Purpose
Next pandemic caused by mutated H5N1 bird flu or bioterrorism is serious for the safety of our society. In this paper we focus on a modular type of agent based simulation model for pandemic protection. We use SOARS as an agent based simulation framework that is developed by Deguchi Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology. We have developed the basic models of agent based social simulation for protecting pandemic caused by human to human outbreak of mutated H5N1 bird influenza or smallpox by bioterrorism.

Methodology
The agent based simulation is sometime called the individual approach. The epidemic model of agent based modeling was developed by K. Carley, at C.M.U and Epstein at Brooking Institution [Carley, 2003; Epstain, 2004]. The former treats the infection by "Anthrax" depending on her agent based simulation with a social network of agents. The later treats the infection by smallpox on the cell based model of agent simulation. The protection policies investigated on these types of agent based approaches include vaccination, isolation and blockade. These types of policies are connected to agent activities in the societies.
The cell type model is basic and intuitive. Then it is widely used. In the simulation model of emerging influenza pandemic in Southeast Asia they use the cell type model for analyzing the effectiveness of "Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)" [Ferguson, 2005]. We have introduced another type of model for agent based approach. We introduce the concept of spot that is a place on which agents interact. Agents also move among spots depending on their social roles. Spots stand for home, office, school, hospital, train and other social places depending on the model scope and subdivision of the model. For the purpose have developed the agent based simulation framework called SOARS .

Model
The simulation model is divided into three basic modules. The one is a state transition module of disease under the physical condition and medical treatment(fig. 1). The next is a contamination and infection module that contains six types of protection policies of contamination and infection. The third is a human activity module on a virtual city that contains several types of social activities of agents(fig.2). We combined these modules and introduced the social and medical protection policies. We evaluated the protection policies on the combined model.

Result
We have simulated 23 scenarios of pandemic and its protection policies such as the limit of the stock of vaccine, delay of starting vaccination, speed of vaccination and school closing(fig. 3).
As a result we have shown that enough stock of vaccination and quick vaccination are effective to decrease the damage.

Consideration
Agent based epidemiological simulation is an effective way of making model with the collaboration of domain experts. It is important that various types of specialists such as systems analysts, public health specialists, medical doctors and urban planners can collaborate on the modeling of simulation for protecting emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases including the smallpox. We have developed the group programming methodology with SOARS where the system analysts and domain experts cooperate with each other for quick development of the mode.

Reference
[Carley, 2003] K. M. Carley, et al., "BioWar: Scalable Multi-Agent Social and Epidemiological Simulation of Bioterrorism Events". NAACSOS conference proceedings, Pittsburgh, PA, 2003.
[Deguchi, 2006] Hiroshi Deguchi, et al. "Social Simulation Design for Pandemic Protection", The First World Congress on Social Simulation. Proceeding, Vol.1, pp.21-28, 2006
[Epstein, 2004] , Joshua M. Epstein(e.d.),Toward a Containment Strategy for Smallpox Bioterror: An Individual-Based Computational Approach , Brookings Inst Pr, 2004
[Ferguson,2005] Neil M. Ferguson, et al., Strategies for containing an emerging influenza pandemic in Southeast Asia , Nature, 2005


In what it will be convenient to call "the Scandinavian school"; of jurisprudence, Hagerstrom is clearly the master. But his leadership is of a somewhat special kind. For all that he wrote a large book on Roman law, Hägerström was trained as, and continued to be, a philosopher, not a jurisprudentialist or a sociologist. His essays on law and morals are ancillary to his main purpose: to destroy transcendental metaphysics. The epigraphhe chose tohead his contribution to Die Philosophic der Gegenwart in Selbstdarstellungen was uncom-promising: "Praeterea censeo metaphysicam esse delendam." If, in his published work, he to so considerable a degree concentrated his attention on ethics and jurisprudence, that is because he took them to be a particularly rich source of metaphysical mystery-mongering. Through a study of men's moral and legal ideas, Hägerström thought he could bring out the sources, the defects—and even, in a way, the strength—of metaphysical thinking.


This study describes the 1200-year history of German quantifying expressions like nioman anderro > niemand anderer 'nobody else', analyzing the morpho-syntactic developments within the generative framework. The quantifiers examined arose from various lexical sources/categories (nouns, adjectives, and pronouns) but all changed to adjectival quantifiers. These changes are interpreted as a novel type of upward reanalysis from head to specifier, which we associate with degrammaticalization driven by analogy. As for the quantified phrases, most appeared in the genitive in Old High German, indicating a bi-nominal structure. During the Early New High German period, most quantified nouns and adjectives changed to agreement with the quantifier. By Modern German, only quantified DPs and pronouns remain in the genitive. These changes involve downward reanalysis of the quantified elements, being integrated into the matrix nominal depending on the structural size of the quantified phrase. Overall, we conclude that diachronically quantifying expressions may have different syntactic analyses.


As the modern world processes larger amounts of data and demand increases for better transaction performance, a growing number of innovative solutions in the field of database technologies have been discovered and implemented. In software and systems design, the development and deployment of the NoSQL (Not Only SQL) database challenged yesterday's relational database and answered the demand for exceedingly higher volumes, accesses, and types of data. However, one less investigated route to bolster current database performance is the use of dedicated hardware to effectively complement or replace software to 'accelerate' the overall system. This thesis investigates the use of a Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) as a hardware accelerator for a key-value database. Utilized as a platform of reconfigurable logic, the FPGA offers massively parallel usability at a much faster pace than a traditional software-enabled database system. This project implements a key-value store database hardware accelerator in order to investigate the potential improvements in performance. Furthermore, as new technologies in materials science and computer architecture arise, a revision in database design welcomes the use of hardware for maximizing key-value database performance. Thesis Supervisor: Srini Devadas Title: Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Thesis Supervisor: Wesley Chen Title: Platform Software Manager, (NetApp, Inc.)


Generic income stabilization schemes, which resemble an actual NISA policy adopted recently in Canada, encourage farmers to set aside funds in high income year for use in low income years through a formal procedure. Their economic effects are investigated using the prudent farm household model. The effects of generic income stabilization schemes are hinged on the interaction between generic stabilization schemes and precautionary saving. It is also found that the designs of generic income stabilization schemes are fundamentally important for their potential supply effects. Conditions for characterizing various generic income stabilization schemes as either production neutral or decoupled are derived. Generic income stabilization scheme operated as a pure stabilization program has little stabilizing value for the optimal prudent farm household.


Increased availability of epidemiological data, novel digital data streams, and the rise of powerful machine learning approaches have generated a surge of research activity on real-time epidemic forecast systems. In this paper, we propose the use of a novel data source, namely retail market data to improve seasonal influenza forecasting. Specifically, we consider supermarket retail data as a proxy signal for influenza, through the identification of sentinel baskets, i.e., products bought together by a population of selected customers. We develop a nowcasting and forecasting framework that provides estimates for influenza incidence in Italy up to 4 weeks ahead. We make use of the Support Vector Regression (SVR) model to produce the predictions of seasonal flu incidence. Our predictions outperform both a baseline autoregressive model and a second baseline based on product purchases. The results show quantitatively the value of incorporating retail market data in forecasting models, acting as a proxy that can be used for the real-time analysis of epidemics.


combines the advantages of energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX) with those of digital image analysis of back-scattered electron (BSE) micrographs. CCSEM analysis of a wide range of geological or non-geological materials has been introduced at the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) as a fast and reliable method to determine both the chemistry of individual grains and bulk samples. The chemical analysis is combined with measurements of the two-dimensional size and morphology of every single grain. The CCSEM technique was developed in the early 1980s for characterisation of coal minerals (Huggins et al. 1980; Lee & Kelly 1980) and studies of synthetic crystals for super-conductors and catalysts (Lin & Barnes 1984). Soon it found a broader application in the study of dust particles and fibres in lung tissue of mine workers (Friedrichs 1987), in the analyses of aerosols for air quality control and source emission characterisation (e.g. Heasman & Watt 1989) and the degree of sintering and consolidation of coal ash deposits (e.g. Huffman et al. 1994). CCSEM has been used in the earth sciences for the determination of the sediment budget of a lake (Yin & Johnson 1984), for the characterisation of soil and dust (Pirrie et al. 2004), for provenance analysis of ilmenite-bearing beach sands (Knudsen et al. 2005; Bernstein et al. 2008), and provenance studies on sandstones in oil-bearing basins (Frei et al. 2005). Other areas where CCSEM has been applied range widely and include characterisation of small inclusions, e.g. impurities in metal alloys or steel (Schwoeble et al. 1988), analyses of gun-shot residues (e.g. Steffen et al. 2007), and analyses of bladder stones obtained from a skeleton found in a Mesolithic cave-tomb (D'Alessio et al. 2005). In this paper, we demonstrate the benefits of the method with examples from the cement industry and from diamond prospecting.


A deterministic test-pattern-generation algorithm for synchronous sequential circuits is presented. The algorithm, called Essential, takes advantage of a procedure for learning global implications. It uses static and dynamic dominance relationships among signals, the concept of the potential propagation path, and intelligent heuristics to guide and accelerate the decision-making process for deterministic automatic test pattern generation (ATPG). Essential is based on the well-known method of reverse time processing, but it applies forward processing within time frames to avoid disadvantageous a priori determination of a path to be sensitized or of a primary output to which the fault effects must be propagated. It is designed to exploit fully the sophisticated techniques used for combinational circuits in the Socrates ATPG system. Experimental results for sequential ATPG obtained with Essential (implemented in C on a Sequent Symmetry computer) are reported.<<ETX>>


A software program has been developed to ease the process of scheduling and
sequencing number of jobs to certain number of machines for job shop
manufacturing in sheet metal fabrication. The program is designed based on the
present operation at Technology Park Malaysia (TPM) - Production Engineering
using available priority dispatching rules and multiple performance measures.
For n by m job shop scheduling problems, where n is the number of jobs and m is
the number machines, there are (n!)m possible schedules. In a typical job shop,
hundreds of scheduling decisions must be made daily. Scheduling process, which is
to organise, maintain, update and reschedule the job, is very tedious work and time
consuming. For five jobs passing through one machine, there are 120 time charts just
to show all possible sequence patterns. To plot the charts manually is not. a practical
solution and ridiculous. Identifying the performance measures to be used in selecting the schedule is important. The schedule should reflect managerially acceptable
performance measures. A logical strategy is thus to pursue methods that can
consistently generate good schedules with quantifiable quality in a computationally
efficient manner.


The Scottish Highlands are both an ancient mountain belt and, more recently, part of a passive continental margin, both features where the long-term controls on topography are uncertain. During the Mesozoic the area may have been either a net sediment source or, at least in parts, a net sediment sink. Balancing preserved sediment volumes in surrounding basins with the palaeo-surface area of the Highlands exposed to erosion suggests that a c. 2000 – 2400 m average thickness of (zero-porosity) rock has been eroded from the Highlands in the Cenozoic. Assuming that a change from sand-dominated sediments in the Paleocene and Eocene to later mud-dominated sediment corresponds to the change from the erosion of sediment to erosion of metamorphic basement, then 1900 – 2400 m average thickness of clastic sediment was present at the start of the Cenozoic, plus any overlying Chalk. This has been subsequently eroded away except along the east and west coasts, where preserved Mesozoic sequences suggest a more extensive original cover. Prior to uplift associated with rifting of the North Atlantic, the Highlands may have been an area of sediment-filled half-graben, much like the Inner Hebrides at the present day.


For the past several years, surveys asking executives about their organizations' sustainability practices and values revealed a focus on brand reputation and outward appearance. Respondents to these surveys frequently commented that implementing sustainability in a holistic way was easier said than done, and often the costs and benefits associated with implementing green initiatives were unclear. But something has apparently changed. In a late-2011 McKinsey survey, 33 percent of respondents indicated that "lowering operational costs and improving efficiency" was the top reason for pursuing sustainability--a 14 percent increase from the previous year's survey. This made cutting costs and boosting efficiency the number one reason for implementing measures to improve sustainability, above "brand reputation," which held steady from the previous year at 32 percent, as well as "alignment with company mission and values," which rose to 31 percent. Companies are starting to see that true sustainability can bring real value beyond marketing or public relations efforts. However, surveys reveal that companies often struggle to bridge the gap between the fuzzy rhetoric of sustainability and the concrete realities of implementation. A 2010 study of sustainability theory and practice by Deloitte, which included 48 large companies working to implement sustainability in the United States, revealed that there is often a gap between company aspirations and actions. Deloitte's survey revealed that although organizations tend to embrace sustainability in theory, referencing all three components of the triple bottom line (people, planet, profit) in company mission statements, most focus their actual efforts solely on environmental initiatives--the planet piece--ignoring the economic and social elements (profit and people). A 2012 survey by the Boston Consulting Group (BCG) and MIT Sloan Management Review supports these findings. The BCG/MIT analysis states that corporate sustainability initiatives often fail to address the tradeoffs between present and future value and rarely look beyond the environmental. The BCG/MIT survey remarked that two-thirds of the 4,700 respondents believed that sustainability was critical for competitiveness in today's economy, but only a quarter of that segment indicated that any competitive advantage had actually been achieved as a result of their organizations' sustainability practices. Nike: A Sustainable Transformation Although these surveys suggest that success stories are hard to come by, they also reveal a growing trend toward at least considering triple-bottom-line sustainability. Nike stands out as one such organization. Starting from the top down, Nike has embraced sustainability, engaging in a comprehensive effort to steer the organization's culture in that direction, starting with its supply chain. Stung by reports of exploitative labor practices at its offshore suppliers in the 1990s, Nike has in the past decade systematically reoriented its approach to every element of its business, from its supply chain to its marketing practices. As might be expected, environmental efforts have attracted the most attention. Nike has built a partnership with Adidas, Puma, H&M, C&A, Li Ning, and G-Star to establish a goal of reaching zero discharge of hazardous chemicals (ZDHC) across the companies' entire supply chains by 2020. This collaboration is seen as a model for other industries, as it becomes more clear that cooperation--with competitors as well as suppliers and customers--will be a vital element in a successful sustainability program. The environmental strategy represents the standard sustainability effort of most organizations, covering the environmental sphere. But Nike is also running the extra mile, pursuing efforts to ensure sustainability in people and profits, by enforcing labor standards and by developing innovative technologies that promise better performance and offer increased recyclability. …


Unbenownst to most Americans, the United States is presently under thirty presidentially declared states of emergency. They confer vast powers on the Executive Branch, including the ability to financially incapacitate any person or organization in the United States, seize control of the nation's communications infrastructure, mobilize military forces, expand the permissible size of the military without congressional authorization, and extend tours of duty without consent from service personnel. Declared states of emergency may also activate Presidential Emergency Action Documents and other continuity-of-government procedures, which confer powers on the President-such as the unilateral suspension of habeas corpus-that appear fundamentally opposed to the American constitutional order. Although the National Emergencies Act, by its plain language, requires Congress to vote every six months on whether a declared national emergency should continue, Congress has done so only once in the nearly forty-year history of the Act. This Note and an accompanying online compendium attempt, for the first time since the 1970s, to reach a reasonably complete assessment of the scope and legal effects of the thirty national emergencies now in effect in the United States. The Note also proposes specific statutory reforms to rein in the unchecked growth of these emergencies and political reforms to subject the vast executive powers granted by the U.S. emergency law regime to the democratic process.


In the summer of 2014, Russia imposed a food embargo on most agricultural products from countries that supported the anti-Russian sanctions. In this study we use vector autoregression and neural network modelling to assess the effect of the embargo on the bilateral trade relations between the European Union (EU) (using the example of Hungary as an EU Member State) and Russia. In particular, the changes in the dynamics of Hungary's aggregate agricultural exports in response to the shock of the embargo, as well as to Russia's imports of products banned under the embargo, are analysed. The work also looks at the effectiveness of the introduction of the embargo with the aim of implementing import substitution policies and supporting domestic producers. Our results show the ineffectiveness of the Russian import substitution policy and the negative effects on both Russian and Hungarian parties.


Introduction: Different doses of C. Mas concentrated syrup on ascitic tumors was investigated in the Ehrlich Ascites Tumor model (EAT). Material and Methods: A total of 46 Balb/C mice were used in our study, 6 of which were stock animals and the other were in ascitic tumor groups. EAT cells (1x106 EAT cells) were injected intraperitoneally into all of the mice. Mice in the treatment groups with ascitic tumors received 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg Cornus Mas extract intraperitoneally for 9 days. Results: Counts after the 3 and 24-hour incubations in the EAT cell line that the average number of the dead cells was less in the group to which 100μg/ml C. Mas was administered when compared with the control group, and that this difference was significant at a statistical level (P< 0.05). The purpose was also to determine the in vitro cytotoxic effects of Cornus Mas on EAT cells, to define the alive and dead cell rates, and to compare the 3-hour and 24-hour incubation in groups to which Cornus Mas (syrup) extract were given at different concentrations (50, 100, 250μg/ml). Discussion and Conclusion: EAT model is one of the animal tumors induced empirically, it has been the subject matter of many other studies. In the group in which EAT was applied together with high-dose C. mas fruit syrup, it was observed that the EAT cells were not as intense as they were in the tumor control group. Our study showed the anti-tumor effect of C. Mas in assisted tumor development with EAT cells.


GWPATH is an interactive software package for estimating horizontal fluid pathlines and travel time in fully saturated groundwater flow domains. GWPATH was developed for the IBM PC-AT (and compatibles) microcomputing environment and takes full advantage of interactive graphical display. The code features interactive data entry, forward and reverse pathline tracking, time-related capture zone analysis, multiple pathline capture detection mechanisms, multiple configurations for pathline starting locations, and variable time stepping. GWPATH is applicable to inhomogeneous, anisotropic complex flow domains. Data requirements include definition of the groundwater flow domain configuration, a hydraulic head distribution, hydraulic conductivity, and effective porosity. Both hard-copy printable output and six-pen plotter output are generated by GWPATH.


The controversy surrounding the effectiveness of monetary and fiscal policies is a long way from being settled. During the last three decades, oil revenues have contributed significantly to economic growth and development in Qatar, where the public sector has a substantial share in aggregate output. Judging the effectiveness of monetary and fiscal policies using a reduced form equation reveals a more effective role for fiscal policy in determining the behavior of gross national product. We would expect this role to diminish in the coming few years as financial markets develop and more financial and money market instruments are introduced.


The Human Geography Division of the Department of Geography at the University of Zurich is offering a PhD position (60%) for a period of 3 years. The position can be started from December 2015, or later. Closing date : 15 November 2015 Interviews will be held in November 2015 Plus d'informations dans le document ci-dessous.


In this paper we present DeepLearningKit an open source framework that supports using pretrained deep learning models (convolutional neural networks) for iOS, OS X and tvOS. DeepLearningKit is developed in Metal in order to utilize the GPU efficiently and Swift for integration with applications, e.g. iOS-based mobile apps on iPhone/iPad, tvOS-based apps for the big screen, or OS X desktop applications. The goal is to support using deep learning models trained with popular frameworks such as Caffe, Torch, TensorFlow, Theano, Pylearn, Deeplearning4J and Mocha. Given the massive GPU resources and time required to train Deep Learning models we suggest an App Store like model to distribute and download pretrained and reusable Deep Learning models.


It is widely accepted that there is a considerable gap between the science of conservation biology and the design and execution of biodiversity conservation projects in the field and science is failing to inform the practice of conservation. There are many reasons why this implementation gap exists. A high proportion of papers published in scientific journals by conservation biologists are seldom read outside of the academic world and there are few incentives for academics to convert their science into practice. In turn, field practitioners rarely document their field experiences and experiments in a manner that can meaningfully inform conservation scientists. Issues related to access to scientific literature, scientific relevance in multidisciplinary environments, donor expectations and a lack of critical analysis at all levels of conservation theory and practice are factors that exacerbate the divide. The contexts in which conservation biologists and field practitioners operate are also often highly dissimilar, and each has differing professional responsibilities and expectations that compromise the ability to learn from each other's expertise. Building on recent debate in the literature, and using case studies to illustrate the issues that characterize the divide, this paper draws on the authors' experiences of project management as well as academic research. We identify five key issues related to information exchange: access to scientific literature, levels of scientific literacy, lack of interdisciplinarity, questions of relevance and lack of sharing of conservation‐related experiences and suggest new ways of working that could assist in bridging the gap between conservation scientists and field practitioners.


To improve
the performance of tracking multiple maneuvering targets hidden in the Doppler
blind zone (DBZ), we put forward the idea of using sensor control technique to
suppress the DBZ masking problem for the first time, by utilizing the principle
that the absolute Doppler of a target with respect to a sensor is affected by
the target-to-sensor relative geometry and extending multi model probability
hypothesis density (MM-PHD) filter for DBZ masking to the partially observable
Markov decision process (POMDP) framework. First, the process flow of sensor
control is systematically constructed based on our existing work. Second, in
the core sensor controller module, we devise three objective functions
(including a new safety indicator ensuring sensor safety, a novel reward rule
for the DBZ avoidance, and the Cauchy-Schwarz divergence (CSD) compatible with
the multi-maneuvering-target tracking) and a decision-making logic for the
selection of control commands. Finally, the feasibility and effectiveness of
the proposed control scheme are verified through numerical examples, and it is
demonstrated that it is obviously superior to the random control strategy and
the earlier work without using the control technology.


The UK has set an ambitious plan to substantially cut its GHG emissions. In order to meet this 2050 target of 80% reduction, the UK is facing a significant challenge of restructuring its energy system. One of the ways to do so is to introduce wider use of decentralised energy systems. There is, however, a significant lack of understanding regarding which main factors actually drive these urban energy projects. Following semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders, nine UK and four international exemplar cases have been analysed and critiqued in order to demonstrate and investigate the variety and inter-relationship of the drivers encouraging their implementation. The role of regulation and belief in sustainability as drivers for implementing innovative urban energy initiatives are explored, as are the differing impacts of these drivers in the UK and abroad. This paper demonstrates that currently there is a lack of investigation into the motivations of the organisation to implement decentralised energy (DE) projects. Thus, it is important to focus on understanding the reasons why companies might improve environmental performance, as this could aid authorities in formulating more appropriate policies to enhance this improvement.


Abstract:The Eunuch Sanbao's Voyage to the Western Ocean, a late sixteenth-century novel loosely based on the historical expeditions commanded by Zheng He (1371–1433), is a peculiar mixture of factual accounts of foreign lands and fantastic narrative. While previous studies have confirmed its historical value, evaluated its literary achievement as fantastic literature, or criticized its plagiarism, this article situates the novel within the context of the late-Ming publishing boom and expanding world knowledge and examines how its author negotiates cultural boundaries through refashioning historical accounts and classical allusions. The key questions explored are whether the broadened knowledge of the world beyond China brings about new ways to conceptualize and imagine cultural others, and how the novelist maneuvers between an enlarged understanding of the world and a long-standing Sinocentric discourse. The article demonstrates that the novel reveals much of the curiosity, ambivalence, and conflict at work during the early stages of global contact. Throughout the novel, its author oscillates between conflicting urges to differentiate or assimilate, to antagonize or empathize, and to emphasize Ming superiority or identify a common humanity. These oscillations give us a glimpse into the complex responses to a changing world and propel us to reflect more deeply on the conflicts and struggles experienced in the early stages of global contact.


The aim of this study was to assess the potential of ecotourism in Kibale National Park,
the environmental impact of visitor activities, the characteristics of visitors and visits, the
perception and attitudes of local communities towards conservation and development of
ecotourism, and the status of environmental interpretation in Uganda. The environmental
evaluation was attempted using a combination of methods developed in the USA. Selfcompletion
questionnaires were used to obtain information on visitors and the
characteristics of visits, and direct household interviews were used for the survey of
local communities' perception and attitudes. Information on the status of environmental
interpretation was sought using the postal-survey method.
It was found that Kibale National Park has the potential for development of
ecotourism. The number of visitors has been rising annually since ecotourism was
introduced in 1992 and was estimated to reach 5 000 in 1995. As a result of the
continuing increase in visitor numbers, the camping sites and the nature trails are already
being degraded. More than 90 per cent of the visitors come from overseas and only a
small proportion are Ugandans. The visitors come on pre-planned tour packages mainly
to view the chimpanzees. The common feeling among the visitors is that the facilities and
services currently offered in Kibale are of low standard. Several proposals have been put
forward for improvement of services and provision of additional facilities. The need to
control visitor numbers and to maintain a sound environment in the Park has been
discussed and immediate management measures required to reduce further deterioration
of the camping sites and the nature trails have been recommended.
The study has also revealed that local communities in Kibale still obtain most of
their forest products from the Park. Although the majority (about 80%) support
conservation and development of ecotourism, they have a poor perception of the Park's
existence and value. Eviction of some families from the Park a few years ago and the
gradual loss of traditional rights of access and use of resources following the
establishment of Kibale as a National Park, has resulted in negative attitudes among
some sections of the local communities. It is recommended that local communities
should be educated about the value of the Park and the importance of conserving its
resources. Moreover, there is a need to involve them directly in all the stages of future
planning and management of conservation programmes and ecotourism development in
Uganda's protected areas.
It has also become clear that the concept of environmental interpretation is little
understood in Uganda and the practice is generally poor. It was found that Kibale and
other national parks lack facilities for proper interpretation. The Park ranger-guides are
often employed and assigned to interpretive work without prior training on
interpretation. It is recommended that all national parks and other protected areas where
ecotourism is being promoted alongside conservation should set up proper
environmental interpretation systems. In addition, there is a need for establishing a
national programme of environmental interpretation to facilitate environmental education
and development of ecotourism in Uganda.


This paper examines the potential integration of Living Labs concepts of open and user driven innovation with Future Internet experimentally driven research approaches, in order to accelerate the user-driven development of Future Internet enabled services towards Smart Cities. Two key issues are underlying this integration: strengthening user involvement in experimental Internet research, and providing access to common resources such as testbed facilities and living lab resources. To explore the opportunities for such integration, three case studies from current FP7-ICT projects are discussed: SmartSantander, TEFIS and ELLIOT. A framework is proposed facilitating the sharing of resources offered by existing Smart City platforms, testbeds and living labs facilities as a basis for partnership agreements implementing open innovation approaches for Smart Cities.


In many natural areas, changes in fire regimes since European settlement have resulted in adverse impacts on elements of biological diversity that survived millennia of land management by Indigenous people. Some of the rainforest and alpine elements that depend on south-west Tasmania's World Heritage Area have been in decline since European settlement of Tasmania due to an increase in the incidence of landscape-scale fires in the period 1850–1940. Some of the buttongrass moorland elements that also depend on the region are in decline or impending decline because of a decreased incidence and/or size of burns since 1940. Will an Indigenous-style fire regime serve the interests of biological diversity? We examine this question in the context of the fire ecology and fire history of south-west Tasmania. From this assessment we argue that a return to Indigenous- style burning, modified to address contemporary issues such as the prevention of unplanned ignition, suppression of wildfires and burning to favour rare and threatened species may help to reverse trends towards ecosystem degradation in this region.


Time triggered methods provide deterministic behaviour suitable for critical real-time systems. The), perform less favourably, however if the arrival times of some activities are not known in advance, in particular if overload situations have to be anticipated. In many systems, the criticality of only a subset of activities justify the cost associated with the time triggered methods. In this paper we consider distributed systems where a subset of critical activities are handled in a time triggered fashion, via an offline schedule. At runtime, the arrival of aperiodic tasks may cause overload that demands to be handled in such a way that i) time triggered activities still meet all their original constraints, ii) execution of high-valued tasks are prioritised over tasks with lower value, iii) tasks can be quickly migrated to balance the overall system load. We give a precise formulation of overload detection and value based task rejection in the presence of offline scheduled tasks, and present a heuristic algorithm to handle overload. To benefit from the distributed setting, the overload handling includes an algorithm that integrates migration of rejected tasks with resource reclaiming and an acceptance test of newly arrived tasks. Simulation results underline the effectiveness of the presented approach.


The underlying basis for the predictions of non-simultaneity and time dilation in relativity
theory is discussed. It is pointed out that Einstein based his conclusions entirely on the Lorentz
transformation (LT). He claimed that once one assumes the constancy of the speed of light for all
observers (at the same gravitational potential), there is no choice but to replace the Galilean
transformation (GT) of classical physics by the LT. Lorentz pointed out as early as 1899, however,
that the equations of the LT can only be specified to within a common factor e based on this
information alone. While Einstein mentioned this degree of freedom in his 1905 paper, he presented
an argument that he felt settled the issue in favor of the LT (e=1). The latter choice has the theoretical
advantage of guaranteeing Lorentz invariance for the relativistic space-time transformation, but it
also rules out the principle of simultaneity of events for observers in relative motion, a position that
was revolutionary at the time he presented it. Another consequence of the LT is that it implies that the
ancient principle of the objectivity of measurement no longer applies when two observers are in
relative motion. For example, it becomes necessary to assume that each observer find that the other's
clock is running slower than his own. It is pointed out that this predicted "symmetry" in the theory is
actually contradicted by measurements carried out in the 1960s using high-speed rotors, as well as
later with atomic clocks onboard circumnavigating airplanes in the 1970s. Moreover, the prediction
of non-simultaneity of events is inconsistent with the basic assumptions employed for the Global
Positioning System (GPS) technology that has become hugely successful in recent times. It is shown
that relativity theory can be formulated in such a way as to remain consistent with both the objective
measurement principle and simultaneity as well with the two relativity postulates simply by choosing
a different value for e than Einstein did in order to arrive at the correct relativistic space-time
transformation. In agreement with Einstein, however, it does not require the existence of an ether, i.e.
a unique reference frame in which the speed of light has a null value. The resulting version of
relativity theory is consistent with time dilation and the modern definition of the meter, but not with
the Fitzgerald-Lorentz contraction effect (FLC) derived from the LT. The revised theory also rules
out the occurrence of time reversal and violations of Einstein causality, that is, that the ratio of the
values measured by two observers for the respective elapsed times dt and dt' can be negative for a
given event.


Aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) uses groundwater to store energy for heating or cooling purposes in the built environment. This paper presents field and laboratory results aiming to elucidate the effects that ATES operation may have on chemical groundwater quality. Field data from an ATES site in the south of the Netherlands show that ATES results in chemical quality perturbations due to homogenisation of the initially present vertical water quality gradient. We tested this hypothesis by numerical modelling of groundwater flow and coupled SO4 transport during extraction and injection of groundwater by the ATES system. The modelling results confirm that extracting groundwater from an aquifer with a natural quality stratification, mixing this water in the ATES system, and subsequent injection in the second ATES well can adequately describe the observation data. This mixing effect masks any potential temperature effects in typical low temperature ATES systems (<25 W C) which was the reason to complement the field investigations with laboratory experiments focusing on temperature effects. The laboratory experiments indicated that temperature effects until 25 W C are limited; most interestingly was an increase in arsenic concentration. At 60 W C, carbonate precipitation, mobilisation of dissolved oxygen concentration,


This project came as a requested sequel to a high profile research and presentation on the history of Taylor Park, a public park-land receiving extensive renovation supported by a large Lottery funded grant.
The park was originally designed as a formal estate with sweeping lawns, coppices and tree-lined walks and drives. There was also an enclosed garden stocked with shrubs and plants from around the world in formal display.
There was just one small wooded area of mainly oak trees which in earlier times formed a section of the Mersey forest.
The Park authorities were keen to open this area as a wild-woodland walk to capture the Victorians' fascination for mystery amidst the certainty of the new industrial age and use it to capture the imagination of the current community.
While gardeners would be tending and nurturing the formal garden, nature would be left to tend the Oak wood.
After years of neglect the wood was overgrown, inaccessible and waterlogged.
Raised walkways, and seating was provided and much of the invasive 'foreign' shrubbery removed leaving an airy woodland feature with a winding path and an open forest floor just right for wild-life and human visitors to observe each other.
Karen Jaundrill-Scott lead a consortium of artists, dance-specialist, willow-weavers, actors and writers with a brief to research the woodland history, identify specific plant forms and true to the Victorian dream, discover the mythology and pharmaceutical value of the flora and fauna.
A local artist and horticulturist studied the wood and identified the species of plant life populating the area, giving an account of the folk-lore attached.
This information was taken up by the dance and drama creatives who used the information to weave a story around each plant culminating in a full drama experience.
A willow-weaver was introduced and public workshops were organised to create tree-decoration, a story-telling throne and a witches' hovel. These would later be used in the drama.
Using events from Victorian history and the Midsummer Night's Dream theme, an interactive promenade play was created in which the audiences of school-children and local community were taken from the formal garden into the wood where they were introduced to Oak Kings, fairies, knights and princesses and woodland herbalists.
Evidence of this activity was collected and included all the elements of the study along with visitors and children's own records of the adventure.
The overall consideration in this project was to see the development of the wood not only as a place for quiet solitude but also a stage to inspire imagination and creative thought.


In view of increasing collections of available 3D motion capture (mocap) data, the task of automatically annotating large sets of unstructured motion data is gaining in importance. In this paper, we present an efficient approach to label mocap data according to a given set of motion categories or classes, each specified by a suitable set of positive example motions. For each class, we derive a motion template that captures the consistent and variable aspects of a motion class in an explicit matrix representation. We then present a novel annotation procedure, where the unknown motion data is segmented and annotated by locally comparing it with the available motion templates. This procedure is supported by an efficient keyframe-based preprocessing step, which also significantly improves the annotation quality by eliminating false positive matches. As a further contribution, we introduce a genetic learning algorithm to automatically learn the necessary keyframes from the given example motions. For evaluation, we report on various experiments conducted on two freely available sets of motion capture data (CMU and HDM05).


The increasing population in Egypt is leading to overcrowding in the Old Valley and delta area. The per capita reduction in arable land and water is likely to lead to serious problems. Egypt's chosen solution to this problem is the development of Southern Egypt. This will be known as the Southern Valley Development Project (SVDP) and will involve the irrigation and colonising of an area to the north-west of lake Nasser over a period of 30 years. This will increase the occupied area of the country from 4% to 24%. The area will be supplied with water via a new canal known as the South Valley Canal. It is planned to reclaim 0.21m?ha by the year 2002, and at the end of the project some 1.43m?ha will have been reclaimed. The surface water requirement of the project is 5bn?m3, this will be provided by a strict water saving policy which aims to save about 11bn?m3. The first part of this paper describes the background and detail of the project with particular regard to water resources. The latter part examines the pros and cons of the project highlighting some areas of concern.


This research is focused on solving problems in the area of software project management using metaheuristic search algorithms and as such is research in the field of search based software engineering. The main aim of this research is to evaluate the performance of different metaheuristic search techniques in resource allocation and scheduling problems that would be typical of software development projects. This paper reports a set of experiments which evaluate the performance of three algorithms, namely simulated annealing, tabu search and genetic algorithms. The experimental results indicate that all of the metaheuristics search techniques can be used to solve problems in resource allocation and scheduling within a software project. Finally, a comparative analysis suggests that overall the genetic algorithm had performed better than simulated annealing and tabu search.


The impact of line manager (supervisor) behaviour on employee well-being, work attitudes, performance and perceptions of organizational culture are assessed using a sample of specialist unit (S-Unit) ambulance personnel. Underpinning line manager behaviour was a 10 item, two-factor structure: supportive (six items) and unsupportive (four items) manager behaviour (see chapter 3). Analysis of manager behaviour on outcome variables was performed using cross-sectional (n = 473) and longitudinal, matched-cases, analysis (n = 242). Cross-sectional analysis (see chapter 5) revealed that supportive manager behaviour was significantly related to increased proximal and distal collective capability, individual capability (efficacy; see chapter 4), work engagement, attitudes towards patient care, organizational commitment, perceived organizational support and job satisfaction; and negatively related to symptoms of ill-health, burnout and intentions to quit. Unsupportive manager behaviour was observed to be significantly related to increased symptoms of ill-health and burnout. It was also found to be marginally related to symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. Longitudinal analysis (see chapter 6) revealed that supportive manger behaviour was linked to greater proximal collective capability and reduced intentions to quit. Unsupportive manager behaviour was found to be significantly related to increased reporting of symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder and ill-health. Reverse causality testing was employed on the longitudinal data and results showed that symptoms of ill-health may influence perceptions of unsupportive manager behaviour. The factor structure of manager behaviour is discussed and relationships (significant and non significant) are assessed against other research.


This paper offers a critical assessment of the current state of the debate about the identity and individuality of material objects. Its main aim, in particular, is to show that, in a sense to be carefully specified, the opposition between the Leibnizian "reductionist" tradition based on discernibility and the sort of "primitivism" that denies that facts of identity and individuality must be analysable has become out-dated. In particular, it is argued that – contrary to a widespread consensus "naturalised" metaphysics supports both the acceptability of nonqualitatively grounded (both "contextual" and intrinsic) identity and a pluralistic approach to individuality and individuation. A case study is offered that focuses on non-relativistic quantum mechanics, in the context of which primitivism about identity and individuality, rather than being regarded as unscientific, is on the contrary suggested to be preferable to the complicated forms of reductionism that have recently been proposed. More generally, assuming a plausible form of anti-reductionism about scientific theories and domains, it is claimed that science can be regarded as compatible with, or even as suggesting, the existence of a series of equally plausible grades of individuality the kind of individuality that prevails in a certain context and at a given level being ascertainable only on the basis of the specific scientific theory at hand.


The term foodways has emerged from the intersection of popular and scholarly literature about cuisine to account for everything about eating, including what we consume, how we acquire it, who prepares it, and who is at the table. In the words of Patricia Harris, David Lyon, and Sue McLaughlin, foodways, as a concept, summons to mind "[o]ur attitudes, practices, and rituals around food" and offers a "window onto our most basic beliefs about the world and ourselves." Robert Blair St. George has described foodways as a form of vernacular expression with autoethnographic dimensions.This essay uses the term "foodways" primarily as a critical lens to explore trans-cultural, trans-national, and trans-regional mobility, locality, and local embeddedness of foodstuffs. Our focus on global foodways explores local dynamics of global food and drink production, consumption, and mobility in a more expansive trans-locational context. The food and drink subjects are broadly representative of a variety of cultural and social movements around the globe, namely migration, settlement, colonization, imperialism, race and identity, consumption, distribution, governmentality, and globalization. Sites and processes include the transplanting and importation of food crops and animals from one region of the world to another; the hybridization of foodstuffs; the dissemination of technologies of food production; the creation of recipes and beverages for a global market; the shift in consumption patterns as echoes of modernity and post-modernity; and the relationship between food, drink, and political change.


Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez nakedly presents a conflict between the individual rights norm of equality and the communal or collective political right of the first sovereigns within U.S. borders. The conflict underlies the discourse in law scholarship and reflects disparate cultural visions between mainstream society and American Indians. In Indian law the decision has saliency with positive and negative force injected into different arenas besides equal protection, gender, and membership qualifications. It is a major fortification for the federally recognized tribal sovereigns to exclude external law and forums, the federal law and courts, in how tribes exercise self-government. The case continues to provoke criticism for the Santa Clara Pueblo people who have not changed the ordinance that discriminates against female members who outmarry. Numerous people want a world of law with constitutional equality as the norm. Yet some of these people are also sympathetic to the need to correct the unfair historical treatment suffered by tribes and support efforts to protect the indigenous culturally and politically distinct way of life. The desire to reconcile the two perspectives is frustrated by reality, what Justice John Marshall called the "actual state of things." Understanding Pueblo life "then," when Martinez was decided, and "now" does not make the dissonance disappear, but it can inform a wider perception of the issues at stake.


In the United States, the prevention of costly chronic diseases is an important ambition of healthcare reform. In many European countries, preventive health services are widely distributed in the workplace, through the complex infrastructure of occupational safety and health law. European and national laws impose on employers the duty to prevent risks to workers' health. In France, as in many European countries, workplace doctors specializing in preventive medicine enable the employer to fulfill the prevention duty. The law requires employers to provide regular preventive checkups to all employees. Occupational physicians monitor employees' health and engage in workplace policymaking to minimize environmental factors that can exacerbate employees' chronic diseases. In the United States, employers are increasingly taking an interest in providing onsite preventive health services in order to cut healthcare costs. To identify and understand some of the challenges for integrating preventive health into the American workplace, this Article explores why and how American company clinics function so differently from French workplace health services. The workplace clinics in the two countries are governed by two fundamentally different employment law regimes, which have significant consequences for their ability to optimize employees' health and pursue public health goals.


Spatial and temporal patterns of coral larval settlement were studied on 2 lagoon reefs in the Mombasa Marine National Park and Reserve (4°S) from 2003 to 2005, to examine relationships between larval settlement and the timing and extended duration of coral spawning events in Kenya. In contrast to coral settlement in most other tropical regions, Pocilloporidae dominated on settlement tiles and comprised 93.7% of spat, while Acroporidae, Poritidae and Faviidae comprised 4.7% of spat. Coral settlement varied significantly spatially and temporally, with space-time interactions occurring. Annual mean spat densities in the park (101 spat m -2 ) were comparable to data from sub- tropical reefs, while densities in the reserve (908 spat m -2 ) were comparable to tropical reefs. These data suggest that there is no distinct latitudinal gradient in spat density along the East African coast. Spat settlement was seasonal, with peak settlement occurring predominantly on tiles immersed from February to May during the northeast monsoon, and was consistent with the timing of gamete release in Acropora and faviid species in Kenya. While non-coral fauna was 4 times more abundant than corals on settlement tiles, there was no evidence of significant competition among these spat groups. It is suggested that the relatively asynchronous and extended breeding season in Kenyan corals may result in reduced competition during settlement.


Despite some talk of 'erotetic logic' and 'the logic of interrogatives', logicians have hitherto completely overlooked the peculiar logical form of questions, also shared by interrogative clauses generally. Of relevance to an understanding of time are those interrogative clauses that are janus-like: sometimes raising a question, sometimes answering it—which can then no longer arise. Since a closed question can no longer arise, it might seem that simply the passing of time turns an open into a closed question. Instead, the passing of time itself can be understood as the closing or resolution of open questions, of the determination of what is not fixed but as yet in question.


The author of this article examines whether Lithuanian legislator has duly implemented the EU Directive on Electronic Commerce. Since 1998 the Commission has proposed many instruments to induce the new possibilities of e-commerce. Alas for some time these possibilities have been boosted to the extent of so called "electronic euphory". Recently more rationality was introduced in the issue. Businesses, state officials as well as lawyers are presenting more close reaching IT ideas. Today e-commerce is one the priorities of Lithuanian market. To this end it is important to regulate the new relations in cyberspace. The first part of the article deals with general problematic aspects related to legal regulation of electronic commerce. The second part of the article briefly presents the EU policy on electronic commerce, mainly considering the subject and the aims of the Directive on Electronic Commerce. The review of Lithuanian legal regulation of electronic commerce is presented in the third part. The fourth part deals with the special by-law of the Republic of Lithuania – the Regulation on Electronic Commerce, adopted by the Minister of Economics. This Regulation is critically observed in respect to its formal aspects and content. It is stated that Republic of Lithuania formally transferred the EU Directive on Electronic Commerce but it failed to implement properly the obligations set out in the Directive. Lithuania should adopt the special law on e-commerce and make not only formal but also the real steps in order to implement the EU Directive on Electronic Commerce. It is important to observe the principles of legality and legal expectations while defining the e-commerce rules which should be qualified as new common legal norms.


National parks and other protected areas are at the forefront of global efforts to protect biodiversity and ecosystem services. However, not all protection is equal. Some areas are assigned strict legal protection that permits few extractive human uses. Other protected area designations permit a wider range of uses. Whether strictly protected areas are more effective in achieving environmental objectives is an empirical question: although strictly protected areas legally permit less anthropogenic disturbance, the social conflicts associated with assigning strict protection may lead politicians to assign strict protection to less-threatened areas and may lead citizens or enforcement agents to ignore the strict legal restrictions. We contrast the impacts of strictly and less strictly protected areas in four countries using IUCN designations to measure de jure strictness, data on deforestation to measure outcomes, and a quasi-experimental design to estimate impacts. On average, stricter protection reduced deforestation rates more than less strict protection, but the additional impact was not always large and sometimes arose because of where stricter protection was assigned rather than regulatory strictness per se. We also show that, in protected area studies contrasting y management regimes, there are y2 policy-relevant impacts, rather than only y, as earlier studies have implied.


Abstract The quality and reliability of the computational simulation of a macroscopic nuclear device are directly related to the quality of the underlying basic nuclear data. To meet these needs, according to advanced nuclear models that account for details of nuclear structure and the quantum nature of nuclear reaction and the experimental data of total, nonelastic, and elastic scattering cross sections, and elastic scattering angular distributions of Pb and its isotopes, all cross sections of neutron-induced reaction, angular distributions, energy spectra, especially the double-differential cross sections for neutron, proton, deuteron, triton, helium, and alpha emissions are calculated and analyzed for n + 204,206,207,208,natPb at incident neutron energies below 20 MeV by using the UNF nuclear model code. At neutron incident energies 20 < En ≤ 250 MeV, MEND codes are used. Theoretical calculations are compared with existing experimental data and other evaluated data from ENDF/B-VI and JENDL-3.


Psychological development of patients with surgically corrected Tetralogy of Fallot could be aff ected by the chronic preoperative cerebral hypoxia; therefore early repair is benefi cial for the outcome of these patients. 71 Tetralogy of Fallot patients were operated in Heart Institute between September 1st, 2001 and July 1st, 2006, all of them underwent corrective surgery, without prior palliations. Corrective surgery consisted of: transannular patch (46), infundibular patch ± PA patch (17), and transatrial and transpulmonary correction (8). The patients were divided into 2 groups, correction below age of 1 year and above 1 year, for comparative study of results. 13 patients were excluded for various reasons, and 58 patients were followed up, at 82.66±17.269 months, performing a Child Behavior Check List test. All the components of CBCL test were studied comparatively between the 2 groups: aff ectivity, anxiety, somatic, ADHD, opposing behavior and conduct problems, as absolute values and divided into normal, subclinical and clinical levels. Major diff erences were noticed between the two groups, as followed: aff ectivity and anxiety values (absolute values and normal, subclinical and clinical levels) were higher in patients operated after 1 year of age. Interestingly, aff ective and anxiety problems and opposing behavior were also correlated (statistically signifi cant) with the preoperative hematocrit. Delay in surgical correction beyond 1 year of age in patients with Tetralogy of Fallot could have deleterious eff ects over psychological development (aff ective, anxiety, somatic, ADHD, opposing behavior and conduct problems) of these patients, due to longer period of preoperative chronic cerebral hypoxia.


Few economic assessments have been developed to inform national priorities on the management of high-impact, early-stage invasive alien species (IAS). Economic assessments are biased towards ex post assessments of the costs and benefits of control options and are in need of refinement to deal with potentially vigorous invaders with considerable uncertainty on spread and impact. The Polyphagous Shot Hole Borer (PSHB) beetle represents a potentially high-impact invasion in progress in South Africa. We approached the problem of PSHB invasion in South Africa through (i) interdisciplinary collaboration to reduce uncertainty in economic and biological parameters by defining robust ranges for model parameters and (ii) a simulation model to take account of dynamic mutualistic relations between the beetle and it's symbiont fungus. We modelled the potential social cost of a PSHB invasion on natural forests, urban trees, commercial forestry and the avocado industry. Our results indicate that the unmitigated baseline present social cost of $27.12bn in the case of a PSHB invasion in South Africa is in the order of 1% of the country's GDP, or expressed differently at around $50 per year per South African citizen (10-year modelling horizon using a discount rate of 6%). Most of the social costs in our model are for the removal of urban trees that die as a result of the PSHB, a result that corroborates well with findings in other regions where PSHB has invaded. We conclude that an ex ante economic assessment system dynamics model can effectively inform national strategies on IAS management. The disproportionately high impacts of a PSHB invasion on municipalities and private actors demands a revision of legislation and creation of policies pertaining to the management of biological invasions in South Africa.


A statistical analysis of the UNESCO World Heritage List is presented. The World Heritage Convention intends to protect global heritage of outstanding value to mankind, but there has been great concern about the missing representativity of the member countries. There is a strongly biased distribution of Sites according to a country's population, area or per capita income. The paper reveals the facts but refrains from judging whether the existing distribution is appropriate or not. This task must be left to the discussion in the World Heritage Convention.


In recent years, researchers have focused attention on children who are exposed to domestic violence. Although presently there are no scientifically credible estimates of the national prevalence of children exposed to domestic violence, existing data suggest that large numbers of American children are affected. This article discusses the limitations of current databases and describes a promising model for the collection of reliable and valid prevalence data, the Spousal Assault Replication Program, which uses data collected through collaboration between police and university researchers. Research examining the effects of childhood exposure to domestic violence is also limited by a range of methodological problems. Despite this, however, sufficient evidence from the body of studies exists to conclude that such exposure has adverse effects. The specific effects may differ depending on a host of variables, such as the children's ages, the nature and severity of the violence, the existence of other risk factors in the children's lives (for example, poverty, parental substance abuse), and whether the children are also directly physically abused. In general, childhood exposure to domestic violence can be associated with increased display of aggressive behavior, increased emotional problems such as depression and/or anxiety, lower levels of social competence, and poorer academic functioning. A scientifically credible body of research on the prevalence and effects of childhood exposure to domestic violence is necessary to promote the development of effective interventions and to permit the proper channeling of public and private funds. This article identifies some of the steps that can be taken to build the research capacity necessary to obtain the needed data.


This volume contains the full papers presented at HCI 2005, the 19th Annual Conference of the British HCI Group, a specialist group of the BCS. The conference has become the premiere annual conference on human-computer interaction in Europe, attracting a global audience.
People and Computers XIX includes leading edge discussions outlining the latest research results and novel systems from the foremost research and development groups and laboratories throughout the world. In keeping with our theme, The Bigger Picture, this year our authors collectively construct a broad canvas, though we can focus on HCI at three distinct levels:
* The Human Scale – exploring the relationships between individuals mediated by tangible interfaces, ways of capturing their requirements and eliciting their needs, and considering the user in their immediate, local situations
* The Cultural Context – zooming out to gain a perspective on HCI's place in the world and its relationship with external communities across different countries and cultures, seeing patterns in social networks both within the HCI community and with other stakeholders
* Interactivity at the Interface – here we zoom back in to the detailed level, the traditional territory of HCI, with analysis of interface components and human senses, and the fit between them.
We conclude with the call to action by our closing keynote, Professor Alistair Sutcliffe, who makes the connections to enable the HCI community to meet grand challenges in computer science.
The papers presented in this volume include contributions from leading figures in both the research and business sectors.


Abstract: Atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons during the 1950s and early 1960s doubled the concentration of carbon-14 in the atmosphere and created a pulse that labeled everything alive since 1955 as carbon moved up the food chain. The variation in carbon-14 concentration in time is well-documented and can be used to chronologically date all biological materials since the mid-1950s.


The variations in Manufacturing Strategy (MS) definitions create confusion and lead to lack of shared understanding between academic researchers and practitioners on its scope. The purpose of this study is to provide an empirical analysis of the paradox in the difference between academic and industry definitions of MS. Natural Language Processing (NLP) based text mining is used to extract primary elements from the various academic, and industry definitions of MS. Co-word and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) provide empirical support for the grouping into nine primary elements. We posit from the terms evolution analysis that there is a stasis currently faced in academic literature towards MS definition while the industry with its emphasis on 'context' has been dynamic. We believe that the proposed approach and results of the present empirical analysis can contribute to overcoming the current challenges to MS design and deployment – imprecise definition leading to its inadequate operationalisation.


Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of the supporting tissues of the teeth caused by specific microorganisms resulting in progressive destruction of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone with pocket formation, recession, or both. Although the dental plaque causes periodontal diseases, certain risk factors can modify the host response to microbial aggression like diabetes, tobacco usage, pathogenic bacteria and microbial tooth deposits. The study aims to find out the difference in the periodontitis between the smokers and non-smokers in the local population of Chennai.50 subjects of the age group 20-50 were selected. Out of 50, 25 were smokers who have a history of smoking for the past 3 years, and 25 were non-smokers who had no history of smoking in the local population. The subjects have no history of systemic disease. The subjects had normal oral habits with a normal diet. The periodontal status of the participants was taken into count.  The patient's probing depth and loss of attachment was assessed using William's probe, and Naber's probe assessed furcation.  Our study confirmed the differences in the prevalence of periodontitis in smokers and non-smokers. The percentage of subjects with the prevalence of periodontitis was significantly higher among chronic smokers than non-smokers. Current smokers, mainly occasional smokers, consumed sweetened drinks more frequently in comparison with non-smokers or ex-smokers. In case of consumption of fruits and vegetables, the trend was opposite when compared to smokers and non-smokers. Cigarette smoking exerts a strong and chronic effect on the tooth and periodontium. The current understanding of the importance of tobacco smoking as the most potent risk factor for periodontitis now has to be applied to the clinical management of the disease.


Objective. Recent outbreaks of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) have been difficult to control, and data indicate that the importance of different sources of transmission may have changed. Our objectives were to evaluate the contributions of asymptomatic and symptomatic C. difficile carriers to new colonizations and to determine the most important epidemiological factors influencing C. difficile transmission. Design, Setting, and Patients. Retrospective cohort study of all patients admitted to medical wards at a large tertiary care hospital in the United States in the calendar year 2008. Methods. Data from six medical wards and published literature were used to develop a compartmental model of C. difficile transmission. Patients could be in one of five transition states in the model: resistant to colonization (R), susceptible to colonization (S), asymptomatically colonized without protection against CDI (C-), asymptomatically colonized with protection against CDI (C+), and diseased (ie, with CDI; D). Results. The contributions of C-, C+, and D patients to new colonizations were similar. The simulated basic reproduction number ranged from 0.55 to 1.99, with a median of 1.04. These values suggest that transmission within the ward alone from patients with CDI cannot sustain new C. difficile colonizations and therefore that the admission of colonized patients plays an important role in sustaining transmission in the ward. The epidemiological parameters that ranked as the most influential were the proportion of admitted C- patients and the transmission coefficient for asymptomatic carriers. Conclusion. Our study underscores the need to further evaluate the role of asymptomatically colonized patients in C. difficile transmission in healthcare settings.


Rational choice models argue that income inequality leads to a higher expected utility of crime and thus generates incentives to engage in illegal activities. Yet, the results of empirical studies do not provide strong support for this theory; in fact, Neumayer provides apparently strong evidence that income inequality is not a significant determinant of violent property crime rates when a representative sample is used and country specific fixed effects are controlled for. An important limitation of this and other empirical studies on the subject is that they only consider proportional income differences, even though in rational choice models absolute difference in legal and illegal incomes determine the expected utility of crime. Using the same methodology and data as Neumayer, but using absolute inequality measures rather than proportional ones, this paper finds that absolute income inequality is a statistically significant determinant of robbery and violent theft rates. This result is robust to changes in sample size and to different absolute inequality measures, which not only implies that inequality is an important correlate of violent property crime rates but also suggests that absolute measures are preferable when the impact of inequality on property crime is studied.


Acne, also known as acne vulgaris (AV), is a long-term skin disease that occurs when hair follicles are clogged with dead skin cells and oil from the skin. It is characterized by blackheads or whiteheads, pimples, oily skin, and possible scarring. An intact stratum corneum and barrier, normal natural moisturizing factor and hyaluronic acid levels, normal Aquaporin-3 (AQP3) expression (localized at the basal lateral membranes of collecting duct cells in the kidney), and balanced sebum secretion are qualities of the skin that fall in the middle of the oily–dry spectrum. Patients rarely, if ever, complain about reduced sebum production, but elevated sebum production, yielding oily skin that can be a precursor to acne, is a common complaint. Several factors are known to influence sebum production. AV is mostly triggered by Propionibacterium acnes in adolescence, under the influence of normal circulating dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). It is a very common skin disorder which can present with inflammatory and noninflammatory lesions chiefly on the face but can also occur on the upper arms, trunk, and back. Age, in particular, has a significant and well-known impact, as sebum levels are usually low in childhood, rise in the middle-to-late teen years, and remain stable into the seventh and eighth decades until endogenous androgen synthesis dwindles. Sebum, the oily secretion of the sebaceous glands containing wax esters, sterol esters, cholesterol, di- and triglycerides, and squalene, imparts an oily quality to the skin and is well known to play an important role in acne development. Acne can't be prevented or cured, but it can be treated effectively. The pimples and bumps heal slowly, and when one begins to go away, others seem to crop up. Depending on its severity, acne can cause emotional distress and scar the skin. Acne may cause scarring of the skin, but generally causes no long-term health problems. In self-body image, some parts of the body including face play an important role. Existence of even a minor lesion in this part may be unpleasant for the patient and seems large. This image can cause mental disorders including depression and anxiety, low self-esteem, and decrease in social relationships. However, high levels of anxiety and depression in patients with facial acne are not related to oxidative stress, according to a study published online in the Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology


Radiometrically calibrated ages from three reef cores are used to develop a Holocene reef growth chronostratigraphy and sea-level history in the Maldives, central Indian Ocean. Last interglacial reef (U-series age 122 ± 7 ka) was encountered at 14.1 m below mean sea level. An age of ca. 8100 calibrated (cal) yr B.P. immediately overlying this Pleistocene surface records the initiation of Holocene reef growth. Massive in situ corals occur throughout the cores and the consistency of the three age-depth plots indicate that the reef grew steadily between 8100 and 6500 cal yr B.P., and at a decreasing rate for the next 2 k.y. The position of modern sea level was first achieved ca. 4500 cal yr B.P. and sea level reached at least 0.50 ± 1 m higher from 4000 to 2100 cal yr B.P. before falling to present level. Emergent fossil microatolls provide evidence of this higher sea level. Results are significant to two long-standing issues relating to Maldivian sealevel history. First, the ambiguity of a late Holocene highstand has been resolved with clear evidence of its existence reported here. Second, the uncertainty of the regional pattern of sea-level change in the central Indian Ocean has been clarified, the Maldivian results broadly agreeing with island records in the eastern, rather than western Indian Ocean. Our results provide the first field evidence confirming geophysical model projections of a highstand 4–2 k.y. ago in the central Indian Ocean, though the observed level (+0.50 ± 0.1 m) is lower than that projected.


A quality assessment of the CFC-11 (CCl3F), CFC-12 (CCl2F2), HF, and SF6 products from limb-viewing satellite instruments is provided by means of a detailed intercomparison. The climatologies in the form of monthly zonal mean time series are obtained from HALOE, MIPAS, ACE-FTS, and HIRDLS within the time period 1991–2010. The intercomparisons focus on the mean biases of the monthly and annual zonal mean fields and aim to identify their vertical, latitudinal and temporal structure. The CFC evaluations (based on MIPAS, ACE-FTS and HIRDLS) reveal that the uncertainty in our knowledge of the atmospheric CFC-11 and CFC-12 mean state, as given by satellite data sets, is smallest in the tropics and mid-latitudes at altitudes below 50 and 20 hPa, respectively, with a 1σ multi-instrument spread of up to ±5 %. For HF, the situation is reversed. The two available data sets (HALOE and ACE-FTS) agree well above 100 hPa, with a spread in this region of ±5 to ±10 %, while at altitudes below 100 hPa the HF annual mean state is less well known, with a spread ±30 % and larger. The atmospheric SF6 annual mean states derived from two satellite data sets (MIPAS and ACE-FTS) show only very small differences with a spread of less than ±5 % and often below ±2.5 %. While the overall agreement among the climatological data sets is very good for large parts of the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (CFCs, SF6) or middle stratosphere (HF), individual discrepancies have been identified. Pronounced deviations between the instrument climatologies exist for particular atmospheric regions which differ from gas to gas. Notable features are differently shaped isopleths in the subtropics, deviations in the vertical gradients in the lower stratosphere and in the meridional gradients in the upper troposphere, and inconsistencies in the seasonal cycle. Additionally, long-term drifts between the instruments have been identified for the CFC-11 and CFC-12 time series. The evaluations as a whole provide guidance on what data sets are the most reliable for applications such as studies of atmospheric transport and variability, model–measurement comparisons and detection of long-term trends. The data sets will be publicly available from the SPARC Data Centre and through PANGAEA (doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.849223).


The rapid pace of U.S. wind energy development is generating a growing number of conflicts over competing wind rights. The "wake" of a commercial wind turbine creates turbulence and unsteady wind flow that can reduce the productivity of other wind turbines situated downwind. Existing law is unclear as to whether a landowner who installs a wind turbine on its property is liable for the lost productivity of a downwind neighbor's turbine resulting from such wake effects. Legal uncertainty as to how competing wind rights are shared among neighbors can induce wind energy developers to abandon otherwise lucrative turbine sites situated near property lines, thus forfeiting valuable wind resources. This paper applies Calabresi and Melamed's familiar "Cathedral" model to determine which rule regime would best promote the efficient allocation of competing wind rights while maintaining consistency with existing law. Surprisingly, the Cathedral model's infamous and rarely-applied "Rule Four" seems best-suited for addressing these conflicts.


R. Holm has given a simple calculation of the temperature in electrical switching cantacts assuming a spherical symmetry of the effective contact area. Here the present authors give a more precise derivation of the temperature dependence on time assuming a contact model better corresponding to the technical conditions. Thus the effective contact area is assumed to have cylindrical symmetry. In consequence the calculations become more difficult. The equations are solved in terms of the Green functions of the thermal conduction formulae. The authors solve the integrals by numerical methods. These results are compared with the above mentioned simple formulae of Holm and it is shown that there exist strong deviations especially immediately after switching in the current; this temperature rise amounts to about 40% of the previous formulae only.


Given that the South African government intends to improve its literacy rates by implementing Guided Reading in the primary schools, teachers are challenged to give good quality Guided Reading instruction. The study which this article draws on evaluates how teachers understand and implement Guided Reading in Grade 1 and 2 at three public schools in the Western Cape. Data were drawn from observations of teachers using Fountas & Pinnell's Guided Reading instruction and a Guided Reading Self-Assessment Inventory. Analyses of the above-mentioned quantitative and qualitative research data indicate that South African teachers have a superficial understanding of Guided Reading. The study suggests that South African teachers struggle to implement Guided Reading in the classroom, because they do not create Guided Reading groups based on ongoing assessment and the teachers do not have access to levelled Guided Reading books. Furthermore, the new policy requirements for Guided Reading appear to fail to offer teachers a sufficient explanation of Guided Reading. I argue that, without addressing these basic requirements, it is unlikely that Guided Reading will be implemented with any success in the South African classrooms.


Social sign-on and social sharing are becoming an ever more popular feature of web applications. This success is largely due to the APIs and support offered by prominent social networks, such as Facebook, Twitter and Google, on the basis of new open standards such as the OAuth 2.0 authorization protocol. A formal analysis of these protocols must account for malicious websites and common web application vulnerabilities, such as cross-site request forgery and open redirectors. We model several configurations of the OAuth 2.0 protocol in the applied pi-calculus and verify them using ProVerif. Our models rely on WebSpi, a new library for modeling web applications and web-based attackers that is designed to help discover concrete attacks on websites. To ease the task of writing formal models in our framework, we present a model extraction tool that automatically translates programs written in subsets of PHP and JavaScript to the applied pi-calculus. Our approach is validated by finding dozens of previously unknown vulnerabilities in popular websites such as Yahoo and WordPress, when they connect to social networks such as Twitter and Facebook.


Access to higher education globally is increasing dramatically; attainment of tertiary degrees is a high priority, as educational attainment is associated with increased personal incomes as well as growth of the middle class in developing countries. The purpose of this essay is to briefly examine retention and persistence issues from a global perspective, review some retention strategies that have been employed at schools outside the United States, and to identify several key factors that related to retention and persistence globally, including access, infrastructure, financial consideration, and readiness for tertiary education. There exists an opportunity to utilize knowledge gained in the evolution of the higher education system in the United States to help address the problems associated with retention and persistence.


Plankton ecology has been the object of intense research and progress in the last few decades. This has been partly due to technological advances that have facilitated the multidisciplinary and high-resolution sampling of ecosystems and improved experimentation and analytical methodologies, and to sophisticated modelling. In addition, exceptional researchers have had the vision to integrate all these innovative tools to form a solid theoretical background in ecology. Here we provide an overview of the outstanding research work conducted by Professor Marta Estrada and her pioneering contribution to different areas of research in the last four decades. Her research in biological oceanography has mainly focussed on phytoplankton ecology, taxonomy and physiology, the functional structure of plankton communities, and physical and biological interactions in marine ecosystems. She has combined a variety of field and laboratory approaches and methodologies, from microscopy to satellite observations, including in-depth statistical data analysis and modelling. She has been a reference for scientists all over the world. Here, her contributions to plankton ecology are summarized by some of her students and closest collaborators, who had the privilege to share their science and everyday experiences with her.


Evidence of a link between piano and drumming performance practices in western music dates back to at least the mid-nineteenth century. The modern construction of the piano had yet to be fully standardized when percussive techniques were being applied to its keyboard. Since that time, pianists and drummers (especially those involved with the creation of groove-based music) have grown closer and closer, participating in what remains a richly symbiotic relationship. This study examines parallels between piano and drumming performance practices in jazz. In this context, drumming is acknowledged as an important inspiration guiding the expression of rhythm and percussive attack by non-drummers, pianists in particular. Historical connections between pianism and drumming in jazz are addressed through an examination of those legacies that are widely believed to derive from West African drumming, European march and dance traditions, and various aspects of the so-called "Latin tinge" from the Caribbean and South America. Playing techniques are compared in part based on the premise iii that similarities in musical output flow naturally from congruencies in instrumental architecture. Percussive action unites pianists and drummers, as do shared abilities to create rhythmic layers through the independent functioning of multiple limbs. A discussion of ensemble roles reveals conceptual links, especially with regard to time-keeping, "comping," and mutual approaches to the creation of groove and swing. Transcriptions are employed to illustrate instances of widely adopted drumming-like gestures from the history of jazz with special attention paid to rhythmic counterpoint, complementation, and rudimental sticking patterns used by jazz pianists since the 1960's. Though a statistically small sample, interviews with ten professional jazz pianists support the essential findings of the study. Questions are raised throughout regarding the effectiveness of traditional jazz pedagogy in emphasizing the importance of drumming to non-drummer instrumental praxis.


Tactility Factory-Bangkok Design festival-Building Cloud-7 concrete and weave panels.Tactility Factory (TF) is a collaborative research practice crossing textiles and architecture. The overriding question of this research is whether a collaboration between an architect and a textile designer can result in embedding sustainably textiles in concrete? By drawing in the skills from each opposing discipline, developing innovative new surfaces, responding to research at an aesthetic and technical level. It is a highly conceptual question resulting in unique outcomes evidenced across a wide range of media: academic papers, invited presentations, local and international media, design journals and exhibitions. As a testament of global significance TF was invited by Bangkok design festival to work in collaboration with a Thai weaver and educator to create 7 concrete woven and printed panels. The Siam Cement Group sponsored this body of work as they recognized and supported this innovation in the use of concrete.This body of work was achievable as a result of ongoing collaborative development. Recognition has come from a wide range of sectors: Commercially: Derry Playhouse award, Ice Berg house, James St South restaurant.Design awards:RDS National Crafts competition, Homes & Gardens designer award shortlisting.Innovation awards:The Big Idea award, The 25K NISP awardAcademic: Shortlisted for the RIBA awards for Research and significantly TF has been referenced in the A Level art and design syllabus- offering future generations a model of innovative practice. Now a spin out company, the agenda is driven to develop IP and commercialize innovative surfaces, 3 patents are at International phase. This relatively unchartered model in Art & Design practice will be determined by delivering product to Industry outlining that research within academia can be relocated as an impactful way to develop international partners, collaboration within industry, and employability.


Brainstorming approach is the key to working through a problem, breaking down ideas and finding the best way to solve an issue. This approach is by far the most essential step to solving any problem and it is even more effective when done by using mind maps. Mind maps have long been used as a teaching tool. Evidently, mind maps are used to generate, visualize, structure and classify ideas. They have also been used to study and organize information, solving problems, making decisions and writing. Basically, writing is a way of expressing thoughts, and good writing comes from good thinking and preparation (Harmer, 2001). In order for students to write something, it seems workable to offer them the opportunities to think about the topic in question. Through brainstorming activities, students can be guided to overcome some problems that they face in writing tasks. This paper discusses the value of brainstorming and mind mapping as approaches that can help students in their writing process. The paper also explores the use of technology in facilitating brainstorming and mind mapping activities.


Connectivity patterns and key non–breeding areas of white–throated bluethroat (Luscinia svecica) European populations.— Using ring recovery data from the EURING databank, the aims of this study were: (1) to identify the chief migration and wintering areas of white–throated bluethroat European subspecies, L. s. namnetum, L. s. cyanecula and L. s. azuricollis, (2) to evaluate the degree of connectivity between breeding and non–breeding regions and determine the migration patterns of each subspecies, and (3) to evaluate whether recovery data are sufficient to answer the previous questions adequately. Most of the recoveries were obtained during the autumn migration period (n = 155, 68.9%), followed by winter (n = 49, 21.8%) and spring (n = 21, 9.3%). For L. s. azuricollis, we did not find any ring recoveries at more than 100 km in autumn or spring, and there were none at all in winter. All analyses thus relate to L. s. cyanecula and L. s. namnetum. Both subspecies move across a NE–SW axis from their breeding to their wintering areas within the circum–Mediterranean region, mainly in Iberia, following population–specific parallel migration routes. L. s. namnetum mainly uses the Atlantic coastal marshes from France to south–western Iberia, where the chief wintering areas are found. L. s. cyanecula, however, uses both Atlantic and Mediterranean wetlands in autumn, but only those in the Mediterranean in spring, thus giving rise to a loop–migration pattern. Telescopic migration was demonstrated for L. s. cyanecula. Recovery data were insufficient to identify in detail the entire wintering range for all white–throated bluethroat European populations. Technologies such as the use of geolocators will play a relevant role in this scenario.


Brachypodium distachyon has recently emerged as a model plant species for the grass family (Poaceae) which includes cereal crops and forage grasses. Tn the present study, it was aimed to create inbred lines of Brachypodium distachyon that were collected from different geographic regions of Turkey and characterize this diverse collection morphologically and cytologically. Besides, an efficient tissue culture and a plant transformation system using microprojectile bombardment and Agrobacterium- mediated gene transfer methods for three selected genotypes were established. Phenotypic characterization of the lines and macro-/microelement analysis in Brachypodium seeds showed extensive variation and significant differences. Callus formation percentages (50% to 100%) of the mature embryos and regeneration capacities of these calli (11.7% to 52.3%) were found to be genotype dependent. Each genotype displayed different responses to tissue culture conditions. Bombardment of the calli with the GUS (fJ-glucorinidase) gene revealed an average transient transformation efficiency of 28.7% within all three genotypes. Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains (EHA105, LBA4404 and AGL1), first two conferring resistance to kanamycin (nptll gene) and the later to glufosinate ammonium based herbicides (bar gene), were used for the transformation of calli that were wounded by microprojectile bombardment with two different sizes of gold particles or cutting with a blade. The GUS expression ranged from 0.0 to 10.4 (GUS foci/callus). All parameters were found to have significant effect on transient gene expression efficiency. Our well-characterized germplasm collection (146 inbred lines and 116 of them diploid) is freely available for scientific community and the lines that were used for the first time in this research for plant tissue culture and transformation studies could aid for further genetic and genomics studies in Brachypodium and other grass species including energy grasses.


Antimalarial chloroquine (CQ) prevents haematin detoxication when CQ-base concentrates in the acidic digestive vacuole through protonation of its p-aminopyridine (pAP) basic aromatic nitrogen and sidechain diethyl-N. CQ export through the variant vacuolar membrane export channel, PFCRT, causes CQ-resistance in Plasmodium falciparum but 3-methyl CQ (sontochin SC), des-ethyl amodiaquine (DAQ) and bis 4-aminoquinoline piperaquine (PQ) are still active. This is determined by changes in drug accumulation ratios in parasite lipid (LAR) and in vacuolar water (VAR). Higher LAR may facilitate drug binding to and blocking PFCRT and also aid haematin in lipid to bind drug. LAR for CQ is only 8.3; VAR is 143,482. More hydrophobic SC has LAR 143; VAR remains 68,523. Similarly DAQ with a phenol substituent has LAR of 40.8, with VAR 89,366. In PQ, basicity of each pAP is reduced by distal piperazine N, allowing very high LAR of 973,492, retaining VAR of 104,378. In another bis quinoline, dichlorquinazine (DCQ), also active but clinically unsatisfactory, each pAP retains basicity, being insulated by a 2-carbon chain from a proximal nitrogen of the single linking piperazine. While LAR of 15,488 is still high, the lowest estimate of VAR approaches 4.9 million. DCQ may be expected to be very highly lysosomotropic and therefore potentially hepatotoxic. In 11 pAP antimalarials a quadratic relationship between logLAR and logResistance Index (RI) was confirmed, while log (LAR/VAR) vs logRI for 12 was linear. Both might be used to predict the utility of structural modifications.


The mechanisms of how children develop the capacity to make use of speech articulation cues to support interpretation of the speech signal are not exhaustively explored. The purpose of this study is to investigate if there are parallels in infants' way of attending to speech articulation and their perception of physical changes in speech-unrelated objects. The current research questions grew out from an earlier study in which it was found that perception of speech in infants was based on a match between auditory and visual prominence – as opposed to a match between sound and to it corresponding face. Data suggested that speech perception in infancy may function as described by Stevens power law, and two methodological supplements to test the validness of this hypothesis were made in the current study. First, a non-articulatory test condition was added to investigate infants' perception of speech-unrelated objects. Second, amplitude manipulated stimuli were added to introduce systematic changes in loudness. Results confirmed our hypothesis; the visually prominent articulations were favored, and the same pattern was found in response to nonspeech related objects. Index Terms: infant perception, visual cues, Power Law