This paper presents management theory in terms of "hard" and "soft" principles, and puts forward proposals for future management theory development. The purpose is to open up a discussion about the theoretical divide between these two streams of thinking. Within this context, the principles underlying management theory are discussed in terms of the present and the future, namely in relation to: a) functional management: general management, HRM, leadership (with job engagement and management innovation); organisational structuresm, b) improvements in future management theory (management theory innovation) and their possible application in actual planning, organisation, HRM, leadership and controlling. The methodologies used were literature review, reflection and conceptualisation. The main findings revealed that in future, integrated management theory (which integrates "hard and soft" management principles) should show how to effectively manage to achieve techno-economic rationalisation ("hard" management), how to effectively manage to achieve psycho-social rationalisation ("soft" management), and finally how to find a good balance between both "hard and soft" in order to develop an organisational strategy and achieve a desired level of organisational stability. On this basis, a number of solutions are put forward for actual management problems (organisational hierarchy, organisational innovation and organisational discipline). The contribution this paper makes to the field is the insights it provides into management theory problems, which will act as guidelines for: researchers conducting future empirical research (testing concepts and principles); management theorists by offering them a framework within which to generate deeper discussions and new heuristics; practitioners/managers by offering them "good" theory which can be implemented at the organisational level; decision makers at both the social and Littera Scripta, 2018, Volume 11, Issue 1 8 societal levels by offering them the tools with which to humanise and de-alienate work through the application of the principles of "soft" management.


Purpose To promote the degree of cytotoxicity and photodynamic activity in photodynamic therapy, the mamma carcinoma cell lines with various photosensitizers like naturally occuring quinones extracted from folklore plants were studied. Methods Photosensitizers viz Cat E, Cat Q, MPTQ and Etoposide VP16, 1 were obtained both photochemically or synthetically. The quinones were dissolved in NaCl solution and stored in the dark. Working solutions of various quinones were prepared SOS from stock solutions. Mamma carcinoma cell lines were grown in the laboratory conditions. Results The percentage of cells damage as the function of optical dose for different photosensitizers was studied, found that cell damage increased as the optical dose increased. Studies of oxygen, glucouse, consumption, intra cellular ATP content and the viability of cell lines after photodynamic treatemnt in presence and absence of different quinones in human breast cancer cell lines were done. Conclusion The degree of cytotoxicity promoted by the alternative sensitizers like naturally occuring quinones extracted from folklore plants to improve the photodynamic therapy efficacy have been studied. The vital bio parameters that are essential for the survival of living cells such as the exclusion capacity of TB, dye uptake ability, cell viability test by vital dye and MTT assay are studied by microscopic quantitative HTS assays. HTS assays are expected to an overall damaging to membrane of the cells. HTS assay is useful modality on studying the morphological information on the status of individual cell because such information study on subcellular fraction cannot be available from the biochemical read outs. The cytotoxic effect and increased photodynamic activity based on different methods studied proved that, naturally occuring quinones takes the following order MPT quinoline tan analoges of natural alkaloids), has greater effect than etoposide an analog of natural podophyllotoxin has greater effect than emodin‐quinone and anthraquinone.


This article explains how the majority of money in the modern economy is created by commercial banks making loans. Money creation in practice differs from some popular misconceptions — banks do not act simply as intermediaries, lending out deposits that savers place with them, and nor do they 'multiply up' central bank money to create new loans and deposits. The amount of money created in the economy ultimately depends on the monetary policy of the central bank. In normal times, this is carried out by setting interest rates. The central bank can also affect the amount of money directly through purchasing assets or 'quantitative easing'.


Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) is a distinctive source of polyphenols as flavonoids and phenolic acids that has been described to display beneficial effects against urinary tract infections (UTIs), the second most common type of infections worldwide. UTIs can lead to significant morbidity, especially in healthy females due to high rates of recurrence and antibiotic resistance. Strategies and therapeutic alternatives to antibiotics for prophylaxis and treatment against UTIs are continuously being sought after. Different to cranberry, which have been widely recommended in traditional medicine for UTIs prophylaxis, probiotics have emerged as a new alternative to the use of antibiotics against these infections and are the subject of new research in this area. Besides uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), the most common bacteria causing uncomplicated UTIs, other etiological agents, such as Klebsiella pneumoniae or Gram-positive bacteria of Enterococcus and Staphylococcus genera, seem to be more widespread than previously appreciated. Considerable current effort is also devoted to the still-unraveled mechanisms that are behind the UTI-protective effects of cranberry, probiotics and their new combined formulations. All these current topics in the understanding of the protective effects of cranberry against UTIs are reviewed in this paper. Further progresses expected in the coming years in these fields are also discussed.


Metal doped ZnO (MZO, metal = Ag, Cd, Cu) with different metal ion doped concentrations were synthesized by sol-gel method. The structural and optical properties were characterized by UV–Vis spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR). With metal ion doping content increase, a red shift in band gap is observed. The red shift in band edge absorption peak in UV-Vis absorbance spectrum with increasing metal content also confirm the doping of metal in ZnO nanostructure. The band gap of ZnO resistivity was also changed according to the metal doping amounts and a kind of dopant. The results showed that each metal ion that has closer ionic radius to Zn 2+ could change optical band gap more than other.


'But I, while vineyards ring with the cicadas' scream, Retrace your steps, alone, beneath the burning sun.' Virgil's lyrical, wistful and often witty pastoral poems. Introducing Little Black Classics: 80 books for Penguin's 80th birthday. Little Black Classics celebrate the huge range and diversity of Penguin Classics, with books from around the world and across many centuries. They take us from a balloon ride over Victorian London to a garden of blossom in Japan, from Tierra del Fuego to 16th-century California and the Russian steppe. Here are stories lyrical and savage; poems epic and intimate; essays satirical and inspirational; and ideas that have shaped the lives of millions. Publius Vergilius Maro (70-19 BCE). Virgil's other works available in Penguin Classics are The Aeneid, The Eclogues and The Georgics.


Most French manufacturers have been using computer languages to describe logic circuits and microprograms and to simulate them in order to check out computer designs. Several languages have been developed at the Compagnie des Machines Bull1 and at the Compagnie C.A.E.2 More recently, the Compagnie Telemecanique Electrique has developed a macrolanguage for describing and generating microprogram sequences. This microprogram macroassembler is coupled with a simulation module which allows the designers to check out microprograms. Such tools have also been developed by other companies such as Intertechnique (to allow its users to design their own microprograms on the MULTI 8), by the Honeywell Bull Company, and by the CII. At the same time, more ambitious languages have been developed: CASSANDRE at Grenoble University and CRISSMASS at the SEMA Company. CASSANDRE has been implemented at several universities (Berlin University, Pisa University, Weismann Institute). There are about twelve users now in France. This paper introduces briefly the languages used at the CII and on CASSANDRE.


Value concepts with a multi-stakeholder approach in the management accounting field are the subject of recent interest. The most popular management accounting conceptions, namely, activity-based costing (management) and balanced scorecard, reveal how the changed management accounting role integrates a focus on three key stakeholder groups: employees, customers and shareholders. Built on previous management accounting studies, this article explores when the management accounting system ensures value creation. The relationship between value creation and the management accounting system were disclosed using the multistakeholder theoretical approach. Research methods adopted in this study are empirical survey and empirical field study. The implementation level of modern management accounting conceptions was analysed using quantitative data (survey). Deeper analysis was performed in a Lithuanian organisation disclosing relationships between value creation and the implementation level of management accounting conceptions (case study). The results of the research revealed that modern management accounting conceptions might be a precondition for the changing role of management accounting but it depends on the implementation level and the organisation's ability to manage all capacities of these conceptions.


The era of "Internet + education" has caused reforms in teaching ideas, teaching modes, and learning styles. The emergence of micro-course technology provides new strategies for integrating learning styles. Task-driven digital mapping teaching, known as traditional classroom organization, has poor teaching effect due to single learning style and strategy. A new teaching mode for digital mapping was constructed in this study based on micro-course technology by combining interactive micro-course technology and digital mapping teaching to adapt to the demands of modern teaching. This teaching mode mainly included four modules, namely, micro-courseware, micro-video, micro-exercise, and micro-examination. It realized the hierarchical teaching of knowledge points in digital mapping course, simplification of basic principles, simulation of engineering cases, and self-evaluation of learning outcomes. The teaching mode was applied to 114 students from the Mapping Engineering Department of Henan University of Urban Construction. Results indicate that the proposed teaching mode based on interactive micro-course technology promoting the independent after-class learning of the students, stimulating their learning enthusiasm, enhancing their practical abilities of the students, and improving the effect of teaching. This mode of teaching provides a new concept for the teaching mode reform of other courses in mapping engineering.


Winner of the Duff Cooper Prize for History, the Elizabeth Longford Prize for Historical Biography, the American Library in Paris Award and the Franco-British Society Literary Prize A SUNDAY TIMES, THE TIMES, DAILY TELEGRAPH, NEW STATESMAN, SPECTATOR, FINANCIAL TIMES, TLS BOOK OF THE YEAR 'Masterly ... awesome reading ... an outstanding biography' Max Hastings, Sunday Times In six weeks in the early summer of 1940, France was over-run by German troops and quickly surrendered. The French government of Marshal Petain sued for peace and signed an armistice. One little-known junior French general, refusing to accept defeat, made his way to England. On 18 June he spoke to his compatriots over the BBC, urging them to rally to him in London. 'Whatever happens, the flame of French resistance must not be extinguished and will not be extinguished.' At that moment, Charles de Gaulle entered into history. For the rest of the war, de Gaulle frequently bit the hand that fed him. He insisted on being treated as the true embodiment of France, and quarrelled violently with Churchill and Roosevelt. He was prickly, stubborn, aloof and self-contained. But through sheer force of personality and bloody-mindedness he managed to have France recognised as one of the victorious Allies, occupying its own zone in defeated Germany. For ten years after 1958 he was President of France's Fifth Republic, which he created and which endures to this day. His pursuit of 'a certain idea of France' challenged American hegemony, took France out of NATO and twice vetoed British entry into the European Community. His controversial decolonization of Algeria brought France to the brink of civil war and provoked several assassination attempts. Julian Jackson's magnificent biography reveals this the life of this titanic figure as never before. It draws on a vast range of published and unpublished memoirs and documents - including the recently opened de Gaulle archives - to show how de Gaulle achieved so much during the War when his resources were so astonishingly few, and how, as President, he put a medium-rank power at the centre of world affairs. No previous biography has depicted his paradoxes so vividly. Much of French politics since his death has been about his legacy, and he remains by far the greatest French leader since Napoleon.


This paper firstly reviews the requirements for container and hopper design for reliable discharge. Discussion is then directed to the evaluation of the consolidation stresses acting in both in both the cylinder and hopper sections during both initial and flow conditions. Here the vast difference, especially in vicinity of the bin outlet, between the initial or filling and flow conditions is highlighted. This vast difference has major design and operation implications. A further major implication is that all bulk solids must dilate to flow. The opportunity to simultaneously attain reliable discharge and partial moisture removal is also examined. The selection of design parameters to maximise the consolidation stresses in both the cylindrical and hopper sections is detailed. In regard to the latter, it is recommended fine coal bins be discharged using low friction lined transition hoppers with large outlet spans. Such outlets will discharge fine coal in a relatively compacted state. This compaction state should exhibit minimum water retention and short term moisture uptake. The multiphase attributes of fiDe damp coal flow is then considered. Here is it noted, as a consequence of the dilation in the hopper negative or suction interstitial fluid pressures form. It is noted such pressures generate an adverse pressure gradient which significantly retards the discharge. One technique to conveniently eliminate the adverse pressure gradient is to install low pressure high volume air sparging to the hopper. It is suggested this air sparging will have the added benefit of effecting partial moisture reduction. This technique should prove far more reliable than post feeder compaction using relatively complex mechanical systems.


David Simpson skilfully argues that a market economy can be best understood as a human complex system, a perspective that represents a continuation of the classical tradition in economic thought. In the classical tradition, growth rather than allocative efficiency is the principal object of enquiry, economic phenomena are recognised to be elements of processes rather than structures, and change is evolutionary.


Cyberspace in general, and cybercrime in particular, are relatively new phenomena. As technological progress continues, the internet develops with it. In today's society, the majority of people are exposed to the cyberspace in the form of the internet and, subsequently, are potential victims of cybercrime. With this prevalence of the internet in people's everyday life, the issue of cybercrime should be acknowledged, addressed and explored more than ever.

The aim of this study is to explore current trends of cyberspace and crime committed within the internet environment. In particular, this research project aims to explore factors that shape victimisation and the use of prevention measures in cyberspace, with specific reference to extent to which people become victims of cybercrime and, moreover, use prevention measures to prevent such crimes in a cyber environment.

The issue described above is explored by conducting quantitative research analysing the general crime survey 'Crime Survey for England and Wales' (CSEW) on the matter of the internet and cybercrime. Exploratory analyses begin with descriptive statistics in order to review the current situation in cyberspace, followed by t-tests and regression analyses with the purpose to explore factors that might have an effect on cybercrime victimisation and the use of prevention measures in cyberspace. The results show that age is a relevant and significant factor when exploring both victimisation and the use of prevention measures in cyberspace.

On these grounds, it is recommended to consider age groups when developing cybercrime prevention strategies as well as for a further research project studying cybercrime victimisation rates. Additionally, it would be beneficial to explore how factors such as: the level of cybercrime 'worry'; cybercrime awareness and its relation to a number of prevention measures used; how often the internet is used; and income level; relate to victimisation and the use of prevention measures in cyberspace.


During an ischemic stroke, the blood supply to the brain is disrupted; the ensuing hypoxia leads to neuronal death after calcium influx, which can result in death or severe brain injury. Because hypoxia leads to an increase in extracellular glutamate, much research has focused on the role of N-methyl-D-aspartate-type glutamate receptors (NMDARs) in mediating toxic calcium influx. However, glutamate receptor antagonists do not appear to be clinically effective in preventing ischemic brain injury (see Huang and McNamara). The switch from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis also leads to acidosis of hypoxic tissue. Although acidosis is known to contribute to ischemic brain injury, the precise mechanisms remain unclear. Xiong et al. showed that, in cultured mouse cortical neurons, decreasing extracellular pH activated inward currents through acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs). ASICs were permeable to calcium, and a decrease in pH could elicit a sustained increase in intracellular calcium concentration. Oxygen and glucose deprivation (a model of ischemia) enhanced ASIC currents and glutamate-independent neuronal injury, whereas ASIC blockers protected neurons from glutamate-independent acidosis-mediated injury (elicited in the presence of glutamate receptor antagonists and L-type calcium channel blockers). Moreover, mice lacking ASIC1 or rats injected intraventricularly with ASIC blockers were resistant to ischemic brain injury. This in vivo protection was both greater than and additive to that seen with NMDAR blockade, leading to the hope that ASICs blockers may be therapeutically useful in preventing ischemic brain injury. Z.-G. Xiong, X.-M. Zhu, X.-P. Chu, M. Minami, J. Hey, W.-L. Wei, J. F. MacDonald, J. A. Wemmie, M. P. Price, M. J. Welsh, R. P. Simon, Neuroprotection in ischemia: Blocking calcium-permeable acid-sensing ion channels. Cell 118, 687-698 (2004). [Online Journal] Y. Huang, J. O. McNamara, Ischemic stroke: "Acidotoxicity" is a perpetrator. Cell 118, 665-670 (2004). [Online Journal]


Contemporary debates about the nature of semantic reference have tended to focus on two competing approaches: theories which emphasize the importance of descriptive information associated with a referring term, and those which emphasize causal facts about the conditions under which the use of the term originated and was passed on. Recent empirical work by Machery and colleagues suggests that both causal and descriptive information can play a role in judgments about the reference of proper names, with findings of cross-cultural variation in judgments that imply differences between individuals with respect to whether they favor causal or descriptive information in making reference judgments. We extend this theoretical and empirical line of inquiry to views of the reference of natural and nominal kind concepts, which face similar challenges to those concerning the reference of proper names. In two experiments, we find evidence that both descriptive and causal factors contribute to judgments of concept reference, with no reliable differences between natural and nominal kinds. Moreover, we find evidence that the same individuals' judgments can rely on both descriptive and causal information, such that variation between individuals cannot be explained by appeal to a mixed population of "pure descriptive theorists" and "pure causal theorists." These findings suggest that the contrast between descriptive and causal theories of reference may be inappropriate; intuitions may instead support a hybrid theory of reference that includes both causal and descriptive factors. We propose that future research should focus on the relationship between these factors, and describe several possible frameworks for pursuing these issues. Our findings have implications for theories of semantic reference, as well as for theories of conceptual structure.


The mutual coherence function of a light wave modulated by a progressive ultrasonic wave having harmonics is formulated on the basis of Raman-Nath's phase lattice theory. The resultant degree of spatial coherence derived under the assumption that only the fundamental of the ultrasonic wave exists is in good agreement with the results obtained from Young's interference experiments for rather low ultrasonic pressures. It is evidently shown that the partial coherence condition can be controlled electronically by ultrasonic pressures. Laser speckle reduction is demonstrated as one of its applications.


ObjectivesThe primary purpose of this study was to determine the time-varying associations between decreased handgrip strength (HGS) and individual instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) impairments for a nationally-representative sample of aging adults in the United States.DesignLongitudinal-Panel.SettingDetailed interviews were completed in person and core interviews were typically completed over the telephone.ParticipantsA total of 15,336 participants aged at least 50 years who participated in the 2006 wave of the Health and Retirement Study were followed biennially for 8-years.MeasurementsA hand-held dynamometer assessed HGS and performance in IADLs were self-reported.ResultsEvery 5-kilogram decrease in HGS was associated with an increased odds ratio for the following IADL impairments: 1.11 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.09, 1.13) for using a map, 1.10 (CI: 1.07, 1.12) for grocery shopping, 1.09 (CI: 1.05, 1.14) for taking medications, 1.07 (CI: 1.05, 1.09) for preparing hot meals, 1.06 (CI: 1.04, 1.08) for managing money, and 1.05 (CI: 1.02, 1.09) for using a telephone.ConclusionsDecreased HGS was associated with each IADL impairment, and slightly different associations were observed in individual IADL tasks for aging adults in the United States. Our findings suggest that decreased HGS, which is reflective of reduced function of the neuromuscular system, is associated with diminished performance in autonomous living tasks during aging. Losses in HGS may lead to the development of an IADL impairment. Therefore, health-care providers working with aging adults should utilize measures of HGS as a screening tool for identifying future deficits in neuromuscular functioning. Interventions designed to preserve IADLs in aging adults should also include measures of HGS for detecting early changes in IADL capacity, and intervening at the onset of HGS declines may help aging adults retain their ability to live autonomously.


In this paper, we develop an empirical model of an agro-pastoral system subject to high climatic risk to test the impact of rainfall variability on livestock densities, land allocation patterns and herd mobility observed at the community level. Also, because grazing land is a common-pool resource, we determine the impact of cooperation on these decision variables. To capture different abilities of communities to manage these externalities, we construct indices comprised of factors considered to affect the costliness of achieving successful cooperation found in the collective action literature. We then test hypotheses regarding the impact of rainfall variability and cooperation using data collected in a semi-arid region of Niger. Results indicate that rainfall variability first leads to higher and then lower stock densities, indicating that benefits of accumulating large herds in variable environments are eventually offset by the higher risks of low production and higher mortality. Communities with characteristics hypothesized to favor cooperation have lower stock densities and greater herd mobility. Neither cooperation nor rainfall variability has a significant impact on the proportion of land allocated to crops vs. common pastures.


This paper analyzes the link between political factors and sovereign bond holdings of US investors in 60 countries over the 2003-2013 period. We find that, in general, US investors hold more bonds in countries with few political constraints on the government. Moreover, US investors respond to increased uncertainty around major elections by reducing government bond holdings. These effects are particularly significant in democratic regimes and countries with sound institutions, which enable effective implementation of fiscal consolidation measures or economic reforms. In countries characterized by high current default risk or a sovereign default history, US investors show a tendency towards favoring higher political constraints as this makes sovereign default more difficult for the government. Political instability, characterized by the fluctuation in political veto players, reduces US investment in government bonds. This effect is more pronounced in countries with low sovereign solvency.


From the proselytizing lantern slides of early Christian missionaries to contemporary films that look at Africa through an African lens, N. Frank Ukadike explores the development of black African cinema. He examines the impact of culture and history, and of technology and co-production, on filmmaking throughout Africa. Every aspect of African contact with and contribution to cinematic practices receives attention: British colonial cinema; the thematic and stylistic diversity of the pioneering 'francophone' films; the effects of television on the motion picture industry; and patterns of television documentary filmmaking in 'anglophone' regions. Ukadike gives special attention to the growth of independent production in Ghana and Nigeria, the unique Yoruba theater-film tradition, and the militant liberationist tendencies of 'lusophone' filmmakers. He offers a lucid discussion of oral tradition as a creative matrix and the relationship between cinema and other forms of popular culture. And, by contrasting 'new' African films with those based on the traditional paradigm, he explores the trends emerging from the eighties and nineties. Clearly written and accessible to specialist and general reader alike, "Black African Cinema's" analysis of key films and issues - the most comprehensive in English - is unique. The book's pan-Africanist vision heralds important new strategies for appraising a cinema that increasingly attracts the attention of film students and Africanists.


The aim of this experiment was to compare the effects of electrical stimulation and lamb age on the retail colour stability of lamb meat. Poll Dorset Merino crossbred lambs that were 5 months ('suckers', SU) and 12 months ('carryovers', CO) finished on the same green annual pasture were slaughtered at a commercial abattoir. Half of the carcasses in each age group (10) were either electrically stimulated (ES) or not stimulated (NES) post-dressing with a commercial high voltage electrical stimulation system. Luminescence (L), hue angle (indication of redness), chroma (intensity), and oxy/met (a measure of browning) values were measured at 0 h (0 days), 21 h (0.86 days), 93 h (3.88 days), and 166 h (6.91 days) after meat had been cut 1 day after slaughter, over wrapped, and put under simulated retail display conditions. Three muscles, m. longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LL), m. gluteus medias (GM), and m. rectus femoris (RF), were measured in this way. A linear mixed model was used to fit a repeated-measurements model to the light measurements of L, hue angle, chroma, and oxy/met. Oxy/met rate of change was compared by fitting splines to predict the time required for oxy/met to reach an arbitrary benchmark value of 3. Colour and rate of colour change during display were affected by both age class and electrical stimulation but these effects depended on the muscle. The LL was the darkest (lowest L) and reddest (lowest hue angle), whilst RF was the most stable in colour (lowest rate of change for oxy/met) of the 3 muscles tested. Age class had a greater effect on oxy/met rate of change for the LL and GM compared with RF. Oxy/met of LL changed more rapidly for CO than SU lambs. ES increased the time for oxy/met to reach 3 in RF and GM for SU only but did so for both age groups in LL. ES decreased this time in RF and GM for CO. CO meat contained a higher concentration of myoglobin than SU meat. Negative effects of electrical stimulation on colour stability are more likely to occur in older lambs and in the GM and RF rather than in the LL.


This paper proposes a functional word class called "path satellites" that includes adverbs, particles, verbal prefixes, and preverbs expressing direction or orientation of motion. The starting point of the analysis is Hungarian, which has a specific set of morphemes considered in different grammars either as a subclass of adverbs or as a specific word class called "preverb". A detailed description of the semantic and syntactic properties of spatial preverbs in Hungarian and a comparison with adverbs enables two separate classes to be established in this language. However, as many examples presented here show, several other items in different languages have important functional similarities with Hungarian preverbs, e.g. particles or verbal prefixes in German, Italian, Polish, Ancient Greek or in Mayan languages. Moving beyond the traditional semantic, morphological and syntactic criteria that have been used in identifying word classes enables us to demonstrate the functional commonalities of the elements discussed, which are labeled differently in the grammars of individual languages. Adopting the term "satellite" proposed by Talmy is useful for the description of this class of grammatical items moving in the verbal sphere.


Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) has been identified in ovarian nerves and stimulates steroid secretion from immature ovaries. To gain insight into its mechanism of action, the effect of VIP on the synthesis of the cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme complex was studied in ovarian granulosa cells from immature estrogen-primed rats. The cells were cultured for 48 hr in serum-free medium; the proteins were labeled with [35S]methionine; and the synthesis of cytochrome P-450, iron-sulfur protein, and NADPH:iron-sulfur protein reductase was evaluated by electrophoretic analysis after immunoisolation with polyclonal antibodies directed against the bovine adrenal enzymes. VIP at concentrations ranging from 0.001 to 1 microM stimulated 3- to 5-fold the synthesis of cytochrome P-450 and iron-sulfur protein. Peptide NH2-terminal histidine, COOH-terminal isoleucine, which has greater than 50% sequence homology of VIP, stimulated the synthesis of both proteins at approximately 50% of VIP effectiveness. Secretin, another member of the glucagon-secretin family of peptides, which has only 30% sequence homology to VIP, was without effect. Similar results were observed with the NADPH:iron-sulfur protein reductase. VIP-induced synthesis of the cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme complex was accompanied by a dose-related increase in cAMP accumulation and progestin formation. It is concluded that VIP regulates the synthesis of the ovarian cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme complex, which catalyzes the rate-limiting reaction in progesterone biosynthesis, and that the VIP effect is at least partially mediated through cAMP. It is suggested that a stimulatory action of VIP on the synthesis of ovarian progesterone may contribute to regulating the functional development of the ovary.


Image is not merely a visual impression but a comprehensively perceived impression of something. This study focuses on image of zone defined as information association of location, important element signature of a cultural civilization, and visuality of region including Special Economic Zone (SEZ). The Clear, well- organized and presented information of Social-cultural potency, economic growth, environment, and accessibility of a region determines the positive image of zone. A comprehensive visual impression of SEZ does not only accelerate the inflow of investments into the SEZ but also grows economic activity. Bitung and Mandalika as two Special Economy Zones in Indonesia have different characteristics. Bitung is a manufacturing of agriculture and ocean based region while Mandalika is a tourism based one. The efforts of developing positive image of zone have main position for investments as they encourage the realization of growth centers and service centers, connect and function the intraregional and interregional activities. Using the participative obstructive, this qualitative study finds that imaging of SEZ recognizes the region strategic value from the interests of social-cultural, social-economic, efficient usage of natural resources, usage of technology, the environmental function and capability. Through investment promotion, the image of zone is concerning the products and service fulfilling the expectations of investors and the users; therefore in long term this could provide multiplier effects, benefits, value added as well as the achievement of performance target of SEZ as strategic area. Investment promotion in both zones has more orientation toward linkage and acceleration values for SEZ realization for both investors and zone potency. The other findings of the study show that Mandalika SEZ emphasizing on promotion of competitiveness strategy, value chain, and tourism network, in another hand Bitung SEZ focusing more on promotion strategies for increasing value-added logistics, profit, benefit, and supply chain of industry. The investment promotion of SEZ has implications for policy of attracting financial investment to SEZ, organizing zone, and controlling spatial structure and pattern of SEZ in accordance with regional spatial plan.


The volume contains the papers accepted and published in the proceedings of the 7th International symposium entitled: "Agrarian Economy and Rural Development - Realities and Perspectives for Romania", organized by the Institute of Research for Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Bucharest in cooperation with, The Institute for Agrarian Economy Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania, University of Agrarian Sciences and Veterinary Medicine – The Faculty Of Management, Economic Engineering in Agriculture and Rural Development, Bucharest, Romania, Institute for Economy, Finance and Statistics, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova, Institute of Agricultural Economics, Belgrade – Serbia, Academy of Economic Studies - The Faculty Of Agro-Food And Environment Economy, Bucharest, Romania, under the high scientific patronage of Academy of Agriculture and Forest Sciences "Gheorghe Ionescu Sisesti", held in Bucharest, Romania, November, 24, 2016. The proceedings are structured in accordance with the sessions of the conference and it includes papers and relevant contributions on plenary speakers, Economy, management and agricultural marketing and Rural development and agricultural policies. Publishing this volume represents a term of the interest expressed by the highest academic and research groups in Romania and EU with interests in the agricultural sector. In the symposium proceedings are shared knowledge, experience and the newest results of your research in the agrarian economy and rural development domain related to enhancing competitiveness of all types of agriculture and promoting innovative agricultural technologies; organizing the food chain, including processing and marketing of agricultural products, animal welfare and risk management in agriculture; preserving and strengthening agricultural ecosystems; efficient use of resources and supporting the shift towards a low carbon economy and resilient to climate change in agriculture and food; social inclusion, poverty reduction and economic development in rural areas etc. The symposium proceedings is structured in 4 specialized sections, where the read my find interesting argues regarding this research field.


Presents FSimGEO, an efficient test generation method for path delay fault test using fault simulation and genetic optimization. A parallel-vector fault simulator is introduced first, which can simulate several test vector pairs at the same time through introducing a four-valued logic and the path status graph (PSG) of the circuit structure. After this, a special genetic optimization algorithm is used to direct the process of searching and to optimize test sets generated. We have given the fitness function and genetic operators that affect the optimizing efficiency of genetic algorithm (GA) in detail. Experimental results have shown that the number of paths tested by FSimGEO is about 3.5 times that by other methods.


This study determined the prevalence of overweight, obesity, and abdominal obesity in the Portuguese adults and examined the relationship between above mentioned prevalences and educational level. Body mass, stature, and waist circumference were measured in a representative sample of the Portuguese population aged 18–103 years (n = 9,447; 18–64 years: n = 6,908; ≥65 years: n = 2,539). Overweight and obesity corresponded to a body mass index ranging between 25–29.9 kg/m2 and ≥30 kg/m2, respectively. Abdominal obesity was assessed as >102 cm for males and >88 cm for females. After adjusting for educational level, the combined prevalences of overweight and obesity were 66.6% in males and 57.9% in females (18–64 years). Respective values in older adults (≥65 years) were 70.4% for males and 74.7% for females. About 19.3% of adult males and 37.9% of adult females presented abdominal obesity. Correspondent values in older adults were 32.1%, for males, and 69.7%, for females. In adults, low educational level was related to an increased risk for overweight (OR = 2.54; 95% CI: 2.08–3.09), obesity (OR = 2.76; 95% CI: 2.20–3.45), and abdominal obesity (OR = 5.48; 95% CI: 4.60–6.52). This reinforces the importance of adjusting public health strategies for educational level.


In a congregation of devoted worshippers gathered for Shabbat services at the local synagogue, it may be difficult to accept how many wives go home with their husbands to ongoing physical and emotional abuse. In Sins of Omission, author Carol Goodman Kaufman offers a compelling investigation of the Jewish community's reaction -- or nonreaction -- to domestic violence. Concerned with the sins of the community more than the sins of the abuser, Goodman Kaufman finds that the Orthodox, Conservative, and Reform rabbis and community leaders are not doing enough and are not informed enough to help the abused women in their congregations get the support, protection, and guidance they need. Through her many insightful interviews with survivors of abuse, rabbis, and lay community leaders, the author takes a hard look at the Jewish community, its rules, regulations, and followers, and discovers the ways in which it helps and hinders victims of abuse.


This paper focuses on the trends in health seeking behaviour of people and the cost of treatment and key determinants of health insurance premium payments amongst BPL and APL households by examining the National Sample Survey data pertaining to four rounds of 1986-87, 1995-96, 2004 and 2014. With variation across states, it is found that treatment seeking from public providers has declined and preference for private providers increased over the period. Although overall health seeking
behaviour has improved for male and female population, a significant percentage of people, more in rural than in urban areas, do not seek treatment due to lack of
accessibility and a perception that illness is 'not serious enough to require treatment'. While the health care cost has increased over time, the gap between public and private costs has reduced owing perhaps to the increased cost of treatment in public health facilities following the levying of users fees and restrictions on distribution of free medicine. Since the mid-2000s, to address healthcare needs of the poor section of society, the public insurance companies introduced low-cost hospitalisation insurance schemes such as Jan Arogya Bima Policy and Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana. The analysis of the insurance premium showed that a larger proportion of households who had paid premium in 2004 as well as in 2014 belonged to higher Monthly Per Capita Expenditure (MPCE) group and was economically non-poor. Further, the inter-quintile MPCE differential (between the top and bottom quintile) shows vast inter-state inequalities in terms of both percentage of households who paid a premium and percentage having health insurance coverage. The determinants of a household getting enrolled for health insurance suggest that the gaps in odds ratios of several attributes either got reduced in magnitude or disappeared mainly due to encouraging enrollment from the poor households in RSBY. At all India level, the insured BPL/APL households on average had reported higher hospitalisation expenses than the non-insured households with much higher differential for urban households, thus indicating moral hazard and insurance collusions particularly in cities of economically prosperous states of Punjab, Haryana, Gujarat, and Maharashtra. The analysis further demonstrated that the insurance has provided a very minimal financial relief to BPL households especially living in rural India.


This article explores the history of dance notation from the Renaissance to postmodern dance. It examines the tension between text and oral tradition in Western dance practices, as well as the issue of how to reconcile our views of choreography as both scriptural and visual. It has been difficult, if not impossible, to think of notation in relation to composition; notation has become almost solely associated with reconstruction as a phenomenon of historical interest. But, at the same time, the sense of the score—and hence some notion of notation—seems to remain within the body and the mind of the dancer as a danced possibility. That is to say, some form of cognitive mapping takes the place of the idea of notation and takes root in the dancer's mind and body (if not on paper). Literal notation is not just secondary but tertiary with respect to this sense of scoring, which appears to preexist notation in the mind and the body, making of dance a form that places particular demands on the performer.


Abstract. Upper-air measurements of essential climate variables (ECVs), such as
temperature, are crucial for climate monitoring and climate change detection.
Because of the internal variability of the climate system, many decades of
measurements are typically required to robustly detect any trend in the
climate data record. It is imperative for the records to be temporally
homogeneous over many decades to confidently estimate any trend.
Historically, records of upper-air measurements were primarily made for
short-term weather forecasts and as such are seldom suitable for studying
long-term climate change as they lack the required continuity and
homogeneity. Recognizing this, the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS)
Reference Upper-Air Network (GRUAN) has been established to provide
reference-quality measurements of climate variables, such as temperature,
pressure, and humidity, together with well-characterized and traceable
estimates of the measurement uncertainty. To ensure that GRUAN data products
are suitable to detect climate change, a scientifically robust instrument
replacement strategy must always be adopted whenever there is a change in
instrumentation. By fully characterizing any systematic differences between
the old and new measurement system a temporally homogeneous data series can
be created. One strategy is to operate both the old and new instruments in
tandem for some overlap period to characterize any inter-instrument biases.
However, this strategy can be prohibitively expensive at measurement sites
operated by national weather services or research institutes. An alternative
strategy that has been proposed is to alternate between the old and new
instruments, so-called interlacing, and then statistically derive the
systematic biases between the two instruments. Here we investigate the
feasibility of such an approach specifically for radiosondes, i.e. flying the
old and new instruments on alternating days. Synthetic data sets are used to
explore the applicability of this statistical approach to radiosonde change
management.


THE YEAR 2005 has become the year of development. In September, at the UN Millennium Summit meeting of heads of state, in NewYork, leaders of wealthy nations will emphasize their commitment to deeper debt relief and increased aid programs for developing countries. The Millennium Development Goals, the centerpiece of the conference's program, call for halving the levels of world poverty and hunger by 2015. The summit will focus on increasing international aid to 0.7 percent of donors' gross national product to finance a doubling of aid transfers to especially needy areas, particularly in Africa. With respect to global trade, efforts will center on the Doha Round of multilateral trade negotiations and opening markets to important exports (such as cotton) from developing countries. The discussions will thus proceed based on two implicit but critical underlying assumptions: that wealthy nations can materially shape development in the poor world and that their efforts to do so should consist largely of providing resources to and trading opportunities for poor countries. These assumptions ignore key lessons of the last four decades and of economic history more generally. Development is something


[1] We perform a numerical study of the evolution of a Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) and its interaction with the coronal magnetic field based on the 12 May 1997, CME event using a global MagnetoHydroDynamic (MHD) model for the solar corona. The ambient solar wind steady-state solution is driven by photospheric magnetic field data, while the solar eruption is obtained by superimposing an unstable flux rope onto the steady-state solution. During the initial stage of CME expansion, the core flux rope reconnects with the neighboring field, which facilitates lateral expansion of the CME footprint in the low corona. The flux rope field also reconnects with the oppositely orientated overlying magnetic field in the manner of the breakout model. During this stage of the eruption, the simulated CME rotates counter-clockwise to achieve an orientation that is in agreement with the interplanetary flux rope observed at 1 AU. A significant component of the CME that expands into interplanetary space comprises one of the side lobes created mainly as a result of reconnection with the overlying field. Within 3 hours, reconnection effectively modifies the CME connectivity from the initial condition where both footpoints are rooted in the active region to a situation where one footpoint is displaced into the quiet Sun, at a significant distance (≈1R⊙) from the original source region. The expansion and rotation due to interaction with the overlying magnetic field stops when the CME reaches the outer edge of the helmet streamer belt, where the field is organized on a global scale. The simulation thus offers a new view of the role reconnection plays in rotating a CME flux rope and transporting its footpoints while preserving its core structure.


In Gardner v. Nike, Inc., the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California granted summary judgment in a case of first impression and great potential significance regarding the law of copyright licensing. No previously published U.S. case squarely addresses the issue of whether an assignee or exclusive licensee of limited rights under a copyright may assign or sublicense those rights without express permission of the original copyright owner. The controversiality of the case is heightened by a circuit split on whether, as a general matter, federal law applies to the entire interpretation of any licenses of a federally granted intellectual property monopoly, and judicial disagreement on whether federal or state law applies specifically to the question of assignability. This article analyzes the issue of whether a licensee of federally-granted intellectual property rights may freely transfer its rights to a third party in the absence of a contractual prohibition against such transfer. The issue of licensing has assumed increasing importance in commercial law, the common law of contracts, and federal intellectual property law in general. The article examines the arguments presented in Gardner v. Nike, and the district court's holding in that case. This article also discusses the constitutional issues relating to whether state contract law or federal intellectual property law should determine whether a license is assignable, the effects on federal policy of applying state law to determine the assignability of a license agreement, and the general policy issues relating to license assignments.


Abstract: Using qualitative interviews with adult prisoners who had previously been in some form of placement as juveniles, this study presents the perceptions of juvenile justice and its processes from a population who experienced them first-hand. Common themes about police, court (juvenile and adult), and correctional processes are identified, raising significant ethical issues about the operation of contemporary juvenile justice. Such findings can inform juvenile justice practice. Keywords: ethics, juvenile court, juvenile justice, qualitative research INTRODUCTION To fully appreciate the workings and outcomes of the juvenile justice system, it is valuable to understand the experiences of persons who have been processed through it. Having lived through the "system" first-hand, they are well positioned to comment on its operation. The present study was developed to hear the voices of former juvenile offenders, who have since become adult offenders, for the unique insights they can make to our understanding of how juvenile justice is received. This research focuses on the perceptions of adult male prisoners whom juvenile justice failed to prevent recidivating. Listening to these adult convicts' voices about what it means pragmatically to be processed as "delinquent" yields insights that can help to humanize juvenile justice, both by sensitizing juvenile justice practitioners to the backstage perceptions of delinquents, and by suggesting public policy reforms that might address some of the issues-particularly ethical ones-raised by the prisoners. Listening to their stories helps us to better understand the human condition (Waldram, 2007). REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE Major ethical issues of social inequity have inhered in juvenile justice in the United States since its inception. Platt's (1977) classic account of the Progressive "child savers," who crafted juvenile courts, details the class-based politics that led genteel reformers to couch intrusive control mechanisms for the financially poor as benign ministrations that would rescue them from evil and corruption. Rothman (2002) describes the conflict between moral conscience and bureaucratic convenience that ensnared the burgeoning juvenile system, with the latter ultimately triumphing. Idealism continued to collide with reality during the first century of a formal juvenile justice "system." The grand rehabilitative rhetoric which draped its beginnings in the first half of the 20th century became increasingly tattered as socio-political forces in the latter half of the century reconstructed deviant youth as primarily depraved (Feld 1999). A focus on the behavioral malleability of wayward adolescents dimmed as dazzling visions of hardened proto-criminals, who threatened social stability, became politically ascendant. In the mid-to-late 20th century, juvenile justice was increasingly politicized, resulting in what Feld (2003) describes as an "inversion" of juvenile jurisprudence and sentencing policy. Judicial discretion was supplanted by politically charged legislative and executive power, as goals like public safety and criminal punishment were substituted for more benign concepts like a youth's "amenability to treatment" and her "best interests." A spurious wave of juvenile violent crime in the late 1980s and 1990s, sensationalized by the mass media (Ruddell and Decker 2005), discredited the juvenile court and enabled the transfer of adolescents from juvenile adjudication to adult criminal processing and punishment (Beckett and Sasson 2004). The shift of power was from ostensibly impartial juvenile court judges to the politicized public prosecutor, whose discretion in both juvenile and adult cases is vast and primarily unregulated (Davis 2007). That transfer of power has been described as ripe with "injustice and irrationality" from a public policy standpoint (Bishop 2004). More recently there appears to be some "softening" in juvenile justice. …


With a view to understanding the air-fuel mixing behavior and the effects of the mixture quality on the emissions formation and engine performance, a new quantitative factor of the in-cylinder air-fuel homogeneity named Homogeneity Factor (HF) has been developed. Its characteristics under various injection conditions and air swirl motions within the cylinder have been investigated with CFD simulation. The results have shown that air-fuel homogeneity is essentially affected by the spatial and temporal fuel distribution within the combustion chamber. Higher injection pressure, longer dwell time and increased pilot fuel quantities can contribute to better mixing quality resulting in increased HF and optimum engine performance with low fuel consumption and soot emissions. With regard to the in-cylinder air motion, increasing swirl ratio enhances the air-fuel mixing quality which has been reflected in the variation of the HF. As a result, increased in-cylinder pressure and temperature caused by the optimized air-fuel mixing improved the combustion efficiency.


Redefining local government's role in urban planning to incorporate a number of the principles of sustainability – participation in local affairs and the enhancement of quality of life chief among them – is both complex and dynamic, requiring Council staff and elected representatives to be highly skilled and communities to be highly responsive. In short, they must engage. This research investigates how place-making may provide a mechanism for people to work together in multi-disciplinary teams, share power and decision-making, develop skills and be part of processes to plan, design, construct and manage place. Place-making is a powerful expression of communities' capacities to develop sense of belonging, confidence and worth. Focusing on one local government, the City of Glenorchy in the island state of Tasmania, Australia, three questions arise in this research: What is the role of the urban designer in collaborative place-making? What are the functions of municipal governments in such activities, given their central role in the management of settlements at the 'small' or 'local' scale? What might an understanding of the shifting operations of power provide in addressing these other questions, given that many urban designers are employed by local governments to 'serve' local communities in place? Using qualitative research methods, I investigate how elected representatives, Council staff and community members living or working in Glenorchy have addressed such questions. Four methods have been used to enlighten my research and data collection. The first was an interpretive analysis of a wide range of secondary literature. The second was the administration of two surveys, one involving Aldermen, Council staff, City of Glenorchy residents and another administered among participants and organisers involved in an event known as the 2003 Glenorchy Works Festival. The third was the use of in-depth interviews held with organisers of the Festival and included opportunistic conversations with Festival participants. Finally, using autoethnographic approaches I documented and reflected upon my own position as an urban designer in a discussion of a number of the place-making projects in which I was involved. My conclusions from these efforts are that place-making can provide a mechanism by which community engagement fosters cooperation among people working together in multi-disciplinary teams, sharing power and decision-making, developing skills and being part of processes to plan, design, construct and manage place. Nevertheless, one must always be mindful of power-over and its contingent operations through such forms of community engagement.


These four lectures cover four topics in modern cosmology: the cosmological constant, the cosmic microwave background, inflation, and cosmology as a probe of physics at the Planck scale. The underlying theme is that cosmology gives us a unique window on the "physics of nothing," or the quantum-mechanical properties of the vacuum. The theory of inflation postulates that vacuum energy, or something very much like it, was the dominant force shaping the evolution of the very early universe. Recent astrophysical observations indicate that vacuum energy, or something very much like it, is also the dominant component of the universe today. Therefore cosmology gives us a way to study an important piece of particle physics inaccessible to accelerators. The lectures are oriented toward graduate students with only a passing familiarity with general relativity and knowledge of basic quantum field theory.


Cement production is a major contributor to anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Composite slag cement is one way of reducing the clinker factor, and hence emissions. Synergies between limestone and slag have been suggested to enhance the performance of such cement. The synergistic effect on mechanical performance has been ascribed to the carboalumination formation, which in turn prevents the conversion of ettringite to mono sulphoaluminate. Whilst the benefits of the synergy are documented, causation factors are not fully understood. In order to maximise the synergy, a clear understanding of the relationship between composition and the carboalumination-ettringite balance and how this impacts on performance is essential. Consequently, this study focused on the kinetics of reaction, microstructure and the implications on strength development and the freeze-thaw durability.
The QXRD/PONKCS method proposed elsewhere has been extended to monitor the residual slag contents in ternary blended systems. The slag phase was modelled from the x-ray diffraction pattern of a 100 % slag specimen. The model was then calibrated on a 50:50 mixture of slag and corundum using the internal standard method. The measurement accuracy was found to be ± 2 % following implementation of the calibrated slag phase on simplified slag-corundum mixes of varying proportions. In hydrated cement systems, however, the accuracy established from the comparison between the results from QXRD/PONKCS and SEM/IA analysis was ± 6 %. The investigated hydration stopping methods except freeze-drying had minimal impact on the results as long as the mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) was accurately quantified. For implementing the QXRD/PONKCS method, freshly ground non-hydration stopped sample preparation is recommended. This method presented the least challenge in calculating the MAC and also preserve the other hydrates particularly the AFt/AFm phases. However, if hydration stopping cannot be avoided, a double solvent exchange regime using isopropanol and diethyl ether is recommended. The residual slag content is overestimated from freeze-dried samples.
Multiple techniques including the QXRD/PONKCS method, SEM/IA, isothermal conduction calorimetry, chemical shrinkage and thermal analysis were subsequently used to investigate the kinetics of hydration. These revealed that limestone accelerates slag and clinker hydration. Alite hydration is accelerated by the supplementary cementitious materials including slag and quartz. However, while belite hydration is retarded in the binary slag mix, this is not the case in limestone ternary blends. Calcium carbonate also reacts with additionally dissolved aluminates instead of the latter converting ettringite to mono sulphoaluminate. Therefore, the synergy between limestone and slag is not only due to preserved ettringite but the additional hydrates and pore structure modification. The carboaluminate content is higher in the presence of limestone but the home to mono carboaluminate balance shifts with the limestone content. The aluminates available for incorporation into other hydrates and in the pore solution are lowered by carboaluminate formation.
The pore structure and pore solution chemistry were analysed in order to further investigate the mechanisms for the accelerated dissolution of slag and the major clinker phases. The overall pore volumes as measured by MIP were similar in the slag containing mixes with or without limestone. Evaluation of the free water content at the end of experiment also indicated excess free water thus indicating that the pore structure and capillary pore water are not the limiting factors for slag hydration in the investigated mixes. The identified drivers behind the role of limestone in the synergy are the nucleation and dilution effects in the case of clinker, while for slag hydration pore solution effects are important. The incorporation of alumina into carboaluminates and C-S-H lowers the alumina in the pore solution and consequently promote slag dissolution.
The freeze-thaw resistance of the ternary blends at the investigated 0.5 water/binder ratio is low compared to the CEM I 42.5 R concrete. Decalcification through carbonation during conditioning and leaching during freeze-thaw is identified to be the dominant microstructural difference between degraded and non-degraded samples. A chemo-mechanical degradation mechanism, which is similar to the glue-spall mechanism, is hypothesised for surface scaling during freeze-thaw. By this, freeze-thaw damage in concrete is caused by decalcification and spalling of successive layers under induced stresses of ice growth.


A point process model of summer season rainfall occurrences is developed. The model, which is termed an RCM process, is a member of the family of Cox processes (Poisson processes for which the rate of occurrence of events varies randomly over time). Model development is based on counts and interarrival time statistics estimated from Potomac River basin rainfall data. The counting parameters used are the conditional intensity function, index of dispersion, and counts spectrum; the interarrival time parameters are the coefficient of variation and the autocorrelation function. Explicit results are presented for the counts and interarrival time parameters of RCM processes. Of particular importance in this paper is the interpretation of clustering suggested by the form of the RCM process. For the RCM process the rate of occurrence alternates between two states, one of which is 0, the other positive. During periods when the intensity is 0, no events can occur. The form of the intensity process suggests that clustering of summer season rainfall occurrences in the Potomac River basin results from the alternation of wet and dry periods. Computational results are presented for two extensions of the RCM process model of rainfall occurrences: a marked RCM process model of rainfall occurrences and associated storm depths and a bivariate RCM process model of rainfall occurrences at two sites.


Probabilistic software analysis aims at quantifying how likely a target event is to occur, given a probabilistic characterization of the behavior of a program or of its execution environment. Examples of target events may include an uncaught exception, the invocation of a certain method, or the access to confidential information.We are working on a symbolic execution approach to probabilistic software analysis that first computes the conditions to reach the target event, and then tries to quantify the fraction of the input domain satisfying these conditions. Unlike past approaches, that were mostly performed at model level, and were thus only applicable to early software design stages or required explicit (and hard to maintain) abstraction from the code, our techniques are performed directly at the code level. Our techniques are built on top of the Symbolic PathFinder symbolic execution tool. We discuss applications to the analysis of Unmanned Aerial Systems developed at NASA Ames.


Although the USA, Canada, UK, and Australia currently retain territorial copyright laws, with commensurate restrictions on parallel, importation of books, advances in digital technology, and the advent of e-books have caused an involuntary migration of the book across these defined borders. This changing publishing sphere has impacted authors' copyright protection, with authors struggling to come to grips with breaches of copyright outside the protection of their own borders. Additionally, the extra-territorial publication of books are often in breach of authors' copyright but difficult to address locally. This article deals with the copyright issues faced by authors once their books enter the digital sphere, as well as the difficulties associated with overseas publications of their books, from a territorial perspective. It examines—especially in view of recent case law in the United States—whether territorial copyright borders still afford book authors effective copyright protection in the digital economy, and further, whether the culture of the book is being eroded through the prevalence of extra-territorial publications. In addressing these issues, the article references recent qualitative and quantitative research conducted through interviewing and surveying published Australian authors nationally. The findings of the qualitative and quantitative research showed that, whilst publication in the digital sphere poses significant challenges for book authors, their responses to copyright challenges are varied and inconsistent, depending on their viewpoints. Relevantly, this article examines the recent US Supreme Court decision of Kirtsaeng v Wiley and Sons, Inc.—which dealt with the application of the "first sale doctrine†in the cross-border sale of text books on eBay—and considers its likely future impact on the enforcement of territorial copyright by authors and publishers. Finally, the article concludes that territorial copyright borders have become blurred, difficult to enforce in view of recent precedent, and are ineffective in preserving authors' copyright and the cultural dimensions of their books. In conclusion, it suggests that new copyright solutions are required, demanding that authors embrace digital technology, improve their knowledge of online publishing, and apply creative publishing models to their advantage.


Introduction: Stepwise radiofrequency catheter ablation (step-CA) has become a treatment of choice for the restoration of sinus rhythm (SR) in patients (pts) with long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation (pers-AF). Its success rate appears limited as the amount of ablation to achieve long term SR is unknown. Recently, intracardiac organization indices (OI) of AF have been used to track the efficiency of step-CA, with limited success. Our study is aimed at developing new OIs based on the relationships between harmonic components of atrial activity from the surface ECG as a global assessment of AF complexity and organization during step-CA. Methods: 3 pts with pers-AF (age 62, AF duration 17 months) underwent a step-CA. An adaptive tracking algorithm was developed for estimating the instantaneous frequency of atrial activity on chest lead V1 (after QRST subtraction) and for extracting its fundamental and harmonic components. An adaptive organization index (AOI) was computed as the ratio between the power of the extracted components and the total power of the signal to evaluate the temporal evolution of AF oscillations. The variance of the phase difference (PD) between the fundamental and harmonic components was used for measuring AF regularity. Results: Step-CA terminated 2/3 pers-AF into flutter. Importantly, in the 2 terminated pts, the AOI did not show any significant change during the step-CA (from pre-ablation to CFAE), while the PD showed a gradual reduction suggestive of increased coupling between the fundamental and the 1st harmonic. See figure. Conclusions: The PD and the AOI as measurements of complexity from the surface ECG appear as promising methods for tracking the effect of step-CA on global AF organization. This, however, needs to be validated on a larger population.


This essay reflects on the relevance, if any, of inmate vulnerability as a basis for sentencing determinations. It is widely recognized that some criminal offenders are more vulnerable to abuse at the hands of other inmates—especially young men of small stature and those convicted of sex crimes. This suggests that prison terms of identical length are likely to be experienced quite differently by different types of inmates. The Federal Sentencing Guidelines, which reflect a commitment to both uniformity and proportionality in criminal sentencing, provide for a downward departure in cases of extraordinary vulnerability. This policy decision is both welcome and somewhat troubling. Because an inmate subject to sexual abuse will have a harsher prison experience than inmates not subject to such abuse, it seems appropriate to give the most vulnerable inmates a shorter sentence. At the same time, shorter sentences for inmates convicted of similar offenses seems to be at odds with the values of uniformity and proportionality. Moreover, this approach to the problem of inmate-on-inmate abuse is woefully inadequate. The most vulnerable inmates will almost certainly be victimized, albeit for a lesser period of time; and even inmates who do not meet the strict vulnerability criteria may themselves be subject to abuse.


The ability to genetically modify mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) seeded inside synthetic hydrogel scaffolds would offer an alternative approach to guide MSC differentiation. In this report, we explored gene transfer to MSCs seeded on top or inside matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) degradable hydrogels that were loaded with DNA/poly(ethylene imine) (PEI) polyplexes. DNA/PEI polyplexes were encapsulated inside poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels crosslinked with MMP degradable peptides via Michael Addition chemistry. Gene transfer was visualized and quantified through using a vector encoding for green fluorescent protein and luciferase. We found that gene transfer to MSCs was possible for cells seeded both in two and three dimensions. The amount of luciferase expression was similar for cells seeded in two and three dimensions even though the number of cells in three dimensions is significantly higher, indicating that gene transfer to cells seeded in two dimensions is more efficient than for cells seeded in three dimensions. The use of hydrogel scaffolds that allow cellular infiltration to deliver DNA may result in long‐lasting signals in vivo, which are essential for the regeneration of functional tissues. Microsc. Res. Tech. 73:910–917, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


This book celebrates the plants of the Old Testament, New Testament, and Quran. From acacia, the wood of the tabernacle, to wormwood, whose bitter leaves, as absinthe, flavor alcoholic drinks, 81 chapters cover the more than 100 plants in the holy texts that have true botanical counterparts. Fascinating stories of the fruits, grains, grasses, trees, flowers, and fragrances include botanical characteristics, habitat, uses, and literary context. Richly illustrated with extensive color, this delightful ecumenical botany offers the welcome tonic of a deep look into an enduring, shared natural heritage.


This paper develops a new measure of after-tax rate of return on aggregate wealth and uses it in estimating the structural relationship between the long-run interest rate and productivity growth rate. The structural approach allows use of parameter estimates in constructing projections for the interest rate on U.S. Treasury securities. Results indicate that the long-run interest rate rises slightly more than one for one with productivity growth rate. The projected real interest rate on 10-year US government bonds is in the 1.5-2.0 percent range under intermediate assumptions on future productivity growth and trends in the world interest rate.


This paper presents an improved bit-edge equalization (BEE) method for mitigating intersymbol interference (ISI) in high-speed backplane applications. Using a least-mean-square (LMS) adaptive algorithm as a receiver (RX) error convergence engine, the proposed BEE method is based on equalizing only the edges of data bits with an adjustment of LMS error derivation points, which in turn changes the error information and affects filter coefficients for pulse amplitude modulation. As a result, the received channel far-end 3-level bit-edge eye diagrams can be optimized. This proposed BEE method employs a conventional symbol-spaced FIR (SSF) filter as transmitter (TX) pre-emphasis for bit-edge equalization. With TX data pre-coding, the received channel far-end 3-level signal to 2-level binary decoding only depends on the current received bit. No error propagation occurs. In this work, the proposed BEE method is compared with the conventional bit-center equalization (BCE) method and the duobinary signaling method. A typical Tyco 34-inch FR4 backplane channel is used as the comparison benchmark. A Matlab script based link simulation tool is used to evaluate the link performance. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed BEE method is the most effective method for mitigation ISI in relatively high-loss channels.


This paper examines saving and investment in LAC. The first section briefly reviews the literature on the relationship between saving and investment and the impact of investment on growth. The second section examines investment in LAC. The third section describes both foreign and national saving. The fourth section tries to identify the direction of causality between saving and investment in the region and takes on the question of whether national saving should be stimulated in order to generate more investment. The last section summarizes what LAC needs to do to spur growth.


Understanding responses to targeted agents is a key step toward the design of new therapeutic strategies that improve clinical cancer care. Here, we profiled the effects of a collection of kinase inhibitors using the L1000 transcriptional assay and combined these results with both phenotypic and biochemical response measurements to gain a more complete understanding of drug response. Using algorithms that reconstruct which signaling pathways are perturbed by specific kinase inhibitors, we identified potentially synergistic drug combinations and validated them experimentally. We treated six breast cancer cell lines with more than 100 targeted inhibitors at six doses and measured their transcriptional response at two time points. We focused on inhibitors targeting key the PI3K and MAPK signaling pathways, as well as receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs); many of them are currently studied in clinical trials. We identified that 37% of the perturbations induce a significant difference in their gene expression profile based on the characteristic direction of the response. Clustering of signatures revealed they are time point specific: 3 hour signatures differ from the 24 hour ones. Some clusters contain perturbations from multiple cell lines, like CDK inhibitors that down regulate genes related to the cell cycle in all six lines. In contrast, clusters comprising inhibitors of the PI3K/AKT and MAPK pathways are specific to each cell line and pathway. The perturbations induced by RTK and non-RTK inhibitors cluster with either the PI3K or the MAPK inhibitors depending on the cell line. Thus, the transcriptional response allow us to identify differences in pathway usage between cell lines, in particular which RTK signals predominantly to the PI3K or the MAPK pathway. When we related transcriptional response to the growth inhibition after three days, we found that the strength of the transcriptional signature is not necessarily related to growth inhibition. In particular, we identified cases where inhibitors have little effect on growth, yet induce a significant transcriptional signature. The most striking case is the inhibition of MEK and EGFR in BT-20 that induces strong transcriptional and biochemical responses but only 20-30% of growth inhibition. Based on the transcriptional signature we inferred and validated experimentally that FoxO, which is generally regulated by the PI3K pathway, is partially activated following MEK or EGFR inhibition. This suggests that EGFR inhibitors and PI3K inhibitors act synergistically in BT-20, which we validated experimentally both at the level of FoxO activation and growth inhibition. We are currently verifying the most promising drug pair in xenografts. We have shown how we can use measurements of expression signatures and cellular phenotypes following single drug perturbations to identify drug combinations that are potent and specific to individual cell lines. This approach is a step toward the rational design of co-drugging strategies with differential effect and larger therapeutic windows. Citation Format: Marc Hafner, Mario Niepel, Qiaonan Duan, Evan Paull, Josh Stuart, Aravind Subramanian, Avi Ma9ayan, Peter Sorger. Transcriptional landscape of drug response guides the design of specific and potent drug combinations. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2015 Nov 5-9; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2015;14(12 Suppl 2):Abstract nr B20.


Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a heterogeneous psychiatric illness with mostly un-characterized pathology and is the fourth most common cause of disability according to the World Health Organization (WHO) and has a significant impact on public health in the United States. To understand the genetics of MDD, we aim to develop effective meta-analysis approaches to provide high-quality characterization of MDD related biomarkers and pathways with proper clinical variable adjustment. First, genomic meta-analysis in MDD faces multiple unique difficulties, such as weak expression signal of MDD, substantial clinical heterogeneity and small sample size. Given these obstacles, it is hard to identify consistent and robust biomarkers in an individual study. To achieve a more accurate and robust detection of differentially expressed (DE) genes and pathways associated with MDD, we proposed a statistical framework of meta-analysis for adjusting confounding variables (MetaACV). The result showed that more MDD related biomarkers and pathways were detected that greatly enhanced understanding of MDD neurobiology. Secondly, Meta-analysis has become popular in the biomedical research because it generally can increase statistical power and provide validated conclusions. However, its result is often biased due to the heterogeneity. Meta-regression has been a useful tool for exploring the source of heterogeneity among studies in a meta-analysis. In this dissertation, we will explore the use of meta-regression in microarray meta-analysis. To account for heterogeneities introduced by study-specific features such as sex, brain region and array platform in the meta-analysis of major depressive disorder (MDD) microarray studies, we extended the random effects model (REM) for genomic meta-regression, combining eight MDD microarray studies. The result shows increased statistical power to detect gender-dependent and brain-region-dependent biomarkers that traditional meta-analysis methods cannot detect. The identified gender-dependent markers have provided new biological insights as to why females are more susceptible to MDD and the result may lead to novel therapeutic targets. Finally, we present an open-source R package called Meta-analysis for Differential Expression analysis (MetaDE) which provides 12 commonly used methods of meta-analysis. It is a friendly used software such that biologists implement meta-analysis in their research.


The support vector machine (SVM) is a technique for function estimation which was proposed in the early 1990s. The technique provided state-of-the-art performance on many problems familiar to the machine learning community, and has hence gained enormous popularity among them. Despite the solid theoretical justification for the SVM as the solution of a regularization problem, the SVM has not yet become a common topic for study in statistics. This paper aims to provide an introductory overview of the SVM. A followup paper will provide useful hints and suggestions for newcomers to the field. The focus is on the SVM classifier, although the support vector technique is also applicable to regression and other techniques.


Neutrinoless double-beta decay is a hypothetical process which, if observed, implies that neutrinos are Majorana particles. Moreover, it is a lepton-number-violating process and thus forbidden in the Standard Model of particle physics. Measuring its half-life would allow the determination of the effective Majorana neutrino mass and shed light on the neutrino mass hierarchy. For decades, experiments have been carried out to search for this process, so far without success. The Enriched Xenon Observatory, EXO, is an ongoing multi-stage project searching for neutrinoless double-beta decay in the isotope 136Xe. As detectors, EXO uses time projection chambers (TPC's) filled with liquid xenon. In the current stage of the project, EXO-200, the two-neutrino double-beta decay of 136Xe allowed in the Standard Model has been discovered; its half-life was found to be T ββ(2ν) 1/2 = 2.165(16) × 10 21 yr [1]. Furthermore, EXO-200 set a lower limit on the half-life of the neutrinoless double-beta decay T ββ(0ν) 1/2 > 1.1 × 10 25 yr at 90% C.L. [2]. The next stage of the project, nEXO, is currently being developed. In its first phase, nEXO aims for a sensitivity sufficiently high to survey the complete parameter range of the inverted-neutrino-mass-hierarchy scheme. To further increase sensitivity in the second phase of nEXO, barium ion tagging, a novel background rejection technique, is being developed. The principle of this technique is to identify in realtime the decay product of 136Xe double-beta decay, a single barium ion. This technique would reject all backgrounds not related to double-beta decay, and it is thus considered the ultimate background rejection technique. The framework of this dissertation achieved both advances in barium ion tagging and R&D for nEXO. This paper presents the construction and operation of the EXO-100 cryogenic facility and a study of ion properties in liquid xenon. EXO-100 is a very versatile facility and was operated with liquid argon, liquid xenon, and liquid tetrafluoromethane (CF4). To study barium ion tagging, a TPC was constructed and successfully tested in liquid argon. Moreover, high voltage breakdowns in liquid xenon were studied with miniEXO, a miniaturised mock-up of the EXO-200 TPC. The results show a qualitative agreement with finite element simulations and help to understand high voltage problems in EXO-200. During these tests, EXO-100 was equipped with cryo-cameras, which were specifically developed for operation in EXO-100 [3]. Furthermore, the ion properties relevant for barium ion tagging were studied for polonium. To study these properties, EXO-200 data were analysed and the delayed coincidence between 222Rn and 218Po, which is part of the naturally occurring 238U-series, was sought. Clean fully reconstructed events were studied. The ion fraction was measured to be 52(10) %, and no indication was observed of ion neutralisation during drift. This suggests that the ion life-time is large compared to the drift time. The ion drift speed was measured to be 1.4(4) mm s−1 (for a drift field of 380(5) kV cm−1). This confirms results from an analysis of partially reconstructed events, with more statistics, which revealed a behaviour of the ions [4] never observed before. It was shown that the ions have two drift speeds, between which they change with a transition time τ . It was found that τ depends on the purity of the xenon. The present analysis is consistent with these findings.


Study Design This report gives the results of a population-based cross-sectional mailed questionnaire, with prospective follow-up of survey responders and nonresponders. Objective To determine the 1-month period prevalence of low back pain in an adult population in the United Kingdom and to estimate the effect of nonresponse bias. Summary of Background Data Previous United Kingdom population studies have reported a 1-year period prevalence of low back pain of 37%. However, the definitions of low back pain have varied, and the influence of nonresponse rarely has been reported. Methods The study population was made up of all 7669 adults (18 to 75 years old) registered with two family practices in a sociodemographically mixed suburban area. The questionnaire, including a pain drawing to identify the site of any pain, was mailed to the entire study population. Two repeat mailings were sent to nonresponders. Family practice consultations about low back pain by individuals from the study population were monitored over the following 12 months using computerized records of all surgery contacts. Results Of the study population, 4501 (59%) responded. The 1-month period prevalence of low back pain was 39% (35% in males, 42% in females). The age distribution was unimodal, with peak prevalence in those aged 45 to 59 years old. Responders to the first mailing had a small but nonsignificant increase in prevalence compared with those who responded to the second or third mailing. Nonresponders had a subsequent consultation rate for low back pain that was 22% lower than that for the survey responders. Conclusions After considering potential differences in nonresponders, the estimated 1-month prevalence of low back pain was between 35% and 37%. Prevalence figures in survey responders may overestimate the true population prevalence by a modest amount.


Patricia García's article, "A Geocritical Perspective on the Female Fantastic: Rethinking the Domestic" approaches the question of the "female fantastic" from a spatial angle. Proponents of the female fantastic (for example E. Moers, S. Gilbert and S. Gubar and A. Richter) often coincide in a leitmotif that characterises this tradition: the haunted house. This leads to a great deal of studies centred on how female authors employ domestic spaces as a means to give voice to the lives of women invisibilised by patriarchy and, through the irruption of the supernatural, as a way to subvert domestic ideology. Whereas these studies have done much to give visibility to the work of female authors, they have also generated, as this article will argue, a limited understanding of the female fantastic. The first section of this article is of a theoretical nature and reflects on the methodological and conceptual limitations of such approaches to the female fantastic centred on domestic space. Instead of asking what the spaces of the female fantastic are, this section shifts the focus to: "which spaces are overlooked by placing such emphasis on the domestic?" The second part offers an alternative reading of the trope of the haunted house in female-authored fantastic fictions. Haunted urban apartments by Rhoda Broughton and Charlotte Riddell, and well-known haunted houses by Shirley Jackson, Ann Rivers and Patricia Esteban Erlés are employed as case studies to develop a feminist geocritical method that goes beyond domestic interiors and engages with a critical reflection on other spatial elements, such as external frames, scale, location and movement. Patricia García, "A Geocritical Perspective on the Female Fantastic: Rethinking the Domestic" page 2 of 11 CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 22.4 (2020): <http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/clcweb/vol22/iss4/5> Special Issue New Perspectives on the Female Fantastic. Ed. David Roas and Patricia García.


An investigation of the best ways to achieve optimal performance from a waste-heat-driven ammonia–water absorption heat pump over a wide range of operating conditions is presented. Waste heat from an 8-kWe diesel engine generator is recovered using an exhaust gas heat exchanger and delivered to the desorber by a heat transfer fluid loop. The absorber and condenser are hydronically coupled in parallel to an ambient heat exchanger for heat rejection. The evaporator provides chilled water for space-conditioning with a baseline cooling capacity of 2 kW. All heat and mass exchangers employ novel microscale geometries. A detailed thermodynamics model is developed to simulate performance and develop strategies to achieve the best performance in both cooling and heating modes over a range of operating conditions. These parametric studies show that improved coefficients of performance can be achieved by adjusting the coupling fluid temperatures in the evaporator and the condenser/absorber as the ambient temperature varies. With the varying return temperatures, the system is able to provide the 2-kW design cooling capacity for a wide range of ambient temperatures.


This new overview of developments in American retail design features twenty-six stores of varying kinds and sizes created either in the United States or designed by American architects in major cities worldwide. The new interiors selected offer a close-up on ongoing trends in store design, which reveals the emergence of the concept of the boutique as a contained art gallery of sorts, in which the concepts of "exhibition" and "sale" merge through the intimate synergy in the design and composition.


In all markets quality and revenues are considered to be connected. In the field of real estate, the iqualityi of the location is considered a particularly influential factor for the realised rent level and asset price. The office space user preferences concerning location characteristics, which are expressed in the implicit price paid for these features, have been extensively analysed. In contrast, the office property features that relate to the physical office building have received less scientific interest. It is reasonable to assume that not only the quality of the location matters, but also the features and the associated quality level of the office building itself. Market reports about obsolete office buildings have highlighted the significance of office building features. An office building can become obsolete, and remain vacant, because its features do not meet current occupiersi requirements. In less extreme cases, occupiers derive less utility from the office building and are willing to pay less. This research focuses on the office space user preferences that relate to the office building features and in a lesser degree to the characteristics relating to the location. Which building and location characteristics contribute to superior performance of office property? Whereby, superior performance is considered to be expressed in high rent revenues per square meter lettable floor area. Based on former research, characteristics are identified which are included in the study. Henceforward, a Delphi panel approach is employed to rank the building and location characteristics according to their significance for the occupiersi value judgement.


The purpose of this paper is to examine the direct relationship between the prices of alcohol and drugs and the incidence of criminal violence in a nationally representative sample of individuals in the United States. The positive association between substance use and violence is well documented, as is the negative relationship between the quantity of alcohol or drugs consumed and their prices. These two relationships together form the principal hypothesis examining whether increases in substance prices will directly decrease the incidence of criminal violence. Violence is measured by assault, rape/sexual assault and robbery. Measures of alcohol or drug involved violent crimes are also considered. The data come from the 1992, 1993 and 1994 National Crime Victimization Surveys. A reduced form model is estimated in which the probability of being a victim of a violent crime is determined by the full prices of alcohol and illegal drugs, the arrest rates for violent crimes, and characteristics of the respondent. Individual- level fixed effects are also employed in some models. Results from the preferred specifications indicate that higher beer taxes lead to a lower incidence of assault, but not rape or robbery. Higher beer taxes will also lead to lower probabilities of alcohol- or drug-involved assault. Decriminalizing marijuana will result in a higher incidence of assault and robbery, while higher cocaine prices will decrease these crimes.


Recent work by Anderson (1973) is used to support the hypothesis that Mississippi Valley-type ores were formed by the mixing of two brines: basinal fluids and the host rock formational fluids.Ore emplacement was characterized by a lack of concurrent solution of host limestone. White sparry dolomite and less common calcite gangues were stable during sulfide precipitation.Superficially similar but fundamentally different ores have precipitated by other mechanisms; the Upper Mississippi Valley ores described by Heyl et al. (1959) and the ores of the Cracow-Silesia region described by Bcgacz et al. (1970) are possible examples.


Deviations from model-based predictions of strategies leading to stable cooperation between unrelated individuals have raised considerable debate in regards to decision-making processes in humans. Here, we present data on cleaner wrasse (Labroides dimidiatus) that emphasize the importance of generalizing this discussion to other species, with the aim to develop a coherent theoretical framework. Cleaners eat ectoparasites and mucus off client fishes and vary their service quality based on a clients' strategic behaviour. Hitherto, cognitive tasks designed to replicate such behaviour have revealed a strong link between cooperative behaviour and game theoretic predictions. However, we show that individuals from a specific location within our study site repeatedly failed to conform to the published evidence. We started exploring potential functional and mechanistic causes for this unexpected result, focusing on client composition, cleaner standard personality measures and ontogeny. We found that failing individuals lived in a socially simple environment. Decision rules of these cleaners ignored existing information in their environment ('bounded rationality'), in contrast to cleaners living in a socially complex area. With respect to potential mechanisms, we found no correlations between differences in performance and differences in aggressiveness or boldness, in contrast to results on other cooperative species. Furthermore, juveniles from the two habitat types performed similarly, and better than the adults from the socially simple environment. We propose that variation in the costs and benefits of knowledge may affect a cleaners' information acquisition and storage, which may explain our observed variation in cooperation and cognition.