Ultra-wideband (UWB) wireless technology has seen an increased penetration in the robotics field as a robust localization method in recent years. UWB enables high accuracy distance estimation from time-of-flight measurements of wireless signals, even in non-line-of-sight measurements. UWB-based localization systems have been utilized in various types of GNSS-denied environments for ground or aerial autonomous robots. However, most of the existing solutions rely on a fixed and well-calibrated set of UWB nodes, or anchors, to estimate accurately the position of other mobile nodes, or tags, through multilateration. This limits the applicability of such systems for dynamic and ad-hoc deployments, such as post-disaster scenarios where the UWB anchors could be mounted on mobile robots to aid the navigation of UAVs or other robots. We introduce a collaborative algorithm for online autocalibration of anchor positions, enabling not only ad-hoc deployments but also movable anchors, based on Decawave's DWM1001 UWB module. Compared to the built-in autocalibration process from Decawave, we drastically reduce the amount of calibration time and increase the accuracy at the same time. We provide both experimental measurements and simulation results to demonstrate the usability of this algorithm.


Laboratory soil column experiments, often involving steady flow, have a long and enduring history in hydrology and soil science. Typically, analyses of laboratory column data assume that the flow is both steady and uniform within the soil column. However, the establishment of uniform, steady flow requires careful construction of the experimental apparatus. Recently, Bromly et al. (2007, Eur J Soil Sci 5, 293-301) carried out a meta-analysis of 216 solute transport experiments, considering reported dispersivities and their relation to flow velocity, clay and silt content, bulk density, and column diameter and length. They found dispersivity increased with column diameter. Consistent with this finding is the hypothesis that, in experiments, larger column diameters lead to increased disturbance in the flow. This hypothesis was investigated by solving the flow equation in cylindrical coordinates, and examining the dissipation length scale associated with both smooth and abrupt disturbances at the column entrance and/or exit planes. For a homogeneous soil, the analysis reveals the remarkably simple result that, independent of the disturbance itself, the dissipation length of the relative disturbance magnitude equals the column radius, i.e., the disturbances die out at a longitudinal distance from the boundary of one column radius. This result provides the basis for designing baffle zones in soil column experiments.


Historian E. Merton Coulter famously said that Kentucky "waited until after the war was over to secede from the Union." In this fresh study, Anne E. Marshall traces the development of a Confederate identity in Kentucky between 1865 and 1925 that belied the fact that Kentucky never left the Union and that more Kentuckians fought for the North than for the South. Following the Civil War, the people of Kentucky appeared to forget their Union loyalties, embracing the Democratic politics, racial violence, and Jim Crow laws associated with formerly Confederate states. Although, on the surface, white Confederate memory appeared to dominate the historical landscape of postwar Kentucky, Marshall's closer look reveals an active political and cultural dialogue that included white Unionists, Confederate Kentuckians, and the state's African Americans, who, from the last days of the war, drew on Union victory and their part in winning it to lay claim to the fruits of freedom and citizenship. Rather than focusing exclusively on postwar political and economic factors, Creating a Confederate Kentucky looks over the longer term at Kentuckians' activities--public memorial ceremonies, dedications of monuments, and veterans organizations' events--by which they commemorated the Civil War and fixed the state's remembrance of it for sixty years following the conflict. |Marshall traces the development of a Confederate identity in Kentucky between 1865 and 1925 that belied the fact that Kentucky never left the Union and that more Kentuckians fought for the North than for the South. Following the Civil War, the people of Kentucky appeared to forget their Union loyalties, embracing the Democratic politics, racial violence, and Jim Crow laws associated with formerly Confederate states.


Much previous work on the perception of pitch contour has concerned itself only with the contour relations among adjacent notes, which may lead to the assumption that relations among nonadjacent tones do not play a role in the mental representation of contour. Music theorists, on the other hand, have developed sophisticated models of contour in which relations among nonadjacent tones play an integral part. In order to test the salience of relations among nonadjacent melodic tones in the perception of melodic contour, musically trained participants were asked to rate the similarity of discrete pairs of stimulus melodies with regard to contour. The results suggest that although contour relations among adjacent tones are more significant than those among nonadjacent tones in determining judgments about contour similarity, nonadjacent contour relations do contribute to such judgments.


This dissertation presents the first photoacoustic study of single cells using ultra-high frequencies (UHF, over 100 MHz). At these frequencies, unique features occur in the photoacoustic signal spectrum which depend on the cell size, morphology and structure. A finite element model (FEM) was developed to simulate the photoacoustic signals from ideal spherical droplets containing a perfluorocarbon liquid and optically absorbing nanoparticles. The model was applied to droplets in suspension and on a boundary to examine how the photoacoustic spectrum varies with droplet size and configuration, and compared to measurements using a 375 MHz transducer. Good agreement in the spectral features between the measured values and the FEM and analytical solution were observed. For the droplet on a boundary, additional spectral features were observed there were correctly predicted by the FEM, but not the analytical solution. The FEM could be applied to situations where the analytical model cannot be used, such as the asymmetric shape of red blood cells (RBCs). Measurements of single RBCs were then compared to the FEM. The frequency location of the spectral minima shifted to higher frequencies as the RBC rotated from a vertical to horizontal orientation. The spectral minima shifted to lower frequencies as the RBC swelled from the normal biconcave shape to a spherical morphology. Healthy RBCs were differentiated from spherocytes, echinocytes and swollen RBCs using changes in the photoacoustic spectrum (p<0.001). These results suggest that the photoacoustic spectrum can be used to classify RBCs according to their shape and pathology. Classification of cells using the photoacoustic spectral features was applied to measurements of blood cells and circulating tumor cells (CTCs) such as melanoma and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells. Measurements of 89 cells showed that variations in the spectrum and signal amplitude could be used to identify and differentiate melanoma and AML cells from RBCs, thus identifying foreign cells in the bloodstream. This dissertation investigates how UHF photoacoustics can be used to identify and classify cells and particles in a sample using their photoacoustic spectra, with the end goal of using these methods to identify cell pathology and detect CTCs clinically.


Most American literature is filled with characters that either conform or rebel. Here are some tips to finding American literature about conformity and/or rebellion.


The purpose of this study was to seek a means of numerically simulating and analyzing the aerodynamic and acoustic behaviour of industrial gas turbine intake or exhaust systems. The method was developed in an effort to advance the current state of the art employed for the prediction of intake and exhaust noise. Current methods rely upon the summation of experimentally gathered insertion loss data for individual system components. This approach requires that physical testing of chosen components be undertaken which can be both costly and time consuming. The proposed numerical method is based upon a two stage finite volume solution of the two dimensional non linear Euler equations whereby an aerodynamic solution for the mean flow is first obtained followed by a solution for the acoustic field. The method has been found to be both accurate and easy to implement, furthermore being numerically based it eliminates the need for the costly and time consuming procurement and testing of physical prototypes. In this respect it is considered to advance the present state of the art. The two step Euler solver developed herein employs a multiblock finite volume formulation wherein the hyperbolic Euler equations are solved using a cell centred finite volume technique employing a second order central differencing method for spatial discretisation on a multiblock grid and with temporal integration being undertaken using an explicit time marching two stage second order Runge Kutta scheme. In the first step the mean flow is solved using the finite volume method to obtain a transient or pseudo steady state solution. This provides both the general aerodynamic characteristics of the system and a baseline steady state solution for the acoustic analysis. In the second step a perturbation representing an acoustic disturbance is introduced to the mean flow and the non linear Euler equations are again solved using the finite volume scheme. Spurious non physical numerical reflections at the domain boundaries are prevented by the application of the characteristic based non reflecting boundary conditions. The resulting unsteady pressure field is then post processed to generate the unsteady pressure disturbance due to the applied acoustic perturbation. The interaction of the acoustic disturbance can then be evaluated by examination of the pressure amplitudes and frequency spectra at any location within the domain. The scheme was applied to the study of the aerodynamic and acoustic characteristics of an industrial gas turbine emergency shutdown compressor bleed system. It was found to accurately predict the acoustic attenuation characteristics of the system, furthermore it was shown that it could also be usefully applied as a design tool and as an example of this a change of attenuation performance of the bleed system is demonstrated by a simple relocation of the baffle silencer within the system ducting. It is concluded that the method developed herein demonstrates that a numerical solution to predict the acoustic attenuation characteristics of an industrial gas turbine silencing system is possible and as such offers an improved means for undertaking the acoustic design of products for noise control in industrial gas turbine applications. In this respect it is considered to advance the present state of the art.


In recent years dignity in care has become a priority and the focus of a number of government reports and policy initiatives. (DH 2003, 2007), (SCIE 2006). The National Service Framework for older people (DH 2001) and its follow up document, (DH 2006a) for example stated that maintaining dignity was pivotal in improving care for older people. However, despite this political support, there continue to be problems in health and social care settings related to preserving the dignity of older people (Levenson 2007). There is a risk therefore that generalised policy statements have little effect on actual practice and care unless they are operational, and supported by detailed guidelines for practice.

Alongside policy, there has also been an increase in studies of dignity in health care (Chochinov et al,2002a), (Woolhead et al 2006) particularly focusing on the ways in which dignity is defined and what it means to people. There have, however, been far fewer on the relationship between dignity and personal care particularly when care involves sensitive issues such as incontinence. This report provides an initial analysis of emerging themes and findings from Phase 1 of the study of privacy and dignity in continence care for older people funded by the Royal College of Physicians and the British Geriatrics Society.
The overall objectives of this two year project are to:
i. develop reflective standards/guidelines for dignified care,
ii. produce recommendations for best practice,
iii. provide advice with regard to changing practice in the clinical setting.


Potentilleae, one of 10 tribes of the Rosaceae, are mainly distributed in alpine regions of the Northern Hemisphere. The taxonomy of Potentilleae has been challenging due to extensive hybridization, polyploidization, and/or apomixis characterizing several genera of Potentilleae, such as Alchemilla, Argentina, and Potentilla. To help clarify relationships within Potentilleae, a phylogenetic analysis of the tribe with an emphasis on the polyphyletic genus Sibbaldia was carried out using nuclear ribosomal internal and external transcribed spacer regions and the plastid trnL‐F and trnS‐G spacer regions. In agreement with previous phylogenetic analyses, three major clades were identified in the present study: the subtribe Fragariinae, the genera Argentina, and Potentilla. The 15 species of Sibbaldia were recovered in five distinct clades: three in subtribe Fragariinae, one in Argentina, and the last in Potentilla. The recently established genus Chamaecallis, comprising a single species formerly treated in Sibbaldia that has intermediate floral character states with respect to Fragariinae and Potentilla, was recovered as sister to Drymocallis. Morphological character state reconstruction indicated that a reduction in the number of stamens (≤10) is a derived character state that has arisen multiple times in Potentilleae. Molecular dating analyses agreed with previously published estimates and suggested that crown group Potentilleae arose in the Middle to Late Eocene, with most generic‐level divergences occurring in the Oligocene and Miocene.


The war on terror has been continually compared to the Cold War, and in this thesis, I
examine the speeches that mark the start of each war: Bush's September 20, 2001, speech and
the Truman Doctrine respectively. Through cultural criticism and the alignment of the texts
within the genre of crisis rhetoric, I analyze the two speeches to demonstrate how they fit into the
genre, as well as how they create a rhetorical consciousness of the times in which they were
given. I use the analysis of values, ideographs, myths, and fantasy themes, as outlined by
Roderick Hart and Suzanne Daughton, to focus my approach to cultural criticism, and each
analysis is explicated in a different chapter. Each chapter reveals how the incorporation of the
specific cultural criticism approach contributes to the persuasiveness and aids in the creation of
consciousness and crisis in Truman and Bush's speeches. Crisis and consciousness creation are
the means by which rhetors set up their argument in order to persuade their audiences. Crisis
creation creates exigence even if there is not a crisis situation and defines it if there is.
Consciousness creation provides the rhetorical vision for the audience to interpret and respond to
a given situation. In order to explicate the creation of consciousness, I apply Ernest Bormann,
John Cragan, and Donald Shields's theory on symbolic convergence theory and the Cold War,
and for crisis creation, I apply the three elements of the crisis rhetoric genre as outlined by
Theodore Windt. Both presidents' speeches call upon theoretic, economic, social, religious, and
political values; the ideographs of freedom, democracy, justice; identity and eschatological
myths; and the One World, Power Politics, and Red Fascism fantasy theme rhetorical visions to
create rhetorical consciousness and crisis among the American people.


Breast cancer chemotherapeutics are only 50% successful due to chemoresistance mechanism of cancer cells. FOXO3, a tumor suppressor protein, is involved in the regulation of several cell death-related genes; however, the extent of FOXO3 regulation in chemoresistance mechanism is not fully understood. In this study our aim was to characterize the potential crosstalk between FOXO3 and NF-kappaB pathway with a special focus on IKK-FOXO3 interaction in relation to chemoresistance mechanism. For this purpose, we have used chemoresistant (MDAMB- 231) and chemosensitive (MCF-7) breast cancer cell lines treated with paclitaxel (20nM) or cisplatin (30uM). Administration of 30uM cisplatin induced FOXO3- dependent apoptosis in MCF-7 cells as indicated by RNA interference studies. Following the analysis of NF-kappaB pathway elements by immunoblotting and overexpression studies, we identified the physical interaction between IKK-beta and FOXO3 by co-immunoprecipitation. We have shown that IKK-beta sequesters FOXO3 in the nucleus promoting chemoresistance in MDA-MB-231 cells. Additionally, imbalance between FOXO3 and IKK-beta levels induced autophagy rather than apoptosis in FOXO3 overexpressing MDA-MB-231 cells. We have also studied the effect of p53 on FOXO3 levels and showed p53-dependent FOXO3 inhibition in colorectal cancer cells. This is the first study describing FOXO3 regulation by IKK-beta in detail and showing that FOXO3/IKK-beta ratio may influence the cellular decision of apoptosis or autophagy. In view of the results obtained, NF-kappaB pathway-FOXO3 crosstalk has been discussed and the interaction between FOXO3 and IKK-beta is proposed as a target for therapeutic intervention.


Wc describe here the New Zealand kauri (Agathis australis) Younger Dryas (YD) research project, which aims to undertake Δ14C analysis of ∼140 decadal floating wood samples spanning the time interval ∼13.1–11.7 kyr cal BP. We report 14C intercomparison measurements being undertaken by the carbon dating laboratories at University of Waikato (Wk), University of California at Irvine (UCI), and University of Oxford (OxA). The Wk, UCI, and OxA laboratories show very good agreement with an interlaboratory comparison of 12 successive decadal kauri samples (average offsets from consensus values of –7 to +4 14C yr). A University of Waikato/University of Heidelberg (HD) intercomparison involving measurement of the YD-age Swiss larch tree Ollon505, shows a HD/Wk offset of ∼10–20 14C yr (HD younger), and strong evidence that the positioning of the Ollon505 series is incorrect, with a recommendation that the 14C analyses be removed from the IntCal calibration database.


The 1886 Supreme Court case Yick Wo v. Hopkins is often viewed as a precursor of the racial civil rights era represented by Brown v. Board of Education. In fact, the case was primarily about economic rights. In a new article, Unexplainable on Grounds of Race: Doubts About Yick Wo,* forthcoming in the Illinois Law Review, Professor Gabriel Chin argues that Yick Wo "is not a race case at all." I argue that it is a "race case" because the Court's use of the Fourteenth Amendment to vindicate economic rights necessarily entangled economic rights with race - in an ultimately pernicious way. While issues of "race" in American law tend to focus on nonwhiteness, the "race" of the Chinese plaintiffs in Yick Wo was legally significant in its nonblackness. The Reconstruction Court had previously refused to apply the Amendment to whites or to economic rights in The Slaughter-House Cases. But Yick Wo both revived the literal meaning of the Amendment's phrase "all persons" and applied it to economic rights. It thus ushered in a two-pronged civil rights counter-revolution symbolized by Lochner v. New York's protection of economic "substantive due process" for white persons and corporations and Plessy v. Ferguson's denial of civil rights protection to blacks. The counter-revolution also turned against the nonblack nonwhites who had helped create it, allowing the exclusion of Asians from immigration and naturalization, state laws prohibiting Asians from owning land, and the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II. *http://ssrn.com/abstract=1075563


The mesowear method is applied to reveal the type of forage eaten by the late Villafranchian deer of Ceyssaguet (Haute-Loire, France). Further, habitat properties of the paleoenvironment of Ceyssaguet are reconstructed. The most common deer species, Eucladoceros ctenoides Nesti, 1841 and Metacervoceros rhenanus Dubois, 1904, are interpreted as abrasion-dominated mixed feeders with close to 45% grass in their forage which was similar to that of the south east Asian hog deer and sambar. A third deer species, Praemegaceros obscurus Azzaroli, 1953, represented only by three fossil specimens, is interpreted as a more attrition dominated mixed feeder. Combined with mesowear analysis, taphonomical and morpho-functional data allow the reconstruction of the paleoenvironment of Ceyssaguet as an open grassland with wooded habitats near the lake, under cold climate.


Pulsed laser vaporization of small soot particles (<100-nm radius) in a flame is observed with a cw probe laser. Both light scattering and absorption along the pulsed laser beam are measured. Above a threshold of 0.2 J/cm2, both quantities decay exponentially with increased fluence for submicrosecond pulses. These two measurements demonstrate that the number of particles remains constant, but the mean size decreases: that is, small particles vaporize rather than fragment or photophorese. The vaporization process is modeled including transport across the first gas mean free path (Langmuir layer). Numerical integration of the time-dependent conservation equations demonstrates that a simple analytic treatment is adequate. The threshold and fluence dependence are predicted to within experimental uncertainty, assuming soot has the thermal properties of graphite. Laser vaporization of soot has possible application to laser beam profiling, gas velocity measurements, flow visualization, and point measurement of soot absorption.


We study the secret-key capacity in a joint source-channel coding setup-the terminals are connected over a discrete memoryless channel and have access to side information, modelled as a pair of discrete memoryless source sequences. As our main result, we establish the upper and lower bounds on the secret-key capacity. In the lower bound expression, the equivocation terms of the source and channel components are functionally additive even though the coding scheme generates a single secret-key by jointly taking into account the source and channel equivocations. Our bounds coincide, thus establishing the capacity, when the underlying wiretap channel can be decomposed into a set of independent, parallel, and reversely degraded channels. For the case of parallel Gaussian channels and jointly Gaussian sources we show that Gaussian codebooks achieve the secret-key capacity. In addition, when the eavesdropper also observes a correlated side information sequence, we establish the secret-key capacity when both the source and channel of the eavesdropper are a degraded version of the legitimate receiver. We finally also treat the case when a public discussion channel is available, propose a separation based coding scheme, and establish its optimality when the channel output symbols of the legitimate receiver and eavesdropper are conditionally independent given the input.


In this paper, we present an approach for applying two supply voltages to optimize power in CMOS digital circuits under the timing constraints. Given a technology-mapped network, we first analyze the power/delay model and the timing slack distribution in the network. Then a new strategy is developed for timing-constrained optimization issues by making full use of stacks. Based on this strategy, the power reduction is translated into the polynomial-time-solvable maximal-weighted-independent-set problem on transitive graphs. Since different supply voltages used in the circuit lead to totally different power consumption, we propose a fast heuristic approach to predict the optimum dual-supply voltages by looking at the lower bound of power consumption in the given circuit. To deal with the possible power penalty due to the level converters at the interface of different supply voltages, we use a "constrained F-M" algorithm to minimize the number of level converters. We have implemented our approach under an SIS environment. Experiment shows that the resulting lower bound of power is tight for most circuits and that the predicted "optimum" supply voltages are exactly or very close to the best choice of actual ones. The total power saving of up to 26% (average of about 20%) is achieved without degrading the circuit performance, compared to the average power improvement of about 7% by the gate sizing technique based on a standard cell library. Our technique provides the power-delay tradeoff by specifying different timing constraints in circuits for power optimization.


he traic safety and eiciency applications made possible by vehicular communications have the potential to improve the lives of millions of people who, every day, use automobiles as their primary means of transportation. To be well connected and fully functional, these networks of cars require a minimum number of active nodes, which oten may not happen due to a lack of radio-equipped vehicles on the road. hese same networks can also be overwhelmed with traic and signaling in the presence of too many cars, requiring careful coordination between all nodes to ensure proper operation. One way to overcome both these problems is to supplement vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications with vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) systems by deploying Roadside Units (RSUs) along the road to support the network of moving cars. RSUs are infrastructure nodes that can supplement sparse networks in low-density scenarios, and help coordinate and move data in denser networks. RSUs have an associated cost, however, and so their numbers need to be minimized while still maintaining a signiicant improvement to the vehicular network. he work presented in this thesis quantiies the beneits of Roadside Unit deployments and proposes innovative approaches that can reduce and even eliminate the need for RSUs altogether. he irst part of the thesis focuses on highway networks: irst, an analytical model is developed to analyze communication delay in scenarios with sparse bi-directional traic, considering both disconnected and connected RSUs. hen, a study on connectivity and message dissemination in these networks reveals how signiicant beneits of RSUs are only achieved when the deployed RSUs are interconnected. Extensive simulation work paired with sets of experimental measurements validate both model and study. Supplementing the work on sparse highway networks, an infrastructure-less approach is then proposed, consisting of two methods to improve communication delays in these scenarios: decelerate disconnected vehicles as they receive safety messages, and boost the same vehicles' radio transmit power, to shorten the time to restore connectivity. Both techniques are modeled analytically, and data from a simulation study validate the models and show signiicant improvements in the connectivity of sparse highway networks with this infrastructure-less approach. he second part of the thesis sets its sights on urban vehicular networks. High costs associated with RSUs prevent their deployment at scale, and therefore inding alternative solutions to this longstanding problem is very important. A novel, low-cost self-organizing network approach to leveraging parked cars as RSUs in urban areas is proposed here, enabling parked cars to create coverage maps based on received signal strength and to decide whether to become RSUs from that knowledge. Initial simulation work reveals signiicant beneits to emergency message broadcasting delay in sparse scenarios and shows the ability of the self-organizing approach in providing robust and widespread coverage to dense urban areas, using only a small fraction of the cars parked in a city. he parking behaviors of individual drivers are then studied, by analyzing and gathering statistics on travel survey data from various metropolitan areas. Daily and hourly analytical models of parking events are provided, along with important derivations. he statistical data show that parking events can be classiied into two major groups based on the time a car spends parked, and that these patterns vary substantially throughout the day while being markedly similar across diferent cities. he last part of the thesis focuses on self-organization for parked car RSUs. Novel mechanisms for self-organization are introduced that are innovative in their ability to keep the network of parked cars under continuous optimization, in their multicriteria decision process, and in their control of each car's battery usage, rotating roadside unit roles between vehicles as required. he irst comprehensive study of the performance of such approaches is presented, via realistic modeling of mobility, parking, and communication, thorough simulations, and an experimental veriication of concepts that are key to self-organization. his analysis leads to strong evidence that parked cars can serve as an alternative to ixed roadside units, and organize to form networks to support smarter transportation and mobility.


This volume provides a comprehensive overview of the geology and hydrocarbon potential of the major Neoproterozoic–Cambrian basins of Asia from Oman, across the Middle East and the Indian Subcontinent, to China and SE Siberia, along with new research on the region.

Many of these areas (e.g., Oman, Bikaner–Nagaur Basin in India, South China and SE Siberia) host prolific Neoproterozoic–Cambrian petroleum systems with giant to supergiant fields. Three key elements: (1) tectonic stability, (2) relatively late phase of hydrocarbon generation and (3) presence of an effective evaporite seal, seem to be critical for the development of effective Neoproterozoic–Cambrian petroleum systems. These key elements appear of less consequence for the development of 'unconventional' hydrocarbons, and the future prospectivity in many of these basins may lie in the exploration for, and production of, shale gas and shale oil directly from the thermally mature, organic-rich source rocks.

This volume follows on from the successful Geological Society SP326 on African basins and documents hydrocarbon exploration potential of basins in Asia that until now were poorly understood and documented.


The knowledge of channel statistics can be very helpful in making sound opportunistic spectrum access decisions. It is therefore desirable to be able to efficiently and accurately estimate channel statistics. In this paper, we study the problem of optimally placing sensing/sampling times over a time window so as to get the best estimate of the parameters of an on-off renewal channel. We are particularly interested in a sparse sensing regime with a small number of samples relative to the time window size. Using Fisher information as a measure, we analytically derive the best and worst sensing sequences under a sparsity condition. We also present a way to derive the best/worst sequences without this condition using a dynamic programming approach. In both cases the worst turns out to be the uniform sensing sequence, where sensing times are evenly spaced within the window. Interestingly the best sequence is also uniform but with a much smaller sensing interval that requires a priori knowledge of the channel parameters. With these results we argue that without a priori knowledge, a robust sensing strategy should be a randomized strategy. We then compare different random schemes using a family of distributions generated by the circular \beta ensemble, and propose an adaptive sensing scheme to effectively track time-varying channel parameters. We further discuss the applicability of compressive sensing in the context of this problem.


A new inexpensive method of the ultra-fast growth of ZnO nanorods from the aqueous solution is described. This environment friendly and fully reproducible method allows growth of nanorods in about 1–3 min time on various substrates, without any catalyst or complexing agent. The substrates need to be coated with a layer of gold droplets, which nucleate the growth. Growth temperature does not exceed 50oC and growth can be performed at atmospheric pressure. Deionised water and zinc acetate are used as oxygen and zinc precursors, respectively. The method is characterised by simplicity and allows regulating size of the ZnO nanorods in a large extent. Due to simplicity and safety of this method, it is suitable for industrial applications, i.e., in the construction of gas sensors or highly sensitive light detectors (changes of sample resistivity upon illumination).


The use of full color-sensitive photodetectors with three electrically tunable spectral responses allows the design of sensors that can be real-time reconfigured for different color acquisition modes. All the (physically identical) pixels can be biased in the same way, each giving the same set of RGB spectral responses: in this situation the conversion from the sensor color space to a reference color space can be implemented as usual, giving typical color errors ΔE(a,b) in the order of 2-3. Alternatively, pixels can be biased in two different ways (e.g., row by row), forming pairs: by joining the information from adjacent pixels, the sensor has six spectral responses, with a reduced resolution. By exploiting this plurality of spectral responses, color reproduction accuracy can be increased. In this work, an improved design of the Transverse Field Detector, a filterless and tunable three-color pixel, is used as the experimental device to propose a dual-color-mode reconfigurable sensor.


In this article, we examine a case of task segregation—when a group of workers is disproportionately allocated, relative to other groups, to spend more time on specific tasks in a given job—and argue that such segregation is a potential mechanism for generating within-job inequality in the quality of a job. When performing those tasks is undesirable, this allocation has unfavorable implications for that group's experienced job quality. We articulate the processes by which task segregation can lead to workplace inequality in job quality through an inductive, interview-based case study of airport security-screening workers in a unit of the U.S. Transportation Security Administration (TSA) at a large urban airport. Female workers were disproportionately allocated to the pat-down task, the manual screening of travelers for prohibited items. Our findings suggest that this segregation led to overall poorer job quality outcomes for women. Task segregation overexposed female workers to processes of physical exertion, emotional labor, and relational strain, giving rise to work intensity, emotional exhaustion, and lack of coping resources. Task segregation also seemed to disproportionately expose female workers to managerial sanctions for taking recuperative time off and a narrowing of their skill set that may have contributed to worse promotion chances, pay, satisfaction, and turnover rates for women. We conclude with a theoretical model of how task segregation can act as a mechanism for generating within-job inequality in job quality.


Numerical studies implementing different versions of the collisionless Ohm's law have shown a reconnection rate insensitive to the nature of the non-ideal mechanism occurring at the X line, as soon as the Hall effect is operating. Consequently, the dissipation mechanism occurring in the vicinity of the reconnection site in collisionless systems is usually thought not to have a dynamical role beyond the violation of the frozen-in condition. The interpretation of recent studies has, however, led to the opposite conclusion that the electron scale dissipative processes play an important dynamical role in preventing an elongation of the electron layer from throttling the reconnection rate. This work re-visits this topic with a new approach. Instead of focusing on the extensively studied symmetric configuration, we aim to investigate whether the macroscopic properties of collisionless reconnection are affected by the dissipation physics in asymmetric configurations, for which the effect of the Hall physics is substantially modified. Because it includes all the physical scales a priori important for collisionless reconnection (Hall and ion kinetic physics) and also because it allows one to change the nature of the non-ideal electron scale physics, we use a (two dimensional) hybrid model. The effects of numerical, resistive, and hyper-resistive dissipation are studied. In a first part, we perform simulations of symmetric reconnection with different non-ideal electron physics. We show that the model captures the already known properties of collisionless reconnection. In a second part, we focus on an asymmetric configuration where the magnetic field strength and the density are both asymmetric. Our results show that contrary to symmetric reconnection, the asymmetric model evolution strongly depends on the nature of the mechanism which breaks the field line connectivity. The dissipation occurring at the X line plays an important role in preventing the electron current layer from elongating and forming plasmoids.


In this study we show how hydrogen and helium lines modelling can be used to make a diagnostic of active and eruptive prominences. One motivation for this work is to identify the physical conditions during prominence activation and eruption. Hydrogen and helium lines are key in probing different parts of the prominence structure and inferring the plasma parameters. However, the interpretation of observations, being either spectroscopic or obtained with imaging, is not straightforward. Their resonance lines are optically thick, and the prominence plasma is out of local thermodynamic equilibrium due to the strong incident radiation coming from the solar disk. In view of the shift of the incident radiation occuring when the prominence plasma flows radially, it is essential to take into account velocity fields in the prominence diagnostic. Therefore we need to investigate the effects of the radial motion of the prominence plasma on hydrogen and helium lines. The method that we use is the resolution of the radiative transfer problem in the hydrogen and helium lines out of local thermodynamic equilibrium. We study the variation of the computed integrated intensities in H and He lines with the radial velocity of the prominence plasma. We can confirm that there exist suitable lines which can be used to make a diagnostic of the plasma in active and eruptive prominences in the presence of velocity fields.


Modularity is a very general set of principles for managing complexity. By breaking up a complex system into discrete modules - which can then communicate with one another only through standardized interfaces within a standardized architecture - one can eliminate what would otherwise be an unmanageable spaghetti tangle of systemic interconnections. Such ideas are not new in the literature of technological design (Simon 1962, Alexander 1964), even if, as some claim (Baldwin and Clark 1997), modularity is becoming more important today because of the increased complexity of modern technology. What is new is the application of the idea of modularity not only to technological design but also to organizational design. Sanchez and Mahoney (1996) go so far as to assert that modularity in the design of products leads to - or at least ought to lead to - modularity in the design of the organizations that produce such products. From another angle, however, the principles of modularity have arguably long been at work in the literature of social science. F. A. Hayek (1967) tells us that the subject matter of social science - unlike that of some physical sciences - is "organized complexity." And we can think of Adam Smith's "obvious and simple system of natural liberty" as one of the first of a tradition of proposals for how a complex modern society might be made more productive through a modular design of social and economic institutions. The classic defense of Smith's system is that, in separating mine from thine, property rights modularize social interaction, which is then mediated through the interface of voluntary exchange, all under the governance of the systems architecture of common law. A Venn diagram would reveal only the thinnest of overlaps between these two literatures. The management literature on modularity and organizational design asks how (given) firms should organize themselves internally to cope with modular products. The literature on (what is implicitly) modularity in social institutions asks how the interactions among (given) organizational units should be structured to increase wealth and productivity (and perhaps yield other good things as well). The overlapping question, of course, is Coase's question: what determines the boundaries of firms? Why are some (modular) social units governed by the architecture of the organization and some governed by the larger architecture of the market? It is not perhaps surprising that scholars have looked to the notion of property rights to answer Coase's question, yielding an older theory of property rights spun directly from Coase (De Alessi 1983) as well as a newer version emerging from the tradition of formal modeling (Hart 1989). The paper I propose will revisit from the perspective of the theory of modular systems the various literatures of property rights in the economics of organization. It will ask the question: how far can the principles of modularity take us in understanding the boundaries of the firm? How far have existing theories of property rights already taken us?


The use of in-stream flow control structures for channel stabilization has become increasingly popular due to its potential cost-effectiveness and ecological benefits. These structures help to protect the bank from erosion and lateral migration. However, a large number of these projects fail due to inadequate design guidelines. This study aims to create authoritative design guidelines which are based on hydraulic and physical criteria attributed to the channel reach. In this report, some of the most common types of instream structures have been reviewed and results from a practitioner experience survey have been analyzed. This research has allowed for the selection of the most promising structures which will be studied later in the project.


Tata Steel has been striving to optimize its operations amidst scarce resources and capacity imbalances. To provide decision support, we developed a mathematical model based on mixed-integer linear-programming (MILP) and hierarchical optimization between 1983 and 1986. It considers marketing constraints, capacities, yields, profitability, routes, energy, and oxygen balances. Its use just for optimal distribution of power has provided a benefit of US $73 million in the first year of implementation (1986–1987). Tata Steel has realized other benefits, such as optimal distribution of scarce oxygen and liquid iron, optimal power cogeneration levels, break-even prices and quantities of purchased scrap, and optimal conversion of semifinished steel into finished products by other companies functioning as conversion agents. In the early '8Os, the model shifted Tata Steel's emphasis from maximizing tonnage to maximizing contribution to profits.


The political power of labour during and in the aftermath of the democratisation of East Asian developing countries often appears to be small, ineffective and segmented. Why did labour as a political force make such limited a contribution to the democratisation of East Asian developing countries? Does this also mean that labour has little potential in pursuing democratisation further? This paper discusses the place of 'labour' in East Asian democratisation. In so doing, we are also challenging the classical framework that looks mainly at the relation between 'organised industrial labour' and 'liberal democracy' in identifying labour-democracy relations. I argue that this framework tends to impose an ideal type of labour politics, frozen in the 19-20th century European experience in establishing the industrial workers movement and liberal democracy. The complex relations between the evolving social forms of labour and different forms of democratic mobilisation and participation of labour in East Asian cannot be addressed within this framework as labour's engagement in democratisation varies with the particular ways in which capitalist labour is socially organised and gains new democratic potential the result of which may not necessarily be liberal democracy. My argument is outlined in four sections. The first part develops a critique of the usual 'model' of labour-democracy relations on the basis of which labour-democracy relations in East Asian developing countries are often evaluated. I contend that evaluating labour's contribution to East Asian democratisation vis-a-vis the contribution once made by the industrial working class of the advanced capitalist countries to the establishment of liberal democracy prevents us from recognising various labour, struggles, organisations and mobilisation, forms of which are not necessarily in line with the classical labour politics. The second chapter outlines the historical trajectory of the political forms through which the contradiction of different social forms of labour manifested politically throughout the history of capitalist development in East Asia. This is followed by a section discussing the emergence of the new social form of labour in neoliberal globalisation and the contesting political forms of labour. The final section points out the delayed transformation of labour politics as the most important question to be asked in addressing democracies in East Asia.


Two of the most basic problems encountered in numerical optimization are least-squares problems and systems of nonlinear equations. The use of more and more complex simulation tools on high performance computers requires solving problems involving an increasingly large number of variables. The main thrust of this thesis the design of new algorithmic methods for solving large-scale instances of these two problems. Although they are relevant in many different applications, we concentrate specifically on real applications encountered in the context of Intelligent Transportation Systems to illustrate their performances. First we propose a new approach for the estimation and prediction of OriginDestination tables. This problem is usually solved using a Kalman filter approach, which refers to both formulation and resolution algorithm. We prefer to consider a explicit least-squares formulation. It offers convenient and flexible algorithms especially designed to solve largescale problems. Numerical results provide evidence that this approach requires significantly less computation effort than the Kalman filter algorithm. Moreover it allows to consider larger problems, likely to occur in real applications. Second a new class of quasi-Newton methods for solving systems of nonlinear equations is presented. The main idea is to generalize classical methods by building a model using more than two previous iterates. We use a least-squares approach to calibrate this model, as exact interpolation requires a fixed number of iterates, and may be numerically problematic. Based on classical assumptions we give a proof of local convergence of this class of methods. Computational comparisons with standard quasi-Newton methods highlight substantial improvements in terms of robustness and number of function evaluations. We derive from this class of methods a matrix-free algorithm designed to solve large-scale systems of nonlinear equations without assuming any particular structure on the problems. We have successfully tried out the method on problems with up to one million variables. Computational experiments on standard problems show that this algorithm outperforms classical large-scale quasi-Newton methods in terms of efficiency and robustness. Moreover, its numerical performances are similar to Newton-Krylov methods, currently considered as the best to solve large-scale systems of equations. In addition, we provide numerical evidence of the superiority of our method for solving noisy systems of nonlinear equations. This method is then applied to the consistent anticipatory route guidance generation. Route guidance refers to information provided to travelers in an attempt to facilitate their decisions relative to departure time, travel mode and route. We are specifically interested in consistent anticipatory route guidance, in which real-time traffic measurements are used to make short-term predictions, involving complex simulation tools, of future traffic conditions. These predictions are the basis of the guidance information that is provided to users. By consistent, we mean that the anticipated traffic conditions used to generate the guidance must be similar to the traffic conditions that the travelers are going to experience on the network. The problem is tricky because, contrarily to weather forecast where the real system under consideration is not affected by information provision, the very fact of providing travel information may modify the future traffic conditions and, therefore, invalidate the prediction that has been used to generate it. Bottom (2000) has proposed a general fixed point formulation of this problem with the following characteristics. First, as guidance generation involves considerable amounts of computation, this fixed point problem must be solved quickly and accurately enough for the results to be timely and of use to drivers. Secondly the unavailability of a closed-form objective function and the presence of noise due to the use of simulation tools prevent from using classical algorithms. A number of simulation experiments based on two system software including DynaMIT a state-of-the-art, real-time computer system for traffic estimation and prediction, developed at the Intelligent Transportation Systems Program of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), have been run. These numerical results underline the good behavior of our large-scale method compared to classical fixed point methods for solving the consistent anticipatory route guidance problem. We close with some comments about future promising directions of research.


Background: Non-dystrophy myotonias (NDMs) have similar clinical signs of muscle weakness and congenital myotoniais typical example. This disease is caused by mutations in CLCN1 gene. CLCN1 gene has 23 exons and exon 8 is hotspot. Mutations in skeletal muscle chloride channel gene are associated with a group of clinically overlapping diseases by alterations in the excitability of the sarcolemma. The purpose of the study is to identify hotspot exon 8 mutations in Iranian non-dystrophic myotonic patients. Methods: In this study, twenty eight Iranian sporadic patients with non-dystrophic myotonia analyzed for the mutation scanning in exon 8 of CLCN1 gene by PCR-SSCP. DNA fragments showing abnormal banding patterns were sequenced for identification of exact mutations. Results: We found no mutation in exon 8 of CLCN1 genes. Conclusion: Our study indicates no mutation in the CLCN1 gene in Iranian non-dystrophic myotonia patients, but we suggest follow-up studies for finding the direct molecular relation of this gene with this disorder.


Everyday there is a new call by politicians and scholars to place taxes on sugar-based drinks. Sodas, energy drinks, sports drinks, and some juices are increasingly linked as a cause for the obesity epidemic. It is thought that a tax will dissuade individuals from drinking these highly caloric beverages. In addition the revenue collected could be used to help offset the negative health externalities generated by their consumption. A tax of this nature is the text book definition of a Pigouvian tax. However, a Pigouvian tax on sugary drinks would be ineffective at combating obesity for four reasons: it would be under-inclusive; the tax would be too small to adequately deter consumers; tax revenues will decline while the associated health costs will rise; and this tax would be highly regressive.


The influence of eight commodity groups on international economic integration in five Central American Countries are analyzed. The commodity groups are rice, beans, com, sorghum, bananas, coffee, sugar, and beef. The countries are Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua. A game theory framework is used to find a Nash equilibrium solution to a set of trade negotiation scenarios. The payoffs of the Political Preference Function (PPF) are used for the trade liberalization scenarios under analysis. These PPF payoffs are estimated using the MISS model. The nominal protection coefficient (NPC) is used as the main criterion for trade liberalization. Status quo (SQ) or no reduction in protection, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% reductions in protection or free trade (FT), are the scenarios under analysis. Four games are modeled. In game one all PPF weights equal one, which means that all commodities groups have the same importance in the government's view. In game two, all PPF weights are different from one, i.e., the government assigns different degrees of importance to some sectors relative to other sectors and to itself. Game three and four include the PPF weights of game one and two but with a reduction of five percent in the exchange rate. The results show that any individual country will agree to free trade when the rest of countries, as a bloc, reduces protection by 50%. This indicates that Central American countries will be likely to agree on a partial trade liberalization rather than to a more involved form of economic integration. Commodity groups do not affect trade liberalization adversely. The study suggests that the use o f game theory is an appropriate approach to analyze economic integration in Central America.


Within academia gender analysis has been circumscribed mainly to Social Sciences. For years the focus of this analysis has been on the unbalanced representation of men and women as perceived through the use of the (sexist) grammatical and linguistic patterns of a language � for example, in literature � and the use of the images selected to portray male and female bodies � in the case of the mass media. With time, an interest in the implications that also the translation of written and audiovisual texts may have on the representation and perception of gender has grown, and attention has gradually shifted from the literary translation field to the audiovisual one. In the last decade, the study of audiovisual translation discourse from a gender perspective has ranged over a number of genres (TV series, films and commercials) and has resulted in a fruitful debate around the manifold approaches from which gender bias may be investigated, questioned and eventually reversed. In particular, De Marco (2012) has shed light on how much the consideration of audiovisual translation (AVT) as a social practice may benefit from implementing theories inherent to the multifaceted disciplines of Linguistics, Gender Studies, Film Studies and, obviously, Translation Studies. The present article discusses the extent to which such an interdisciplinary and �engendering� approach may contribute to building a valid methodological framework within which AVT can be explored. At the same time, it highlights the limitations entailed by the difficulty of applying the same approach to the study of such a practical area � AVT � in which gender priorities are not perceived as important as other professional priorities


IN 1938, JAZZ LEGEND JELLY ROLL MORTON TOLD FOLKLORIST ALAN Lomax about a song that was too dangerous to sing. It described the events of July 1900, when the city of New Orleans erupted in a four-day spasm of racial violence after a black man named Robert Charles shot and killed several white police officers. Though Morton remembered many details of the riot (and fabricated several others along the way), he adamantly insisted that the words of the Robert Charles song were lost to history. "This song was squashed very easily by the [police] department," Morton said, "due to the fact that it was a trouble breeder. So that song never did get very far. I once knew the Robert Charles song, but I found out it was best for me to forget it and that I did in order to go along with the world on the peaceful side." (1) Perhaps Jelly Roll Morton had truly forgotten the ballad of Robert Charles by the time of his interview with Lomax. Perhaps he was simply unwilling to share it. Either way, Morton's peculiar relationship with the Charles story--unable to forget but unwilling to remember--offers a striking point of departure for a study of popular memory and racial violence in the Jim Crow South. Relying on Jelly Roll Morton's recollections, a number of scholars have argued that the tale of Robert Charles's stand against the New Orleans Police Department was kept alive in the city's African American homes and workplaces for decades. In Carnival of Fury, an impressive piece of historical detective work first published in 1976 that still stands as the only book-length study of the Robert Charles riot, William Ivy Hair writes, "Among lower class blacks [Charles] became an immediate folic hero and 'the Robert Charles song,' praising his exploits, would occasionally be played at all-black gatherings for years to come." (2) Other scholars offer similar assessments, using Morton's reminiscences to make a claim for the clandestine persistence of the Charles story. (3) In these treatments, Robert Charles is elevated to mythic status, a part of the folk culture of black New Orleans in the early twentieth century. There is much that is satisfying about this narrative, which treats the durability of the Charles story as evidence of deep-rooted cultural resistance to the Jim Crow regime. At the same time, such a framing has limitations. It assumes that the veneration of Charles took place exclusively in secret gatherings and behind closed doors. An unknown, unseen cast of thousands may have cultivated the memory of Robert Charles through whispers and late-night jam sessions, but historians are denied access to their deeds, their thoughts, and even their names. Such details would seem to be lost forever, along with the words to the Robert Charles song. This willingness to simply assert or assume Charles's status as a folk hero has prevented historians from asking further questions about the legacy of the 1900 New Orleans riot and, by extension, about the nature of popular memory and its role in resisting racial oppression. It is possible, and necessary, to move beyond generic references to the lost ballad of Robert Charles. The subject demands much greater analytical specificity, in terms of personnel, content, and context. We do not need to settle for a faceless and nameless black working class; it is possible to bring actual people into the study of folk memory--to learn who remembered the Robert Charles story, when they remembered it, and why they remembered it. This approach creates memory studies from the bottom up, a social history of popular memory. This article uses the commemoration of Robert Charles and the 1900 riot to explore the relationship between popular memory and black resistance in the Jim Crow South. In so doing, it extends the discussion of early-twentieth-century black resistance to Jim Crow from the organized--streetcar boycotts and antilynching campaigns--to the realm of everyday life. (4) The story of Robert Charles was certainly kept alive in black homes and Franklin Street jazz clubs, but it found its way to the streets (and into the historical record) with impressive regularity. …


Moral philosophers are, among other things, in the business of constructing moral theories. And moral theories are, among other things, supposed to explain moral phenomena. Consequently, one's views about the nature of moral explanation will influence the kinds of moral theories one is willing to countenance. Many moral philosophers are (explicitly or implicitly) committed to a deductive model of explanation. As I see it, this commitment lies at the heart of the current debate between moral particularists and moral generalists. In this paper I argue that we have good reasons to give up this commitment. In fact, I show that an examination of the literature on scientific explanation reveals that we are used to, and comfortable with, non-deductive explanations in almost all areas of inquiry. As a result, I argue that we have reason to believe that moral explanations need not be grounded in exceptionless moral principles.


Abstract The three-pile trick is a well-known card trick performed with a deck of 27 cards which dates back to the early seventeenth century at least and its objective is to uncover the card chosen by a volunteer. The main purpose of this research is to give a mathematical generalization of the three-pile trick for any deck of ab cards with a, b ≥ 2 any integers by means of a finite family of simple discrete functions. Then, it is proved each of these functions has just one or two stable fixed points. Based on this findings a list of 222 (three-pile trick)-type brand new card tricks was generated for either a package of 52 playing cards or any appropriate portion of it with a number of piles between 3 and 7. It is worth noting that all the card tricks on the list share the three main properties that have characterized the three-pile trick: simplicity, self-performing and infallibility. Finally, a general performing protocol, useful for magicians, is given for all the cases. All the employed math techniques involve naive theory of discrete functions, basic properties of the quotient and remainder of the division of integers and modular arithmetic.


Machine learning models that achieve high overall accuracy often make systematic errors on important subsets (or slices) of data. Identifying underperforming slices is particularly challenging when working with high-dimensional inputs (e.g. images, audio), where important slices are often unlabeled. In order to address this issue, recent studies have proposed automated slice discovery methods (SDMs), which leverage learned model representations to mine input data for slices on which a model performs poorly. To be useful to a practitioner, these methods must identify slices that are both underperforming and coherent (i.e. united by a human-understandable concept). However, no quantitative evaluation framework currently exists for rigorously assessing SDMs with respect to these criteria. Additionally, prior qualitative evaluations have shown that SDMs often identify slices that are incoherent. In this work, we address these challenges by first designing a principled evaluation framework that enables a quantitative comparison of SDMs across 1,235 slice discovery settings in three input domains (natural images, medical images, and time-series data). Then, motivated by the recent development of powerful cross-modal representation learning approaches, we present Domino, an SDM that leverages cross-modal embeddings and a novel error-aware mixture model to discover and describe coherent slices. We find that Domino accurately identifies 36% of the 1,235 slices in our framework - a 12 percentage point improvement over prior methods. Further, Domino is the first SDM that can provide natural language descriptions of identified slices, correctly generating the exact name of the slice in 35% of settings.


This book collects a wealth of information about spatial audio coding into one comprehensible volume. It is a thorough reference to the 3GPP and MPEG Parametric Stereo standards and the MPEG Surround multi-channel audio coding standard. It describes key developments in coding techniques, which is an important factor in the optimization of advanced entertainment, communications and signal processing applications. Until recently, technologies for coding audio signals, such as redundancy reduction and sophisticated source and receiver models did not incorporate spatial characteristics of source and receiving ends. Spatial audio coding achieves much higher compression ratios than conventional coders. It does this by representing multi-channel audio signals as a downmix signal plus side information that describes the perceptually-relevant spatial information. Written by experts in spatial audio coding, Spatial Audio Processing: reviews psychoacoustics (the relationship between physical measures of sound and the corresponding percepts) and spatial audio sound formats and reproduction systems; brings together the processing, acquisition, mixing, playback, and perception of spatial audio, with the latest coding techniques; analyses algorithms for the efficient manipulation of multiple, discrete and combined spatial audio channels, including both MP3 and MPEG Surround; shows how the same insights on source and receiver models can also be applied for manipulation of audio signals, such as the synthesis of virtual auditory scenes employing head-related transfer function (HRTF) processing and stereo to N-channel audio upmix. Audio processing research engineers and audio coding research and implementation engineers will find this an insightful guide. Academic audio and psychoacoustic researchers, including post-graduate and third/fourth year students taking courses in signal processing, audio and speech processing, and telecommunications, will also benefit from the information inside.


From January 1945, in the last months of the Third Reich, about 250,000 inmates of concentration camps perished on death marches and in countless incidents of mass slaughter. They were murdered with merciless brutality by their SS guards, by army and police units, and often by gangs of civilians as they passed through German and Austrian towns and villages. Even in the bloody annals of the Nazi regime, this final death blow was unique in character and scope. In this first comprehensive attempt to answer the questions raised by this final murderous rampage, the author draws on the testimonies of victims, perpetrators, and bystanders. Hunting through archives throughout the world, Daniel Blatman sets out to explain - to the extent that is possible - the effort invested by mankind's most lethal regime in liquidating the remnants of the enemies of the "Aryan race" before it abandoned the stage of history. What were the characteristics of this last Nazi genocide? How was it linked to the earlier stages, the slaughter of millions in concentration camps? How did the prevailing chaos help to create the conditions that made the final murderous rampage possible? In its exploration of a topic nearly neglected in the current history of the Shoah, this book offers unusual insight into the workings, and the unraveling, of the Nazi regime. It combines micro-historical accounts of representative massacres with an overall analysis of the collapse of the Third Reich, helping us to understand a seemingly inexplicable chapter in history.


This paper presents a study on the behavior and design of bolted stainless steel plates under in-plane tension. Using an experimentally validated finite element (FE) program strength of stainless steel bolted plates under tension is examined with an emphasis on plate bearing mode of failure. A numerical parametric study was carried out which includes examining the behavior of stainless steel plate models with various proportions, bolt locations and in two different material grades. The models were designed to fail particularly in bolt tear-out and material piling-up modes. In the numerical simulation of the models, non-linear stress-strain material behavior of stainless steel was considered by using expressions which represent the full range of strains up to the ultimate tensile strain. Using the results of the parametric study, the effect of variations in bolt positions, such as end and edge distance and bolt pitch distance on bearing resistance of stainless steel bolted plates under in-plane tension has been investigated. Finally, the results obtained are critically examined using design estimations of the currently available international design guidance.


We demonstrate metamaterial metal-based bolometers, which take advantage of resonant absorption in that a spectral and/or polarization filter can be built into the bolometer. Our proof-of-principle gold-nanostructure-based devices operate around 1.5 μm wavelength and exhibit room-temperature time constants of about 134 μs. The ultimate detectivity is limited by Johnson noise, enabling room-temperature detection of 1 nW light levels within 1 Hz bandwidth. Graded bolometer arrays might allow for integrated spectrometers with several octaves bandwidth without the need for gratings or prisms and for integrated polarization analysis without external polarization optics.


By combining two methods of selective doping of paramagnetic species into a microdomain and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), the spatially inhomogeneous proton polarization created by dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) has been precisely evaluated. A lamella-forming diblock copolymer composed of polystyrene (PS) and polyisoprene (PI) block chains (PS-b-PI) was employed, the SANS profile of which clearly shows scattering peaks up to the third order due to interlamellar interference. As a source of electron spin for DNP, 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl (TEMPO) was doped into one or other of the microdomains; samples with PS or PI microdomains selectively doped with TEMPO are designated PS.-b-PI and PS-b-PI., respectively. The SANS intensity at the first- and third-order peaks is well reproduced by assuming that the proton polarization is homogeneous throughout the sample, but that at the second-order peak cannot be explained by this assumption. This anomaly regarding the second-order peak was successfully explained by a model postulating that proton polarization in a doped microdomain decreases with increasing distance from the interface with a neighbouring doped microdomain. The decrease in proton polarization at the centre of a doped microdomain was estimated to be 0.07 (2) for PS-b-PI. and 0.05 (1) for PS.-b-PI, relative to constant proton polarization in a doped microdomain. The inhomogeneous proton polarization results from two competing dynamic processes, i.e. spin diffusion from doped to undoped microdomains, and spin lattice relaxation occurring on the pathway of proton spin diffusion.


You might find this additional info useful...This article cites 40 articles, 27 of which can be accessed free at:http://ajpheart.physiology.org/content/300/3/H943.full.html#ref-list-1 Updated information and services including high resolution figures, can be found at:http://ajpheart.physiology.org/content/300/3/H943.full.html Additional material and information about AJP - Heart and Circulatory Physiology can be found at:http://www.the-aps.org/publications/ajpheartThis infomation is current as of March 8, 2011.€


In this paper, we investigate the effect of feedback delay on outage probability (OP) and symbol error rate (SER) of cognitive amplify-and-forward (AF) relay networks with beamforming transmission in Rayleigh fading environment. It is assumed that the secondary transmitter and the secondary receiver are equipped with multiple antennas, whereas the relay and the primary user comprise of a single antenna. Furthermore, in this system, the secondary users use the underlay scheme in which the secondary transmitter and the relay can coexist with the primary user as long as their interference caused to the primary receiver is below a predefined threshold. Through our analysis, numerical results are provided to show the level of degradation of cognitive AF relay systems in proportion to the degree of feedback delay. In addition, we also present the effect of the number of antennas at the secondary transceiver on the performance of the considered system.


In the era of globalization, places increasingly compete with other places to attract tourists, business and investment. The marketing of places has become a leading economic activity and one of the dominant generators of local wealth. City marketing has become one of the most innovate elements of recent urban development. The purpose of marketing a city is to create strategies to promote an area or the entire city for certain activities and in some cases to "sell" parts of the city living, consuming and productive activities. The article provides an overview of the development of urban marketing theory explains the concept of city marketing and sums up the motives for incorporating a marketing approach into traditional urban policy. It also emphasizes the complexity of the concept, specifics of its key elements: product, price, place and promotion, and issues of implementation of traditional marketing policies in the public sector.


South Asian approaches to teaching mathematics have been influential globally and are entangled with mastery approaches. This study investigates changing strategies and beliefs of Primary School teachers in England as they engage with a sustained curriculum development project. The teachers were working with a commercially available text book based scheme entitled Maths – No Problem! which is informed by Singapore Maths mastery approaches. The collaborative research involved seven teacher researchers in design, data collection and analysis. Data sources included classroom video and stimulated recall interviews with each of the seven teachers, plus a focus group in which the same teachers considered the role of the text books and two focus groups in which they contributed to collaborative data analysis. In lesson planning, supported by the scheme's text books and teacher guidance, the teachers appear to focus on maths subject knowledge as they anticipate how children might take different directions in exploring the 'anchor problem'. In classroom teaching, the teachers moved away from the use of in-class grouping and used questioning during a collaborative dialogic exploration phase of each lesson, before drawing together student solutions, supporting student journaling and introducing the text book to support reflective learning and practice.


We present the iterative design, implementation, and validation of a collaborative learning application for school children designed for a digital tabletop. Digital mysteries, is based on the mysteries paper-based learning technique. Our work is distinctive in that the design process, the design choices, and the implementation framework are all grounded in theories of both collaborative interaction and learning. Our hypothesis was that, if well utilized, the digital tabletop's unique affordances would allow for the creation of collaborative learning tools that were better than traditional paper-or computer-based tools. The two main design goals for the digital version are supporting externalization of thinking and higher-level thinking skills. The evaluation of the final version provided evidence that use of the application increases the probability that effective learning mechanisms will occur and encourages higher-level thinking through reflection. We conclude the paper with design guidelines for tabletop collaborative learning applications.


Human resources are an essential element in territorial development. When the same are characterized by a high level of training are enhancers of a series of effects which are essential in the relationship between territorial and social cohesion. In this regard, the existence of higher education institutions across the territory allows a delocalised qualification of human resources but, by itself, does not warrant the implantation of these resources in the various regions. So, is this paper we carry out as the main objective to analyse the spatial convergence of knowledge through the study of the evolution of the percentage of the population with a higher education level in the periods elapsed between the last two censuses in Portugal, i.e. between 1991-2001 and 2001-2011. In the majority of the empirical studies, regional (or spatial) economic convergence spatial) is studied from the viewpoint of the growth of per capita GDP. However, since human capital is a key factor in economic growth it seems to be important to know the spatial distribution of the that kind of capital and whether the regions have converged in terms of stock of qualified human resources. In fact, it is expected that a relevant spatial convergence of knowledge will be reflected in a spatial convergence in terms of economic growth, or even of unemployment rates. Portugal is, as is well known, an uneven country from a regional point of view, this also being true from the point of view of the location of its most skilled human resources. This paper showed that, despite the qualifications, measured by the percentage of resident population with higher education level, having risen considerably (from 1991 until 2011), in Portugal, the process of regional convergence (of knowledge) was of (very) little significance. This result is also applicable when gender differences are taken into account. In fact, despite the male population indicates to possess characteristics of greater mobility, the convergence process (in the period 2001-2011, i.e. when the data is available also by gender) did not alter significantly the relative position of the various NUTs about the proportion of their population possessing a higher education level. In terms of potential avenues to new analyses, it seems important to consider other variables that are also assignable to the potential effects of possessing a certain level of knowledge as, for example, productivity levels or unemployment rates (differentiated by level of education).


Abstract This article is an examination of the history of gender demographics in the field of librarianship. The historic development and subsequent "feminization" of librarianship continues to influence the gender wage gap and the disproportionate leadership bias in the field today. This article examines the stereotyping of librarians and the cyclical effect of genderizing the profession. Consideration of current trends and data in librarian demographics demonstrates a consistent decrease in gender diversity, accompanied by a troubling lack of women leaders and executives. Additionally, this article explores options for combating the gender perceptions that negatively impact women in library and information science fields, including management and negotiation training in graduate programs, increased emphasis on technological skills, and professional organization advocacy.


This article reviews aspects of contemporary theory and research on work-life balance. It starts by exploring why work-life balance has become an important topic for research and policy in some countries and after outlining traditional perspectives examines the concept of balance and its implications for the study of the relation between work and the rest of life. A model outlining the causes, nature and consequences of a more or less acceptable work-life balance is presented and recent research is cited to illustrate the various dimensions. Finally, the topic is linked to the field of work and organizational psychology and a number of theoretical and conceptual issues of relevance to research in Europe are raised.


The opioid growth factor (OGF; [Met5]-enkephalin) and the OGF receptor (OGFr) form an endogenous and tonically active growth-regulating system that modulates cell proliferation by upregulating the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitory pathway. Previous reports have documented that nucleocytoplasmic trafficking of the OGF–OGFr axis is dependent on nuclear localization signals. This study determined the specific transport factors required for the import of the OGF–OGFr complex from the cytoplasm to the nucleus using a probe of full-length OGFr fused to enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) and knockdown of karyopherin α1, α2, α3, α4 or α6, karyopherin β1 or Ran with small interfering RNA (siRNA). A human squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck cell line (squamous cell carcinoma-1, SCC-1) that was downregulated for karyopherin β1 or Ran did not have transport of OGFr-eGFP into the nucleus. Moreover, there was an increase of 44% in bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-labeled cells in cultures of SCC-1 that were transfected with siRNAs to karyopherin β1 or Ran compared with cells transfected with scrambled siRNA. No alteration in distribution of OGFr-eGFP or BrdU labeling indexes was recorded in cultures treated with siRNAs to karyopherin α1, α2, α3, α4 or α6. These results indicate that the regulation of cell proliferation by the OGF–OGFr axis is dependent on nucleocytoplasmic transport by karyopherin β1 as well as the gradient of RanGTP/RanGDP across the nuclear envelope, but is not reliant on adaptor molecules related to karyopherin α. Thus, the passage of the OGF–OGFr complex has controlled entry from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, and the timely and faithful translocation of this cargo across the nuclear envelope is critical to cell proliferation. These hierarchical levels of nuclear import provide multiple pathways for the subtle regulation of OGF–OGFr as it relates to the control of cell proliferative events.


Abstract Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 711, located in the western equatorial Indian Ocean near the Seychelles Archipelago on Madingley Rise, is an important site for studying middle Eocene to early Oligocene climatic evolution. This site is ideal for studying the impact of Neo-Tethyan gateway closure on Indian Ocean currents and circulation to further understand global climate changes through the greenhouse to icehouse transition. Middle Eocene-to-lower Oligocene strata recovered within Hole 711A (Cores 711A-14X to 21X) primarily consist of clay-bearing nannofossil oozes/chalks, with layers rich in radiolarians. Here, we report a high-resolution magnetostratigraphic record and a new integrated age model for the middle Eocene-to-lower Oligocene section of Hole 711A. Correlation of the polarity pattern to the geomagnetic polarity timescale provides a record from Chron C19r (middle Eocene) to C12r (early Oligocene). Our results extend the existing polarity record down into the middle Eocene and confirm published results from the lower Oligocene section of the hole. Overall, these new results from Hole 711A have important implications for identifying and dating global climate change events, and for reconstructing calcite compensation depth history at this site. Supplementary material: Magnetostratigraphic data used for construction of age models for Hole 711A included in this study are available at: www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18595


Foxp3 is a transcription factor required for the development and function of regulatory T cells (Treg). Humans lacking functional Foxp3 are afflicted with uncontrolled systemic autoimmunity. How the Foxp3 protein is regulated post-translationally is unclear. Our previous studies demonstrate cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) controls Foxp3+Treg function, but the mechanism by which this occurred was not identified. The CDKs are primarily thought to control cell cycle progression. However, recent studies suggest only CDK1 is required for normal mammalian cell cycle, raising questions about the biological role of the other CDKs. Specifically, mice genetically deficient in CDK2 are viable with no significant defects in cell cycle. We probed the Foxp3 sequence for the presence of CDK motifs, finding four such sites in the amino terminus. We confirmed that Foxp3 is phosphorylated by CDK2 using an in vitro kinase assay and mass spectrometry, as well as a phospho-specific antibody that recognizes one of the phosphorylated Foxp3-CDK motifs. We generated a mutant of Foxp3 lacking all four CDK motifs, which has increased half-life compared to wild-type Foxp3. CD4+ T cells transduced with a Foxp3-CDK motif mutant have increased function compared to cells transduced with wild-type Foxp3 as measured by induction and repression of canonical Foxp3 target genes, as well as the ability to suppress conventional T cell proliferation. These data suggest CDKs negatively regulate Foxp3 protein stability, which has an impact on Foxp3 function. To determine when the CDK cascade was actively regulating Foxp3 in vivo we investigated the role of the CDK2 inhibitor, p27kip1. Recent data shows TGFβ signaling drives expression of p27kip1 in B cells. TGFβ is also required for extrathymic induction of Foxp3 in conventional CD4+ T cells. We show that conventional T cells, which have high CDK2 activity and minimal p27kip1 expression, induce large amounts of p27kip1 along with Foxp3 in the presence of TGFβ. Additionally, T cells lacking p27kip1 have defective TGFβ-dependent Foxp3 induction. We hypothesize that TGFβ signaling is required to activate p27kip1 and stabilize Foxp3 protein levels in developing iTreg by repressing CDK2. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Immunology First Advisor Andrew Wells Second Advisor Chris Hunter This dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/900


Abstract Background: Medication nonadherence among Latinos with schizophrenia represents a significant treatment obstacle. Although some studies have examined patient and family perceptions of adherence, few have examined these perceptions together. However, such knowledge can provide a deeper understanding of how family processes may contribute to or impede adherence among underserved groups such as Latinos. Aims: This study explored perceptions of medication and adherence among Latinos with schizophrenia and key family members. Method: Purposive sampling was used to collect data from 34 participants: 14 patients with schizophrenia receiving community-based mental health services in an urban public setting and 20 key family members. Informed by grounded theory, semistructured interviews were analyzed by bilingual–bicultural team members. Results: Salient themes emerged indicating facilitators of and obstacles to medication use. Specifically, challenges centered on medication side effects, autonomy and choice, and illness insight, whereas facilitators focused on family support and holistic views of treatment and empowerment. Conclusions: Because the majority of Spanish-speaking Latinos with schizophrenia live with family, it is important to examine family factors that may influence medication use. Findings suggest that patient and family perceptions of medication should be examined as part of the treatment process, particularly regarding issues of autonomy and choice.


The article analyses the established order of event registration in the judiciary structures of Lithuania. In some cases one event must be registered several times in different journals during investigation. Different numbers must be ascribed to the same event. Characterising information of the event such as the data of the declarant, the place, a short account of the event, the date, the time, etc., must be rewritten several times. The author suggests to create a new system of event registration unified for all the judiciary structures of Lithuania and based on the principle not to ascribe a new numbers if the event has already been registered in any judiciary structure. The author presents a model of unified event numeration. Both the model and the use of computers and new information technologies enable to avoid rewriting the same information. Some legal acts must be changed.


Global competition in industry demands that organisations take steps to improve or even redesign their manufacturing systems in order to remain competitive. Such improvements invariably require considerable investment and risk. The use of computer simulation allows managers to understand the underlying dynamics of complex manufacturing systems in order to identify problem areas. The models can also be used to evaluate re-design strategies and options for improvement, thereby reducing the potential risk and increasing the likelihood of a positive return on investment However, developing a valid simulation model that represents the system to a sufficient scope and level of detail to allow confident decision making is a difficult task. The research explores the application of a novel methodology consisting of a questionnaire survey, case studies with expert model builders and action research with a steel manufacturing company. Using these research techniques, this study focuses on the crucial early phases of the simulation model development process. The research demonstrates that the combination and application of the research techniques has proved to be a powerful methodology to explore the dynamic interactions of the early stages of the simulation life cycle. The findings conclude that the simulation life cycle is highly iterative process where it is difficult to identify clear steps between the different stages of a simulation project. The model builders engage in a number of cyclic activities where there is significant interaction with the client stakeholders to ensure that the model is a valid representation of the problem. The increased use of Visual Interactive Simulation Software (VISS) has had a major impact on the life cycle by allowing dynamic models to be created at a very early stage which facilitates the interaction between model builder and client.


Women and minorities are often viewed as advocates for the recruitment and retention of similar others. This assumes that women and minorities do not face any barriers to taking on the role of "diversity advocate." We believe this assumption is flawed. In 2 experiments and a qualitative study, we focus on favoritism threat as 1 such barrier. Favoritism threat takes place when evaluators fear their support for a similar other will be seen as an unfair positive bias. Study 1 demonstrates that distinctive individuals, regardless of gender, perceive more favoritism threat than do nondistinctive individuals. Study 2 shows that only low-status distinctive individuals (women in the numeric minority) show outgroup favoritism by evaluating an outgroup applicant higher than an equally qualified ingroup applicant on a subjective indicator. Study 3 finds that a majority of racially distinctive individuals spontaneously identify favoritism threat as a concern when contemplating advocating for a demographically similar other, even when told that the other is qualified.


In the next decades, many soils will be subjected to increased drying/wetting cycles or modified water availability considering predicted global changes in precipitation and evapotranspiration. These changes may affect the turnover of C and N in soils, but the direction of changes is still unclear. The aim of the review is the evaluation of involved mechanisms, the intensity, duration and frequency of drying and wetting for the mineralization and fluxes of C and N in terrestrial soils. Controversial study results require a reappraisal of the present understanding that wetting of dry soils induces significant losses of soil C and N. The generally observed pulse in net C and N mineralization following wetting of dry soil (hereafter wetting pulse) is short‐lived and often exceeds the mineralization rate of a respective moist control. Accumulated microbial and plant necromass, lysis of live microbial cells, release of compatible solutes and exposure of previously protected organic matter may explain the additional mineralization during wetting of soils. Frequent drying and wetting diminishes the wetting pulse due to limitation of the accessible organic matter pool. Despite wetting pulses, cumulative C and N mineralization (defined here as total net mineralization during drying and wetting) are mostly smaller compared with soil with optimum moisture, indicating that wetting pulses cannot compensate for small mineralization rates during drought periods. Cumulative mineralization is linked to the intensity and duration of drying, the amount and distribution of precipitation, temperature, hydrophobicity and the accessible pool of organic substrates. Wetting pulses may have a significant impact on C and N mineralization or flux rates in arid and semiarid regions but have less impact in humid and subhumid regions on annual time scales. Organic matter stocks are progressively preserved with increasing duration and intensity of drought periods; however, fires enhance the risk of organic matter losses under dry conditions. Hydrophobicity of organic surfaces is an important mechanism that reduces C and N mineralization in topsoils after precipitation. Hence, mineralization in forest soils with hydrophobic organic horizons is presumably stronger limited than in grassland or farmland soils. Even in humid regions, suboptimal water potentials often restrict microbial activity in topsoils during growing seasons. Increasing summer droughts will likely reduce the mineralization and fluxes of C and N whereas increasing summer precipitation could enhance the losses of C and N from soils.


How many times have you said, "I'll just fix it in Photoshop"? And then you discover that "fixing" an image means hours in front of your computer. Wouldn't it be better - and easier - to take the time to shoot your digital photographs correctly in the first place and minimize the back-breaking hours hunched over a keyboard? Preventive Photoshop shows you how to shave hours off your computer time by learning essential photographic techniques that, when coupled with Adobe Photoshop, let you create professional-quality images. According to author Douglas Ford Rea, the key is knowing which problems are more easily solved before the shutter is clicked rather than after the files are downloaded. By understanding image fundamentals like lighting, white balance, and color correction, you'll begin to "think in Photoshop." You'll learn: How to eliminate image noise for sharp-looking images Why shooting camera raw yields the best image results How to color manage your camera and your computer Why in-camera sharpening must be turned off How to read histograms and highlight warnings Why previewing images on your camera LCD is misleading How to create a camera-to-computer feedback loop


Radopholus similis produced sunken lesions that modified the normal cylindrical anatomy of the plantain root under severe necrotic conditions. The lesions caused by R. similis were similar to those caused by Pratylenchs coffeae , except that the latter did not alter the turgid condition of the root. At cellular level, R. similis i nduced hypertrophy of the nucleus and nucleolus of the cortical cells; however, P. coffeae did not produce a similar reaction. Rotylenchulus reniformis concentrated the parasitic activity on the feeder roots, thus causing necrosis at the feeding site. The reniform nematode induced a syncytia made up mainly of fourteen to twenty longitudinal and circumferential cells of the pericycle.The cells, the nucleus and the nucleolus of the syncytia were hypertrophied. Two nucleoli were observed in some of the syncytial cells. The cytoplasm of the syncytia was granular, dense and had spheric inclusions. A solid and mustache-like structure that we called feeding filter was observed between the feeding cell and the pericycle. The root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita , caused profuse root galls and cortical cracks in the roots and exposition of the internal tissue, mainly at the distal portion of the main roots. Meloidogyne incognita penetrated the endodermis and the pericycle and induced hypertrophy on five to seven of the vascular parenchymal cells with multiple hypertrophied nuclei.


In the State of New Jersey, any child between the age of five and eighteen has the constitutional right to a thorough and efficient education. The State of New Jersey also has one of the country's most rigid policies regarding a balanced budget come fiscal end. When state and local revenues took a big hit in the most recent recession, officials had to make tough decisions about education spending. This paper exploits rich panel data and trend-shift analysis to analyze how school finances in the Abbott and Bacon School Districts, as well as the high-poverty districts in general, were affected during the Great Recession and the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) federal stimulus period. For these groups of districts, the debate over the meaning of thorough and efficient has become a perennial courtroom discussion. Our analysis shows downward shifts in revenue and expenditure per pupil during the post-recession era in all three groups of districts. However, the Abbott Districts showed the sharpest declines in both revenue and expenditure relative to preexisting trends. Of importance, the Abbott Districts were the only group in our analysis to show statistically significant negative shifts in instructional expenditure (the expenditure category most closely related to student learning), even with the federal stimulus. Declines in noninstructional categories were also the most prominent in the Abbott Districts. With comparably less declines in state and federal aid, the Bacon Districts maintained spending across the board at higher levels than the other groups. Given the unique role of the Abbott and Bacon Districts in the history of New Jersey education policy, the findings of this paper contribute valuable insight regarding the experience of these high-poverty districts during recessions.


Article Although sustainability issues are omnipresent, a company's contribution to sustainability is still hard to measure. This article reconciles the concepts of corporate sustainability and the shareholder value management. The model of Sustainable Value Added is introduced, balancing the synergies and challenges of integration. W ith sustainability issues high on the agenda for business, it is no surprise to find that more than 80% of Fortune 500 companies have sustainability issues on their websites. Yet, even though 90% of major US corporations demonstrate a commitment to sustainability issues, only 35% are able to prove they stick to their principles (Parisi & Maraghini, 2010, p. 131). There is a definite gap when it comes to performance measurement and sustainability. This article attempts to bridge that gap by considering the principles of corporate sustainability. We also ask if it is possible to integrate corporate sustainability and shareholder value management, i.e., the maximization of shareholder value.