In computational fluid dynamics, the demand for increasingly multidisciplinary reliable simulations, for both analysis and design optimization purposes, requires transformational advances in individual components of future solvers. At the algorithmic level, hardware compatibility and efficiency are of paramount importance in determining viability at exascale and beyond. However, equally important (if not more so) is algorithmic robustness with minimal user intervention, which becomes progressively more challenging to achieve as problem size and physics complexity increase. We numerically show that low and high order entropy stable discontinuous spatial discretizations based on summation-by-part operators and simultaneous-approximation-terms technique provides an essential step toward a truly enabling technology in terms of reliability and robustness for both under-resolved turbulent flow simulations and flows with discontinuities.


This beautifully produced book is the catalogue written to accompany the opening of the Leopold Museum in Vienna, the new home for a previously privately-held collection of Austrian modernist art and, in particular, the world's largest collection of the works of Egon Schiele. This major assemblage of masterpieces, also including works by Klimt, Kokoschka and Richard Gerstl, opens for the first time to the public in September 2001. Commencing with the nineteenth-century paintings and drawings of Ferdinand Georg Waldmuller, August von Pettenkofen, Anton Romako, Carl Schuch and others, the catalogue moves chapter by chapter through the collection, tracing the history and development of Austrian art over the last two centuries. From Otto Wagner, Adolf Loos, Josef Hoffmann and Kolo Moser at the turn of the century, through Austrian expressionism, represented here by Egon Schiele, Gustav Klimt, Oskar Kokoschka and Richard Gerstl, there is also a discussion of the Austrian arts and crafts movement. The catalogue concludes with essays on collectors and collecting, Expressionism, and biographies of the artists. Illustrated with over 200 colour and black-and-white plates, the publication completes the Leopold Museum's project to preserve for posterity this unique collection.


OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of psychosocial factors on the age at menarche of girls in Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBH).

SUBJECTS AND METHODS
A cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2002 to May 2003 in all Cantons of the FBH. The random stratified sample included 19.803 girls aged 9.0 to 17.5 years. Data were collected using the status quo method. Probit analysis was used to estimate median age at menarche and 95% confidence intervals.

RESULTS
The present study shows that menarche occurred significantly earlier (p<0.05) in girls from dysfunctional families (median: 12.99 years, 95% confidence interval: 12.93-13.05) than in girls who grew up in intact families (median: 13.04 years, 95% confidence interval: 13.01-13.07). Analyzing separately the impact of each of family stressors on age at menarche, we found that menarcheal age was significantly lower in girls from single-mother families, whose parents are divorced, whose one parent is died and where alcoholism in family is present than in girls from intact families. Maturation was found to be earlier in girls from dysfunctional families then in those from intact families after the influence of place of residence and sibship size was eliminated.

CONCLUSION
From our research we can conclude that the girls from dysfunctional families reached earlier age at menarche than their peers who grew up in normal families, and that this effect did not disappear after controlling for socioeconomic variables.


A Science Shop acts as a mission-oriented intermediary unit between the scientific sphere and civil society organizations. It seeks to facilitate citizen-driven open science projects that respond to the needs of civil society organizations and which, typically, include students in the work process. We performed a thematic analysis of a systematically selected literature on Science Shops to understand how the scientific literature reflects the historical evolution of Science Shops in different settings and what factors the literature associates with the rise and fall of the Science Shop. We used the PRISMA methodology to search for scientific papers in indexed journals in eight databases published in English, French and Spanish, and employed the thematic theory approach to extract and systematize our results. Twenty-six scientific articles met the inclusion criteria. We identified three meta-categories and ten sub-topics which can serve as key pointers to guide the set-up and future work of Science Shops. Our results identify a major paradox: Science Shops incorporate public values in their scientific agendas but have difficulties sustaining themselves institutionally as they do not fit the current dominant research paradigm. Science shops represent a persuasive complementary approach to the way science is defined, executed and produced today.


Dialogue in Spanish provides a strong theoretical and empirical foundation for the study of dialogue. This edited collection of twelve original studies contributes to a broad comprehension of dialogue in two general contexts: personal interactions among friends and family; and public speech, such as political debates, medical interviews, court translations and service encounters. The studies, written by authors from Canada, Mexico, Spain, Sweden, the United States and Venezuela, present an in-depth look at issues and elements of dialogue such as irony, narrativity, discourse markers, coherence, conflict and expectations. Background research on dialogue grounds the articles in such areas as discourse analysis, pragmatics, philosophy, sociology, anthropology and linguistics. The book will prove useful to those who study conversational interaction, pragmatics, and discourse analysis as applied to various functions and contexts, and it will be of particular interest to researchers and students of linguistics, anthropology, sociology, philosophy, communications and education.


The Loan Syndications and Trading Association victory over federal regulators released managers of open market collateralized loan obligation (CLO) transactions from the requirement to comply with the US risk retention rules. This removed one of the most substantial economic hurdles to managing CLOs sold to investors in the United States and Asia. In their quest for a broader investor base, however, CLO managers are more frequently looking to Europe. At the same time, CLO managers continue to raise capital to fund the equity that supports their CLOs. Because CLOs sold to European institutional investors need to comply with the EU Securitisation Regulation, several important factors must be considered when structuring investment vehicles used by CLO managers to fund their CLO equity. This article examines some of the key legal, tax, and regulatory issues that CLO managers face when raising capital that will be used to fund the equity in EU-compliant CLOs. TOPICS: CLOs, CDOs, and other structured credit; project finance; legal and regulatory issues for structured finance; financial crises and financial market history; manager selection Key Findings • US CLO managers are increasingly looking to issue CLOs that may be sold to certain types of regulated European investors. At the same time, they continue to raise capital to fund the equity in their CLOs. • There have been several recent developments affecting the manner in which CLO managers are able to raise captive equity. These include, among others, the elimination of the US risk retention rules for "open market CLOs" and the adoption of the European Securitisation Regulation, which provides some clarity around some of the regulatory considerations related to investment vehicles through which such capital is deployed. • When structuring these investment vehicles, US CLO managers should be aware of the current state of the market on a variety of legal, regulatory, and tax issues.


No country's history is so well documented yet so poorly understood as that of a former colony. Singapore and Malaysia are particular victims of this historical paradox, and Carl Trocki's account of the history of Johor and Singapore marks a decided advance in Malaysian scholarship. A study of the Temenggongs of Johor, "Prince of Pirates" offers an original and highly provocative reinterpretation of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Malaysian history, revealing continuities between pre-colonial and colonial periods that have been obscured by attention given to the European intrusion.This new edition includes a fresh introduction by the author that positions the study within subsequent literature on Malaysian history, the Chinese migration, the opium trade and the history of the British Empire in Asia. It also explains the role the book played in pioneering a number of important initiatives in Malaysian studies.


The protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are crucial for understanding the majority of cellular processes. PPIs play important role in gene transcription regulation, cellular signaling, molecular basis of immune response and more. Moreover, a disruption of hese mechanisms is frequently postulated as a possible cause of diseases such as Alzheimer's or cancer. For many of biologically relevant cases the structure of protein-protein complexes remain unknown. Therefore computational techniques, including molecular docking, have become a valuable part of drug discovery pipelines. Unfortunately, none of the widely used protein-protein docking tools is free from serious limitations. Typically, in docking simulations the protein flexibility is either completely neglected or very limited. Additionally, some knowledge of the approximate location and/or the shape of the active site is also required. Such limitations arise mostly from the enormous number of degrees of freedom of protein-protein systems. In this paper, an efficient computational method for protein-protein docking is proposed and initially tested on a single docking case. The proposed method is based on a two-step procedure. In the first step, CABS-dock web server for protein-peptide docking is used to dock a peptide, which is the appropriate protein fragment responsible for the protein-protein interaction, to the other protein partner. During peptide docking, no knowledge about the binding site, nor the peptide structure, is used and the peptide is allowed to be fully flexible. In the second step, the docked peptide is used in the structural adjustment of protein complex partners. The proposed method allowed us to obtain a high accuracy model, therefore it provides a promising framework for further advances.


Drosophila paulistorum populations colonizing the urban area of Porto Alegre, southern Brazil, were studied with the objective of characterizing their chromosomal polymorphism in this new environment. Despite being geographically and ecologically marginal and the fact that the colonization of the urban area seems to be a recent event, the populations showed a large number of inversions on all chromosome arms. Differences regarding inversion frequencies and percentage of heterozygosis were found when we compared the samples with respect to geographical, microenvironmental and temporal aspects. Such differences, however, could be attributed to both selective and stochastic factors


Yurakare (isolate, Bolivia) has two constructions, both restricted to narratives, involving repetition of chunks of speech in the form of a dependent clause, marked for switch-reference. In the first construction, tail-head linkage, material from the previous sentence is repeated as a background to the next. The predicate in this repetition is marked for switch-reference. This construction clearly plays a role in structuring information in narratives in several ways. The second construction, called the repeated citation construction, involves a repetition of the predicate of a direct quote, marked with one of the two same-subject markers (realis versus irrealis). I argue that the formal similarities between these constructions relate to discourse-functional similarities, underlining the intimate connection between switch-reference systems and discourse. Keywords: Yurakare; switch reference; reality status; dependent clauses; tail-head linkage


This article focuses on the production of anti-Japanese music during World War II through the frameworks of popular culture, consumption, and propaganda and by analyzing the music itself, as well as lyrics
 and sheet music covers. Anti-Japanese music codified certain racial beliefs while distinguishing among Asian nationalities. Portraying Japan in racialized and gendered terms told Americans something about
 themselves and white male superiority. These musical images also demonstrated the dialogue between the music industry and its consuming audience. Publishers and composers tried to describe the nation9s
 emotions toward the enemy. Although their early efforts were somewhat successful, overall, anti-Japanese songs were not. Consumers looked to other musical forms and lyrics to embody the war, not necessarily
 voting against racism, but for more innovative music.


The purpose of this book is to honour the influential and wide-ranging work of Professor Clive Walker. It explores Professor Walker's influence from three perspectives. Firstly, it provides a historical reflection upon the development of the law and policy in relation to counter-terrorism and miscarriages of justice since the 1970s. This historical perspective, which is often overlooked, is particularly timely 17 years after 9/11 as trends become clearer and historical perspective even more valuable. So too with miscarriages of justice: while there was considerable public and political scrutiny following high-profile miscarriages such as the Birmingham Six, Guildford Four, and others, in the early 1990s, today there is much less scrutiny, despite significant concern relating to issues such as legal aid and access to justice increasing the potential (if not likelihood) for miscarriages to occur. By including a critical historical perspective, this book enables us to learn lessons from the past and to minimise contemporary risks of miscarriages of justice. Secondly, this book provides a critical analysis of the law and policy as it stands today, and its future trajectory. Applying Walker's theoretical and analytical contributions to the field, the authors focus on pressing contemporary concerns, identifying lacunae where relevant, as well as the possible, probable and preferable future trends. Finally, the book celebrates and recognises the significant contributions by Walker, with each chapter built around one or more of Walker's key works.


The use of production cell in manufacturing has achieved many benefits, motivating researchers to apply them in the construction environment. The aim of this research is to identify time, space and information linkages considerations in construction production cells applications, seeking opportunities for broader implementations. We adopted a literature review approach focusing on studies in Brazilian construction sector that addressed cells applications. Subsequently, comparative tables of these publications were prepared, analyzing the consideration of time, space and information linkages, as well as identified results. The article pointed out that there is a lack in publications that address the application of production cell in almost all construction flows, except the job site flow, reflecting the tendency of most companies of applying lean concepts first in physical flows. The greatest benefits reported from the applications of production cells were the lead time reduction, cost savings and increase productivity. By analyzing the aspects (group of features that enhance the use of the cell) it was found that "material flow and pull system" and "operators interaction" were the aspects most often considered, but mostly partially. "Flexibility" and "equipment maintenance" were used in very few reported cases. No case reported comprehensive considerations of the three important linkages of time, space and information. Space was the linkage better considered, showing that studied applications tend to be latent physical cells, with lack in time and information linkages. Further studies are proposed in order to investigate the results of more comprehensive applications considering all aspects.


Stand structure, diversity and regeneration status of woody species were investigated in open and exclosed dry woodland sites in Island Safari, Shorobe and Xobe, northeastern Botswana. A total of 105, 111 and 130 quadrats, measuring 20 × 20 m each, were laid down along parallel line transects in the three sites, respectively, to collect data. A total of 47 species, representing 16 families and 24 genera, were recorded in the study sites. Of these, 33 species representing 13 families and 20 genera, 41 species representing 15 families and 23 genera and 27 species representing 10 families and 14 genera were encountered in Island Safari, Shorobe and Xobe, respectively. The most diverse family was Fabaceae followed by Combretaceae and Tiliaceae at all the three sites. The most diverse genus was Acacia, followed by Combretum and Grewia. The diversity of woody species in the study sites were 2.18, 2.15 and 1.5 in Shorobe, Island Safari and Xobe, respectively, while their corresponding evenness values were 0.6, 0.6 and 0.5, respectively. The mean densities of the woody species encountered in Island Safari, Shorobe and Xobe were 2629, 4271 and 2745 individuals haǃ, respectively. The five densest species were Colophospermum mopane, Dichrostachys cinerea, Acacia tortilis, Philenoptera violacea and Terminalia prunioides in Island Safari, C. mopane, A. tortilis, A. erioloba, P. violacea and D. cinerea in Shorobe and Acacia mellifera, A. tortilis, P. nelsii, A. luederitzii and A. erubescens in Xobe. The highest important value index values were exhibited by C. mopane, D. cinerea, A. tortilis, P. violacea and T. prunioides in Island Safari, C. mopane, A. erioloba, A. tortilis, P. violacea and C. imberbe in Shorobe, and A. mellifera, A. tortilis, P. nelsii and A. luederitzii in Xobe. The alarming result was the fact that 71%, 80% and 85% of the woody species recorded in Island Safari, Shorobe and Xobe, respectively, exhibited hampered regeneration and, thus, unhealthy population structures. Therefore, there is an urgent need to address the observed unhealthy population structures of the woody species through investigation of the major causes of their hampered regeneration, and also designing measures that will facilitate natural and artificial regeneration of these species at the three study sites.


Better understanding and prediction of tree growth is important because of the many ecosystem services provided by forests and the uncertainty surrounding how forests will respond to anthropogenic climate change. With the ultimate goal of improving models of forest dynamics, here we construct a statistical model that combines complementary data sources – tree-ring and forest inventory data. A Bayesian hierarchical model is used to gain inference on the effects of many factors on tree growth – individual tree size, climate, biophysical conditions, stand-level competitive environment, tree-level canopy status, and forest management treatments – using both diameter at breast height (DBH) and tree-ring data. The model consists of two multiple regression models, one each for the two data sources, linked via a constant of proportionality between coefficients that are found in parallel in the two regressions. The model was applied to a dataset developed at a single, well-studied site in the Jemez Mountains of north-central New Mexico, U. S. A. Inferences from the model included positive effects of seasonal precipitation, wetness index, and height ratio, and negative effects of seasonal temperature, southerly aspect and radiation, and plot basal area. Climatic effects inferred by the model compared well to results from a dendroclimatic analysis. Combining the two data sources did not lead to higher predictive accuracy (using the leave-one-out information criterion, LOOIC), either when there was a large number of increment cores (129) or under a reduced data scenario of 15 increment cores. However, there was a clear advantage, in terms of parameter estimates, to the use of both data sources under the reduced data scenario: DBH remeasurement data for ~500 trees substantially reduced uncertainty about non-climate fixed effects on radial increments. We discuss the kinds of research questions that might be addressed when the high-resolution information on climate effects contained in tree rings are combined with the rich metadata on tree- and stand-level conditions found in forest inventories, including carbon accounting and projection of tree growth and forest dynamics under future climate scenarios.


During the second half of 1997 the Illawarra Branch of the Australian Society for the Study of Labour History met twice. The first meeting, on Sunday 17 August, was addressed by Dr Bob James, former president of the Hunter Branch of the Labour History Society, with about twenty members present. The title of this forum was THE TRAGEDY OF LABOUR HISTORY. RESURRECTING THE ROLE OF FREEMASONS AND FRIENDLY SOCIETIES. Bob argued that the decline of the organised labour movement was inevitable, since it was built on a falsified history which gave primacy to unions and political parties, even though many more workers belonged to the masons and friendly societies. His paper, which was enthusiastically received, has been reproduced in this issue. This journal article is available in Illawarra Unity Journal of the Illawarra Branch of the Australian Society for the Study of Labour History: http://ro.uow.edu.au/unity/vol1/iss3/1


Crystallization analysis fractionation (CRYSTAF) has been introduced for the analysis of the composition of polyolefin blends and the chemical composition distribution of polyolefins. Blends of syndiotactic and isotactic polypropylene (sPP and iPP) and of sPP/High density polyethylene (HDPE) have been fractionated by CRYSTAF and the results been compared to those from DSC. While the blends of sPP and HDPE cannot be separated by DSC a quantitative determination of both components is possible by CRYSTAF over the whole range with the detection limit being 1% on both ends. Furthermore it is demonstrated that the separation of ternary blends of sPP, iPP and HDPE is possible by CRYSTAF.


Although Munchhausen syndrome by proxy (MSP) with somatic expression is a familiar diagnosis to paediatricians and psychiatrists, the psychiatric form has remained more confined to the literature. This clinical form is distinguished by the allegation of artificial psychiatric disorders to convince others that a child suffers from these disorders. After an update on the classic form of MSP via somatic expression and its diagnostic issues, we present a brief review of the literature to explain the peculiarities of MSP with psychiatric expression. We detail the psychological complications for the child through a case report and analysis that illustrate the difficulty of identifying this particular disorder, the treatment of which is complex. The delay in diagnosis is several years, during which time the symptoms can be recast to mask a psychiatric reaction to this particular form of abuse. The suffering of the child and his parents will be shortened if the diagnosis is quickly established and the appropriate treatment is instituted.


In this article I discuss the relationship between migration and happiness via the life stories of members of a Bangladeshi family who for several generations have been involved in transnational migration between their rural home in Sylhet and a city in Northern England. Rather than to seek definitive answers concerning whether or not migration makes my interlocutors happy—as we shall see, the answers to this are highly subjective and ever changing—my intention is to ask what we might learn about both migration and happiness by considering how journeys purportedly undertaken in order to increase well-being so often lead instead to sadness, loss, and dislocation. In particular, I use Sara Ahmed's framing of "happiness projects" to address the contradictions and ambivalence that lie at the emotional heart of transnational migration.


The present work represents a continuation of the investigation of the chemistry of nitropyridine derivatives, based on the methodology for nitration of pyridines developed by Professor Jan M. Bakke and co-workers at NTNU. Nitropyridines have been utilized as substrates for the formation of novel bis- and tris-heterocyclic compounds, and new synthetic routes to fused heterocycles have been developed. Several new β-carboline analogues and fused azacinnolines have been prepared based on a Suzuki coupling and subsequent cyclization approuch. The formation of 4-isocyanobut-2-enenitrile and 3-cyanopyrrole products by ring opening and ring contraction of 3-pyridyl nitrenes, respectively, is reported. 7-Azacinnolin-4(1H)-one has been prepared and tautomery investigated by NMR. The general ability of appropriate pyridyl compunds to undergo Friedlander condensation to give different 1,7-naphthyridines has been demonstrated. Bis-heterocyclic products have been prepared from methyl/allylpyridylketones fromed by Weinreb tranformations, and a method has been developed to allow for the preperation of reactive pure pyridylvinylketones to be used in further reactions, such as Diels-Alder cycloaddition reactions.


This article presents an analysis of the themes in children's literature for preschool through middle school readers involving dollhouses with dolls that come alive or act out stories imagined by their owners. Recurrent themes of imagination, science fiction changes in time and space related to the dollhouse, diversity and friendship, courage and independence, creativity, and care of belongings are found in the thirty-six books examined. Suggested authentic learning activities for relating the literature to several content areas are given. An annotated bibliography that describes story plots follows the text.


Bacterial biofilms are spatially structured communities, within which bacteria can differentiate depending on environmental conditions. During biofilm formation, bacteria attach to a surface and use cell-cell contacts to convey the signals required for the coordination of biofilm morphogenesis. How bacteria can maintain both substrate adhesions and cell-cell contacts during the expansion of a microcolony is still a critical yet poorly understood phenomenon. Here, we describe the development of time-resolved methods to measure substrate adhesion at the single cell level during the formation of E. coli and P. aeruginosa microcolonies. We show that bacterial adhesion is asymmetrically distributed along the cell body. Higher adhesion forces at old poles put the daughter cells under tension and force them to slide along each other. These rearrangements increase cell-cell contacts and the circularity of the colony. We propose a mechanical model based on the microscopic details of adhesive links, which recapitulates microcolony morphogenesis and quantitatively predicts bacterial adhesion from simple time lapse movies. These results explain how the distribution of adhesion forces at the subcellular level directs the shape of bacterial colonies, which ultimately dictates the circulation of secreted signals.


This flora of 70 species is dominated by deciduous trees, many with descendants in China. Precipitation was 890 mm, mean annual temperature 12.5!C, the annual range 10!C, and freezing rare. Elevation was about 1000 meters. Comparison with the Horse Prairie flora, 30 miles east and across the present continental divide, indicates that the divide was then low and discontinuous, with warmer climate to the east.


BACKGROUND The A(H1N1)pdm09 virus strain used in the live attenuated influenza vaccine was changed for the 2015–2016 influenza season because of its lack of effectiveness in young children in 2013–2014. The Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Network evaluated the effect of this change as part of its estimates of influenza vaccine effectiveness in 2015–2016. METHODS We enrolled patients 6 months of age or older who presented with acute respiratory illness at ambulatory care clinics in geographically diverse U.S. sites. Using a test‐negative design, we estimated vaccine effectiveness as (1‐OR)×100, in which OR is the odds ratio for testing positive for influenza virus among vaccinated versus unvaccinated participants. Separate estimates were calculated for the inactivated vaccines and the live attenuated vaccine. RESULTS Among 6879 eligible participants, 1309 (19%) tested positive for influenza virus, predominantly for A(H1N1)pdm09 (11%) and influenza B (7%). The effectiveness of the influenza vaccine against any influenza illness was 48% (95% confidence interval [CI], 41 to 55; P<0.001). Among children 2 to 17 years of age, the inactivated influenza vaccine was 60% effective (95% CI, 47 to 70; P<0.001), and the live attenuated vaccine was not observed to be effective (vaccine effectiveness, 5%; 95% CI, ‐47 to 39; P=0.80). Vaccine effectiveness against A(H1N1)pdm09 among children was 63% (95% CI, 45 to 75; P<0.001) for the inactivated vaccine, as compared with ‐19% (95% CI, ‐113 to 33; P=0.55) for the live attenuated vaccine. CONCLUSIONS Influenza vaccines reduced the risk of influenza illness in 2015–2016. However, the live attenuated vaccine was found to be ineffective among children in a year with substantial inactivated vaccine effectiveness. Because the 2016–2017 A(H1N1)pdm09 strain used in the live attenuated vaccine was unchanged from 2015–2016, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices made an interim recommendation not to use the live attenuated influenza vaccine for the 2016–2017 influenza season. (Funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the National Institutes of Health.)


Our image of plants is changing dramatically away from passive entities merely subject to environmental forces and organisms that are designed solely for the accumulation of photosynthate. Plants are revealing themselves to be dynamic and highly sensitive organisms that actively and competitively forage for limited resources, both above and below ground, organisms that accurately gauge their circumstances, use sophisticated cost-benefit analysis, and take clear actions to mitigate and control diverse environmental threats. Moreover, plants are also capable of complex recognition of self and non-self and are territorial in behavior. They are as sophisticated in behavior as animals but their potential has been masked because it operates on time scales many orders of magnitude less than those of animals. Plants are sessile organisms. As such, the only alternative to a rapidly changing environment is rapid adaptation. This book will focus on all these new and exciting aspects of plant biology.


Mr. Rathore examines the broad drought management policies of India and coping strategies adopted by various actors since independence and identify gaps to suggest appropriate measures to mitigate or reduce the impact of drought. His paper examines the nature and intensity of drought, document perception and impacts of drought and analyse the responses and management strategies of various actors like state, market, NGO and people. Keywords: drought management; impacts Water Nepal Vol. 12, No. 1&2, 2006 Page: 261-280


The most famous element in Bentham's theory of punishment, the Panopticon Prison, expresses his view of the two purposes of punishment, deterrence and special prevention. We investigate Bentham's intuition in a public goods lab experiment by manipulating how much information on punishment experienced by others is available to would-be offenders. Compared with the tone that Jeremy Bentham set, our results are non-expected: If would-be offenders learn about contributions and punishment of others at the individual level, they contribute much less to the public project. Our results confirm the special prevention effect but show that the deterrence effect is smaller the more information on individual punishment is available.


Country, starting from the general interests, establishes the financial distribution of burden, but individuals burdened by taxes, having their own personal interests, do not accept this distribution. Taxpayer must pay the taxes, but he reacts in that way that he transfers the tax burden to other persons. Tax shifting should be understood as economic process caused by a tax procedure by which the direct financial burden is being transferred, through price adjustment, from a taxpayer to one or several other persons. Tax shifting exists when a person – taxpayer is different from a person that actually bears the tax burden. Tax shifting also appears in agriculture. This line of activity, due to its specificity, specificity of natural conditions and the very nature of activity, undergoes a special tax treatment, but is also specific in the sphere of tax shifting.


A comprehensive model is developed for complete methane oxidation over supported palladium. The model is based on first-principles microkinetics and accounts for mass and heat transport in a porous catalytic layer. The turnover frequency (TOF) is simulated for wet exhaust gas compositions, exploring the effects of temperature and total pressure on the TOF. Three different temperature regimes are identified each with different dependency on the total pressure. The regimes originate from temperature and pressure dependent coverages of carbon dioxide and water, which are the most abundant surface species hindering methane dissociation at low temperatures. The TOF is controlled by surface kinetics below 400 °C whereas above 500 °C and up to 8 atm, internal mass transport is controlling. A combination of kinetics, external and internal mass transport controls the TOF at other reaction conditions. The physically meaningful model paves the way for extrapolation and optimization of catalyst design parameters for high catalytic efficiency.


In an investigation conducted in student health clinic patients, the polymerase chain reaction was used to detect human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA, thereby allowing measurement of the prevalence of HPV infection and study of the association between HPV infection and risk factors for cervical cancer. Of 159 women eligible to participate, 105 (66%) provided specimen of cervical cells for HPV typing, and also answered an interviewer‐administered questionnaire which sought information on risk factors for cervical cancer. Nucleic acid extracted from cervical cells was screened with primers for HPV types 6, 11, 16, 18, 33 and with an HPV Consensus primer. Overall, the prevalence of HPV infection was 18.1%, while for HPV‐6/11 it was 2.9% and for HPV‐16/18 it was 10.5%. There were statistically significant increases in risk of HPV infection with history of ever having smoked cigarettes (overall, and for HPV‐16 alone) and with a history of usually having sexual intercourse during menstrual periods (overall, but not for HPV‐16), and these associations were independent of the effects of age at first sexual intercourse and number of sexual partners. The latter 2 variables, as well as the total number of occasions of sexual intercourse, a history of anal intercourse, and a history of ever having used oral contraceptives, were not associated with statistically significant alterations in risk of HPV infection.


The attribution method provides a direction for interpreting opaque neural networks in a visual way by identifying and visualizing the input regions/pixels that dominate the output of a network. Regarding the attribution method for visually explaining video understanding networks, it is challenging because of the unique spatiotemporal dependencies existing in video inputs and the special 3D convolutional or recurrent structures of video understanding networks. However, most existing attribution methods focus on explaining networks taking a single image as input and a few works specifically devised for video attribution come short of dealing with diversified structures of video understanding networks. In this paper, we investigate a generic perturbation-based attribution method that is compatible with diversified video understanding networks. Besides, we propose a novel regularization term to enhance the method by constraining the smoothness of its attribution results in both spatial and temporal dimensions. In order to assess the effectiveness of different video attribution methods without relying on manual judgement, we introduce reliable objective metrics which are checked by a newly proposed reliability measurement. We verified the effectiveness of our method by both subjective and objective evaluation and comparison with multiple significant attribution methods.


Various recent policy documents stress the need for the integration of sector policies. Several studies have recently been carried out looking at various aspects of policy integration, especially with respect to the integration of transport, land use planning and environment policy. Although literature in this area of research is growing, it is still however quite limited and rather sectoral. Most of the research is mainly technical and mainly focuses on policy options, instruments or assessment methods, rather than on decision-making processes and/or implementation issues. Little attention has been given to organisational and/or institutional aspects of policy integration and how this relates to theories from organisational, policy or political sciences. This paper provides an overview of theoretical frameworks for analysing policy integration and reviews policy documents and recent major research projects with links to policy integration (particularly within Europe). The paper aims to give a historical perspective on policy integration, summarise recent research, identify key ressearch gaps, consider the transferability of research results and identify promising new areas for future research. The paper is divided into four sections. The first section provides a historical overview of changes and trends in policy perspectives, focusing on the European level. The second section contains a review of literature (from both policy documents and theoretical literature) concerning policy integration. The third section summarises recent research projects (mainly funded by the European Commission) relevant to the integration of transport, land use planning and environment policy. This section also considers the issue of policy transfer. The final section contains conclusions and a number of recommendations for future research in this area.


SUMMARY
There is recognition that competition is shifting from a "firm versus firm perspective" to a "supply chain versus supply chain perspective." In response to this shift, firms seeking competitive advantage are participating in cooperative supply chain arrangements, such as strategic alliances, which combine their individual strengths and unique resources. Buyer-supplier sourcing relationships are a primary focus of alliance improvement efforts. While interest in such arrangements remains strong, it is well accepted that creating, developing, and maintaining a successful alliance is a very daunting task. This research addresses several critical issues regarding that challenge. First, what factors contribute most to long-term alliance success? Second, what conditions define the presence of those success factors? Third, do buyers and suppliers in an alliance agree on those success factors and defining conditions? The research results demonstrate a remarkably consistent perspective among alliance partners regarding key success factors, despite the acknowledgment that the resultant success is based on a relatively even, but not equal, exchange of benefits and resources. Additionally, within an alliance's intended "win-win" foundation, suppliers must recognize their innate dependence on customers. Finally, significant opportunities for improvement exist with respect to alliance goal clarification, communication, and performance evaluation.


The focus of ecosystem restoration has recently shifted from pure rehabilitation objectives to both improving ecological functioning and the delivery of ecosystem services. However, these different targets need to be integrated to create a unified, synergistic, and balanced restoration approach. This should be done by combining state‐of‐the‐art knowledge from natural and social sciences to create manageable units of restoration that consider both the temporal and multiple spatial scales of ecosystems, legislative units, and policy agendas. Only by considering these aspects combined can we accomplish more cost‐efficient restoration resulting in resilient ecosystems that provide a wealth of ecosystem services and the possibility for sustainable economic development in the future. We propose a novel conceptual framework that will yield more effective ecosystem restoration: the Operational Restoration Unit. This is based on scale‐dependent restoration actions that can adhere easily to the relevant environmental legislation, encompass the spatial and temporal resilience of aquatic ecosystems, and consider the sum of human pressures acting on water bodies. This opens up possibilities for an effective integration of the restoration agenda into the delivery of major policy objectives of economic growth, regional development, and human security. WIREs Water 2017, 4:e1190. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1190


BACKGROUND
A 52-year-old female presented with acute anterior ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) within one hour of symptom onset to the emergency department. She was referred for urgent primary angioplasty.

INVESTIGATION
Physical examination, laboratory investigations, ECG, urgent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

DIAGNOSIS
Single-vessel coronary artery disease (SVD).

TREATMENT
Intended to stent culprit lesion. However, stent dislodged in left main coronary artery (LMCA) during attempted PCI to diffuse mid segment of left anterior descending (LAD). Initial attempt failed to retrieve the dislodged stent with snare. Dislodged stent removed with multiple wire technique, complicated by severe dissection in LAD and left circumflex artery back into the LMCA. The stent was trapped at tip of 6 Fr right femoral sheath, unable to be withdrawn. What next?


What specialized knowledge is needed to teach English as a second language today? The field of English for Specific Purposes (ESP) is among the richest areas of second language research and practice because increasing globalization and changing technologies spawn new modes of intercultural connection and new occasions for second language use. "English for Specific Purposes in Theory and Practice" compasses this burgeoning field by presenting new research and commentary from some of the field's leading scholars. This volume explores ESP from academic (secondary and tertiary), occupational (business, medical, and legal), and socio-cultural perspectives. Recurring motifs throughout the volume are the effects of globalization, English as a lingua franca, and the impact of migrant populations. One of the major questions this volume seeks to answer is, How can ESP instructors meet their own teacher knowledge needs? Also considered is, How have ESP practitioners succeeded in gaining control of the knowledge they need to address their students' needs?


Advocates of the boundaryless career perspective have relied to a great extent on the assumption that actors take responsibility for their own career development and that they consequently take charge of developing their career competencies. In this provocation piece, we debate the obstructions to and potential ways to promote boundary-less careers in the gig economy, which — despite appearing on the surface to offer suitable conditions for boundaryless careers — suffers from numerous conditions that hinder such careers. Thus, boundaryless careers in the gig economy could be an oxymoron. In particular, we conjecture that intraorganisational and interorganisational career boundaries restrict gig workers' development of relevant career competencies and thus limit their mobility. We then put forward the notion that we have to consider moving away from traditional, employer-centric human resource management and introduce new forms of network-based and self-organised human resource management practices (in the form of collaborative communities of practice) in order to diminish these boundaries.


Set in post conflict northern Uganda, this paper analyses the challenges facing local communities living adjacent to Murchison Falls National Park
in Acholi land as they grapple with efforts to restore their livelihoods, in view of costs and losses inflicted on them by problem animals. Their return to their villages after 20 years of the war between insurgents of Lord's Resistance Army and the government of Uganda held a lot of promise. The state sponsored Peace, Recovery and Development Plan; donor funded projects; multinational agricultural companies setting up in the area; and the tourism revenue sharing fund; all pointed to an empowering recovery process for the local community to achieve self-reliance. However, the pain of consistent destruction of their crops by wildlife, an unfair policy on compensation of damage caused by problem animals, worsened by the government refusal to plan with the affected communities made them feel left out. This paper focuses on the Tourism Revenue Sharing Fund as a tool to analyse the costs and losses incurred by local peasants who continue to lose their agricultural livelihoods but whose appeals for dialogue continue to be ignored by the state. Data for this paper were collected using ethnographic methods that included in-depth interviews of key informants, observation, as well as both formal and informal interactions with members of the local community in Pabit parish of Purongo in Acholi sub region, and government documents.


Acts 2:37-47 Now when they heard [this], they were pricked in their heart, and said unto Peter and to the rest of the apostles, Men [and] brethren, what shall we do? 38 Then Peter said unto them, Repent, and be baptized every one of you in the name of Jesus Christ for the remission of sins, and ye shall receive the gift of the Holy Ghost. 39 For the promise is unto you, and to your children, and to all that are afar off, [even] as many as the Lord our God shall call. 40 And with many other words did he testify and exhort, saying, Save yourselves from this untoward generation. 41 Then they that gladly received his word were baptized: and the same day there were added [unto them] about three thousand souls. 42 And they continued stedfastly in the apostles' doctrine and fellowship, and in breaking of bread, and in prayers. 43 And fear came upon every soul: and many wonders and signs were done by the apostles. 44 And all that believed were together, and had all things common; 45 And sold their possessions and goods, and parted them to all [men], as every man had need. 46 And they, continuing daily with one accord in the temple, and breaking bread from house to house, did eat their meat with gladness and singleness of heart, 47 Praising God, and having favour with all the people. And the Lord added to the church daily such as should be saved.


Winner of the 2015 David Easton Prize, awarded by the American Political Science Association (APSA) Global forces are eroding the ability of states to exert sovereign control over their populations, territories, and borders. Yet when dominated subjects across the world dream of freedom, they continue to conceive of it in sovereign terms. Sovereign freedom haunts the imagination of oppressed ethnic minorities, popular masses ruled by foreign powers or homegrown tyrants, indigenous peoples, and individuals chafing under customary or governmental restrictions. On Sovereignty and Other Political Delusions draws on political theory and on two case studies - the encounter between Anglo-American settlers and Native American tribes, and the search for Jewish sovereignty in Palestine - to probe the allure of the idea of sovereign freedom and its self-defeating logic. It concludes by shifting its sights from political to economic sovereign power and by pursuing intimations of non-sovereign freedom in the contemporary age.


BACKGROUND
Results of previous single-center, observational studies suggest that daily bathing of patients with chlorhexidine may prevent hospital-acquired bloodstream infections and the acquisition of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs).

METHODS
We conducted a multicenter, cluster-randomized, nonblinded crossover trial to evaluate the effect of daily bathing with chlorhexidine-impregnated washcloths on the acquisition of MDROs and the incidence of hospital-acquired bloodstream infections. Nine intensive care and bone marrow transplantation units in six hospitals were randomly assigned to bathe patients either with no-rinse 2% chlorhexidine-impregnated washcloths or with nonantimicrobial washcloths for a 6-month period, exchanged for the alternate product during the subsequent 6 months. The incidence rates of acquisition of MDROs and the rates of hospital-acquired bloodstream infections were compared between the two periods by means of Poisson regression analysis.

RESULTS
A total of 7727 patients were enrolled during the study. The overall rate of MDRO acquisition was 5.10 cases per 1000 patient-days with chlorhexidine bathing versus 6.60 cases per 1000 patient-days with nonantimicrobial washcloths (P=0.03), the equivalent of a 23% lower rate with chlorhexidine bathing. The overall rate of hospital-acquired bloodstream infections was 4.78 cases per 1000 patient-days with chlorhexidine bathing versus 6.60 cases per 1000 patient-days with nonantimicrobial washcloths (P=0.007), a 28% lower rate with chlorhexidine-impregnated washcloths. No serious skin reactions were noted during either study period.

CONCLUSIONS
Daily bathing with chlorhexidine-impregnated washcloths significantly reduced the risks of acquisition of MDROs and development of hospital-acquired bloodstream infections. (Funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Sage Products; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00502476.).


Switzerland is perceived as a highly multilingual country, with four national languages and a solid translation tradition in official, administrative and corporate settings, now even extended to include English. A research case study was set up to investigate the understanding and use of translation and language technologies by Swiss language service providers. This paper highlights some findings, particularly focusing upon the issue of translation automation processes in multilingual documentation production, with a view not only to spot preconceptions or knowledge gaps about MT, but also to
suggest some training principles. We will argue that training activities ought to present MT systems as
key aiding components of translator workbenches and, their output, as a valid linguistic resource for further human refining, if necessary. Moreover, in line with the idea that MT can be part and parcel of multilingual content production cycles, we will look at the interaction of MT with controlled language, CAT tools and terminology work. In sum, we will make explicit the usefulness of MT against the
widespread prejudice that investing in MT does not return any benefits given the 'low and hilarious quality of its output', as quoted by most of the interviewees of our case study.


Context: Acne vulgaris is the most common chronic inflammatory skin condition which lasts for many years. Treatment and compliance with regimen is an essential element in overall effectiveness of therapy. In Indian market, various brands of drugs are available for the treatment of acne vulgaris. Aim: To evaluate the drug usage pattern in acne vulgaris and also to estimate the cost difference between various brands of drugs available for treatment of acne vulgaris. Settings and Design: Cross-sectional observational study.
Material and Methods: Data of 183 acne patients attending skin OPD was collected. Physicians and patients were informed and their written consent was taken. Data collected from the prescriptions included demographic profile of patients, drugs prescribed with their dose, route, frequency and duration, average number of drugs. Cost variation amongst the different drugs available for treatment of acne vulgaris was also calculated. Results were expressed in percentage or frequencies. Statistical analysis used: NIL.
Results: Dermatologists had prescribed retinoids both topically and orally in 30% subjects. Azithromycin was the most frequently and initially prescribed systemic antimicrobial. The maximum cost variation was seen with Hydroxyzine (1130.76%) followed by Doxycycline (458.33%).
Conclusions: Prescriptions for acne vulgaris were seen to be according to the guidelines and there was wide per day cost variation in the treatment given to these patients who ranged from Rs. 15.50 to Rs. 155.70/-.


This thesis begins by examining the factors that have resulted in the dependent nature of Canada's political and economic structure, and proceeds to examine how this has contributed to the cultural amorphousness of English Canadian identity. The hegemonic authority of American and trans-national interests, established and maintained in the cultural sphere through the extensive monopoly of the distribution of cultural and media products, perpetuates the amorphousness of English Canadian culture through the appropriation of Canadian space by the international image industry. Such categorization of Canadian space reflects and perpetuates the imaginary representation of Canada within the dominant ideology as an indistinct and amorphous entity, and comes to usurp the materiality that constructs the lived identities of English Canadians.


A detailed finite element analysis of crack initiation and stable crack extension is performed under Mode I plane stress, small-scale yielding conditions. A small strain, J2 incremental plasticity theory is employed and both elastic-perfectly plastic materials and power law hardening materials are considered. Some issues pertaining to the stationary plane stress crack problem, such as the range of dominance of the asymptotic stress and deformation fields and the amount of non-proportional loading near the crack tip are addressed. Special attention is devoted to the perfectly plastic idealization, by performing a separate singular finite element analysis, to clarify some details about the asymptotic fields near the stationary crack tip. The full-field numerical solution is used to simulate synthetic (optical) caustic patterns at different distances from the crack tip, which are compared with experimental observations and with asymptotic analytical results. A nodal release procedure is used to simulate quasi-static crack extension. It is found that the asymptotic angular extent of the active plastic zone, surrounding the propagating crack tip, is from θ = 0 to about θ = 45° for the perfectly plastic case. The near-tip angular stress distribution within the active plastic zone is in good agreement with the variation in a centered fan, as predicted by a preliminary asymptotic analysis by Rice, for the perfectly plastic case. It is also observed that the σrr stress component has a strong radial variation within the active plastic zone. The angular extent of active yielding around the moving tip increases with hardening, while its maximum radial extent ahead of the tip decreases. Clear evidence of an elastic unloading region following the active plastic zone is found, but no secondary (plastic) reloading along the crack flank has been numerically observed for any level of hardening. The crack tip opening profile during growth is obtained for various levels of hardening. A ductile crack growth criterion is employed to investigate the nature of the J resistance curves under plane stress. Finally, the influence of hardening on the potential for stable crack growth is examined.


Title of dissertation: HYPERCOORDINATE SILICON COMPOUNDS IN ORGANIC SYNTHESIS: IMPROVED METHODS FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF ARYL(TRIALKOXY)SILANE DERIVATIVES; AND TRIMETHYLSILYL CYANIDE AS A CYANIDE SOURCE FOR NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION Amy Slover Manoso, Doctor of Philosophy, 2004 Dissertation directed by: Professor Philip DeShong Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions are versatile methods for the synthesis of carbon-carbon bonds. The Stille and Suzuki cross-coupling protocols have achieved prominence in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals because of the high yields, tolerance for functional groups, and excellent stereoselectivities. However, there are features associated with each of these processes that limit the generality: the Stille tin reagents and byproducts are toxic; and the Suzuki boron reagents can be difficult to synthesize and purify. Environmentally benign arylsilane derivatives have emerged as powerful alternatives to conventional arylmetalloids for the Pd(0)catalyzed aryl-aryl coupling reaction with organohalides and organo(pseudo)halides because they avoid the inherent limitations associated with traditional methodologies. It was previously reported that aryl(trialkoxy)silanes (also called siloxanes) are substrates for fluoride-promoted, Pd(0)-catalyzed coupling reactions with allylic ester and aryl derivatives providing cross-coupling products in high yields under mild conditions. However, few detailed studies of the synthesis of these useful cross-coupling reagents have been reported in the literature. In chapter one of this thesis, two methods for the synthesis of aryl siloxanes are studied and the optimal reaction conditions and the scope determined: (1) general reaction conditions for the synthesis of aryl(trialkoxy)silanes from aryl Grignard and lithium reagents and functional silanes have been developed; and (2) the scope of the palladium-catalyzed silylation of aryl halides with triethoxysilane to generate aryl(trialkoxy)silane derivatives has been expanded. In tandem, these two methods provide ready access to a wide range of aryl siloxane reagents for use in Pd(0)-mediated cross-coupling reactions, including highly functionalized siloxane intermediates in the synthesis of useful biologically active compounds. In the first part of chapter one, the synthesis of aryl siloxanes from the corresponding aryl organometallic reagent and tetraalkoxysilanes is described. Although examples in the literature have reported the use of a range of silicon electrophiles (including SiCl4 and Cl–Si(OR)3), tetraalkyl orthosilicates (Si(OR)4) allow for the most direct and convenient synthesis of arylsiloxanes, in that they are commercially available, inexpensive, and air and moisture stable. Using the reaction conditions developed herein, o-, mand p-substituted bromoarenes underwent equally efficient metallation and silylation. Mixed results were obtained with heteroaromatic substrates: 3-bromothiophene, 3-bromo-4-methoxypyridine, 5-bromoindole, and N-methyl-5-bromoindole all underwent silylation in good yield, whereas a low yield of siloxane was obtained from 2-bromofuran, and 2-bromopyridine failed to be silylated. The synthesis of siloxanes via organo lithium and magnesium reagents is limited by the formation of diand triarylated silanes (Ar2Si(OR)2, and Ar3SiOR, respectively), and dehalogenated (Ar-H) by-products. Lower temperatures allowed for the formation of predominantly monoaryl siloxanes, without requiring a large excess of the electrophile. Optimal reaction conditions for the synthesis of siloxanes from aryl Grignard reagents entailed addition of aryl magnesium reagents to 3 equiv of tetraethoxyor tetramethoxysilane at –30  ̊C in THF. Aryl lithium species were silylated using 1.5 equiv of tetraethoxyor tetramethoxysilane at –78  ̊C in ether. The proposed mechanism of silylation involves formation of the anionic pentacoordinate monoaryl(tetraalkoxy)silicate (ArSi(OR)4 ), which unexpectedly is susceptible to nucleophilic attack by a second equivalent of the aryl metalloid to form diaryl(dialkoxy)siloxane by-products. The reductive dehalogenation of the aryl halide starting material presumably occurs during the metallation step, and is an inherent limitation of the use of organometallic reagents. The second part of chapter one discusses an alternative to the preparation of arylsilanes from organomagnesium or lithium intermediates: the silylation of aryl halide derivatives by triethoxysilane (H–Si(OEt)3) in the presence of a Pd catalyst. As initially reported in the literature, the silylation reaction was limited to p-substituted, electron-rich aryl iodide substrates. As described in this thesis, a more general Pd(0)-catalyst/ligand system has been developed which activates bromides and iodides: palladium (0) dibenzylideneacetone (Pd(dba)2) is activated with 2-(ditert-butylphosphino)biphenyl (Buchwald's ligand) (1: 2 mole ratio of Pd : phosphine). Electron-rich, paraand metasubstituted aryl halides (including unprotected anilines and phenols) underwent silylation to form the corresponding aryl(triethoxy)silane in fair to excellent yield; however, orthosubstituted aryl halides failed to be silylated. Aryl chlorides were inert under the reaction conditions, and triflates were poor substrates for silylation, instead undergoing highly efficient reductive deoxygenation. The optimum silylation reagent is triethoxysilane; hexamethoxydisilane failed to be activated under a range of conditions. The major byproduct of this reaction is reductive dehalogenation of the aryl halide starting material. Probable mechanisms for the silylation reaction and the reduction side-reaction are presented and discussed. The Pd-catalyzed silylation method is an excellent companion to the more traditional organometallic approach to the formation of the Ar-Si bond. Case in point, ortho-substituted aryl siloxanes are readily synthesized from the Grignard or lithium reagent. Unlike the metallation approach, the Pd-catalyzed silylation technique can be performed in the presence of a wide range of functional groups, including carbonylcontaining electrophiles, and protic moieties such as phenols or primary amines. In addition to the fluoride-promoted transfer of aryl moieties presented in chapter one, silanes have also been shown to transfer nucleophiles such as azide and cyanide anion. Chapter two presents the development of a high yielding silicon-based method for the preparation of alkyl nitriles, which serve as precursors to a variety of useful functional groups. Hypercoordinate cyanosilicate, prepared in situ by the reaction of cyanotrimethylsilane (Me3SiCN) with tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF), is an effective source of nucleophilic cyanide. Primary and secondary alkyl halides and sulfonates underwent rapid and efficient cyanide displacement in the absence of phase transfer catalysts with the silicate derivative; inversion of configuration was observed for optically active alkyl halide substrates. Tetrabutylammonium fluoride was the optimum activating agent, and a full equivalent of fluoride ion was required for reaction completion. A nearly 1 : 1 stoichiometry of substrate to cyanosilicate affected formation of alkyl nitriles in acetonitrile or dioxane; in contrast, traditional methodologies typically employ a large excess of reagents, toxic phase transfer catalysts or solvents such as DMSO, or heavymetal cyanide salts. Relative to other cyanide sources, the hypercoordinate cyanosilicate was much less basic, thereby mitigating the formation of elimination (alkene) by-products. The Me3SiCN/TBAF system is significantly less reactive and less basic than tetrabutylammonium cyanide (TBA-CN), therefore the mechanism of reaction most like involves the in situ generation of a hypercoordinate cyanosilicate, rather than disproportionation of Me3SiCN and TBAF to form TBA-CN in situ. HYPERCOORDINATE SILICON COMPOUNDS IN ORGANIC SYNTHESIS: IMPROVED METHODS FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF ARYL(TRIALKOXY)SILANE DERIVATIVES; AND TRIMETHYLSILYL CYANIDE AS A CYANIDE SOURCE FOR NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION by Amy Slover Manoso Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, College Park in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2004 Advisory Committee: Professor Philip DeShong, Chair/Advisor Assistant Professor Lyle Isaacs Professor Paul Mazzocchi Professor Donald Nuss (Center for Biosystems Research) Professor Lawrence R. Sita ©Copyright by Amy Slover Manoso 2004


In this study the contact problems of thin films bonded to Functionally Graded Materials (FGM) are considered. In these problems the loading consists of any one or combination of stresses caused by uniform temperature changes and temperature excursions, far field mechanical loading, and residual stresses resulting from film processing or in the manufacturing process of the graded coating. The primary interest in this study is in examining stress concentrations or singularities near the film ends for the purpose of addressing the question of crack initiation and propagation in the substrate or along the interface. The underlying contact mechanics problem is formulated by assuming that the film is a "membrane" and the FGM an elastic continuum, and is solved analytically by reducing it to an integral equation. The calculated results are the interfacial shear stress between the film and the graded substrate, mode II stress intensity factor at the end of the film and the axial normal stress in the film.


Problem solving, interpersonal skills, information literacy, and critical and independent thinking are essential qualities that employers seek, yet many undergraduates lack. We structured an interdisciplinary classroom and experiential learning environment where students from three undergraduate courses (Hospitality and Tourism Management, Landscape Architecture, and Forestry and Natural Resources) designed a sustainable community master plan by investigating the economic, social, and environmental components of a U.S. highway relocation project. Interdisciplinary teams of students were charged with a "problem" that was articulated in the form of a Request for Proposals (RFP). This RFP served as the basis for the group work, which required an interdisciplinary approach. The ability of students to work together to complete the project was analyzed using the construct of synergistic knowledge development (SKD), a process by which a group constructively integrates diverse perspectives of individual group members. We posited that SKD would increase over the semester and that SKD would be influenced by various team dynamics such as task conflict, psychological safety, social interaction, attitudes toward problem-based learning (PBL) in a team setting, and behavioral styles of team members. Assessment of SKD and the variables hypothesized to influence it were assessed via a survey administered after the initial phase of the project and a post-project survey. Results confirmed how social interaction, psychological safety, and attitudes toward PBL in a team setting influence SKD.


This paper presents and discusses unsteady experimental results of controlled vibration measurements of blade-cluster and single-blade test cases, all subjected to the same subsonic ow conditions. The experiments were performed in a non-rotating annular test facility with the aim to investigate the influence of cluster vibrations on the aerodynamic damping of turbine rotor blades. A frequently-used blade package type was selected: a two-blade-cluster in mixed mode, combing in a alternating manner a bending and a torsion vibration mode. In addition, single-blade test cases were investigated serving as reference for the cluster case. The actuation of the 20 turbine blades was obtained by an electro-magnetic excitation system, enabling individually the adjustment of vibration amplitude and phase for each blade at one vibration frequency. The unsteady measurements obtained include time-synchronous unsteady blade surface pressures and blade displacements resulting in local and global aerodynamic blade damping. A comparison of the cluster- and the single-blade-test cases was performed and differences were identified and analyzed.


I enjoy romancing to suit myself ... I hope it is good drill for fancy and language, for I can do it fast, and Mr. [Frank] L[eslie] says my tales are so `dramatic, vivid, and full of plot,' they are just what he wants. (Louisa May Alcott, Journals 109). Louisa May Alcott is now well-known for "romancing" in the blood-and-thunder thrillers that she wrote before the monetary success of Little Women (1868) made such work unnecessary. Her ability to plot and vividly dramatize so quickly was certainly aided by her voracious reading throughout her life; Madeleine Stem suggests that Alcott worked deftly to "combine threads of her own experience with the threads of the books she had read and interweave them into a fabric of her own creating" (The Hidden Louisa xiv-xv). But even critics who discuss at length Alcott's credit to previous literature in her thrillers fall silent when it comes to Alcott's best-known work, Little Women. Many seem to take Alcott at her word that she and her sisters had "really lived most of it" (Journals 166), even though this was a comment made about the first half of the novel only. In the second half of the novel, Alcott wrote that, "I can launch into the future, my fancy has more play" (Journals 167). In fact, her fancy had considerable play in both halves of the novel, particularly where the hero of the story, Laurie Laurence, was concerned; and as with her thrillers, Alcott turned to the novels she had read as a source for her imagination. One of these novels was Charlotte Mary Yonge's The Heir of Redclyffe (1853). Almost everyone who has read Louisa May Alcott's Little Women can remember the scene, early in the book, where Meg finds Jo "eating apples and crying over the `Heir of Redclyffe,' wrapped up in a comforter on an old three-legged sofa" in the garret (29). Jo's penchant for novels, and apples, and garrets is part of what made Alcott's character vividly alive to so many generations of readers, many of whom could empathize with the ability to become involved in the lives of "book-people." But the characters in Charlotte Mary Yonge's The Heir of Redclyffe were not just any book-people, and Alcott's choice for Jo's reading had great significance. The title character of Yonge's book, Sir Guy Morville, is a handsome, young, wealthy, idealized hero who befriends a family with four children, eventually marrying the daughter who is popularly referred to as "silly little Amy" (HOR 13). Jo, in Alcott's book, is found reading Sir Guy's story at the beginning of the chapter titled "The Laurence Boy." This is only the first of many links between Sir Guy and Theodore (Laurie) Laurence, Jo's handsome, young, wealthy next-door neighbor; Alcott's Laurie could have been an American relative of Sir Guy. The parallels are crucial, as Alcott's choice of role-model ultimately results in one of the most memorable rejections in all of children's literature: Jo refuses Laurie's proposal of marriage, throwing him into the arms of the only remaining March sister--silly little Amy. This theory is, of course, a radical viewpoint that Alcott's own writings reject. In fact, in 1868 she devoted a whole essay (titled variously "My Polish Boy" in The Youth's Companion and "My Boys" in Aunt Jo's Scrap-bag) to the subject of Ladislas Wisniewski, a young Polish man she had met abroad. The essay ends with the words, "Laddie was the original of Laurie, as far as a pale pen-and-ink sketch could embody a living, loving boy" ("My Boys" 342). A couple of months later, Alcott added in a letter to Alfred Whitman, "I put you into my story as one of the best & dearest lads I ever knew! `Laurie' is you & my Polish boy `jintly'" (Letters of LMA 120). Most of the critics have since taken Alcott's words at face value(2) although Sheryl Englund warns against "an unquestioned focus on Alcott's historical identity and its relationship to her writing" ("Reading the Author" 202); and Ann Douglas, in her 1980 "Introduction" to the reissue of Ednah D. …


Economics and psychology are both sciences of human behaviour. This paper gives a survey of their interaction. First, the changing relationship between the two sciences is discussed: while economics was once imperialistic, it has become a science inspired by psychological insights. In order to illustrate this, recent developments and evidence for three major areas are presented: bounded rationality, non-selfish behaviour, and the economics of happiness.


BACKGROUND
The profile of the general surgeon has changed, aiming to incorporate new skills and to develop new specialties.

AIM
To assess the quality of postgraduate General Surgery training programs given by Chilean universities, the satisfaction of students and their preferences after finishing the training period.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
A survey with multiple choice and Likert type questions was designed and applied to 77 surgery residents, corresponding to 59% of all residents of general surgery specialization programs of Chilean universities.

RESULTS
Fifty five per cent of residents financed with their own resources the specialization program. Thirty nine percent disagreed partially or totally with the objectives and rotations of programs. The opportunity to perform surgical interventions and the support by teachers was well evaluated. However, 23% revealed teacher maltreatment. Fifty six percent performed research activities, 73% expected to continue training in a derived specialty and 69% was satisfied with the training program.

CONCLUSIONS
Residents considered that the quality and dedication of professors and financing of programs are issues that must be improved. The opportunity to perform surgical interventions, obtaining a salary for their work and teacher support is considered of utmost importance.


In the urban planning debate of today, two strategies for city development stand out as each other's opposites, urban sprawl and smart growth. This thesis concerns a development project of the latter kind and aims to give an alternative proposal to new buildings and a park in a Swedish city block.

 The term sprawl is used for new developments on virgin soil on the outskirts of cities leading to a city spreading, while smart growth stand for increased city density through development on re-used land within the city boundaries. The latter are often seen as more sustainable in many levels and are also shown to have positive effects on a number of city functions. At the same time smart growth has negative consequences on other aspects of the city such as public open spaces. Since open spaces are un-built ground inside the city, and therefore effects city expansion, they are often used for smart growth building projects. At the same time many public open spaces, such as green areas, are popular and well used areas among the inhabitants. Community planners aim to use improved quality in green areas as a way to compensate the loss of open spaces. There are many factors that could affect the quality of places, for example location and city structure, human movements, accessibility and visibility as well as size and content of the area. The Swedish city Uppsala is increasingly growing and there is a great demand on housing. A demand that is faced through conversion of larger areas and infill inside the city. The aim is to create a denser and more sustainable city and also fulfill a public need of better public transport amongst other things. But the inhabitants of Uppsala value their green areas greatly and this creates local newspaper debates. These inhabitants express either positive and negative views on the city development, but the majority becomes displeased when the urban planning inflicts green areas. The city block Seminariet in Uppsala is a present project of condensation in one of Uppsala's larger re-developing districts called Libroback. Both new buildings and a park are to be situated in the block. Today the block contains the former institution for educational studies and a garden and a free-standing brick building surrounded by a garden dominates it. It is a larger green area in a city district with a small amount of public open spaces. The garden is not very much used as a public park, but because of an increasing district population due to new housing blocks, it might become more and more important as a green space. There are many qualities in the garden, such as a fully grown green structure, its history and strong identity and a lot of space to play and have picnic on. The block is also situated in between two well-liked green routes and three city districts, all with very little public open space. A park in the block may become a green passageway and a link between these district and green routes. This proposal to an local development plan aims to create a park with good accessibility and visibility from passing streets. Three new building blocks are to be situated in the corners of the block leaving a wide strip of park ground in between. This saves an adequate part of the old orchard and many existing qualities. It creates a park of approximately 17 500 m2, hopefully with enough space to contain many different outdoor. The park connects to the main street in the area and to a path leading to the neighbor district. This makes the park easier to notice. With a linkage to other green areas, a good visibility in the city structure, many qualities and its historical identity, the park becomes a popular district park, known to more than just its neighborhood.


Why should the world be overwise, In counting our tears and sighs? Nay, let them only see us, while We wear the mask. --Dunbar, "We Wear the Mask" He sang of life, serenely sweet, with, now and then, a deeper note. From some high peak, nigh yet remote, He voiced the world's absorbing beat. He sang of love when earth was young, And love, itself, was in his lays. But ah, the world, it turned to praise A jingle in a broken tongue. --Dunbar, "The Poet" In these lines we may glimpse the central paradox of Paul Dunbar's poetry. The "We," in "We Wear the Mask," are essentially dissemblers, hiding their "torn and bleeding hearts" behind a "smile." Of course, the "mask" has been lifted for the reader in this poem; our pathos is heightened, however, by our knowledge that such a lapse is temporary, that masked suffering continues: "But let the world dream otherwise / We wear the mask." Readers have generally considered "The Poet" as Dunbar's lament over the critical indifference to his poems written in standard English in relation to the rather dubious popularity of his dialect poetry. In such a reading of the poem, we perceive Dunbar as an artist frustrated with not being taken seriously; we see a poet who feels his most profound work has been ignored while what he considers to be his trivial efforts have been lauded. Further complicating the issue for Dunbar (and contemporary readers as well) is the comic and sentimental characterization of plantation life portrayed in the dialect poetry as opposed to the characteristic melancholy of his standard English poetry. To conceive of Dunbar in this light one must view his motivations as troublesome and paradoxical. How could the author of "We Wear The Mask" and "The Poet" have written nostalgic, pastoral dialect poetry? On the other hand, I would suggest that "The Poet" can also be read as referring only to the dialect poems. From this perspective, the first two lines--"He sang of life serenely sweet / With, now and then, a deeper note"--both refer to poems written in dialect. The poet laments the world's misinterpretation of these poems, rather than the world's preference for the dialect poetry over his poetry in standard English. Thus, the poem's focus is on the trivialization of the type of self-denial described in "We Wear The Mask." The smile and song of the dialect poet is misinterpreted as "A jingle in a broken tongue," and the poet's distress is unrecognized. The paradox here lies between the necessity for abnegation, expressed in "We Wear the Mask," and the poet's frustration with being misunderstood, detailed in "The Poet." While both of these poems have evoked sympathy in Dunbar's readers, the same cannot be said for Dunbar's dialect poetry, in which, I might add, are poems where the mask is firmly in place. To support my reading of "The Poet" we should first turn to another standard English poem which seems to address those who find fault with his dialect verse. In "Misapprehension" Dunbar writes: Out of my heart, one day, I wrote a song, With my heart's blood imb'ued, Instinct with passion, tremulously strong, With grief subdued; Breathing a fortitude Pain-bought. And one who claimed much love for what I wrought, And spoke: "Ay, brother,--it is well writ, But where's the joke?" In the first half of the poem, Dunbar creates a persona not unlike that of"We Wear The Mask." The poet suppresses suffering, "breathing a fortitude / Painbought." But Dunbar's wry inclusion of the "sympathetic" reader who, apparently, misinterprets the "song" subtly shifts the emphasis from the stoic martyrdom of "We Wear The Mask" to the reader's inability to see the "grief subdued" in this later poem. In contrast to the former poem, Dunbar implies here that readers should see through the "mask." Still, critics, African-American and white, read the dialect poems in much the same way as the "world" in "The Poet. …


In this paper, a novel local covariance matrix (CM) representation method is proposed to fully characterize the correlation among different spectral bands and the spatial–contextual information in the scene when conducting feature extraction (FE) from hyperspectral images (HSIs). Specifically, our method first projects the HSI into a subspace, using the maximum noise fraction method. Then, for each test pixel in the subspace, its most similar neighboring pixels (within a local spatial window) are clustered using the cosine distance measurement. The test pixel and its neighbors are used to calculate a local CM for FE purposes. Each nondiagonal entry in the matrix characterizes the correlation between different spectral bands. Finally, these matrices are used as spatial–spectral features and fed to a support vector machine for classification purposes. The proposed method offers a new strategy to characterize the spatial–spectral information in the HSI prior to classification. Experimental results have been conducted using three publicly available hyperspectral data sets for classification, indicating that the proposed method can outperform several state-of-the-art techniques, especially when the training samples available are limited.


The ongoing orogeny in Taiwan is a result of the collision of the Philip pine Sea and the Eurasian Plates. While the structure of the continental crust on the Eurasian Plate (EP) is now mostly known, that of the oceanic crust on the Philippine Sea Plate (PSP) has never been well mapped. Using offshore-onshore refraction data, collected during the RIV Maurice Ewing cruise of 1995, the nature of the transition between the EP and the PSP at the Ryukyu Trench and the Longitudinal Valley, Taiwan was investigated. The data were produced by the air-gun array of the RIV Ewing along two roughly east-west trending lines off the coast of northern Taiwan (RIV Ewing Lines 14and16). The refracted P waves were collected by 19 ReITek re corders with L-28 sensors placed along the Central Cross-Island Highway of Taiwan, which is the onshore extension of Ewing Line 16. Because of high noise levels in the Coastal Plain and equipment failure at stations near the east coast, only data retrieved from nine stations in the Central Range were considered usable. To obtain crustal structure, an inversion and for ward modelling scheme was followed and the results indicate that the Moho discontinuity gradually increases depth from about 30 km below sea level under the Nanao Basin to about 37 km below sea level under the Eastern Central Range. Additionally, the model of the northern profile contains a relatively low velocity zone off the east coast, possibly as deep as the lower to-middle crust. (


Art Bechstein steps out of the library into the summer of his graduation year. Not yet ready for respectability, he falls in with the exotic, charming Arthur Lecomte, and ricochets between a homosexual relationship and an intense affair with a strange and beautiful girl called Phlox. Before long, the world of his new friends and the underworld of his father must collide, with consequences that Art cannot control.


In this paper, we compare and contrast the regulatory approaches to addressing Network Neutrality in three countries which represent three roughly different approaches. In the United States, which has suffered the most obvious Network Neutrality problems, the national regulator has promulgated a set of four policy principles aimed at preserving the open characteristics of Internet. These principles ensure Internet users the rights to: access lawful content; run lawful applications; attach lawful and non-harmful devices; and to have competitive alternatives. The U.S. FCC is currently considering extending those policy principles with two new ones. However, it has had significant problems attempting to codify and enforce actionable, legally binding rules. In October 2007, the Japanese MIC introduced Network Neutrality principles as an amendment to the "New Competition Policy Program 2010". The policy requires that IP networks be accessible to content, to terminal equipment, and equally to all users, at reasonable prices. Network Neutrality also includes the concept of utilizing IP networks with the proper allocation of costs, and without discrimination. This is similar in concept to the "reasonable network management" exception embodied in the U.S. approach. In addition, a working group of four telecom business associations was created in September 2007 to develop a "Guideline for Packet Shaping". The guidelines cover basic conditions for when packet traffic shaping is permitted, including measures to cancel heavy users' contracts. Packet shaping should only be allowed in exceptional situations. The guidelines include the basic concept that ISPs should increase network capacity in line with increases in network traffic. As opposed to crafting ex-ante rules which describe the contours of permissible network practices, EU policy seeks to constrain market power by creating sector-specific rules designed to stimulate competition. The intention behind the EU approach is that competition will punish anticompetitive deviations from Network Neutrality.We observe two approaches which seek to ex ante determine the bounds of permissible conduct by IP-based networks and one approach which eschews direct intervention in the problem. We analyse these three approaches, identifying the relative strength and weaknesses of each in the body of this paper.


A new methodology based in the use of fishers' knowledge and cost-effective tools to obtain information about marine recreational fisheries (MRF) is presented. The squid and cuttlefish fishery of the Ria of Vigo (NW Spain) was selected because it is managed in a data-poor environment. In-depth interviews (57) were conducted with fishers, collecting ecological and socio-economic information. A cartography of fishing grounds based on their knowledge was obtained, while the intensity of effort and catches was mapped by the monitoring of two vessels with low-cost GPS data loggers. The 102 shore anglers and 248 recreational boats catch 8 t/year of European squid Loligo vulgaris and 11 t/year of common cuttlefish Sepia officinalis (11% of total catches on these species in the area). Shore anglers fish from 11 ports, while boat fishers use 14 fishing grounds (covering 30 km2). Most of the catches (86%) are landed by boats, and their CPUE is higher in the outer part of the Ria of Vigo. The use of fishers' knowledge and cost-effective monitoring is encouraged to obtain information for the management of MRF. Given the economic contribution of MRF (260,000 €/year in direct expenses), this activity should be considered in the regulations.


We conduct a field experiment in India to explore two interventions to help individuals to increase their savings balances. First, we design a financial product based on the popular business correspondent model, which includes frequent reminders, assistance in account opening, and the setting of a six-month savings goal. Second, we measure the effectiveness of adding a peer monitoring component to this basic bundle and test whether the local social network can help to increase the penetration of the formal banking system. We ask whether having a monitor substitutes for a formal commitment device, whether individuals choose the most effective monitors, and moreover, whether some community members are better than others at encouraging financial capability. JEL Classification Codes: D03, D14, O16, Z13


PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES
to assess the role of education sources and objective risk status on knowledge and practice of lymphedema risk-minimization behaviors among women recently diagnosed with breast cancer.

RESEARCH APPROACH
prospective survey.

SETTING
a hospital in Sydney, Australia.

PARTICIPANTS
106 women recently diagnosed with breast cancer at increased risk for developing lymphedema following lymph node dissection.

METHODOLOGIC APPROACH
a questionnaire administered at the time of surgery and three months after surgery measured demographics, lymphedema knowledge, lymphedema information sources used, and adherence to risk-minimization recommendations.

MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES
lymphedema knowledge, source of information used, objective lymphedema risk, and adherence to risk-minimization behaviors.

FINDINGS
knowledge was high and increased over time. Lymphedema information from the clinic (e.g., brochures, nursing staff) was the most cited source. Adherence to recommendations was moderate; nonadherence was mostly for behaviors requiring regular enactment. Regression analysis revealed that only receipt of information from nursing staff and lymphedema knowledge three months after surgery were significant predictors of risk-minimization behaviors.

CONCLUSIONS
exposing women to lymphedema risk information at the time of breast cancer diagnosis facilitates increased awareness and enactment of risk-minimization behaviors. Nursing staff play a key role in disseminating this information and in convincing women to perform the recommendations.

INTERPRETATION
provision of lymphedema education by breast clinic staff is critical to ensure that women realize the importance of early detection and treatment. Reminder booster sessions by nursing staff may be beneficial particularly for longer-term knowledge retention and adherence to recommended behaviors.


I. INTRODUCTION Pakistan's legal regime, particularly the status of its women, is the subject of considerable academic and media interest both domestically and internationally. (1) The legal plight of Pakistani women is well documented, and virtually all accounts stress the brutality with which their rights are violated. They are portrayed as subject to a legal system that allows them to be veiled, secluded, silenced, harassed, mutilated, forced into prostitution, beaten, raped, murdered, and otherwise humiliated. (2) This study, however, seeks to unravel for the first time a different and surprising picture of the marital rights of Pakistani women and the protection afforded them by the Constitution. While the legal literature is replete with discussions of both marriage law and constitutional law, the interplay between the two within the context of Islam seems to have largely escaped scholarly attention. This article seeks to fill this gap; it explores the actual and potential intersections of Pakistan's Constitution with legal regulation of marital love, and reveals the uniqueness of this system and its striking sensitivity to women's rights. Examining the Constitution's impact on marriage law in Pakistan is a tricky endeavor. To begin with, the supreme law of the land seems to embody a blatant contradiction. The Pakistani Constitution extends protection to an impressive catalog of fundamental rights, placing Pakistan in line with some of the most western-minded constitutional regimes in the world. (3) At the same time, in contrast to the American-style constitutional commitment to separate church and state, (4) the Pakistani regime is constitutionally committed to integrate the two, in the sense that all laws must conform to the injunctions of Islam as a condition of their constitutional validity. (5) So the same Constitution that protects western fundamental rights also elevates Islamic law, a legal tradition usually associated with the loss of rights. (6) This raises the question of how a legal system is expected to adequately function when its defining document seems inherently flawed, and how its judges are meant to carry out its conflicting mandates faithfully, especially when dealing with the delicate regulation of marriage. Interestingly, this fundamental dilemma is not unique to Pakistan; more and more countries in the Islamic world are facing a similar problem. (7) This article suggests an answer to this question. Using the fascinating Pakistani system as a case study, it argues that Islamic law and human rights are not competing or contradictory, but rather compatible and complimentary, and that together they have in fact provided comprehensive protection to Pakistani women's marital rights. To fulfill its end, the article is comprised of two chief parts. The first is designed to familiarize the reader with the constitutional system of Islamic governance in Pakistan. It briefly sketches the fundamentals of Pakistan's constitutional jurisprudence and focuses on the tension between human rights and Islamic law at the heart of the Constitution. The second part analyzes the impact of these two constitutional norms on the regulation of marital love in Pakistan. It explores the ingenious interpretive techniques Pakistani courts have developed in order to harmonize the constitutional scheme and defend women's rights when addressing controversial issues, which range from prerequisites to marriage, legal and culturally based restrictions on marital freedom and polygamous marriage, to marriage and divorce registration. Ultimately the article concludes, the exemplary Pakistani regime may potentially serve as an illuminating model for the productive and complementary utilization of Islam and constitutional jurisprudence in the regulation of a marriage law respectful of human rights. II. WEDDING ISLAMIC LAW TO HUMAN RIGHTS: OUTLINE OF A UNIQUE CONSTITUTIONAL PROFILE The relationship between Pakistan and Islamic law is quite unique. …


Worship as feast or feast as worship? Re-reading an Andrew Murray prizewinner one quarter of a century later. The aim of this contribution is to bring the book Die erediens as fees into discussion with the surrounding culture almost one quarter of a century after its publication. The surrounding culture, we shall call, following Martin Stringer and his so-called discourse of globalisation and consumerism, 'the feast as worship service'. Based on this discussion, our research question pertains to the value of Die erediens as fees for the field of Liturgical Studies today. An answer is attempted by, firstly, sketching the liturgical landscape as well as national and international liturgical-scientific developments in our day and, secondly, providing a liturgical-aesthetical exploration and positioning Die erediens as fees within these developments and exploration.


Hantaviruses are endemic throughout the world and hosted by rodents and insectivores. Two human zoonoses, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS), are caused by hantaviruses and case fatality rates have reached 12% for HFRS and 50% for HPS in some outbreaks. Symptomatic hantavirus infections in Europe are summarised as HFRS mainly due to Puumala, Dobrava-Belgrade and Saaremaa virus. While HFRS has an overall low incidence in Europe, the number of cases varies from 100 per year in all Eastern and Southern Europe up to 1,000 per year only in Finland. To assess the quality of hantavirus diagnostics, the European Network for the Diagnostics of "Imported" Viral Diseases (ENIVD) organised a first external quality assurance (EQA) in 2002. The purpose of this second EQA study is to collect updated information on the efficiency and accurateness of hantavirus serological methods applied by expert laboratories. A serum panel of 14 samples was sent to 28 participants in Europe of which 27 sent results. Performance in hantavirus diagnosis varied not only on the method used but also on the laboratories and the subclass of antibodies tested. Commercial and in-house assays performed almost equally. Enzyme immunoassays were mainly used but did not show the best performances while immunoblot assays were the less employed and showed overall better performances. IgM antibodies were not detected in 61% of the positive IgM samples and IgM detection was not performed by 7% of the laboratories indicating a risk of overlooking acute infections in patients. Uneven performances using the same method is indicating that there is still a need for improving testing conditions and standardizing protocols.


Education-job mismatches are reported to have serious effects on wages and other labour market outcomes. Such results are often cited in support of assignment theory, but can also be explained by institutional and human capital models. To test the assignment explanation, we examine the relation between educational mismatches and skill mismatches. In line with earlier research, educational mismatches affect wages strongly. Contrary to the assumptions of assignment theory, this effect is not explained by skill mismatches. Conversely, skill mismatches are much better predictors of job satisfaction and on-the-job search than are educational mismatches. Copyright 2001 by Oxford University Press.