We examine patterns of acquiring non-native languages in a model with two languages and two populations with heterogeneous learning skills, where every individual faces a binary choice of learning the foreign language or refraining from doing so. We show that both interior and corner linguistic equilibria can emerge in our framework, and that the fraction of learners of the foreign language is higher in the country with a higher gross cost adjusted communicative benefit. It turns out that this observation is consistent with the data on language proficiency in bilingual countries such as Belgium and Canada. We also point out that linguistic equilibria can exhibit insufficient learning which opens the door for government policies that are beneficial for both populations.


Objective: To explore the Patients perceptions and attitudes toward Medications in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It is a 4-months cross-sectional survey of patient and basic knowledge of medicines. The survey consisted of two-part, demographic information and second part forty-nine questions divided into four domains. It included domain 1: Primary or essential information about patient medication, domain 2: patient information about the drug-related problem, domain 3: patient information about drug-related cost and domain 4: patient perception of medications. Medline Plus health information and Daily Med-INH elements information from National Institute of Health United State of America were used. The 5-point Likert response scale system was used. The questions were open and closed-ended. The survey distributed through social media and at 500-bed pediatrics and maternity hospital in Asir region, at ambulatory care pharmacy. The authors did the patients interview with electronic survey documentation. The survey was made in an electronic format and it analyzed domain four patient perception of medications through survey monkey system. Results: The total responders were (614) Saudi patient. The gender distribution 523 (86.7%) were females and 91(13.3%) were males. The type of medication used was for Diabetes, Hypertension, Skin and Respiratory diseases. More than half of responders sometimes had difficulties in reading drug name 374 (61.6%) and 126 (20.8%) cannot know the expiration date of Medications. The responders showed that 207 (34%) takes their medication without any prior information, 276 (45.44%) described drug to the person had the same disease and 325 (53.8%) use the medication without any prescription. Also; 328 (53.3%) of responders stopped their medication when they feel better and 274 (44.9%) of them they completed entire medication course of therapy. The responders displayed that 310 (50.9%) believed that Drug Information given by health care was not enough and 238 (39.3%) of responders thought that their medication knowledge was not sufficient. Conclusion: There were a wrong perception and attitudes toward medications. It may lead to diseases progress, not a useful medicine and occurrence of drug-related morbidity and mortality. Global and general improvement in understanding of medications knowledge through patient counseling is mandatory. Key word: Patient, Perceptions, Attitudes medications, Ministry of health, Saudi Arabia.


We develop multiattribute auctions that accommodate generalized additive independent (GAI) preferences. We propose an iterative auction mechanism that maintains prices on potentially overlapping GAI clusters of attributes, thus decreases elicitation and computational burden, and creates an open competition among suppliers over a multidimensional domain. Most significantly, the auction is guaranteed to achieve surplus which approximates optimal welfare up to a small additive factor, under reasonable equilibrium strategies of traders. The main departure of GAI auctions from previous literature is to accommodate non-additive trader preferences, hence allowing traders to condition their evaluation of specific attributes on the value of other attributes. At the same time, the GAI structure supports a compact representation of prices, enabling a tractable auction process. We perform a simulation study, demonstrating and quantifying the significant efficiency advantage of more expressive preference modeling. We draw random GAI-structured utility functions with various internal structures, generate additive functions that approximate the GAI utility, and compare the performance of the auctions using the two representations. We find that allowing traders to express existing dependencies among attributes improves the economic efficiency of multiattribute auctions.


Asian Americans constitute one of the fastest growing ethnic minority groups in the United States (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2002). From 1980 to 1990, the number of Asian Americans almost doubled in size (Tewari & Alvarez, 2009). It is anticipated that the Asian American population will exceed 40 million by the year 2050, a number that is estimated to be about 10% of the American population (C. L. Lee & Zane, 1998). As ethnic minorities in the United States, Asian Americans are faced with difficult challenges related to adjusting to a new culture. Research has indicated that approximately 60% of Asian Americans were born in countries outside of the United States (D. W. Sue & Sue, 2008). Hence, many Asian Americans are faced with the challenge of negotiating their identity as Asians with their identity as Americans. Two important psychological constructs have emerged in the psychological literature that examines the cultural adjustment process for Asian Americans: ethnic identity and acculturation. Although research on the relationship of ethnic identity, acculturation, and psychological well-being has appeared in the psychological literature, the majority of this work depicts Asian Americans as a homogenous group (Alvarez, 2002). This is problematic because some researchers have asserted that the differences between the many Asian ethnic subgroups may be as great as the differences between Asians and other ethnic minority groups (Alvarez, 2002; Tsai, Chentsova-Dutton, & Wong, 2002). Indeed, there are approximately 40 ethnic groups that fall under the rubric of Asian (D. W. Sue & Sue, 2008). The tendency among researchers to view this group as homogenous may perpetuate the stereotype that Asian Americans are all alike (Alvarez, 2002; Liu, Iwamoto, & Chae, 2010). In addition, although a number of studies have examined the relationship of ethnic identity, acculturation, and psychological well-being among Asian Americans, few studies have explored these constructs together in the same study. These constructs often have been used interchangeably in the psychological literature; however, they have different meanings and theoretical underpinnings (C. L. Lee & Zane, 1998). In general, previous research has shown that a strong ethnic identity, which involves a high degree of ethnic group affiliation and involvement, is correlated with low levels of acculturation, meaning that individuals may maintain their culture of origin and reject the idea of assimilation (Uba, 1994). However, emerging research arid theory have shown that an individual can be highly acculturated while still maintaining a strong ethnic identity (e.g., Lieber, Chin, Nihira, & Mink, 2001). In light of this research, it seems appropriate that researchers continue to examine the constructs of acculturation and ethnic identity together as they relate to psychological well-being, especially with diverse Asian ethnic groups. Another problem that has emerged in current studies with Asian Americans is that participants have largely been recruited from college populations (Okazaki & Sue, 2003). Although accessing college samples is an attractive and convenient means to obtain participants, they often are not representative of the larger population because of such variables as age range, education level, and socioeconomic status. Hence, it is more desirable, although more difficult, to obtain a community sample. To address these limitations, the present study sought to examine the relationship of ethnic identity, acculturation, and psychological well-being among Chinese, Japanese, and Korean American participants in a community-based sample. * Acculturation Process and Outcome Acculturation refers to the complex process of adapting to a new cultural milieu and developing ways to function in this new environment. The term acculturation, as used herein, refers to "how ethnic minority individuals adapt to the dominant culture and the associated changes in their beliefs, values, and behavior that result from contact with the new culture" (Farver, Narang, & Bhadha, 2002, p. …


The following thesis is concerned with the development of fabrication techniques and novel designs for self-packaged, multilayer circuits using liquid crystal polymer (LCP) materials exclusively, given the favourable characteristics this material has for microwave circuits. Fabrication techniques are aimed at the production of miniature, low-profile filters. Advanced techniques for production of interlayer via connections are investigated and new methods proposed, with special attention at the lamination process and production of vertical, inter-layer transitions. Results obtained demonstrate the fabrication process is reliable for producing multilayer filters, with up to four metal layers, and via transitions in the region of 0.2 mm diameter. The fabrication process has been developed during this work is applied to novel filter designs, covering dual-band filters and lowpass filters. A new structure for dualband filter is proposed, using folded multimode resonators (FMSIR). This structure is validated through the fabrication of two different filters with passbands 1.2/2.4 GHz, and 2.4/5 GHz, showing deep off-band rejection. Low pass structure covered in this thesis is based on the principle of destructive interference and aims at low insertion loss and out-of-band rejection higher than 40 dB. Fabricated samples validate the design showing a rejection in the region of 42 dB, with a cutoff frequency of 3 GHz. Its small footprint and low insertion loss allows this type of filters to be used as cleanup filters. All the designs covered in this work are simulated using CAD tools and then validated by measurements on fabricated samples.


Over the past half century, the European Court of Human Rights and other core European institutions have progressively developed a set of basic principles to govern media law across the continent. Through key court decisions and treaty changes, these principles have also been constitutionalised across the divide between European economic and human rights law and knitted together through concepts of necessity and proportionality. As a consequence, the once singular European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) stands at the apex of a grand accumulation of European Union and Council of Europe instruments, which include not least the EU's own Charter of Fundamental Rights. This body of law has moreover become familiar not just to European newspaper and broadcast editors, but also to online media providers based within and beyond Europe's territorial boundaries.This is undoubtedly a major achievement for the European project. Yet something profoundly important has been lost in the process. Where European legislators and judges might once have easily entered into an open discourse on the subject of freedom of expression with their American counterparts, there are now insurmountable barriers to this exchange. There are not only deep differences on key issues of substance, such as the proper limits for offensive expression in public places, but also on the principles of constitutional review. In short, there is a rift over freedom of expression at the heart of the liberal democratic world that resonates in all democratic states, although it is probably most acutely felt in the common law sphere.


Is your workload overwhelming? Does it just keep mounting up while your stress levels reach fever pitch? In Getting Things Done David Allen teaches you how to keep a clear head, relax and organise your thoughts while implementing the methods that he has introduced at organisations like Microsoft, Lockheed and the US Department of Justice: Learn the 'do it, delegate it, defer it, drop it' principle to empty your in-tray. Handle e-mail, paperwork and unexpected demands in a system of self-management. Plan and progress projects. Reasses goals and stay focused. Apply the two minute rule when deciding what to do now and what to defer. Overcome feelings of anxiety and being overwhelmed. With clear and specific methods and advice, David Allen's tried and trusted formula for business efficiency could transform the way you operate and your experience of work.


Background: For children and their families, the diagnosis of a chronic disease can come as a mental and psychological shock. Objective: The present study was undertaken to compare the effect of nurse-led and peer-led training methods on the stress of mothers of children with chronic illness. Methods: A two-group, pre-test and post-test design, clinical trial was conducted on sixty mothers of children with chronic diseases. Using a permuted-blocked randomized sampling method, the subjects were equally assigned into two groups of 30 to receive either peer-led or nurse-led training. All of the mothers in the two intervention groups were responded the parenting stress index within 48–72 h after the diagnosis and hospitalization of their child and then again after the end of the training program. The mothers in each intervention group were divided into small subgroups of 2–3 and each subgroup participated in three 30 min training sessions held either by a trained peer or by a nurse. Data analysis was performed using t-test, Chi-square test, Mann-Whitney, and paired t-test. Results: No statistically significant difference was observed between the stress scores of peer-led group (320.29 ± 44.38) and nurse-led group (319.60 ± 41.12) before the intervention. After the implementation of the intervention programs, a greater decrease was observed in the mean stress score of the nurse group (314.48 ± 19.67), as compared to the peer group (320.5 ± 22.92). However, the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Peer- and nurse-led training methods did not yield much different results. Therefore, it is recommended to substitute peer-led training method for nurse-led training method, due to the nurses' huge workload.


One of the primary challenges in the treatment of patients with early-stage breast cancer is determining which patients will benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy. Traditionally, treatment decisions have been made based on a combination of tumor characteristics and patient and physician perspectives regarding risks and benefits. Recent technologic advances, including the development of gene-expression arrays, have led to the identification of molecular signatures that provide prognostic information in addition to the basic clinicopathologic features of individual tumors. While these new methods allow for more refined determination of prognosis for an individual patient, few data are available to support use of these new technologies in the clinic for treatment decision-making. At present, data from a single retrospective study are available to support the use of one assay, the 21-gene recurrence score, for decision-making regarding adjuvant chemotherapy. Large, multinational clinical trials are currently ongoing to evaluate the use of two of the multiparameter assays, although it will be many years before oncologists can apply the results of these trials in the clinic.


Gender and Sexual Minority Youth (GSMY), in particular trans and non-binary youth, face significant psychological challenges dealing with everyday prejudice and microaggressions. There are few examples of interventions aimed at supporting GSMY in the UK and none for trans and non-binary youth. This thesis presents the development and evaluation of an online intervention aimed at empowering trans and non-binary youth using a multiphase mixed methods design. In Study 1 a social constructionist framework of gender, sexuality and masculinities was applied to gain an insight into how GSMY who identify as male or non-binary (n = 28) account for these norms in prejudicial interactions. Findings from six focus groups revealed how queer discourses were taken up as an empowering resource to challenge 'outdated' views on gender and sexuality when responding to prejudicial interactions. These findings informed the development of QueerViBE, an online intervention which aimed to empower trans and non-binary youth by applying discursive methods to help negotiate and challenge everyday prejudice and reflect on personal experiences. Study 2 evaluated QueerViBE in a randomised controlled trial. An experimental group (n = 23) and a waiting list control group (n = 22) of trans male and non-binary youth aged 16-21 were assessed according to improvements on measures of psychological and physical well-being at baseline, end of intervention and one month follow-up. Mixed ANOVAs found significant improvements on measures of psychological distress; well-being; self-esteem; self-efficacy and resilience; pride; and group self-esteem, compared to a control group. Study 3 explored the experiences of QueerViBE and online resources for participants who completed the intervention (n = 19). Findings highlighted a distinct lack of resources and the importance of community building, educating others, and the normal representation of trans lives and bodies. The implications of QueerViBE are discussed that help trans and non-binary youth utilise empowering discursive resources in other stressful situations such as healthcare encounters and in educational settings.


Abstract To move to a fusion DEMO power plant after ITER, a Fusion Nuclear Science Facility (FNSF) is needed in addition to ITER and research in operating tokamaks and those under construction. The FNSF will enable research on how to utilize and deal with the products of fusion reactions, addressing such issues as how to extract the energy from neutrons and alpha particles into high-temperature process heat streams to be either used directly or converted to electricity, how to make tritium from the neutrons and lithium, how to deal with the effects of the neutrons on the blanket structures, and how to manage the first wall surface erosion caused by the alpha particle heat appearing as low-energy plasma fluxes to those surfaces. Two candidates for the FNSF are considered in this paper: normal and low aspect ratio copper magnet tokamaks. The methods of selecting optimum machine design points versus aspect ratio are fully presented. The two options are compared and contrasted; both options appear viable.


One of the great challenges of contemporary society is the unceasing search for ways of generating, incorporating and diffusing innovation – and this is true of the most widely varying sectors of human activity, ranging from finance, through the arts to social welfare. Looking at society today we can readily confirm that social innovation predominantly takes place in what is called the Third Sector. It is important to recognise that our understanding of innovation processes cannot be reduced to a study of the passive reactions of organisations to changes in their external environment: we must also take into account the emergence of innovation within the organisations themselves. The main aim of the study whose results are presented here was to analyse the determinants of demand on the part of the elderly for high-quality institutional care, seen in terms of both the physical, psychological and social dimensions of the ageing process, and the physical, material, human, operational and relational dimensions of the intra-institutional innovation process.


Background and Aims: Despite the widespread application of empowerment models, its various dimensions and components in higher education is not clear enough. The aim of this study is to identify dimensions and components of academic human resource empowerment of third and fourth generation of universities, and consequently, presents a conceptual model based on it. Methods: In this research in addition to the documentary study, the Fuzzy Delphi technique was used to refine the factors and components. The survey was carried out in four steps in 2016, and results of each stage have been refined using fuzzy Delphi method formulas. Results: Staff and faculty empowerment model at the entrepreneurial and value-creating universities, in four dimensions and 22 components for faculties and 23 components for staff of the higher education system has been designed, and provided as a model for empowering the human resources of universities in Iran. Conclusions: Presented model in this study, can evaluate empowerment of human resource of universities with approach of stablishing of third and fourth gneration universities, and and according to utilizing the backing a rich literature on the subject and various quantitative models, and measurable indicators, and using expert's opinions of empowerment, is an opportunity for universities to analyze the situation and benchmarking of successful experiences, act for presenting plans and actions to improvement.


This book offers a thorough introduction to the entire field of architecture, outlining the steps that are normally taken in becoming a qualified architect, from initial education right through to professional practice, as well as how to apply this architectural training in other fields.

Complete with feature spreads on individual projects, Architecture: An Introduction's broad, up-to-date approach unites history, theory and practice. Subjects covered include how to develop a brief with a client; taking an idea from brief to project; types of visual presentation including drawings, models and computer renderings; project planning and management; the diverse roles within a company; and the future of architectural practice.


Title III of the Americans with Disabilities Act requires public accommodations—private entities that offer goods or services to the public—to be accessible to individuals with disabilities. There is an ongoing debate about whether Title III applies to websites that offer services to the public, but this debate may be resolved in the coming years by litigation or Department of Justice regulations. Assuming for the sake of argument that Title III will eventually be applied to websites, the next inquiry is what that application should look like. The regulatory definition of "facilities" should be amended to include nonphysical places of public accommodations. This change would open the door to a multilayered approach to accessible websites, wherein existing websites are subject to relatively lax requirements but new and altered websites are subject to stricter requirements.


Financial interlinkage, in the form of cross-holding of equity and debt between Žrms, characterizes business groups in many countries. We suggest that such Žnancial interlinkage can be viewed as a way to solve credit rationing caused by asymmetric information. If Žrms possess better information about each other than a bank, then business groups can be a mechanism to induce Žrms to sort on the basis of this information. Banks can offer a menu of contracts that vary in the extent of Žnancial interlinkage to induce Žrms to self-select on the basis of the equilibrium composition of the business groups they can form.


At a time of rapid environmental, social and technological change, the Institutional Learning and Change (ILAC) Initiative promotes critical reflection and improved ways of working within the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). The goal is to enhance the contribution of agricultural research to sustainable poverty reduction. The ILAC Initiative draws on the expanding body of knowledge encompassing complex adaptive systems, innovation processes, organizational learning and program evaluation, and promotes the examination of research paradigms, institutional norms, management practices and professional behaviours. The Initiative aims to improve agricultural research and development efforts in four key areas: a) developing the capacity of researchers and managers to lead their own learning and change efforts; b) promoting the development of management systems and practices that support continuous learning and change; c) supporting an organizational culture of learning and change; and d) fostering donor and system-level support for learning and change initiatives in CGIAR centres and programs. This Brief outlines the rationale for ILAC within the CGIAR, highlights the main features of the Initiative and briefly describes the expected results and benefits for the CGIAR.


"Set in 1950s London amidst the gritty and violent world of boxing, this beautiful and brutal debut is the story of one man's struggle to overcome the mistakes and tragedies of his past.

Jack Munday has been fighting all his life. His early memories are shaped by the thrill of the boxing ring. Since then he has grown numb, scarred by his bullying father and haunted by the tragic fate of his first love.

Now a grafting boxing manager, Jack is hungry for change. So when hope and ambition appear in the form of Frank, a young fighter with a winning prospect, and Georgie, a new girl who can match him step for step, Jack seizes his chance for a better future, determined to win at all costs.

Inspired by the boxing grandfather of the author Emily Bullock, the novel is at once a startlingly poignant exploration of love and family loyalty, and a proud evocation of the strength of relationships formed in a violent, ambitious, male-dominated world."


Abstract. We describe a general-purpose dryer designed for continuous sampling of atmospheric aerosol, where a specified relative humidity (RH) of the sample flow (lower than the atmospheric humidity) is required. It is often prescribed to measure the properties of dried aerosol, for instance for monitoring networks. The specific purpose of our dryer is to dry cloud droplets (maximum diameter approximately 25 μm, highly charged, up to 5 × 102 charges). One criterion is to minimise losses from the droplet size distribution entering the dryer as well as on the residual dry particle size distribution exiting the dryer. This is achieved by using a straight vertical downwards path from the aerosol inlet mounted above the dryer, and removing humidity to a dry, closed loop airflow on the other side of a semi-permeable GORE-TEX membrane (total area 0.134 m2). The water vapour transfer coefficient, k, was measured to be 4.6 × 10-7 kg m−2 s−1% RH−1 in the laboratory (temperature 294 K) and is used for design purposes. A net water vapour transfer rate of up to 1.2 × 10-6 kg s−1 was achieved in the field. This corresponds to drying a 5.7 L min−1 (0.35 m3 h−1) aerosol sample flow from 100% RH to 27% RH at 293 K (with a drying air total flow of 8.7 L min−1). The system was used outdoors from 9 May until 20 October 2010, on the mountain Brocken (51.80° N, 10.67° E, 1142 m a.s.l.) in the Harz region in central Germany. Sample air relative humidity of less than 30% was obtained 72% of the time period. The total availability of the measurement system was >94% during these five months.


Previous research has identified robust effects on segmental production of lexical factors like word frequency, predictability or neighborhood density. One question that remains unanswered is whether such lexical effects hold also at the suprasegmental level. This study investigates whether lexical factors such as usage frequency affect tone production in Cantonese. We recorded Cantonese monosyllabic words of high and low usage frequency, controlling for segmental factors. The results show that lexical factors do influence suprasegmental production. Words of the same tone but of different usage frequency differ significantly in pitch height. Low-frequency words are hyperarticulated and produced with relatively higher pitch. The overall tone space of lowfrequency words is more expanded than that of their high-frequency counterparts.


When a bushfire destroys Potoroo's home, he becomes one of the last surviving Gilbert's Potoroos at Two Peoples Bay in Western Australia. Frightened, hurt and alone, Potoroo needs a new home – somewhere safe from predators and with plenty of his favourite food. Luckily, a team of conservationists know where Potoroo can go to be safe.
One Potoroo: A Story of Survival is a beautifully illustrated book about the world's most endangered marsupial, the Gilbert's Potoroo, and the conservation work that has kept this unique Australian alive.
Reading level varies from child to child, but we recommend this book for ages 6–9.


As tuberculosis (TB) spreads beyond borders with people movements, several interventions ensuring the continuity of care are essential, although difficult to put in place in the absence of well-defined agreements allowing data sharing and easy referral of patients to appropriate health facilities. This article first sets out general principles for cross-border collaboration and continuity of care. It then presents a series of case studies. Policies and practices on cross-border collaboration in selected low-incidence countries (Australia, Italy, Norway, The Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United States) are described and critically appraised. Details of the World Health Organization's (WHO's) European Respiratory Society TB Consilium for transborder migration and those of the Health Network's TBNet activities are described. With increasing population movement, including migrants and travellers, it is time to build on good practices and existing tools and to remove legal, financial and social barriers to ensure early diagnosis, full treatment and continuity of care across our world. Data sharing between the sending and the receiving countries is of utmost importance and must be conducted in line with privacy protection rules. Successful implementation of these interventions is key to being on track with the WHO's End TB strategy targets for 2030.


This paper reports a method for measuring flow velocity in a microscopic region using a transmission grating. The flow velocity is determined from the measurement of moving particle images on a transmission grating placed in front of a photodetector. These images, formed by a microscopic objective, correspond to particles moving in a flow. The method is used to measure the spatial distributions of the flow velocity in small glass tubes and to compare some of the results with comparable data obtained with differential laser Doppler velocimetry. The resultant distributions are compared with the theoretical flow distributions obtained using the flow rates through the tubes. The results demonstrate that the transmission grating method is useful for measurements of the flow velocity in small probe volumes.


AIM
Debate continues as to whether decompressive craniectomy (DC) is an effective treatment for severe traumatic brain injury (STBI). DC is mostly used as a second tier treatment option. The aim of this study was determined whether early bilateral DC is effective as a first tier treatment option in patients with STBI.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
The study compared two groups. Group 1 comprised 36 STBI patients for whom control of intracranial pressure (ICP) was not achieved with conservative treatment methods according to radiological and neurological findings. These patients underwent bilateral or unilateral DC as a second tier treatment. Group 2 comprised 40 STBI patients who underwent early bilateral DC as a first tier treatment.

RESULTS
Group 2 patients had a mean better outcome than Group 1 patients especially for patients with a GCS 6-8. Postoperative ICP was lower in Group 2 patients than Group 1 patients.

CONCLUSION
This study indicates that early bilateral DC can be effective for controlling ICP in STBI patients. It is likely the favorable outcome results for Group 2 patients reflects the relatively short time between trauma and surgery. Therefore, these data indicate early bilateral DC can be considered as a first tier treatment in STBI patients.


This qualitative case study research explored the value of guided reflection for the professional development of police officers. Reflection is widely regarded as a central element of professional practice within many of the welfare professions (Wilson, 2013; Jacobs, 2016). Evidence of reflective practice has been a mandatory requirement of the Nursing Midwifery Council since 2016 (NMC, 2018). The nursing literature identifies the value of reflective practice for professional development and high-quality responsible practice (Welp, Johnson, Nguyen & Perry, 2018). There is further evidence of the benefits of clinical supervision for the promotion of reflective practice (Esterhuizen & Freshwater, 2008). Recent research identifies the role of clinical supervision for improved self-awareness and reducing work-based stress and burnout (White, 2016; Koivu, Saarinen & Hyrkas, 2012).

There has been a more recent movement toward the professionalization of the police service. The most significant manifestations of this have been the introduction of the College of Policing (CoP) as a professional body, and the requirement for degree level entry from 2020. Whilst the CoP (2015) advocate the use of reflective practice, there are few studies which examine its value for professional practice within a policing context.

In this qualitative research 'reflective timeout' as an equivalent process to clinical supervision was undertaken by five serving police officers over a six-month period. The aims of the research were to consider the feasibility of facilitating reflective practice through guided reflection and explore its value for professional development. Semi-structured interviews were undertaken by the participants and three of their line managers following the period of supervision.

Three key themes were identified from the data. Firstly, participants demonstrated changes to their personal and professional identities associated with the development of reflective practices, this included the development of self-awareness and emotional intelligence as sub-themes. The second theme identified the value of reflective practice. Three sub-themes were identified which included (1) associated changes to professional identity in which participants came to adopt a reflective approach to professional practice and recognize its value for professional development (2) a recognition of the overall value of reflective practice for service-wide professional development and effective practice (3) structures which already exist within policing for the facilitation of reflection. The final theme identified the value of reflective practice and the reflective timeout sessions for the emotional well-being of policing staff in a highly demanding and often traumatic role.

This research adds to the body of policing and reflective practice knowledge. Reflective timeout as an equivalent process to clinical supervision was a new idea which developed throughout the undertaking of this research and its implementation was unique. It recognized transitions in personal and professional identity associated ongoing reflective practice and its value for service delivery. This research may contribute to policy guidelines and practice by advocating a more widespread and formal adoption of reflective practice as the police service makes the transition to a culture of professionalism. There is potential for wider scale studies which would explore this, and its overall benefits for professional police practice, further.


'Chiron, a centaur who was renowned for his goodness and wisdom, was a teacher of a number of celebrated heroes. Here he instructs the youthful Achilles in the use of weapons, in the arts, symbolized by the lyre, and in mathematics, represented by the Euclidean diagram traced on the ground at the end of Achilles' robe. This subject was a common one, and Barry had even seen at first hand the Pompeian fresco of Chiron and Achilles when he visited Naples in January 1769. His treatment, however, is highly original in that it strikes a mysterious and evocative chord. For the first time in Barry's art the landscape plays an unusually prominent role in establishing the picture's mood. Barry purposely ignored conventional renderings of centaurs in order to elongate Chiron's torso so that he now towers over his pupil, who, by the same token, is unusually frail and effeminate, his gracefully elegant curves providing a youthful, male counterpart to Venus' beauty in 'Venus Rising from the Sea' (cgjc0766). Chiron points to the spear at the right, but the shadow of his hand ominously points to Achilles, who is fated to die in battle. The infant Hercules strangling the serpents appears on the shield, a subject that offers a heroic prototype for the youthful warrior. Over all hovers the mysterious, monolithic herm, on which is inscribed in Greek, 'All things: one and in one'. Although it is no longer possible to be certain, the ring encircling the inscription may indicate a serpent with a tail in its mouth, which, for Barry, symbolizes 'the eternity of the supreme mind or intellect'. The herm itself represents Minerva, the goddess of wisdom, and it is based on a passage in Plutarch's 'Isis and Osiris'. This is a far more personal and evocative use of antique imagery than anything being attempted by Barry's contemporaries, and significantly this work was the first history painting he sold in London.' (Pressly, 56) Barry painted another painting with the same title but a very different scene (cgjc0755)that dates to 1773, a year after this painting was first exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1772.


Zinc (Zn) availability and mobility in soils is controlled by its interaction with the soil matrix and amendments. Contradicting evidence has been reported for factors influencing Zn behavior in soils. The aim of this study was to investigate the Zn sorption in selected acid, calcareous and gypsiferous soils with different background electrolytes (Na + , K + and H2PO4, NO3 and Cl backgrounds). Isotherm curves for Zn sorption were examined on 2 calcareous, 2 acid and 2 gypsiferous soils. Lability of the adsorbed Zn was evaluated by DTPA following sorption. The Zn adsorption data showed a highly significant fit to the Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin adsorption isotherms. The fit of the present experiment's data to Langmuir isotherm proved to be more suitable as compared with Freundlich or Temkin isotherms. The presence of Na + increased total Zn adsorption as opposed to K + in all soils. Gypsiferous soils exhibited greater Zn adsorption than calcareous and acid soils. The high adsorption of Zn by gypsiferous soils could be related to the presence of a palygorskite mineral with a large surface area, but for acid soils with high contents of kaolonite and illite minerals, minimum Zn sorption was observed. In acid soils, the largest Zn sorption was observed with H 2PO4 , whereas in gypsiferous and calcareous soils, H 2PO4 decreased Zn sorption. The lability of Zn affected the clay minerals amount and type. The results showed that a large percentage (90 to 98%) of the sorbed Zn was associated with nonlabile pool. It is concluded that other nutrients and clay minerals have significant effect on Zn applied to soils.


The diffractive optical element blazed grating is proposed as the beam splitter for autostereoscopic displays in this study. With Lithographie Galvanoformung Abformung and inductively coupled plasma reactive-ion etching, a four-level blazed grating structure is produced. Moreover, highly translucent polydimethylsiloxane is transformed into symmetrical four-level blazed grating films. The experimental results show that the film can successfully transmit the left and the right images to the accurate positions, and the diffraction efficiency is 70.4% and the contrast ratio is above 80%, presenting the original stereoscopic image without it being affected by brightness and crosstalk. In the experiment of stereoscopic imaging, both the left and the right images could be clearly acquired, which proves the feasibility of blazed gratings as practical for the beam splitter of autostereoscopic displays.


This essay examines the cultural production, circulation, and consumption of the Korean music video Gangnam Style in the broader context of globalization. We conduct a chronological analysis of its distribution, production, and reproduction on YouTube, focusing on the interactions between traditional and new players in reinforcing and creating new meanings. We argue that the phenomenal success of Gangnam Style is due to the dynamic interplay of traditional and new media outlets, the active participation of global audiences, the video's spreadable hooks, a laissez-faire copyright policy, and the musician PSY's marketing strategies.


Background: Recovery is a complex and contested concept. Many studies have explored the meaning of the concept from the perspectives of service users suffering from mental illness. However, too little attention has been paid to the experiences of Black African service users (BASUs) living in England. At the time of writing this work there were no studies that have explored recovery from the perspectives of BASUs in England.

Aims of the study: The aim of the present study is to explore experiences of recovery from mental illness of BASUs in England.

Methodology and methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with twelve BASUs. The interviews were analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA).

Findings: Five superordinate themes were derived from the analysis: (1) it is different in Africa; (2) it all started in England; (3) shattered; 4) 'freaked out'; and (5) focus on recovery. An in-depth explanation of these superordinate themes and the related subordinate themes is presented. The findings highlight the multifaceted ways in which BASUs understand their experiences of mental illness and recovery.

Discussion: The insight gained from these findings provided rich information about the complexities of the participants' experiences of recovery from mental illness. Participants' explanatory models of mental illness included the complexities of migration, African-centred worldviews and negative life experiences. Participants conceptualised recovery in the context of their social and cultural backgrounds, remission or eradication of symptoms, spirituality, resourcefulness, resilience and unique personal identities. An emerging conceptual model of recovery is formed (Figure 3).

Findings are discussed considering existing theory and literature. Implications for clinical practice in relation to the provision of care and promoting recovery for BASUs in England are considered.


Abstract Structural grey matter covariance networks provide an individual quantification of morphological patterns in the brain. The network integrity is disrupted in sporadic Alzheimer's disease, and network properties show associations with the level of amyloid pathology and cognitive decline. Therefore, these network properties might be disease progression markers. However, it remains unclear when and how grey matter network integrity changes with disease progression. We investigated these questions in autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease mutation carriers, whose conserved age at dementia onset allows individual staging based upon their estimated years to symptom onset. From the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network observational cohort, we selected T1-weighted MRI scans from 269 mutation carriers and 170 non-carriers (mean age 38 ± 15 years, mean estimated years to symptom onset −9 ± 11), of whom 237 had longitudinal scans with a mean follow-up of 3.0 years. Single-subject grey matter networks were extracted, and we calculated for each individual the network properties which describe the network topology, including the size, clustering, path length and small worldness. We determined at which time point mutation carriers and non-carriers diverged for global and regional grey matter network metrics, both cross-sectionally and for rate of change over time. Based on cross-sectional data, the earliest difference was observed in normalized path length, which was decreased for mutation carriers in the precuneus area at 13 years and on a global level 12 years before estimated symptom onset. Based on longitudinal data, we found the earliest difference between groups on a global level 6 years before symptom onset, with a greater rate of decline of network size for mutation carriers. We further compared grey matter network small worldness with established biomarkers for Alzheimer disease (i.e. amyloid accumulation, cortical thickness, brain metabolism and cognitive function). We found that greater amyloid accumulation at baseline was associated with faster decline of small worldness over time, and decline in grey matter network measures over time was accompanied by decline in brain metabolism, cortical thinning and cognitive decline. In summary, network measures decline in autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease, which is alike sporadic Alzheimer's disease, and the properties show decline over time prior to estimated symptom onset. These data suggest that single-subject networks properties obtained from structural MRI scans form an additional non-invasive tool for understanding the substrate of cognitive decline and measuring progression from preclinical to severe clinical stages of Alzheimer's disease.


Abstract Context: The American Osteopathic Association developed its Clinical Assessment Program (AOA-CAP) for Residencies to provide a mechanism for osteopathic residency programs to measure and improve their quality of patient care. Objective: To compare program performance in processes of care and intermediate outcomes for patients with diabetes mellitus in residency programs that contributed data to the AOA-CAP for the first time vs residency programs that contributed data repeatedly. Methods: Osteopathic family medicine residency programs that entered data into the AOA-CAP diabetes registry between July 1, 2005, and December 31, 2007, were included in the present study. Residency programs were separated into those that entered data into the registry for the first time during the 2005-2007 cycle (ie, first-time programs) and those that also entered data into the registry during the previous cycle (2003-2005) (ie, repeat programs). Measures of processes of care were annual foot examination, annual referral for ophthalmologic examination, annual microalbuminuria screening, use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) if albuminuria is present, use of ACE inhibitors or ARBs if hypertension is present, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) test in the previous year, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) test in the previous year. Measures of intermediate outcomes were control of blood pressure, HbA1c, and LDL-C. Processes of care and outcome composite scores were also computed. Results: Data from 52 osteopathic family medicine residency programs consisting of 2568 patient cases were analyzed. Twenty-three first-time programs with 992 cases and 29 repeat programs with 1576 cases entered data into the registry in the 2005-2007 cycle. Repeat programs had statistically significant better performance than first-time programs in the composite measure of processes of care (P=.0023)—largely the result of increased use of ACE inhibitors and ARBs in patients with albuminuria (P=.0087). The difference in the composite measure of intermediate outcomes was not statistically significant between the 2 groups. Conclusion: Repeated participation in the AOA-CAP registry was associated with improved residency program performance on the composite process of care measure but not on intermediate outcome measures for patients with diabetes mellitus. This finding suggests that osteopathic residency programs need to provide better training on adjusting patient care according to performance results.


Offering breakthrough video capabilities and powerful run-time effects, Macromedia Flash Professional 8 is poised to upend the Web video market, posing a serious challenge to Microsoft, RealNetworks, and Apple's efforts in the process. Here to make sure you're ready for iti¾–and can start taking advantage of its creative tools, authoring power, flexibility, and rich video capabilities immediatelyi¾–is the official Macromedia training for the program. Through 20-plus hours of project-based instruction, you'll learn how to program for the enhanced Flash Player; use ActionScript to create dynamic interactivity; take advantage of new Flash 8 features like the improved script editor (which includes a visual interface), revamped library interface, and new Undo feature; and more. Simple step-by-step instructions peppered with plenty of visual aids and a CD that includes lesson files and a trial version of Flash Professional 8 leave you with a solid understanding of Flash development and the techniques required to tap your creative potential by producing dynamic, interactive content.


Many English for Specific Purposes (ESP) researchers have argued that ESP practitioners should be sufficiently familiar with the specialist discipline of their target learners that they are able to understand its culture, community, and discourse practices. This view has led to the misconception that ESP practitioners must be experts in the target discipline or at least know the subject material as well as the learners. In this paper, I will argue the opposite view: that ESP practitioners do not need to be specialists. In a rapidly changing and evolving world, the traditional product-oriented knowledge taught to target learners in an ESP course is likely to quickly change or even become obsolete in only a few years. On the other hand, process-oriented skills, such as the ability to acquire new knowledge through observing, recording, and analyzing texts, are likely to be more stable and highly valued over the long term. These are the exact same skills that ESP practitioners themselves apply when attempting to understand the target language. Consequently, I will argue that non-specialist ESP practitioners are in the best position to help learners achieve these longer-term ESP goals.


Only a small percentage of well-capitalized smallholders are able to sell maize to the Food Reserve Agency (FRA) and take advantage of the maize price support. For example, in the 2007/08 marketing year, only 10% of smallholders sold maize to the FRA and these households had larger landholdings, more farm assets, and higher education levels than smallholders that did not sell maize to the FRA. 2. An increase in the FRA farmgate maize price influences smallholder behavior by increasing the farmgate maize price that smallholders expect to receive at the next harvest.


ABSTRACT Breast cancer metastasis to the bone continues to be a major health problem, with approximately 80% of advanced breast cancer patients expected to develop bone metastasis. Although the problem of bone metastasis persists, current treatment options for metastatic cancer patients are limited. In this study, we investigated the preventive role of the active vitamin D metabolite, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D), against the metastatic potential of breast cancer cells using a novel three-dimensional model (rMET) recapitulating multiple steps of the bone metastatic process. Treatment of MCF10CA1a and MDA-MB-231 cells inhibited metastasis in the rMET model by 70% (±5.7%) and 21% (±6%), respectively. In addition, 1,25(OH)2D treatment decreased invasiveness (20 ± 11% of vehicle) and decreased the capability of MCF10CA1a cells to survive in the reconstructed bone environment after successful invasion through the basement membrane (69 ± 5% of vehicle). An essential step in metastasis is epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). Treatment of MCF10CA1a cells with 1,25(OH)2D increased gene (2.04 ± 0.28-fold increase) and protein (1.87 ± 0.20-fold increase) expression of E-cadherin. Additionally, 1,25(OH)2D treatment decreased N-cadherin gene expression (42 ± 8% decrease), a marker for EMT. Collectively, the present study suggests that 1,25(OH)2D inhibits breast cancer cell metastatic capability as well as inhibits EMT, an essential step in the metastatic process.


In 1732 Charles Carroll of Maryland received a grant of 5000 acres of land in present Adams County, Pennsylvania, from the authorities of Maryland. Soon after, a survey of that land, known as "Carroll's Tract" or "Carroll's Delight," was conducted. At that point in time there was still some dispute over the location of the boundary between the two states. A temporary line was agreed upon in 1739, and a more permanent line (very near that temporary boundary) was surveyed by Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon during the 1760s. And even though it was established that Carroll's Tract was in Pennsylvania, an agreement was made that Marylanders would retain their rights to the lands previously granted to them. But it is important to note that at an early date the people settling in this area knew they were in Pennsylvania. According to Charles H. Glatfelter, the most respected of local historians, "the widely held and long persisting notion that until many years later people did not know where the boundary line was and that it shifted from time to time has no basis whatsoever in fact." [excerpt]


Diffusion characteristics of VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds) were investigated using tin oxide gas sensors. The chemicals cause various kinds of symptoms to humans, for example sick building syndrome. In this study, the eight sensors were installed in a room. Four sensors were set in a vertical direction and the others on a plane surface. These sensors were of the same type. The VOC is put in a generation source, and the sensor output increases as the chemical diffuses. The output becomes higher as the concentration in the room becomes higher. The following chemicals were adopted as air pollution sources, namely formaldehyde, toluene and xylene. The sensor output is changed slightly even by a calm wind velocity. Therefore, the differential characteristic of sensor output was adopted and the noise component was removed as far as possible. A threshold value vth to the characteristic was set up. It is understood that the examining chemical reaches the installed sensor point when the characteristic is in excess of the value. The speed reached was newly proposed using the threshold time tth at which the output exceeded vth. The speed s [cm/min] is indicated using the distance d and tth, namely s = d/tth. The d means the distance between the sensor position and the generation source. As a result, the speed for the sensor that is installed near a ceiling (the height is 260 cm from the floor) is fast, and it became obvious that the s was larger to the smaller molecular chemical. The speed of formaldehyde for the sensor installed near the ceiling was 700 [cm/min] and the one for the sensor installed at the height of 100 cm from the floor was 370 [cm/min]. This is about double the difference in speed.


Sinners go to: Hell. Rightchuss go to: Heaven. The end is neer: Repent. This here is: Jesus Land. Julia Scheeres stumbles across these signs along the side of a cornfield while out biking with her adopted brother David. It's the mid1980s, they're sixteen years old, and have just moved to rural Indiana, a landscape of cottonwood trees and trailer parks-and a racism neither of them is prepared for. While Julia is white, her close relationship with David, who's black, makes them both outcasts. At home, a distant mother--more involved with her church's missionaries than with her own children--and a violent father only compound their problems. When the day comes that high-school hormones, racist brutality, and a deep-seated restlessness prove too much to bear, their parents' solution is reform school--in the Dominican Republic. In this riveting memoir, first-time author Scheeres takes us with her from the Midwest to a place beyond imagining. Surrounded by natural beauty, the Escuela Caribe is nonetheless characterized by a disciplinary regime that demands its teens repent for their sins under boot-camp conditions. Julia and David's striving to make it through is told here with startling immediacy, extreme candor, and not an ounce of malice.


Two new, rapid, precise, accurate and specific chromatographic methods for the simultaneous determination of Telmisartan,Amlodipine besylate and Hydrochlorothiazide in combined pharmaceutical dosage forms. The first method based on reverse phase liquid chromatography by using Qualisil BDS C18 column (250 mm X 4.6 i.d., 5 μm). Mobile phase consists of 1.0 ml of triethylamine in one litre water and the pH was adjusted to 2.5 with orthophosphoric acid and Acetonitrile (60:40) with a flow rate of 1ml/min, with a detection wavelength of 281nm.The second method involved silica gel 60F254 high performance thin layer chromatography and densitometric detection at 281 nm using chloroform: methanol:formic acid(85:15:5) as the mobile phase.


Juvenile turbot Scophthalmus maximus that became sick during an outbreak of disease at mariculture facilities at Go-Chang, Korea, in 2003, were examined to identify the cause of the disease. The fish had pale body color, an enlarged abdomen, protruding eyes, an enlarged spleen and kidney, and pale gills and/or liver. Histopathogical examination revealed basophilic enlarged cells in the kidney, spleen, gills, heart, stomach, intestine, liver, pancreas and skin. Hexagonal viral particles with a diameter of 136 to 159 nm were observed in the enlarged cells. A specific 1299 bp fragment of the major capsid protein (MCP) gene of the turbot iridovirus (TBIV) was amplified by PCR. Sequence homology was greater than 93.76% between the MCP gene in TBIV and the same gene in 5 viruses in the tentatively proposed genus Tropivirus (family Iridoviridae): red sea bream iridovirus, sea bass iridovirus, grouper sleepy disease iridovirus, African lampeye iridovirus and dwarf gourami iridovirus. These results suggest that the virus detected from turbot is similar to the proposed genus Tropivirus.


Empathic responding, most notably perspective-taking and empathic concern, has important implications for interpersonal functioning. While empathy training approaches have received some support for a variety of populations, few extant interventions have targeted empathic responding in couples. Mindfulness- and acceptance-based behavioral approaches, for couples as a unit and/or for individual family members/partners, are proposed as an adjunct to empathy training interventions. Preliminary findings suggest that the viability of these interventions for increasing empathic responding should be further investigated, and specific suggestions for this line of research are offered.


ARP (Absorbing red photons) is the second in a trilogy of videos, which began with Dreams of Flying that use the tourist trip as a methodological starting point for the artworks.

For a long time we have held the view that certain journeys are seen to be emblematic of their time - the journey to the North Pole, the ascent of Everest, the flight to the moon, and the dive to the Mariana Trench. If these journeys involve an aspect of escape, the escapologist is not only escaping from something but also of course escaping to something. It has been argued by, amongst others, the German essayist Hans Magnus Enzensberg 1958 and more recently reiterated by the art historian Marcus Verhagen that tourism evolved out of the French Revolution and advanced in step with industrial capitalism. Verhagan comments 'that tourism springs form a utopian impulse that is directed along a spatial axis rather than a temporal one, and that as a pattern of consumption, it unavoidable defeats that impulse.' (Marcus Verhagen Art Tourism Art Monthly 358 Jul-Aug 2012 pg9). The tourist trip combines the desire for freedom at the same time that it undoes the possibility of finding it, and as a result speaks to many of the contradictions of our time. The work uses such tourist trips as a means to gather foundational material and as a springboard for making works that refer back to the complexity of our experiences.

ARP (Absorbing red photons) 2016 is a single screen video installation exploring what might be at stake in an act of submersion in a space of perpetual darkness. The video uses footage shot from a descent, 2,000 ft. below sea level, off the coast of Roatan, Honduras and presents the view from the submersible's thirty-inch porthole.

No human presence is ever seen, only the intermittent sound of released oxygen and creaking steel, reinforcing the separation of the confined and claustrophobic space of viewing - the sub, and the fluid space of submersion. As the camera travels through the water it draws the audience ever deeper into the hydrosphere.

The works tests certain anthropocentric parameters, questioning the primacy of the visual, the dynamics of submersion and how we might begin to truly comprehend a space of alterity.

ARP (Absorbing red photons) 2016 has been completed through the (BAIR) Spring Intensive Artist Residency programme at BANFF, Centre for Arts and Creativity, Alberta Canada. 2017. The video installation been installed and exhibited: Mountain Dew exhibition as part of the (BAIR) Spring Intensive Artist Residency programme at BANFF, Centre for Arts and Creativity, Alberta Canada. 2017; Liquidscapes: tales and telling of watery worlds and fluid states, Dartington Hall, Totnes, Devon. A three-day international gathering and exhibition bringing together creative thinkers, writers, academics and artists to explore physically and figuratively our watery worlds and fluid states. 2018; Rendering (the) Visible III: Liquidity at Georgia State University, Atlanta, USA. The conference explored the concept of liquidity as an innovative critical approach to the image's relation to space, sensoriality, and digitality, as well as an aesthetic sensibility attuned to the political ontology of motion, form, matter, and noise 2018.


Among nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are intensively used in many materials owing to their antibacterial effects. In the present study different concentrations of AgNPs in Hoagland solution were applied to tomato seedlings. Total chlorophyll content, relative water content (RWC), antioxidant enzyme activities, and malondialdehyde content (MDA) as well as the genomic template stability (GTS) were analyzed. The intersimple sequence repeat polymerase chain reaction assay (ISSR-PCR) was used to determine the genotoxic effects of AgNPs on DNA. RWC did not change under AgNPs treatments; however, total chlorophyll content was significantly reduced by AgNPs applications. ISSR profiles demonstrated a consistent increase in polymorphic bands by the increase in the concentration of AgNPs. GTS value was also reduced depending on the concentration of AgNPs. SOD and APX activities were increased under low AgNPs treatments; however, these activities were decreased under high concentrations of AgNPs treatments. Tomato plants could be sensitive to AgNPs within the increase in MDA content in all of the AgNPs treatments. AgNPs nanotoxicity could be quite dose-dependent. AgNPs could also have negative effects on tomato plants by enhancing DNA damage and lipid peroxidation.


Our flagship digitization project was launched ten years ago. As digital custodians, we were tasked by our director to think about preservation in the 500 year time frame. At the 2% point, it's worth pausing to take stock.

Over the past decade our content has piled higher and higher, and ramified into a variety of new types: research data sets, user-contributed files of every variety in the institutional repository,etc. Media and the possible physical infrastructures for preservation have developed. The concept of the Trusted Digital Repository has been defined and necessary policy framework has been laid out. Opportunities for partnerships over distance and preservation in the cloud have emerged. The role of the library as the preservation agent in the research community has been both affirmed and questioned.

We have responded to these changes in various ways over the years. We have ramped up from megabytes to gigabytes to terabytes. We have migrated our core content from platform to platform. We have handled new content through a variety of channels involving partnerships with OCUL and Internet Archive. We have expanded our staff and our breadth of expertise. We are deploying a new platform this summer.

This talk will draw the trajectory of our experience of the past decade, and try to project it into the next 490 years. Listeners will gain a high-level view of the challenges and opportunities of digital preservation, grounded in a narrative of a decade of practical experience at a peer institution to which they can compare their own experiences.


It is well known that the mechanical performance of many metallic alloys or composites is strongly influenced by the local strength of the various embedded second phases that they might contain; yet, surprisingly little hard quantitative data exist to document such local strength values. We have developed test methods that combine focused ion beam (FIB) milling with microtesting coupled with bespoke finite element simulation to measure the strength and fracture toughness of such microscopic particles directly. Local strength is measured by probing, using an instrumented precision nanoindenter, micromachined samples that have been carved into individual reinforcing particles using the FIB. The shape and micromachining processes are systematically designed so as to confine elevated tensile stresses in a volume of the material that has not been altered by FIB micromilling. Testing methods initially established using nanocrystalline alumina fibers as the testbench material are now being transposed towards the microscopic testing of more irregularly shaped and/or anisotropic brittle second phases. A different test procedure has also been developed to probe coarsened silicon in aluminium, as the flat shape of this specific second phase makes another microtesting procedure possible.


This paper describes the use of nanomanipulation for deforming, picking up and positioning nano-objects in situ in a field emission scanning electron microscope using an in-house built manipulator. Our experiments demonstrate that physical manipulation can be used in a wide range of different experiments and systems. The scope of possibilities is quite large, from mounting nanodevices to fabricating AFM tips based on CNTs in addition to measuring mechanical and electrical properties of individual nanosystems. Nanomanipulation has a large application potential in physics, chemistry, biology and engineering, rendering possible the idealised bottom-up approach to nanotechnology.


Using vision to measure world distances requires that both measurements and their uncer tainties can be determined and modelled The work described in this report develops the theory of computing distances using only images and an uncertainty analysis which includes both the errors in image localisation and the uncertainty in the imaging transformation We present di erent methods of estimating the geometry of the imaging transformation between world and camera plane using image to world point correspondences A general expression is then derived for the uncertainties in the measurements We mainly focus our attention on computing measures and related uncertainties on world planes and then we extend these results to a complete D reconstruction of the scene While the research presented here is of a general nature a particular application is presented showing how to use the results obtained to build a plane measuring device This device nds its application in several commercial and industrial elds


Inter-temporal risk parity is a strategy which rebalances between a risky asset and cash in order to target a constant level of risk over time. When applied to equities and compared to a buy and hold strategy it is known to improve the Sharpe ratio and reduce drawdowns. We used Monte Carlo simulations based on a number of time series parametric models from the GARCH family in order to analyze the relative importance of a number of effects in explaining those benefits. We found that volatility clustering with constant returns and the fat tails are the two effects with the largest explanatory power. The results are even stronger if there is a negative relationship between return and volatility. On the other hand, if the Sharpe ratio remains constant over time, the only benefit would arise from an inter-temporal risk diversification effect which is small and has a negligible contribution. Using historical data, we also simulated what would have been the performance of the strategy when applied to equities, corporate bonds, government bonds and commodities. We found that the benefits of the strategy are more important for equities and high yield corporate bonds, which show the strongest volatility clustering and fat tails. For government bonds and investment grade bonds, which show little volatility clustering, the benefits of the strategy have been less important.


This article reports on the findings of a 2009 survey conducted under the auspices of the Childwatch International Research Network about how children's participation rights, as set out in Articles 12 and 13 of the UNCRC, are respected in private family law proceedings internationally. Court-based and alternative dispute resolution processes and the roles of relevant professionals engaged in child-inclusive practices are considered, as well as religious, indigenous and customary law methods of engaging with children. The findings from the 13 participating countries confirm an increasing international commitment to enhancing children's participation in family law decision-making, but depict a wide variety of approaches being used to achieve this. Case studies from Australia, India, Israel and New Zealand are included to illustrate differing models of children's participation currently in use in decision-making processes following parental separation.


We consider the optimization of an uncertain objective over continuous and multi-dimensional decision spaces in problems in which we are only provided with observational data. We propose a novel algorithmic framework that is tractable, asymptotically consistent, and superior to comparable methods on example problems. Our approach leverages predictive machine learning methods and incorporates information on the uncertainty of the predicted outcomes for the purpose of prescribing decisions. We demonstrate the efficacy of our method on examples involving both synthetic and real data sets.


How do emotions affect telemedicine adoption and usage for critical-care episodes? We report on early findings from a grounded theory approach in a multiple-case study of critical care telepediatrics (research in progress). Thus far our findings suggest that specialists believe that generalist clinicians at remote "spoke" hospitals are anxious and fearful when performing in a high stress crisis situation involving an acutely ill or gravely injured child, leading to tunneling of attention (overlooking important clinical details). The specialists at tertiary care "hub" hospitals feel they are able to keep an emotional distance from the situation and they also report feeling less anxious because they have had extensive training for these acute care situations. Both emotional distance and higher skill level seem to help the specialists to take in more clinically-relevant information and use this to guide the generalists. The generalists' fear of negative evaluation by the specialists, or embarrassment in front of other clinicians, may have some impact on their decision to use tele-pediatrics, but does not seem to be a salient concern during critical care episodes. These findings suggest that emotions do play a role in telemedicine use and possibly also in other forms of technology-mediated interorganizational collaboration.


Using a tight-binding model of charge transport in systems with static and dynamic disorder, we present a theoretical study of the positive charge transfer in molecular assemblies that involve a hole donor and an acceptor connected by fluorene and phenyl bridges. Two parameters that determine the rate of charge transfer within the proposed model are the charge transfer integral between neighboring units and the site energies. Fluctuations in the values of the charge transfer integral and the energy landscape for hole transport were calculated by taking into account variations of the dihedral angle between neighboring units and electrostatic interaction of positive charge moving along the bridge and the negative charge that remains on the hole donor. Analysis of the dynamics of hole transfer and the distribution of the positive charge during this process allows the conclusion that the rapid fall of the hole transfer rate coefficient observed in experiments with short bridges (three and four structural units for systems with fluorene and phenyl bridges, respectively) can be attributed to the electrostatic interaction. This interaction is responsible for the formation of the effective barrier between donor and acceptor with the height that increases as the number of structural bridge units remains less than 3 (fluorene bridge) or 4 (phenyl bridge). For longer bridges, however, the effective barrier changes only weakly and now the charge transport is mostly dominated by the fluctuation-assisted incoherent hole migration along the bridge. The latter mechanism exhibits much weaker dependence of the rate coefficient on the bridge length in agreement with the available experimental results.


The relationships between environmental quality, energy use and economic output have created growing attention over the past decades among researchers and policy makers. Focusing on the empirical aspects of the role of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and energy use in affecting the economic output, this paper is an effort to fulfil the gap in a comprehensive case study at a country level using modern econometric techniques. To achieve the goal, this countryspecific study examines the short- and long-run relationships among energy consumption (using disaggregated energy sources: petroleum products and the direct combustion of crude oil, and electricity), CO2 emissions and gross domestic product (GDP) for Iraq using time series analysis from the year 1980– 2010. To investigate the relationships between the variables, this paper employs the Augmented Dickey–Fuller (ADF) and the Phillips–Perron (PP) unit root tests for stationarity, the Johansen and Juselius method for cointegration and a vector error correction model (VECM) for both short- and long-run causality among the research variables for the sample. All the independent variables in this study show very strong significant effects on GDP in the country for the long term. The long-run equilibrium in the VECM suggests negative long-run causalities from consumption of petroleum products and the direct combustion of crude oil and the natural gas use to GDP. Conversely, a positive impact of electricity consumption on GDP found to be significant in the long run in Iraq during the period. Overall, this study found that the associations could to be differed by the sources of energy in the case of Iraq over the period 1980–2010.


Overcoming the limitations to regeneration in the central nervous system (CNS) remains the greatest challenge to spinal cord repair following injury. Two key barriers to repair are (i) the physical gap left by the injury, across which axons must extend, and (ii) the glial scar: the inhibitory milieu, perpetuated by reactive glia, filling and surrounding the site of trauma. One promising therapeutic avenue for spinal cord injury (SCI) treatment is the implantation of biomaterial scaffolds into the injury site, with the aim of stabilising the injury, bridging the SCI cavity, attenuating the glial scar and promoting regeneration. However, few biomaterials identified for this purpose possess the desired combination of material properties, including porosity, degradability and mechanical compatibility, for implantation into cord tissue. In collaboration with Spheritech Ltd, we have identified a novel biomaterial candidate with the potential to meet these requirements: Proliferate®, a poly-e-lysine based, 3D, macroporous, biocompatible and biodegradable polymer. Here we show the potential of this construct as an SCI implant, demonstrating both its mechanical and biological viability with CNS cells and spinal cord tissue. In vitro, we showed glial and neuronal cell viability on the construct. We demonstrated a decrease in astrocytic nestin expression in astrocytes cultured on Proliferate® compared with 2D substrates, corresponding to marked changes in astrocyte morphology from flat, expansive morphologies to stellate, fibrous conformations. Myelination was also observed on the construct, but was found delayed compared to 2D surfaces. Furthermore, we found increased proliferation of embryonic spinal cord neurons on the construct, and improved adhesion to IKVAV-coated Proliferate®. These findings not only demonstrate Proliferate®'s cytocompatibility, but also show the differences in CNS cell-substrate interactions between 2D and 3D topographies. The viability of cell transplant candidates, Schwann cells and olfactory ensheathing cells, was further demonstrated on the construct, showing the capacity of Proliferate® as a potential cell transplant delivery vessel. We corroborated these in vitro findings with in vivo results, demonstrating successful Proliferate® integration in the injured spinal cord using incision, contusion and wire knife rodent SCI models. Proliferate® implants, containing parallel-guidance channels, were assessed 7 days, 3 weeks, 7 weeks, and 6 months post-implantation, and showed cellular infiltration and extensive vascularisation at all timepoints. In keeping with in vitro findings, GFAP and nestin co-expression in the glial scar surrounding IKVAV-coated implants was found reduced 7-weeks post- implantation compared with non-implanted cavities, however this effect was not maintained to 6 months. Additionally, an abundance of non-astrocytic nestin expressing cells were observed inside construct implants at all time-points. Although guidance channels were not found to consistently maintain structural integrity, intact guidance channels were observed to attract axonal extension and in some cases, myelination. Overall, our findings demonstrate the potential value of this novel construct both as an implant for SCI therapy, and as a potential 3D cell culture substrate for CNS cells.


Examining high frequency national-level panel data from Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE) on paid work (employment), unpaid work (time spent on domestic work) and incomes, this paper examines the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on the gender gaps in paid and unpaid work through the lockdown and recovery phases. The first month of the national lockdown, April 2020, saw a large contraction in employment for both men and women, where more men lost jobs in absolute terms. Employment has recovered by August 2020 for men. However, for women, the likelihood of being employed is 9.5 percentage points lower than that for men, compared to the pre-pandemic period. Men spent more time on housework in April 2020, but by August the average male hours had declined, though not to the pre-pandemic levels. Time spent with friends fell sharply for both men and women in April, to recover in August, but not to the pre-pandemic levels. The paper also examines available income data to find the sharpest contraction of incomes in the rural sector for both men and women.


Abstract:  The geometry and inclination of carbonate-platform slopes are typically described as the result of the sediment texture, components, and grain size occurring in the slope. Three carbonate slopes from the Holocene of the Tongue of the Ocean (Bahamas) and three slopes from an upper Miocene carbonate platform in SE Spain are investigated to identify the factors controlling dip angles. Although platforms differ in size and elevation with regard to the surrounding basin, both locations present slopes with linear profiles and steep angles over 35°. The slope facies in both locations are very similar, with the matrix and some bioclasts presenting microfabrics that evidence microbial activity during deposition. These include (1) clotted micrite patches locally connecting bioclasts or infilling primary pores, (2) porostromate structures in the micrite, (3) dense micritic masses, (4) binding structures, (5) micritic crusts, and (6) peloidal textures. The Holocene and Miocene depositional geometries and facies distribution are the response to various sedimentary processes including rockfalls, gravity flows, and in situ carbonate production. Extensive microbial binding is identified as the controlling factor for early stabilization of the slope, which in combination with subsequent rapid cementation produces and maintains the steep slope angles. Consequently, microbial-induced stabilization of modern and Neogene slopes is as significant as in Paleozoic and Triassic examples.


This article examines self-management in the wider context of political economy and the role of the state. Most literature focuses either on labour process analysis or on social movement aspects of the phenomenon. Most importantly, there appears less emphasis on understanding the role of the state in shaping or reshaping practice, or the state is even eschewed as an inevitably conservative and bureaucratic independent agent. In developing our understanding, we utilise documents from Titoist Yugoslavia, and surveys and case study interviews conducted in Argentina and Venezuela. First, we examine self-management in Titoist Yugoslavia in the aftermath of the Tito–Stalin split of 1948. Self-management was a central policy of the Titoist regime as it sought to distance itself from authoritarian and bureaucratic Communism. Indeed, Yugoslavia has been used as a comparator yardstick in recent discussions of other experiments such as those in Chávez's Venezuela. To pursue this comparison, and make more sense of the role of the state and the market, we examine the particularities of the new movements for self-management and cooperative working in the contemporary Latin American arc of protest against neoliberalism, focusing on both Argentina and Venezuela. The national specificities of each of these two countries are different, with the recovered companies having emerged 'from below' in Argentina contrasting with the movement 'from above' as part of Hugo Chávez' Bolivarian Revolution and 'Twenty First Century Socialism' in Venezuela. In our examples, we present a model of spectrum and trajectory from which self-management can be judged within a frame of socialist transformation. We record the contextual factors which shaped the movements, and isolate the state's influence to either promote or contain them. In our conclusion, we analyse factors of continuity and change, and discuss the state's role in relation to these different episodes of workers' self-management.


Using synthetic peptides as antigens, it was found that T cell clones of a given haplotype specific for 13-16 amino acid peptides could be clearly distinguished by the varied influence of amino acid substitutions on recognition. This was true for different antigenic determinants within peptides 81-96 and 74-86 of hen egg-white lysozyme, recognized in the context of the I-Ab and I-Ak molecules, respectively. Considerable complexity was demonstrated in the induced T cell repertoire specific for apparently single determinants, which implies that diversity of T cell recognition approaches that for B cells. The implications of the degeneracy of T cell recognition are discussed in the context of mechanisms through which Ia molecules restrict recognition and theories of Ir gene defects.


Introduction:In India, fire rituals (Homa) are commonly performed during religious functions.Some amount of smoke is generated during this ritual. Prolonged exposure to the smoke may lead to lung function abnormalities. However, there is a scarcity of literature on this aspect. Aims and objectives:To find the spirometricabnormalities if any, in a group of priests who were exposed to smoke during fire ritual, in comparison with normal healthy volunteers Materials and methods:This was a cross-sectional case control study with 57 cases and 57 controls. Priests who regularly performed fire rituals, at least 3-4 times per month for more than five years were cases. All casesand controls in thisstudy were male respondents. Controls wereage-matched normal, healthy adults without any history of exposure to the fire ritual. In both groups, those with pre-existing lung diseases and smokers were European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine ISSN 2515-8260 Volume 07, Issue 06, 2020 39 39 excluded. FEV1, FVC, FEV1/ FVC Ratio, PEFR, Forced expiratory flow 25 75 % were analysed. Results: Out of 57 cases, 3 cases had obstructive pattern, 11 had restrictive pattern and majority (43) had normal spirometry values. Among control group, 9 had mild restriction. 48 have normal spirometric values, none showed obstructive abnormality.Data was analysed using Independent student T testin Microsoft Office Excel 2007.When each of these spirometry parameters were compared between two groups, the mean difference of FEV-1, FVC, FEV-1/FVC and FEF 25-75 were not statistically significant. Conclusion: Exposure to smoke generated from fire rituals did not show any lung function abnormality in thisstudy.


Purpose To design a mathematical model that can predict the relationship between the ganglion cell complex (GCC) thickness and visual field sensitivity (VFS) in glaucoma patients. Design Retrospective cross-sectional case series. Method Within 3 months from VFS measurements by the Humphrey field analyzer 10-2 program, 83 eyes underwent macular GCC thickness measurements by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Data were used to construct a multiple logistic model that depicted the relationship between the explanatory variables (GCC thickness, age, sex, and spherical equivalent of refractive errors) determined by a regression analysis and the mean VFS corresponding to the SD-OCT scanned area. Analyses were performed in half or 8 segmented local areas as well as in whole scanned areas. A simple logistic model that included GCC thickness as the single explanatory variable was also constructed. The ability of the logistic models to depict the real GCC thickness/VFS in SAP distribution was analyzed by the χ2 test of goodness-of-fit. The significance of the model effect was analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results Scatter plots between the GCC thickness and the mean VFS showed sigmoid curves. The χ2 test of goodness-of-fit revealed that the multiple logistic models showed a good fit for the real GCC thickness/VFS distribution in all areas except the nasal-inferior-outer area. ANOVA revealed that all of the multiple logistic models significantly predicted the VFS based on the explanatory variables. Although simple logistic models also exhibited significant VFS predictability based on the GCC thickness, the model effect was less than that observed for the multiple logistic models. Conclusions The currently proposed logistic models are useful methods for depicting relationships between the explanatory variables, including the GCC thickness, and the mean VFS in glaucoma patients.


There are many excellent publications on BPM Governance that cover various aspects of this discipline from the theoretical foundation and definitions to lessons learned and best practices. These Articles provide a good understanding of these aspects and offer useful, practical advice in respective areas. However, they all fall short of offering a comprehensive framework that can be used as a single source of reference, models, templates, and guidelines for definition and institutionalization of BPM Governance in one's organization. The purpose of this Article is to define requirements of a comprehensive BPM Governance Framework and to outline the contents of such a framework using the Open Group's framework for general and SOA governance as a useful pattern. Background


As a part of the hydropower expansion in China, the Baihetan Hydropower Station is now being constructed in the southern parts of the country. This hydropower station will, when completed, become the third largest in the world in terms of installed power output.The construction of a hydropower plant of the Baihetans Hydropower Station's size is not without problems and high standards of safety are essential as large land areas upstream and downstream of the dam are affected. One of the risks is that the flow of water through the dam can cause scour and erosion downstream of the dam which threatens the stability of both the dam and the riverbed. To evaluate this risk, studies of a model in the scale of 1:100 have been performed at the Department of Hydraulic Engineering at Tsinghua University in Beijing, China.This thesis evaluates whether the discharge through the dam causes a hydrodynamic pressure above the allowed limit in the plunge pool below the dam and which measures that can be made to reduce this pressure. Flow velocity measurements were conducted, both in the plunge pool and along the downstream riverbed, to further evaluate the risk of erosion.The experiments show that the use of nappe splitters in two of the surface spillways will reduce the hydrodynamic pressure in the plunge pool to well below the acceptable limit of 15 m H2O. However, the flow velocity downstream of the plunge pool is too large and protection measures are recommended to avoid riverbed erosion.The results obtained indicate that a shortening of the plunge pool is possible which would lead to a reduced construction cost. However, further studies would be necessary to determine if this increases the risk of erosion in the downstream river.


West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette, Brown v. Board of Education, Gideon v. Wainwright, and Reynolds v. Sims are among the most renowned cases in American history. Although controversial when decided, these cases are now considered part of the essential fabric of American constitutional law. Like the Constitution itself, these decisions have iconic stature in our political culture. And like the Constitution itself, they are celebrated as hallmarks of American liberty by both the left and the right. Barnette, Brown, Gideon, and Reynolds, however, share another trait. They are products of progressive constitutionalism. They could not have been decided the way they were had the Court in those cases adhered to conservative theories of constitutional interpretation such as originalism or judicial restraint. Barnette, Brown, Gideon, and Reynolds therefore raise potential challenges to the viability of conservative constitutional theory. Generally, the validity of an interpretive theory should rest on its internal merits, not its external results. But if a particular theory cannot explain decisions that are universally considered to be both correct and integral to the American system of justice, the question necessarily arises as to whether there is something lacking in that theoretical account. This Article explores the significance of Barnette, Brown, Gideon, and Reynolds as a basis for evaluating theories of progressive and conservative constitutionalism as methods of constitutional interpretation, focusing most specifically on the relationship between these decisions and originalism. Does the universal acceptance of these cases as hallmarks of American liberty suggest that a method of constitutional interpretation, such as originalism, that rejects these decisions is thereby inherently flawed?


This paper evaluates the technical feasibility and performance characteristics of an ocean-wave energy to electrical energy conversion device that is based on a moving linear generator. The UC-Berkeley design consists of a cylindrical floater, acting as a rotor, which drives a stator consisting of two banks of wound coils. The performance of such a device in waves depends on the hydrodynamics of the floater, the motion of which is strongly coupled to the electromagnetic properties of the generator. Mathematical models are developed to reveal the critical hurdles that can affect the efficiency of the design. A working physical unit is also constructed. The linear generator is first tested in a dry environment to quantify its performance. The complete physical floater and generator system is then tested in a wave tank with a computer-controlled wavemaker. Measurements are compared with theoretical predictions to allow an assessment of the viability of the design and future directions for improvements.Copyright © 2010 by ASME


Flipped teaching is a pedagogical model in which the roles of the instructor and the students in a flipped context are redefined. Within this unique pedagogical context, researchers suggest that, in order to maximize the learning process for students, assessment should follow a student-centered approach (Talbert, 2015; Honeycutt & Garrett, 2014). Utilising assessment as a learning tool through layering and scaffolding in the flipped context engages students in the learning process, encourages continuous assessment of student learning, creates opportunities for implementing critical thinking, helps students gain a deeper understanding of concepts, allows formative feedback and eventually yields improved outcomes. This formative assessment approach of layering and scaffolding has been considered to "motivate students" (Spangler, 2015). Layered assessment in the flipped context also becomes a student-centered learning strategy, a means to informally gather feedback about students' learning and a tool to help instructors refine their teaching. This paper aims to fill the gap in the literature with regards to utilizing assessment for learning and evaluative purposes. It aims to share formative assessment strategies for flipped English language learning, share assessment types which worked in a flipped English language learning classroom, classroom assessment techniques to refine teaching, assessment tools, resources, share recommendations to challenges and propose solutions for effective assessment in a flipped English language learning setting.


Sparsity has been showed to be one of the most important properties for visual recognition purposes. In this paper we show that sparse representation plays a fundamental role in achieving one-shot learning and real-time recognition of actions. We start off from RGBD images, combine motion and appearance cues and extract state-of-the-art features in a computationally efficient way. The proposed method relies on descriptors based on 3D Histograms of Scene Flow (3DHOFs) and Global Histograms of Oriented Gradient (GHOGs); adaptive sparse coding is applied to capture high-level patterns from data. We then propose a simultaneous on-line video segmentation and recognition of actions using linear SVMs. The main contribution of the paper is an effective real-time system for one-shot action modeling and recognition; the paper highlights the effectiveness of sparse coding techniques to represent 3D actions. We obtain very good results on three different data sets: a benchmark data set for one-shot action learning (the ChaLearn Gesture Data Set), an in-house data set acquired by a Kinect sensor including complex actions and gestures differing by small details, and a data set created for human-robot interaction purposes. Finally we demonstrate that our system is effective also in a human-robot interaction setting and propose a memory game, "All Gestures You Can", to be played against a humanoid robot.


Nearly seven million school-aged children lack after-school care. Studies indicate that the frequency of violent crimes such as robbery, sexual assault, and aggravated assault are approximately four times greater during the out-of-school time when youth are not occupied with extracurricular activities. The time that children spend participating in constructive activities that encourage life and social skills is greatly needed to counteract the potential for delinquency. This is especially true for students in underprivileged urban school districts, particularly those who are African American.These students have higher than average rates of school failure, truancy, dropout, disciplinary infractions, and may develop poor relationships with school personnel. When also considering how challenging the transition to middle school is for all students, commonly resulting in academic difficulty and  relational strains, the need for programming to promote skills for addressing the multitude of barriers for success faced by students becomes paramount. Students with limited social consciousness and insufficient coping skills often struggleo€€ƒ scholastically and demonstrate poor socioemotional skills. To address these challenges, Norfolk Public Schools (NPS) and the City of Norfolk's Recreation, Parks and Open Space (NRPOS) approached the Darden College of Education at Old Dominion University (ODU) to develop, implement, and support an in- and after-school program to enhance the achievement of struggling, urban middle-school students. This collaborative program, CARE (Character And Resilience Education) Now, was particularly relevant because of Norfolk's high rate of poverty, which is most recently reported to be at 18.2% overall with some parts of the city as high as 44% (City Data, 2014). With continued budget cuts, partnerships are in higher need than ever. It is the social and collective responsibility of service agencies, public schools, and university systems to address the challenges of today's youth in deliberate, efficacious ways that are cost effective and sustainable. This particular example  of the CARE Now program demonstrated a successful model, but showed the importance of working with a university, public school district, and municipal park and recreation agency. However, such high-impact collaboration did not come without challenges. Many lessons were learned that have led to improvement of the program. For example, regular meetings should include all stakeholders, collectively identifying outcomes are essential, from the beginning financial obligations from each organization should be determined, and truly  working together in a seamless model only strengthens the program.