TO THE EDITOR: Eades and colleagues identify the scarcity of data on the health and health care needs of Aboriginal Australians. This is particularly so for Aboriginal children in urban settings. The Gudaga Study has actively worked to redress this shortcoming. The Gudaga Study (Gudaga being an Aboriginal word meaning healthy baby) is a longitudinal study of a birth cohort of Aboriginal infants born at a large outer urban hospital.2 Gudaga staff use methods that respect the values and beliefs of Aboriginal Australians to systematically collect information on the health, development, and service use of study participants at 6monthly intervals. The Gudaga research team is working with the stakeholders in Aboriginal health in the region to discuss the implications of the information for policy and practice. A number of scientific articles are currently being prepared for publication. These include articles on birth outcomes, breastfeeding, universal health home visiting, health status and service use, development, and vaccination. Information collected by the Gudaga Study is contributing to the development of services for Aboriginal families in the region, and is changing the ways that service providers think about the health and service needs of Aboriginal families in the region. For example, the lack of data created difficulty in securing funding for services for pregnant Aboriginal women. Enumeration of the high rates of sudden infant death syndrome (3/149) and the removal of children by the Department of Community Services among participating infants (11/ 149 over 4 years) as a part of the Gudaga Study had two important effects. It influenced the public health service response to close the gap on Aboriginal disadvantage and influenced the decision to reorient child and family services and establish the Bulundidi Gudaga program with ongoing funding. The Bulundidi Gudaga program provides sustained home visiting of pregnant Aboriginal women and their infants by nurses, commencing during pregnancy and continuing until the infant is aged 2 years. This research developed over several years. It began during discussions with the Aboriginal community at Tharawal Aboriginal Corporation, Campbelltown, who raised concerns about the health of their children, difficulties in securing funding for an Aboriginal infant and maternal home visiting service that commenced 1999, the lack of relevant data on the needs of Aboriginal children, and receipt of National Health and Medical Research Council funding in 2003. The Gudaga Study commenced in 2005, and the first of the participating children are turning 5 years of age. The research is now part of a strong research program at the University of New South Wales into the health and development of Aboriginal children in urban settings.


This paper presents a new approach to estimate "universal" phoneme posterior probabilities for mixed language speech recognition. More specifically, we propose a new theoretical framework to combine phoneme class posterior probabilities in a principled way by using (statistical) evidence about the language identity. We investigate the proposed approach in a mixed language environment (Speech-Dat(II)) consisting of five European languages. Our studies show that the proposed approach can yield significant improvements on a mixed language task, while maintaining the performance on monolingual tasks. Additionally, through a case study, we also demonstrate the potential benefits of the proposed approach for non-native speech recognition.


This study evaluated the complications associated with the treatment of clavicle fractures in adolescents. All cases of clavicle fractures were identified during an 8-year period between January 2005 and January 2013. During the study period, 153 clavicle fractures occurred in patients between the ages of 14 and 17 years who were treated at the authors' center. Medical records and radiographs were reviewed to determine injury mechanism, fracture pattern, treatment, and complications. Injury severity was assessed as high, medium, and low. Patients with medial or distal metaphyseal fractures and intra-articular fractures were excluded. Of the 153 clavicle fractures, 23 (15.0%) were treated surgically. Compared with the fractures treated nonsurgically, the surgical fractures had greater shortening (mean, 2.0 vs 0.9 cm; P<.001) and were more likely to be comminuted (65.2% vs 23.1%; P<.001). Complications occurred in 21.7% of fractures treated surgically, including refracture (n=2), implant removal for prominence (n=2), and nonunion with implant failure (n=1). One complication was associated with intramedullary nailing, whereas the other 4 complications occurred in clavicles treated with plate fixation. In the non-surgical group, no patients sustained a refracture or malunion who required delayed surgical intervention. Pediatric fellowship-trained orthopedic surgeons treated 78 displaced fractures, resulting in 8 (10.3%) surgeries. Nonpediatric orthopedic specialists treated 46 displaced fractures, 15 (32.6%) of which were treated surgically (P=.0035).


The importance of environmental contamination in the spread of healthcare associated infections (HAI) has generated a need for high performance disinfectants. Currently chlorine-based disinfectants are the products of choice, a position reflected in UK guidance. The aim of this research was to evaluate a peracetic acid (PAA) generating disinfectant to determine if it provided a realistic alternative to commonly used chlorine-based disinfectants. The European standards framework was employed in this study and enhanced where appropriate by reducing the contact times, increasing the organic and microbial challenge, and changing the organisms involved. When tested against bacteria and spores PAA provided similar or better performance than currently employed levels of chlorine. This was particularly the case in the presence of an organic challenge or dried surface contamination. The chlorine disinfectants only demonstrated superior performance in the case of fungal spores. These results suggest that PAA generating products provide an effective alternative to chlorine-based products up to 10,000 ppm free available chlorine. These products have superior performance in situations with spore borne, surface contamination and high organic challenge. In cases where filamentous fungi are a concern, high levels of PAA (>5,000 ppm) would be required to match the performance of chlorine based disinfectants.


Datacenter networks have been designed to tolerate failures of network equipment and provide sufficient bandwidth. In practice, however, failures and maintenance of networking and power equipment often make tens to thousands of servers unavailable, and network congestion can increase service latency. Unfortunately, there exists an inherent tradeoff between achieving high fault tolerance and reducing bandwidth usage in network core; spreading servers across fault domains improves fault tolerance, but requires additional bandwidth, while deploying servers together reduces bandwidth usage, but also decreases fault tolerance. We present a detailed analysis of a large-scale Web application and its communication patterns. Based on that, we propose and evaluate a novel optimization framework that achieves both high fault tolerance and significantly reduces bandwidth usage in the network core by exploiting the skewness in the observed communication patterns.


[1] A method for discriminating cloud particle types was developed using lidar backscattering copolarization and cross-polarization channel measurements from Cloud-Aerosol Lidar With Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) on board Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO). In spaceborne lidar measurements, significant multiple scattering effects discriminate between cloud water and ice difficult using the depolarization ratio (δ). We theoretically estimated the relationship between δ and cloud extinction on the basis of the backward Monte Carlo method. Cloud particle type was determined by the combined use of δ and the ratio of attenuated backscattering coefficients for two vertically consecutive layers. Ice particles were further classified into two categories: randomly oriented ice crystals (3-D ice) and horizontally oriented plates (2-D plate). The method was applied to CALIOP data for September–November 2006. We found that 3-D ice generally occurred colder than −20°C, whereas 2-D plate occurred between −10°C and −20°C, with high-occurrence frequency in high-latitude regions. We compared the results to those obtained using the vertical feature mask (VFM). The VFM tended to show a homogeneous cloud type through the entire cloud layer in vertical directions and misclassified 2-D plate as water. The ratio of water particles relative to ice particles decreased with decreasing temperature. By the proposed method, water cloud occurrence in subtropical and high-latitude regions was greater (up to 20%) than in the other regions below −10°C; however, the VFM results did not show such dependence on latitude. Comparison of ice and water cloud between our results and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) products showed better agreement for water cloud than for ice cloud.


This paper examines teachers' perceptions of their professionalism under conditions of educational reforms in government primary schools in Karachi, Pakistan. Conceiving teacher professionalism in terms of four dimensions (teacher efficacy, teacher practice, teacher leadership and teacher collaboration) it reports a quantitative survey research study of teachers in these schools, where educational reforms have been initiated. One conclusion from the study is that such teachers do perceive themselves as professionals—a finding that is counter to the often‐held beliefs about these teachers. The paper argues that it is important to regard teachers as professionals, capable of further enhancing their own professionalism, for improvement in the quality of teaching and learning in the government primary schools in Karachi.


Measurements made in the outer ring of the northern polar vortex from October 1991 through March 1992 reveal an altitude-dependent change in ozone, with a decrease at the bottom of the vortex and a substantial increase at the highest altitudes accessible to measurement. The increase is the result of ozone-rich air entering the vortex, and the decrease reflects ozone loss accumulated after the descent of the air through high concentrations of reactive chlorine. The depleted air that is released out of the bottom of the vortex is sufficient to significantly reduce column ozone at mid-latitudes.


Food Safety is a global concern that refers to handling, preparing and storing food in a way to best reduce the risk of individuals becoming sick from foodborne illnesses.In Pakistan There are various laws about food safety and food hygiene. The very first pure food act PFA 1963 was introduced in 1963 and after that it was followed by other food safety laws. In general the legal system of food safety in Pakistan consists of 4 acts. • West Pakistan Pure Food Ordinance 1960 • Cantonments Pure Food Act 1966 • Pakistan Hotels and Restaurants act 1976 • PSQCA Act 1996 However along with the above four basic laws, there are other institutions and acts and standards playing key role in food safety in Pakistan, like the revision of Pure Food Act 1963 in 2007, Halal Standardization and its role in food safety, PSQCA and PNAC and their role in providing safe food to the public. The enforcement of food safety laws was much poor before the establishment of provincial food safety bodies. But after the establishment of Punjab Food Authority, KPK Food Safety and Halal Authority, Sindh Food Authority and Baluchistan Food Authority, The law enforcement situation of food safety is much beIn this paper, we go analyze the complete system of food safety in Pakistan along with all the above acts, standards and institutions. This analysis will give us opportunity to compare other countries with Pakistan.


The Robert A. Millikan Library is a reinforced concrete building with a basement level and nine stories above the ground. Located on the campus of California Institute of Technology (Caltech) in Pasadena California, it is among the most densely instrumented buildings in the U.S. From the early dates of its construction, it has been the subject of many investigations, especially regarding soil–structure interaction effects. It is well accepted that the structure is significantly interacting with the surrounding soil, which implies that the true foundation input motions cannot be directly recorded during earthquakes because of inertial effects. Based on this limitation, input–output modal identification methods are not applicable to this soil–structure system. On the other hand, conventional output‐only methods are typically based on the unknown input signals to be stationary whitenoise, which is not the case for earthquake excitations. Through the use of recently developed blind identification (i.e. output‐only) methods, it has become possible to extract such information from only the response signals because of earthquake excitations. In the present study, we employ such a blind identification method to extract the modal properties of the Millikan Library. We present some modes that have not been identified from force vibration tests in several studies to date. Then, to quantify the contribution of soil–structure interaction effects, we first create a detailed Finite Element (FE) model using available information about the superstructure; and subsequently update the soil–foundation system's dynamic stiffnesses at each mode such that the modal properties of the entire soil–structure system agree well with those obtained via output‐only modal identification. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


For a long time, Social life in Bahrain was unique and positive. Public Participation and social cooperative with no reference of segregation or discrimination for long time. Regularly residences were gathering together to discuss the daily life, solving problems, discussing their economic and social issues with spirit of respecting human rights and civilization. In Bahrain, there were many elements, which were positively in city quality of life. For example, "Al-Farej" which is common name for space in old time in Bahrain, played the role of two main issues. The research problem is that, unfortunately, most of the old part of Manama city, Capital of Bahrain, area suffer from losing the identity by modernization in many forms by urban developing. Consequently, day by day, the social life became different and lost most of noble characteristics of traditional habitual Social life. Bahraini heritage alive in the old area of Manama City, the area needs a node and a reference point for the community to gather in a better-built environment. Therefore, there is essential need for proposing solution to revive the brilliant of social life in Kingdom of Bahrain in term of gathering people for cultural events with economic return to keep the rich history and importance of the area and enhance the environment of the center of Manama. The aim of the research is to propose solution to solve the missing of social life in old part of Bahrain by giving guidelines in representing "Al-Farej" in modern way matching with the modernization of life in Manama. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2019), 3(2), 35-46. https://doi.org/10.25034/ijcua.2018.4699 www.ijcua.com Copyright © 2018 Journal Of Contemporary Urban Affairs. All rights reserved.


With the near ubiquity of the organizational website, organizations' online stakeholder relationships have dramatically increased in prevalence, complexity, and financial and strategic importance. To help advance our understanding of these relationships, we introduce and test the multi-dimensional concept of Web-based stakeholder communication using original data on US community foundations. After presenting the conceptual foundations of Web-based stakeholder communication, we develop operational measures of its key dimensions, namely stakeholder targeting and the balance of organizations' online stakeholder portfolios. We then explore the outcomes of Web-based stakeholder communication by testing for its relationship to subsequent levels of charitable contributions. We end with an in-depth discussion of the most important implications for organizational theory and practice.


A global 3-D chemistry and transport model, STOCHEM integrated with a detailed VOC oxidation scheme (CRI v2-R5) has been employed to study the important NOx reservoir compound, peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN). Globally, PAN is produced entirely by the reaction of acetyl peroxy radicals (CH3CO3) with NO2 and up to 2.0 ppb of PAN is found over the polluted regions of North America during June- July-August for the present scenario. The imbalances between model and measurement data are noted, with STOCHEM-CRI overestimating PAN mixing ratios relative to the measurement data by +17 and +80 pptv for the lower and upper troposphere, respectively. The inclusion of additional HOx recycling mechanisms (e.g. related to isoprene oxidation) in STOCHEM-CRI causes a decrease in PAN in a present scenario by as much as 40% over sink regions and reduces the model-measurement disagreement by 90% for the lower troposphere and 40% for the upper troposphere. The lower NOx emissions and CH3CO3 formation upon including HOx recycling in a preindustrial scenario led to a decrease in PAN formation by as much as 40%. The decrease in PAN formation results in less nitrogen being transported to remote regions which in turn leads to the greatest percentage change in O3 concentration (9% decrease) in the equatorial regions.


Camera planning agents address the problem of positioning a camera within a world, such that the resulting image has some predefined set of visual properties. We are developing a graphical presentation planning system which incorporates CAMPLAN, a camera planning subsystem for polygonal graphics. The motivations for CAMPLAN are outlined and a set of shot properties has been established and implemented from which the user can select communicative goals. CAMPLAN uses a genetic algorithm to optimise the camera with respect to the specified set of image objectives. An informal evaluation of the system is presented in which we show how successfully more restrictive objectives can impose stylistic regularity in a graphical scene and demonstrate other features of declarative camera planning using CAMPLAN. We conclude with a discussion of our current work and outline future directions for graphical presentation planning.


Objective Most young adults diagnosed with breast or gynecologic cancers experience adverse reproductive or sexual health (RSH) outcomes due to cancer and its treatment. However, evidence-based interventions that specifically address the RSH concerns of young adult and/or LGBTQ+ survivor couples are lacking. Our goal is to develop a feasible and acceptable couple-based intervention to reduce reproductive and sexual distress experience by young adult breast and gynecologic cancer survivor couples with diverse backgrounds. Methods We systematically adapted an empirically supported, theoretically grounded couple-based intervention to address the RSH concerns of young couples coping with breast or gynecologic cancer through integration of stakeholder perspectives. We interviewed 11 couples (22 individuals) with a history of breast or gynecologic cancer to review and pretest intervention materials. Three of these couples were invited to review and comment on intervention modifications. Content experts in RSH and dyadic coping, clinicians, and community advisors (one heterosexual couple and one LGBTQ+ couple, both with cancer history) participated throughout the adaptation process. Results Findings confirmed the need for an online, couple-based intervention to support young couples experiencing RSH concerns after breast or gynecologic cancer. Qualitative themes suggested intervention preferences for: (1) A highly flexible intervention that can be tailored to couples' specific RSH concerns; (2) Active steps to help members of a dyad "get on the same page" in their relationship and family building plans; (3) A specific focus on raising partners' awareness about how cancer can affect body image and physical intimacy; and (4) Accessible, evidence-based information about RSH for both partners. These results, along with feedback from stakeholders, informed adaptation and finalization of the intervention content and format. The resulting virtual intervention, Opening the Conversation, includes five weekly sessions offering training to couples in communication and dyadic coping skills for addressing RSH concerns. Conclusion The systematic adaptation process yielded a theory-informed intervention for young adult couples facing breast and gynecological cancers, which will be evaluated in a randomized controlled trial. The long-term goal is to implement and disseminate Opening the Conversation broadly to reach young adult couples with diverse backgrounds who are experiencing RSH concerns in cancer survivorship.


This paper will look at the requirements for a future vision of networked, digital heritage inventories to support heritage protection in England. The present loose network presents several challenges for multiple organizations maintaining similar datasets on disparate IT software: Duplication of content; ownership of content and different approaches to recording practice and standards. This paper will discuss the potential use of the Arches Heritage Inventory and Management System as part of the vision for better operation of this network. Arches was developed by the Getty Conservation Institute, World Monuments Fund and Farallon Geographics as an open source web-based geographic information system (GIS) to help inventorize and manage immovable cultural heritage. The system is based around internationally recognized standards from both the heritage and IT sectors. These include: ISO 21127: 2006, commonly referred to as the CIDOC-CRM (Conceptual Reference Model); the CIDOC Core Data Standard for Archaeological and Architectural Sites; Core Data Index to Historic Buildings and Monuments of the Architectural Heritage as well as Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) standards. The proposed use of Arches as a data collection and exchange platform would provide effective and useful recording systems for small heritage projects lacking in-house IT support and the finances and skills to support their development. In addition it would promote standards to support cross-searching, data exchange and digital archiving and through its use of open source a community of IT developers, standards developers and content specialists can be developed to sustain the network.


Abstract. The atmospheric cycle of phosphorus (P) is parameterized here in a state-of-the-art global 3-D chemistry transport model, taking into account primary emissions of total P (TP) and soluble P (DP) associated with mineral dust, combustion particles from natural and anthropogenic sources, bioaerosols, sea spray and volcanic aerosols. For the present day, global TP emissions are calculated to be roughly 1.33 Tg-P yr−1, with the mineral sources contributing more than 80 % to these emissions. The P solubilization from mineral dust under acidic atmospheric conditions is also parameterized in the model and is calculated to contribute about one-third (0.14 Tg-P yr−1) of the global DP atmospheric source. To our knowledge, a unique aspect of our global study is the explicit modeling of the evolution of phosphorus speciation in the atmosphere. The simulated present-day global annual DP deposition flux is 0.45 Tg-P yr−1 (about 40 % over oceans), showing a strong spatial and temporal variability. Present-day simulations of atmospheric P aerosol concentrations and deposition fluxes are satisfactory compared with available observations, indicating however an underestimate of about 70 % on current knowledge of the sources that drive the P atmospheric cycle. Sensitivity simulations using preindustrial (year 1850) anthropogenic and biomass burning emission scenarios showed a present-day increase of 75 % in the P solubilization flux from mineral dust, i.e., the rate at which P is converted into soluble forms, compared to preindustrial times, due to increasing atmospheric acidity over the last 150 years. Future reductions in air pollutants due to the implementation of air-quality regulations are expected to decrease the P solubilization flux from mineral dust by about 30 % in the year 2100 compared to the present day. Considering, however, that all the P contained in bioaerosols is readily available for uptake by marine organisms, and also accounting for all other DP sources, a total bioavailable P flux of about 0.17 Tg-P yr−1 to the oceans is derived. Our calculations further show that in some regions more than half of the bioavailable P deposition flux to the ocean can originate from biological particles, while this contribution is found to maximize in summer when atmospheric deposition impact on the marine ecosystem is the highest due to ocean stratification. Thus, according to this global study, a largely unknown but potentially important role of terrestrial bioaerosols as suppliers of bioavailable P to the global ocean is also revealed. Overall, this work provides new insights to the atmospheric P cycle by demonstrating that biological materials are important carriers of bioavailable P, with very important implications for past and future responses of marine ecosystems to global change.


Concerns about teacher turnover and attrition are reported widely as a global phenomenon. In Kenya teachers have been leaving teaching job for better pastures. However the Teachers' Service Commission CTSC) have tried to seal the loopholes left by the defecting professionals with no success. The purpose of the study was to analyse the factors that influence secondary school teachers' turnover in Mbeere South District with an aim of suggesting possible remedies to minimize them. The objectives of the study were to: analyse the rate of turnover among secondary school teachers in Mbeere South District; establish how school management policies cause turnover among the secondary school teachers; find out the attitude of teachers towards school principals and their influence in teachers' turnover; examine personal characteristics of teachers associated with turnover among secondary school teachers; and propose strategies for minimising turnover among secondary school teachers in Mbeere. The study is significant in that it may add to the body of knowledge on teacher management, teacher turnover and retention in education sector. The study was guided by theory of investment in human capital, proposed by Becker (1993). The study employed a survey design. The target population of the study comprised of all the 29 principals and 319 teachers working in the 29 public secondary schools in Mbeere South District. Stratified random sampling was used to select 20 out of the 29 public schools. All the twenty principals from the sampled schools participated in the study. Random sampling was used to select 120 teachers, that is, 6 teachers from each of the sampled schools, givin~ a total of 140 participants. A questionnaire was used as the main instrument for data collection. In order to improve the validity of the instruments the researcher sought the assistance of research experts, experienced graduates, lecturers and experienced supervisors. Instrument reliability was established at 0.823. Data collected was both quantitative and qualitative. Qualitative data was analyzed thematically and further subjected to descriptive statistics such as frequency counts and percentages. Descriptive statistics including percentages and frequency counts were also used to analyze the quantitative data obtained. The results of data analysis were presented in frequency tables and bar charts. The study established that in year 2010 turnover rate increased from 4.27% in 2009 to 8.21%, but decreased slightly from 8.21% to 7.2% in 2011. The main reasons for teachers' turn over were; job dissatisfaction among teachers, poor remunerations and inadequate support from school administration bodies. In relation to school management policies, the study established that professional growth; opportunities for promotion and low salaries were the major cause of teachers' turnover, The study recommends that; the government through Teachers' Service Commission CTSC) should increase teachers' salaries to promote loyalty, efficiency, productivity and reduce labour turnover; among other recommendations. The study suggests further study on the relationship between leadership styles and commitment of teachers and a comparative study on the leadership styles and job performance of teachers working in urban and rural areas.


Teaching-for-creativity is "rarely an explicit objective of the learning and assessment process" (Jackson, 2006, p.4). In Europe, collaborative research projects have been recently set up to address this lack of acknowledgment or explicitness. Australian universities lag behind in this respect. However, Australian HEIs are now showing increasing commitment to creative capacity building as an outcome of undergraduate teaching. Recent research shows that Australian award-winning academic teachers value creative learning outcomes for their undergraduate students but are often frustrated in their efforts to achieve them by a culture that narrowly prescribes what is to be taught and how it is to be assessed. They point to "the lack of challenging assessments", "standardised" or "didactic, content driven and controlled processes" and the continuing predominance of the "transmission of information" model, as significant obstacles. These are issues of mis-alignment. Such findings point to the need for models of teaching and learning that demonstrate quite precisely how it is possible to align curriculum, pedagogy and assessment. The Bachelor of Popular Music Program at the Conservatorium of Music in Queensland is one example of an aligned program. Below is a synthesis of the principles and practices that unify the curriculum, pedagogy and assessment around student ownership of learning. Key issues include the development of a curriculum that addresses the range of activities that popular musicians generally engage with; employment of a pedagogy that acknowledges the learning-centred practices of popular musicians; and the provision an assessment regime that includes self- and peer assessment along with assessment by staff. These elements combine to enhance students' abilities to be self-monitoring and self-directing in 'creating value'.


While conventional optical trapping techniques can trap objects with submicron dimensions, the underlying limits imposed by the diffraction of light generally restrict their use to larger or higher refractive index particles. As the index and diameter decrease, the trapping difficulty rapidly increases; hence, the power requirements for stable trapping become so large as to quickly denature the trapped objects in such diffraction-limited systems. Here, we present an evanescent field-based device capable of confining low index nanoscale particles using modest optical powers as low as 1.2 mW, with additional applications in the field of cold atom trapping. Our experiment uses a nanostructured optical micro-nanofiber to trap 200 nm, low index contrast, fluorescent particles within the structured region, thereby overcoming diffraction limitations. We analyze the trapping potential of this device both experimentally and theoretically, and show how strong optical traps are achieved with low input powers.


ABSTRACT Tourists come to museums with varied expectations and leave appreciating different aspects of their presentations. Thus, tourists/audiences are primed to see, hear, and experience certain representations and narratives when they enter museums. This is particularly so with plantation museums. Most Americans possess at the very least a vague sense of the antebellum South. They have a vague sense of a time and of a place populated by wealthy and esteemed plantation owners and their Black enslaved labor. We use, as our raw material, visitors' responses to the question: "What is your level of interest in ...," ten topics related to plantations' presentations. This question was asked of visitors returning from tours at three plantation museums. Specifically, all three differ in their presentation of enslavement and as so, have been selected to represent the spectrum of plantation museums in regards to presentation of slavery and enslaved labor. It is expected that the differences in presentations at the three sites reflect differences in plantation audiences. To this effect, plantation audiences are mapped and viewed through the framework of social representation theory in an attempt to discern social representation communities using visitors' levels of interest in topics/items presented on plantation tours at sites. Disregarding incidental cultural tourists, we found there to be basically two social representations that visitors to these three plantation museums hold: a nostalgic social representation and a Janus social representation.


We show that the spectral response of a Fabry-Perot semiconductor saturable absorber depends on laser beam focusing. We used this effect to achieve stable passive mode-locked operation in a simple and environmentally stable fiber laser by introducing spectral filtering and forcing near-resonant operation. By reducing the free spectral range and increasing the nonlinear response of the Fabry-Perot saturable absorber, we obtained dual-wavelength mode-locked operation.


This paper demonstrates that administrative data may be inferior to survey data under particular circumstances. We examine the effect of state laws governing the minimum age of marriage in the United States. The estimated effects of these laws are much smaller when based on retrospective reports from census versus administrative records from Vital Statistics data. This discrepancy appears due to systematic avoidance behavior of two kinds. Some young people marry in states with less restrictive laws; others appear to have misrepresented their age on their marriage certificate. Our results have important implications regarding legal avoidance and the use of administrative data. (JEL J12 K36)


Objectives This was a pilot study to explore whether the Early Years Foundation Stage Profile (EYFSP) carried out by UK teachers within the 'reception' year, combined with the Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ), can lead to early identification of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and early access to intervention and can reduce inequity in access to assessment and intervention. Design Pragmatic prospective cohort. Setting Ten primary schools from the SHINE project in Bradford. Participants 587 pupils from 10 schools who transitioned from reception to year 1 in July 2017 and had the EYFSP completed were included in the final study. Interventions The assessment involved a multidisciplinary team of three staff who completed Autism Diagnostic Interview–Revised, Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule Version 2, classroom observations with an ASD checklist, a teacher-based ASD questionnaire and a final consensus meeting. Primary outcome measure National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guideline-compliant clinical diagnosis of ASD. Secondary outcome measures Age of diagnosis, demographic data and feasibility parameters. Results Children with low scores on the EYFSP were more likely to score above the SCQ threshold of 12, indicating potential autism (50% compared with 19% of children with high scores on the EYFSP (p<0.001)). All children scoring above the SCQ threshold received a full autism assessment; children who scored low on the EYFSP were more likely to be diagnosed with autism (and other developmental issues) compared with those who did not. Conclusions We identified nine new children with a diagnosis of ASD, all from ethnic minorities, suggesting that this process may be addressing the inequalities in early diagnosis found in previous studies. All children who scored above the SCQ threshold required support (ie, had a neurodevelopmental disorder), indicating the EYFSP questionnaire captured 'at-risk' children.


Explicitly written from the perspective of a second-generation British Cypriot, this article examines the relevance of Shakespeare's Othello to the modern troubles of Cyprus. Drawing on the recurrent imperialist and nationalist struggles to control Cyprus, in Shakespeare's day and our own, the article explains how the author's upcoming book, Othello's Secret: The Cyprus Problem, radically reinterprets the domestic and military tensions of Othello as precursors to the island's more recent wars and divisions. Insight into the way an English writer in the early modern period understood Cyprus can contribute to the way scholars in the British academy understand the bard both in his context and in ours. Consequently, the article challenges the conventional Anglophone scholarly focus on Venice, highlighting a surprising academic blindspot given Britain's historical and ongoing colonial presence on Cyprus. In so doing, it reframes Othello as a play about Cyprus, offering a more personal account of how research on Shakespeare can purposefully contribute to geopolitical debates.


This is the first study to document the training and tapering practices of elite CrossFit athletes. Seventy-two CrossFit athletes (39 females, 33 males) (mean ±SD; 26.5 ± 3.6 y, 167.1 ± 9.5 cm, 74.5 ± 12.7 kg, 12.8 ± 6.5 y general training, 5.4 ± 1.7 y CrossFit training) who competed at the "Regionals" level or higher in the 2018 CrossFit Games season completed a self-reported 5-page online survey. Almost all athletes (98.6%) tapered before important competitions. Taper length was 5.4 ± 2.7 days, with the step and linear tapering styles being most commonly utilised. Strength training volume peaked 5.1 ± 4.6 weeks before competition, whereas conditioning training volume peaked 4.0 ± 4.4 weeks before competition. Strength training intensity peaked 3.1 ± 2.4 weeks before competition, whereas conditioning training intensity peaked 2.8 ± 2.2 weeks before competition. Almost all athletes (90.0%) reduced training duration during tapering, but changes to frequency and intensity were mixed. Training volume decreased by 41.2 ± 15.5% during the taper, all training ceased 2.0 ± 1.1 days before competition. Tapering was performed to achieve peak performance, recover (physically and psychologically), and reduce feelings of fatigue. Poor results from tapering were experienced when athletes tapered for too long or insufficiently. This observational data may be valuable for coaches and athletes engaged in CrossFit as well as other sports with concurrent training and competition demands.


In this article we develop a 'Stakeholder Mapping' approach to ex-ante policy evaluation. The proposed framework helps to assess policy implementation activities by applying several tests to evaluate the completeness, non-redundancy, proper assignment and internal consistency of a policy design. We illustrate the method by applying it to the analysis of e-commerce policy in Iran. We conclude by assessing the strengths and weaknesses of the approach.


Abstract. Cosmic-ray neutron intensity is inversely correlated to all hydrogen present in the upper decimeters of the subsurface and the first few hectometers of the atmosphere above the ground surface. This correlation forms the base of the cosmic-ray neutron soil moisture estimation method. The method is, however, complicated by the fact that several hydrogen pools other than soil moisture affect the neutron intensity. In order to improve the cosmic-ray neutron soil moisture estimation method and explore the potential for additional applications, knowledge about the environmental effect on cosmic-ray neutron intensity is essential (e.g., the effect of vegetation, litter layer and soil type). In this study the environmental effect is examined by performing a sensitivity analysis using neutron transport modeling. We use a neutron transport model with various representations of the forest and different parameters describing the subsurface to match measured height profiles and time series of thermal and epithermal neutron intensities at a field site in Denmark. Overall, modeled thermal and epithermal neutron intensities are in satisfactory agreement with measurements; however, the choice of forest canopy conceptualization is found to be significant. Modeling results show that the effect of canopy interception, soil chemistry and dry bulk density of litter and mineral soil on neutron intensity is small. On the other hand, the neutron intensity decreases significantly with added litter-layer thickness, especially for epithermal neutron energies. Forest biomass also has a significant influence on the neutron intensity height profiles at the examined field site, altering both the shape of the profiles and the ground-level thermal-to-epithermal neutron ratio. This ratio increases with increasing amounts of biomass, and was confirmed by measurements from three sites representing agricultural, heathland and forest land cover. A much smaller effect of canopy interception on the ground-level thermal-to-epithermal neutron ratio was modeled. Overall, the results suggest a potential to use ground-level thermal-to-epithermal neutron ratios to discriminate the effect of different hydrogen contributions on the neutron signal.


The abstract is to be in fully-justified italicized text, at the top of the left-hand column as it is, below the author information. Designing a reconfigurable frame parser to translate radio protocol descriptions to asynchronous microprocessor cores is a relatively recent concept. As asynchronous microprocessors do not run an operating system, the paradigm of multi-radio support on these cores need to be investigated in a different light than the conventional software defined radios. The main challenge in such a design is realizing multi-radio FFD (fully functional device) emulation on an extremely low-memory footprint before translating it to the asynchronous core. In this work-in-progress paper, we describe some of the design methodologies involved in designing a reconfigurable radio MAC frame parser for translating multi-radio protocol description to asynchronous processor cores. We intend to realize this run-time in hardware and are working to realize a prototype on FPGA. The prototype would demonstrate a design methodology to include asynchronous instruction set targets in dynamic run-time multi-language compiler translation


The authors examined the relative contributions of both proximal and distal supports to the career interests and vocational self-efficacy in a multiethnic sample (N= 139) of middle school adolescents. Consistent with Social Cognitive Career Theory, it was found that (a) vocational self-efficacy and career planning/exploration efficacy consistently predicted young adolescents' career interests across Holland (J. L. Holland, D. R. Whitney, N. S. Cole, & J. M. Richards, 1969) themes; (b) gender and career gender-typing predicted interests in Realistic, Investigative, and Social careers; and (c) perceived parent support accounted for 29% to 43% of the total unique variance in vocational self-efficacy for all Holland theme careers. The role of parents and the role of professional school counselors go hand in hand in the career development of young adolescents. School guidance programs have an underlying purpose to assist students in making informed education and career decisions and to provide the resources and materials to ensure that this process unfolds in a systematic and comprehensive manner (Kosteck-Bunch, 2000). Guidance and counseling are integral parts of each school's total educational program, which is designed to support, facilitate, and encourage classroom instruction and student achievement. The National Career Development Guidelines (Kobylarz, 1996), established in consultation with leading career development experts, recommended that professional school counselors attempt to establish student competencies around several broad areas that include career planning and occupational exploration. Middle school students who develop competency in career planning and exploration gain confidence in such career development tasks as understanding the relationship between learning and work, understanding how to gain the information necessary to seek and obtain various jobs, and understanding the process of career planning (Lapan, Gysbers, Multon, & Pike, 1997; O'Brien, Dukstein, Jackson, Tomlinson, & Kamatuka, 1999). The role of parental influence and support outside the school setting has also been hypothesized to have a significant, positive impact on a child's career development process. Astin (1984) stated that parents act as "value socializers," shaping their children's perceptions of the appropriateness of occupational-related decisions. Eccles (1994) theorized that parents are "expectancy socializers" who greatly influence their children's self-perceptions of being academically and vocationally competent. Young (1994) described parents as the primary providers of encouragement for their adolescents to reach vocational goals through both the modeling of career-related, goal-directed behavior and by actively providing career-related learning experiences. Research has demonstrated some of the positive effects of parent support on adolescent and young adult career development. For example, rural adolescents' perceptions of parent support for pursuing occupations that represent certain Holland (Holland, Whitney, Cole, & Richards, 1969) themes was a significant predictor of their interests in, vocational self-efficacy for, and valuing of these occupations (Lapan, Hinkelman, Adams, & Turner, 1999). Perceived support from fathers was found to be related to the education plans and career expectations of Mexican American high school girls (McWhirter, Hackett, & Bandalos, 1998). Parental encouragement was found to have significant direct effects on learning experiences (grades in mathematics and science), efficacy, and outcome expectancies among undergraduate college students (Ferry, Fouad, & Smith, 2000). These various correlates of the career development of adolescents have been modeled in a newer theory of career development, social cognitive career theory (SCCT; Lent, Brown, & Hackett, 1994,2000). SCCT (Lent et al., 1994,2000) provides a model for understanding how the perceived support of parents and the confidence gained through student participation in comprehensive guidance programs interact to support the career development of adolescents. …


The Charity Commission of England and Wales is granted powers under the Charities Act 2011 of decision-making about charitable status and public benefit of entities which were formerly the province of the judiciary. Considering that the incursion of government into charity law has become such a controversial issue, it is remarkable that the intermingling of administrative and judicial power in the Charities Act 2011 has received so little attention. This article explores the constitutional challenges faced by charity law in the UK and reveals what lessons may be learned by Australia and Hong Kong as each jurisdiction prepares to introduce a charity commission. In particular, the article contends that complications concerning the operation of the doctrine of separation of powers remain unresolved in England and Wales and that both Australia and Hong Kong need to give the judiciary a formidable role in adjudication of charitable status, so that the charity commission of each jurisdiction, although an arm of the executive, can be checked in crucial cases.


Mixed -ligand ternary complexes of Ni (II) ion with drug dapsone and different amino acids are synthesized and characterized. In this process drug dapsone is used as primary ligand and different amino acids such as prolein, glycine, alanine, histidin, arginine, threonine, valein, methionine, tryptophan and lysine are used as secondary ligand. The prepared ternary complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, UV-Visible and IR spectral analysis as well as magnetic measurements. The general formula [Ni(dap)L]. xH2O were found for the ternary complexes, where L is amino acid and x is the number of coordinated water molecules. From the analytical and spectral data, the stoichiometry has been found to be 1:1:1 for the complexes.


The purpose of this paper can be described as follows. The con- temporary philosophical logic cannot work without using some terms well-known from mathematics and (mathematical) logic. Among such terms that play an important role in logical and philosophical analyses of language, meaning and the like we can find function, procedure and con- struction. One problem is that various authors use these terms in various ways, another problem consists in the well-known fact that many phi- losophers do not have any idea of what those and similar terms could mean. The present paper tries to explain why an exact explication of the three mentioned terms can contribute to understanding and even solving many problems with semantics of natural language, which a philosopher should be (and frequently is) interested in.


In his article, Return of the JRAD, Professor Jason Cade makes a strong and viable case that the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) can and should take into account nonstatutory Judicial Recommendations Against Deportation (JRADs) and other criminal justice signals of diminished criminal culpability when deciding whether or not to charge a noncitizen with deportability. Professor Cade's proposal is a good one. The overall effects of his proposal will be modest. It can neither eliminate racial disparities in the criminal justice system and deportations nor end capricious distinctions between similarly situated criminal defendants in removal proceedings. On the other hand, it has no notable downsides and some significant potential upsides. Part I explains why exercising discretion along the lines that Cade proposes is firmly within DHS's discretion and why such modest and rational exercises of discretion are unlikely to spark political backlash. Part II elaborates upon the potential benefits of Cade's proposal. First, by encouraging criminal sentencing judges to issue nonstatutory JRADs, the Cade proposal promises to provide DHS with useful information otherwise unavailable at the charging stage, thus increasing charging fairness. At the same time, his proposal would make a positive change in the way that at least some criminal sentencing judges think about immigration consequences in criminal sentencing. Ultimately, it might even change the way that we talk, think, and write about the nexus of immigration and criminal law—better exposing the common failings and the interconnections of these systems to scholars and practitioners other than those who routinely work at their intersection.


In the United Kingdom coastal and offshore environments, the extraction of sand and gravel from the seabed requires a high level of professional management, because of the varied and often mutually exclusive interests of maritime operators and users of the sea bed. The dredged aggregate material is used for a wide variety of products including construction aggregate, reclamation fill and beach nourishment material. However the complexities of effectively managing its extraction are compounded by the large amounts of data required for accurate offshore planning and the difficulties of evaluating often extremely variable deposits, tens of metres below the sea surface. This paper begins by broadly describing the nature of the UK offshore dredging industry. The role of Posford Duvivier as managing agents offshore for the Crown Estate is then explained. The Crown Estate are owners of the UK sea bed and control sand and gravel mineral rights. The Geographical Information System (GIS) technology developed on behalf of the Crown Estate to manage their offshore assets is reported. The database places the Crown Estate as a World leader in marine resource management computer systems. The GIS system is undergoing continuous development and, as a final point, details of further applications of GIS in the offshore and coastal environments are given.


Disillusionment with Higher Education in the Middle East And the United States Graduation from college for most Middle Easterners and Americans is a cause for celebration. Because of the failure to reform their curricula to be in line with the needs of the marketplace, the youth of both regions now find that the initial post-graduation euphoria is likely followed by the disillusionment of underemployment or even unemployment. In 1967, the bulk of American university students were enrolled in liberal arts, theology, or law schools as future members of the cultural elite (Astin 1998). The same enrollment trends were true in the Middle East, where the mostly-male student populations were prepared for employment in the military, religious organizations, or government. In 2011 some 1.5 million American university graduates have abandoned liberal arts degrees in favor of useful skills and knowledge needed for employment. Likewise, university graduates in Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, and Israel are expecting employment and, partly as a result of their degree, to become better off financially. American university graduates also expect to earn better salaries than they did before obtaining their degrees. For university graduates in both regions, post-graduation employment and subsequent salary levels are sources of disappointment. A college student learns at some point in his or her educational career that there are three sets of expectations to be considered: those of the student, the educational institution, and, lastly, the potential employer--the elephant in the room. In contrast to student expectations, higher educational institutions accept students primarily to meet political and social mandates. Secondary university goals are then to impart knowledge and life skills. The employers plan to hire graduates with university degrees who supposedly possess skills necessary for success in the workplace. These diverse expectations often result in graduates' disillusionment with the benefits of higher education in the Middle East and the United States. In the Middle East, graduates often wait as long as two to three years to obtain a low-paying, secure government position. In the United States, graduates often are unable to get employment in the fields for which they have prepared. In specific occupations such as medicine, there is no need to for graduates in any region to worry about employment or adequate salaries after graduation. However, in both the United States and the Middle East, there exists a disconnect between expectations of university graduates and employers. This is where the restructuring of university curricula in some institutions is beginning to take place. Early Higher Education in the Middle East For the past thousand years, Middle Eastern graduates of yeshivas, madrassahs, and institutes of higher learning were guaranteed employment. The first institutes of higher education in the Middle East were Houses of Learning mostly located near Jewish temples or synagogues. Obviously there had to be leaders of the institutes of higher education. The scribes and the Pharisees were the scholars of the first century in charge of the houses for students of Jewish law and of education in general. Early educational goals were to prepare leaders to guide the Jewish tribal members in following religious statutes and ordinances. For centuries, learning was recognized as having memorized the oral or written covenants from God. The discussion of various interpretations of the covenants encouraged intellectual debate in what is now called Socratic Seminars. Codifying the Jewish and Christian discussions resulted in the development of differing Houses of Study. The most remarkable aspect of Houses of Study later called Houses of Learning or Yeshivas is not only their number but also their longevity. Most developed in the Middle East and continue today to educate religious leaders throughout that region and the United States. …


This is the story of a woman's life, her marriage and the bonds that tie her to her two boys. When the marriage ends she battles to keep her children, while trying to sustain an emotional life of her own and to earn a living. Her boys grow older, but they are still the centre of her life.


In burning plasma experiments, the very energetic alpha (alpha) particles resulting from a deuterium-tritium fusion reaction will be the dominant heating mechanism and will give rise to new physics issues. Recent experiments performed on the Joint European Torus [P. H. Rebut and B. E. Keen, Fusion Technol. 11, 13 (1987)] and aiming to investigate burning plasma physics are reported in this paper. In the presence of very energetic particles, the magnetohydrodynamic stability of plasmas is affected. Sawteeth will be strongly stabilized and may lead to the onset of neoclassical tearing modes (NTMs), which are damaging for the plasma confinement. He-4 ions injected at 120 keV by the neutral beam injection system and accelerated by ion cyclotron resonance frequency (ICRF) waves to the MeV energy range have provided the necessary energetic particles to investigate these effects. New scenarios have been used in order to control the stability of the sawteeth even in the presence of fast particles and to prevent or delay the appearance of NTMs. Finally, in a plasma self-heated by alpha-particles, the thermal stability is a critical point and equilibrium will have to be maintained between the alpha-heating and the transport losses. Experiments have been performed where a fraction of the ICRF heating has been used to simulate the alpha-heating. A situation of thermal runaway has been demonstrated and successfully controlled. (C) 2004 American Institute of Physics.


Johnny Merrimon, 13, had the perfect life: a warm home and loving parents; a twin sister, Alyssa, with whom he shared an irreplaceable bond. He knew nothing of loss, until the day Alyssa vanished from the side of a lonely street. Now, a year later, Johnny finds himself isolated and alone, failed by the people he'd been taught since birth to trust. No one else believes that Alyssa is still alive, but Johnny is certain that she is --confident in a way that he can never fully explain. Determined to find his sister, Johnny risks everything to explore the dark side of his hometown. It is a desperate, terrifying search, but Johnny is not as alone as he might think. Detective Clyde Hunt has never stopped looking for Alyssa either, and he has a soft spot for Johnny. He watches over the boy and tries to keep him safe, but when Johnny uncovers a dangerous lead and vows to follow it, Hunt has no choice but to intervene. Then a second child goes missing...


This book examines the life of one of the Civil War's most brutal men. By the end of the Civil War, Champ Ferguson had become a notorious criminal whose likeness covered the front pages of "Harper's Weekly", Leslie's "Illustrated", and other newspapers across the country. His crime? Using the war as an excuse to steal, plunder, and murder Union civilians and soldiers."Cumberland Blood: Champ Ferguson's Civil Wa"r offers insights into Ferguson's lawless brutality and a lesser-known aspect of the Civil War, the bitter guerrilla conflict in the Appalachian highlands, extending from the Carolinas through Tennessee, Kentucky, Virginia, and West Virginia. This compelling volume delves into the violent story of Champ Ferguson, who acted independently of the Confederate army in a personal war that eventually garnered the censure of Confederate officials.Author Thomas D. Mays traces Ferguson's life in the Cumberland highlands of southern Kentucky, where - even before the Civil War began - he had a reputation as a vicious killer. Ferguson, a rising slave owner, sided with the Confederacy while many of his neighbors and family members took up arms for the Union. For Ferguson and others in the highlands, the war would not be decided on the distant fields of Shiloh or Gettysburg: it would be local - and personal.Cumberland Blood describes how Unionists drove Ferguson from his home in Kentucky into Tennessee, where he banded together with other like-minded Southerners to drive the Unionists from the region. Northern sympathizers responded, and a full-scale guerrilla war erupted along the border in 1862. Mays notes that Ferguson's status in the army was never clear, and he skillfully details how raides picked up Ferguson's gang to work as guides and scouts. In 1864, Ferguson and his gang were incorporated into the Confederate army, but the rogue soldier continued operating as an outlaw, murdering captured Union prisoners after the Battle of Saltville, Virginia."Cumberland Blood", enhanced by twenty-one illustrations, is an illuminating assessment of one of the Civil War's most ruthless men. Ferguson's arrest, trial, and execution after the war captured the attention of the nation in 1865, but his story has been largely forgotten. "Cumberland Blood: Champ Ferguson's Civil War" returns the story of Ferguson's private civil war to its place in history.


Abstract. The flow of glaciers and ice streams is strongly influenced by the presence of water at the interface between ice and bed. In this paper, a hydrological model evaluating the subglacial water pressure is developed with the final aim of estimating the sliding velocities of glaciers. The global model fully couples the subglacial hydrology and the ice dynamics through a water-dependent friction law. The hydrological part of the model follows a double continuum approach which relies on the use of porous layers to compute water heads in inefficient and efficient drainage systems. This method has the advantage of a relatively low computational cost that would allow its application to large ice bodies such as Greenland or Antarctica ice streams. The hydrological model has been implemented in the finite element code Elmer/Ice, which simultaneously computes the ice flow. Herein, we present an application to the Haut Glacier d'Arolla for which we have a large number of observations, making it well suited to the purpose of validating both the hydrology and ice flow model components. The selection of hydrological, under-determined parameters from a wide range of values is guided by comparison of the model results with available glacier observations. Once this selection has been performed, the coupling between subglacial hydrology and ice dynamics is undertaken throughout a melt season. Results indicate that this new modelling approach for subglacial hydrology is able to reproduce the broad temporal and spatial patterns of the observed subglacial hydrological system. Furthermore, the coupling with the ice dynamics shows good agreement with the observed spring speed-up.


A modulation interference microscope has been developed with record-breaking lateral resolution (10–100 nm) and high image-production rate (up to 250 frames per second). The optical layout of the device, the operating principles, and the problems of superhigh optical resolution in phase images are described. Possible ways of developing a method for modulation interference microscopy are discussed, along with areas in which the method can be used to study nanostructured materials, the topology of integrated microcircuits, and the morphology of biological objects.


Conventional thyristor-based load commutated inverter (LCI)-fed wound field synchronous machine operates only above a minimum speed that is necessary to develop enough back emf to ensure commutation. The drive is started and brought up to a speed of around 10-15% by a complex `dc link current pulsing' technique. During this process, the drive have problems such as pulsating torque, insufficient average starting torque, longer starting time, etc. In this regard a simple starting and low-speed operation scheme, by employing an auxiliary low-power voltage source inverter (VSI) between the LCI and the machine terminals, is presented in this study. The drive is started and brought up to a low speed of around 15% using the VSI alone with field oriented control. The complete control is then smoothly and dynamically transferred to the conventional LCI control. After the control transfer, the VSI is turned off and physically disconnected from the main circuit. The advantages of this scheme are smooth starting, complete control of torque and flux at starting and low speeds, less starting time, stable operation, etc. The voltage rating of the required VSI is very low of the order of 10-15%, whereas the current rating is dependent on the starting torque requirement of the load. The experimental results from a 15.8 hp LCI-fed wound field synchronous machine are given to demonstrate the scheme.


The Google Web Toolkit (GWT) is a nifty framework that Java programmers can use to create Ajax applications. The GWT allows you to create an Ajax application in your favorite IDE, such as IntelliJ IDEA or Eclipse, using paradigms and mechanisms similar to programming a Java Swing application. After you code the application in Java, the GWT's tools generate the JavaScript code the application needs.You can also use typical Java project tools such as JUnit and Ant when creating GWT applications. The GWT is a free download, and you can freely distribute the client- and server-side code you create with the framework. This shortcut explains how to get started with the GWT, and then demonstrates how to create a simple Ajax application.


Spatial time-integrated and space-time resolved profiles of excited atoms of oxygen were measured by optical emission spectroscopy for inductively coupled plasma (ICP) in oxygen. The discharge was sustained by a single turn coil supplied by 13.56 MHz RF generator delivering 100 and 200 W of power. The spatial emission profiles give the anatomy of the discharge required in order to understand the basic kinetics of ICP. Two types of nonuniformities are observed, azimuthal anisotropy and radial nonuniformity, both caused by spatially dependent energy supply to the electrons. Our experimental results show that oxygen is much more affected by azimuthal anisotropy and radial nonuniformity than argon. It is due to a different role of metastable atoms in kinetics of excitation, whereby stepwise excitation in oxygen is less probable than in argon. Optical emission data are supplemented by Langmuir probe measurements of electron densities and plasma potentials. Electrons gain energy from the time varying fields close to the coil, and the energy is not redistributed along the radius before it is dissipated in excitation, thus the observations are not consistent with the nonlocal theory predictions for the range of pressures, geometry, and power covered in this paper.


With the process of rapid mobilization,China is suffering from huge road tolls.The ethical issues related to road safety are also emerging.To provide recommendations for relevant public policies,we discussed several ethical issues in this article as follows.Human lives and health may not be traded off for the benefit of mobilization.The designers,regulators of road traffic system share responsibilities for road safety with users.The principle of equity needs to be embodied in the road traffic system.Therefore,it is necessary to increase investment in underdeveloped areas and enhance the protection of vulnerable road users.


Imagine a publisher who wants to stamp his ebooks on the fly with the name of the buyer (to discourage sharing). Such a publisher would (and we know one who does) use iText for the task. Developers looking to enhance web- and other applications with dynamic PDF document generation and/or manipulation will find this book unique in content and readability. Based on ongoing examples that encourage learning in action, they will finally understand PDF and learn how to build applications that produce professional, high-quality PDF documents. While the basic functionality of iText is easy to acquire, this book lowers the learning curve for more advanced functionality. It explains how to use iText to create/manipulate PDF documents on-the-fly in one or more of the following situations: Due to time or size, the PDF documents can't be produced manually. The content of the document must be calculated or based on user input. The content needs to be customized or personalized. The PDF content needs to be served in a web environment. Documents are to be created in batch process mode. All the examples are written in Java, but they can be easily adapted to .N ET by developers using one of the .NET ports: iTextSharp (C#) or iText.NET (#J). While iText is a free Java library and the examples are written from the point of view of the Java developer, nine out of ten examples can be run by .NET developers without any changes.


A number of studies of Left Dislocation (LD) in spoken French within the Interactional Linguistics (IL) framework (de Fornel 1988; Pekarek Doehler 2001; Chevalier 2011b) have been critical of the information-structure analyses of this construction as set forth in Lambrecht (1981, 1994) and Barnes (1985). This discussion attempts to clarify the original information-structure analysis, arguing that the pragmatic definition of LD should be limited to the explicit marking of the sentence-topic and its associated comment. This topic-comment configuration is compatible with a large variety of particular functions with respect to the larger discourse and to speakers' interactional purposes. Explanatorily useful IL analyses are those that make clear the connection between the topic-comment configuration and the proposed interactional function.


In the present paper, we present a complete characterization of the propylene sulfide-ethylene glycol triblock copolymers (PPS-PEG) at a mol. level, and as lyotropic aggregates, with the precise localization of the hydrophilic/hydrophobic border of their vesicles through a complete assignment of 1H and 13C NMR spectra. The assignments here reported for the PPS main chain correct a partially erroneous assignment reported previously, where the presence of diastereotopic protons was not taken into account. In this study, we used multi dimensional NMR measurements for the 1H and 13C assignments (two-dimensional NMR studies of the conformation and mol. dynamics in colloidal aggregates are relatively common) and 1H CPMG (Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill) expts. for the detn. of the transverse relaxation times [T2's, inversely proportional to the full width at half-height (fwhh) of the peaks], which are well-known for relating mol. mobility in an inversely proportional fashion. We have used this feature for discriminating a hydrophobic domain (bulk PPS, viscous phase with short T2's) from a water-swollen, soln.-like one (highly mobile PEG with longer T2's). [on SciFinder (R)]


The authors analyze two non-U.S. television systems, Al-Jazeera (based in Qatar) and Phoenix Satellite Television (based in Hong Kong, China), with reference to issues of market liberalization, public sphere, and media imperialism. Analysis of its origin and development, ownership, business models and programs suggests that Phoenix TV is a highly successful, China-oriented commercial venture. Inspired in part by the world's most notorious media mogul, yet mostly compliant with a restrictive political environment, the station has transitioned from commercial, corporate ownership to an entity in which state-controlled entities have a significant but not controlling ownership presence. Al-Jazeera started as a hybrid private-state entity, primarily oriented to the Arab and Islamic worlds and secondarily to a larger international audience interested in Arab and Islamic affairs. Its relatively aggressive editorial independence has occasionally alarmed — in diverse ways — domestic, regional and international elites. Its increasing commercial clout has been accompanied by notable adoption of British-style (BBC) formatting amid indications of greater state influence or control, at local and international levels, which may undermine its otherwise promising claim to a genuine public sphere function. By 2007, these two stations were both trending toward a model of Western-style formatting and greater commercial orientation, albeit within distinctive cultural frames. Additional content analysis will help assess whether the process of convergence with Western style entails enhanced "mainstreaming" in terms of content.


We assess the empirical validity of the trilemma (or impossible trinity) in the 2000s for a large sample of advanced and emerging market economies. To do so, we estimate Taylor-rule type monetary policy reaction functions, relating the local policy rate to real-time forecasts of domestic fundamentals, global variables, as well as the base-country policy rate. In the regressions, we explore variations in the sensitivity of local to base-country policy rates across different degrees of exchange rate flexibility and capital controls. We find that the data are in general consistent with the predictions from the trilemma: Both exchange rate flexibility and capital controls reduce the sensitivity of local to base-country pol- icy rates. However, we also find evidence that is consistent with the notion that the financial channel of exchange rates highlighted in recent work reduces the extent to which local policymakers decide to exploit the monetary autonomy in principle granted by flexible exchange rates in specific circumstances: The sensi- tivity of local to base-country policy rates for an economy with a flexible exchange rate is stronger when it exhibits negative foreign-currency exposures which stem from portfolio debt and bank liabilities on its external balance sheet and when base-country monetary policy is tightened. The intuition underlying this finding is that it may be optimal for local monetary policy to mimic the tightening of base-country monetary policy and thereby mute exchange rate variation because a depreciation of the local currency would raise the cost of servicing and rolling over foreign-currency debt and bank loans, possibly up to a point at which finan- cial stability is put at risk.


In this paper, I have analyzed the right to trial by jury in civil cases as reflected in decisions of the Michigan Supreme Court over approximately a 20 year period dealing with three areas affecting the right to trial by jury in civil cases: (1) entitlement to a jury trial; (2) summary disposition; and (3) directed verdicts. The study was constructed to cover cases over a substantial period of time, so that it would be possible to analyze whether the changing composition of the Michigan Supreme Court, beginning in the late 1990's, impacted on the Court's decisions in these three areas.The conclusion that emerges from the is that the Court, as currently constituted, has diminished the right to trial by jury in civil cases in Michigan. The Court is more inclined than it was prior to 1999 to hold in more cases that there is no genuine issue of material fact, justifying summary disposition, and has now heard cases in which it has held that the defendant is entitled to a directed verdict. And the fact that the Court is more inclined to uphold the granting of summary disposition and directed verdicts is likely to have a demonstrable impact on these kinds cases when they are presented to the Court of Appeals and the trial courts. These courts, following the precedents of the Supreme Court and the results of the cases coming before that Court, will be more likely to rule in favor of granting motions for summary disposition and motions for directed verdicts.Given the Court's view of the diminished role of the jury in resolving factual disputes in civil cases, litigating lawyers must make the best of a bad situation and do everything that they can in order to protect the right to trial by jury in civil cases. They must try to ensure in the early stages of the litigation that their cases are strong enough to survive a motion for summary disposition and get to the jury, and at the trial they must make a determined effort to present sufficient evidence to survive a directed verdict. Hopefully the Court's view of the diminished role of the jury will not have dealt a fatal blow to the right to trial by jury in civil cases in Michigan. Time will tell how well the lawyers of Michigan have succeeded in preserving this fundamental constitutional right.


The main physical factors influencing the diversity of phytocenoses are the climate and geomorphology. The latter's various aspects can modify, for example, the spatiotemporal structure of the temperature, rainfall, humidity and evaporation. These changes resu varied biocenotic responses correspond to a dense floristic mosaic. Among these responses, due to their small size, the vegetation inversions represent specific cases. To demonstrate this phenomenon, we used 73 stations of Mar occupying each of the specific topographic facies. Using indicators and a multifactorial treatment (AFC), the data from the floristic inventories revealed the existence of a station whose composed of mesophilous (evergreen tropical seasonal) species typical of the wet or even wet sub humid bioclimate.


Services account for a major part of the IT industry today. Companies increasingly like to focus on their core expertise area and use IT services to address all their peripheral needs. Services Computing is a new science which aims to study and better understand the foundations of this highly popular industry. It covers the science and technology of leveraging computing and information technology to model, create, operate, and manage business services. Since 2004, the International Conference on Services Computing (SCC) has provided a platform for practitioners to present the latest advances in services science. Like its predecessors, SCC 2009 will contribute in building the pillars of this important science and shaping the future of Service Computing.Services Computing currently shapes the thinking of business modeling, business consulting, solution creation, service delivery, and software architecture design, development and deployment. The global nature of Services Computing leads to many opportunities and challenges and creates a new networked economic structure for supporting different business models. SCC 2009 will help in bridging the gap between business services and information technology by driving research in technologies such as service-oriented architecture (SOA), business process integration and management, service engineering and grid/utility computing and Web 2.0. The theme of the conference is "Innovation in Globally Integrated Services". SCC 2009 will have the following major tracks: Foundations of Services Computing, Service Computing Practices and Applications and Business Aspects of Service Computing.SCC 2009 is sponsored by the IEEE Computer Society Technical Committee on Services Computing. SCC 2004 was held in Shanghai, China, September 15-18, 2004 . SCC 2005 was co-located with ICWS 2005 on July 11-15, 2005 in Orlando, Florida, USA. SCC 2006 was co-located with ICWS 2006 on September 18-22, 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA. SCC 2007 was co-located with ICWS 2007 on July 9-13, 2007 in Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. SCC 2008 was held on July 8-11, 2008, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA. The SCC Proceedings has been included in EI Compendex.SCC 2009 will concentrate on the science and technology of Business/Application Services and the bridging technologies such as Business Strategy and Design, Business Process Integration and Management, Grid and Utility Computing, and SOA Services and Solutions; while the 2009 IEEE International Conference on Web Services (ICWS 2009) will continue to put its focus on all aspects of Web based services from infrastructure and application perspectives; IEEE Congress on Services (SERVICES 2009) covers innovations in all vertical services industries and education agenda.


The cascade of uncertainty that underscores climate impact assessments of regional hydrology undermines their value for long‐term water resources planning and management. This study presents a statistical framework that quantifies and propagates the uncertainties of hydrologic model response through projections of future streamflow under climate change. Different sources of hydrologic model uncertainty are accounted for using Bayesian modeling. The distribution of model residuals is formally characterized to quantify predictive skill, and Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling is used to infer the posterior distributions of both hydrologic and error model parameters. Parameter and residual error uncertainties are integrated to develop reliable prediction intervals for streamflow estimates. The Bayesian hydrologic modeling framework is then extended to a climate change impact assessment. Ensembles of baseline and future climate are downscaled from global circulation models and are used to drive simulations of streamflow over parameters drawn from the posterior space. Time series of streamflow statistics are calculated from baseline and future ensembles of simulated flows. Uncertainties in hydrologic model response, sampling error, and the range of future climate projections are integrated to help determine the level of confidence associated with hydrologic alteration between baseline and future climate regimes. A case study is conducted on the White River in Vermont, USA. Results indicate that the framework can be used to present a reliable depiction of the range of hydrologic alterations that may occur in the future.


Ranking queries, which return only a subset of results matching a user query, have been studied extensively in the past decade due to their importance in a wide range of applications. In this thesis, we study ranking queries in novel environments and settings where they have not been considered so far. With the advancements in sensor technologies, these small devices are today present in all corners of human life. Millions of them are deployed in various places and are sending data on a continuous basis. These sensors which before mainly monitored environmental phenomena or production chains, have now found their way into our daily lives as well; health monitoring being a plausible example of how much we rely on continuous observation of measurements. As the Web technology evolves and facilitates data stream transmissions, sensors do not remain the sole producers of data in form of streams. The Web 2.0 has escalated the production of user-generated content which appear in form of annotated posts in a Weblog (blog), pictures and videos, or small textual snippets reflecting the current activity or status of users and can be regarded as natural items of a temporal stream. A major part of this thesis is devoted to developing novel methods which assist in keeping track of this ever increasing flow of information with continuous monitoring of ranking queries over them, particularly when traditional approaches fail to meet the newly raised requirements. We consider the ranking problem when the information flow is not synchronized among its sources. This is a recurring situation, since sensors are run by different organizations, measure moving entities, or are simply represented by users which are inherently not synchronizable. Our methods are in particular designed for handling unsynchronized streams, calculating an object's score based on both its currently observed contribution to the registered queries as well as the contribution it might have in future. While this uncertainty in score calculation causes linear growth in the space necessary for providing exact results, we are able to define criteria which allows for evicting unpromising objects as early as possible. We also leverage statistical properties that reflect the correlation between multiple streams to predict the future to provide better bounds for the best possible contribution of an object, consequently limiting the necessary storage dramatically. To achieve this, we make use of small statistical synopses that are periodically refreshed during runtime. Furthermore, we consider user generated queries in the context of Web 2.0 applications which aim at filtering data streams in forms of textual documents, based on personal interests. In this case, the dimensionality of the data, the large cardinality of the subscribed queries, as well as the desire for consuming recent information, raise new challenges. We develop new approaches which efficiently filter the information and provide real-time updates to the user subscribed queries. Our methods rely on a novel ordering of user queries in traditional inverted lists which allows the system to effectively prune those queries for which a new piece of information is of no interest. Finally, we investigate high quality search in user generated content in Web 2.0 applications in form of images or videos. These resources are inherently dispersed all over the globe, therefore can be best managed in a purely distributed peer-to-peer network which eliminates single points of failure. Search in such a huge repository of high dimensional data involves evaluating ranking queries in form of nearest neighbor queries. Therefore, we study ranking queries in high dimensional spaces, where the index of the objects is maintained in a purely distributed fashion. Our solution meets the two major requirements of a viable solution in distributing the index and evaluating ranking queries: the underlying peer-to-peer network remains load balanced, and efficient query evaluation is feasible as similar objects are assigned to nearby peers.


The book contains a collection of studies examining trade- related issues negotiated in regional trade agreements (RTAs) and how RTAs are related to the WTO's rules. While previous work has focused on subsets of RTAs, these studies are based on what is probably the largest dataset used to date, and highlight key issues that have been negotiated in all RTAs notified to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the World Trade Organization (WTO). New rules within RTAs are compared to rules agreed upon by WTO members. The extent of their divergences and the potential implications for parties to RTAs, as well as for WTO members that are not parties to RTAs, are examined. This volume makes an important contribution to the current debate on the role of the WTO in regulating international trade and how WTO rules relate to new rules being developed by RTAs.


Multiple-station, or group, ownership is a long established characteristic of broadcasting in the United States. It exists whenever a single organization owns more than one station or one medium. Through the efficiencies of operation of multiple outlets, or economies of scale, group media companies usually enjoy financial benefits that are not available to single medium operators. Thus, a long-term trend toward consolidation has prevailed throughout the history of the radio broadcasting industry. Television owners quickly adopted the practice, which has expanded steadily, as regulations have permitted ever since. The three forms of multiple ownership — Group ownership, Duopoly ownership, and Cross-media ownership are analyzed in this study. Particularly, this study provides (1) a statistical-historical account of the development of multiple-station ownership in the TV industry from 1940 to 2005; and (2) a historical account and analysis of the government's regulatory actions on media ownership during the same period. This study explores thus, the ownership consolidation and industry regulation that continue to be significant issues for the media industries with on-going implications.


The Mothers' Clinic for Constructive Birth Control was established on 17 March 1921. The first family planning [5] clinic ever established in Great Britain, it was co-founded by Marie Charlotte Carmichael Stopes [6] and her husband Humphrey Verdon Roe [7] at Number 61, Marlborough Road in Holloway, North London. The Mothers' Clinic was one of the highlights of Stopes's extensive career as a proponent of available birth control [8] and women's sexual equality. Although it suffered from slow business initially, the clinic eventually flourished and expanded to other locations, growing into today's not-for-profit organization [9] Marie Stopes International [10]. Prior to the early 1900s and the fight for controlled reproduction, couples had very little power over their own fertility. The establishment of this clinic and others of its kind was an important milestone in the history of managed fertility and reproduction.


Deep generative neural networks have been used increasingly
in computational chemistry for de novo design of molecules with desired
properties. Many deep learning approaches employ reinforcement
learning for optimizing the target properties of the generated molecules. However,
the success of this approach is often hampered by the problem of sparse rewards as the majority of
the generated molecules are expectedly predicted as inactives. We propose several
technical innovations to address this problem and improve the balance between
exploration and exploitation modes in reinforcement learning. In a
proof-of-concept study, we demonstrate the application of the deep generative
recurrent neural network enhanced by several novel technical tricks to designing
experimentally validated potent inhibitors of the epidermal growth factor
(EGFR). The proposed technical solutions are expected to substantially improve
the success rate of finding novel bioactive compounds for specific biological targets
using generative and reinforcement learning approaches.


In this study, constant-impedance, constant-current and constant-power ZIP models have been analyzed for residental loads. Measurement based approach has been used to obtain ZIP models of selected loads. The measurement-based approach for load modeling is important because it reflects the real dynamics of the system and represents the load characteristics more accurately. The ZIP model is used to estimate the power drawn by the load depending on the voltage changes. Since the ZIP load model is a well-known model that provides power dependence in terms of the physical sense of voltage, studies are taking place in this area. In this study, the voltage and power values of selected residental loads at YTU Smart Home Laboratory are measured. Then, the ZIP coefficients have been calculated by using the least squares algorithm developed in MATLAB. The measured data is compared with the data from the obtained ZIP model for each appliance.


The standard economic rationale for the alienability of property rights is that it facilitates the flow of resources to those who can put it to the most valuable use, or the "highest utility user." But patents do not come with a right to productively use some social resource—patent rights consist only of a right to stop others from using the claimed invention. The per-son who is most able to extract rents with a patent's veto power is not necessarily the same as the person who will put an invention to its most socially valuable use. If one simply applied the conventional economic justification for the alienability of property rights onto patents, then having patents flow to the highest rent extractor is not obviously desirable from a social viewpoint. Restricting transfers to predatory users would accordingly seem justified.

If the unrestricted alienability of patents is to be justified on economic grounds, it must be by reference to other reasons, such as an argument that allowing alienability increases the value of a patent and therefore increases ex ante incentives to invent. But such alternative justifications come with their own limits. Alienability is neither the only means to increase ex ante incentives to invent, nor a particularly effective one, given that inventors must share the surplus generated by alienability with the (more sophisticated) transferee. The case for unlimited alienability of patents is therefore an uneasy one.


The foreign policy of the United States in the Caribbean region is not merely based on the need to secure its borders but to also create an atmosphere where countries will not stray from the path of democracy. In the 1980s Grenada's revolution under Maurice Bishop came at a time when the U.S. was engaged in the war against the spread of communism. It was one thing to have Cuba as a communist country in the region, but the United States was determined not to have still another Cuba in the Western Hemisphere. According to Tony Thorndike, in an article titled "Intervention in the 1980s: U.S. Foreign Policy in the Third World," President Reagan's policy in the Caribbean after the U.S. humiliation in Iran and Vietnam made him "get-tough" with the Caribbean region. Furthermore, the Caribbean basin was no longer the "back yard" to America, because Reagan's policy in this area would treat the region as America's "frontyard" in the fight against communism.(1) Therefore, Grenada's territorial integrity was important in the context of United States foreign policy, particularly the need to stop the spread of communism. The United States viewed the political situation in Grenada before the emergence of Maurice Bishop and the New Jewel Movement as one of authoritarianism. Despite the authoritarian nature of this government, its pro-Western outlook was in line with the United States foreign policy. Then Prime Minister Sir Eric Gairy sought to hold on to his political powers at all cost rather than solve the socio-economic problems of Grenada. For instance, Christopher Hitchens, a reporter from Nation magazine, described Grenada as a country plagued with illiteracy, unemployment, emigration and disease.(2) In addition, Grenadians witnessed decades of corruption and bribery. Furthermore, Gairy terrorized the people through the use of his "Mongoose Gang" and "Night Ambush Squad" to suppress any internal dissent. One of the victims of this politics of terror was Rupert Bishop (father of Maurice Bishop), who was killed along with many others during a protest meeting. Several laws were also passed to suppress further opposition. Laws such as the Essential Services Act of 1978 prohibited workers from striking; the Public Order Act of 1978 prohibited opposite political parties from using loud speakers without police protection; and the Newspaper Act of 1975 made it illegal for material to be published contrary to Gairy's government.(3) In spite of the violations of the basic human rights of the people of Grenada, the United States never intervened because the Gairy government was more inclined to support the foreign policy objectives of the United States in the Caribbean. It is within this context that the New Jewel Movement emerged in the early 1970s. The New Jewel Movement, one of the political parties which was suppressed in the early 1970s, came out of a coalition of political parties organized to oppose the Gairy government. Prior to the arrival of Maurice Bishop from London, the JEWEL (Joint Endeavor for Welfare Education and Liberation of the People) was led by Unison Whiteman. However, in 1973 Jewel formed an alliance with the Movement of Assemblies for the People (MAP) to form the New Jewel Movement, led by Maurice Bishop. Maurice Bishop came along when the people of Grenada were tired of the corruption in and terrorization of the Gairy government. Bishop and his followers tried to change these conditions by taking over the government in a bloodless coup. According to Jiri Valenta, Director of the Center for Soviet and East European Studies at the University of Miami, and Virginia Valenta, a specialist on the Soviet-Cuban involvement in the Third World, Grenada was "conditioned [in] an authoritarian political culture in which democratic traditions never became entrenched among the politically unaware, impoverished masses because of class rigidity, coupled with a Spanish, French, British colonial heritage and plantation economy. …