This study evaluated the suitability of canola and flaxseed oils as source of supplemental dietary lipid for fingerlings of rainbow trout. Triplicate groups of the 30 fingerlings were fed twice daily by iso-nitrogenous, and iso-calorific diets for 8 weeks. Experimental diets consisted of 30.2% protein, 18.6 kJ/g energy and 16.6% lipid from fish oil, canola oil, flaxseed oil, 1:1 blends of fish and canola oils, 1:1 blends of fish and flaxseed oils, 1:1 blends of canola and flaxseed oils and 1:1:1 blends of fish, canola and flaxseed oils. Protein and lipid was significantly highest in fish fed the fish and canola oils diet. Condition factor of fingerlings reared on fish oil diet were significantly higher than other treatments. Protein efficiency ratio (PER) was significantly higher in fish fed the flaxseed oil diet and canola and flaxseed oils diet. The results of fatty acid profile revealed that flesh fatty acid composition is effected by dietary fatty acid composition. The highest amounts of HUFA n-3 were detected in fish fed fish oil diet, which was significantly different from other treatments. Present results indicate the fingerlings can be reared on diets in which fish oil has been replaced with canola and flaxseed oils.


This article addresses an important issue not decided by the Court in Heller, i.e., the size or scope of the Second Amendment right identified in that case. Heller is a victory for those opposed to gun control legislation, but it could turn out to be a limited victory, depending on the standard of review adopted to decide Second Amendment challenges to gun control laws. I argue the Court should adopt a heightened rational basis standard that rewards an enlightened legislative process and gives deference to the laws that result from this process. Gun control laws serve an important governmental function, promoting safety, and there should be no presumption of either validity or invalidity. Rather, such laws should be judged on their individual merit, taking into account the extent of the problem in the jurisdiction and the match or fit between the problem and the method selected to address the problem. Legislative bodies that make a good faith effort to achieve their safety goals without unduly burdening the self-defense-related right identified in Heller are entitled to deference.


OF PROJECT Storytelling: A Journey of Self-Discovery and Sharing of Vision This project focused on developing the skill of storytelling, while utilizing the creative process through a journey of self-discovery. The culmination of the project is a personal narrative that delivers a message with the potential to effect positive change in the thinking and behavior of others. A video recording of the story as told by the author is included. The author's process and key learnings are also presented.


SUMMARY: The Messolonghi-Etoliko lagoon is one of the largest lagoon system in the northern Mediterranean coast. This area contains six clearly distinct lagoons with different topographic and hydrological features. The fishery landings of the lagoons are based on the ontogenic and seasonal migrations of the species. The total annual fishery landings of the barrier fish traps are estimated as 195 mt and are mainly composed of 16 species belonging to 8 families. Eel (Anguilla anguilla), the four species of Mugilidae (Liza saliens, L. aurata, L. ramada and Mugil cephalus), the two species of Sparidae (Sparus aurata and Diplodus annularis) and one species of Mullidae (Mullus barbatus) represent more than 92% of the total annual landings. The composition of the fishery landings varies between lagoons. The cluster analysis showed three groups of lagoons. The first group comprised lagoons in which the landings were dominated by eel, the second group was dominated by Mugilidae species and S. aurata, and the third by L. ramada and M. cephalus. The diversity index of the fishery landings is fairly constant in time, except for the Etoliko lagoon, where repeated anoxic crises decreased the diversity index value to almost zero in 1992. All the landing series showed a dominant annual cycle. Two seasonal patterns of the fishery landings were observed and linked to the fish spawning behaviour and/or their reaction to environmental forcings. The first one concerns species caught from summer to early autumn and the second pattern concerns species trapped during their autumn to winter offshore migration.


PURPOSE
In volleyball, teams win the majority of points through attacks (spikes), and therefore attack effectiveness (AE) is one of the most important predictors of victory. Traditionally, greater vertical jump heights (VJH) and higher spike speeds (SS) have been thought to increase AE; however, relevant research is limited. The authors' aim was to assess the relationship of VJH and SS with AE, as well as identifying possible associations of demographic and anthropometric factors, including common volleyball injuries, with VJH, SS, and AE.

METHODS
A total of 22 male volleyball players from 2 teams in the top division of the Cypriot championship were included in the study. VJH was measured with the jump-and-reach test, SS was tested with a sports speed radar, and AE was calculated from performance reports of 4 matches between the 2 teams.

RESULTS
Statistically significant results included positive correlations between VJH and SS, percentage lean mass and SS, body-bone percentage and SS, frequency of volleyball practice and SS, and frequency of resistance training and SS. AE was found to increase with increasing age, while SS over 90 km·h-1 appeared to have a negative effect on AE. History of pain in the dominant shoulder and in the ankles/knees was associated with lower SS and higher VJH, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS
Based on the findings and the existing literature, volleyball players and coaches are advised to focus on maximization of VJH and optimization of attack technique; recommendations to improve attack success are provided.


Law has been trapped in a stylistic straitjacket. The Internet has revolutionized media and communications, replacing text with a dizzying array of multimedia graphics and images. Facebook hosts 150 billion photos. Courts spend millions on trial technology. But those innovations have barely trickled into the black-and-white world of written law. Legal treatises continue to evoke Blackstone and Kent; most legal casebooks are facsimiles of Langdell's; and legal journals resemble the Harvard Law Review circa 1887. None of these influential forms of disseminating the law has embraced — or even nodded to — modern, image-saturated communication norms. Litigants, scholars and courts have been rebooting the same formalist templates for over a century — templates that were formed before widespread use of the camera, never mind the computer. Outside of trial, where image-driven advocacy has a long history, legal practice begins and ends with text.But over the past five years, for the first time — unrecognized by scholars or courts — creative trial lawyers, receptive judges and the iPhone camera are breaching these conservative bulwarks. Images are moving out of the evidentiary margins, driving argument in litigation documents from pleadings to judicial opinions. Unregulated, visual argument threatens fundamental premises of legal discourse and decision-making. Yet in comparison with law's rich and detailed traditions for interpreting ambiguous text, lawyers and judges have few tools beyond common sense with which to ameliorate the interpretive risks of visual persuasion. "I know it when I see it" is not merely an aphorism; it is the reigning interpretive canon for images in law.This Article, the first comprehensive scholarly treatment of images in written legal argument, establishes and critiques the nascent phenomenon of multimedia written advocacy as a vital, if potentially problematic, element of a lawyer's toolbox. It argues that despite substantial risks, the profession should cautiously embrace the communicative power of multimedia writing. It concludes by offering concrete suggestions for the fair regulation of multimedia persuasion, including two foundational canons of visual interpretation — the basis for developing new traditions for integrating images into written advocacy.


Much of the literature on women prisoners' inadequate access to healthcare has focused on the relative rarity of women in prison before the age of mass incarceration. This may explain why prisons initially were poorly equipped to provide healthcare to women, but the gendered nature of Eighth Amendment jurisprudence has allowed prisons to remain so. This Note argues the Supreme Court's standard for prisoners' claims of inadequate medical care under the Eighth Amendment denies women equal access to justice in the wake of inadequate reproductive healthcare. By implicitly requiring that women prisoners compare their medical needs to those of men, the current standard for evaluating prisoners' claims of inadequate medical care, though gender-neutral on its face, creates barriers for women that do not exist for men. In the context of reproductive healthcare, this requirement presents an often-insurmountable obstacle for women prisoners seeking justice under the Eighth Amendment.


The population genetic structure of the forest-dependent rodent, Praomys taitae, sampled from nine indigenous forest fragments distributed over three ranges of the Taita Hills in Kenya, was deter- mined using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region sequence variation. Thirty-three unique haplotypes were observed in a total sample of 132 individuals, whereas the number of different haplotypes per population ranged from two to 10. An overall low nucleotide diversity of 0.9% was observed in the total sample but varied widely between populations (0.2-1.3%). Significant genetic differentiation was observed in 30 of the 36 possible pair-wise comparisons between populations, while a hierarchical AMOVA revealed signifi- cant genetic subdivision between groups of populations on the three hill ranges of Dabida, Mbololo and Kyulu (FCT = 0.404, P < 0.01), among populations on each of the hill ranges (FSC = 0.112, P < 0.01) and among populations in the total sample (FST = 0.471, P < 0.001). Demographic history analyses based on pair-wise nucleotide sequence mismatch distributions revealed that all the populations were in mutation-drift disequilibrium except the popu- lations of the Kyulu and Ronge forest fragments.


The Government of Indonesia executed the Indonesia Sanitation Sector Development Program (ISSDP, April 2006 - January 2010), with financial support from the Governments of the Netherlands and Sweden, as well as management support from the World Bank9s Water and Sanitation Program (WSP). The program assisted a dozen cities to improve sanitation in a wider sense. It covered safe disposal of human excreta and waste water, local drainage, solid waste management and promotion of hygienic practices. The program was demand-based: the cities brought in their own human and financial resources, but got technical assistance for sanitation situation assessments and mapping, sanitation strategy and program development, and finding additional resources for increased implementation. The program had three major thrusts: (1) develop an enabling sanitation environment, (2) raise sanitation awareness and promote good hygiene, and (3) build city sanitation planning capacities and develop city sanitation strategies . The promotion component included development of poor-inclusive sanitation intervention, assisting men, women and children in the poorest neighborhoods to strengthen good and improve bad sanitation and hygiene conditions and practices. Community empowerment is important in urban sanitation development, but at the same time, requires that the social and technical institutions in charge of empowerment and sanitation adopt new skills and techniques for working with communities. Without the right skills to assist the communities, build their skills, and provide some minimal monitoring of performance afterwards, there is a risk of over-expecting what a community can manage. Community empowerment with gender- and poor-inclusive approaches must be integrated into all stages of urban sanitation development, i.e. (1) the organizational development, (2) review of related existing projects and services, (3) formulation of an overall city sanitation strategy and program, and (4) local project planning. Equitably attention for gender and poor is part of the overall organization, strategy formulation, local action planning, program and projects development and implementation, and monitoring and evaluation of outputs, outcomes and impacts.


This study explores the origins and early evolution of the Philanthropic Society with
the aim of making a contribution to our understanding of the dynamics of
philanthropy.
The Society was founded, in 1788, at a time of growing public concern over the
failure of existing legal measures to stem a perceived rising tide of crime. Explicitly
conceived as a crime prevention enterprise, the Society focused its attention on a
constituency of poor children who either seemed destined for or who had already
embarked on a criminal career. The Society's educational experiment in moulding
them into law-abiding citizens was initially located in a group of family houses
scattered around the village of Hackney. It then made a swift transition to a purpose built
Institution in Southwark and remained there until a decision to establish a
Reformatory Farm School, at Redhill, was taken in 1848.
On one level, this study describes how the Society's development was nurtured by
Philanthropists with a diversity of interests in the fields of commerce, jurisprudence,
medicine, local poor-law and penal administration. It presents new information on the
interplay of ideas and influences that helped shape the Society's institutional policy
and practice over the period.
At another level, this study takes us through a pre-modem policy landscape to the
point at which a voluntary enterprise in protection, prevention and reformation
attracted the support of the Government and became the subject of statutory action.
By examining hitherto underused Philanthropic archival sources and previously
overlooked Government documents, it traces a complex network of interaction
between informal and formal agencies in the dissemination of reforming ideas and the
shaping of social policy. In doing so, it describes how conventional views on the
respective roles and relationships between charitable agencies and the State began to
change during the early nineteenth century. A revised version of this thesis has been published as 'Nipping crime in the bud: how the philanthropic quest was put into law' (2010), Waterside Press, Hook, ISBN 1904380654


Learning often involves sensitive data and as such, privacy preserving extensions to Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) and other machine learning algorithms have been developed using the definitions of Differential Privacy (DP). In differentially private SGD, the gradients computed at each training iteration are subject to two different types of noise. Firstly, inherent sampling noise arising from the use of minibatches. Secondly, additive Gaussian noise from the underlying mechanisms that introduce privacy. In this study, we show that these two types of noise are equivalent in their effect on the utility of private neural networks, however they are not accounted for equally in the privacy budget. Given this observation, we propose a training paradigm that shifts the proportions of noise towards less inherent and more additive noise, such that more of the overall noise can be accounted for in the privacy budget. With this paradigm, we are able to improve on the state-of-the-art in the privacy/utility tradeoff of private end-to-end CNNs.


The genetic and genomic mechanisms underlying evolutionary innovations are of fundamental importance to our understanding of animal evolution. Snake venom represents one such innovation and has been hypothesised to have originated and diversified via a process that involves duplication of genes encoding body proteins and subsequent recruitment of the copy to the venom gland where natural selection can act to develop or increase toxicity. However, gene duplication is known to be a rare event in vertebrate genomes and the recruitment of duplicated genes to a novel expression domain (neofunctionalisation) is an even rarer process that requires the evolution of novel combinations of transcription factor binding sites in upstream regulatory regions. This hypothesis concerning the evolution of snake venom is therefore very unlikely. Nonetheless, it is often assumed to be established fact and this has hampered research into the true origins of snake venom toxins. We have generated transcriptomic data for a diversity of body tissues and salivary and venom glands from venomous and non-venomous reptiles, which has allowed us to critically evaluate this hypothesis. Our comparative transcriptomic analysis of venom and salivary glands and body tissues in five species of reptile reveals that snake venom does not evolve via the hypothesised process of duplication and recruitment of body proteins. Indeed, our results show that many proposed venom toxins are in fact expressed in a wide variety of body tissues, including the salivary gland of non-venomous reptiles and have therefore been restricted to the venom gland following duplication, not recruited. Thus snake venom evolves via the duplication and subfunctionalisation of genes encoding existing salivary proteins. These results highlight the danger of the "just-so story" in evolutionary biology, where an elegant and intuitive idea is repeated so often that it assumes the mantle of established fact, to the detriment of the field as a whole.


While the authors of Batch Normalization (BN) identify and address an important problem involved in training deep networks-- \textit{Internal Covariate Shift}-- the current solution has certain drawbacks. For instance, BN depends on batch statistics for layerwise input normalization during training which makes the estimates of mean and standard deviation of input (distribution) to hidden layers inaccurate due to shifting parameter values (especially during initial training epochs). Another fundamental problem with BN is that it cannot be used with batch-size $ 1 $ during training. We address these drawbacks of BN by proposing a non-adaptive normalization technique for removing covariate shift, that we call \textit{Normalization Propagation}. Our approach does not depend on batch statistics, but rather uses a data-independent parametric estimate of mean and standard-deviation in every layer thus being computationally faster compared with BN. We exploit the observation that the pre-activation before Rectified Linear Units follow Gaussian distribution in deep networks, and that once the first and second order statistics of any given dataset are normalized, we can forward propagate this normalization without the need for recalculating the approximate statistics for hidden layers.


Galvanization is a metal coating process in which a ferrous part is coated with a thin layer of zinc. The zinc coating seals the surface of the part from the environment, preventing oxidation and weathering from occurring. The primary method of galvanization is "hot dip galvanization", which has been in use for over 150 years. While the idea of coating a part in molten zinc was first proposed by chemist Paul Jacques Malouin in 1742, the process was not put into practice until patented by chemist Stanislas Sorel in 1836. Sorel's process has changed little since then, and still involves coating a part in molten zinc after cleaning it with an acid solution and coating the part in flux. Galvanization helps to extend the life of steel parts by providing a barrier between the steel and the atmosphere, preventing iron oxide from forming on the surface of the steel. Galvanization also provides superior corrosion resistance to parts exposed to the environment. Galvanization provides a cost-effective solution for coating steel parts, specifically those that will receive significant environmental exposure over their lifetime.


This paper describes the experimental and theoretical analysis carried out to improve our knowledge of the stability of near-bed rubble-mound structures. Laboratory tests have been performed to improve the data base on the stability of this kind of structure. The experimental results are compared with the results of three different approaches to stability: dimensional analysis, Morison forces and forces derived from bed shear stresses. In all cases considered, the influence of the geometry of the structure has not been taken into account, and the characteristics of the flow around the structures have been obtained from linear wave theory. The analysis of the data shows that the mobility parameter, a non-dimensional form of the bed shear stress, gives the best representation of the damage in these structures. From the analysis it can also be concluded that inertia forces are not relevant in the representation of the damage using Morison forces. Based on these approaches, some formulations of damage are presented. These formulations indicate that, for the first stages of damage, damage varies almost linearly with force (Morison or bed shear stress).


Monetary Theory and Policy presents an advanced treatment of critical topics in monetary economics and the models economists use to investigate the interactions between real and monetary factors. It provides extensive coverage of general equilibrium models of money, models of the short-run real effects of monetary policy, and game-theoretic approaches to monetary policy. Among the topics covered are money-in-the-utility-function models, cash-in-advance models, money and public finance, the credit channel of money, models of time consistency, monetary policy operating procedures, and interest rates and monetary policy. The book uses dynamic simulations to evaluate quantitatively the significance of the channels through which monetary policy and inflation affect the economy. It extensively examines modern approaches to monetary policy that stress the incentives facing central banks and the strategic interactions between central banks and the private sector. Where most treatments of monetary policy emphasize money supply control and money demand, this book focuses on the implications of interest rate control for monetary policy. The book is designed for advanced graduate students in monetary economics, economic researchers, and economists working in policy institutions and central banks. This second edition includes new discussions of empirical evidence on the interest elasticity of money demand, the fiscal theory of the price level, the new Keynesian model, optimal policies in forward-looking models, stability and the Taylor principle, and open economy new Keynesian models. It also expands its coverage of multiple equilibria, the role of timing assumptions in cash-in-advance models, and the Ramsey approach to optimal monetary taxation. A new chapter treats policy analysis in new Keynesisan models; the discussion includes the derivation of the policy objective function, optimal commitment and discretionary outcome, targeting rules, and instrument rules.


The articles in this issue speak to some on-going and current debates and practice related to cinema and film ranging from cinephilia to multiscreen art installations. The articles consider the expansion of cinema experiences into other locations and on other devices. Cinema is considered holistically as technology, space, experience and form. New and emerging technologies inform much of the current thinking about cinema, not only those technologies of exhibition and film form, but also those related to wider communication practices. Indeed the culture of cinema and film- the sharing of information around them, as well as the experiences that might compete with them- are as significant as any other. Rather than consider cinema and film as challenged by emerging technologies, experiences or practices, these articles propose an expanding outwards: to the streets where live events or performances draw the pleasures of the screen out into the world; to multiscreen projection and the narrative 'play' enabled by such; to the re-emergence of cinephilia through memory of cinema-going; and, finally, to digital platforms that enhance and revitalise the cinema as pleasurable experience.


Dissolving pulps are the raw materials of cellulose derivatives and of many other cellulosic products. Jute is a very good source of cellulose and worthy of consideration for the production of dissolving pulp. In this investigation jute fiber, jute cuttings, and jute caddis were used as raw materials to prepare dissolving pulp by a formic acid process. A very high bleached pulp yield (49 to 59%) was obtained in this process. The alpha-cellulose content was 93 to 98%, with a high pulp viscosity. Also a good brightness (81 to 87%) was achieved in totally chlorine free bleaching. Jute fiber showed the best and jute caddis showed lowest performance in producing dissolving pulp via the formic acid process. R18-R10 values were much lower than for conventional dissolving pulp.


This study assessed ecological and socio-economic impacts of a participatory forest management project in the Republic of Benin. The study focused on the Wari-Maro Forest Reserve and the 'Projet d'Aménagement des Massifs Forestiers' five years after its completion. A forest inventory was carried out using 37 square plots of 729 m2 each to characterise the population structure of two types of plantations established: plantations with exotic species and plantations with native species. In addition, individual surveys were conducted with local households, organs of joint forest management and forestry officers to evaluate their perceptions about the participatory management of the plantations. Finally, the sustainability of the participatory management was assessed with an established rating system. Results showed that plantations with exotic species were more successful than plantations with native species. Local communities argued that they have not been involved in the plantations design but only in the implementation step and that their standards of living have decreased after the project completion. The rating system used showed that the participatory management of plantations had a short-term sustainability. The findings suggest that future projects should be designed and implemented with better participation of local communities as full partners.


OBJECTIVE
To communicate HPN data obtained from the HPN registry of the NADYA-SENPE group (www.nadya-senpe.com) for the year 2016.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
Descriptive analysis of the data collected from adult and pediatric patients with HPN in the NADYA-SENPE group registry from January 1st, 2016 to December 31st, 2016.

RESULTS
There were 286 patients from 42 Spanish hospitals (54.2% women), 34 children and 252 adults, with 294 episodes, which represent a prevalence rate of 6.16 patients / million inhabitants / year 2016. The most frequent diagnosis in adults was "palliative cancer" (25.8%), followed by "others". In children it was "motility alterations" with 6 cases (17.6%), Hirschsprung's disease and necrotising enterocolitis, both with 5 children (14.7%). The first indication was short bowel syndrome in both children (64.7%) and adults (37.3%), followed by intestinal obstruction in 28.6% adults and 14.7% in children. The most frequently used type of catheter was tunnelled in both children (70.6%) and adults (37.9%). The most frequent complication in adults was infection related to the catheter, which presented a rate of 0.48 infections / 1,000 days of NPD. During this period, 71 episodes ended in adults and the main cause was death (57.7%) followed by resuming the oral route (31%).

CONCLUSIONS
There is a progressive increase of centers and professional collaborators in the registry who report patients receiving parenteral nutrition at home. The main indications of HPN and the motive for ending have remained stable.


A uniform source situated at a fixed location starts to emit dust at a certain time, t = 0, and maintains the same action for t> 0. The subsequent spread of the dust into space is governed by an initial boundary value problem of the atmospheric diffusion equation. The equation has been solved when the wind speed is uniform and diffusion is present both along the vertical and the horizontal for a general source. The solution is obtained in a closed form. The behaviour of the solution is illustrated by means of two examples, one of which is relevant to industrial pollution and the other to the environment. The solution is represented in graphic form. It is found that the spread of dust into space depends mainly on the type of source and on the horizontal component of diffusion. For weak diffusion, the dust travels horizontally with a vertical front at the uniform speed of the flow. In the presence of horizontal diffusion, dust diffuses vertically and horizontally. For a point source, the distribution of dust possesses a line of extensive pollution. For a finite-line source, the dust concentration possesses a point of accumulation that moves both horizontally and vertically with time.


IN TRAVELING AROUND THE NATION AND THROUGHOUT THE EUROPEAN AND Pacific theaters during World War II, soldiers from the South encountered cultures, economies, and political ideas beyond the realm of southern tradition. After the war, armed with new exemptions from poll taxes, Georgia soldiers injected a strong dose of uncertainty into state politics.(1) Local dynasties pondered the electoral potential that the veterans represented: Would they vote to defend southern tradition and, by extension, the fight of incumbents to rule? Or had wartime service altered their attitude to the southern status quo? In Georgia black and white veterans confirmed both the worst fears and best hopes of political pundits across the region. They launched numerous powerful and multifaceted assaults on the provincial and undemocratic nature of southern politics, expressing an energetic sense of civic duty and entitlement derived by and large from service in the war. Above all, Georgia's veterans wanted their well-deserved share of political and economic opportunities unleashed by the war. When they returned home from the service, however, they confronted a conservative, complacent, and often reactionary leadership determined to hold onto the power and privileges that had long perpetuated Bourbon rule. For veterans weary of war and anxious to take advantage of new opportunities, postwar Georgia posed a disturbing conundrum: achieving the quality of life they believed they had earned required waging another war--this time at home--against the political, economic, and racial traditions that upheld the one-party South. An account of their efforts to achieve these goals illustrates the difficulty in determining whether World War II was an agent of political change or political continuity in Georgia and the South. The activities that black and white veterans pursued were fraught with contradiction. For example, those who assaulted the citadels of southern racial tradition confronted other veterans policing the ramparts of white supremacy. These contradictions, however, make veteran activism a useful barometer by which to measure the war's political impact. Through their efforts to implement often conflicting understandings of the war's meaning, southern veterans did much to define the political legacy of the war as disruptive and contradictory for Georgia and the South. They destabilized conservative Democratic hegemony, made racial reform and economic development the key issues of the postwar era, and determined that the politics of growth would prevail over the politics of progressive racial reform. It was a complicated political legacy, one that testified to the war's role in generating considerable political and social turmoil. African American veterans who returned to Georgia were determined to exercise their rights of citizenship.(2) They organized to protect their veterans' benefits, protested police brutality, and used voter registration drives to increase black political influence. Through it all, Georgia's black veterans asserted a strong moral claim to citizenship, respect, and justice, which they felt should reward their service in the war. Their efforts helped to elevate postwar registration and voting to unprecedented levels, boosted postwar movements for progressive reform--and eventually touched off a reactionary backlash. In the wake of the white primary's demise in Georgia in 1946, this surge in black political activism made race a key issue in postwar politics throughout the state.(3) Service in the war both increased black soldiers' frustration with racial injustices and boosted their expectations for the future. W. W. Law, a black veteran from Savannah, Georgia, found military service to be a series of disheartening encounters with the barriers and humiliations of Jim Crow. When drafted, Law recalled, "I asked for frontline duty as an infantry soldier. But they assigned me to the quartermaster, as was typical. …


With the rise of mixed reality hardware and software, new opportunities in formal higher education arise, e.g. in anatomy, as the usage of 3D structures instead of 2D images or anatomical models supports a better understanding and enhances the learning process. But even with access to virtual 3D models, motivation is a key element for successful learning and for progressing over a longer period of time. Mixed reality spaces offer new opportunities for combining a 3D stereoscopic depth perception of anatomic models together with gamification and interactive learning. Virtual 3D models can be enhanced with additional information which can name and explain separate elements. Therefore, we developed GaMR, a gamified framework for learning in mixed reality, where 3D models can be experienced on the Microsoft HoloLens and the HTC Vive. Quiz creation is supported by placing annotations on the model. Progress is rewarded by badges. The gamification strategy guides the student and gives feedback about the learning progress. This open source gamification framework for mixed reality was evaluated with students and doctors from a medical university. It showed that it can be employed in many academic and industrial use cases.


It has recently been shown that palladium-catalyzed reactions with N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands involve R-NHC coupling accompanied by transformation of the molecular catalytic system into the nanoscale catalytic system. An important question appeared in this regard is whether such a change in the catalytic system is irreversible. More specifically, is the reverse nano-to-molecular transformation possible? In view of the paramount significance of this question to the area of catalyst design, we studied the capability of 2-substituted azolium salts to undergo the breakage of C-C bond and exchange substituents on the carbene carbon with corresponding aryl halides in the presence of Pd nanoparticles. The study provides important experimental evidence of possibility of the reversible R-NHC coupling. The observed behavior indicates that the nanosized metal species are capable of reverse transition to molecular species. Such an option, known for phosphine ligands, was previously unexplored for NHC ligands. The present study for the first time demonstrates bidirectional dynamic transitions between the molecular and nanostructured states in Pd/NHC systems. As a unique feature, surprisingly small activation barriers (<18 kcal/mol) and noticeable thermodynamic driving force (-5 to -7 kcal/mol) were calculated for C-C bond oxidative addition to Pd(0) centers in the studied system. The first example of NHC-mediated Pd leaching from metal nanoparticles to solution was observed and formation of Pd/NHC complex in solution was detected by ESI-MS.


We consider the problem of finding M best diverse solutions of energy minimization problems for graphical models. Contrary to the sequential method of Batra et al., which greedily finds one solution after another, we infer all M solutions jointly. It was shown recently that such jointly inferred labelings not only have smaller total energy but also qualitatively outperform the sequentially obtained ones. The only obstacle for using this new technique is the complexity of the corresponding inference problem, since it is considerably slower algorithm than the method of Batra et al. In this work we show that the joint inference of M best diverse solutions can be formulated as a submodular energy minimization if the original MAP-inference problem is submodular, hence fast inference techniques can be used. In addition to the theoretical results we provide practical algorithms that outperform the current state-of-the-art and can be used in both submodular and non-submodular case.


Abstract The Eocene İslambeyli Formation in the Lalapaşa region (NW Thrace, Turkey) consists predominantly of siliciclastic clayey clastics at the bottom and of claystone, tuff and tuffaceous claystone/ sandstone/limestone in the middle and uppermost parts of this formation. Some tuff-tuffaceous beds of the middle-upper parts of the formation are economically viable bentonite depoits. The İslambeyli Formation exhibits vertical variations in the mineralogy, elemental compositions, and smectite-forming processes. Smectite was formed by weathering and diagenetic processes in the fluvial-shore environments in the lower part and by diagenetic alteration in a shallow-marine environment in the middle-upper parts of the formation. Ca-smectite flakes were formed by two processes: direct precipitation; and by means of a dissolution-precipitation mechanism from feldspar and mica. Dissolution-precipitation was most prevalent in the siliciclastic lower part of the formation. The amounts of Al, Fe, Mg and Ca required to form smectite and accessory illite were supplied mainly from the alteration of feldspars, mica and glass shards. The origin of smectite can also be explained by the inferred solution compositions given the parent phases in this formation, and the devitrification of glass shards in pyroclastic-rich middle-upper parts of the formation. In the upper beds, the observed decrease of K and Fe in the smectite structure coincided with both the increase in the amount of smectite and the increase in solution pH suggesting that precipitation of smectite developed over a prolonged period and under arid conditions.


The relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and corporate financial performance (CFP) has long been a central and contentious debate in the literature. However, prior empirical studies provide indefinite conclusions. The purpose of this study is to review systematically and quantify the CSR–CFP link in a meta-analytic framework. Based on 119 effect sizes from 42 studies, this study estimates that the overall effect size of the CSR–CFP relationship is positive and significant, thus endorsing the argument that CSR does enhance financial performance. Furthermore, this work sheds light on the causal relationship between CSR and CFP. Subsequent financial performance is associated with prior social responsibility, while the reverse direction is not supported. This finding supports the instrumental stakeholder theory. As predicted, the meta-analysis results indicate that the measurement strategies of the two key constructs of CSR and CFP explain some variations of the CSR–CFP relationship. Last, this study examines the moderating effect of the environmental context on the CSR–CFP link. This work proposes that CSR in the developed world, with a relatively mature institutional system and efficient market mechanism, will be more visible than CSR in the developing world. The results show that the CSR–CFP relationship is stronger for firms from advanced economies than for firms from developing economies.


This paper examines the impact of urban sprawl, a phenomenon of particular interest in Spain, which is currently experiencing this process of rapid, low-density urban expansion. Many adverse consequences are attributed to urban sprawl (e.g., traffic congestion, air pollution and social segregation), though here we are concerned primarily with the rising costs of providing local public services. Our initial aim is to develop an accurate measure of urban sprawl so that we might empirically test its impact on municipal budgets. Then, we undertake an empirical analysis using a cross-sectional data set of 2,500 Spanish municipalities for the year 2003 and a piecewise linear function to account for the potentially nonlinear relationship between sprawl and local costs. The estimations derived from the expenditure equations for both aggregate and six disaggregated spending categories indicate that low-density development patterns lead to greater provision costs of local public services.


Context sensitivity is one important feature of type systems that helps creating concise type rules and getting accurate types without being too conservative. In a context-sensitive type system, declared types can be resolved to different types according to invocation contexts, such as receiver and assignment contexts. Receiver-context sensitivity is also called viewpoint adaptation, meaning adapting declared types from the viewpoint of receivers. In receiver-context sensitivity, resolution of declared types only depends on receivers' types. In contrast, in assignment-context sensitivity, declared types are resolved based on context types to which declared types are assigned to. The Checker Framework is a poweful framework for developing pluggable type systems for Java. However, it lacks the ability of supporting receiverand assignment-context sensitivity, which makes the development of such type systems hard. The Checker Framework Inference is a framework based on the Checker Framework to infer and insert pluggable types for unannotated programs to reduce the overhead of manually doing so. This thesis presents work that adds the two context sensitivity features into the two frameworks and how those features are reused in typechecking and inference and shared between two different type systems — Generic Universe Type System (GUT) and Practical Immutability for Classes And Objects (PICO). GUT is an existing light-weight object ownership type system that is receiver-context sensitive. It structures the heap hierarchically to control aliasing and access between objects. GUTInfer is the corresponding inference system to infer GUT types for unannotated programs. GUT is the first type system that introduces the concept of viewpoint adaptation, which inspired us to raise the receiver-context sensitivity feature to the framework level. We adapt the old GUT and GUTInfer implementation to use the new framework-level receiver-context sensitivity feature. We also improve implicits rules of GUT to better handle corner cases. Immutability is a way to control mutation and avoid unintended side-effects. Object immutability specifies restrictions on objects, such that immutable objects' states can not be changed. It provides many benefits such as safe sharing of objects between threads without the need of synchronization, compileand run-time optimizations, and easier reasoning about the software behaviour etc. PICO is a novel object and class immutability type system developed using the Checker Framework with the new framework-level context sensitivity features. It transitively guarentees the immutability of the objects that constitute the abstraction of the root object. It supports circular initialization of immutable objects and mutability restrictions on classes that influence all instances of that class. PICO supports creation of objects whose mutability is independent from receivers, which inspired us to add the assignment-context sensitivity feature to the framework level. PICOInfer is the inference system that infers and propagates mutability types to unannotated programs according to PICO's type rules. We experiment PICO, PICOInfer and GUTInfer on 16 real-world projects up to 71,000 lines of code in total. Our experiments indicate that the new framework-level context sensitivity features work correctly in PICO and GUT. PICO is expressive and flexible enough to be used in real-world programs. Improvements to GUT are also correct.


Torus/mesh-based machines have received increasing attention. It is natural to identify the maximum healthy submeshes in a faulty torus/mesh so as to lower potential performance degradation, because the time for executing a parallel algorithm tends to depend on the size of the assigned submesh. This paper proposes an efficient approach for identifying all the maximum healthy submeshes present in a faulty torus/mesh. The proposed approach is based on manipulating set expressions, with the search space reduced considerably by taking advantage of the interesting properties of a faulty torus/mesh. This procedure is a distributed one, because every healthy node performs the same procedure independently and concurrently. We show that the proposed scheme may outperform previous methods.


The impressive success of peer production – a large-scale collaborative model of production primarily based on voluntary contributions – is difficult to explain through the assumptions of standard economic theory. The aim of this paper is to study the prosocial foundations of cooperation in this new peer production economy. We provide the first field test of existing economic theories of prosocial motives for contributing to real world public goods. We use an online experiment coupled with observational data to elicit social preferences within a diverse sample of 850 Wikipedia contributors, and seek to use to those measures to predict subjects' field contributions to the Wikipedia project. We find that subjects' field contributions to Wikipedia are strongly related to their level of reciprocity in a conditional Public Goods game and in a Trust game and to their revealed preference for social image within the Wikipedia community, but not to their level of altruism either in a standard or in a directed Dictator game. Our results have important theoretical and practical implications, as we show that reciprocity and social image are both strong motives for sustaining cooperation in peer production environments, while altruism is not.


The use of trained members of the public ('citizen scientists') to help monitor and collect data in science-driven environmental research projects is not a new concept e.g. the Cornell bird program, USA, has been 'partnering' with the public since the 1960s (University of Cornell 2008). However, this concept has yet to find much following in developing countries where often the greatest need for conservation lies. We examine the effectiveness of citizen scientists ('plant custodians', 'paraecologists' and 'eco-club volunteers') in monitoring (e.g. species rediscovery, red list classification, range extension) and how it integrates with ecological research (e.g. ethnobotany, livestock census), citing examples from three biodiversity hotspots in Southern Africa (Namibia and South Africa). Information collected by custodians has helped to prioritise plant species that are in need of conservation attention. Paraecologists have played a key role in supporting the fieldwork of researchers. Various eco-club activities have been undertaken with schools, and a network of eco-club volunteers has been developed.


We present the results of a long term, continuous radon monitoring experiment started in April 2010 in a seismically active area, affected during the 2010-2013 data acquisition time window by an intense micro seismic activity and by several small seismic events. We employed both correlation and cross-correlation analyses in order to investigate possible relationship existing between the collected radon data, seismic events and meteorological parameters. Our results do not support the feasibility of a robust one-to-one association between the small magnitude earthquakes characterizing the local seismic activity and single radon measurement anomalies, but evidence significant correlation patterns between the spatio-temporal variations of seismic moment release and soil radon emanations, the latter being anyway dominantly modulated by meteorological parameters variations.


The news about Earth's environmental health is not good. The scientific consensus that human activities are contributing to global warming has solidified. The planet can look forward to rising sea levels, melting glaciers, significant changes in drought and rainfall patterns, species extinctions, ecosystem disruptions, more severe storms, new emerging diseases, and frightening levels of social and cultural dislocation. But will the world's governments and corporations act soon enough to curb the release of greenhouse gases and reduce other forms of environmental degradation?This special issue of Studies in Art Education is a timely call to art educators to take up the challenge of confronting the environmental crisis. The environmental challenges ahead are complex and multi-dimensional. However, we believe that artists and educators can and must play a role in bringing about a more environmentally responsible and ecologically literate culture.The arts and visual culture generally have always provided tools and a medium for negotiating the interface between culture and nature, the human and the "more-than-human." From the beginning, humans have used visual and material means to depict and invoke the forces of nature for both practical and spiritual purposes. By representing the non-human world in art we invest it with meaning and personal or cultural relevance. Thus, humans make a home in nature not just by engaging with the biophysical world in the practical search for food and survival, but also by articulating nature's meaning and import and imagining how their aspirations fit within the context of non-human realities. This is a cultural rather than a technological project.In a time of mounting environmental damage and threatening future prospects, we believe the arts must help guide human beings towards a more informed and responsible engagement with the natural world. Learning to live in nature in a sustainable way is a cultural challenge to our very sense of who we are and what we should aspire to become. To meet that challenge, we need more than new energy efficient technologies and new sources of fuel. We need to re-think and re-imagine the human place in nature. This is one of the most pressing tasks set for artists, educators, and other cultural actors today.There is precedent for the hope that the arts can contribute to the task of re-interpreting our relationship to the natural world. We know that when European colonists first came to North America, they often did not see beauty and moral significance in the landscapes they encountered. The wilderness they experienced was imbued with Satanic connotations and was to be feared. The colonists worked hard to domesticate the wild nature they found, motivated not only by practical need, but also by what wilderness meant. In the 1 9th century, painters, photographers, and poets began to re-imagine the natural world around them. They were instrumental in leading Americans to see beauty and ethical meaning in wild nature. Indeed, their works helped convince society that environmental appreciation and conservation were socially and politically significant.More recently, artists have used their work both to highlight human relationships to nature, and also to actively remediate environmental sites.1 For example, artist Bob Johnson's work, River Cubes, involves public sculptures made from discarded junk removed from public waterways. The pieces draw attention to the waterways, while also raising questions about how we treat them. In a similar vein, Daniel Dancer's ZeroCircles project uses stone circles in mining or logging sites to advocate for zero pollution, or zero cutting on public lands. Artworks like these draw attention to environmental problems and help to inspire efforts at finding solutions. At another level, artists such as Betsy Damon, Aviva Rahmani, and Yolanda Gutierrez create artworks that engage in environmental remediation. Betsy Damon's sculpture, The Living Water Garden (Chengdu, China, 1998), filters water while making visible the need to redress issues of water pollution. …


This paper presents a new feature extraction algorithm called Power Normalized Cepstral Coefficients (PNCC) that is based on auditory processing. Major new features of PNCC processing include the use of a power-law nonlinearity that replaces the traditional log nonlinearity used in MFCC coefficients, a noise-suppression algorithm based on asymmetric filtering that suppress background excitation, and a module that accomplishes temporal masking. We also propose the use of medium-time power analysis, in which environmental parameters are estimated over a longer duration than is commonly used for speech, as well as frequency smoothing. Experimental results demonstrate that PNCC processing provides substantial improvements in recognition accuracy compared to MFCC and PLP processing for speech in the presence of various types of additive noise and in reverberant environments, with only slightly greater computational cost than conventional MFCC processing, and without degrading the recognition accuracy that is observed while training and testing using clean speech. PNCC processing also provides better recognition accuracy in noisy environments than techniques such as Vector Taylor Series (VTS) and the ETSI Advanced Front End (AFE) while requiring much less computation. We describe an implementation of PNCC using "on-line processing" that does not require future knowledge of the input.


WINNER OF THE 2012 IMPAC DUBLIN AWARD On a cold, quiet day between Christmas and the New Year, a man's body is found in an abandoned apartment. His friends look on, but they're dead, too. Their bodies found in squats and sheds and alleyways across the city. Victims of a bad batch of heroin, they're in the shadows, a chorus keeping vigil as the hours pass, paying their own particular homage as their friend's body is taken away, examined, investigated, and cremated. All of their stories are laid out piece by broken piece through a series of fractured narratives. We meet Robert, the deceased, the only alcoholic in a sprawling group of junkies; Danny, just back from uncomfortable holidays with family, who discovers the body and futiley searches for his other friends to share the news of Robert's death; Laura, Robert's daughter, who stumbles into the junky's life when she moves in with her father after years apart; Heather, who has her own place for the first time since she was a teenager; Mike, the Falklands War vet; and all the others. Theirs are stories of lives fallen through the cracks, hopes flaring and dying, love overwhelmed by a stronger need, and the havoc wrought by drugs, distress, and the disregard of the wider world. These invisible people live in a parallel reality, out of reach of basic creature comforts, like food and shelter. In their sudden deaths, it becomes clear, they are treated with more respect than they ever were in their short lives. Intense, exhilarating, and shot through with hope and fury, Even the Dogs is an intimate exploration of life at the edges of society--littered with love, loss, despair, and a half-glimpse of redemption.


Teach abroad programs have gained popularity across the world, as they are often an attractive option for people to live internationally while earning money. Many programs' practices contribute to local teachers' loss of employment, perpetuating stereotypes or ethnocentric views, or invite tourists into classrooms to "teach" English to communities they have no substantial interest in. As the industry grows, it is important to develop programs that promote responsible practices to encourage favorable impacts on the communities as well as visiting teachers. This proposed curriculum has been designed to enhance the experience for participants of the SENA Volunteacher Program for the growing Colombian nonprofit organization, Volunteers Colombia, which invites over 150 international English teachers to co-teach in government funded vocational schools across the country every year. It aims to provide opportunities to "volunteachers" and Colombian SENA center teachers to enhance intercultural consciousness and maturity, with focus on building cognitive, intrapersonal and interpersonal skills. Main elements of the curriculum will include critical reflection, dialogue and collaborative cultural interaction. The objective of this curriculum is to encourage interdependent relationships between the two groups, as well as to promote cultural awareness and critical thinking skills. Theories and methods which mix meaningful learning with intercultural development will be incorporated as the groundwork for this curriculum to support learning before, during and after participation in the Volunteacher Program. Application of theories will be available through group dialogue, reflective journal writing, thought provoking virtual resources and the creation of a collaborative project of choice shared between volunteachers and SENA teachers. These elements will ultimately further support the organization's mission of offering a transformational experience for under resourced communities through encouraging meaningful relationships between co-teachers who are the agents of growth in the classrooms. Running Head: Learning to Know, Do and Be 1


This article argues for critical reflection on diachronic and quantitative claims about increasing religious diversity. Influential scholars in several national academies have asserted there is "increasing religious diversity" in various locales. Many also make specific claims about religious diversity in the past to enable comparative claims about religious diversity in the present or even in the future. Yet, such claims are flawed methodologically (though less flawed alternatives are available). Moreover, neither the professional ethos of curatorial caution nor the pluralist politics commonly accompanying such scholarship are well served by this approach. Since the study of new or emergent religions also entails central historical conceits—for example, in debates over the proper meaning of "new" or over precise relations to "modernity"—this article offers a comparative perspective to conclude that scholars working in the fields of new religions studies and religious diversity studies should be more aware of the basic historical frameworks into which they place their multidisciplinary practices, practices that could be enriched and strengthened by further dialogue with historians.


This Chapter in the forthcoming Oxford Handbook of Law and Economics provides an introduction to the law and economics of the corporate form. It first distinguishes "the corporation" from "the firm." It then describes and discusses the characteristics of the corporate form, including legal personality, limited liability, delegated management, transferable equity, and perpetual life. It then reviews the dominant theories of the corporation, including the entity theory, the aggregate theory, the property (principal/agent) theory, the nexus of contracts theory, the team production theory, and the franchise government/concession theory. It concludes by discussing various theories of corporate purpose, including the state interest, managerialist, customer service, shareholder value/primacy, stakeholder welfare, team production, and long-term production approaches to understanding the purpose of corporations.


Do institutions constrain presidential power in Africa? Conventional wisdom holds that personalist rule grants African presidents unchecked powers. Consequently, very little research exists on African institutions and their impact on executive authority. In this paper, I use original data on the exercise of presidential authority (issuance of subsidiary legislation) to examine how legislative independence conditions presidential rule-making in Kenya. Exploiting quasi-exogenous changes in legislative independence, I find that Kenyan presidents issue relatively more legal notices under periods of legislative weakness but are constrained from doing so under periods of legislative independence. These findings shed new light on institutional politics in Kenya, and illustrate how executive-legislative relations in the country conform to standard predictions in the literature on unilateral executive action.


What the experts have to say about Model-Based Testing for Embedded Systems: "This book is exactly what is needed at the exact right time in this fast-growing area. From its beginnings over 10 years ago of deriving tests from UML statecharts, model-based testing has matured into a topic with both breadth and depth. Testing embedded systems is a natural application of MBT, and this book hits the nail exactly on the head. Numerous topics are presented clearly, thoroughly, and concisely in this cutting-edge book. The authors are world-class leading experts in this area and teach us well-used and validated techniques, along with new ideas for solving hard problems. "It is rare that a book can take recent research advances and present them in a form ready for practical use, but this book accomplishes that and more. I am anxious to recommend this in my consulting and to teach a new class to my students." Dr. Jeff Offutt, professor of software engineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA "This handbook is the best resource I am aware of on the automated testing of embedded systems. It is thorough, comprehensive, and authoritative. It covers all important technical and scientific aspects but also provides highly interesting insights into the state of practice of model-based testing for embedded systems." Dr. Lionel C. Briand, IEEE Fellow, Simula Research Laboratory, Lysaker, Norway, and professor at the University of Oslo, Norway "As model-based testing is entering the mainstream, such a comprehensive and intelligible book is a must-read for anyone looking for more information about improved testing methods for embedded systems. Illustrated with numerous aspects of these techniques from many contributors, it gives a clear picture of what the state of the art is today." Dr. Bruno Legeard, CTO of Smartesting, professor of Software Engineering at the University of Franche-Comt, Besanon, France, and co-author of Practical Model-Based Testing


Researchers expect under-reaction in climate policy. However, this might differ depending on the access of different interest groups to a political system. To explore the relationship between entrenched patterns of domestic politics and proportionality of climate policy, we compare two renewables policies which financially support new renewable electricity in the UK. Drawing on the literature on policy styles and related opportunity structures, this article shows that UK political parties have responded to growing public concern and NGO pressure by, at times, trying to out-green one another to win votes. However, powerful industry actors have been influential in shaping UK renewables policies, in particular when political competition about the individual policies has been low. The findings suggest that an over-reaction in terms of exceeding the marginal costs of renewable electricity production is equally likely under conditions of high or low political competition.


Every day, acts of violence injure more than 6000 people in the United States. Despite decades of social science arguing that joblessness among disadvantaged youth is a key cause of violent offending, programs to remedy youth unemployment do not consistently reduce delinquency. This study tests whether summer jobs, which shift focus from remediation to prevention, can reduce crime. In a randomized controlled trial among 1634 disadvantaged high school youth in Chicago, assignment to a summer jobs program decreases violence by 43% over 16 months (3.95 fewer violent-crime arrests per 100 youth). The decline occurs largely after the 8-week intervention ends. The results suggest the promise of using low-cost, well-targeted programs to generate meaningful behavioral change, even with a problem as complex as youth violence. Modest summer employment programs for high schoolers reduce violent offending. An ounce of prevention is better than violence Children and adolescents spend a large fraction of their lives in schools. Many discussions about improving adult behavior focus on improving cognitive skills. Nevertheless, retrospective analyses also highlight the importance of noncognitive skills. Heller reports on the positive effects of a Chicago program that offered disadvantaged youths 25 hours per week of summer employment. Youths enrolled in this program committed fewer violent crimes for at least a year after the summer job ended. Science, this issue p. 1219


Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and Human Capital (HC) are two areas of paramount importance to the economic growth and prosperity of any developed nation. While FDI and HC individually affect growth, they also reinforce and complement each other with varying effects. Not only have these topics been widely studied, they have also been the inspiration and focal point of two substantial bodies of literature. However, the links between these two engines of growth have been less explored. FDI inflows into developed countries over the past two decades are significantly higher than what developing countries receive and there is a huge gap between them. One of the characteristics of rich industrial economies is the availability of a workforce with a high level of HC. Whether HC has been the key driver of FDI or vice-versa is still a matter of debate.


Natural products continue to hold the interest and attention of a wide chemical community. This is due to their biological properties and potential applicability in health care and plant protection, as well as their frequently complex molecular architectures and arrays of functionality, which make them a challenge for total synthesis and a testing ground for novel methodology. These criteria are met to an extraordinary degree by protoilludanes, which are sesquiterpenes with a characteristic tricyclic 5/6/4-framework. The fortieth anniversary of the first protoilludane synthesis has now been taken as an occasion to review the main aspects of this fascinating class of compounds. Biosynthesis, biological properties and the unusually rich variety of synthetic approaches developed over the past forty years are discussed. About 80 different substitution patterns and 15 completed or uncompleted synthetic routes are listed in this review with the goal of providing a multifacetted picture of the changes in and development of synthetic philosophy and methodology from past to present.


Digital technology provides a very powerful medium for musical creativity, and the way in which we interface and interact with computers has a huge bearing on our ability to realise our artistic aims. The standard input devices available for the control of digital music tools tend to afford a low quality of embodied control; they fail to realise our innate expressiveness and dexterity of motion. This thesis looks at ways of capturing more detailed and subtle motion for the control of computer music tools; it examines how this motion can be used to control music software, and evaluates musicians' experience of using these systems.

Two new musical controllers were created, based on a multiparametric paradigm where multiple, continuous, concurrent motion data streams are mapped to the control of musical parameters. The first controller, Phalanger, is a markerless video tracking system that enables the use of hand and finger motion for musical control. EchoFoam, the second system, is a malleable controller, operated through the manipulation of conductive foam. Both systems use machine learning techniques at the core of their functionality. These controllers are front ends to RECZ, a high-level mapping tool for multiparametric data streams.

The development of these systems and the evaluation of musicians' experience of their use constructs a detailed picture of multiparametric musical control. This work contributes to the developing intersection between the fields of computer music and human-computer interaction. The principal contributions are the two new musical controllers, and a set of guidelines for the design and use of multiparametric interfaces for the control of digital music. This work also acts as a case study of the application of HCI user experience evaluation methodology to musical interfaces.

The results highlight important themes concerning multiparametric musical control. These include the use of metaphor and imagery, choreography and language creation, individual differences and uncontrol. They highlight how this style of interface can fit into the creative process, and advocate a pluralistic approach to the control of digital music tools where different input devices fit different creative scenarios.


Droughts and floods are a capricious part of life for many Malawians. The country depends heavily on rain-fed agriculture and so it is crucial that we understand the implications of these climate events. Not only are rural livelihoods affected, but urban households are also vulnerable to food shortages and rising prices. Finding ways to overcome the losses from droughts and floods is a policy imperative.


The list experiment is used to detect latent beliefs when researchers suspect a substantial degree of social desirability bias from respondents. This methodology has been used in areas ranging from racial attitudes to political preferences. Meanwhile, social psychologists interested in the salience of physical attributes to social behavior have provided respondents with experimentally altered photographs to test the influence of particular visual cues or traits on social evaluations. This experimental research has examined the effect of skin blemishes, hairlessness, and particular racial attributes on respondents' evaluation of these photographs. While this approach isolates variation in particular visual characteristics from other visual aspects that tend to covary with the traits in question, it fails to adequately deal with social desirability bias. This shortcoming is particularly important when concerned with potentially charged visual cues, such as body mass index (BMI). The present article describes a novel experiment that combines the digital alteration of photographs with the list experiment approach. When tested on a nationally representative sample of Internet respondents, results suggest that when shown photographs of women, male respondents report differences in levels of attractiveness based on the perceived BMI of the photographed confederate. Overweight individuals are less likely than their normal weight peers to report different levels of attractiveness between high-BMI and low-BMI photographs. Knowing that evaluations of attractiveness influence labor market outcomes, the findings are particularly salient in a society with rising incidence of obesity.


Bound states in the continuum (BICs) are trapped or guided modes with their frequencies within the radiation continuum. On periodic structures, BICs have interesting properties and potentially important applications. It is known that BICs can exist at the surface of a photonic crystal (PhC), and they are distinctively different from the well-known surface Bloch modes below the lightline. However, for a given structure with specific geometric and material parameters, it is difficult to predict whether BICs exist or not. In this paper, using an efficient computational method, we calculate BICs at the surface of a two-dimensional PhC consisting of dielectric rods, and determine the existence domain in the plane of the refractive index and the radius of the surface rods. The boundary of the existence domain reveals that the BICs cease to exist when the bulk PhC can no longer confine light. In addition, the frequency and wavenumber of the BIC can approach the lightline, leading to bound states on the lightline and special highly confined surface Bloch modes below the lightline.


The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) has been successfully used to monitor variations in terrestrial water storage (GRACETWS) and groundwater storage (GRACEGWS) across the globe, yet such applications are hindered on local scales by the limited spatial resolution of GRACE data. Using the Lower Peninsula of Michigan as a test site, we developed optimum procedures to downscale GRACE Release-06 monthly mascon solutions. A four-fold exercise was conducted. Cluster analysis was performed to identify the optimum number and distribution of clusters (areas) of contiguous pixels of similar geophysical signals (GRACETWS time series); three clusters were identified (cluster 1: 13,700 km2; cluster 2: 59,200 km2; cluster 3: 33,100 km2; Step I). Variables (total precipitation, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), snow cover, streamflow, Lake Michigan level, Lake Huron level, land surface temperature, soil moisture, air temperature, and evapotranspiration (ET)), which could potentially contribute to, or correlate with, GRACETWS over the test site were identified, and the dataset was randomly partitioned into training (80%) and testing (20%) datasets (Step II). Multivariate regression, artificial neural network, and extreme gradient boosting techniques were applied on the training dataset for each of the identified clusters to extract relationships between the identified hydro-climatic variables and GRACETWS solutions on a coarser scale (13,700–33,100 km2), and were used to estimate GRACETWS at a spatial resolution matching that of the fine-scale (0.125° × 0.125° or 120 km2) inputs. The statistical models were evaluated by comparing the observed and modeled GRACETWS values using the R-squared, the Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient (NSE), and the normalized root-mean-square error (NRMSE; Step III). Lastly, temporal variations in GRACEGWS were extracted using outputs of land surface models and those of the optimum downscaling methodology (downscaled GRACETWS) (Step IV). Findings demonstrate that (1) consideration should be given to the cluster-based extreme gradient boosting technique in downscaling GRACETWS for local applications given their apparent enhanced performance (average value: R-squared: 0.86; NRMSE 0.37; NSE 0.86) over the multivariate regression (R-squared: 0.74; NRMSE 0.56; NSE 0.64) and artificial neural network (R-squared: 0.76; NRMSE 0.5; NSE 0.37) methods; and (2) identifying local hydrologic variables and the optimum downscaling approach for individual clusters is critical to implementing this method. The adopted method could potentially be used for groundwater management purposes on local scales in the study area and in similar settings elsewhere.


We describe the synthesis of automated neuron branching morphology and spine detection algorithms to provide multiscale three-dimensional morphological analysis of neurons. The resulting software is applied to the analysis of a high-resolution (0.098 m 0.098 m 0.081 m) image of an entire pyramidal neuron from layer III of the superior temporal cortex in rhesus macaque monkey. The approach provides a highly automated, complete morphological analysis of the entire neuron; each dendritic branch segment is characterized by several parameters, including branch order, length, and radius as a function of distance along the branch, as well as by the locations, lengths, shape classification (e.g., mushroom, stubby, thin), and density distribution of spines on the branch. Results for this automated analysis are compared to published results obtained by other computer-assisted manual means.


The authors of this article suggest that many of the explanations for the 1994 crisis are based on questionable assumptions and dubious analysis. They contend that, when trying to explain the crisis, most authors have concentrated on the wrong economic "fundamentals." They challenge the conventional view that the crisis was caused by a combination of flawed fiscal, monetary, and exchange rate policies. Their explanation for the crisis belongs in an alternative camp that emphasizes the vulnerability of the Mexican financial system to swings in expectations and investor confidence. ; In their view, the Mexican financial crisis was an expectations-driven liquidity crisis that shares many similarities with the financial panics that afflicted the U.S. economy during the late nineteenth century. The immediate cause of the Mexican crisis was political turmoil that created concern among foreign lenders about the safety of their investments. Mexican borrowers' "over-reliance" on short-term liabilities made both individual borrowers and the financial system extremely vulnerable to the adverse political events that shook the confidence of foreign investors. ; This article's principal policy recommendation is for the Mexican government to set up a system of term-graduated multiple reserve requirements for banks ("circuit breakers"). These would give financial institutions (and direct borrowers) strong incentives to lengthen the average term of their debts and make the country's financial system less susceptible to liquidity crises. The average term of the government's liability portfolio would also increase, reducing its own vulnerability to liquidity crises.


Atmospheric aerosol formation from biogenic vapors is strongly affected by air pollutants, like NOx, SO2, and NH3. A major fraction of atmospheric aerosol particles, which affect both air quality and climate, form from gaseous precursors in the atmosphere. Highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs), formed by oxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds, are known to participate in particle formation and growth. However, it is not well understood how they interact with atmospheric pollutants, such as nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulfur oxides (SOx) from fossil fuel combustion, as well as ammonia (NH3) from livestock and fertilizers. Here, we show how NOx suppresses particle formation, while HOMs, sulfuric acid, and NH3 have a synergistic enhancing effect on particle formation. We postulate a novel mechanism, involving HOMs, sulfuric acid, and ammonia, which is able to closely reproduce observations of particle formation and growth in daytime boreal forest and similar environments. The findings elucidate the complex interactions between biogenic and anthropogenic vapors in the atmospheric aerosol system.


The thrilling history of the turning point of the Second World War, when Hitler's armies were halted on the Eastern Front At the moment of crisis in 1941 on the Eastern front, with the forces of Hitler massing on the outskirts of Moscow, the miraculous occurred: Moscow was saved. Yet this turning point was followed by a long retreat, in which Russian forces, inspired by old beliefs in the sacred motherland, pushed back German forces steeled by the vision of the ubermensch, the iron-willed fighter. Many of Russia's 27 million military and civilian deaths occurred in this desperate struggle. In THE RETREAT, Michael Jones, acclaimed author of LENINGRAD, draws upon a mass of new eye-witness testimony from both sides of the conflict to tell, with matchless vividness and comprehensiveness, of the crucial turning point of the Second World War - the moment when the armies of Hitler could go no further - and of the titanic and cruel struggle of two mighty empires.


In this, his classic book on the informal economy of Peru and the reasons why poverty can be a breeding ground for terrorists, Hernando De Soto describes the forces that keep people dependent on underground economies: the bureaucratic barriers to legal property ownership and the lack of legal structures that recognize and encourage ownership of assets. It is exactly these forces, de Soto argues, that prevent houses, land, and machines from functioning as capital does in the West--as assets that can be leveraged to create more capital. Under the Fujimori government, de Soto's Institute for Liberty and Democracy wrote dozens of laws to promote property rights and bring people out of the informal economy and into the legitimate one. The result was not only an economic boon for Peru but also the defeat of the Shining Path, the terrorist movement and black-market force that was then threatening to take over the Peruvian government. In a new preface, de Soto relates his work to the present moment, making the connection between the Shining Path in the 1980's and the Taliban today.


Accurately modeling cellular response to perturbations is a central goal of computational biology. While such modeling has been proposed based on statistical, mechanistic and machine learning models in specific settings, no generalization of predictions to phenomena absent from training data ('out-of-sample') has yet been demonstrated. Here, we present scGen, a model combining variational autoencoders and latent space vector arithmetics for high-dimensional single-cell gene expression data. In benchmarks across a broad range of examples, we show that scGen accurately models dose and infection response of cells across cell types, studies and species. In particular, we demonstrate that scGen learns cell type and species specific response implying that it captures features that distinguish responding from non-responding genes and cells. With the upcoming availability of large-scale atlases of organs in healthy state, we envision scGen to become a tool for experimental design through in silico screening of perturbation response in the context of disease and drug treatment.


This paper investigates basic relationships between technology and occupations. Building a general occupational model, I look at detailed occupations since 1980 to explore whether computers are related to job losses or other sources of wage inequality. Occupations that use computers grow faster, not slower. This is true even for highly routine and mid-wage occupations. Estimates reject computers as a source of significant net technological unemployment or job polarization. But computerized occupations substitute for other occupations, shifting employment and requiring new skills. Because new skills are costly to learn, computer use is associated with substantially greater within-occupation wage inequality.


ABSTRACT Some of the earliest studies of retroviral integration targeting reported that sites of gammaretroviral DNA integration were positively correlated with DNase I-hypersensitive sites in chromatin. This led to the suggestion that open chromatin was favorable for integration. More recent deep sequencing experiments confirmed that gammaretroviral integration sites and DNase I cleavage sites are associated in genome-wide surveys. Paradoxically, in vitro studies of integration show that nucleosomal DNA is actually favored over naked DNA, raising the question of whether integration target DNA in chromosomes is wrapped in nucleosomes or nucleosome free. In this study we examined gammaretroviral integration by infecting primary human CD4+ T lymphocytes with a murine leukemia virus (MLV)-based retroviral vector or xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV), and isolated 32,585 unique integration sites using ligation-mediated PCR and 454 pyrosequencing. CD4+ T lymphocytes were chosen for study because of the particularly dense genome-wide mapping of chromatin features available for comparison. Analysis relative to predicted nucleosome positions showed that gammaretroviruses direct integration into outward-facing major grooves on nucleosome-wrapped DNA, similar to the integration pattern of HIV. Also, a suite of histone modifications correlated with gene activity are positively associated with integration by both MLV and XMRV. Thus, we conclude that favored integration near DNase I-hypersensitive sites does not imply that integration takes place exclusively in nucleosome-free regions.


Ice flow in divide areas is strongly anisotropic. The evolution of ice fabric, from the onset of divide flow towards steady state with a fully developed fabric, has been shown to profoundly affect both the stratigraphy and surface topography of ice divides. Here, we investigate the effects of ice flow on the age-versus-depth relationship at ice divides by using a full Stokes thermomechanical model with a non-linear anisotropic constitutive relation between stress and strain rates. We compare our results with analytical approximations commonly employed in age–depth predictions, such as the Dansgaard and Lliboutry approximations. We show that these approximations systematically underestimate the age of ice at fully developed divides by as much as one order of magnitude. We also show that divides with fully developed fabric are ideal locations for ice-core extraction because ice under them can be up to one order of magnitude older than ice at the same depth at the flanks. In addition, these divides have a distinctive morphological structure that allows them to be clearly identified from satellite imagery or ground-penetrating radar data.


A total of 48 repeat breeder cows were equally divided in to two treatment groups as NOR and NOR-PG and were treated with norgestomet ear implants on day 10 following natural oestrus and a control group. At the time of ear implant insertion, 2 ml of SMB injection was administered intramuscularly to all the cows. The implant was removed after 9 days. Cows in NOR-PG group were injected with 0.98 mg of PGF2a at the time of implant removal. In NOR and NOR-PG groups, AI was done at 48 and 72 hours of implant withdrawal. In control group, cows were artificially inseminated twice at 24 hours interval during natural oestrus. Blood samples were collected at the time of implant insertion and withdrawal in all the treated cows for progesterone assay. There was 100 per cent oestrus response following implant removal in NOR and NOR-PG groups. The conception rate obtain in NOR, NOR-PG and control groups were 43.75, 37.50 and 18.75 per cent, respectively. The overall mean level of progesterone (6.31±0.32 ng/ml) noticed at the time of implant insertion was significantly reduced to a lower level (1.38±0.16 ng/ml) by the time of its removal in treated cows. It is inferred that norgestomet–oestradiol alone without PGF2a may be used to augment fertility in repeat breeder cows under field conditions.


Agustín Lorenzo was a prototypical social bandit, according to Eric Hobsbawm's definition in his studies of that phenomenon. As a bandit from south central Mexico believed to have lived between the 18th and 19th centuries, the exploits of Agustín Lorenzo have been recounted in myriad ways: myths, legends, loas, corridos, films, carnival representations, among others. Lorenzo is said to have stolen from the rich to give to the poor, swearing to avenge his grandfather's mistreatment at the hands of his employer, the local landowner. To achieve his mission, the story goes, Lorenzo made a pact with the devil, to obtain supernatural powers. The attributes of this bandit undoubtedly place him in the same category as the great body of stories about banditry that have survived for centuries around the world, particularly considering their shared essence: a desire for justice. In the case of Agustín Lorenzo, it is possible to disentangle the universal principles Hobsbawm established regarding the phenomenon of social banditry from the local context in which this particular myth lives on. Hence, to analyze the myth of Agustín Lorenzo, it is essential to explore the narratives and meanings of the cosmogony of the Nahua peoples of south-central Mexico.


This talk reports work on an ongoing project on the representation of refugees and asylum seekers in the UK press. Although the project combines approaches within critical discourse analysis and corpus linguistics, the aim of this talk is to examine how corpus-based techniques can contribute to CDA (e.g. Baker & McEnery, 2005, Hardt-Mautner, 1995; Orpin, 2005; Sotillo & Wang-Gempp, 2004). The analysis is based on two corpora comprising articles relevant to refugees and asylum seekers from 12 national UK newspapers, spanning the last ten years: six broadsheets (87 million words) and six tabloids (30 million words). The starting points for the analysis are keywords, key collocations of the terms refugee(s), asylum seeker(s), immigrant(s), migrants(s) and alien(s), as well as key n-grams containing these terms and selected key collocates. The study also makes use of the notions of semantic prosody (Louw, 1993: 157), and, more significantly, Stubbs' expanded notion of discourse prosody (2001: 111-112). Semantic prosodies can help create a topos without totally explicit argumentation, in that readers are more likely to attend to the connotational rather than the denotational level of specific frequent collocations (e.g. swarms of refugees) (see also van Dijk, 1991: 228; 2000: 219-220), or, in other words, accept the metaphor rather than engage critically with it. This seems more likely if we consider that the frequency of semantic/discourse prosodies is greater than that of the different collocation patterns (e.g. bogus/fake asylum seekers, illegal immigrants) which embody or give rise to it. For example, the topoi of burdening/weighing down, definition, aggregation and quantification (Reisigl & Wodak, 2001: 76-78; Sedlak, 2001: 129) can be created or supported/reinforced by the collective use of quantity/mass/group collocates (e.g. flood/river/tide/wave of refugees; hordes/gangs of refugees), which giver rise to negative semantic prosodies related to the perceived inordinate number or threat of refugees. The comparison will be based on the examination of â�¦ i�§ keywords in the two corpora when compared to each other; i�§ collocates of refugees related to their perceived inordinate numbers and their reported plight; i�§ concordances of negative collocates of the groups in question related to the topoi of abuse, burden, competition and criminality; i�§ concordances of collocates related to the plight of the groups in question.


Abstract:The increase of representation of the Eurosceptic parties is, contrary to what many commentators claim, more than just a protest vote against "business as usual." This essay reviews the results of the recent European elections and provides an assessment of their short-and long-term consequences. It also examines the causes for the recent rise of Euroskepticism. The main thesis argued in the essay is that the disintegration of the EU narrative of "ever closer union" is the root cause of the rise of Euroskepticism, with various failing polices and the recent eurocrisis serving as the intermediate and precipitating causes. The essay also makes the argument that some of the Eurosceptic parties—such as the French National Front (FN), the British UKIP, True Finns, and the Danish People's party—are no longer "marginal," but have "graduated" into the mainstream European political ecology. The essay implicitly separates Eurosceptic "coalitional" populist parties from radical and extremist ones.


Chronic morphine use impairs host innate immune response and increases susceptibility to bacteria and virus. In this study a novel mouse model of chronic morphine treatment, followed by intranasal inoculation with Streptococcus pneumoniae, was used to investigate microbial events and host innate immune response. Our results show that chronic morphine treatment markedly delayed neutrophil recruitment and increased bacterial burden in the lung, spleen, and blood with a subsequent increase in mortality. In morphine-treated animals, before neutrophil recruitment, a significant decrease in TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, MIP-2, and KC was observed both in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids and in lung tissue. In the early phase of infection, we found that accumulation of galectin-3 in the alveolar space of streptococcus-infected lungs was decreased after morphine treatment. The transcription factor NF-κB in lung resident cells was also inhibited after morphine treatment. Taken together, these results suggest that chronic morphine treatment in an S. pneumoniae infection model suppresses NF-κB gene transcription in lung resident cells, which, in turn, modulates the transcriptional regulation of MIP-2 and inflammatory cytokines. The decreased synthesis of MIP-2 and inflammatory cytokines coupled with the decreased release of galectin-3 result in reduced migration of neutrophils to the site of infection, thereby increasing susceptibility to S. pneumoniae infection after morphine treatment.


Since 2012, we have been developing a remote-controlled robotic system (Zerobot®) for needle insertion during computed tomography (CT)-guided interventional procedures, such as ablation, biopsy, and drainage. The system was designed via a collaboration between the medical and engineering departments at Okayama University, including various risk control features. It consists of a robot with 6 degrees of freedom that is manipulated using an operation interface to perform needle insertions under CT-guidance. The procedure includes robot positioning, needle targeting, and needle insertion. Phantom experiments have indicated that robotic insertion is equivalent in accuracy to manual insertion, without physician radiation exposure. Animal experiments have revealed that robotic insertion of biopsy introducer needles and various ablation needles is safe and accurate in vivo. The first in vivo human trial, therefore, began in April 2018. After its completion, a larger clinical study will be conducted for commercialization of the robot. This robotic procedure has many potential advantages over a manual procedure: 1) decreased physician fatigue; 2) stable and accurate needle posture without tremor; 3) procedure automation; 4) less experience required for proficiency in needle insertion skills; 5) decreased variance in technical skills among physicians; and 6) increased likelihood of performing the procedure at remote hospitals (i.e., telemedicine).


Alteration of the surface glycosylation pattern on malignant cells potentially affects tumor immunity by directly influencing interactions with glycan-binding proteins (lectins) on the surface of immunomodulatory cells. The sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectins Siglec-7 and -9 are MHC class I-independent inhibitory receptors on human NK cells that recognize sialic acid-containing carbohydrates. Here, we found that the presence of Siglec-9 defined a subset of cytotoxic NK cells with a mature phenotype and enhanced chemotactic potential. Interestingly, this Siglec-9+ NK cell population was reduced in the peripheral blood of cancer patients. Broad analysis of primary tumor samples revealed that ligands of Siglec-7 and -9 were expressed on human cancer cells of different histological types. Expression of Siglec-7 and -9 ligands was associated with susceptibility of NK cell-sensitive tumor cells and, unexpectedly, of presumably NK cell-resistant tumor cells to NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Together, these observations have direct implications for NK cell-based therapies and highlight the requirement to consider both MHC class I haplotype and tumor-specific glycosylation.


Multiplayer fighting videogames have become an increasingly popular over the last few years, especially with the introduction of online play, making for a more competitive experience. Multiplayer fighting games give players the opportunity to utilize particular strategies and tactics to win, allowing them to use their own signature style. As a player can only play against a particular opponent who is actively participating in the game themselves, they cannot practice combating the opponent's style if the opponent is not participating in the game. This paper presents a novel approach for an avatar to learn and mimic the style of a player. It does this by recording and analyzing the data before splitting it up into two tiers; tactical data and strategic data. The approach uses a Naïve Bayes classifier to classify the tactics to particular states, and a Data Driven Finite State Machine to dictate when certain tactics are used. Statistics recorded during an experiment involving the approach are discussed, which indicate that the architecture of the Artificial Intelligence is fit for purpose, but does require refinement. Limitations of the architecture are discussed, including that such an approach may not provide accurate results when more parameters are considered.


Purpose In the context of oropharyngeal cancer treated with definitive radiotherapy, the aim of this retrospective study was to identify the best threshold value to compute metabolic tumor volume (MTV) and/or total lesion glycolysis to predict local-regional control (LRC) and disease-free survival. Methods One hundred twenty patients with a locally advanced oropharyngeal cancer from 2 different institutions treated with definitive radiotherapy underwent FDG PET/CT before treatment. Various MTVs and total lesion glycolysis were defined based on 2 segmentation methods: (i) an absolute threshold of SUV (0–20 g/mL) or (ii) a relative threshold for SUVmax (0%–100%). The parameters' predictive capabilities for disease-free survival and LRC were assessed using the Harrell C-index and Cox regression model. Results Relative thresholds between 40% and 68% and absolute threshold between 5.5 and 7 had a similar predictive value for LRC (C-index = 0.65 and 0.64, respectively). Metabolic tumor volume had a higher predictive value than gross tumor volume (C-index = 0.61) and SUVmax (C-index = 0.54). Metabolic tumor volume computed with a relative threshold of 51% of SUVmax was the best predictor of disease-free survival (hazard ratio, 1.23 [per 10 mL], P = 0.009) and LRC (hazard ratio: 1.22 [per 10 mL], P = 0.02). Conclusions The use of different thresholds within a reasonable range (between 5.5 and 7 for an absolute threshold and between 40% and 68% for a relative threshold) seems to have no major impact on the predictive value of MTV. This parameter may be used to identify patient with a high risk of recurrence and who may benefit from treatment intensification.