This essay responds to Daniel Solove's recent article, A Taxonomy of Privacy. I have read many of Daniel Solove's privacy-related writings, and he has made many important scholarly contributions to the field. As with his previous works about privacy and the law, it is an interesting and substantive piece of work. Where it falls short, in my estimation, is in failing to label and categorize the very real harms of privacy invasions in an adequately compelling manner. Most commentators agree that compromising a person's privacy will chill certain behaviors and change others, but a powerful list of the reasons why this is a negative phenomenon that the law should seek to prevent is not a significant attribute of Solove's taxonomy. That omission left this reader a little concerned about the ultimate usefulness of the privacy framework that Solove has developed. To phrase it colloquially, in this author's view, the Solove taxonomy of privacy suffers from too much doctrine, and not enough dead bodies. It frames privacy harms in dry, analytical terms that fail to sufficiently identify and animate the compelling ways that privacy violations can negatively impact the lives of living, breathing human beings beyond simply provoking feelings of unease.


In light of the theme of the 5th World Conference on Women's Studies 2019, 'Activism, Solidarity and Diversity: Feminist Movements Toward Global Sisterhood', this article contends that Sherley Anne Williams's Dessa Rose (1986) is an appeal for an American bond of sisterhood between feminists and womanists. In the process, it examines the relationship between the novel's two Black and White heroines, Dessa Rose and Ruth Sutton respectively, through the lens of Bonnie Thornton Dill's definition of sisterhood in her seminal work, Race, Class, and Gender: Prospects for an All-Inclusive Sisterhood. While discomfort and distrust encircle their first encounter in the Sutton's Glen, equality, reciprocation, and trust adorn their sisterhood in their last encounter in jail. Such a sisterhood is the aftermath of both women's realization that they are both subjects to White men's patriarchy. Williams's use of both heroines as microcosms for Black and White women addresses the widening gap in the 1980s and today between feminists and womanists for an American sisterhood in black and white.


This book is devoted to the state-of-the-art in all aspects of fireworks algorithm (FWA), with particular emphasis on the efficient improved versions of FWA. It describes the most substantial theoretical analysis including basic principle and implementation of FWA and modeling and theoretical analysis of FWA. It covers exhaustively the key recent significant research into the improvements of FWA so far. In addition, the book describes a few advanced topics in the research of FWA, including multi-objective optimization (MOO), discrete FWA (DFWA) for combinatorial optimization, and GPU-based FWA for parallel implementation. In sequels, several successful applications of FWA on non-negative matrix factorization (NMF), text clustering, pattern recognition, and seismic inversion problem, and swarm robotics, are illustrated in details, which might shed new light on more real-world applications in future. Addressing a multidisciplinary topic, it will appeal to researchers and professionals in the areas of metahuristics, swarm intelligence, evolutionary computation, complex optimization solving, etc.


Selection of detectable numbers of Mi-virulent root-knot nematodes has necessitated a greater understanding of nematode responses to new sources of resistance. During the course of this research, we compared the reproduction of four geographically distinct Mi-virulent root-knot nematode isolates on three resistant accessions of Lycopersicon peruvianum. Each accession carried a different resistant gene, Mi-3, Mi-7, or Mi-8. All nematode isolates were verified as Meloidogyne incognita using diagnostic markers in the mitochondrial genome of the nematode. Reproduction of Mi-virulent isolates W1, 133 and HM, measured as eggs per g of root, was greatest on the Mi-7 carrying accession and least on the Mi-8 carrying accession. In general, Mi-3 behaved similar to the Mi-8 carrying accession. Reproduction of the four nematode isolates was also compared on both Mi and non-Mi-carrying L. esculentum cultivars and a susceptible L. peruvianum accession. Resistance mediated by Mi in L. esculentum still impacted the Mi-virulent nematodes with fewer eggs per g of root on the resistant cultivar (P </= 0.05). Preliminary histological studies suggests that Mi-8 resistance is mediated by a hypersensitive response, similar to Mi.


The machinery behind the visual perception of motion and the subsequent sensorimotor transformation, such as in Ocular Following Response (OFR), is confronted to uncertainties which are efficiently resolved in the primate's visual system. We may understand this response as an ideal observer in a probabilistic framework by using Bayesian theory [1] which we previously proved to be successfully adapted to model the OFR for different levels of noise with full field gratings [2]. More recent experiments of OFR have used disk gratings and bipartite stimuli which are optimized to study the dynamics of center-surround integration. We quantified two main characteristics of the spatial integration of motion : (i) a finite optimal stimulus size for driving OFR, surrounded by an antagonistic modulation and (ii) a direction selective suppressive effect of the surround on the contrast gain control of the central stimuli [3]. Herein, we extended the ideal observer model to simulate the spatial integration of the different local motion cues within a probabilistic representation. We present analytical results which show that the hypothesis of independence of local measures can describe the integration of the spatial motion signal. Within this framework, we successfully accounted for the contrast gain control mechanisms observed in the behavioral data for center-surround stimuli. However, another inhibitory mechanism had to be added to account for suppressive effects of the surround.


Between 1st July, 2012 and 31st December, 2014 nine partners of four Central European regions implement the "airLED" project through the CENTRAL EUROPE Programme, co-financed by the ERDF. Within the "airLED" project the four regions elaborate their strategic polycentric development plans in order to convert their regional airports to an "Airport City" by a common elaborated method. In the last decades, markets have become national and international in scale while the airports and their adjacent areas have functioned as catalysts for local economic development. The ability of differently sized airports to generate jobs and attract new business was used in many settlements to justify public investments in and around airport areas. The vision behind "airLED" project builds on the "Airport City" concept, advocating the importance of appropriately planned airport-area development. An Airport City is characterised by all the functions of a modern metropolitan centre being located on and immediately around major airport sites. It may entail arterial spines and clusters of aviation-linked and other businesses with systematically planned transport connections radiating outwards up to 20 km from the airport. The "airLED" project focuses on the economic development of catchment areas around airports, taking into account the direct, indirect and induced impacts of airport activities. The project aims primarily at enhancing the cooperation between public authorities and bodies concerned and having a stake in the economic development of areas surrounding a given airport. In this respect, good connectivity of the airport with its catchment areas both by road and rail is one of the major challenges.


ABSTRACT
Aerosol nanoparticle deposition onto a surface under a temperature gradient is commonly applied in the chemical and medical industries. In this study, a numerical investigation with a two-phase model is used to investigate the deposition characteristics of nanosized particles in a 90° square bend. The effects of variations in the gas phase physical parameters, such as density, viscosity, and thermal diffusivity with changing temperatures are studied. The main forces acting on the particles are the drag forces, Brownian forces, and thermophoretic forces. A discrete phase model (DPM) based on the FLUENT software is used to investigate particle transfer. The results show that in a temperature gradient flow, particles move towards the colder wall, and some of them strike and deposit onto its surface. The particle deposition efficiency increases with the temperature gradient rising. The Brownian force plays a more important role in particle deposition when smaller particles are used. Because of inertia and gravity, particle deposition on the four surfaces of a 90° square bend tube is inhomogeneous. The deposition efficiency on the floor surface increases with increasing particle diameter. On the contrary, larger particles decrease the deposition efficiency on the ceiling surface.


The Disko Bugt region in central West Greenland is characterised by permanent ice streams, of which Jakobshavn Isbrae is by far the most important. The first thorough studies on the glaciology of the region were conducted over 150 years ago by H.J. Rink, who introduced the terms 'ice streams' and 'Inland Ice'. Rink's work inspired new field work, which has continued to the present, and the long series of observations are unique for an Arctic region.
Cooling during the Cenozoic led to ice-sheet growth in Greenland. A number of interglacial occurrences have been reported from the Disko Bugt region, and during the penultimate glacial stage, the Greenland ice-sheet margin extended to the shelf break. During the last glacial maximum, the ice margin probably extended only to the inner part of the banks on the continental shelf, and large floating glaciers may have been present at this time. During the Younger Dryas cold period, the ice margin may have been located at a marked basalt escarpment west of Disko Bugt.
Disko Bugt was deglaciated rapidly in the early Holocene, around 10 500–10 000 years before present (10.5–10 ka B.P.), but when the ice margin reached the eastern shore of the bay, recession paused, and major moraine systems were formed. With renewed recession, the present ice-margin position was attained around 8–6 ka B.P., and by c. 5 ka B.P. the ice margin was located east of its present position. The subsequent Neoglacial readvance generally reached a maximum during the Little Ice Age, around AD 1850. This was followed by recession that has continued to the present day.
The relative sea-level history shows a rapid sea-level fall in the early Holocene, and a slow rise in the late Holocene. This development mainly reflects a direct isostatic response to the ice-margin history.
Jakobshavn Isbrae is the main outlet from the Greenland ice sheet. It drains c. 6.5% of the present Inland Ice, and produces c. 35–50 km3 of icebergs per year, corresponding to more than 10% of the total output of icebergs from the Inland Ice. The velocity of the central part of the ice stream at the front has been around 7 km/year since records began, but has nearly doubled in recent years. Other calf-ice producing glacier outlets in Disko Bugt produce c. 18 km3 per year. The large calf-ice production of Jakobshavn Isbrae may have been initiated at about 8 ka B.P. when the glacier front receded from the iceberg bank (Isfjeldsbanken) near Ilulissat. Ice streams in inner and outer Egedesminde Dyb may have been active during the early Holocene and during the last glacial maximum.


Background: The consequences of obesity for physical health and non-communicable illnesses are well established, but the impact on psychosocial well-being in persons with obesity is much less understood. This study aimed to assess psychosocial constructs such as weight bias affecting the eating behaviours of persons with overweight and obesity attending a general practice in South Africa Methods: An observational study was conducted at a private general medical practice situated in a peri-urban area of Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. A sample of 100 persons with overweight and obesity, and with a BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2, were recruited by a convenience sampling method. Frequency tables for BMI, sociodemographic factors, perceptions and eating behaviours were described. Spearman's rank-order correlation was run to assess the relationship between sociodemographic factors, perceptions, knowledge, attitudes and eating behaviours. Results: About 90% were below 60 years and 83% were females. The mean BMI of males was 41.7 kg/m2 (SD = 7.38) and of females was 39.9 kg/m2 (SD = 7.91). It was found that weight stigma (are overweight people discriminated against) and the average household income were associated with abnormal eating behaviours such as compulsive eating, obsession with eating and psychological problems. A significant correlation was demonstrated between 'Are people with overweight discriminated against?' and abnormal eating behaviours such as compulsive eating (p = 0.049), obsession with eating (p = 0.009) and psychological problems (p = 0.051) Conclusion: Psychosocial factors such as weight bias affect the eating behaviours of persons with overweight and obesity in South Africa. Research should be done exploring promotion of the psychosocial well-being of patients while trying to manage their obesity.


Materials blasted into space from the surface of early Earth may preserve a unique record of our planet's early surface environment. Armstrong et al. (2002) pointed out that such materials, in the form of terrestrial meteorites, may exist on the Moon and be of considerable astrobiological interest if biomarkers from early Earth are preserved within them. Here, we report results obtained via the AUTODYN hydrocode to calculate the peak pressures within terrestrial meteorites on the lunar surface to assess their likelihood of surviving the impact. Our results confirm the order-of-magnitude estimates of Armstrong et al. (2002) that substantial survivability is to be expected, especially in the case of relatively low velocity (ca. 2.5 km/s) or oblique (<or=45 degrees) impacts, or both. We outline possible mechanisms for locating such materials on the Moon and conclude that searching for them would be a scientifically valuable activity for future lunar exploration.


Two methods have been developed for the characterisation of sandstone and carbonate based hydrocarbon reservoir rocks. Particular emphasis has been directed towards determining the surface mineralogy in order to understand the flow of fluids through rocks.The first method employs Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (DRIFTS) to distinguish the constituent minerals of a reservoir rock using characteristic bands in their vibrational spectra. Spectra collected from reservoir rocks that have undergone various sample preparations have shown that the spectra are weighted to the surface mineralogy. Spectra that are specific to the surface mineralogy have been obtained by sedimentation and ultrasonication techniques. The feasibility of applying partial least squares (PLS) modelling to DRIFTS spectra of reservoir rocks for quantitative analysis has been discussed. Application of PLS modelling to mixtures of powdered mineral standards has shown that it is possible to estimate the mineral constituents. The second method uses organic molecules as chemical probes to elucidate the surface mineralogy of reservoir rocks. Clay mineral standards which have been exposed to certain chemical probes and subsequently heated show desorption profiles (monitored by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)) that are characteristic for each mineral. The most suitable chemical probe studied so far is Dimethylformamide (DMF). The desorption profiles of DMF from Mg, Ca, Na and K exchanged montmorillonites are characteristic for each of the clays. Characteristic desorption maxima are observed at 420, 330, 220, 190°C, respectively. The desorption of DMF from Mg-SWy-2 within a powdered mixture of mineral standards can only be detected at the 5% level using TGA, whereas using infrared or mass spectrometry 2% can easily be detected with considerable scope for detecting smaller levels.Extensive studies using Variable Temperature-DRIFTS and Variable Temperature x-ray diffraction on the complexes formed between both DMF and N-Methylformamide (NMF), and, Mg, Ca, Na and K-montmorillonites have shown that molecules retained at higher temperatures are located in the interlayer space and are associated with exchangeable cations via their carbonyl groups. Two layers of DMF and NMF are present in the interlayers at low temperatures which reduces to one upon heating to 50-170°C. NMF is found to be present in hydrogen-bonded clusters.


India?s share of road accidents in the world is an area of serious concern. Road traffic accidents have been recognized as one of those adverse elements which contribute to the suffocation of economic growth in the developing countries, due to the heavy loss related to them, hence causing social and economic concern. Traffic safety is an important key and plays an integral role in sustainable transportation development areas. Nowa days, the main negative impact of modern road transportation systems are loss of property injuries and deaths in road accidents. The success of traffic safety and highway improvement programs hinges on the analysis of accurate and reliable traffic accident data. Thesis applied the combination of geo-information technology and spatial-statistical analysis to bring-out the influence of spatial factors in their formation. With advancement in technology, new and sophisticated models of vehicle are available and their numbers are increasing day by day. Development of a model for traffic accident density estimation explained by GIS data can enable the determination of dangerous areas objectively and easily, indicating where area-wide traffic calming can be implemented preferentially .A traffic accident has multi-facet characteristics associated with it. For proper traffic accident analysis use of GIS technique has become an inevitable tool.This Study Examined the relations between traffic accidents and city characteristics, such as population, road factors, and spatial factors. A model was developed to estimate traffic accident density.Kernel density estimation (KDE) techniques were used to assess the relations efficiently.In general, the location of traffic accidents is described as an address with text, so they are difficult to display on the map. Thesis concern with how to utilize the GIS to work-out on Spatial Analyst to record the traffic accidents. Thesis workout in presenting the method which takes the potential of reducing accidents as an index to extract the black spots


Women emancipation through empowerment all over the world is at its peak and Africans generally are not left out. It is an attempt to make sure that women's voices are heard and are given their right places in the scheme of things. Nonetheless, the issue of educational attainment of women considering the low level of girls' education in Africa is at a negative variance to attaining women position since certain educational attainments are required to function effectively in the various available organs; be it work place, group or committees of local or international standing. This paper therefore stresses the use of open and distance institution in Nigeria as an avenue to attain knowledge and education that would put women in a better stead toward achieving their aims and aspirations.


Our knowledge about habitat of microorganisms appears diminutive when we witness amazing flexibility in choice of survival under various conditions. Extremophiles refers to the organisms living and carrying out vital life processes at extreme conditions of temperature, pressure, pH, salt concentration among others and this is why they have attracted attention of researchers worldwide. There is a continuous quest to unreveal the probable mechanism or structural and functional adaptations that make extremophiles survive under other holistic conditions. There occur modifications primarily in cell membrane, DNA, RNA, protein and enzymes in order to render fit microbial cell to its external environment. Thus, extremophiles are robust source of high temperature and alkali stable enzymes. Various enzymes as lipase and protease have found several applications in food and cosmetic industry while Taq polymerase from bacteria Thermus aquaticus has revolutionized entire scene of molecular biology. Present review focuses on extremophiles, their structural and molecular adaptations to overcome unfavorable conditions of environment.


Structural econometric methods that assume agents have rational expectations are often criticized. Yet, little is known about the relative costs and benefits of adopting alternative empirical strategies. This paper compares three procedures for inference about a single structural parameter using data from a laboratory price search experiment. Our novel experimental design induces preferences up to the subjective rate of time preference, leaving unrestricted only this parameter and the decision rule that subjects use in solving the search task. We analyze the experimental data under the assumptions of both rational expectations and heuristic behavior, and we also draw inferences using a simple revealed preference analysis that does not require strong behavioral assumptions. We find that the revealed-preference analysis does not provide much information about the discount rate, while stronger behavioral assumptions provide sharper and statistically identical inferences about the population's discount rate distribution. However, substantial differences in inference appear at the individual level. We compare the individual discount-rate estimates to an external measure of forward looking behavior obtained for each subject using an instrument validated in the psychology literature. The estimates obtained under heuristic behavior are statistically significantly positively correlated with our external measure of time preference, while the estimates obtained under rational expectations and the revealed-preference estimates are not.


INTRODUCTIONI am greatly honored to be invited to speak to such a distinguished audience of scholars at this highly regarded law school. Because I am not an academic, and, in the scholarly realm, more of a dilettante, my comments may more appropriately be regarded as light luncheon entertainment. All I bring to the table is the perspective of a judge. For eighteen years, before I went on the Delaware Supreme Court, I was a Court of Chancery trial judge, where many of the cases I decided were corporate law, and more specifically, fiduciary duty disputes. I still do that, but not as much, since the Court of Chancery is only one of three courts from which my current court hears appeals. The upside, though, is that being an appellate judge gives one the luxury of more time to think deeply. Appellate courts, unlike trial courts, do not have to operate in "real time."From that perspective, I would like to share with you some thoughts about a subject that I hope will interest you as legal scholars. The subject is the ongoing vitality of the implicitly empirical corporate law model (or profile) of the shareholder base of publicly held U.S. companies. What do I mean by that? For a long time, courts have implicitly assumed a portrait of shareholders that has driven our corporate law jurisprudence. Our decisions often speak of "the shareholders," and the duties that officers and directors owe to "the shareholders."' But those cases rarely, if ever, explicitly identify precisely whom we are talking about. Shareholders, as we all know, come in many sizes, shapes, and flavors.Since the early 1930s when the federal securities laws were enacted, the implicit portrait or model underlying our corporate law decisions has been that of a diffuse, disaggregated group of retail ("mom and pop") shareholders who, although educated and intelligent, are financially unsophisticated and lack the power and motivation to influence corporate governance or policy. Implicit in that picture was the notion that those shareholders were long-term oriented, meaning they were content to receive a return on their risk capital over the longer term. It is that implicit, unstated portrait - that public company shareholders as a group are unable to act collectively to protect themselves2 - which underlies the cardinal corporate law principle that courts must be the agency to protect shareholders against overreaching fiduciaries.My thesis today is that, however accurate that model may have been in the past, it is now inconsistent with the reality on the ground and has been for some time. Our capital markets are now "deretailized." Today, the shareholder base of U.S. public companies consists of highly-sophisticated institutions that have the resources and power - both economic and legal - to act collectively and influence governance. These institutions are also highly short-term oriented. The question becomes: what implications does this new reality have for the formulation and application of judge-made fiduciary duty principles? My hope is to persuade you, as corporate law scholars, that this subject merits your attention.My talk comes in two parts. The first will flesh out this new shareholder reality and how it came about. The second will ponder what effect, if any, it may have for corporate law theory and judicial decisionmaking.THE NEW REALITYOur current shareholder model evolved from a reality that arose in the wake of World War II. After 1945, the U.S. economy experienced its historically highest level of growth. That led to the emergence of the American middle class, which, in turn, generated unprecedented and widespread investments in our capital markets by retail, "mom and pop," investors who typically purchased shares in relatively small blocks. As noted, those shareholders were widely dispersed, were unable to act collectively to influence management or governance policy,3 and had a long-term investment horizon. …


With the exception of the ICC, which is intended to be a permanent institution, all of the past or present international criminal tribunals have either completed their work or are scheduled to complete their work in the relatively near future. In some cases, such as the Nuremberg Military Tribunal, the Office of the Prosecutor (OTP) was intimately involved in planning the final phase of the tribunal's existence. In others, such as the Special Panels for Serious Crimes in Timor-Leste, the OTP played little or no role in the decision-making process. In every case, though, the decision to close a tribunal has had a significant impact on the OTP's ability to fulfill its mandate, however defined. This essay - my contribution to a book on the history of the prosecutor in international criminal law, which will be published by Oxford in 2010 - explores that impact. Section 1 describes the various strategies that the tribunals have pursued to complete their work. Section 2 provides a comprehensive analysis of the ways in which those strategies have threatened, and continue to threaten, the legitimacy, independence, and effectiveness of the OTP. Finally, Section 3 discusses the lessons that current and future tribunals can learn from those completion strategies - a kind of 'best practices' guide, albeit one that recognizes that it is impossible to construct a one-size-fits-all completion strategy.


Model experiments were conducted to investigate the performance of a siphon sediment cleansing set (SSCS) for preventing sediment deposition on the combined sewer overflow (CSO) chamber bottom. The results confirmed the effectiveness of siphon suction in sediment removal in the chamber. The sediment scour test revealed that the equilibrium scour depth correlated significantly with the siphon-lift capacity of the SSCS, which was a function of the initial siphon head and the cross-sectional area ratio between the CSO chamber and the siphon.


Many water utilities across the country continue to face the challenge of intelligent planning for cost effective, efficient operation, larger demands, stricter government regulations, and potentially shrinking water supplies. Continued evolution in computer hardware and software products has provided the planners and the decision-makers the benefit of utilizing faster and more user-friendly computer models to facilitate and support long-term planning decisions. However, investment in any number of off-the shelf and proprietary models still requires a significant amount of time and financial resources. The risk for utilities is great because even after these resources have been invested, questions are often raised about how the results will be used, who will operate the model, and how long will be the model's useful life. These issues, among others, faced the City of Portland, Oregon Bureau of Water Works during the development of a long-term Infrastructure Master Plan (IMP). Forecasted peak season water demand may increase as much as 24% by 2050 due to population growth alone. Additional water will be required to promote healthy fish habitat for endangered and threatened species. Global warming may also result in higher demands as well as impact streamflow timing and volume. Coupled with these factors is an existing water supply infrastructure that may not be capable of meeting current service area demands beyond 2010. The need to plan for these future contingencies prompted Portland to develop the IMP. The IMP identified over 40 planning scenarios that included service area expansions, three levels of conservation, varying groundwater blending ratios, and a suite of infrastructure improvements. Those improvements included groundwater expansion, dam raises, water treatment plant construction, and a third dam construction. The computational requirements needed to evaluate multiple scenarios in Portland's complex system were beyond any tools available in the organization at the time. Therefore, the need for a sophisticated water infrastructure planning tool became apparent. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the development and application of the Supply and Transmission Model (STM). Successes and challenges will be presented from the perspective of Portland's planners and decision-makers.


Background and Aims: Adenovirus is one of the causative agents of viral conjunctivitis. Approximately an average of 40% of viral conjunctivitis is due to adenovirus infection. The rate of infection is usually the highest during the spring and summer months. In this study attempt was made to evaluate the incidence of conjunctivitis due to adenovirus infection in patients referred to one of the affiliated university hospital using the congenital virological methods. Materials and Methods: Samples were taken by a swab from patients with clinical conjunctivitis. Samples were processed and tested using the techniques of cell culture inoculation and polymerase chain reaction. Results: From the 100 samples taken 16% of then were positive by PCR Method. From these only 8% showed viral growth on cell culture. There was no difference of infection between the sex groups but most cases accrued in patients aged 17-27 years during the months of March to May. Conclusion: From the results of this study if was concluded that adenovirus plays a major role as a causative agent of conjunctivitis.


An algorithm is presented for the calculation of the nondegenerate two-photon absorption coefficient by using second-order perturbation theory and a Kane band-structure model, including the effects of nonparabolicity and nonzone-center wave functions. The polarization dependence is included by correctly accounting for the symmetry of the electronic wave functions. A comparison is made with degenerate two-photon absorption data in various zinc blende semiconductors, and excellent agreement is found without the use of fitting parameters. Comparisons are also made with nondegenerate two-photon absorption spectra measured in ZnSe and ZnS by using a picosecond continuum and with some polarization-dependent measurements obtained by a two-color Z-scan measurement.


This calibration method, developed for a Perkin-Elmer Model 12 spectrometer, covers the regions 5 to 15μ (NaCl) and 2 to 5μ (LiF). Standardized techniques lowered the standard deviation of the spectrometer itself to 0.10 cm−1 at 1000 cm−1. The formula Ti=T0+(a/νi2−ν02) is shown to be analogous in form and method of solution to the Hartmann dispersion formula, λi=λ0+(c/d0−di). Thus Hartmann formula techniques have been applied to the calibration equation. Solutions are readily handled on a calculating machine; graphical interpolations are obviated. The results have standard deviation of 0.28 cm−1 at 1000 cm−1.


Deoxygenated air poses a serious, life-threatening hazard (confined space hypoxia) for engineering projects in London, particularly within the Upnor Formation of the Lambeth Group. This paper reviews its causes and postulates that it was induced by regional-scale dewatering and drawdown of the Lower Aquifer during the industrial growth of London, bringing air into contact with these sediments, which became oxidized. Ensuing post-industrial recharge and resaturation resulted in accumulations of often compressed deoxygenated air, trapped beneath overlying impermeable clay strata. Historically, glauconite has been considered to be the mineral most likely to remove oxygen from the trapped air, but it lacks potency as a reducing agent and remains unaltered in many oxidized sediments. Pyrite and organic carbon are both plausible, but rare. Green rust, a mixed Fe(II) and Fe(III) layered double hydroxide, is more likely, as it rapidly oxidizes on contact with air and is only briefly observed in fresh core samples. Two key ground engineering hazards are, therefore, identified: the misidentification of risk by reliance on observations of glauconite; and the likelihood of encountering pressurized deoxygenated air within Lambeth Group sediments in underground projects following short- or long-term changes in the groundwater level.


During the 1977-1978 Royal Geographical Society Mulu (Sarawak) Expedition a number of Decapod Crustacea was obtained. Some were collected by Mr. Philip Chapman in the course of studies of the invertebrates of the limestone caves in the Gunong Mulu National Park, 4th Division of Sarawak, and the Niah National Park south of Miri. Another expedition member, Dr. N. M. Collins, collected several crabs in pitfall traps and one in a soil core in the course of studies of terrestrial invertebrates of the Mulu area. I am most indebted to Messrs Chapman and Collins for placing this interesting collection of cavernicolous and terrestrial Decapoda at my disposal, and for the extensive information on the localities, habitats and the biology of the species, as well as for descriptions of the colour of living specimens. The material, including holo- and allotypes, now forms part of the collection of the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden. Paratypes of the new species and duplicates of others are deposited in the British Museum (Natural History). After the report on the above collections was written, three more freshwater crabs, this time collected by the botanists of the expedition, were received through the kind offices of Dr. R. W. Ingle, British Museum (Natural History). As these specimens provided important additional information (two specimens were males of a new species, which in the other material was only represented by females; the third was a species not collected by either Mr. Chapman or Dr. Collins), they are included here. The material (a female of Palawanthelphusa pulcherrima and the male holoand paratypes of Sundathelphusa tenebrosa) forms part of the collection of


The smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method is a useful numerical tool for the study of a variety of astrophysical and planetlogical problems. However, it turned out that the standard SPH algorithm has problems in dealing with hydrodynamical instabilities. This problem is due to the assumption that the local density distribution is differentiable. In order to solve this problem, a new SPH formulation, which does not require the differentiability of the density, have been proposed. This new SPH method improved the treatment of hydrodynamical instabilities. This method, however, is applicable only to the equation of state (EOS) of the ideal gas. In this paper, we describe how to extend the new SPH method to non-ideal EOS. We present the results of various standard numerical tests for non-ideal EOS. Our new method works well for non-ideal EOS. We conclude that our new SPH can handle hydrodynamical instabilities for an arbitrary EOS and that it is an attractive alternative to the standard SPH.


This report presents the findings of a systematic review of review-level evidence
concerning the prevention of pre-diabetes (raised and impaired glucose levels) in
populations/groups at higher risk (black and minority ethnic [BME] or low
socioeconomic status [SES]) using community- and population-level interventions.
The primary research question for the review was:
What is known from review-level evidence about the effectiveness and costeffectiveness
of population- and community-level interventions to improve
modifiable risk factors associated with pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes among
BME and low-income / low-SES groups?
The secondary research questions were:
What is known about promising ways to tailor interventions for diabetes risk
factors to BME or low-income groups, for outcomes including improved BMI,
physical activity levels, and blood pressure?
What are the barriers/facilitators to the effectiveness of interventions?

Overall, we found insufficient evidence to draw strong conclusions to the three review
questions:
From the evidence base identified, we can determine little from review-level
evidence about the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of population- and
community-level interventions to improve modifiable risk factors associated with
pre-diabetes among BME and low-income / low-SES groups. This is partly due
to the generally low-quality evidence reviews in this field and to the lack of
evidence on BME/low SES groups other than African American populations.
However, some promising directions for practice are highlighted below.
There is some evidence that tailoring interventions for diabetes risk factors to
BME or low-SES groups can improve outcomes including BMI, physical activity
levels, and blood pressure. However, this is inconsistent both within and across
reviews, and predominantly focused on cultural adaptations for African
American samples.
There are likely to be numerous barriers and facilitators to the effectiveness of
interventions. Unfortunately, there is insufficient review-level evidence on the
effects of intervention administrators, barriers to retention of participants in
primary studies in the reviews, and the effects of evaluation design, to draw any
definitive conclusions.
Some promising messages emerged from the evidence for practice. These are:
Multi-component interventions (e.g., those that target both physical activity and
dietary habits) are likely to generate better outcomes than single-component
interventions.
Interventions often attempt to be culturally sensitive, such as using members of
the target community to deliver the intervention. For some individuals, this will
be a respected member of the community (e.g., a religious leader), but this is
not necessarily the case. However, the reviews rarely reported whether such
techniques were effective at recruiting and retaining participants, and so it is
unclear whether tailoring is effective. Nonetheless, in the absence of evidence
to the contrary, it would seem sensible to consider cultural adaptations as a way
to recruit and retain participants.
A range of methods needs to be used to increase accessibility to the
intervention, which might include innovative approaches such as television and
workplace programmes.
Strategies to promote individual motivation to change and family/ friend support
for the programme are likely to be important factors promoting success for
many people.


Retrocausal models of quantum mechanics add further weight to the conflict between causality and the possible existence of free will. We analyze a simple closed causal loop ensuing from the interaction between two systems with opposing thermodynamic time arrows, such that each system can forecast future events for the other. The loop is avoided by the fact that the choice to abort an event thus forecasted leads to the destruction of the forecaster's past. Physical law therefore enables prophecy of future events only as long as this prophecy is not revealed to a free agent who can otherwise render it false. This resolution is demonstrated on an earlier finding derived from the two-state vector formalism, where a weak measurement's outcome anticipates a future choice, yet this anticipation becomes apparent only after the choice has been actually made. To quantify this assertion,  weak information is described in terms of Fisher information. We conclude that an  already existing future does not exclude free will nor invoke causal paradoxes. On the quantum level, particles can be thought of as weakly interacting according to their past and future states, but causality remains intact as long as the future is masked by quantum indeterminism. Quanta 2016; 5: 53–60.


Objective: Exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB) is a reduction of 10% or more in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), immediately to 30 minutes after exercise. EIB occurs in up to 56% of elite athletes, depending upon the sport examined. In this study, we aimed to investigate the prevalence of EIB in 8-18-year-old football players in Trabzon, Turkey. Materials and Methods: Of the 1146 licensed football players, 246 were randomly selected, and 229 (93.1%) were exercise-tested. All participants were boys with a mean age of 14.4 ± 2.1 (8-18) years. FEV1 was measured before the exercise test (basal), and FEV1 measurements were repeated at 2, 5, 10,15, and 30 min after exercise. Parents/children were also asked to complete a modified version of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire form including questions on the atopic status of the family, food allergy, pet ownership, presence of cockroaches at home, heating methods of the house, and parental smoking. Results: We observed a reduction in FEV1 of 10% or more after exercise in 22 (9.6%) children. The prevalence of EIB was significantly high in children who reported having current dry night coughs when compared with children who did not (28.6% vs. 7.7%, p= 0.008) and in children who reported food allergy when compared with those who did not (28.6% vs. 8.4%, p= 0.034). Conclusions: Our results indicate that a substantial rate of EIB exists among 8-18-year-old football players in Trabzon, and suggest that active screening for EIB in children playing football may be indicated to improve both their health and athletic performance.


The development of European Union (EU) civil protection cooperation highlights important issues in the debate on the internal—external security nexus. It points to the increased transnationalization of threats usually assigned to the field of 'internal' security, but it also presents researchers with a puzzle: despite the relatively rapid development of civil protection cooperation, there is still substantial disagreement among the EU member states as to how it should continue to develop. Applying an analytical framework based on neo-institutional organization theory and the study of organizational 'fields', this article explores two questions: What is the institutional basis for member states' diverging positions on the future direction of EU civil protection? and How may these positions affect the current development of EU civil protection? Our analysis draws upon empirical evidence from civil protection practice in Spain, Sweden and the EU, including official documents in the form of bills and laws, policy papers and elite interviews. We find that the basis for member states' diverging positions on the future of EU civil protection is rooted in conflicting national institutional logics of civil protection. No logic has become dominant at the EU level, suggesting that as long as multiple institutional logics continue to coexist, disagreement on the future development of European level civil protection cooperation will persist.


In this essay I analyze the idea of asphaleia (safety) in the political thought of the Byzantine historian Niketas Choniates (1150-55/1217 ca.), as it appears in his Chronike Dieghesis. This historical work covers the period 1118-1206 and is a very significant source about the history of Byzantine Empire in the XII century and about its fall in the 1204. Particularly I focus on three aspects of the idea of asphaleia in the "second class aristocracy", as Paul Magdalino defined it in his works. According to Niketa's thought, the lack of safety in the Empire competes to create in the XII century some preconditions of the Constantinople's fall in 1204.


Recent research has demonstrated the effectiveness of vocal tract length normalization (VTLN) as a rapid adaptation technique for statistical parametric speech synthesis. VTLN produces speech with naturalness preferable to that of MLLR- based adaptation techniques, being much closer in quality to that generated by the original average voice model. By contrast, with just a single parameter, VTLN captures very few speaker specific characteristics when compared to the available linear transform based adaptation techniques. This paper proposes that the merits of VTLN can be combined with those of linear transform based adaptation technique in a Bayesian framework, where VTLN is used as the prior information. A novel technique of propa- gating the gender information from the VTLN prior through constrained structural maximum a posteriori linear regression (CSMAPLR) adaptation is presented. Experiments show that the resulting transformation has improved speech quality with better naturalness, intelligibility and improved speaker similarity.


This paper analyzes the performance of indoor orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) optical wireless communication systems in the presence of light emitting diode (LED) nonlinear distortions. There are several forms of optical OFDM using intensity modulation [7th Int. Symp. on Communication Systems Networks and Digital Signal Processing (CSNDSP), 2010, pp. 566-570]. In this paper, DC-biased optical OFDM (DCO-OFDM) and asymmetrically clipped optical OFDM (ACO-OFDM) are considered. ACO-OFDM produces a half-wave symmetry time signal at the output of the OFDM modulator by special assignment of subcarriers, thus allowing signal clipping at the zero level and avoiding the need for DC bias at the expense of data rate reduction. DCO-OFDM assigns data to all possible subcarriers to increase the data rate. However, half-wave symmetry signals cannot be achieved and a high DC bias is needed to convert the bipolar signal to a unipolar signal before modulating the LED intensity. This paper considers a practical LED model and studies the performance of both systems in terms of average electrical OFDM signal power versus bit error ratio in the presence of an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel. In addition, DC power consumption and the transmitted optical power for the two systems are compared. The analytical results are validated through Monte Carlo simulations and the obtained results demonstrate close match. It is shown that LED clipping has significant impact on the performance of both systems and an optimum system design should take into account the OFDM signal power, DC-bias point, and LED dynamic range.


Abstract Let $G$ be a real Lie group and $X$ a real analytic manifold. Suppose that $G$ acts analytically on $X$ with finitely many orbits. Then the orbits are subanalytic in $X$ . As a consequence we show that the micro-support of a $G$ -equivariant sheaf on $X$ is contained in the conormal variety of the $G$ -action.


Abstract Objectives: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disproportionately affects Hispanics/Latinos in the United States, yet little is known about neurocognitive impairment (NCI) in this group. We compared the rates of NCI in large well-characterized samples of HIV-infected (HIV+) Latinos and (non-Latino) Whites, and examined HIV-associated NCI among subgroups of Latinos. Methods: Participants included English-speaking HIV+ adults assessed at six U.S. medical centers (194 Latinos, 600 Whites). For overall group, age: M=42.65 years, SD=8.93; 86% male; education: M=13.17, SD=2.73; 54% had acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. NCI was assessed with a comprehensive test battery with normative corrections for age, education and gender. Covariates examined included HIV-disease characteristics, comorbidities, and genetic ancestry. Results: Compared with Whites, Latinos had higher rates of global NCI (42% vs. 54%), and domain NCI in executive function, learning, recall, working memory, and processing speed. Latinos also fared worse than Whites on current and historical HIV-disease characteristics, and nadir CD4 partially mediated ethnic differences in NCI. Yet, Latinos continued to have more global NCI [odds ratio (OR)=1.59; 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.13–2.23; p<.01] after adjusting for significant covariates. Higher rates of global NCI were observed with Puerto Rican (n=60; 71%) versus Mexican (n=79, 44%) origin/descent; this disparity persisted in models adjusting for significant covariates (OR=2.40; CI=1.11–5.29; p=.03). Conclusions: HIV+ Latinos, especially of Puerto Rican (vs. Mexican) origin/descent had increased rates of NCI compared with Whites. Differences in rates of NCI were not completely explained by worse HIV-disease characteristics, neurocognitive comorbidities, or genetic ancestry. Future studies should explore culturally relevant psychosocial, biomedical, and genetic factors that might explain these disparities and inform the development of targeted interventions. (JINS, 2018, 24, 163–175)


With rapidly increasing cyber attacks, network security has become an important issue. To protect ourselves against cyber attacks, the Intrusion Detection System (IDS) has been introduced. In such systems, different kinds of machine learning algorithms play a more and more important role, such as support vector machine(SVM), artificial neural network(ANN), etc. False positive rate and false negative rate, in addition to accuracy, are widely used for the evaluation of IDSs.  These indices, however, are often related to each other, which makes it is difficult for us to improve all the indices at the same time. For example, when we try to make the false negative rate decrease to prevent from missing attacks, more normal communications tend to be classified into attacks and the false positive rate may increase, and vice versa. In this study, we propose an ANN based sequential classifier method to mitigate this problem. We design each subclassifier with a low false positive rate, which may lead to high false negative rate. To decrease the false negative rate, the reported negative instances from the former subclassifier are sent to the next one to further check (reclassification).  In this way, it can be expected that the false negative rate can also reach an acceptable level. The results of our experiment shows that our proposed method can bring lower false negative rate and higher accuracy, in the mean time the false positive rate is kept at an acceptable level. We also investigated the effect of the number of subclassifiers on detection performance and found that the detection system performed best when using four subclassifiers.


This thesis is framed against the backdrop of a persistent gendered labour pattern in the Netherlands. Given that the majority of Dutch women work less than three days per week whereas most men work full-time, the gender gap in work-hours in the Netherlands is larger than anywhere else in the developed world. Its flipside is that women carry out most housework and kin-care. This gendered labour pattern leads to substantial gender inequalities in terms of income, and institutional, political, and corporate representation. Given women's increased access to higher education, newly drawn legal barriers against sex-discrimination, and the decreased birth rate in the past decades, the adage of 'education, occupation, and family-formation' is insufficient to explain the persistence of gendered labour patterns. This is why the present study addresses intergenerational transfers as a complementary explanation for gender differences in paid and unpaid labour to the conventionally studied individual, couple- and household characteristics. We explore three kinds of intergenerational transfers: behavioural role modelling, resource transfers, and upward and downward transfers of instrumental support. Based on data of the nationally representative Netherlands Kinship Panel Study, the empirical findings of this study suggest that several intergenerational transfers indeed contribute to explain men's and women's labour patterns. Firstly, the findings suggest that men and women partly model their contributions to housework in adulthood upon their same-sex parent's contributions to housework in childhood. The more fathers contributed to housework, the more sons contribute to housework today, and we find the same pattern among women. Secondly, the findings suggest that women who were raised by working mothers work more hours compared to women who were raised by homemaking mothers. We attribute this finding to the role model and the various resources that working mothers transfer. Thirdly, we find that mothers of young children participate more often on the labour market and work more hours when they receive help with routine housework from grandparents. Yet some intergenerational transfers of instrumental support appear to be unrelated to women's and men's labour patterns. We find no indication that practical help with childcare received from grandparents stimulates the labour force participation or increases the work-hours of parents of young children. Additionally, our results suggest that members of dual worker couples in midlife do not scale back their work-hours when they provide practical help to elderly parents, nor that they are less likely to provide such help the more hours they work. In the final chapter we discuss this study's research contributions, policy implications, and suggestions for future research.


We report a comprehensive investigation of the average and local structure of La$_{5.4}$WO$_{12-\delta}$, which has excellent mixed proton, electron and oxide ion conduction suitable for device applications. Synchrotron X-ray and neutron powder diffraction show that a cubic fluorite supercell describes the average structure, with highly disordered lanthanum and oxide positions. On average the tungsten sites are six-fold coordinated, and we detect a trace (4.4(2) %) of anti-site disorder. In addition to sharp Bragg reflections, strong diffuse neutron scattering is observed, which hints at short-range order. We consider plausible local configurations, and show that the defect chemistry implies a simple 'chemical exchange' interaction that favours ordered WO6 octahedra. Our local model is confirmed by synchrotron x-ray pair distribution function analysis and EXAFS experiments performed at the La K and W L3-edges. We show that ordered domains of around ca. 3.5 nm are found, implying that mixed conduction in La$_{5.4}$WO$_{12-\delta}$? is associated with a defective glassy-like anion sublattice. The origins of this ground state are proposed to lie in the non-bipartite nature of the fcc lattice and the pairwise interactions which link the orientation of neighbouring octahedral WO6 sites. This 'function through frustration' could provide a means of designing new mixed conductors.


Context. We report the discovery and analysis of very narrow transits in the eccentric spectroscopic binary HSS 348 (IC 4756). Aims. The aim is to characterize the full HSS 348 system. Methods. We obtained high-precision CoRoT photometry over two long runs and multi-epoch high-resolution echelle spectroscopy and imaging with STELLA. Standard radial-velocity extraction, spectrum synthesis, Fourier analysis, and light-curve inversions are applied to the data. Results. HSS 348 is found to be an eccentric ( e = 0.18) double-lined spectroscopic binary with a period of 12.47 d in which at least the primary component is a peculiar B star of the HgMn class. The orbital elements are such that the system undergoes a grazing eclipse with the primary in front but no secondary eclipse. The out-of-eclipse light variations show four nearly equidistant but unequal minima stable in shape and amplitude throughout our observations. Their individual photometric periods are all harmonics of the same fundamental period which happens to agree with the transit period to within the errors. We interpret the fundamental period to be the rotation period of at least one if not both stars due to surface inhomogeneities. Due to the non-zero eccentricity of the orbit the two components are rotating sub-synchronously. Conclusions. It appears that HSS 348 is not a member of the IC 4756 cluster but a background B8+B8.5 binary system. Its sharp eclipses every 12.47 days just mimic a small-body transit but are in reality the grazing eclipses of a B-star binary and thus a classical false positive. The system seems to be pre-main sequence with the primary possibly just arrived on the ZAMS. The light curve with four unequal minima can be explained with four cool spots of different size equidistantly positioned in longitude. Our data do not allow to uniquely assign the spots to either of the two stars.


How do people adapt to organizational culture and what are the consequences for their outcomes in the organization? These fundamental questions about culture have previously been examined using self-report measures, which are subject to reporting bias, rely on coarse cultural categories defined by researchers, and provide only static snapshots of cultural fit. In contrast, we develop an interactional language use model that overcomes these limitations and opens new avenues for theoretical development about the dynamics of organizational culture. To illustrate the power of this approach, we trace the enculturation trajectories of employees in a mid-sized technology firm based on analyses of 10.24 million internal emails. Our language-based measure of changing cultural fit: (1) predicts individual attainment; (2) reveals distinct patterns of adaptation for employees who exit voluntarily, exit involuntarily, and remain employed; and (3) demonstrates that rapid early cultural adaptation reduces the risk of in...


The role of ice in the formation of chemically active halogens in the environment requires a full understanding because of its role in atmospheric chemistry, including controlling the regional atmospheric oxidizing capacity in specific situations. In particular, ice and snow are important for facilitating multiphase oxidative chemistry and as media upon which marine algae live. This paper reviews the nature of environmental ice substrates that participate in halogen chemistry, describes the reactions that occur on such substrates, presents the field evidence for ice-mediated halogen activation, summarizes our best understanding of ice-halogen activation mechanisms, and describes the current state of modeling these processes at different scales. Given the rapid pace of developments in the field, this paper largely addresses advances made in the past five years, with emphasis given to the polar boundary layer. The integrative nature of this field is highlighted in the presentation of work from the molecular to the regional scale, with a focus on understanding fundamental processes. This is essential for developing realistic parameterizations and descriptions of these processes for inclusion in larger scale models that are used to determine their regional and global impacts.


Excessively choosing immediate over larger future rewards, or delay discounting (DD), associates with multiple clinical conditions. Individual differences in DD likely depend on variations in the activation of and functional interactions between networks, representing possible endophenotypes for associated disorders, including alcohol use disorders (AUDs). Numerous fMRI studies have probed the neural bases of DD, but investigations of large-scale networks remain scant. We addressed this gap by testing whether activation within large-scale networks during Now/Later decision-making predicts individual differences in DD. To do so, we scanned 95 social drinkers (18–40 years old; 50 women) using fMRI during hypothetical choices between small monetary amounts available "today" or larger amounts available later. We identified neural networks engaged during Now/Later choice using independent component analysis and tested the relationship between component activation and degree of DD. The activity of two components during Now/Later choice correlated with individual DD rates: A temporal lobe network positively correlated with DD, whereas a frontoparietal–striatal network negatively correlated with DD. Activation differences between these networks predicted individual differences in DD, and their negative correlation during Now/Later choice suggests functional competition. A generalized psychophysiological interactions analysis confirmed a decrease in their functional connectivity during decision-making. The functional connectivity of these two networks negatively correlates with alcohol-related harm, potentially implicating these networks in AUDs. These findings provide novel insight into the neural underpinnings of individual differences in impulsive decision-making with potential implications for addiction and related disorders in which impulsivity is a defining feature.


Perhaps, under the consciousness of today, "neoliberalism" has defined our world during the previous and current centuries more than any other socioeconomic system. But the evolution of this ideology, which initially aimed to enhance, or rather, reinvent capitalism and individual freedom, has, in essence, induced an unrecognized problem. I argue that neoliberalism is the catalyst for much of the hostility in this globalized society where tensions and poverty are casualties of individual and corporate prosperity. Because of this revelation, I argue that neoliberalism inadvertently instills violence that is both unseen and gendered. In order to formulate my argument, I introduce a historical chronology to the ideological origins of neoliberalism and how it manifested its way to its socioeconomic prominence. I then concentrate my attention to neoconservatism, most notably, Reaganism, with the year 1984, which I feel is the official christening of neoliberalism. From that year, I bring forth, three films about the crisis of farming in the 20th century, Country, Places in the Heart, and The River. Through these "farm crisis films,"which centers their themes around pastoral virtues, I argue that the violence conveyed in these films critiques neoliberalism. On the surface, these films demonstrate violence through an invisible and unrecognizable antagonist. But at the heart of this violence is a gendered angle that has much more to do with neoliberalism than with feminist debates. The gendered violence of neoliberalism is, in actuality, linked to the characters' struggle to maintain some sense of autonomy, but this possibility is always uncertain because of their failure to recognize their inevitable interdependencies.


Although it is widely accepted that the adoption of computerized clinical guidelines would improve the quality of the provided health care, their influence in the daily practice is limited. In this paper we provide insights on the core topics related to computer interpretable clinical guidelines and we present shortly the main approaches in the area. Then we discuss the current limitations, and we present three simple principles that according to our view should be adopted to enhance the penetration of computerized clinical guidelines in the health care organizations. The overall goal of this paper is not only to give readers a quick overview of the works in the area, but also to provide necessary insights for the practical understanding of the issues involved and draw directions for future research and development activities.


The suggestion, based on atomistic simulation, of a surface-induced tension-compression asymmetry of the strength and flow stress of small metal bodies so far lacks experimental confirmation. Here, we present the missing experimental evidence. We study the transverse plastic flow of nanoporous gold under uniaxial compression. Performing mechanical tests in electrolyte affords control over the surface state. Specifically, the surface tension, γ, can be varied in situ during plastic flow. We find that decreasing γ leads to an increase of the effective macroscopic plastic Poisson ratio, νP. Finite element simulations of a network with surface tension confirm the notion that νP of nanoporous gold provides a signature for a local tension-compression asymmetry of the nanoscale struts that form the network. We show that γ promotes compression while impeding tensile elongation. Because the transverse strain is partly carried by the elongation of ligaments oriented normal to the load axis, the surface-induced tension-compression asymmetry acts to reduce νP. Our experiment confirms a decisive contribution of the surface tension to small-scale plasticity.


Inventive, glamorous, gorgeous - since the beginning VOGUE has set the platinum standard for fashion magazines the world over and has become an icon in its own right. VOGUE's covers sum up the superlative visual ideals of the whole magazine. For the first time, this book brings together in one volume nearly a century of covers both illustrated and photographic. Over two hundred stunning images have been selected from an archive of more than fifteen hundred. What sets VOGUE's covers apart is that each is so bold, so beautiful and so emphatically different. They mark the course of history, chart changing fashions and ideas of beauty and hold up a mirror to the cultural and social revolutions of the twentieth century. Since 1916 VOGUE's covers have celebrated the most striking women of our age, captured by the century's leading photographers, the greatest artists and the most inventive fashion. Brilliant, captivating and full of life, this is the face of the world's most influential magazine and the original style bible.


Transmit diversity schemes with multiple streams obtain reliable transmission but suffer from interference when decoding multiple streams simultaneously. In this paper, we present closed-loop space-time block codes for multiple streams with limited channel information in order to ease suppressing interference at a receiving station. The proposed scheme includes constellation rotation in Alamouti coding pairs by feedback angle information. The sub-optimum solution for feedback angle is found to maximize the output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Simulation results show the proposed scheme with only a few bits feedback achieves nearly full diversity gain with reduced interference.


This article describes a multi-year participatory action research (PAR) study with young women and girls who were formerly associated with armed groups in Sierra Leone, Liberia, and northern Uganda and had children of their own during the conflict and with young mothers considered by their community to be especially vulnerable. Following a review of the literature on empowerment and human rights, the authors use examples from the PAR study to explore how empowerment and human rights relate in the context of reintegration of the most vulnerable members of society. In this context, the realization of rights and empowerment are inextricably linked as part of an iterative process. However, empowerment has been a necessary starting point for this population to experience improvements in their ability to lead dignified lives and have their rights respected. Implications for child protection and reintegration programmes are discussed.


Abstract In the final decades of Ottoman rule, several waves of refugees from the Russian Empire's North Caucasus region immigrated to Transjordan, where they founded Amman and other agricultural villages. This article examines the economy of Amman in its formative years as a Circassian refugee settlement. By exploring connections between North Caucasian refugees, Syrian and Palestinian merchants, and Transjordanian urban and nomadic communities, this study posits refugees as drivers of economic expansion in the late Ottoman period. I argue that the settlement of North Caucasian refugees and their active participation in the real estate market in and around Amman contributed to the entrenchment of the post-1858 property regime in Ottoman Transjordan. Through a study of an upper-class Circassian household and its legal battles, this article also illustrates the rise of refugee elites who benefited from the commodification of land and the construction of state-sponsored infrastructure in the late Ottoman Levant.


Up-converted photoluminescence (UPL) in InAs/GaAs self-assembled quantum dots (QDs) is reported. With a resonant excitation of QDs we observe an efficient emission from the GaAs barrier. The excitation spectrum of the UPL shows that the signal disappears if the excitation energy is tuned below the absorption band of the QDs. The intensity of UPL exhibits an almost quadratic dependence on the excitation intensity. The observed effect is explained by a two-step two-photon absorption process involving quantum dot states as intermediate states.


Background: Onodi cell is the most common anatomical variant of posterior ethmoidal air cells. Pneumatization patterns of Onodi cell are important clinically due to its proximity to optic nerve and internal carotid artery canal. Multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) provides the best imaging modality for identification and pneumatization pattern of Onodi cell. Objectives: The present study is done to know the patterns of pneumatization of Onodi cell by 128 slice MDCT. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of paranasal sinuses in 1080 cases by MDCT in adults. Axial images of paranasal sinuses were taken by 128 MDCT with further multiplanar reconstruction to identify Onodi cell and their pneumatization patterns. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 20, and 95% confidence interval (CI) values were calculated using a confidence Interval calculator for proportional values. Results: A total of 260 cases (24.07%, CI - 21.52%–26.62%) showed Onodi cell among the total 1080 cases included in this study. Males formed more cases than females with 62.69% and 37.31%, respectively, Type II was the most common pattern of pneumatization with 56.55% (CI - 50.12–62.18), followed by Type I with 41.53% (CI - 35.54–47.52) and Type III with 1.92% (CI - 0.25–3.59) of cases. Conclusion: Onodi cell is the most common anatomical variation of ethmoidal sinuses with higher prevalence among Asian populations. Their patterns of pneumatization are important clinically to avoid surgical damage to optic nerve and internal carotid artery canals. Onodi cell is better detected with MDCT and helpful for sinonasal surgeons for a better surgical outcome.


This paper presents a low-profile bidirectional folding actuator based on annealed shape memory alloy sheets applicable for meso- and microscale systems. Despite the advantages of shape memory alloys—high strain, silent operation, and mechanical simplicity—their application is often limited to unidirectional operation. We present a bidirectional folding actuator that produces two opposing 180° motions. A laser-patterned nickel alloy (Inconel 600) heater localizes actuation to the folding sections. The actuator has a thin ( < 1 mm) profile, making it appropriate for use in robotic origami. Various design parameters and fabrication variants are described and experimentally explored in the actuator prototype.


Forty inbred BALB/c mice (experimental mice) were exposed to C. albicans (5 x 10(6)cfu/ml) for a period of three days via their drinking water on two consecutive occasions. This was followed by an intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide (250 mg/kg). Thirty control mice which had not been in contact with C. albicans received a similar dosage of cyclophosphamide. Three days later both groups were inoculated with C. albicans as described above. Groups of mice were randomly selected 2 and 18 days after the Candida exposure, cultures taken from their mouths and faeces, killed and their oral cavities examined for candidal lesions. In addition the faeces of mice were also examined ten days after the exposure to Candida. The experimental mice developed significantly smaller and fewer oral lesions and yielded less candidal growth than control mice. This pattern indicates that mice, which had been infected with C. albicans prior to immunosuppression, could retain some resistance to C. albicans during the suppressed phase. It is proposed that such a resistance is an acquired humoral immune response, most likely due to secretory IgA antibodies, which will protect the mucous membranes from severe infestation by Candida. In addition the histology of the candidal lesions indicates that histiocytes in the lamina propria, albeit scanty, may play an active role in the limitation of candidal infestation of the mouth.


This essay defends the widespread but recently maligned efforts to rank law schools, arguing that the critics misunderstand the utility of such efforts. The first part of the essay argues that rankings serve a valuable coordination function in the legal labor market. Students read and value rankings because they know that attending a highly-ranked school signals their quality to desirable employers, who also study the rankings in order to interpret these signals. This coordination function is served whether or not the rankings accurately measure the quality of law schools, however defined. The second part of the essay argues that, because any rankings methodology will serve this primary purpose, a methodology ought to be selected that will encourage the production of public goods that might otherwise be inefficiently underproduced by the market. Scholarship is both a public good that would be underproduced if schools could not capture reputational benefits from its production and a good that law schools are uniquely capable of producing. Consequently, the essay contends, rankings should be based primarily or exclusively on the production of scholarship by law school faculty.


This article explores the female space in the painting of Qianlong Southern Inspection Tour, which depicts the daily life and activities of the eighteenth-century Chinese city Suzhou. From the observation of the painting, there are semi-open spaces along the streets in which females stand and watch the imperial parade. Women tended to be invisible in the public circumstance during feudal periods: this research analyses the presence and role of these female spaces and whether they can be seen as a step towards the modern space in the process of early-modern China. In analyzing these spaces, it focuses on the relation between the women's watching and being watched in the space, and how it represents the evolution of feminism consciousness in space in feudal times and, sequentially, how it evokes the consideration of feminist role in modern practice. The study shows that the semi-open space that hosts the female activities can be regarded as an epitome of negotiating space and gender in the urban context. Women in the painting were exposed to the public to a certain extent, while they were still within mental and physical boundaries in the female social structure of the Emperor Qianlong period. These negotiations indicate the transition of gender and space in the late Imperial China and present parts of the process of spatial modernization in the Jiangnan region. From the comparative perspective, this research further investigates the relationships of gender and space by focusing on the space along the streets in the Qianlong Southern Inspection Tour, located within the homogenous space of the Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival of Ming dynasty seen Canaletto's paintings of eighteenth-century Europe and Dianshi Zhai's pictorials of the late Qing period. The research traces space in these paintings and how it represents the feminism consciousness and the evolution of female space in different historical and cultural backgrounds by looking at the social relations of the production of the specific history of people's daily lives and the differences of social classes and nations.


This dissertation is an analysis of the Quaternary fluvial history of central Northamptonshire. It uses new freshwater ostracod data which are interpreted using information on Quaternary and present day habitats and examines in detail associated patterns of environmental change in coarse sediments from which the ostracods were extracted.
Stratigraphic, lithological and sedimentological data, supported by a study of geological maps, borehole logs and papers, are employed to produce a new hypothesis to explain the Quatemary development of the Milton River and the River Nene.
The alignment of the Milton Formation Valley is established to have proceeded to the east of, but parallel with, the Nene Valley between Northampton and Higham Ferrers, where it turned to the south-east. It comprises locally derived deposits which are shown to be pre-Anglian Glaciation and, at the time of the deposition of the ostracods studied here, an interglacial environment prevailed. However, during a 'cooling phase", Milton Formation sediments were incised and the channel became partially infilled with fossiliferous boreal sediments. Further sedimentation continued to produce a non-fossiliferous, periglacial sand, which is typical of the Milton Formation. It is argued that this period of deposition was followed by two glacial episodes, the latter relating to the Lowestoft Formation.
Stratigraphic, sedimentological and lithological evidence from the Nene valley shows vestigial terrace gravels exist between Northampton and Wellingborough. The oldest gravels of these features pre-date the Anglian age, sub-glacial tunnel valley" at Northampton, implying the Nene Valley existed prior to glaciation. Before glaciation it is suggested that the Milton River became confluent with the Nene at Northampton and, concurrently, diverted to the north-east at Higham Ferrers. This is believed to be associated with the simultaneous abandonment of the Milton Valley to the south-east of Higham Ferrers and the upstream stretch at Northampton.
Evidence presented of downcutting, lateral migration, gravel reworking and changes in the ostracod assemblages in the Nene Valley confirm a history of several climatic oscillations which took place in the pre-Devensian, Devensian and Holocene. These oscillations are tentatively correlated with stages of deposition in the Nene established downstream at Peterborough.
This revised fluvial history elaborates the course and age of the Milton River and establishes a pre-Devensian age for much of the Nene Valley sediment. The significance of this new understanding of the upper Nene Valley has been compared with that of the lower Nene Valley at Peterborough, Cambridgeshire. The combined evidence is used to produce a pattern of river development within the Quaternary which may be used as a model when reconstructing the palaeogeography of other rivers and their floodplains by means of their sedimentary structures and related fossils. This idea is explored to a small extent in the thesis, but is more applicable to future work.
The new ostracod data throws new light on previous studies from other sites in England. Ostracod species new to the Pleistocene record are to be added to a worldwide data base


This paper discusses the practice of religious rituals and doctrines and the effects that these have on the protagonist of Leila Aboulela's The Translator. Although it is a love story that highlights the challenges of a relationship between a young and devout Muslim widow and an agnostic Scottish man, I suggest that the novel's focus is on the spiritual journey that the protagonist goes through. She is portrayed as a selfish individual who uses religion mainly as an escape from her tragic life, and she has a flawed belief that she can only feel fulfilled if she becomes a wife again. In return, this belief causes her to be deprived of a contented life, as adherence to religious practices is not only a sign of piety but also a means towards gaining the capacity for self-improvement. This is based on Saba Mahmood's analytical framework of piety that emphasizes the connection between the performance of religious actions and the creation of a moralistic self. In an extension to Mahmood's argument, using Alison Weir's suggestion that religious practices must have a clear purpose towards God, I further argue that the protagonist's religiosity lacks the focus on God. Her desire to be married again suggests a strong dependency on the men in her life, which contradicts her devotion to God, as it demonstrates her inability to put God at the center of her life. This restrains her abilities to improve her life and, more importantly, it inhibits the creation of a relationship with the Divine. The novel therefore suggests that a complete sense of the self can only be achieved when one is able to relinquish worldly desires and depends only on God.


The objective of this research is to develop a better method of teaching invention to young students with little engineering experience. The project used for this purpose was aimed at: 1) the creation of a new engine subsystem for better automobile fuel economy and 2) a feasibility study of a variable compression system. This project was conducted as an undergraduate thesis by three mechanical systems engineering students. Engineering design was chosen as the process tool for this project. At the conceptual design stage, students tried the TRIZ (Russian Theory of Inventive Problem Solving) method. Though TRIZ gave abstract solutions to the students, they could not find specialised solutions because of their poor engineering knowledge base. To solve this situation, inventions appearing in past patents were used to complement their paucity of experience. By this method, the students were able to get to specialised solutions easily. After this training, they invented a new type of ski vibration test stand.


Abstract. The analysis of biological systems by spectroscopic techniques involves the evaluation of hundreds to thousands of variables. Hence, different statistical approaches are used to elucidate regions that discriminate classes of samples and to propose new vibrational markers for explaining various phenomena like disease monitoring, mechanisms of action of drugs, food, and so on. However, the technical statistics are not always widely discussed in applied sciences. In this context, this work presents a detailed discussion including the various steps necessary for proper statistical analysis. It includes univariate parametric and nonparametric tests, as well as multivariate unsupervised and supervised approaches. The main objective of this study is to promote proper understanding of the application of various statistical tools in these spectroscopic methods used for the analysis of biological samples. The discussion of these methods is performed on a set of in vivo confocal Raman spectra of human skin analysis that aims to identify skin aging markers. In the Appendix, a complete routine of data analysis is executed in a free software that can be used by the scientific community involved in these studies.


Distributed computing systems are becoming more and more important in everyday life as well as in industrial and scientific domains. The Internet and its capabilities enable people to communicate and cooperate all over the world. One way to construct distributed systems is to use a communication model with distributed objects as CORBA (Common Object Request Broker Architecture). Distributed objects give many advantages, but suffer from some performance problems. In order to handle the performance problem it is important to find where in the event chain the delays occur. Therefore a tool for performance measurement and for identifying the bottlenecks in a distributed system should be a great help. This report answers the question: Can a profiling tool for CORBA applications, constructed with Interceptors as instrumentation for measuring points, give sufficient information for identify performance problems? This report investigates the possibilities to measure performance in a distributed system and if it s possible to automatically find the bottlenecks in a distributed system. The needs of a profiling tool are discussed and analyzed. The different ways of constructing a tool for distributed profiling is discussed. For verifying the ideas evolved in the investigation a prototype tool for profiling and performance measures is constructed. The profiling tool is constructed with Interceptors as instrumentation of the different nodes in the distributed system. A presentation program is also constructed for making the captured information more readable. The tool and presentation program constructed give the flow of the system in different callgraphs and also produces some call statistics in different levels. The constructed tool is tested and verified in a distributed environment. In the experiments we shows that the principle of the tool can work in a distributed environment and gives sufficient information for finding the bottlenecks and identifying the performance problems of the system.


Abstract This article presents an overview of the SmartSite research project that adopts machine learning, decision theory and distributed artificial intelligence to design and test a multi-agent system (MAS) for asphalt road construction. SmartSite puts major emphasis on sensing and communication technologies that integrate real-time automated information exchange in the supply chain of road construction. As part of the larger SmartSite project, this article introduces a novel real-time path planning system for compactors and presents the results of several simulation and field realistic experiments conducted to evaluate the system in a sophisticated simulation and harsh construction environment, respectively. The system operates based on Belief-Desire-Intention (BDI) software agents and real-time sensory inputs. The newly developed integrated and information rich process benefits asphalt compactor operators, as they are now capable to control their machinery and react to changing environmental, material-related and process-related disturbances or changes. This improves the quality of the delivery and laying of asphalt material, prevents compactors from over-compacting certain road segments, increases the road's pavement longevity during the operational life cycle phase; refocuses the work tasks of the site managers, and reduces the construction budget and schedule. The system's ability to maneuver an asphalt roller during real-word operation also makes it an important step towards a fully automated asphalt compactor.


The radiosity method gives realistic results for synthesising images based on diffuse light interaction; however, the method is also very computationally expensive. Here we present a system for parallelising a progressive refinement radiosity method using a ray casting approach. The system decomposes the environment into two distinct entities, the model geometry and the radiosity sample points. These are then distributed amongst the processors and message passing communication protocols and caching methods are introduced to enable the system to cope with very large models while maintaining a high processing rate.


Over the past ten years there has been an increasing appreciation of the importance of sustainability in government policy. This has required Local Authorities to review their operations and look for ways to make them more sustainable. The maintenance and construction of highways is an area that presents many opportunities for increased sustainability, by the use of materials and methods that minimise the impact of these activities on the environment. This document provides a detailed description of how to make sustainable choices in the selection of materials and methods for Local Authority highway works, including maintenance and new construction. It is designed to support "Sustainable Highways", the summary guidance that constitutes a daughter document to "Well-maintained Highways", the Code of Practice for Highway Maintenance Management. This reference document offers detailed practical guidance for Local Authority highway engineers, their contractors, designers and suppliers on how to choose materials and methods of work for highways taking into account sustainability and environmental factors. (A)


MDF stimulates investment, business innovation and regulatory reform to create additional jobs and increase the income of poor women and men in rural and urban areas around the world. MDF follows a systems approach to market development and supports businesses with innovative ideas, investment and regulatory reform that will increase business performance, stimulate economic growth and ultimately provide benefits for the poor – as workers, producers, and consumers. Currently, the focus of the Facility's work in Fiji is in two key sectors: Horticulture and Agro-export; and Tourism and Related Support Services and Industries. It is considering expansion of its work to a third urban-based sector, possibly later this year. MDF selects its sectors based on their contribution to the national economy; long-term growth prospects, and relevance for poverty reduction. For each sector, MDF has prepared a sector assessment and developed a sector growth strategy identifying the key constraints and growth areas within those sectors, on which MDF is focusing its interventions for stimulating broad-based pro-poor growth in the sector.
This study goes deeper into understanding poverty, gender and ethnicity in Fiji within the two key sectors where MDF works, and more generally on urban poverty to complement future work in a third urban-based sector. While the sectors were chosen because of their relevance to poverty reduction, the purpose of this study was to further assess within each sector: who is poor and why within the sectors; the mechanisms, choices and strategies they use to move out of poverty; and what prevents this from happening. In addition, the study is meant to analyse gender equality in the sector, gender roles and controls, and ethnic differences so that its strategy and impacts can better reach both men and women of all ethnicities. With this understanding, MDF can better identify opportunities for equitable growth which are relevant for all poor producers, workers and consumers.
This report therefore complements the Market Development Facility (MDF) existing horticulture and tourism sector assessment reports, and summarises findings of the study on poverty, gender and ethnicity as they relate to these sectors. In addition, it provides information on employment challenges and opportunities for the urban poor, offering information relevant to a possible third sector for MDF implementation. The information presented and conclusions drawn from this report have been appropriately analysed, and have been integrated into MDF's own internal sector strategies and day-to-day work to help improve pro-poor and gender outcomes. This report therefore provides a summary of study findings, but does not explicitly state MDF's reaction to these findings. MDF continuously conducts research, collects and analyses information relevant to the sectors in which it works, which will continue to complement the findings in this report in the future.
Primary qualitative research in poverty and gender (with ethnicity as a cross-cutting theme) was conducted in the horticulture and tourism sectors on Viti Levu and Vanua Levu in two time periods between March and May 2013. A range of semi-structured tools was used to produce qualitative findings: focus group discussions, key informant interviews, in-depth worker interviews, household questionnaires (surveys) and observation. This primary research was further supported by extensive secondary source research both before and after the fieldwork. A team of ten was headed by the consultant (study lead), and this report therefore represents the work and insights of a group of people with different areas of expertise and experience relating to the content and context.
Following the initial poverty and gender study, the team further conducted targeted research in selected informal urban settlements in July to gain a deeper understanding of urban poverty, incorporating issues of both gender and ethnicity. Although this was not tied to one particular sector, the intent was to meet with households in order to investigate their experiences with regard to employment, and economic challenges and opportunities. The findings from the second study are incorporated into this report, with implications noted regarding a potential third urban sector currently under investigation by MDF (industrial manufacturing with an export focus – and a possible concentration on apparel / textile).
Overall findings are extremely positive for MDF's potential contribution to horticulture and tourism in Fiji, and the integration and / or advancement of low-income women and men of iTaukei and Indo–Fijian backgrounds into the sectors. Horticulture and tourism are cornerstones of the Fijian economy, and offer employment and business opportunities as pathways out of poverty to large numbers of households and / or individuals within those households. The pathways out of poverty that result from participation within the sectors go beyond the sectors, as surplus income is utilised to educate members of the household (siblings and offspring) and to advance their economic well-being. There is potential for systemic changes that can result in impact beyond the life of the project. Despite this positive outlook, there are significant challenges for low-income households, and these vary depending on the sector and the context (geographic, socio-cultural).
The situation for urban poverty is more complex due to the multiple systemic factors that perpetuate poverty including the lack of employment opportunities for those living in informal urban settlements. Development of an urban sector by MDF will provide economic opportunities for individuals and households living in informal settlements, but the systemic issues are many and deep, and beyond the scope of MDF's mandate.
Solutions for each sector relating to poverty and gender are provided in their respective sections and MDF sector assessment reports should be referenced for further information about the sector.