenya. Key words: Land degradation, grass reseeding, rehabilitation failures, low rainfall.


In spite of a large amount of research on the problem of fluid mixing and its control, there is no consensus on a proper measure for quantifying mixing. We present a measure of mixing that is based on the concept of weak convergence and is capable of probing the "mixedness" at various scales. This new measure, called the mix-norm, resolves the inability of the L/sub 2/ variance of the scalar density field to resolve various stages of contour-level rearrangement by chaotic maps. In addition, the mix-norm succeeds in capturing the efficiency of a mixing protocol in the context of a particular initial density field, wherein Lyapunov-exponent based measures fail to do so. The mix-norm is a pseudo-norm for checking weak convergence on the space of scalar density fields, which turns out to be a critical link in justifying its validity as a measure for mixing. We demonstrate the utility of the mix-norm by showing how it measures the efficiency of mixing due to diffusion and to various discrete dynamical systems.


Longitudinal studies commonly arise in various fields such as psychology, social science, economics and medical research, etc. It is of great importance to understand the dynamics in the mean function, covariance and/or correlation matrices of repeated measurements. However, high-dimensionality (HD) and positive-definiteness (PD) constraints are two major stumbling blocks in modeling of covariance and correlation matrices. It is evident that Cholesky-type decomposition based methods are effective in dealing with HD and PD problems, but those methods were not implemented in statistical software yet, causing a difficulty for practitioners to use. In this paper, we first introduce recently developed Cholesky decomposition based methods for joint modeling of mean and covariance structures, namely modified Cholesky decomposition (MCD), alternative Cholesky decomposition (ACD) and hyperspherical parameterization of Cholesky factor (HPC). We then introduce our newly developed R package jmcm which is currently able to handle longitudinal data that follows a Gaussian distribution using the MCD, ACD and HPC methods. The use of package jmcm is illustrated and a comparison of those methods is made through the analysis of two real datasets.


The rising price of tuition and books is pricing some students out of the market for college. While struggles for affordable tuition take place in state legislatures, universities are taking the movement for affordable classroom materials into their own hands. Seven out of ten students forgo required textbooks due to cost (Redden, 2011). This creates inequality in the classroom as economic privilege determines access to necessary learning materials. To counteract this trend, the California State University system began the Affordable Learning Solutions initiative, designed to encourage faculty to adopt low-cost classroom materials. San Jose State University implemented this initiative on multiple fronts:  Renew faculty modify open educational resources to meet the needs of their classes and teaching styles  Reuse faculty use library resources--ebooks, articles and videos--as both required and supplementary texts  Recycle faculty choose older editions of textbooks and retain the same textbook for multiple semesters so students have the option of purchasing used books Cross-campus partnerships have proven instrumental to the success of these grassroots efforts toward more affordable education. An unexpected alliance with the campus bookstore delivered access to students and attractive giveaways—as well as problematic corporate requests for compromise. While the development of massive open online courses developed by higher learning leaders like MIT and Carnegie Mellon transforms education, more grassroots efforts are needed to accommodate struggling students working towards degrees in local colleges and open universities here and abroad. Renew-Reuse-Recycle empowers teachers from inside the classroom to equalize educational access through using more affordable learning materials.


What percentage of graduate students entering PhD programs in the arts and sciences at leading universities actually complete their studies? How do completion rates vary by field of study, scale of graduate program, and type of financial support provided to students? Has the increasing reliance on Teaching Assistantships affected completion rates and time-to-degree? How successful have national fellowship programs been in encouraging students to finish their studies in reasonably short periods of time? What have been the effects of curricular developments and shifts in the state of the job market? How has the overall "system" of graduate education been affected by the expansion of the 1960s and the subsequent contraction in enrollments and degrees conferred? Is there "excess capacity" in the system at the present time? This major study seeks to answer fundamental questions of this kind. It is based on an exhaustive analysis of an unparalleled data set consisting of the experiences in graduate school of more than 35,000 students who entered programs in English, history, political science, economics, mathematics, and physics at ten leading universities between 1962 and 1986. In addition, new information has been obtained on the graduate student careers of more than 13,000 winners of prestigious national fellowships such as the Woodrow Wilson and the Danforth. It is the combination of these original data sets with other sources of national data that permits fresh insights into the processes and outcomes of graduate education. The authors conclude that opportunities to achieve significant improvements in the organization and functioning of graduate programs exist--especially in thehumanities and related social sciences--and the final part of the book contains their policy recommendations. This will be the standard reference on graduate education for years to come, and it should be read and studied by everyone concerned with the future of graduate education in the


Present research article aims at examining the
concept of "Period Poverty" with special reference to women living on road and proposing
possible interventions for improving condition. A qualitative research study
was carried out in Delhi. In-depth interview of various stakeholders i.e.;
women on road, gynaecologist, and NGO members were taken using semi structured
interview guides. The responses were transcribed verbatim. Field notes of the
group and individual interviews were also taken. The data was analysed using
the Rigorous and accelerated data Reduction (RADaR) technique. The findings
indicate women on road faces the issues of privacy, lack of toilets and water,
security, lack of scientific knowledge, and adoption of unhygienic menstrual
materials. Based on the responses of various stake holders an intervention model is
suggested.


Betulinic acid (BA) is a triterpene from bark extracts of Melaleuca cajuputi Powell (Myretaceae) a Malaysian plant. The cytotoxic effects of betulinic acid (BA) and its four synthetic derivatives that has been modified at C-3 hydroxy group of BA (betulinic acid acetate (BAAC), 3-O-(2',2'-dimethylsuccinyl)-betulinic acid (BAES), 3-O-succinyl-betulinic acid (BASUC) and betulinic acid benzoate (BCL) were screened on human myeloid leukemia (HL-60), human T4-lymphoblastoid (CEM-SS), BALB/c murine myelomonocytic leukemia (WEHI-3B), human cervical epithelial carcinoma (HeLa) human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), mouse skin melanoma (B16), human glioblastoma (DBTRG0.5MG) cancer cell lines. Several derivatives elicited cytotoxicity as assessed by 3-[4,5-dimethylthizol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Betulinic acid acetate (BAAC) was the most effective among the betulinic acid derivatives. It had the most potent cytotoxic activity against human myeloid leukemia (HL-60), human T4-lymphoblastoid (CEM-SS), BALB/c murine myelomonocytic leukemia (WEHI-3B) and human cervical epithelial carcinoma (HeLa) but not on normal human lymphocytes (PBMC), suggesting its action is specific for tumor cells. This study was focused on HL-60 that showed the most sensitive cell line after 72 hours of treatment with all betulinic acid derivatives. BA and BAAC inhibit HL-60 cell line after 72 hours treatment with IC50 values of 2.60 and 1.38 μg/mL, respectively. On microscopic examination, both compounds exhibited characteristic morphological features of apoptosis, such as cell shrinkage and formation of apoptotic bodies. Fluorescent staining with acridine orange (AO) and propidium iodide (PI) revealed distinct chromatin condensation and nuclear fragmentation. The internucleosomal DNA fragmentation was confirmed by the pattern of DNA laddering into fragments with multiples of 180-220 base pairs detected in agarose gel electrophoresis. The induction of apoptosis was also confirmed by flow cytometric analysis of the cell cycle. BA and BAAC were shown to induce a time dependent increase in the sub G1 peak indicating apoptotic phenomenon as obtained from the DNA content histogram analysis. BA and BAAC were marked as cytotoxic agent induced by apoptosis.


OBJECTIVE
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) combined with high-density electroencephalography (EEG) can be used to directly examine the properties of thalamocortical circuits in the brain without engaging an individual in cognitive or motor tasks. The authors investigated EEG responses in schizophrenia patients and healthy comparison subjects following the application of TMS to the premotor cortex.

METHOD
Sixteen schizophrenia patients and 14 healthy comparison subjects were recruited to participate in the study. Participants underwent three to five TMS/high-density EEG sessions at various TMS doses. The following three aspects of TMS-evoked responses were analyzed: amplitude, synchronization, and source localization.

RESULTS
Relative to healthy comparison subjects, schizophrenia patients had a marked decrease in evoked gamma oscillations that occurred within the first 100 msec after TMS, particularly in a cluster of electrodes located in a fronto-central region. These oscillations were significantly reduced in amplitude (calculated using global-mean field power and event-related spectral perturbation analysis) and synchronization (measured using intertrial coherence). Furthermore, source modeling analysis revealed that the TMS-evoked brain activation underlying these gamma oscillations in patients with schizophrenia did not propagate (as it did in healthy comparison subjects) and was mostly confined to the stimulated brain region.

CONCLUSIONS
Schizophrenia patients showed a decrease in EEG-evoked responses in the gamma band when TMS was applied to directly stimulate the frontal cortex while these responses were recorded. Since EEG responses to direct cortical stimulation are not affected by an individual's motivation, attention, or cognitive capacity and are not relayed through peripheral afferent pathways, these findings suggest that there might be an intrinsic dysfunction in frontal thalamocortical circuits in individuals with schizophrenia.


Water scarcity, together with the projected impacts of water stress worldwide, has led to a rapid increase in research on measuring water security. However, water security has been conceptualized under different perspectives, including various aspects and dimensions. Since public health is also an integral part of water security, it is necessary to understand how health has been incorporated as a dimension in the existing water security frameworks. While supply–demand and governance narratives dominated several popular water security frameworks, studies that are specifically designed for public health purposes are generally lacking. This research aims to address this gap, firstly by assessing the multiple thematic dimensions of water security frameworks in scientific disclosure; and secondly by looking into the public health dimensions and evaluating their importance and integration in the existing water security frameworks. For this, a systematic review of the Scopus database was undertaken using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A detailed review analysis of 77 relevant papers was performed. The result shows that 11 distinct dimensions have been used to design the existing water security framework. Although public health aspects were mentioned in 51% of the papers, direct health impacts were considered only by 18%, and indirect health impacts or mediators were considered by 33% of the papers. Among direct health impacts, diarrhea is the most prevalent one considered for developing a water security framework. Among different indirect or mediating factors, poor accessibility and availability of water resources in terms of time and distance is a big determinant for causing mental illnesses, such as stress or anxiety, which are being considered when framing water security framework, particularly in developing nations. Water quantity is more of a common issue for both developed and developing countries, water quality and mismanagement of water supply-related infrastructure is the main concern for developing nations, which proved to be the biggest hurdle for achieving water security. It is also necessary to consider how people treat and consume the water available to them. The result of this study sheds light on existing gaps for different water security frameworks and provides policy-relevant guidelines for its betterment. Also, it stressed that a more wide and holistic approach must be considered when framing a water security framework to result in sustainable water management and human well-being.


Right ventricular (RV) dysfunction can serve as an indicator of heart and lung disease and can adversely affect the left ventricle (LV). However, normal RV function must be characterized before abnormal states can be detected. We can describe a method for reconstructing the 3D motion of the RV images by fitting of a deformable model to extracted tag and contour data from multiview tagged magnetic resonance images(MRI). The deformable model is a biventricular finite element mesh built directly from the contours. Our approach accommodates the geometrically complex RV by using the entire lengths of the tags, localized degrees of freedom (DOFs), and finite elements for geometric modeling. We convert the results of the reconstruction into potentially useful motion variables, such as strains and displacements. The fitting technique is applied to synthetic data, two normal hearts, and a heart with right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH). The results in this paper are limited to the RV free wall and septum. We find noticeable differences between the motion variables calculated for the normal volunteers and the RVH patient. Comments University of Pennsylvania Department of Computer and Information Science Technical Report No. MSCIS-99-12. This technical report is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/cis_reports/179 Three-dimensional Motion Reconstruction and Analysis of the Right Ventricle Using Tagged MRI


Remote sensing plays an important role in monitoring vegetation dynamics, and has been recognized as a reliable tool for monitoring biochemical and biophysical variations of agricultural crops, such as plant biomass, height, chlorophyll (Chl) and nitrogen (N). Nitrogen is one of the most essential elements in agro-ecosystems because of its direct role in determining crop yield and vegetation productivity, as well as its association with global N and carbon cycles. Canopy remote sensing of plant biochemical (e.g., N) and biophysical parameters (e.g., biomass) is often discussed separately. However, crop canopy structural characteristics and plant morphophysiological variations at different growth stages cause a confounding effect on the analysis and interpretation of the canopy spectral data. This study aimed to (1) understand the underlying mechanisms of canopy structural dynamics (mainly plant biomass and green leaf area) that impact the retrieval of canopy Chl and N at different growth stages, and (2) develop new algorithms and narrow band vegetation indices that may improve the estimation of Chl and N using hyperspectral data collected in the field and simulated by radiative transfer models (RTMs).
To achieve the objectives, barley and rice experiments were conducted in Germany and China, respectively, from experimental plots to farmer fields; both empirical and physical models were employed but with an emphasis on the empirical methods. Results suggest that canopy hyperspectral data allow for the estimation of canopy Chl and N. However, with the advance of growth stages, plant growth rate is much faster than the rate at which N is accumulated in the plant mass until the stage of full heading (canopy closure), which results in a decrease of N concentration — the N dilution effect. Thus, growth stages have a significant effect on the correlation between the optical and biological traits of the crop canopy compared to the differences in crop cultivars and types. This effect is confirmed by five years of experimental data of barley and rice crops. Accordingly, empirical models based on different vegetation indices can be calibrated, before and after the canopy closure, which allows for the monitoring of canopy Chl and N status through the entire growing season. This study also suggests that multivariate models such as partial least squares (PLS) and support vector machines (SVM) are relatively resistant to the influence of growth stages and can be used to improve the estimation of canopy Chl and N compared to univariate models based on vegetation indices.
To devise a simple approach for the estimation of canopy Chl and N status that is relatively insensitive to the confounding effect of canopy structural characteristics, new vegetation indices, the Ratio of Reflectance Difference Indices (RRDIs), were developed based on the multiple scatter correction (MSC) theory. This type of indices conceptually eliminates the linear influence caused by the confounding effect of multiple scattering and soil background as well as their interactions; therefore, RRDI weakens the effect of canopy structural variations on the analysis of canopy spectra when estimating biochemical variations. For example, the RRDI derived from the red edge (RRDIre) wavelengths proved to be a robust indicator of canopy Chl and N in both barley and rice crops with different cultivars and for the simulated data by RTMs. Therefore, the method is useful for improving the estimation of canopy biochemical parameters.
This study improves the understanding of remote estimation of canopy Chl and N status by considering the dynamical co-variations between plant biomass and N across different growth stages and suggests the potential to improve the ability of canopy hyperspectral data to monitor the canopy biogeochemical cycles of agro-ecosystems using remote sensing. Additionally, this study indicates that hyperspectral vegetation indices based on water absorption bands are useful for the detection of crop diseases at the canopy level.


Websites that encourage consumers to research, rate, and review products online have become an increasingly important factor in purchase decisions. This increased importance has been accompanied by a growth in deceptive opinion spam - fraudulent reviews written with the intent to sound authentic and mislead consumers. In this study, we pool deceptive reviews solicited through crowdsourcing with actual reviews obtained from product review websites. We then explore several human- and machine-based assessment methods to spot deceptive opinion spam in our pooled review set. We find that the combination of human-based assessment methods with easily-obtained statistical information generated from the review text outperforms detection methods using human assessors alone.


The binding of [3H]PAF-acether (1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) to intact human gel-filtered platelets was measured at 22 degrees C. Specific binding reached saturation within 15 min at high doses of [3H]PAF-acether (0.5-0.9 nM), whereas about 90 min were required when low doses (0.02-0.5 nM) were used. Above 1 nM, [3H]PAF-acether non-specific binding increased progressively, which together with the demonstration of a 3H-labelled metabolite suggested uptake and metabolism of [3H]PAF-acether. Equilibrium analysis revealed one class of specific receptors with a Ka of 18.86 +/- 4.82 X 10(9) M-1 and 242 +/- 64 binding sites per platelet. Non-equilibrium binding revealed a similar Ka (16.87 X 10(9) M-1). Specific binding became irreversible after prolonged incubation, a process that was enhanced at increasing concentrations of [3H]PAF-acether. Platelets made desensitized to PAF-acether by prior incubation with unlabelled PAF-acether failed to bind a second dose of PAF-acether (3H-labelled), suggesting that desensitization resulted from loss of available binding sites. Under the conditions of the binding studies, PAF-acether induced exposure of the fibrinogen receptor, aggregation (in a stirred suspension) and alterations in (poly)-phosphatidylinositides. These results suggest that PAF-acether initiates platelet responses via receptor-mediated processes.


It has been said that evaluating coaching/mentoring interventions is notoriously difficult (Klasen & Clutterbuck, 2002). In addition, evaluation in the pastoral ministry is difficult where objective outcomes are problematic to identify. Arguably the desirable outcomes are growth, development and self-efficacy of the pastor. Formative evaluation asks: does the coaching/mentoring environment provide conditions that promote or hinder growth and development? This data is best provided by subjective self-reporting of recipients. A Q-sort was devised to assess subjective experiences and impact of coaching/mentoring environments. The factor analysis identified three coaching/mentoring environments. Q Methodology is demonstrated to be a useful evaluation tool.


The emergence of the independent Republic of Tajikistan (Jumhurii Tojikiston) was one of the most painful state building attempts in post-Soviet history. Since 1990, this country has experienced a rise in political activism, freedom of speech, sharp political debates, collapse of state institutions, civic disorder, civil war, an internationally led peace process, return of exiled opposition and their militias, and redistribution of power. As of 2009, Tajikistan continues its gradual shift from the fragile, postwar recovery period towards a more stable, peaceful, conventional and transparent political order and an era of steady economic development. The second edition of the Historical Dictionary of Tajikistan examines this country through a chronology, an introductory essay, a bibliography, and over 600 cross-referenced dictionary entries on important persons, places, events, and institutions, as well as significant political, economic, social, and cultural aspects. It is an extremely useful aid in understanding the current situation in Tajikistan.


Materialized views (MVs), stored pre-computed results, are widely used to facilitate fast queries on large datasets. When new records arrive at a high rate, it is infeasible to continuously update (maintain) MVs and a common solution is to defer maintenance by batching updates together. Between batches the MVs become increasingly stale with incorrect, missing, and superfluous rows leading to increasingly inaccurate query results. We propose Stale View Cleaning (SVC) which addresses this problem from a data cleaning perspective. In SVC, we efficiently clean a sample of rows from a stale MV, and use the clean sample to estimate aggregate query results. While approximate, the estimated query results reflect the most recent data. As sampling can be sensitive to long-tailed distributions, we further explore an outlier indexing technique to give increased accuracy when the data distributions are skewed. SVC complements existing deferred maintenance approaches by giving accurate and bounded query answers between maintenance. We evaluate our method on a generated dataset from the TPC-D benchmark and a real video distribution application. Experiments confirm our theoretical results: (1) cleaning an MV sample is more efficient than full view maintenance, (2) the estimated results are more accurate than using the stale MV, and (3) SVC is applicable for a wide variety of MVs.


This paper presents from first principles methods of evaluating the seismic performance of a building using the method of inertial forces, method of maximum energy and method of maximum displacement. The introduction of these methods forms the main thrust of the paper. Importantly, the building can be deemed safe should this be indicated by any one of the three methods none of which requires the natural period of the building nor structural response factors to be estimated. Whilst these methods are verysimple and consume little time to apply, the accuracies of the results are comparable with those from response spectrum methods. It is noted that the fundamental basis of each of these methods is very consistent with the new response spectrum model stipulated by the new Australian standard for seismic actions. A succinct and insightful account of the development of the seismic hazard model for Australia is also provided followed by a commentary on the use of dynamic analysis methods in practice.


We present a human computation game based on the popular board game - Dixit. We ask the players not only for annotations, but for a direct critique of the result of an automated system. We present the results of the initial run of the game, in which the answers of 15 players were used to profile the mistakes of an aspect-based opinion mining system. We show that the gameplay allowed us to identify the major faults of the extracted opinions. The players' actions thus helped improve the opinion extraction algorithm.


A homolog of a flowering time gene has evolved a flowering repression function, affecting the seasonal cold response in beet. Flowering time regulation is important for plants to maximize their reproductive output. By investigating copies of genes that are strong and central activators of flowering in many different species (homologs of the FT gene in Arabidopsis), Pin et al. found that during evolution, the regulation of flowering time in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) has come under the control of two FT-like genes. Functional differences in these genes owing to small mutations in a critical domain have caused a duplicated copy of the flowering promoter FT to turn into a flowering repressor in sugar beet. These changes may explain why cultivated beets are unable to flower until their second year after passing through the winter, a behavior important for increasing crop yield. P. A. Pin, R. Benlloch, D. Bonnet, E. Wremerth-Weich, T. Kraft, J. J. L. Gielen, O. Nilsson, An antagonistic pair of FT homologs mediates the control of flowering time in sugar beet. Science 330, 1397–1400 (2010). [Abstract] [Full Text]


Local feature detection has been an essential part of many methods for computer vision applications like large scale image retrieval, object detection, or tracking. Recently, structure-guided feature detectors have been proposed, exploiting image edges to accurately capture local shape. Among them, the WαSH detector [Varytimidis et al., 2012] starts from sampling binary edges and exploits α-shapes, a computational geometry representation that describes local shape in different scales. In this work, we propose a novel image sampling method, based on dithering smooth image functions other than intensity. Samples are extracted on image contours representing the underlying shapes, with sampling density determined by image functions like the gradient or Hessian response, rather than being fixed. We thoroughly evaluate the parameters of the method, and achieve state-of-the-art performance on a series of matching and retrieval experiments.


Endosomal trafficking affects many cellular pathways from cell signaling to metabolism, but little is known about how these effects are coordinated. In a genetic screen for mutants affecting endosomal trafficking, we identified Drosophila acinus (dacn; hook-like). Its mammalian homolog Acinus has been implicated in RNA processing and chromatin fragmentation during apoptosis. Loss-of-function analysis of dacn revealed two distinct functions. First, dacn is required for stabilization of early endosomes, thus modulating levels of Notch and Egfr signaling. Second, loss of dacn interferes with cellular starvation responses by inhibiting autophagosome maturation. By contrast, overexpression of dacn causes lethality due to enhanced autophagy. We show that this enhanced autophagy is independent of the Tor pathway. Taken together, our data show that dacn encodes a regulator of endosomal and autophagosomal dynamics, modulating developmental signaling and the cellular response to starvation.


This article draws a state of knowledge of the dissolution of uranium dioxide in nitric acid media. The chemistry of the reaction is first investigated, and two reactions appear as most suitable to describe the mechanism, leading to the formation of monoxide and dioxide nitrogen as reaction by-products, while the oxidation mechanism is shown to happen before solubilization. The solid aspect of the reaction is also investigated: manufacturing conditions have an impact on dissolution kinetics, and the non-uniform attack at the surface of the solid results in the appearing of pits and cracks. Last, the existence of an autocatalytic mechanism is questionned. The second part of this article presents a compilation of the impacts of several physico-chemical parameters on the dissolution rates. Even though these measurements have been undertaken under a broad variety of conditions, and that the rate determining step of the reaction is usually not specified, general trends are drawn from these results. Finally, it appears that several key points of knowledge still have to be clarified concerning the dissolution of uranium dioxide in nitric acid media, and that the macroscopic scale which has been used in most studies is probably not suitable.


Varied experiences of 'being a researcher' are examined under 4 key themes - intellectual, process based, emotional, and contextual - to explore possible relations to researcher driven development approaches and improving engagement with continuing professional development.

Workshop outline

PIRLS (2015, p.2) report found that continuing professional development (CPD) activities are often not well attended by experienced researchers, and research leaders may not see CPD as a priority either for themselves or those who work alongside them. The report suggests that individual circumstances may be a factor determining researchers' confidence and their practical willingness to develop professionally (p. 22). Drawing on the findings from a current doctoral research this workshop argues that, in line with individual circumstances, researchers' experiences and conceptions of 'being a researcher' would be one of the factors in informing the kind of development activities they seek. The doctoral research conducted by the presenter studied experienced non-STEM researchers in UK institutions and identified some key variations in individual researchers' context and experiences of doing research. To illustrate such variations, this session will present examples of researchers' experiences using four key themes: intellectual, process based, emotional, and contextual experience. Using these themes it will show that different researchers experience 'research' differently and such experiences and conceptions of being a researcher could inform the kind of development activities they would engage with. The workshop will end with a critical discussion where delegates will be able to evaluate whether an understanding of such variations could be used to inform and design researcher development activities that acknowledge researchers' experiences and improve their engagement with CPD.

Workshop topics

The session will:
* Introduce the topic of 'being a researcher' and the experiences of researching
* Explore and expand two peer-reviewed models of research conceptions and experiences
* Examine the variations in experiencing research
* Consider researchers' perspectives of researcher development activities
* Discuss participants' own perspectives of research and researcher development activities
* Critically evaluate CPD approaches informed by researchers' experiences

Workshop themes covered

* Engaging research leaders, principal investigators and supervisors to transform professional development of researchers and embed professional development in the research environment

Workshop outcomes

* Gain a structured understanding of researchers' varied experiences of being a researcher
* Improve their awareness of how researchers see researcher development activities
* Have the opportunity to share own experiences of researching and developing
* Reflect on strategies for improving researchers' engagement with CPD at their own institutions

Format
Information, activity, and open discussion


Problem. In spite of the combined efforts of both the local churches and the schools, the church attendance of Seventh-day Adventist adolescents has been low. This present study was to identify the religious attitudes of current Adventist students and Adventist alumni of all Adventist mission secondary schools in Hong Kong and to determine the relationship of these attitudes to other selected variables such as Bible classes, spiritual assemblies, church services and activities, doctrinal beliefs, relationships with parents, teachers, and pastors, their own self-concepts, and peer and media influences. This study sought to relate also the attitudes with 14 background variables such as gender, grade level at baptism, level of education, years spent in Adventist schools, religious background of parents, parents' marital status, church attendance, and residential status, whether dormitory or community students. Method. The subjects of this study were 165 current students from Form/Middle One to Five and 199 alumni who had left the Adventist secondary schools, not more than 5 years previously. The survey instrument utilized was the Youth Perceptual Inventory developed by Dudley (1977), modified by Laurent (1986), then further modified and translated into the Chinese language, and validated. Results. An investigation of the alienation scores indicated that 7% of the Adventist population might be considered to have negative attitudes toward religion. The variables that elicited the most negative attitudes concerned uninteresting sermons, unhappiness while attending an Adventist school or church, restrictive church standards, not feeling accepted at church, and unenjoyable church youth activities. Eight of the 13 highest correlations dealt with church influences; school-influence variables ranked second. The influence of media and peers ranked 12th and 15th, respectively. Home-influence variables ranked no higher than 17th. The best predictors for alienation in descending order were: lack of church involvement, lack of personal interest of teachers, authoritarianism in pastors, unbelief in Adventist doctrines, lack of personal interest of pastors, negative media influence, lack of religious sincerity of teachers, and family disharmony. Conclusion. It is important that parents, teachers, and religious leaders endeavor to manifest and communicate qualities associated with positive religious attitudes.


Objective — To investigate whether psychosocial factors are associated with diabetic complications. Research Design and Methods — Questionnaires on quality of life, depressive symptomatology, and personality type were completed and a clinical assessment was performed. The study population was an incident cohort of childhood-onset insulin-dependent diabetic (IDDM) subjects whose duration of IDDM was ≥ 25 yr (n = 175). Results — Patients with macrovascular disease (P < 0.01) or nephropathy (P < 0.05) reported significantly poorer quality of life compared with those who were free from all complications. Patients with macrovascular disease also reported greater depressive symptomatology (P < 0.05). Quality of life significantly deteriorated according to the presence of multiple (≥ 4) complications (P < 0.001). Higher depression symptom scores were also related to the presence of ≥4 complications (P < 0.001). Those with multiple complications reported less type A behavior than those without any complications (P < 0.05). Conclusions — This study shows that psychosocial differences exist according to both the number and the type of diabetic complications present. Because poorer quality of life and symptoms of depression may both result form complications, prospective follow-up is needed to clarify their temporal interrelationships, and to determine whether type A personality affords any protection against complications or is diminished as a result of developing complications.


The aim of this work was to evaluate the acaricide and repellent effects of two different pyroligneous extract preparations (PE) applied directly on Brevipalpus phoenicis. This mite is the vector or citrus leprosies, which is one of the main problems of Sao Paulo State citrus culture. This experiment was carried out with mites derived of the colony-supply maintained in the laboratory of Acarology of the Unesp - Sao Paulo State University, at Jaboticabal. The experiment consisted of application of water (control) and two distinct way of preparations (distilled and decanted) of pyroligneous extract (PE) of eucalyptus in 6 volumetric ratios PE: water of 1:600, 1:300, 1:150, 1:75, 1:38 and 1:19, with 7 replications. Each plot with 10 mites maintained on an orange fruit, in enclosure of 2.5 cm diameter isolated by Tanglefoot® (The Tanglefoot Company: USA) adhesive barrier. After confection of the enclosures and mites transference, 2 mL of the solutions corresponding to the different treatments were applied per fruit, by using a Potter´s Tower. Then, the fruits were maintained in a room at 27±1oC, and evaluations of the number of dead mites (mortality) and restrained in the adhesive barrier (repellence) were carried out 24 and 48 hours after treatment application. The distilled PE presented more mortality in comparison to decanted PE for concentrations higher than 1:150. None of two types of extract showed significant repellence effect on B. phoenicis. The protective action recognized for low doses (1:300 to 1:600, normally recommended), is not due to mortality or repellence by direct contact of these products with mites.


Unconstitutional conditions constitute the Gordian Knot of constitutional law. The standard solution is to slice through the knot with consent — to conclude that consent excuses otherwise unconstitutional restrictions. The role of consent, however, needs to be reconsidered. Rather than a solution, consent is the source of confusion. The article concludes that private or state consent cannot justify the federal government in going beyond its legal limits. The Constitution's limits on the government are legal limits imposed with the consent of the people. Therefore, neither private nor state consent can alter these limits or otherwise enlarge the federal government's constitutional power.


Orthoquartzite detrital source regions in the Cordilleran interior yield clast populations with distinct spectra of paleomagnetic inclinations and detrital zircon ages that can be used to trace the provenance of gravels deposited along the western margin of the Cordilleran orogen. An inventory of characteristic remnant magnetizations (CRMs) from >700 sample cores from orthoquartzite source regions defines a low-inclination population of Neoproterozoic–Paleozoic age in the Mojave Desert–Death Valley region (and in correlative strata in Sonora, Mexico) and a moderate- to high-inclination population in the 1.1 Ga Shinumo Formation in eastern Grand Canyon. Detrital zircon ages can be used to distinguish Paleoproterozoic to mid-Mesoproterozoic (1.84–1.20 Ga) clasts derived from the central Arizona highlands region from clasts derived from younger sources that contain late Mesoproterozoic zircons (1.20–1.00 Ga). Characteristic paleomagnetic magnetizations were measured in 44 densely cemented orthoquartzite clasts, sampled from lower Miocene portions of the Sespe Formation in the Santa Monica and Santa Ana mountains and from a middle Eocene section in Simi Valley. Miocene Sespe clast inclinations define a bimodal population with modes near 15° and 45°. Eight samples from the steeper Miocene mode for which detrital zircon spectra were obtained all have spectra with peaks at 1.2, 1.4, and 1.7 Ga. One contains Paleozoic and Mesozoic peaks and is probably Jurassic. The remaining seven define a population of clasts with the distinctive combination of moderate to high inclination and a cosmopolitan age spectrum with abundant grains younger than 1.2 Ga. The moderate to high inclinations rule out a Mojave Desert–Death Valley or Sonoran region source population, and the cosmopolitan detrital zircon spectra rule out a central Arizona highlands source population. The Shinumo Formation, presently exposed only within a few hundred meters elevation of the bottom of eastern Grand Canyon, thus remains the only plausible, known source for the moderate- to high-inclination clast population. If so, then the Upper Granite Gorge of the eastern Grand Canyon had been eroded to within a few hundred meters of its current depth by early Miocene time (ca. 20 Ma). Such an unroofing event in the eastern Grand Canyon region is independently confirmed by (U-Th)/He thermochronology. Inclusion of the eastern Grand Canyon region in the Sespe drainage system is also independently supported by detrital zircon age spectra of Sespe sandstones. Collectively, these data define a mid-Tertiary, SW-flowing "Arizona River" drainage system between the rapidly eroding eastern Grand Canyon region and coastal California.


This book provides a significant contribution to the literature on sustainability by identifying, on a sectoral basis, the critical issues facing the world as a whole, and the technical feasibility of addressing them. A new paradigm of eco-restructuring for sustainable development is introduced, involving shifts in technology, economic activities and lifestyles needed to harmonize human activities with natural systems. The authors analyze a number of sectors and technological fields that are involved in the search for sustainable patterns of industrialization. Each technology chapter presents the state of the sector, the primary issues that concern the sector's sustainability, and the technical means for achieving sustainable outcomes. Comprehensive coverage is given to the fields of materials, various energy technologies and futures, tropical land use, transport and industrial space use, ecological process engineering, and agro-engineering. The book also contains chapters on systems views of the broader eco-restructuring concept, including its biophysical basis, global eco-restructuring and technological change, and national and international policy instruments and institutions. The book breaks new ground in the understanding of sustainability as a multi- and interdisciplinary area.


In an attempt to reduce high electricity prices in England and Wales the government has reduced concentration among generators and introduced New Electricity Trading Arrangements (NETA). Econometric analysis on monthly data from April 1996 to September 2002 implies support for two conflicting hypotheses. On a static view, increases in competition and the capacity margin were chiefly responsible for the fall in prices. If generators had been tacitly colluding before NETA, however, the impending change in market rules might have changed their behaviour a few months before the abolition of the Pool. That view implies that NETA reduced prices.


This paper analyzes the relationship of individual financial characteristics on overall real estate investment trust (REIT) performance. Although the functionality of REITs can be quite complex, this study and its results aim to identify which factors have significant influence on returns. Risk-adjusted return, represented by an individual security's annualized Sharpe Ratio was regressed against several independent financial factors using multiple econometric regression models including ordinary least squares, fixed effects and general method of moments. The results from these three models add confidence to the beta coefficients associated with each individual factor and help shape a broader and more complete analysis of causality. Additionally, the model in this paper includes a binary variable to represent the period of 2008-2009 in an attempt to quantify the immediate negative effects the global financial crisis had on REIT returns. Ultimately, this model suggests dividend yield, interest coverage, value, and investment growth may have significant impact on risk-adjust return.


Recent laboratory experiments with laser-produced plasmas have observed and studied a number of fundamental physical processes relevant to magnetized astrophysical plasmas, including magnetic reconnection, collisionless shocks, and magnetic field generation by Weibel instability, opening up new experimental platforms for laboratory astrophysics. We develop a fully kinetic simulation model for first-principles simulation of these systems including the dynamics of magnetic fields---magnetic field generation by the Biermann battery effect or Weibel instability; advection by the ion flow, Hall effect, and Nernst effect; and destruction of the field by dissipative mechanisms. Key dimensionless parameters describing the system are derived for scaling between kinetic simulation, recent experiments, and astrophysical plasmas. First, simulations are presented which model Biermann battery magnetic field generation in plasmas expanding from a thin target. Ablation of two neighboring plumes leads to the formation of a current sheet as the opposing Biermann-generated fields collide, modeling recent laser-driven magnetic reconnection experiments. Second, we simulate recent experiments on collisionless magnetized shock generation, by expanding a piston plasma into a pre-magnetized ambient plasma. For parameters considered, the Biermann effect generates additional magnetic fields in the curved shock front and thereby increases shock particle reflection. Both cases show the importance of kinetic processes in the interaction of plasmas with magnetic fields, and open opportunities to benchmark these important processes through comparison of theory and experiments.


How to realize the multi-stimuli-response of shape-memory polymers in a simple system is a big challenge for researchers. In this study, a facile approach to produce a series of ternary nanocomposites made of a poly(butylene succinate)–poly(e-caprolactone) (PBSPCL) multiblock copolymer matrix and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) is described. MWCNTs were easily introduced into the double-crystalline copolymer matrix using solution mixing and solvent casting processes, successively. As a consequence of the immiscibility between these two polymeric segments, the spontaneous selective dispersion of MWCNTs is realized in the matrix with refined microphase separation morphology. The different affinity of MWCNTs for the PBS or PCL segment drove the MWCNTs to be localized in the PBS domain preferentially, as demonstrated by TEM analysis. This elaborate design leads to a significant reduction of percolation thresholds with the optimized composition of the nanocomposites. Moreover, the selective dispersion of MWCNTs in the hard PBS segment improved the strength of the material without deteriorating its ductility. Dynamic thermomechanical tests revealed that the PBSPCL copolymers exhibit an excellent dual-shape memory effect, as attested by the fix ratio (Rf) and recovery ratio (Rr) of 98%. After incorporation of MWCNTs into the matrix, the electro- and NIR-induced shape-memory effects have been realized, and the sample containing 40% PBS segment and 1 wt% MWCNTs exhibits optimal structure and performance.


Quiet-time mean monthly values from the INTERMAGNET observatory at Hermanus (HER) in South Africa were used to study the changes in secular variation during the period between 2005 and 2009. After removing an annual variation resulting from magnetospheric and ionospheric currents by means of a 12-month running means applied to the respective observatory first differences of the X, Y, and Z components, clear evidence was revealed of a strong geomagnetic jerk that occurred during 2007 in this area. The GRIMM-2X model also provided evidence of the occurrence of this jerk in 2007. Of particular interest is that GRIMM-2X predicts the turning points in all the secular variation trends to occur much earlier than revealed by the observatory data. We also observed that the power of this jerk, determined as the difference in slope of the secular variation before and after the jerk, is several times stronger than the global jerk of 1982/3.


Conflict over property and resource rights is a common product of the convergence of biodiversity conservation and natural resource extraction and is especially pronounced in resource rich developing countries. Madagascar, a country well known for its unique and threatened biodiversity as well as its wealth of mineral resources is under great pressure to reconcile the conflict between these two treasures. This article, utilizing research conducted from 2004-2008, explores how resource claims are exercised, by whom, and by what means in two artisanal gemstone mining sites in Madagascar. It argues that the practices and discourses associated with conservation intervention have influenced both the way in which people understand as well as act upon their property rights. The alienation and dispossession accompanying a fortress modeled state-managed protected area is contrasted with a decentralized self-governing communitymanaged model and are posited as key drivers of observed differences in people's claims to resources in two gemstone mining sites. The research shows that community-managed conservation had an unexpected influence on a community's assertion of greater authority over gem resources. Key words: Community management, conservation, mining, Madagascar, governance


During the past few decades, gender issues in mathematics education emerged as a controversial topic. Researchers found that female students, at both elementary and secondary levels, perform less well than their male counterparts on standardized tests (Ansell & Doerr, 2000; Beaton et. al., 1996). In other studies, female students, compared to their male counterparts, exhibited lower self-confidence in approaching mathematics and, as a result, were more likely to avoid taking advanced math courses in high school (Eccles et. al, 1983; Meece, Wigfield, & Eccles, 1990). Researchers have argued that female students' lower self-confidence and lack of motivation in school mathematics constitute a complex phenomenon in which various sociocultural forces are dynamically involved. For example, Reyes and Stanic (1988) argued that different sociocultural factors influence female students' experiences with school mathematics, affecting their self-confidence in and motivation for pursuing advanced mathematical knowledge. Recent national reports and professional studies have underlined that early adolescence is the critical time for female students to develop their motivation and academic identities (Bruner, 1996; Dick & Rallis, 1991; Marlow & Marlow, 1996; National Research Council, 1989; Sadker & Sadker, 1994). However, relatively few studies have explored the first-hand experiences of young adolescent girls with school mathematics. Furthermore, the majority of previous studies on students' motivation have been based on individual psychology that tends to separate students' consciousness from its sociocultural context (Pajares & Graham, 1999; Seegers & Boekaerts, 1996; Wigfield, 1994; Wigfield & Eccles, 1992). As a result, as Atweh and his colleagues (1998) argued, it is hard to find studies that seriously investigate the sociocultural context of students' mathematical learning and their experiences with school mathematics. Similarly, the overall picture of girls' experiences with school mathematics, as well as the dynamic and complex relationship between their motivation and its sociocultural milieu, has not been sufficiently explored. Therefore, it is important to investigate the everyday experiences of young adolescent girls with school mathematics from a new perspective that does not separate their motivation from its sociocultural context. Such studies will enrich educational researchers' understanding of the nature of students' motivation, including the complexities and dynamics of young adolescent girls' thoughts and attitudes towards school mathematics, in relation to various sociocultural factors surrounding them. The following cross-case study of four young adolescent girls illuminates their experiences with school mathematics and the impact of sociocultural context on their motivation. In particular, the researcher has examined girls' motivation, based on an innovative concept from Bahktin's circle, "multiple voices and multiple selves." This new theoretical standpoint enables the researcher to explore several significant aspects of girls' experiences with school mathematics and to deconstruct their voices and selves in relation to various sociocultural forces that dynamically constitute aspects of their identity and motivation for learning school mathematics. Conceptual Framework This study is based on two different but interrelated theoretical frameworks: Feminist theory and sociocultural approaches to the mind as elaborated by Bakhtin's circle. These two different streams of theory have significantly contributed to our understanding of gender issues in mathematics education during the last few decades. Feminist Theories Feminism is "both a theory of women's position in society and a political statement focused on gaining equal rights and opportunities for women and changing existing power relations between men and women" (DeMarrais & LeCompte, 1998, p. …


Background: Current response criteria in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) usually assess only three patient-reported outcomes (PROs): pain, functional disability and patient global assessment. Other important PROs such as fatigue are not included. Objective: To elaborate a patient-derived composite response index for use in clinical trials in RA, the RA Impact of Disease (RAID) score. Methods: Ten patients identified 17 domains or areas of health relevant for inclusion in the score, then 96 patients (10 per country in 10 European countries) ranked these domains in order of decreasing importance. The seven most important domains were selected. Instruments were chosen for each domain after extensive literature research of psychometric properties and expert opinion. The relative weight of each of the domains was obtained from 505 patients who were asked to "distribute 100 points" among the seven domains. The average ranks of importance of these domains were then computed. Results: The RAID score includes seven domains with the following relative weights: pain (21%), functional disability (16%), fatigue (15%), emotional well-being (12%), sleep (12%), coping (12%) and physical well-being (12%). Weights were similar across countries and across patient and disease characteristics. Proposed instruments include the Health Assessment Questionnaire and numerical ratings scales. Conclusion: The preliminary RAID score is a patient-derived weighted score to assess the impact of RA. An ongoing study will allow the final choice of questionnaires and assessment of validity. This score can be used in clinical trials as a new composite index that captures information relevant to patients.


In this work we studied the propagation of weakly nonlinear waves in a prestressed thin elastic tube filled with an incompressible layered fluid, where the outer layer is assumed to be inviscid whereas the cylindrical core is considered to be viscous. Using the reductive perturbation technique, the propagation of weakly nonlinear waves in the longwave approximation is studied. The governing equation is shown to be the Korteweg-de Vries-Burgers' equation. A travelling wave type of solution for this evolution equation is sought and it is shown that with increasing core radius parameter the formation of strong shock wave becomes inevitable.


In this paper we consider the problem of learning online what is the information to consider when making sequential decisions. We formalize this as a contextual multi-armed bandit problem where a high dimensional (D-dimensional) context vector arrives to a learner which needs to select an action to maximize its expected reward at each time step. Each dimension of the context vector is called a type. We assume that there exists an unknown relation between actions and types, called the relevance relation, such that the reward of an action only depends on the contexts of the relevant types. When the relation is a function, i.e., the reward of an action only depends on the context of a single type, and the expected reward of an action is Lipschitz continuous in the context of its relevant type, we propose an algorithm that achieves O(Tγ) regret with a high probability, where γ = 2/(1 + √2). Our algorithm achieves this by learning the unknown relevance relation, whereas prior contextual bandit algorithms that do not exploit the existence of a relevance relation will have O(T(D+1)/(D+2)) regret. Our algorithm alternates between exploring and exploiting, it does not require reward observations in exploitations, and it guarantees with a high probability that actions with suboptimality greater than e are never selected in exploitations. Our proposed method can be applied to a variety of learning applications including medical diagnosis, recommender systems, popularity prediction from social networks, network security etc., where at each instance of time vast amounts of different types of information are available to the decision maker, but the effect of an action depends only on a single type.


Ejectors are known to be beneficial to vapor compression cycle performance as they can recover the kinetic energy released during the expansion instead of dissipating it in a throttling process. It is desirable to introduce an adjustable feature to the ejector so that ejector cycle performance can be optimized under different working conditions, which could make ejector technology more suitable for real world applications. Vortex control is a nozzle control mechanism which can possibly be applied to the control of ejector cooling cycles. It utilizes an adjustable vortex at the nozzle inlet to control the nozzle restrictiveness without having to change physical dimensions of the nozzle geometry. In this paper, two different approaches are employed to model the initially subcooled flashing vortex flow in a convergent nozzle at steady state. The first approach assumes that bubble nucleation during the depressurization in the nozzle all occurs at the nozzle wall. Bubbles are regarded as spherical particles that grow and move in the liquid flow field. The second approach assumes that there is an evaporation wave at the nozzle throat. The bubble generation in the upstream of the evaporation wave is neglected, thus the fluid in the upstream of the evaporation wave is assumed to be single-phase incompressible liquid. The modeling results are presented and compared with the experimental results. It has been concluded that bubble nucleation may not all occur at the nozzle wall at high degree of metastability. Nucleation in the bulk of the liquid might be dominant and should possibly be taken into consideration in the modeling. Pressure reduction is required for the kinetic energy increase of the nozzle flow in the azimuthal direction when there is inlet vortex introduced. For the same mass flow rate through the nozzle, the pressure difference from the nozzle inlet to the center of the nozzle throat increases as the inlet vortex becomes stronger. Therefore, less mass flow rate can be driven through the nozzle with stronger inlet vortex for the same degree of metastability at the throat and the same inlet conditions. The change in total mass flow rate is smaller with larger surface roughness for the same inlet vortex strength.


Inspired by the progress of deep neural network (DNN) in single-media retrieval, the researchers have applied the DNN to cross-media retrieval. These methods are mainly two-stage learning: the first stage is to generate the separate representation for each media type, and the existing methods only model the intra-media information but ignore the inter-media correlation with the rich complementary context to the intra-media information. The second stage is to get the shared representation by learning the cross-media correlation, and the existing methods learn the shared representation through a shallow network structure, which cannot fully capture the complex cross-media correlation. For addressing the above problems, we propose the cross-media multiple deep network (CMDN) to exploit the complex cross-media correlation by hierarchical learning. In the first stage, CMDN jointly models the intra-media and intermedia information for getting the complementary separate representation of each media type. In the second stage, CMDN hierarchically combines the inter-media and intra-media representations to further learn the rich cross-media correlation by a deeper two-level network strategy, and finally get the shared representation by a stacked network style. Experiment results show that CMDN achieves better performance comparing with several state-of-the-art methods on 3 extensively used cross-media datasets.


"The purpose of this study was to determine the percent of boys who had hobbies; what influenced their choice of hobbies; what types of hobbies were selected; what were their recreational, educational, and vocational values; and what were their environmental influences...One hundred and ninety-eight questionnaires were filed out in the schools that were in the high economic districts, one hundred ninety-one in the medium districts, and one hundred ninety-seven in the low districts. This made a total of five hundred and sixty-five questionnaires used in the analysis... Comparisons and analyses of all the groups were made by means of numbers, percentages, and averages. "-- leaves 3,7


Identifying the detrimental effect of environmental factors and subsystem interactions are historically one of the most challenging aspects of early hazard assessment in the design of complex avionic systems. Therefore, a complete understanding of potential failure effects before and even after a catastrophe happens is a very difficult task. This paper proposes a model-based hazard analysis procedure for early identification of potential safety issues caused by unexpected environmental factors and subsystem interactions within a complex avionic system. The proposed methodology maps hazard and vulnerability modes to specific components in the system and analyzes the hazard propagation paths for risk control and protection strategies. The main advantage of the proposed method is the ability to provide the designers with means to use low-fidelity, high level models to identify hazardous interactions. Using this technique, designers can examine the collective impacts of environmental and subsystem risks on overall system during early stages of design and develop a hazard mitigation strategy.


A survey of disease problems adversely affecting cultured shrimp at farms in Southern Taiwan was conducted in March of 1986. Farms selected for inclusion in the survey were experiencing a variety disease problems in their shrimp stocks, including mortality, poor growth, and reduced food conversion efficiency. Some apparently healthy cultured penaeid stocks were also sampled and examined for signs of subclinical disease. Most of the eight facilities surveyed cultured Penaeus monodon exclusively, although two also contained other species (P. penicillatus, P. vannamei, and P. semisulcatus). These were also sampled and examined. Important virus pathogens found during the survey included the P. monodon-type baculovirus (MBV) found in both P. monodon and P. semisulcatus, and infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis (IHHN) virus disease in P. vannamei. MBV was the most prevalent major pathogen encountered in the survey, and it was found in samples of P. monodon from seven of the eight locations surveyed and in the single sample of P. semisulcatus. These findings indicate that MBV is a common infectious agent in cultured stocks of these species in Taiwan.The disease hemocytic enteritis (HE) was also commonly observed in shrimp from five of the eight locations surveyed. This may indicate that the disease, which may be caused by an enteric toxin produced by certain types of blue-green algae, is an important disease of cultured shrimp in Taiwan. Also found in the study were two idiopathic syndromes which often, but not always, occurred together in the same shrimp. The first of these syndromes was a generalized diffuse inflammatory disease (II), which was found in several populations of P. monodon and in two stocks of P. penicillatus. The other idiopathic condition, often was observed in shrimp with II, was characterized by hypertrophy of Oka's lymphoid organ, and disassociation and metastasis of spherical clumps of cells derived from the hypertrophied organ. A number of apparently ubiquitous penaeid epicommensals were observed on the gills, appendages, and general body surface of many shrimp sampled in the survey, and some were associated with disease and mortality.


Prairie Gothic is rich in Texas history. It is the story of Erickson s family, ordinary people who, through strength of character, found dignity in the challenges presented by nature and human nature. It is also the story of the place instrumental in shaping their lives the flatland prairie of northwestern Texas that has gone by various names (High Plains, South Plains, Staked Plains, and Llano Estacado), as well as the rugged country on its eastern boundary, often referred to as the caprock canyonlands. One branch of Erickson's family arrived in Texas in 1858, settling in Parker County, west of Weatherford. Another helped establish the first community on the South Plains, the Quaker colony of Estacado. They crossed paths with numerous prominent people in Texas history: Sam Houston, Sul Ross, Charles Goodnight, Cynthia Ann and Quanah Parker, Jim Loving, and a famous outlaw, Tom Ross. Erickson's research took him into the homes of well-known Texas authors, such as J. Evetts Haley and John Graves. Graves had written about the death of Erickson s great-great grandmother, Martha Sherman. The theme that runs throughout the book is that of family, of four generations' efforts to nurture the values of civilized people: reverence of the written word, honesty, godliness, thrift, and personal relationship. It is the story of pioneer women and their struggles to keep their families together; it is the story of cowboys, outlaws, and Indian raids, told against the background of a harsh environment of droughts, blizzards, and rattlesnakes; and it is universal. Erickson has created a fascinating blend of family and regional history.


We observed superluminal Gaussian light pulse propagation in a Bi12SiO20 crystal at room temperature by use of the dispersive phase coupling in the photorefractive two-wave mixing process. A negative group velocity of -2.6 m/s was achieved. The group velocity of the light pulse was able to be modified to quite a large extent by means of modification of the experimental conditions such as the total intensity of the two coupling beams.


Although the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) routinely lives for more than 12 yr in ex situ collections, females older than 8 yr reproduce infrequently. We tested the hypothesis that reproduction is compromised in older female cheetahs due to a combination of disrupted gonadal, oocyte, and uterine function/integrity. Specifically, we assessed 1) ovarian response to gonadotropins; 2) oocyte meiotic, fertilization, and developmental competence; and 3) uterine morphology in three age classes of cheetahs (young, 2–5 yr, n = 17; prime, 6–8 yr, n = 8; older, 9–15 yr, n = 9). Ovarian activity was stimulated with a combination of equine chorionic gonadotropin and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), and fecal samples were collected for 45 days before gonadotropin treatment and for 30 days after oocyte recovery by laparoscopy. Twenty-six to thirty hours post-hCG, uterine morphology was examined by ultrasound, ovarian follicular size determined by laparoscopy, and aspirated oocytes assessed for nuclear status or inseminated in vitro. Although no influence of age on fecal hormone concentrations or gross uterine morphology was found (P > 0.05), older females produced fewer (P < 0.05) total antral follicles and oocytes compared to younger counterparts. Regardless of donor age, oocytes had equivalent (P > 0.05) nuclear status and ability to reach metaphase II and fertilize in vitro. A histological assessment of voucher specimens revealed an age-related influence on uterine tissue integrity, with more than 87% and more than 56% of older females experiencing endometrial hyperplasia and severe pathologies, respectively. Our collective findings reveal that lower reproductive success in older cheetahs appears to be minimally influenced by ovarian and gamete aging and subsequent dysfunction. Rather, ovaries from older females are responsive to gonadotropins, produce normative estradiol/progestogen concentrations, and develop follicles containing oocytes with the capacity to mature and be fertilized. A more likely cause of reduced fertility may be the high prevalence of uterine endometrial hyperplasia and related pathologies. The discovery that a significant proportion of oocytes from older females have developmental capacity in vitro suggests that in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer may be useful for "rescuing" the genome of older, nonreproductive cheetahs.


This volume constitutes the proceedings of the combined 7th International Workshop on Trends in Enterprise Architecture Research (TEAR 2012) and the 5th Working Conference on Practice-Driven Research on Enterprise Transformation (PRET-5), held in Barcelona, Spain, October 23-24, 2012, and co-located with The Open Group's Conference on Enterprise Architecture, Cloud Computing, and Security. Joining the forces of the two events with The Open Group Conference provided the unique opportunity for an intensive exchange between practitioners as well as for discussions on standardization efforts and academic research in the areas of enterprise transformation and enterprise architecture (EA). Based on careful reviews by at least three Program Committee members, 18 papers were chosen for inclusion in these proceedings. They were presented in six sessions on enterprise architecture management (EAM) effectivity, languages for EA, EAM and the ability to change, advanced topics in EA, governing enterprise transformations, and EA applications.


Domestic violence is a global phenomenon, but it takes on specific modalities in different cultural and geo-political settings. Drawing on evidence from the Northern Irish case, this article is concerned with exploring the relationship between domestic violence and the international and national sociopolitical context which domestic violence is perpetrated in and responded to. The Northern Irish case reveals a high level of political, religious and ethnic contestation at a societal level, a patriarchal social structure and conservative attitudes, each of which influence experiences of and responses to domestic violence. These factors exist alongside a number of groundbreaking changes to the overall political context and to domestic violence policies in Northern Ireland. This article seeks to explore the impact of these sociopolitical factors and changes on patterns of domestic violence in Northern Ireland over the last thirty years. The article is concerned with identifying how domestic violence responses are shaped by the sociopolitical context, what progress has been made in policy responses to domestic violence and the gaps that remain.


This bachelor thesis is concerned with arrangements of hyperplanes, that
is, finite collections of hyperplanes in a finite-dimensional vector
space. Such arrangements can be studied using methods from
combinatorics, topology or algebraic geometry. Our focus lies on an
algebraic object associated to an arrangement \(\mathcal{A}\), the module \(\mathcal{D(A)}\) of
logarithmic derivations along \(\mathcal{A}\). It was introduced by K. Saito in the
context of singularity theory, and intensively studied by Terao and
others. If \(\mathcal{D(A)}\) admits a basis, the arrangement \(\mathcal{A}\) is called free.
Ziegler generalized the concept of freeness to so-called
multiarrangements, where each hyperplane carries a multiplicity. Terao
conjectured that freeness of arrangements can be decided based on the
combinatorics. We pursue the analogous question for multiarrangements in
special cases. Firstly, we give a new proof of a result of Ziegler
stating that generic multiarrangements are totally non-free, that is,
non-free for any multiplicity. Our proof relies on the new concept of
unbalanced multiplicities. Secondly, we consider freeness asymptotically
for increasing multiplicity of a fixed hyperplane. We give an explicit
bound for the multiplicity where the freeness property has stabilized.


Despite the proven efficacy of decision aids as interventions for increasing patient engagement and facilitating shared decision making, they are not used routinely in clinical care. Findings from a project designed to achieve such integration, conducted at five primary care practices in 2010-12, document low rates of distribution of decision aids to eligible patients due for colorectal cancer screening (9.3 percent) and experiencing back pain (10.7 percent). There were also no lasting increases in distribution rates in response to training sessions and other promotional activities for physicians and clinic staff. The results of focus groups, ethnographic field notes, and surveys suggest that major structural and cultural changes in health care practice and policy are necessary to achieve the levels of use of decision aids and shared decision making in routine practice envisioned in current policy. Among these changes are ongoing incentives for use, physician training, and a team-based practice model in which all care team members bear formal responsibility for the use of decision aids in routine primary care.


© 2012 Darren Thiel. All rights reserved. Building workers constitute between five and ten per cent of the total labour market in almost every country of the world. They construct, repair and maintain the vital physical infrastructure of our societies, and we rely upon and trust their achievements every day. Yet we know surprisingly little about builders, their cultures, the organization of their work or the business relations that constitute their industry. This book, based on one-year's participant observation on a London construction site, redresses this gap in our knowledge by taking a close-up look at a section of building workers and businessmen.By examining the organizational features of the building project and describing the skill, sweat, malingering, humour and humanity of the building workers, Thiel illustrates how the builders were mostly autonomous from formal managerial control, regulating their own outputs and labour markets. This meant that the men's ethnic, class and gender-bound cultural activities fundamentally underpinned the organization of their work and the broader construction economy, and thereby highlights the continuing centrality of class-bound culture and social stratification in a post-industrial, late modern world. Thiel outlines the on-going connections and intersections between economy, state, class and culture, ultimately showing how these factors interrelated to produce the building industry, its builders, and its buildings.Based predominately on cultural and economic sociology, this book will also be of interest to those working in the fields of gender and organizational studies; social class and inequality; migration and ethnicity; urban studies; and social identities.


In the West, "the Left," understood as a loose conglomeration of interests centered around the goal of a fairer and more equal society, still struggles to make its voice heard and its influence felt, even amid an overwhelming global recession. In Arts of the Political: New Openings for the Left , Ash Amin and Nigel Thrift argue that only by broadening the domain of what is considered political and what can be made into politics will the Left be able to respond forcefully to injustice and inequality. In particular, the Left requires a more imaginative and experimental approach to the politics of creating a better society. The authors propose three political arts that they consider crucial to transforming the Left: boosting invention, leveraging organization, and mobilizing affect. They maintain that successful Left political movements tend to surpass traditional notions of politics and open up political agency to these kinds of considerations. In other words, rather than providing another blueprint for the future, Amin and Thrift concentrate their attention on a more modest examination of the conduct of politics itself and the ways that it can be made more effective.


Individuals living with type 1 or type 2 diabetes are at increased risk for depression, anxiety, and eating disorder diagnoses. Mental health comorbidities of diabetes compromise adherence to treatment and thus increase the risk for serious short- and long-term complications, which can result in blindness, amputations, stroke, cognitive decline, decreased quality of life, and premature death. When mental health comorbidities of diabetes are not diagnosed and treated, the financial cost to society and health care systems is substantial, as are the morbidity and health consequences for patients. In this View point, we summarize the prevalence and consequences of mental health problems for patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes and suggest strategies for identifying and treating patients with diabetes and mental health comorbidities.


A novel method of obtaining two orthogonal velocity components with high spatial and temporal resolution is investigated. Both components are obtained utilizing a single sensing nanoribbon by combining the two independent operating modes of classic hot wire anemometry and the newly discovered elastic filament velocimetry (EFV). In contrast to hot wire anemometry, EFV measures fluid velocity through correlating the fluid forcing with the internal strain of the wire. In order to utilize both modes of operation, a system that switches between the two operating modes is built and characterized, and the theoretically predicted sensing response time in water is compared to experimental results. The sensing system is capable of switching between the two modes of operation at a frequency of 100 kHz with minimal attenuation with an uncompensated repetition rate up to 3 kHz or up to 10 kHz utilizing modest signal compensation. While further characterization of the sensor performance in air is needed, this methodology enables a technique for obtaining well-resolved yet cost-efficient directional measurements of flow velocities which, for example, can be used for distributed measurements of velocity or measurements of turbulent stresses with excellent spatial resolution.


Urban sprawl has been related to numerous negative environmental and socioeconomic impacts. Meanwhile, urban areas have been growing at alarming rates, urging for assessing sprawl towards sustainable development. However, sprawl is an elusive term and different approaches to measure it have lead to heterogeneous results. Moreover, most studies rely on pri-vate/commercial data-sets and their software is rarely made public, impeding research reproducibility and comparability. Furthermore, many works give as result a unique value for a region of analysis, dismissing local spatial diversity that is vital for urban planners and policy makers. We present in this paper an open source framework for assessing urban sprawl using open data. Locations of residential and activity units are used to measure mixed use development and built-up dispersion, whereas the street network is used to measure accessibility between different land uses. Sprawl patterns are identified, and the resulting spatial information allows focusing on particular neighborhoods for a fine-grained analysis, as well as visualizing each sprawl dimension separately.


As our social institutions migrate into cyberspace, the digitally disenfranchised face increasing hardships. What happens when -- in search of quick and cheap fixes -- a government office shuts down and is replaced by a public Web site? What happens when a company accepts only online job applications? Inevitably, those most in need of the services and opportunities offered are further marginalized. In Digital Nation, Tony Wilhelm shows us how to build a more inclusive information society, offering a plan that reaps the benefits offered by the new technology while avoiding the pitfalls of social exclusion.Technology, he tells us, isn't the problem -- it's the use of technology that can empower or control, unite or divide; we need to recover the ideas of social justice and fairness that have been lost in the rush to make things faster and cheaper. In Wilhelm's vision of an inclusive digital nation, everyone can take advantage of the new technology. With everyone part of the information society, we can revolutionize the way we educate our citizens, deliver healthcare, and engage in productive work. The result will be increased efficiency and productivity that will lead to long-term savings of billions of dollars and an enhanced quality of life as technology expands choice and opportunity. We can begin to bring this about by expanding access to computers and making it easier to acquire digital literacy skills. To do nothing -- to turn a blind eye to the promise of an inclusive technology -- would cost us socially and economically. Digital Nation's call for action sets the terms for a new debate on bridging the digital divide.


We report data from 9 participants with right hemisphere stroke on a new virtual reality (VR) wheelchair navigation test designed to assess lateralized spatial attention and neglect. The test consists of a virtual winding path along which participants must navigate (or be navigated by an experimenter) as they name objects encountered along the way. There are 4 VR task conditions, obtained by crossing the factors array complexity (simple, complex) and driver (participant, experimenter). Participants performed the VR task, a real-life wheelchair navigation task, and a battery of tests assessing arousal, visual attention under secondary task demands, and neglect. The VR test showed sensitivity to both array complexity and driver, with best performance occurring in the experimenter-navigated, simple array condition. The VR test also showed high correlations with the wheelchair navigation test, and these correlations were in many instances higher than those between traditional clinical neglect tests and the wheelchair navigation task. Moreover, the VR test detected lateralized attention deficits in participants whose performance was within the normal range on other neglect tests. We conclude that the VR task is sensitive to factors likely to affect the severity of neglect in the daily environment, and shows promise as an efficient, easily administered measure of real-life wheelchair navigation


Significance The Early Neolithic massacre-related mass grave of Schöneck-Kilianstädten presented here provides new data and insights for the ongoing discussions of prehistoric warfare in Central Europe. Although several characteristics gleaned from the analysis of the human skeletal remains support and strengthen previous hypotheses based on the few known massacre sites of this time, a pattern of intentional mutilation of violence victims identified here is of special significance. Adding another key site to the evidence for Early Neolithic warfare generally allows more robust and reliable reconstructions of the possible reasons for the extent and frequency of outbreaks of lethal mass violence and the general impact these events had on shaping the further development of the Central European Neolithic. Conflict and warfare are central but also disputed themes in discussions about the European Neolithic. Although a few recent population studies provide broad overviews, only a very limited number of currently known key sites provide precise insights into moments of extreme and mass violence and their impact on Neolithic societies. The massacre sites of Talheim, Germany, and Asparn/Schletz, Austria, have long been the focal points around which hypotheses concerning a final lethal crisis of the first Central European farmers of the Early Neolithic Linearbandkeramik Culture (LBK) have concentrated. With the recently examined LBK mass grave site of Schöneck-Kilianstädten, Germany, we present new conclusive and indisputable evidence for another massacre, adding new data to the discussion of LBK violence patterns. At least 26 individuals were violently killed by blunt force and arrow injuries before being deposited in a commingled mass grave. Although the absence and possible abduction of younger females has been suggested for other sites previously, a new violence-related pattern was identified here: the intentional and systematic breaking of lower limbs. The abundance of the identified perimortem fractures clearly indicates torture and/or mutilation of the victims. The new evidence presented here for unequivocal lethal violence on a large scale is put into perspective for the Early Neolithic of Central Europe and, in conjunction with previous results, indicates that massacres of entire communities were not isolated occurrences but rather were frequent features of the last phases of the LBK.


This article deals with modelling the Probability density function of IPTV traffic packet delay variation. The use of this modelling is in an efficient de-jitter buffer estimation. When an IP packet travels across a network, it experiences delay and its variation. This variation is caused by routing, queueing systems and other influences like the processing delay of the network nodes. When we try to separate these at least three types of delay variation, we need a way to measure these types separately. This work is aimed to the delay variation caused by queueing systems which has the main implications to the form of the Probability density function.


A homologous series of unsymmetric bent-core compounds derived from 4′-hydroxybiphenyl-3-carboxylic acid and having strongly distinct chains at both ends has been synthesized and characterized. The liquid crystalline self-assembly of the compounds was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, optical polarizing microscopy, X-ray scattering and electro-optic methods. With increasing chain length and upon cooling a series of smectic phases was observed, starting from SmA phases having an unusual structure composed of domains with a randomized tilt direction. This is followed by a series of biaxial smectic phases, involving a smectic phase composed of tilt domains with increased size (SmCr), anticlinic and synclinic tilted smectic phases (SmCs, SmCa) and finally columnar phases with an oblique (Colobl) or pseudo-rectangular (Colrec) lattice. This phase sequence is the result of the competition between an emerging tilt, the dense packing of the bent aromatic cores leading to restricted rotation and contributing to phase biaxiality, and the steric distortion of the dense packing by the bulky 3,7-dimethyloctyloxy chains, inhibiting the formation of long range polar order. In all smectic phases the tilt is relatively small, thus providing only weak layer coupling and this provides the basis for sensitive regulatory networks determining the mode of molecular self-assembly in the resulting LC phases. The columnar phases have a tilted B1rev-like ribbon structure with a temperature and chain length dependent inversion of the sign of birefringence. Though none of the racemic compounds show polar switching, the (S)-enantiomer of one compound shows ferroelectric-like switching in an anticlinic tilted smectic phase (SmCaPR*).


This thesis explores the relationships between people, water, and places in the everyday life of the Yolngu people of Yilpara in northeast Arnhem Land. In the Yolngu world, a sophisticated understanding of the fluid and dynamic relationships between fresh and saltwater is given a greater priority than the division of the coast into land and sea. These waters are continually moving and mixing, both underground and on the surface, across an area that stretches from several kilometres inland to the deep sea, and they combine with clouds, rain, tides, and seasonal patterns in a coastal water cycle. Yolngu people use their understanding of water flows as one basis for generating systems of coastal ownership, whilst water also provides a source of rich and complex metaphors in wider social life.

Describing this coastal water cycle provides the basis for a critique of the way European topographic maps represent coastal space, and also for a critique of common formulations of customary marine tenure (CMT). However as a methodological tool, I use maps to provide a detailed analysis of people's connections to place and as part of a wider examination of how places are generated and sustained. In this way the thesis contributes to anthropology, marine studies, and indigenous studies as well as touching on some issues of coastal geography. The approach I adopt has a phenomenological emphasis, since it enables me to show how Yolngu concepts arise out of and articulate with their experience of living in their environment and of using knowledge in context. This perspective contributes fresh ethnographic insights to some ongoing contemporary debates about people and place.

The paired tropes of flow and movement are used as a gloss throughout the work, as each chapter takes a different domain of human life at Yilpara and explores how water, place, and human movement are manifested in it. Such domains include subsistence hunting and fishing, group and gender distinctions in presence on the country, food sharing, memories of residence and travel, personal names, spirits and Dreaming figures, patterns of coastal ownership, and interactions with professional fishermen. Together, they provide an account of the different ways that people relate to water, place and country in contemporary everyday life. 'Where the Clouds Stand' is predominantly an ethnographically driven work from one locality, but within that approach, it also explores broader considerations of phenomenology, anthropological inquiry, and human life more generally.


Students who work during the school year face the potential of sleep deprivation and its effects, since they have to juggle between school and work responsibilities along with social life. This may leave them with less time left for sleep than their nonworking counterparts. Chronotype is a factor that may exert an influence on the sleep of student workers. Also, light and social zeitgebers may have an impact on the sleep-related problems of this population. This study aimed to document sleep, light exposure patterns, social rhythms, and work-related fatigue of student workers aged 19–21 yrs and explore possible associations with chronotype. A total of 88 student workers (mean ± SD: 20.18 ± .44 yrs of age; 36 males/52 females) wore an actigraph (Actiwatch-L; Mini-Mitter/Respironics,Bend, OR) and filled out the Social Rhythm Metric for two consecutive weeks during the school year. Also, they completed the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and Occupational Fatigue Exhaustion/Recovery Scale (OFER). Repeated and one-way analyses of variance (ANOVAs), Pearson's chi-square tests, and correlation coefficients were used for statistical comparisons. Subjects slept an average of 06:28 h/night. Actigraphic sleep parameters, such as sleep duration, sleep efficiency, wake after sleep onset, and sleep latency, did not differ between chronotypes. Results also show that evening types (n = 17) presented lower subjective sleep quality than intermediate types (n = 58) and morning types (n = 13). Moreover, evening types reported higher levels of chronic work-related fatigue, exhibited less regular social rhythms, and were exposed to lower levels of light during their waking hours (between 2 and 11 h after wake time) as compared to intermediate types and morning types. In addition, exposure to light intensities between 100 and 500 lux was lower in evening types than in intermediate types and morning types. However, bright light exposure (≥1000 lux) did not differ between chronotypes. In conclusion, results suggest that student workers may constitute a high-risk population for sleep deprivation. Evening types seemed to cope less well with sleep deprivation, reporting poorer sleep quality and higher levels of work-related fatigue than intermediate types and morning types. The higher chronic work-related fatigue of evening types may be linked to their attenuated level of light exposure and weaker social zeitgebers. These results add credence to the hypothesis that eveningness entails a higher risk of health-impairing behaviors. (Author correspondence: firstname.lastname@example.com)


This article focuses on the historical role of state marital property law in shaping the current federal tax rules regarding taxation of the family. Now that a number of states have granted status recognition to same-sex couples and granted them marital property rights, the tension between state property law and federal tax law has produced new problems. This article identifies those problems and proposes a solution that would restore uniformity and tax all families fairly.