This article examines narratives about the Holy Spring of Iskitim gathered from visitors to the spring and from two local priests as well as members of their congregation. The holy spring is located on the site of the former Gulag quarry in the town of Lozhok in the Iskitim region. According to the most common folk belief, the spring is holy as a result of the execution of forty religious martyrs on this site by prison guards. These vernacular beliefs about the spring serve to reframe regional memory about the Gulag as well as local identity in the postsocialist context. The analysis relies on psychological, historical,anthropological, and folklore research on the role of narrative in coping with thememory of traumatic events.  In English, extended summary in Russian .


Today, most geodetic networks established in landslide areas are being measured by differential Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements. Accuracy of differential GPS measurements now is capable of detecting real time displacements of geodetic control points in a landslide area. Nevertheless, producing optimal baseline configuration and optimal baseline weights in designing stage are necessary pre-requisites for an accurate geodetic GPS landslide monitoring network. GPS landslide monitoring networks should ensure the homogeneity and isotropy conditions, with regard to accuracy. Homogenous and isotropic geodetic networks ensured by criterion matrices, are established in landslide areas, and lead to minimize the coordinate errors in all directions in the same proportion. It is vital to provide applicable and reliable optimization results in the design stage of geodetic GPS networks for landslide investigations by forming a criterion matrix that leads to homogenous and isotropic networks. Analytical optimization methods are known as Second Order Design (SOD) strategies. In this study, an application of SOD, Direct Approximation of the Inverse Criterion Matrix, referred to as the U, m approximation method was applied to a landslide tracking network in Macka County in the province of Trabzon in the north-east of Turkey. The results of U,m approximation method were compared and analyzed with respect to the approximation quality of the criterion matrix. The results of the study showed that U,m approximation method is capable of reaching the target of a homogenous and isotropic geodetic GPS network. U,m approximation method produced not only the optimal weights of baselines, but also the optimal baseline configuration of the network. In conclusion, U,m approximation method is appropriate for optimization of geodetic GPS network, established in landslide areas. Also, the criterion matrix, that is willing to be reached as the result of the optimization, should provide the conditions of homogeneity and isotropy, with regard to accuracy of point coordinates. Thus, even minute deformation rates can be determined statistically significant by utilizing the optimum GPS network configuration.


been no reports Abstract: The vinegar or pomace fly, Zaprionus tuberculatus Malloch, is native to the Afrotropical region but has recently colonized new areas in Turkey, Italy, Malta, Romania, and Greece. This invasive species was first detected in 2012 in Adana on banana and peach baits and is considered a potential agricultural pest in fig production in Turkey. However, the European and Mediterranean Plant Organization reports that no direct association of the fly with fruit damage has been documented so far because specimens were generally caught in traps. Specimens of Zaprionus sp. were monitored during surveys for cases of Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) and Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) damaging experimental pomegranate and fig fields in Çanakkale, where we performed the field study. To better understand the species identification, a partial sequence of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I ( COI ) gene region was used in this study. The barcode primer pairs were used to amplify the partial COI gene. PCR products were visualized and then directly sequenced. No insertion or deletion was observed in the 637-bp COI gene region. The average nucleotide frequencies of T, A, C, and G were observed as 39.1%, 29.6%, 15.2%, and 16.1%, respectively. Intraspecific pairwise divergence was low at 0.15%. Nucleotide sequences indicated that there were 2 substitutions, an A→G at 343 and a C→T at 592 positions, respectively. In conclusion, this study presents the first molecular evidence and presence of Z. tuberculatus in Çanakkale, Turkey, which can help in


ABSTRACT Fang, S.C.; Chang, I.-C., and Yu, T.Y., 2015. Analysis of spatial features of coastal oil pollution using multivariate methods. Coastal water quality plays an important role in people's lives. In this study, the coastal water of the Penghu archipelago was used as a research object. Three types of multivariate methods—factor analysis, cluster analysis, and multivariate scaling—were employed to analyze the spatial features of oil pollution, and the results of these three methods were compared with regard to the causes of pollution. Factor analysis showed that oil concentration subregions, composed of the first four principal components, accounted for 84.8% of the oil concentration variance. The contour maps of factor loadings of each principal component, combined with the distribution of pollution sources, the direction of seawater flow, etc., might be appropriate to interpret the pollution patterns represented by each principal component. Based on the comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of the three multivariate methods used to explain the geographical features of oil concentration, factor analysis was the best analytic approach in that it could provide information of proportional contributions from a variety of pollution sources on oil concentration variance; it also provided appropriate spatial classification results and a classification number. Factor analysis and multivariate scaling could divide the region into four subregions with consistent oil concentrations. The possible pollution sources in each subregion could be interpreted by locations of sources, contour maps of factor loadings, and relevant factors. Although cluster analysis could differentiate the concentrations measured by all observation stations, its geographical classification result was worse than those of the other two methods.


The study of English literature was first introduced to the British colonies and protectorates, including Malaysia, in order to consolidate the cultural superiority of the English people amongst the colonized natives. Its continuation in the post-colonial period of the twenty-first century, either as a component of the English language subject at Malaysian secondary schools or as a degree program at Malaysian universities, has mainly been justified by the liberal-humanistic belief that canonical works in English literature display universal values that should be cultivated in the minds of readers regardless of their nationality or religion. In the past few decades, confusion surrounding the exact nature of these values has resulted in the advent of materialistic philosophies of literary theory. In many Muslim countries, such as Ma-laysia, these theories have only served to increase reliance on Eurocentric readings of literature, ignoring resistance coming from Muslim readers who have their own Tawhidic spiritual outlook and values. This paper suggests the use of a paradigm that places a concern for spiritual matters at the core of comparative studies of Eng-lish and Islamic literature, especially at Islamic educational institutions. This can benefit Muslims worldwide in the sense that it will present for them a more com-prehensive role than literature alone can play in contributing to their spiritual devel-opment as well as generating appreciation for the universality of Islamic teachings.
Keywords: English literature, comparative, Tawhid, Islam, Malaysia


Apple ( Malus domestica ) accounts for 50% of the world's deciduous fruit tree production. Apple, commonly known as a temperate crop, has become a gainful cash crop for the people in south-western Uganda. The objective of the study was to determine the various costs involved and how different socio-economic factors influence production in south-western Uganda. The analysis was based on data from a research institute orchard and a survey of 136 farm households. There was positive net cash flow (US$ 2,398.5) after the fourth year. Labour was the highest cost accounting for 41.8 percent of total production costs. Organic fertiliser, farmers experience and labour were the most critical factors of production. They had a positive and significant effect, explaining 63.6 percent of the variation in apple production. Organic fertiliser had the highest elasticity (0.77), followed by labour and land with 0.28 and 0.01, respectively. Keywords: Labour, Malus domestica , organic fertiliser African Crop Science Journal , Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 311 - 321


Water scarcity driven by population growth, lack of conventional supplies, and climate change impacts have resulted in increasing interest worldwide in drinking water augmentation using treated wastewater effluents. Potable reuse can occur indirect or direct, but is also practiced in many places as 'de facto reuse', where upstream wastewater discharge occurs to drinking water supplies. With this increasing recognition of potable reuse, there is very limited guidance and standardization for proper design and operation of potable reuse schemes that is protective of public health. This study provided guidance on contemporary approaches for the design, operation, and monitoring of potable reuse schemes, including source water characterization and source control approaches; linking water quality treatment performance goals to health risks; risk mitigation strategies including the design principles of multiple barriers for microbial and chemical contaminants; assessing system reliability and fail-safe design approaches; and, finally, monitoring strategies for process performance and compliance.


The emergence of cloud computing marks the moment when computing has become, materially and symbolically, infrastructure -- a sociotechnical system that is ubiquitous, essential, and foundational. Increasingly integral to the operation of other critical infrastructures, such as transportation, energy, and finance, it functions, in effect, as a meta-infrastructure. As such, the cloud raises a variety of policy and governance issues, among them market regulation, fairness, access, reliability, privacy, national security, and copyright. In this book, experts from a range of disciplines offer their perspectives on these and other concerns. The contributors consider such topics as the economic implications of the cloud's shifting of computing resources from ownership to rental; the capacity of regulation to promote reliability while preserving innovation; the applicability of contract theory to enforce service guarantees; the differing approaches to privacy taken by United States and the European Union in the post-Snowden era; the delocalization or geographic dispersal of the archive; and the cloud-based virtual representations of our body in electronic health data.ContributorsNicholas Bauch, Jean-Franois Blanchette, Marjory Blumenthal, Sandra Braman, Jonathan Cave, Lothar Determann, Luciana Duranti, Svitlana Kobzar, William Lehr, David Nimmer, Andrea Renda, Neil Robinson, Helen Rebecca Schindler, Joe Weinman, Christopher S. Yoo


International carbon offsetting can help reduce compliance costs in emissions trading schemes and at the same time support carbon mitigation projects in developing countries. A surprising observation from the European Union Emissions Trading System's experience with offsetting is that companies do not fully utilise offsetting for compliance despite the cost advantage in doing so. However, so far ther ehas been limited research evaluating what factors influence companies' decisions to utilise offsets. This paper fills this gap by investigating the demand for carbon offsets in tradable permit emissions markets. To do so, we use detailed firm-level data on 279 companies regulated under the EU ETS during 2008-2012.Our findings suggest that there are clear sectoral differences and that, contrary to expectations, transaction costs and over-allocation of free allowances are not the key determining factors. We find some evidence to support the existence of 'insetting', that is, companies with subsidiaries in key offset countries are more likely to use a larger share of their offset allowance for compliance. Semi-structured interviews with companies supported these findings.


Describing cultural heritage materials is a common challenge in the libraries, archives, and museums community. Cultural heritage professionals must be well trained in order to follow best practices for metadata creation. In the current economic climate, having the opportunity to attend training events is challenging for everyone; however, it may be doubly challenging for members of cultural heritage institutions in states like New Mexico. New Mexico is a geographically large state with few large urban centers and a population density of sixteen people per square mile, in which cultural heritage is maintained by many small and geographically remote institutions. In addition to being far from each other, many of these institutions are also far from the closest cities where more training opportunities may exist, such as Denver, Tucson, Phoenix, or Dallas. Nonetheless, the benefits of using common metadata schemes and practices within the cultural heritage community make it imperative to find new solutions for providing training in new standards.


The 1992 Mw 7.3 Landers earthquake is perhaps one of the best studied seismic events. However, many aspects of the dynamics of the rupture process are still puzzling, for example, the rupture transfer between fault segments. We present 3‐D spontaneous dynamic rupture simulations, incorporating the interplay of fault geometry, topography, 3‐D rheology, off‐fault plasticity, and viscoelastic attenuation. Our preferred scenario reproduces a broad range of observations, including final slip distribution, shallow slip deficits, and mapped off‐fault deformation patterns. We demonstrate good agreement between synthetic and observed waveform characteristics and associated peak ground velocities. Despite very complex rupture evolution, ground motion variability is close to what is commonly assumed in Ground Motion Prediction Equations. We examine the effects of variations in modeling parameterization within a suite of scenarios including purely elastic setups and models neglecting viscoelastic attenuation. Source dynamics of all models include dynamic triggering over large distances and direct branching; rupture terminates spontaneously on most of the principal fault segments. Sustained dynamic rupture of all fault segments in general, and rupture transfers in particular, constrain amplitude and orientation of initial fault stresses and friction. We conclude that physically consistent in‐scale earthquake rupture simulations can augment earthquake source observations toward improving the understanding of earthquake source physics of complex, segmented fault systems.


[1] The Puerto Rico Dust Experiment (PRIDE) took place in Roosevelt Roads, Puerto Rico from 26 June to 24 July 2000 to study the radiative and physical properties of African dust aerosol transported into the region. PRIDE had the unique distinction of being the first major field experiment to allow direct comparison of aerosol retrievals from the Moderate Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) with Sun photometer and in situ aerosol measurements. Over the ocean the MODIS algorithm retrieves aerosol optical depth (AOD) as well as information about the aerosols' size distribution. During PRIDE, AODs derived by MODIS in the red wavelengths (0.66 μm) compare closely with Sun photometers. However, MODIS-derived AODs are too large in the blue and green wavelengths (0.47 and 0.55 μm) and too small in the near infrared (0.87 μm). This error in AOD spectral dependence results in retrieved particle size distributions that are small compared to in situ measurements and smaller still when compared to Sun photometer sky radiance inversions. The differences in size distributions may be, in part, associated with MODIS' simplification of dust as spherical particles. Analysis of this PRIDE data set is a first step toward derivation of realistic models for future MODIS retrievals.


We report the fabrication of double clad fiber (DCF) and DCF coupler, suitable for fiber based imaging systems requiring the dual-channel transmission. Unlike the conventional DCF which uses silica for both cladding layers, the proposed DCF uses a low-index polymer for its outer-cladding layer coated over the conventional silica inner-cladding layer. The DCF is drawn with a conventional SMF preform but a low-index polymer coating is used for both jacket and outercladding of the fiber. To achieve the cladding mode coupling, a DCF coupler is fabricated by simply twisting two pieces of the proposed DCF after removing the polymer-coating at contacting regions. A cladding mode coupling ratio of 30% was achieved with a contact length of 16 cm. The proposed DCF and DCF coupler were employed in a composite optical coherence tomography (OCT) and fluorescence spectroscopy (FS) system, and both OCT images and FS signal from a plant tissue are measured simultaneously.


Globalization is becoming an important issue for most businesses in the world. Since globalization changes business trends and shortens product life cycles, it requires companies to be more innovative in developing new ideas, products and processes. Clustering is one of ways to promote innovation by facilitating sharing information and ideas between firms, attracting buyers and suppliers, and providing opportunities for joint training. Many researches in developed countries found that the proximity between companies facilitated collaboration and provided a more conducive environment for R&D and knowledge sharing which can develop culture of entrepreneurship and innovation. Then, the success of clusters in developed countries has led many government and companies to establish new clusters. Since products from China have been dominated Indonesia's market share with lower price, it is very difficult for Indonesian Small and Medium Enterprises to compete with lower price also. Therefore, to face the competition, innovation is perhaps as an alternative strategy for Indonesian SMEs. In facts, more than 50% of small and medium enterprises in Indonesia are located in clusters and most of them are located in Java, Bali and Nusa Tenggara. Even though they located in cluster but their innovations still very low and judging from technology perspective, most of them have low level of technologies and still remain in the underdeveloped stage. Therefore, in this research, the author tries to find (1). To what extend do cluster Indonesia promote innovation, (2). To find the reasons why clusters in Indonesia has not been working well in promoting innovation and (3). To investigate what aspects can be improved by Indonesian SMEs to boost their innovation. Keywords: clustering, innovation, small and medium enterprises.


This thesis consists of two different parts, separating research projects carried out in two different groups.

In the first and longest part of this thesis, we attempt to fit the signal for a reduction in the speed of sound of the inflaton. In chapter 1, we shortly introduce the topics discussed in this thesis, namely ΛCDM cosmology, transient reductions in the speed of sound during inflation, and Bayesian statistical inference. Afterwards, we attempt to fit a particular hypothesis for the speed of sound reduction using Cosmic Microwave Background data (chapter 2) and later adding Large Scale Structure data to the search (chapter 3). Finally, in chapter 4 we present two pieces of code that were elaborated for the research in this thesis, and later released to the community.

In the second part, consisting solely of chapter 5, we present a classification of all possible 6-dimensional symmetric toroidal orbifolds over which Heterotic String Theory leads to a supersymmetric model. To do that, we made use of standard crystallographic tools.


After the US invasion of Afghanistan, while there were some successes in fighting international terrorists in the region, Western attempts at state‐building in Afghanistan remain a dismal failure. After years of Western military involvement, the Taliban insurgency today shows no signs of operational decay or a possible defeat. This article argues that Western engagement in Afghanistan only prolongs civil strife and makes room for more radical elements such as the Islamic State of Iraq and Levant (ISIL) to gain a robust foothold in Afghanistan. Domestic conflicts, with the past involvement of the former Soviet Union and the ongoing Western intervention, have bruised and traumatized Afghan society. What the country now needs is a different form of political process that makes peace and reconciliation a top priority. A transition to a peace process will face multiple hurdles, but given their military and economic sacrifices in Afghanistan, the US and its allies should not flinch, but rather face the challenges boldly.


Quilting is an area of creative work rich in tradition that demonstrates how ideas and inspiration flow between quilters as they share with each other, move to new parts of the country, and develop their own designs. While commercial patterns have been copyrighted, quilting has generally existed under the radar of copyright law, primarily because quilts are most often exchanged within a gift economy. However, as quilting becomes big business and patterns and pattern books are more centrally located in quilting culture, issues associated with copyright protection emerge. This article investigates the relationship between copyright law, innovation, and sharing as it is understood by quilters who responded to an online questionnaire. Survey participants feel that quilting is a creative activity in which copyright plays a very small role, except when it restricts the actions of quilters. The survey suggests that respondents see quilting as creating a connection between themselves, their families, and their communities. Their creative work, in other words, is a gift they want to share, not a product they want to sell.


Online communities and so-called Ask the Expert systems aim at supporting online interaction for knowledge sharing and learning. One area where these kinds of knowledge tools have become widely used is the health care sector. Through online interaction, medical trained experts can help people with concerns about diseases and other health-related problems, and those who suffer from a certain health issue can come together to share experiences and advice. During recent years, studies have been done of the usage of different knowledge tools. However, holistic studies of the use of the two tools for online interaction have not been done. This paper presents results from a study of an online health-community and an Ask the Expert system for people who suffer from overweight. Differences and similarities in regards to knowledge sharing are presented.


The Texas Folklore Society is one of the oldest and most prestigious organizations in the state. Its secret for longevity lies in those things that make it unique, such as its annual meeting that seems more like a social event or family reunion than a formal academic gathering. This book examines the Society's members and their substantial contributions to the field of folklore over the last century. Some articles focus on the research that was done in the past, while others offer studies that continue today. For example, L. Patrick Hughes explores historical folk music, while Meredith Abarca focuses on Mexican American folk healers and the potential direction of research on them today. Other articles are more personal reflections about why our members have been drawn to the TFS for fellowship and fun. This book does more than present a history of the Texas Folklore Society: it explains why the TFS has lasted so long, and why it will continue.


This paper analyzes the financial fragility of Dutch households by examining their ability to raise 2,000 euro within a month in case of a financial emergency. Using data from a survey module fielded in 2016 in the CentERpanel, we document that one in seven Dutch households is financially fragile. Moreover, some demographic groups, specifically females, single person households, renters, low-income households, the lower educated and the unemployed are more likely to be financially fragile. While a majority of households would use their savings to cope with a financial emergency, a noticeable fraction of households would resort to other methods, such as relying on family and friends or borrowing using credit cards. Financial literacy, confidence in financially literacy skills and probability numeracy are all associated with financial fragility as well as with the methods people use to cope with an emergency. These results support previous findings on the importance of financial knowledge and numerical ability for financial decision making.


Critical systems are present in our daily life and affect many aspects providing essential support to several human activities; they are employed in several application domains, providing support to economic activities, transportation, communication, health-care. Such systems must meet strict non-functional requirements, including dependability requirements, and should be able to cope with competitive market needs. Their criticality implies the necessity to meet several requirements, often dictated by international standards, whose fulfillment must be demonstrated in order to achieve necessary certifications. Quantitative evaluations are hence needed to assess and demonstrate compliance with target requirements, since design phases of the lifecycle.

For this purpose modeling approaches have been investigated during the years; their aim is to have a model of the overall system which allows to assess and demonstrate these properties. It is commonly known that the adoption of formal models in industry, although if strongly recommended when not mandatory, is slowed down by difficulties dictated both by the complexity of the models (which reflects the complexity of the systems) and by the need to have skilled staff in the usage of formal languages. For this reason, also if the academic research trends have focused on complex modeling approaches and techniques, formal models are not so used in industries: in particular only combinatorial models are widely adopted, thanks to their intuitive representation. The great simplifications introduced by combinatorial models lead to approximated results, hence system designers do not trust in them. In the last years the need of a "model engineering" is noticed: there is the necessity to define appropriate methodologies and processes to support development activities of complex models, aiming at improving the model quality/cost ratio. In this way three main research trends have been introduced: formal models generation, multiformalism, and compositional approaches.

This thesis aims at defining a methodology for quantitative analysis of critical system that can integrate Model-Based evaluations, conducted by using formal models, with Model-Driven Engineering (MDE) paradigms, taking advantage of the actual research trends. More in detail, according to such approach, critical systems properties can be assessed starting from high level models expressed in proper languages (usually called Domain Specific Modeling Languages - DSMLs), and defining automatic transformation chains, able to generate formal models. The methodology is implementable into cost-effective processes in order to reduce time-to-market specifically during verification stages of critical system development lifecycles. Such objective will be achieved by both improving usability and re-usability of typical Model-Driven artifacts. The adoption of this methodology for railway system dependability analysis may lead to an estimated costs reduction of approximately 30%. The usage of a high-level central language significantly decreases also the training time of new analysts, as they only need to learn the DSML usage (properly developed for the application domain).

This thesis defines also two high-level modeling languages: the first, CIP_VAM, has been defined to model vulnerability aspects of physical infrastructures, while the second, DAM-Rail, allows the dependability modeling in railway domain.

Another important contribution of this thesis is given in the definition of new methods and formal operators: in detail a reference model architecture for performability and Quality of Service evaluation is defined, as well as the formal concept of Model Template is introduced (to enable model reuse). At last two techniques which deals with scalability are addressed: stub and reduced models.

Even if the focus is on quantitative evaluation, the proposed methodology is useful also for the complete design (based on centralized informations), hence it is possible to extend it for automatic generation of documents and, more generally, of all those artifacts which support system development.

The proposed approach has been applied with different goals to case studies coming from three different domains: railway systems, conferencing systems, and sensor network. These systems have different and complementary properties in terms of number of involved components, scalability, etc. Produced models are described, and obtained results are shown and commented.


Background: HIV/AIDS affects the most productive age group, the knowledge of which is clouded with many myths and misconceptions. Objective: To determine the knowledge and awareness about various aspects of HIV/AIDS among the students of MBBS first year. Methodology: The students were asked to fill a pre-designed, structured, semi open ended questionnaire. All efforts were made to ensure the originality of the responses. Statistical Analysis: The data collected so, was analysed, tabulated and presented in the forms of percentages and proportions. Appropriate statistical tests applied, wherever applicable. Results: Among the total of 122 respondents, all of them have heard about HIV/AIDS and that it is caused by a virus. About 43.4% students believed that HIV infection means AIDS. The place where HIV testing is done, was known to about 78%. Knowledge about the routes of spread included; through infected injections (100%), through blood transfusion (98%), Unprotected Sexual contact (97.5%), Infected Mother to child (86%). The respondents were aware that it doesn't spread through touching/hand shaking (99.2%), sharing food (93.4%), using common cups/glasses (89%), used clothes/towels/soap (88.5%). About 80% responded to have discussed about HIV/AIDS ever with anybody, while about 82% considered safe working with a patient of HIV/AIDS. Conclusion: Most of students were aware about the basic knowledge while they also had a misconception which implies that the students should be equipped more, especially since the beginning of their career.


Dimensionality reduction is a very important step in the anahsis of hyperspectral images. There should be an optimal tradeoff between the reduction in dimensionality and loss of information. Principal component analysis (PCA) is used as the main approach for the dimensionality reduction of hyperspectral data. PCA is basically an orthogonal projection of the data onto a subspace of lower dimensionality. An important preprocessing step before performing PCA is the registration of the individual bands of the hyperspectral image. Spatial image registration is performed using the properties of power cepstmm and the Fourier shift theorem. It is also unwise in terms of computational efficiency to use all the bands of the hyperspectral image for PCA. Therefore, an efficient hierarchical dimensionality reduction technique is implemented. It is used in conjunction with an entropy measure to pre-select the bands of the image, which are to be used for performing PCA. PCA relies heavily on second order moments, which result in a high sensitivity of the algorithm to outliers in the data. Hence, an efficient version of principal component analysis is also implemented, using a robust estimate of the covariance matrix to do the transformation. The scree plots and performance measures for PCA are analyzed for the given hyperspectral imagery.


How is corporate governance measured? What is the relationship between corporate governance and performance? This paper sheds light on these questions while taking into account the endogeneity of the relationships among corporate governance, corporate performance, corporate capital structure, and corporate ownership structure. We make three additional contributions to the literature:

First, we find that better governance as measured by the Gompers, Ishii, and Metrick (GIM, 2003) and Bebchuk, Cohen and Ferrell (BCF, 2004) indices, stock ownership of board members, and CEO-Chair separation is significantly positively correlated with better contemporaneous and subsequent operating performance.

Second, contrary to claims in GIM and BCF, none of the governance measures are correlated with future stock market performance. In several instances inferences regarding the (stock market) performance and governance relationship do depend on whether or not one takes into account the endogenous nature of the relationship between governance and (stock market) performance.

Third, given poor firm performance, the probability of disciplinary management turnover is positively correlated with stock ownership of board members, and board independence. However, better governed firms as measured by the GIM and BCF indices are less likely to experience disciplinary management turnover in spite of their poor performance.
The above results highlight the strategic importance of board incentives. Our recommendations on board incentives are consistent with the implications of Hermalin and Weisbach (2007).


Reports of people rejecting political authority, assaulting it with words and often violent acts, are actions that are part of modern life. Anarchism has been considered a dead movement of the nineteenth and early twentieth century, but it assumed a renewed and substantial relevance in the late twentieth century. Robert Hoffman points out in his incisive Introduction that anarchists have always been viewed either as foolish idealists or, at the other extreme, as serious threats to justice and social tranquility. But, the editor argues, most anarchists have been ordinary people who have shared a singular passion for what they believe to be a just society. To clarify widespread misconceptions about anarchism, this volume offers a lively debate on the subject, consisting of works by both advocates of anarchism and people who take it seriously but reject it. Represented here, in the writings of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, Leo Tolstoy, George Bernard Shaw, Bertrand Russell, and others, are different types, styles, and periods of anarchist writing, reflecting a rich variety of thought arising from the anarchist perspective. The essays deal with many of the different strands of anarchists, including anarchist attacks on democracy, patriotism, and military conscription, and provide an outline of the movement's tumultuous history. Against these are set pieces that argue anarchism's impossibility and estimate its relevance to social change. The debate format of Anarchism introduces the reader to a fresh perspective and understanding of vital issues of political and social theory, and provokes him to examine his own thinking. Looking at both sides of the controversy, this volume discourages unquestioning or over-confident opinions. Although the anarchist credo that man can live without government is difficult or impossible for most people to accept, as long as we find it difficult to live within the framework of government control, the influence and potential appeal of anarchist thought will continue to be felt.


Narrative media music, music used for narrative purposes in multimedia such as film, television or computer games, is becoming one of the largest sources of musical experience in our daily lives. Though typically experienced on an unconscious and unreflected level, this kind of music actively contributes narrative meaning in multimodal interplay with image, speech and sound effects. Often, what we (think we) see is to a large degree determined by what we hear. Using Halliday's (1978) metafunctions of communication as a starting point, two short film scenes (from Jaws and The Secret of My Success) are examined, with a focus on the intermodal relationships of music and image. The examples illustrate how musical and visual expressions combine to form multimodal statements where the whole is certainly different than the sum of the parts.


What is the proper role of cost-benefit analysis in understanding the tort concept of negligence or reasonable care? A straightforward question, you might think. But it is a question that manages to elicit groans of exasperation from those on both sides of the controversy. For most utilitarians and adherents to law and economics, the answer is obvious: to say that people should not be negligent is to say that they should minimize the sum of the costs of accidents and the costs of preventing accidents. Under the economic formulation of the famous Learned Hand test, they should take a precaution if but only if the marginal costs (or burden, B) of that precaution are less than its marginal benefits (in the form of reduced risks of injury, measured by multiplying the probability (P) of the injury times the magnitude (L) of the injury if it occurs). If B>PxL, it would be absurd to require the greater expenditure, B. For many advocates of a fairness, corrective justice, rights-based, or contractualist perspective, the opposite answer is equally obvious. Permitting a person to impose risks of harm on others merely because he would thereby obtain a benefit (or would otherwise incur a burden) greater than the discounted value of the harm he might inflict, amounts to authorizing him to dump the costs of his risky activities on innocent victims. To permit this type of sacrifice of individuals on the altar of aggregate social welfare is morally abhorrent. Both sets of criticism have important elements of truth. Neither an unqualified cost-benefit analysis nor an unqualified rights-based rejection of tradeoffs is defensible - either as a description of tort doctrine and practice or as a normative prescription. However, a qualified (sensitive) consequentialist approach can accommodate legitimate criticisms of cost-benefit analysis: the consequentialist can launder preferences, and can consider the distribution of risk both in the social welfare calculus and in determining whether to compensate. At the same time, a qualified (tough-minded) deontological approach can accommodate the legitimate need to recognize tradeoffs: the deontologist can permit intrapersonal but not interpersonal aggregation of risks and benefits, can apply the concept of threshold deontology to risky activity, and can consider individual rather than population risk. I conclude that the formulation of the Learned Hand test found in the Restatement Third of Torts is broad enough to encompass each of these qualified approaches.


The purpose of this study was to compare post-stroke and normal aging populations' outcomes on the Interactive Metronome® and functional motor measures after completion of Interactive Metronome® protocols. Data from a previous study with healthy participants was compared with data gathered from post-stroke participants. Percentages of change from pre- to post-test measurement with the Long Form Assessment of the Interactive Metronome® and the Nine Hole Peg Test were compared. Overall, both groups showed improvement on the outcomes, with the healthy participants averaging higher percentages of change. Data analysis did not find statistically significant differences between groups on any measure, indicating that the Interactive Metronome® may equally be effective with a post-stroke population as with the healthy aging population. These results give preliminary evidence that the Interactive Metronome® may be an effective tool in stroke rehabilitation, and add to the body of evidence that incorporating Interactive Metronome® therapy into occupational therapy interventions can lead to successful outcomes.


The CMS Global Pool, based on HTCondor and glideinWMS, is the main computing resource provisioning system for all CMS workflows, including analysis, Monte Carlo production, and detector data reprocessing activities. The total resources at Tier-1 and Tier-2 grid sites pledged to CMS exceed 100,000 CPU cores, while another 50,000 to 100,000 CPU cores are available opportunistically, pushing the needs of the Global Pool to higher scales each year. These resources are becoming more diverse in their accessibility and configuration over time. Furthermore, the challenge of stably running at higher and higher scales while introducing new modes of operation such as multi-core pilots, as well as the chaotic nature of physics analysis workflows, places huge strains on the submission infrastructure. This paper details some of the most important challenges to scalability and stability that the CMS Global Pool has faced since the beginning of the LHC Run II and how they were overcome.


This research study mainly focuses the imprudent role of the anchorpersons working in different news and
current affair channels as an emerging phenomenon in electronic media. The study was designed to investigate the perceptions of audience members regarding the role of anchorpersons in different TV talk shows. In this study, I hypothesize that the anchorpersons are biased toward certain political parties/groups and trying to impose their own point of view on the panel and ultimately on the viewers; and they are not following the basic ethics of fairness and objective approach that is the fundamental duty of the information media. Descriptive survey research technique was used to find out what exists at the moment in the audience's perception about anchorpersons. Two hundred forty respondents were selected through proportionate stratified random sampling technique. Gender and level of education was used as strata for selection of appropriate sample for this study. The researcher used closed ended questionnaire to obtain the opinion of the audience regarding the role of anchorperson in TV talk shows. The empirical indicators of the study confirmed that anchorpersons were lacking professional experience and violate media ethics. The respondents believe that the anchorpersons often try to dictate the audience by imposing their own point of view. They are not only giving the analysis but also determine the direction. They violate professional
ethics by slanting the facts and biased analysis. They often used derogatory words for the panel and ask personal question to prove them guilty. Overwhelming majority of the respondents believe that anchorpersons have become agent provocateurs.


The study proposes a measure of effective productivity among service workers and seeks a parsimonious predictive model of "effective productivity" among nurses in Botswana. Employee productivity has become a concern of organisations in all economic sectors world wide. In Botswana, it has also become a national priority issue and has been listed as one of the goals of the long term vision for Botswana due to perceived low productivity among the workforce. Productivity among nurses is of special significance because of their critical role in the primary health care system. Nurses working under local government control in Botswana provide a good case study since they all have to perform certain routine activities from which their productivity could be measured and compared. Self completed anonymous questionnaires were used to collect the relevant data from all health facilities under local government control in Botswana. A representative sample of 325 questionnaires were returned and analysed. Chi-squared test of association was used to identify univariate factors associated with effective productivity from among a list of 38 variables. Hierarchical stepwise multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify a predictive model for effective productivity among nurses. Thirteen of the 38 variables were found to be significant univariate predictors of effective productivity (p<0.05). Only eight of these factors were retained during a search for a parsimonious predictive model. These in order of importance were midwifery training, involvement with the Village Development Committee, involvement in making health policies, peer support, religious affiliation, ability to complete the Botswana Obstetric Record, quality of health after posting and involvement with the community. The overall impact of these factors was found to be additive. The results underline the importance of midwifery training for effective productivity among nurses in Botswana. It is concluded that all nurses in Botswana should be encouraged and accorded the opportunity to do midwifery training. Nurses should further be encouraged to become more involved in the communities in which they work, as well as develop supportive relationships and a friendly atmosphere at the work place.


This is a companion report to our article, "The Invisible Revolution in Plea Bargaining: Managerial Judging and Judicial Participation in Negotiations," 95 Texas Law Review 325 (2016), available at http://ssrn.com/abstract=2796296. Based on field interviews with judges and attorneys in ten different states, we documented new procedures in state courts that involve judges routinely in the settlement of criminal cases. We learned of grant-funded problem-solving sessions, multi-case conferences where other lawyers chime in, settlement dockets with retired judges, full-blown felony mediation with defendant and victims, and more.
In this companion report, we make publicly available some additional quotations from our field interviews, adding depth to our description and evaluation of judicial negotiation practices. The additional evidence from our interviews includes further examples and exceptions that we did not publish in the original article. This report ends with an appendix describing our methodology in assembling this interview data.


Although firms are expending substantial resources to develop technology and processes that can help safeguard the security of their computing assets, increased attention is being focused on the role people play in maintaining a safe computing environment. Unlike employees in a work setting, home users are not subject to training, nor are they protected by a technical staff dedicated to keeping security software and hardware current. Thus, with over one billion people with access to the Internet, individual home computer users represent a significant point of weakness in achieving the security of the cyber infrastructure. We study the phenomenon of conscientious cybercitizens, defined as individuals who are motivated to take the necessary precautions under their direct control to secure their own computer and the Internet in a home setting. Using a multidisciplinary, phased approach, we develop a conceptual model of the conscientious cybercitizen. We present results from two studies-a survey and an experiment-conducted to understand the drivers of intentions to perform security-related behavior, and the interventions that can positively influence these drivers. In the first study, we use protection motivation theory as the underlying conceptual foundation and extend the theory by drawing upon the public goods literature and the concept of psychological ownership. Results from a survey of 594 home computer users from a wide range of demographic and socio-economic backgrounds suggest that a home computer user's intention to perform security-related behavior is influenced by a combination of cognitive, social, and psychological components. In the second study, we draw upon the concepts of goal framing and self-view to examine how the proximal drivers of intentions to perform security-related behavior identified in the first study can be influenced by appropriate messaging. An experiment with 101 subjects is used to test the research hypotheses. Overall, the two studies shed important new light on creating more conscientious cybercitizens. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.


When individuals independently recollect events or retrieve facts from memory, how can we aggregate these retrieved memories to reconstruct the actual set of events or facts? In this research, we report the performance of individuals in a series of general knowledge tasks, where the goal is to reconstruct from memory the order of historic events, or the order of items along some physical dimension. We introduce two Bayesian models for aggregating order information based on a Thurstonian approach and Mallows model. Both models assume that each individual's reconstruction is based on either a random permutation of the unobserved ground truth, or by a pure guessing strategy. We apply MCMC to make inferences about the underlying truth and the strategies employed by individuals. The models demonstrate a "wisdom of crowds" effect, where the aggregated orderings are closer to the true ordering than the orderings of the best individual.


Genetic studies have been underway on Arabian Peninsula populations because of their pivotal geographic location for population migration and times of occurrence. To assist in better understanding population dynamics in this region, evidence is presented herein on local population structure in the Arabian Peninsula, based on Y-STR characterisation in four Arabian samples and its comparison in a broad geographical scale. Our results demonstrate that geography played an important role in shaping the genetic structure of the region around the Near-East. Populations are grouped regionally but none of these groups is significantly differentiated from others and all groups merge in the Near-East, in keeping with this important migration corridor for the human species. Focusing on the Arabian Peninsula, we show that Dubai and Oman share genetic affinities with other Near-Eastern populations, while Saudi Arabia and Yemen show a relative distinctive isolated background. Those two populations may have been kept relatively separated from migration routes, maybe due to their location in a desert area.


Methane is recognised as an important greenhouse gas that contributes ~15 % to the current anthropogenic warming. With the help of isotopic analysis the contributions of different sources and sinks to the atmospheric burden can be estimated. Air enclosures in ice cores are the only direct paleoatmospheric archive and allow an assessment of natural changes of methane in the past. Ice core reconstructions of atmospheric methane concentrations show significant increases for both glacial/interglacial transitions as well as for rapid warming events (Dansgaard/Oeschger events). Due to the different carbon isotopic signature of different methane sources high-precision measurements of delta13CH4 in ice cores supply clues about the global methane cycle.We developed a highly automated (continuous-flow) gas chromatography combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry technique (GC/C/IRMS) for ice core samples of ~200 g. The methane is melt-extracted using a purge and trap method, then separated from the main air constituents, combusted and measured as CO2 by a conventional isotope ratio mass spectrometer. A CO2 working standard, a CH4 and two air reference gases are used to identify potential sources of isotope fractionation within the entire sample preparation process and to enhance the stability, reproducibility and accuracy of the system. We show the performance of our set-up and data from the Antarctic EDML ice core.


Jugular phlebectasia, an entity increasingly recognised in recent years, is an isolated saccular or fusiform dilation of a vein without tortuosity. There is a controversy about etiology. This paper reports a case of localised distension of the external jugular vein in a 24-year-old male patient complaining of intermittent right neck swelling while lying down or straining (Valsalva maneuvre). The diagnosis was confirmed by color Doppler ultrasonography, surgical excision was carried out without any complication.


The lexicon of a natural language does not contain all of the phonological structures that are grammatical. This presents a fundamental challenge to the learner, who must distinguish linguistically significant restrictions from accidental gaps (Fischer-Jørgensen 1952, Halle 1962, Chomsky and Halle 1965, Pierrehumbert 1994, Frisch and Zawaydeh 2001, Iverson and Salmons 2005, Gorman 2013, Hayes and White 2013). The severity of the challenge depends on the size of the lexicon (Pierrehumbert 2001), the number of sounds and their frequency distribution (Sigurd 1968, Tambovtsev and Martindale 2007), and the complexity of the generalizations that learners must entertain (Pierrehumbert 1994, Hayes and Wilson 2008, Kager and Pater 2012, Jardine and Heinz 2016). In this squib, we consider the problem that accidental gaps pose for learning phonotactic grammars stated on a single, surface level of representation. While the monostratal approach to phonology has considerable theoretical and computational appeal (Ellison 1993, Bird and Ellison 1994, Scobbie, Coleman, and Bird 1996, Burzio 2002), little previous research has investigated how purely surface-based phonotactic grammars can be learned from natural lexicons (but cf. Hayes and Wilson 2008, Hayes and White 2013). The empirical basis of our study is the sound pattern of South Bolivian Quechua, with particular focus on the allophonic distribution of high and mid vowels. We show that, in characterizing the vowel distribution, a surface-based analysis must resort to generalizations of greater complexity than are needed in traditional accounts that derive outputs from underlying forms. This exacerbates the learning problem, because complex constraints are more likely to be surface-true by chance (i.e., the structures they prohibit are more likely to be accidentally absent from the lexicon). A comprehensive quantitative analysis of the Quechua lexicon and phonotactic system establishes that many accidental gaps of the relevant complexity level do indeed exist. We propose that, to overcome this problem, surface-based phonotactic models should have two related properties: they should use distinctive features to state constraints at multiple levels of granularity, and they should select constraints of appropriate granularity by statistical comparison of observed and expected frequency distributions. The central idea is that actual gaps typically belong to statistically robust feature-based classes, whereas accidental gaps are more likely to be featurally isolated and to contain independently rare sounds. A maximum-entropy learning model that incorporates these two properties is shown to be effective at distinguishing systematic and accidental gaps in a whole-language phonotactic analysis of Quechua, outperforming minimally different models that lack features or perform nonstatistical induction.


In the present work, the interaction of calcium-phosphate with DPPC (dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine) model mem- branes has been studied in the presence and absence of vitamin D2 by using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Calcium and phosphorus are the most abundant elements in the body. They combine in the form of calcium phosphate salt, called hydroxyapatite. Hydroxyapatite is the major structural component of the bone. Calcium phosphate assists with the diges- tion and absorption of food and is vitally important for the building of sturdy bone and body structures and a robust constitution. Phosphorus is extracted from foods and its use is controlled by vitamin D and calcium. FTIR spectral analysis results suggested that, calcium-phosphate complex, which is the major component of the bones, decreases the phase transition temperature to lower values, causes a loss in cooperativity of the acyl chains, decreases the order of the membrane in both phases and decreases the dynamics of the membrane in the liquid crystalline phase, increases the flexibility of the chains in the center of the bilayer in both phases, and increases the mobility of the head group of DPPC in the gel phase. The effect of calcium-phosphate on DPPC liposomes diminishes with the addition of vitamin D2 into the liposomes. Our results suggest how calcium-phosphate and/or vitamin D2, which have indispensable role for the functioning of the bone tissue, affect the thermal behaviour of DPPC liposomes at molecular level.


This study examined teacher leadership behaviors and proactive influence tactics used
among interactions of teachers in North Carolina schools. All teachers are now required
to demonstrate leadership in the classroom, in the school, and in the teaching profession
(North Carolina Professional Teaching Standards, 2008). Since teachers hold no formal
authority over one another, teachers use a variety of influence tactics to lead peers. The
conceptual framework for this study used a blend of Spillane, Halverson, and Diamond's
theory of distributed leadership, Yukl's identification of 11 proactive influence tactics,
teacher leadership behaviors aligned with the North Carolina Professional Teaching
Standards, and North Carolina Standards for School Executives. This framework
provided insight into how teachers lead when teachers are both leaders and followers.
This study answered five research questions:
1. What leadership behaviors do teachers enact in formal and informal
situations?
2. What behavioral influence tactics do teachers perceive are used on them?
3. What behavioral influence tactics do teachers use?
4. What patterns of influence among teachers are associated with teacher
leadership behaviors in formal and informal situations?
5. How does principal support influence teacher leadership?
This study used a correlational, cross-sectional research design. The sample
consisted of classroom teachers in seven school districts across the state (N = 493). A
Teacher Leadership Behavior Questionnaire was used to explore specific teacher
leadership behaviors and the target and agent versions of Yukl's Influence Behavior
Questionnaire (IBQ) were used to measure behavioral influence tactics used among
teachers. Teacher leadership behaviors were categorized into six different groups based
on situation: informal classroom, formal classroom, informal school, formal school,
informal profession, and formal profession. Creating and maintaining a safe and
supportive classroom environment had the highest percentage of high-frequency
behavior. Conversely, few respondents said they very often develop policies or lead
professional development outside of their school. The proactive influence tactic
respondents reported being used most frequently on them as targets was facts and logic to
make a persuasive case for a request or proposal. Proactive influence tactics that used
pressure were reportedly used the least often on respondents. Demanding to carry out a
request was the behavior with the lowest percentage of frequency. Similarly, as agents of
influence, the most frequently used proactive influence tactic respondents reported using
was facts and logic to make a persuasive case for a request or proposal. Very few
respondents reported frequent use of pressure tactics or demanding a colleague carry out
a request. There was a statistically significant association between pressure tactics and
formal school and formal profession leadership. Agent non-pressure tactics and target
10
non-pressure tactics were both statistically significantly and positively associated with
informal school, formal school, informal profession, and formal profession situations.
Principal support was statistically significantly associated with teacher leadership. In all
six situations of teacher leadership behavior, the means were higher when principal
support was higher. Findings indicate it is incumbent upon the North Carolina State
Board of Education, local school districts, principals, and teachers themselves, to develop
leadership skills among teachers. In addition, if the use and acceptance of pressure
tactics when leading in education increased, North Carolina public schools may
experience an increase in the number of teachers leading in our schools and profession.


In recent years, Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) has become an increasingly popular therapy and is now widely recommended by GPs and a range of other health professionals. Part of CBT's appeal lies in the fact that it is time-limited and cheaper than most alternatives.

The editors of this book argue that in the rush to embrace CBT there has not been sufficient attention paid to the potential drawbacks of such a therapy. This book redresses the balance by taking a critical look at CBT through the lens of various standard psychotherapy approaches, considering those areas where CBT is appropriate as well as those where it might not be.

Leading figures associated with particular approaches (including Jungian, Systemic, Lacanian and Rogerian practitioners) examine the role of CBT and how it fits within their approach, exploring a synthesis of the two.

Responses from three leading international CBT authorities enable readers to engage with both sides of the emerging global debate about CBT, and to consider what CBT therapists and other psychotherapists might learn from one another.

Critically Engaging CBT is key reading for training and practising counsellors and psychotherapists as well as other health professionals who deal with CBT and/or other psychological interventions.


[1] The Wilkes and Aurora basins are large, low-lying sub-glacial basins that may cause areas of weakness in the overlying East Antarctic ice sheet. Previous work based on ice-rafted debris (IRD) provenance analyses found evidence for massive iceberg discharges from these areas during the late Miocene and Pliocene. Here we characterize the sediments shed from the inferred areas of weakness along this margin (94°E to 165°E) by measuring40Ar/39Ar ages of 292 individual detrital hornblende grains from eight marine sediment core locations off East Antarctica and Nd isotopic compositions of the bulk fine fraction from the same sediments. We further expand the toolbox for Antarctic IRD provenance analyses by exploring the application of 40Ar/39Ar ages of detrital biotites; biotite as an IRD tracer eliminates lithological biases imposed by only analyzing hornblendes and allows for characterization of samples with low IRD concentrations. Our data quadruples the number of detrital 40Ar/39Ar ages from this margin of East Antarctica and leads to the following conclusions: (1) Four main sectors between the Ross Sea and Prydz Bay, separated by ice drainage divides, are distinguishable based upon the combination of 40Ar/39Ar ages of detrital hornblende and biotite grains and the eNd of the bulk fine fraction; (2) 40Ar/39Ar biotite ages can be used as a robust provenance tracer for this part of East Antarctica; and (3) sediments shed from the coastal areas of the Aurora and Wilkes sub-glacial basins can be clearly distinguished from one another based upon their isotopic fingerprints.


Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is a peptide hormone that is released from the gut after luminal stimulation. The hormone is a potent insulin secretagogue and is a potential novel pharmaceutical adjuvant in the treatment of NIDDM. Insulin is secreted as a series of punctuated secretory bursts superimposed on a basal insulin release. Recently, the contribution of these secretory bursts to overall insulin secretion has been evaluated, and studies using catheterization across the pancreas in a canine model and studies using deconvolution in humans have revealed that the majority of insulin is released during these secretory bursts. Moreover, the main regulation of insulin secretion is through perturbation of mass and frequency of these secretory bursts. The mode of delivery of insulin into the circulation seems important for insulin action, and it is therefore important to know the impact of a potential therapeutic insulin secretagogue on the mode of insulin secretion. To assess the effects of GLP-1 on the mass, frequency, amplitude, and overall contribution of pulsatile insulin secretion, we used a recently validated deconvolution model to examine these variables before and during infusion of GLP-1 in eight healthy men (age 28 ± 2 years; BMI 24 ± 2 kg/m2). At a constant glucose infusion (2.5 mg · kg−1 · min−1), near-steady state was reached at 75 min, and sampling was performed every minute at t = 75–115 and 145–185 min. At t = 115 min, an infusion of saline or GLP-1 (50 pmol · kg−1 · min−1) was given. The regularity of insulin secretion was measured by approximate entropy, a recently developed mathematical statistic, applied herein to assess the regularity in a hormone concentration time series. After GLP-1 infusion, there was an abrupt increase in the peripheral concentrations of serum Cpeptide (696 ± 65 vs. 1,538 ± 165 pmol/1) and insulin (49 ± 8 vs. 138 ±21 pmolA) concentrations. This increase was mainly due to an increase in the pulsatile component of insulin secretion that was achieved by a fourfold increase in secretory burst mass (28.2 ± 4.4 vs. 100.1 ± 15.8 pmol · .l−1· pulse−1; P < 0.001), and amplitude (12.7 ± 2.2 vs. 4.3 ± 7.7 pmol · l−1 · min−1; P < 0.002), whereas the secretory burst frequency was not affected by GLP-1 (11.5 ± 0.7 vs. 12.6 ± 0.6 pulses/h; P = 0.4). As a consequence, the detected contribution of pulsatile to overall insulin secretion was increased from 56 ± 4 to 77 ± 4% (P < 0.005). The orderliness of the insulin release process was not deteriorated by short-term GLP-1 infusion as assessed by approximate entropy (1.19 ± 0.04 vs. 1.18 ± 0.04; P = 0.7).


Structured constraints in Machine Learning have recently brought the Frank-Wolfe (FW) family of algorithms back in the spotlight. While the classical FW algorithm has poor local convergence properties, the Away-steps and Pairwise FW variants have emerged as improved variants with faster convergence. However, these improved variants suffer from two practical limitations: they require at each iteration to solve a 1-dimensional minimization problem to set the step-size and also require the Frank-Wolfe linear subproblems to be solved exactly. In this paper, we propose variants of Away-steps and Pairwise FW that lift both restrictions simultaneously. The proposed methods set the step-size based on a sufficient decrease condition, and do not require prior knowledge of the objective. Furthermore, they inherit all the favorable convergence properties of the exact line-search version, including linear convergence for strongly convex functions over polytopes. Benchmarks on different machine learning problems illustrate large performance gains of the proposed variants.


Rapid urbanisation is one of the most dramatic developments on the African continent, often yielding contrasting and shocking images of affluent businesses and residential districts alongside sprawling shantytowns or slums. Urban areas account for an increasing part of the continent's positive macro-economic development and represent opportunities for employment, education, health, leisure and well-being. However, urban growth is also manifested in emerging conditions of inequality and poverty, rising environmental problems, situations of political instability and riots, as well as persistent high levels of urban crime and violence.
This film project seeks to visualise Maputo: one of Africa's divided cities. It is part of the research project "The Ethnography of a Divided City. Socio-Politics, Poverty and Gender in Maputo, Mozambique" headed by the Chr. Michelsen Institute and funded by the Norwegian Research Council. While the film relates actively to the research project, it approaches the project's themes from new and original angles and ANIMA has had full artistic freedom in its filmic approach. A focus on the people inhabiting the city's so-called bairros (districts/areas) provides a privileged view of the way in which symbolic and material boundaries of various urban spaces are contested, negotiated and, ultimately, inscribed onto mental maps of the city.
Contributors:
Inge Tvedten, Chr. Michelsen Institute, Head of project
Fábio Ribeiro, ANIMA - Estúdio Criativo, Production and photo
João Graça, ANIMA - Estúdio Criativo, Production and photo
Bjørn Enge Bertelsen, Department of Social Anthropology, University of Bergen, Research advisor


Plug-in Electric Vehicle (PEV) is a new atypical load in power systems. In future, PEV load will play a significant role in the distribution grids. This integrated load into the power grid may overload the system components, increase power losses and may violate system constraints. Currently, the most common method of Electric Vehicle (EV) modeling is to consider the EV loads as constant power elements without considering the voltage dependency of EV charging system during state of charges (SOC). EV load demand cannot be considered as a constant power, as modeling as a constant power load will not provide accurate information about the behavior of charging system during charging process. As several research projects on smart grids are now looking into realistic models representing the realistic behavior of an EV loads, this paper proposes a methodology for modeling of EV charger integrated to an electricity grid in order to understand the impacts of EV charging load. A charging system was designed to capture the EV load behavior and extract the coefficients of the EV ZIP load model. A comparative study was carried out with different types of load models. The results indicate that the assumptions of load demand as a constant power to analysis the effect of PEVs on power grid would not be effective in real time application of PEVs.


The French Realist painter Gustave Courbet (1819-77), a pivotal figure in the emergence of modern painting, remains an artist whose interests, attitudes, and friendships are little understood. A voluminous correspondent, Courbet himself, through his letters, offers a tantalizing avenue toward a keener assessment of his character and accomplishments. In her critical edition of over six hundred of the artist's letters, Petra ten-Doesschate Chu presents just such a look at the inner life of the artist; her unparalleled feat of gathering together all of Courbet's known letters, many heretofore unpublished and untranslated, is sure to change our evaluation of Courbet's creativity and of his place in nineteenth-century French life. Beginning when Courbet left his provincial home at eighteen and ending eight days before his death in exile in Switzerland, this correspondence enables readers to follow the artist's development from youth to mature artist of international repute. Addressed to correspondents such as the poet Charles Baudelaire, the painter Claude Monet, the writers Champfleury, Victor Hugo, and The eophile Gautier, the political theorist Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, and the politician Jules Simon, the letters offer numerous insights into Courbet's life and art as well as the cultural and political activity of his day. In fascinating detail, they present the artist's relation to the contemporary media, his deliberate choice of subject matter for Salon paintings, his preoccupation with photography, and his participation in the Commune. Besides collecting, translating, and annotating the letters, Chu provides an introduction, a chronology, biographies of persons appearing frequentlyin the letters, and a list of paintings and sculptures mentioned in the letters. Her work is an essential resource of immediate use to historians of art and culture, political and social historians, and readers of biography. Petra ten-Doesschate Chu is professor and head of the Department of Art and Music at Seton Hall University.


Research Highlights: We demonstrate a macroscale framework combining an invasibility model with forest inventory data, and evaluate regional forest exposure to harmful invasive plants under different types of forest protection. Background and Objectives: Protected areas are a fundamental component of natural resource conservation. The exposure of protected forests to invasive plants can impede achievement of conservation goals, and the effectiveness of protection for limiting forest invasions is uncertain. We conducted a macroscale assessment of the exposure of protected and unprotected forests to harmful invasive plants in the eastern United States. Materials and Methods: Invasibility (the probability that a forest site has been invaded) was estimated for 82,506 inventory plots from site and landscape attributes. The invaded forest area was estimated by using the inventory sample design to scale up plot invasibility estimates to all forest area. We compared the invasibility and the invaded forest area of seven categories of protection with that of de facto protected (publicly owned) forest and unprotected forest in 13 ecological provinces. Results: We estimate approximately 51% of the total forest area has been exposed to harmful invasive plants, including 30% of the protected forest, 38% of the de facto protected forest, and 56% of the unprotected forest. Based on cumulative invasibility, the relative exposure of protection categories depended on the assumed invasibility threshold. Based on the invaded forest area, the five least-exposed protection categories were wilderness area (13% invaded), national park (18%), sustainable use (26%), nature reserve (31%), and de facto protected Federal land (36%). Of the total uninvaded forest area, only 15% was protected and 14% had de facto protection. Conclusions: Any protection is better than none, and public ownership alone is as effective as some types of formal protection. Since most of the remaining uninvaded forest area is unprotected, landscape-level management strategies will provide the most opportunities to conserve it.


Innovation is to a large extent about trying out new combinations. Often it means bridging different types of gaps, which becomes more problematic in cases of radical innovation, as well as in cases of highly specialized actors. Starting with a case where salmon was planned to be used as an input into salami but instead became a special high-quality fillet we will try to identify the important role, as well as the problems, of bridging. Proceeding from this, we seek to outline how such gaps may be bridged across relationships and networks. Hence, this paper represents an attempt at contributing towards an interactive conceptualization of innovation in industrial networks.


Objective
The focus of this report was to analyze patients who presented for second opinion due to complications and failure following maxillomandibular advancement (MMA) performed elsewhere.

Materials and Methods
During a five-year period, 16 patients presented with complications and/ or failure of MMA. The indication for treatment was obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Analysis of treatment records including plane radiography and/or cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), progress photographs and clinical examination were performed.

Results
Complete clinical and imaging records were available in all patients for analysis. Thirteen patients were surgical failures with advancement ranging from -4 to 5 mm. Five of the 13 patients had limited advancement at the initial surgery, and eight patients had hardware failure that required removal with resultant retrodisplacement of the mandible. Due to complications occurring in 11 patients, additional surgery ranging from two to six additional procedures after the initial operation was required. The complications included hardware failure (ten patients) that led to bone segment displacement (eight patients), non-union of the maxilla (two patients), non-union of the mandible (eight patients), chronic facial and/or joint pain (five patients), facial nerve injury (two patients), complete anesthesia of the lip/chin (five patients) and severe malocclusion (four patients).

Conclusions
Although MMA is typically a predictable operation with excellent outcomes, failure of improvement and severe long-term sequelae from surgical complications are possible. Surgical precision with sufficient skeletal advancement for airway improvement and stable skeletal fixation is necessary to achieve a successful outcome.


New health systems exist today thanks to the changing nature of diseases as a result of the integration of new technologies and new approaches in care giving and the management of healthcare systems. This book studies the health inequalities in these new health systems, structured according to the integrated health services approach. The authors investigate a wide range of debates and issues, including the consequences of a collaborative economy on healthcare and the possible ?uberization" of a wide range of its services. The first part of the book offers an overview of the problem of inequalities in the field of health. The second part discusses the possibility of a sustainable and equitable architecture for health systems.. Explains the dynamics that animate Health SystemsExplores tracks to build sustainable and equal architectures of Health SystemsPresents the advantages and inconveniences of the different ways of care integration and the management of Health information systems


Tumor cells survive under conditions of nutrient deprivation by mechanisms that are not fully understood. The MUC1 oncoprotein is aberrantly overexpressed by most human carcinomas and blocks oxidative stress-induced death. The present studies show that MUC1 inhibits the induction of necrosis in response to the deprivation of glucose. MUC1 suppressed glucose deprivation-induced increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and thereby depletion of ATP and cell death. Cells respond to oxidative stress and energy depletion with the induction of autophagy. Our results demonstrate that MUC1 blocks depletion of ATP and sustains growth of glucose-deprived cells by a mechanism sensitive to the autophagy inhibitor, 3-methyladenine. Silencing expression of ATG7, a protein essential for the formation of autophagic vacuoles, also attenuated the MUC1-sustained increases in ATP and growth in response to glucose deprivation. Moreover, we found that MUC1 stimulates AMPK activation and thereby promotes lysosomal turnover of LC3-II, a marker of starvation-induced autophagic activity. These results indicate that MUC1 suppresses glucose deprivation-induced increases in ROS and thereby promotes ATP production and survival. The findings also indicate that the overexpression of MUC1 as found in human cancers could provide a survival advantage in microenvironments with low glucose levels.


The role of DNA in crime scene investigation over the last couple of decades has been immense. DNA materials as evidence are routinely collected from conventional sources (body fluids) from a wide range of crime scenes. In the absence of conventional sources, DNA evidence can be obtained from non-conventional sources, like touch DNA and gut contents of Dipteran larvae found on or near the body. While most studies about insects and their larval stages obtained from crime scenes have been done for PMI estimation, the use of gut contents from Megaselia scalaris (Diptera, Phoridae) larvae for human identification has not been yet investigated. The larvae's ability to crawl through tight spaces make them an important species for both indoor crime scenes and also in the cases of buried corpses. In the present study, a comprehensive framework has been developed to extract non-insect DNA from the gut contents of larvae of M. scalaris (Diptera, Phoridae), fed on Sus scrofa tissue, and use it for STR analysis, making a tool for human identification, aiding forensic investigations. The larvae were fixed using 5 different protocols: (a) suspending the larvae in hot water (>80°C); (b) larvae kept at -20°C; (c) larvae kept in EtOH (98%) and stored at -20°C; (d) larvae kept at -20°C for 4hrs and later kept in EtOH; (e) larvae first suspended in hot water (>80°C) and kept in EtOH (98%) -20°C. Despite the small size of the larvae (2.0 ± 0.5 mm) and low amount of gut content (0.2-0.5 mg), DNA extraction of the gut contents of larvae was undertaken successfully using the Qiagen® Investigator Extraction Kit. The extracted samples were quantified and the maximum quantification was obtained from the larvae fixed by freezing at -20°C, with an average of 3.67 ± 0.05 ng/μl per sample, followed by larvae fixed with EtOH at -20°C with 2.55 ± 0.06 ng/μl per sample. A positive PCR amplification result was obtained from the mitochondrial gene cytochrome b (149bp) and ribosomal gene 16s rRNA (138bp), which was confirmed by analysis through BlastN, showing a positive result of Sus scrofa DNA sequence. STR analysis of the samples was done using Multiplex PCR test kit with 11 autosomal markers and 1 gender specific marker for Sus scrofa. A complete STR profile was obtained from the samples (minimum 1 crop) with a match on all loci when compared to the control sample. The results obtained from this study are significant, since M. scalaris is an important fly of forensic interest with a cosmopolitan distribution, generally encountered by investigators in crime scenes. The results obtained also show that preservation of larvae with EtOH (-20°C) and only freezing (-20°C) help in proper DNA typing, which is helpful for investigators as it is a more practical and easy method for proper collection and preservation of the larvae.


The new index of the author's popularity estimation is represented in the paper. The index is calculated on the basis of Wikipedia encyclopedia analysis (Wikipedia Index - WI). Unlike the conventional existed citation indices, the suggested mark allows to evaluate not only the popularity of the author, as it can be done by means of calculating the general citation number or by the Hirsch index, which is often used to measure the author's research rate. The index gives an opportunity to estimate the author's popularity, his/her influence within the sought-after area "knowledge area" in the Internet - in the Wikipedia. The suggested index is supposed to be calculated in frames of the subject domain, and it, on the one hand, avoids the mistaken computation of the homonyms, and on the other hand - provides the entirety of the subject area. There are proposed algorithms and the technique of the Wikipedia Index calculation through the network encyclopedia sounding, the exemplified calculations of the index for the prominent researchers, and also the methods of the information networks formation - models of the subject domains by the automatic monitoring and networks information reference resources analysis. The considered in the paper notion network corresponds the terms-heads of the Wikipedia articles.


Migrants have the power to make international law as norm creators. The nation-state enjoys a monopoly on violence in domestic jurisgenesis, but international law's constraint on the use of force provides non-state actors the opportunity to participate in the formation of international legal doctrine without the threat of violence. Scholars have overlooked this nonstate jurisgenerative potential, bound by a state-centric conception of law. This Article applies the claim that non-state actors have the power to influence international law to the transnational issue of climate-induced migration. Climate change intensifies slowand sudden-onset events, and sudden-onset disasters already displace millions annually. Yet international law grants nation-states the right to largely exclude foreigners such that climate migrants have no right to enter another country, resettle, or be protected against forcible return when they are displaced across borders. While liberal scholars defend this right to exclude as necessary for the preservation of sovereignty, the majority of nation-states participate in free movement agreements—regional trade agreements that promote migration—demonstrating that sovereignty and exclusion are not mutually constitutive. Ultimately, I leverage the challenge of climate-induced migration to ask who has the power to change international law. My response proceeds in two parts. First, the Article challenges the state-centric focus of international law to call attention to non-state actors' ability to create legal norms. Second, I draw on diasporic theory to argue that the Global South diaspora—Global Southerners living in the Global North—should leverage their hybrid positionality to create legal norms that reconstitute sovereignty through admission. International migration theorists reproduce the paradigmatic image of a Global North and Global South border contest, and foreclose the possibility of migrant's jurisgenerative capacity. This Article intentionally shifts the frame to highlight the power that a territorially-unbounded Global South people have to shape international legal norms.


Natural language allows us to refer to novel composite concepts by combining expressions denoting their parts according to systematic rules, a property known as compositionality. In this paper, we study whether the language emerging in deep multi-agent simulations possesses a similar ability to refer to novel primitive combinations, and whether it accomplishes this feat by strategies akin to human-language compositionality. Equipped with new ways to measure compositionality in emergent languages inspired by disentanglement in representation learning, we establish three main results: First, given sufficiently large input spaces, the emergent language will naturally develop the ability to refer to novel composite concepts. Second, there is no correlation between the degree of compositionality of an emergent language and its ability to generalize. Third, while compositionality is not necessary for generalization, it provides an advantage in terms of language transmission: The more compositional a language is, the more easily it will be picked up by new learners, even when the latter differ in architecture from the original agents. We conclude that compositionality does not arise from simple generalization pressure, but if an emergent language does chance upon it, it will be more likely to survive and thrive.


In red and black, a player bets, at even stakes, on a sequence of independent games with success probability p, until she either reaches a fixed goal or is ruined. In this article we explore two strategies: timid play in which the gambler makes the minimum bet on each game, and bold play in which she bets, on each game, her entire fortune or the amount needed to reach the target (whichever is smaller). We study the success probability (the probability of reaching the target) and the expected number of games played, as functions of the initial fortune. The mathematical analysis of bold play leads to some exotic and beautiful results and unexpected connections with dynamical systems. Our exposition (and the title of the article) are based on the classic book Inequalities for Stochastic Processes; How to Gamble if You Must, by Lester E. Dubbins and Leonard J. Savage.


Problem. The seasons at Tall Jalul conducted between 1992-2007 yielded 77 terracotta fragments of objects commonly called figurines. These figurine fragments are styled after humans and animals. This present study has two major objectives: (1) to catalog the 77 exemplars of various types found at Tall Jalul and (2) to analyze that catalog with respect to factors such as figurine type, date, geographical locus, and archaeological context. -- Method. Forty-two fragments out of the total 77 were examined in the Horn Archaeological Museum at Andrews University. Those that have been allocated to the Department of Antiquities of Jordan were examined through available drawings at the Horn Archaeological Museum. The primary source for dating was through the pottery typology of the ceramics found in the same locus as the object. All available field loci reports were consulted as to the date of the pottery, geographical locus, and archaeological context. A secondary method of dating was the use of parallels from published excavation reports from Israel and Jordan. This was employed for all figurines but especially for those figurines that were surface fines or for when the field loci reports were incomplete. No final reports have been published, and only preliminary dates could be established for all the figurines. As to the hue, value, and chroma of each figurine, the Munsell Soil Color Chart was consulted. The figurines in Table 1 are listed in chronological order under "Object No." by year. They are divided into 12 basic categories based on the classification of Holland and are listed in chronological order under these classifications. Concerning classification order, humans are first, female, then male, followed by animals, bovinae, then horses, concluding with the classification miscellaneous/unidentified. Figurines are introduced under their object number and type, followed by a description and then parallels. -- Results. The figurines found at Tall Jalul represent various aspects of the material culture of the inhabitants of the site. Cultic activities are represented by plaque and possible pillar figurines. Other cultic figurines would include heads to the horse and rider figurines; however, in many cases the purpose of the object is uncertain. In summary no particular interpretive model can solely be used. Thus, figurines representing humans and animals, as well as vessels with anthropomorphic and zoomorphic motifs, might have played different cultural roles. No special indication for pointing to the potential symbolism and function of the figurines has been discovered at Tall Jalul. Human figurines, some 29 examples, comprise the majority of all figurines found in the first eight seasons at Tall Jalul. Females (16 examples) represent the largest group among the humans followed by 10 males. Among 21 examples of animal figurines, Horses (13 examples) represent the largest group among the animals. Then follow fragments of Bovinae (4 examples). As to the dating, most examples so far have been discovered in earth loci. In these cases pottery typology has been the method for dating with parallel dating as a secondary means. Many figurines, because of iconographic characteristics and style, can be dated to the Late Iron II/Persian period. -- Conclusions. Over the course of the past 15 years several fields at Tall Jalul have been excavated. These fields have been labeled A-G and include large segments of the area of the tell. All fields have yielded figurines. Both anthropomorphic and zoomorphic figurines have been found. Preliminary dating of most figurines is to the Late Iron II/Persian period.


Pacific media freedom has been under siege for more than a decade, particularly since an attempted coup in Fiji in May 2000, when a television station was attacked and ransacked, a foreign journalist was shot and wounded and a local journalist ended up being imprisoned for treason. Since then various Pacific countries, notably Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Tonga and Vanuatu have faced various periods of media repression. Since the military coup in December 2006, Fiji has faced arguably its worst sustained pressure on the media since the original to Rabuka coups in 1987. The Bainimarama regime in June 2010 imposed a Media Industry Development Decree that enforced draconian curbs on journalists and restrictive controls on foreign ownership of the press. This consolidated systematic state censorship of news organisations that had been imposed in April 2009 with the Public Emergency Regulations that have been rolled over on a monthly basis ever since. Promised relaxation of state censorship after the imposition of the Decree never eventuated. This research report covers the period 1 July 2010-31 August 2011 and examines the trends in the Pacific region. In addition to Pacific Islands Forum member nations, the report covers the French Pacific territories and the former Indonesian colony of East Timor and current provinces known as West Papua.'


The purpose of the study was to talk to parents who "fight attitudes and perceptions that date back centuries and a school system whose resistance to change is unparalleled" (Fine, 1993, p. 692) and see how they persevere as they try to transform this system. Narrative inquiry, using semi-structured interviews, was used to explore the common characteristics and motivations of parents who are advocating for changes within their children's school. All the participants in this study were mothers of children enrolled in public schools. The findings suggest that these women are: (1) influenced by others who have a legacy of advocacy; (2) have a history of volunteerism and activism; (3) are actively involved in traditional forms of parent involvement at their children's school; (4) are very knowledge about the workings of the school system, their rights, and their children's rights; and (5) possess many leadership traits. The data also strongly suggest that these women are motivated by a combination of external and internal factors. These parents recognized things were 'not right' at their children's school. They were aware that "better" educational experiences existed at other schools in their district. These parents were also motivated by frustration and lack of trust in the school system and were inspired by the actions of other parent advocates. Implications for practice include the creation of curricula in adult education programs that will educate parents about the school system, their rights, and various means of advocacy. Recommendations for future research include looking at how children are affected by their parents' activism.


Left-lateral movement of the Ailao Shan–Red River shear zone lends support to the hypothesis of continental extrusion resulting from the collision of India with Asia. Our new observations from northwestern Yunnan, China, and northwestern Vietnam on different sides of the shear zone demonstrate that the sinistral offset was ∼600 km according to correlations of Permian-Triassic flood basalt successions and late Paleogene highly potassic mafic magmas. We conclude that the shear was propagating on the South China continental margin and does not correspond to a suture between South China and Indochina. Furthermore, the highly potassic magmas were emplaced from ca. 40 to 30 Ma, before the shear movement, which was caused by the late Oligocene to early Miocene (ca. 27–22 Ma) extrusion activity. This suggests that a late Eocene to early Oligocene intraplate extension, possibly induced by delamination of thickened continental lithosphere, took place in northwestern Yunnan (or eastern Tibet) as a response to the India-Asia collision. This extension, and sea-floor spreading of the South China Sea that began ca. 30 Ma, could have accounted for the initiation of the Ailao Shan–Red River shear zone.


Abstract'Ghassoul' clay is a Mg-rich clay from Morocco which is of great industrial use and interest, but its characterization is still incomplete. The purpose of this study was to provide further details regarding the structure and characteristics of this important commercial clay mineral. Mineralogical and physicochemical characterizations of the raw form of 'Ghassoul' clay from Jbel Ghassoul in Morocco, and of its <2 µm size fraction, purified and Na+-saturated, were carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), infrared spectroscopy (IR), and differential and thermogravimetric analysis (DTA/TG). The XRD data revealed that the raw Ghassoul clay consists mainly of a Mg-rich trioctahedral smectite, stevensite, together with quartz and dolomite. The IR spectra consisted of vibrations typical of trioctahedral smectites. The DTA/TG curves were also similar to those of trioctahedral smectites. Chemical analysis confirms that this Mg-rich trioctahedral smectite is a stevensite characterized by a limited isomorphic substitution of Si4+ by Al3+. The thermal transformations examined by in situ XRD as a function of the firing temperature from 100 to 1200°C indicated that stevensite was transformed to enstatite (MgSiO3) at temperatures >800°C and that quartz was transformed to cristobalite when the temperature exceeded 1100°C. These transformations were irreversible. The specific surface area and cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the 'Ghassoul' clay are 133 m2/g and 75 meq/100 g, respectively. The main exchangeable cation is Mg2+ (53 meq/100 g).


Polymer flooding is a commercially verified technology to enhance the recovery of residual oil from oil reservoirs. Polymers are used to increase the viscosity of the displacing phase. Accordingly, they resulted in a significant reduction in the mobility ratio between the water and oil. Due to the decrease in the mobility ratio, the sweep efficiency will significantly increase compared to water flooding. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review on thermal and chemical stability and the rheological properties of various water-soluble polymers used in sandstone and carbonate reservoirs. The properties of conventional and novel water-soluble polymers applied in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) are discussed along with their limitations. Moreover, field and laboratory core flooding data of different water-soluble polymers are presented. This review covers current research studies on the application of polymer flooding to high-temperature and high-salinity reservoirs. It also provides recommendations for future work on synthesis of novel polymers with higher stability under harsh reservoir conditions.