There are many wastewater treatment and reuse technologies available for smallscale, decentralised and integrated applications. Selection of the most appropriate technologies should be made to ensure public health and environmental quality is protected, while also considering possible construction limitations and ongoing management and maintenance issues. Choosing from the large range of onsite wastewater treatment systems can therefore be complex and time consuming, which may cause the involved parties to disregard a decentralised approach, or alternatively select inappropriate technologies. In order to make the technology selection process easier a Decentralised Wastewater Treatment Technology Database has been developed. It includes a range of commercially available products from both Australia and overseas in the following categories:
• Aerobic treatment units;
• Sand, soil and peat filters;
• Composting systems;
• Ponds and constructed wetlands;
• Anaerobic digestion;
• Physico-chemical systems;
• Advanced filtration;
• Urine separation and treatment; and others.

The various products in each category are grouped into subcategories based on the different treatment processes. The categories and subcategories are provided with process description, comparative evaluation and suggestions for application. The database helps to provide a more straightforward and simplistic means of decentralised wastewater system technology choice, and can be used by land owners, developers and associated governing bodies to reduce the complexity associated with developing decentralised wastewater systems.


Monthly streamflow series from five catchment areas, representative of some of the typical types encounted in Germany, are analysed. The time series structure of the streamflow can be described by a set of statistical parameters from which the catchment areas can be parametrically classified and regionalised according to the physical characteristics, local climate and geographical location. Simple stochastic models, with emphasis on the seasonal multiplicative model, are considered. These models describe the streamflow generating process and may be used for synthetic data generation for water resources planning and operational purposes. Their performance and limitations are discussed.


The irradiations of 1,1-dimethyl- (8), 1,1-di-(tri-deuteriomethyl)- (d6-8), 1,1,2.2-tetramethyl- (9) and cis- and trans-1,2-dimethyl-1,2-dihydronaphthalenes (cis- and trans-10) were investigated in 2,2-dimethylbutane/pentane at -100° using a mercury high-pressure lamp, and with mercury high- and low-pressure lamps at room temperature. The results were compared with one another, and those of the individual compounds are collected in schemes 2 and 4-7. The most important results are the following: 1.The 1,2-dihydronaphthalenes undergo a conrotatory ring opening to the o-quinodimethanes on irradiation with high- or low-pressure lamps at room temperature or at -100°. Thermal reactions ([1,7a]H-shifts, electrocyclisations) are suppressed at -100°. The o-quinodimethanes formed from 8 (scheme 2), 9 (scheme 5) or cis-10 (scheme 6) undergo on irradiation with the high-pressure lamp, [1,5]H-shifts or photochemical Diels-Alder reactions after renewed photochemical excitation, to yield the benzobicyclo[3.1.0]hex-2-ene derivatives. These Diels-Alder reactions do not proceed stereospecifically, and therefore are not orbital symmetry controlled reactions. 2. If the 1,2-dihydronaphthalenes are irradiated at room temperature with either a high- or a low-pressure lamp, then the initially formed o-quinodimethanes undergo thermal [1,7a]H-shifts, in preference to all other reactions, as long as this is sterically possible; the resulting products can undergo secondary photochemical transformations. Such o-quinodimethanes are formed on irradiation of 8, 9 and cis-10. From trans-10, an o-quinodimethane mixture is formed, of which one component (cis,cis-22) undergoes thermal [1,7a]H-shifts, while the other (trans,trans-22) suffers a thermal disrotatory electrocyclisation to give cis-10. If a high-pressure lamp is used in the last experiment, then the competing photochemical Diels-Alder cyclisation to bicyclic compounds of the type 23 (scheme 7) can result in the trans,trans-22. As was shown by Salisbury [3], and confirmed by ourselves in other cases [2], photochemical Diels-Alder reactions or [1,5]H-shifts in the o-quinodimethanes require light of wavelength 400 nm (high-pressure lamp). The present photochemical investigations amplify and confirm our earlier conclusions concerning the photochemistry of the 1,2-dihydronaphthalenes [2].


A previous geological and petrophysical model of the fluvio-deltaic Book Cliffs outcrops contained eight lithotypes, within each of which a number of lithologies were grouped. While this model was an adequate representation of the overall depositional architecture, for reservoir-geological purposes the potential reservoir and non-reservoir lithologies needed to be separated. Here, a new and more detailed geological model is presented in which more differentiation is put on the potential reservoir lithologies. This new model contains 12 lithologies with layers down to 1 m in thickness. Assuming a burial depth of 3 km and an average clay content, representative rock physical properties are assigned to lithologies based on published data. After the model thickness has been stretched by a factor of 4 in order to represent a more realistic reservoir, a full-waveform forward seismic response is modelled. These data are used as inputs into an iterative elastic wave-equation-based inversion scheme, with the goal to retrieve the rock properties and layer geometries. The results of this conceptual study show that sandstone units in the shoreface and distributary channels, which are potential reservoirs, are successfully identified. The recovery of medium parameters has a high resolution because the non-linear relationship between rock properties and the seismic data has been exploited.


abstract
 During narrative retelling, speakers shift between different viewpoints to reflect how they conceptualize the events that unfolded. These viewpoints can be indicated through gestural means as well as through verbal ones. Studies of co-speech gestures have inferred viewpoint from gesture form, i.e., how entities are mapped onto the (primarily manual) articulators, but the merits of this approach have not been discussed. The present study argues that viewpoint is more than gestural form. Despite connections between the two, many other factors may influence a gesture's form. Assessing viewpoint from gesture form alone limits the applicability of gestural viewpoint as a window onto speakers' event conceptualization and introduces unnecessary differences in the categorization of viewpoint across gestures types. The present study examines iconic co-speech gestures in Danish narratives, and makes explicit the means used to infer gestural viewpoint. The approach advocated here ensures that the notion of viewpoint can be applied in a principled way to all or most iconic gestures.


ENHANCED HIGH-RESOLUTION IMAGING THROUGH MULTIPLE-FREQUENCY COARRAY AUGMENTATION Jeannie L. Moulton Advisor: Saleem A. Kassam In imaging, much attention is paid to increasing the resolution capabilities of a system. Increasing resolution allows for high-accuracy source location and the ability to discriminate between two closely-spaced objects. In conventional narrowband techniques, resolution is fundamentally limited by the size of the aperture. For apertures consisting of individual elements, direction-of-arrival techniques allow for high-resolution images of point sources. The main limiting factor on conventional high-resolution imaging is the number of elements in the aperture. For both passive and active imaging, to resolve K point sources/targets, there must be at least K + 1 elements receiving radiation. In active imaging, when these targets reflect coherently the more difficult case in imaging an additional constraint is that at least K of the elements must also be transmitting radiation to illuminate the targets. For small arrays consisting of only a few elements, this constraint can be problematic. In this dissertation, we focus on improving resolution by using multiple frequencies in both passive and active imaging, especially for small arrays. Using multiple frequencies increases the size of the coarray, which is the true limiting factor for resolution of an imaging system when virtual arrays are considered. For passive imaging, we show that the number of sources that can be resolved is limited only by the bandwidth available for certain types of sources. In active imaging, we develop a frequency-averaging method that permits resolution of K coherent point targets with v fewer than K transmitting and receiving elements. These methods are investigated primarily for linear arrays, but planar arrays are also briefly examined. Another resolution improvement method researched in this work is a retransmission scheme for active imaging using classical beamforming techniques. In this method, the coarray is extended not by using multiple frequencies, but by retransmitting the received data back into the scene as a second transmission and processing the returns. It is known that when this method is used to image multiple targets, the resulting image is contaminated by crossterms. We investigate methods to reduce the crossterms.


Continuous service certification (CSC) recently emerged as a promising means to provide ongoing assurances and disrupt pertinent certification approaches. CSC involves the consistent gathering and assessing of certification-relevant data by certification authorities about service operation to validate ongoing adherence to certification criteria. While research on CSC is increasing, practitioners still struggle in transferring researchers' suggestions and guidelines into practice. This study provides a tentative design and a prototype of a monitoring-based service certification (MSC) system based on the novel ChatOps approach. Iterative evaluations support our propositions that ChatOps' three key elements, a chat platform, chatbots, and third-party integrations, support the achievement of CSC. We contribute to research and practice by proving the technical feasibility of an MSC system, guiding future research and practitioners on achieving monitoring-based CSC, and validate the applicability and usefulness of extant guidelines on monitoring-based CSC proposed by prior research.


Within the IFCN Dairy Network milk prices and costs of milk production have been analysed from 31 countries for the year 2003. A wide diversity of milk prices between the countries could be observed with > 35 US-$/100 kg milk in Switzerland, Norway and Canada and < 15 US-$ in Argentina and Pakistan. Costs of milk production differ significantly between the countries, and within the countries as well. The highest costs of milk production (50 – 60 US$/100 kg milk) are found in Switzerland and on average sized farms in the EU, the lowest costs in Argentina (10 – 15 US-$). For the future, a "world market price for milk," which was around 15 – 20 US-$/100 kg milk in 2003, is expected to be higher and might end at around 28 US-$.


Efficacy of antiangiogenic immunotherapy is associated with intratumoral formation of high endothelial venules. Antitumor attack on two fronts The use of immune checkpoint inhibitors and other immunotherapies for the treatment of cancer is continuing to expand as these drugs demonstrate effectiveness in progressively more cancer types and therapeutic contexts. At the same time, the drugs are not perfect, and not all patients respond to them, so a key subject of research in this field is determining optimal ways to combine immune checkpoint therapies with other cancer treatments. Schmittnaegel et al. and Allen et al. focused their studies on the combination of antiangiogenic treatments with checkpoint inhibitors. The authors demonstrated how inhibition of tumor angiogenesis can facilitate the access of cytotoxic T cells to tumors, while the checkpoint inhibitors protect these T cells from exhaustion, enhancing their antitumor effects. Inhibitors of VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor)/VEGFR2 (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2) are commonly used in the clinic, but their beneficial effects are only observed in a subset of patients and limited by induction of diverse relapse mechanisms. We describe the up-regulation of an adaptive immunosuppressive pathway during antiangiogenic therapy, by which PD-L1 (programmed cell death ligand 1), the ligand of the negative immune checkpoint regulator PD-1 (programmed cell death protein 1), is enhanced by interferon-γ–expressing T cells in distinct intratumoral cell types in refractory pancreatic, breast, and brain tumor mouse models. Successful treatment with a combination of anti-VEGFR2 and anti–PD-L1 antibodies induced high endothelial venules (HEVs) in PyMT (polyoma middle T oncoprotein) breast cancer and RT2-PNET (Rip1-Tag2 pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors), but not in glioblastoma (GBM). These HEVs promoted lymphocyte infiltration and activity through activation of lymphotoxin β receptor (LTβR) signaling. Further activation of LTβR signaling in tumor vessels using an agonistic antibody enhanced HEV formation, immunity, and subsequent apoptosis and necrosis in pancreatic and mammary tumors. Finally, LTβR agonists induced HEVs in recalcitrant GBM, enhanced cytotoxic T cell (CTL) activity, and thereby sensitized tumors to antiangiogenic/anti–PD-L1 therapy. Together, our preclinical studies provide evidence that anti–PD-L1 therapy can sensitize tumors to antiangiogenic therapy and prolong its efficacy, and conversely, antiangiogenic therapy can improve anti–PD-L1 treatment specifically when it generates intratumoral HEVs that facilitate enhanced CTL infiltration, activity, and tumor cell destruction.


Avenanthramides are amides of cinnamoyl-anthranilic acids and, among cereals, are exclusively found in oats. This study investigated the structure-antioxidant activities of 15 avenanthramides with different substitution patterns in the two aromatic rings, seven of which were new avenanthramides synthesised and characterised in this study. Radical-scavenging activity was tested as reactivity towards 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH-). The activity increased with the number of radical-stabilising groups ortho to the phenolic hydroxy group. Both aromatic rings were independently important for activity, while conjugation across the amide bond was of minor importance. Antioxidant activity was determined as inhibition of linoleic acid oxidation. In contrast to the radical-scavenging activity, antioxidant activity was observed for most avenanthramides, and also for compounds with only one hydroxy group in either of the aromatic rings. Compared with alpha-tocopherol, the avenanthramides protected linoleic acid from oxidation to a smaller extent initially, but the effect lasted for a longer time.


Context. The ESA/Rosetta mission has been orbiting comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko since August 2014, measuring its dayside plasma environment. The ion spectrometer onboard Rosetta has detected two ion populations, one energetic with a solar wind origin (H+, He2+, He+), the other at lower energies with a cometary origin (water group ions such as H2O+). He+ ions arise mainly from charge-exchange between solar wind alpha particles and cometary neutrals such as H2O. Aims. The He+ and He2+ ion fluxes measured by the Rosetta Plasma Consortium Ion Composition Analyser (RPC-ICA) give insight into the composition of the dayside neutral coma, into the importance of charge-exchange processes between the solar wind and cometary neutrals, and into the way these evolve when the comet draws closer to the Sun. Methods. We combine observations by the ion spectrometer RPC-ICA onboard Rosetta with calculations from an analytical model based on a collisionless neutral Haser atmosphere and nearly undisturbed solar wind conditions. Results. Equivalent neutral outgassing rates Q can be derived using the observed RPC-ICA He+/He2+ particle flux ratios as input into the analytical model in inverse mode. A revised dependence of Q on heliocentric distance Rh in AU is found to be Rh -7.06Rh-7.06 between 1.8 and 3.3 AU, suggesting that the activity in 2015 differed from that of the 2008 perihelion passage. Conversely, using an outgassing rate determined from optical remote sensing measurements from Earth, the forward analytical model results are in relatively good agreement with the measured RPC-ICA flux ratios. Modelled ratios in a 2D spherically-symmetric plane are also presented, showing that charge exchange is most efficient with solar wind protons. Detailed cometocentric profiles of these ratios are also presented. Conclusions. In conclusion, we show that, with the help of a simple analytical model of charge-exchange processes, a mass-capable ion spectrometer such as RPC-ICA can be used as a "remote-sensing" instrument for the neutral cometary atmosphere. © 2016 ESO.


I find that childhood exposure to the Dust Bowl, an environmental shock to health and income, adversely impacted later-life human capital—especially when exposure was in utero—increasing poverty and disability rates, and decreasing fertility and college completion rates. The event's devastation of agriculture, however, had the beneficial effect of increasing high school completion, likely by pushing children who otherwise might have worked on the farm into secondary schooling. Lastly, New Deal spending helped remediate Dust Bowl damage, suggesting that timely and substantial policy interventions can aid in human recovery from natural disasters.


Until quite recently Lochner v. New York and Plessy v. Ferguson were canonical examples of how courts should not decide constitutional questions - both were generally considered not only wrong, but wrong the day they were decided. Although Plessy remains anti-canonical in this sense, for an increasing number of legal thinkers, Lochner no longer does. This essay, written for the 100th anniversary of Lochner v. New York, explains why Lochner's canonical status has altered, and how changing views of Lochner are connected to (or driven by) contemporary theories of legitimate constitutional change. It also explores the connections between contemporary attitudes about Lochner and constitutional ethos - the stories that Americans tell each other about who we are, where we have come from, and what we stand for. In analyzing these questions, the essay employs an approach called constitutional historicism, which holds that the conventions determining what is a good or bad legal argument about the Constitution, what is a plausible legal claim and what is off-the-wall, change over time in response to changing social, political, and historical conditions. The essay concludes by considering to what extent constitutional historicism might help constitutional theory.


Chiritopsis hezhouensis W. H. Wu & W. B. Xu, a new species of Gesneriaceae from karst caves in Guangxi, China, is described and illustrated. The new species is similar to C. glandulosa D. Fang, L. Zeng et D. H. Qin in the leaf shape, but differs in leaf, peduncle and pedicel glandular-pubescent, bracts lanceolate, appressed glandular-pubescent, flowers congested, calyx 2.5-3×ca. 1 mm, outside puberulent and sparsely glandular-puberulent, corolla 3-5 mm long, glabrous, constricted at the mouth, limb retrocurved, indistinctly 2-lipped, stamens, pistil and disc glabrous.


Enhanced focus on population health is increasingly invoked as a potential solution to the persistent problems facing the US health care system including failures to achieve targets for health outcomes, eliminate disparities in health and health care, and function within a sustainable budget
 Shortell1 recently discussed how the Affordable Care Act (ACA) and related developments could change incentives to align health care, public health, and social services. Sox2 further specified the inherent tensions in allocation of resources to balance the needs of individuals and those of the population overall and highlighted new aspects of medical professionalism that will be needed to improve population health outcomes
However, additional clarity is needed regarding the specific health system–based activities that may contribute most to improvements in population health and well-being and the barriers that must be overcome for them to succeed. These include stakeholder interests that may not be aligned with investments in population health, barriers to information transfer and service integration between health care and other sectors, and persistent difficulties in addressing health care disparities. Without solutions to these challenges, integration of population health–focused activities into the routine work of health care systems will be neither robust nor sustainable.


Measurements are presented of lens-atmosphere modulation transfer functions for short-exposure speckle imaging at the AMOS observatory in Maui, Hawaii. Star images were recorded with a video sensor system and processed digitally. Near-diffraction-limited modulation transfer functions were recorded and analyzed for a 122 cm aperture instrument during fair to poor seeing conditions. Mean values for r0, the aperture wave-front correlation scale, ranged between 4.1 and 6.4 cm. Total projected rms image wander ranged from 0.2 to 1.1 arc sec. The results are in substantial agreement with theoretical predictions and laboratory simulation results.


PROCESS-STRUCTURE-PROPERTY RELATIONSHIPS OF RESORBABLE DESAMINO TYROSINE DERIVED POLYMERS: EFFECT OF BACKBONE CHEMISTRY AND ASSEMBLY ON DRUG DELIVERY by Pinar Nebol The selection the correct biomaterial for a specific medical application plays an important role for the success of both application and the device. Since different applications require different properties, investigation and improvement of biomaterials with different properties are very important. L-tyrosine derived polymers enable the manipulation of the properties of the material by changing backbone or pendent chain structure. L-tyrosine derived polyarylate is one of the class of these materials. This study investigates the behavior of the tyrosine derived polyarylates under in vitro conditions. The change of structure caused by incubation in phosphate buffer solution and the effect on the release of p-nitroaniline (PNA) (model drug) has been investigated, primarily with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). In addition the release profile of PNA has been investigated by UV/visible spectroscopy. Two different polyarylates were used. poly[(desaminotyrosine dodecyl esterl) dodecondioate] designated Poly(DT 12, 10) and, poly[(desaminotyrosine octyl ester) sebacate] designated Poly(DT 8, 8). The results obtained from this study indicates that incubation caused significant changes in the solid state organization of the Poly(DT 8, 8). Tg is seen in dry polymers but disappears after the beginning of the incubation, indicating a phase change in the polymer. The enthalpy of phase change of the Poly(DT 8, 8) increases and lay off state in about one half a day. However, in contrast of Poly(DT 8, 8), the enthalpy of Poly(DT 12, 10) doesn't change significantly. According to these results, it is concluded that a phase change occurs in Poly(DT 8, 8) by incubation. The incubation in dry conditions also indicates a phase change in Poly(DT 8, 8), and this is accelerated by the presence of moisture. The incorporation of the model drug did not affect the observed enthalpy change of either of the polymers investigated. PROCESS-STRUCTURE-PROPERTY RELATIONSHIPS OF RESORBABLE DESAMINO TYROSINE DERIVED POLYMERS: EFFECT OF BACKBONE CHEMISTRY AND ASSEMBLY ON DRUG DELIVERY


The mathematical model of cylindrical linear induction motor (C-LIM) fed via frequency converter is presented in the paper. The model was developed in order to analyze numerically the transient states. Problems concerning dynamics of ac-machines especially linear induction motor are presented in [1 – 7]. Development of C-LIM mathematical model is based on circuit method and analogy to rotary induction motor. The analogy between both: (a) stator and rotor windings of rotary induction motor and (b) winding of primary part of C-LIM (inductor) and closed current circuits in external secondary part of C-LIM (race) is taken into consideration. The equations of C-LIM mathematical model are presented as matrix together with equations expressing each vector separately. A computational analysis of selected transient states of C-LIM fed via frequency converter is presented in the paper. Two typical examples of C-LIM operation are considered for the analysis: (a) starting the motor at various static loads and various synchronous velocities and (b) reverse of the motor at the same operation conditions. Results of simulation are presented as transient responses including transient electromagnetic force, transient linear velocity and transient phase current.


Most cross-linguistic studies of speech acts have dealt mainly with two languages, a native language and a second or foreign language (Carrell and Konneker 1981; Castello 1981; Blum-Kulka 1982; Daikuhura 1986; Eisenstein1986; Wieland 1989; Chen Rong 1993, 2001; Sifianou 2001; Lee 2004, 2005). Neither have they dealt with an African language as the first language. The present study investigates a multilingual situation where the native speakers of Ciluba, French, and English are compared to the trilingual speakers of the three languages in terms of the realization of the speech acts of apologizing and complaining. It considers the social beliefs of the subjects of the four language groups for the realization of the two speech acts. The study is part of a larger study that was designed to discover the norms of the three languages under investigation and to see how people speaking a second and a foreign language, with different levels of fluency in each, can participate in the activity of the speech communities of the two languages without vidlating their socio-cultural nomis, and what impact, if any, their knowledge of these languages has on each of the languages they speak.2 Data for the larger study was collected by means of a written questionnaire, role plays, and direct observation. The data and results presented and discussed in this paper come from the written questionnaire administered to the monolingual English and French speakers and trilingual speakers native in Ciluba; and from the same version of the questionnaire administered orally to the monolingual Ciluba speakers? It was found that for the realization of the speech acts of apologizing and complaining, Luba sociocultural beliefs were different from those of English and French, which are similar. In contrast to French and English, in Ciluba social distance and relative power between the participants play an important role in deciding whether the speech acts can be performed or not. The results also revealed that, despite the difference which exists between Ciluba and the other two languages, i.e., French and English, some subjects from the group of Ciluba monolingual subjects showed some similarities with the groups of French and English monolingual subjects in their responses to some items in the questionnaire. This deviation of some of the native speakers of Ciluba from their social beliefs was hypothesized to be a result of their contact with an urban environment and its mixed culture.


A formula is derived to indicate the marginal returns to nonprice promotion for a competitive industry that promotes in both the domestic and the export market and receives a subsidy for export promotion. Private returns to export promotion are an increasing function of the export promotion elasticity, the export share, and the promotion subsidy and a decreasing function of the domestic supply elasticity, the absolute values of the domestic and export demand elasticities, and opportunity cost. Applying the formula to almond promotion and using previously estimated elasticities, no firm conclusions can be made regarding the effectiveness of export promotion, chiefly because the estimated promotion elasticities are unstable. Assuming that the domestic promotion elasticity is robust, it appears that domestic market promotion is underfunded from a producer-welfare perspective unless the marginal rate of return on alternative uses of promotion funds is high, on the order of 115%.


In the history of South Africa, the supply of potable water and basic sanitation services to all its inhabitants has never been higher in the national, provincial and especially the local government sphere agendas than at the end of April 1994. As a result of the change in Government, all the executive public institutions on all three spheres had to revisit and transform their executive authorities, acts, regulations and work procedures in such a manner that equally benefit all citizens of the country. With reference to national water affairs, the National Water Act, 1998 (Act 36 of 1998) was promulgated to provide for reform of the law relating to water resources in South Africa with the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) as the key role-player.
The presenters of this paper are of the opinion that a municipality which is fully dependant on the correct identification, development, transport and use of its potable water, can only be successful in bringing about effective, efficient and economical water services management if specific requirements are adhered to.
The paper therefore will firstly identify some important physical environmental aspects to be considered by a typical municipality like the Tlokwe City Council when managing its potable water supply. Secondly, some crucial specialised hydrological, geo-hydrological and engineering knowledge and skills regarding the origin, handling and management of a municipality's potable water will be identified. Lastly, some logical conclusions and recommendations will be presented to cultivate an environment conducive to consolidating local governance and water management knowledge creation at the local government sphere of a developing South Africa.


Real-time Ethernet is expected to become the core technology of future in-car communication networks. Following its current adoption in subsystems for info- and entertainment, broadband Ethernet promises new features in the core of upcoming car series. Its full potential will enfold when deploying Ethernet-based backbones that consolidate all automotive domains on a single physical layer at increased bandwidth but reduced complexity and cost. In such a backbone, traffic with a variety of real-time requirements and best-effort characteristics will share the same physical infrastructure. However, certain applications like online diagnosis, data- or firmware updates, and access to off-board backends will introduce bursty high traffic loads to the sensitive core of the cars communication network. In this work, we analyze the robustness against cross-traffic of real-time Ethernet protocols. Based on a realistic in-car scenario, we demonstrate that background cross-traffic can have significant impact on in-car backbone networks-even for real-time protocols with strict prioritization. By comparing the real-time approaches Ethernet AVBs asynchronous credit based shaping with the time-triggered and rate-constrained traffic classes of Time-triggered Ethernet (AS6802) we quantify how different media access policies suffer from low priority bursts of applications such as diagnosis, online updates or backend-based services. Our simulation study of a realistic in-car backbone design and traffic model reveals that in a realistic in-car network design, cross-traffic may increase end-to-end latency by more than 500% while the jitter can become 14 times higher than for a network without background tasks. We discuss ways to mitigate these degrading effects.


Agricultural crop residue burning contribute towards the emission of greenhouse gases (CO2, N2O, CH4), air pollutants (CO, NH3, NOx, SO2, NMHC, volatile organic compounds), particulates matter and smoke thereby posing threat to human health. In the present study a state-wise inventory of crop residue burnt in India and the air pollutants emitted was prepared using the Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) national inventory preparation guidelines for the year 2008–09. Total amount of residue generated in 2008–09 was 620 Mt out of which ~15.9% residue was burnt on farm. Rice straw contributed 40% of the total residue burnt followed by wheat straw (22%) and sugarcane trash (20%). Burning of crop residues emitted 8.57 Mt of CO, 141.15 Mt of CO2, 0.037 Mt of SOx, 0.23 Mt of NOx, 0.12 Mt of NH3 and 1.46 Mt NMVOC, 0.65 Mt of NMHC, 1.21 Mt of particulate matter for the year 2008–09. The variability of 21.46% in annual emission of air pollutants was observed from 1995 to 2009.


To examine the association of dietary fiber with the risk of colorectal cancer in a population with a high incidence of cancer and a low fiber intake, we analyzed the data from the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study. From 1988 to 1990, 43,115 men and women aged 40 to 79 years completed a questionnaire on dietary and other factors. Intake of dietary fiber was estimated using a food frequency questionnaire. Rate ratios (RR) were computed by fitting proportional hazards models. During the mean follow-up of 7.6 years, 443 colorectal cancer cases were recorded. In all participants, we found a decreasing trend in risk of colorectal cancer with increasing intake of total dietary fiber; the multivariate-adjusted RRs across quartiles were 1.00, 0.96 [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.72-1.27], 0.72 (0.53-0.99), and 0.73 (0.51-1.03; Ptrend = 0.028). This trend was exclusively detected for colon cancer: the corresponding RRs were 1.00, 0.90 (95% CI, 0.64-1.26), 0.56 (0.38-0.83), and 0.58 (0.38-0.88; Ptrend = 0.002). The decrease in RRs with increasing intake of dietary fiber was larger in men than in women. No material differences appeared in the strength of associations with the risk between water-soluble and insoluble dietary fiber. For food sources of fiber, bean fiber intake was somewhat inversely correlated with colorectal cancer risk. This prospective study supported potential protective effects of dietary fiber against colorectal cancer, mainly against colon cancer. The role of dietary fiber in the prevention of colorectal cancer seems to remain inconsistent, and further investigations in various populations are warranted. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(4):668–75)


The development of UD natural fiber composites, considered for application as structural materials, necessitates evaluation of the scale effect of their strength. Alignment of the fibers in flax bast fiber composites can be achieved by employing textile reinforcement, such as yarns and fabrics. Cutting specimens for mechanical tests out of such textile-reinforced composite plates results in a complex non-uniform reinforcement structure at their edges, which may affect the strength of specimens. Scale effect of the tensile strength in the fiber direction of flax-fabric-reinforced composites is studied in the current work. A model accounting for both volume and edge effect of the specimens on their tensile strength is proposed.


Tests of statistical significance are routinely used in many research studies. However, there are critics of this paradigm, and also a lingering sense that critical test levels are somewhat arbitrary. This paper adds to the literature by determining the timing and level of acceptance of common tests of statistical inference. Using the archives of the Royal Society, we examined 574 research studies published between 1926 and 1997, by which point adoption was virtually complete. We find that the rate and level of adoption rises over time, in a manner broadly consistent with the theoretical literature on the adoption rate of innovations. We detect the presence of several influences on the rate of adoption, which may include prior custom, the nature of empirical research topics being reported, the increasing ease of computer processing, and possibly journal editorial policies. We find that confidence/significance testing has been adopted by a majority of the scientific community for over 50 years; the customary reliance on 95 percent confidence (five percent significance) is upheld by the data; and that confidence intervals and critical significance levels are both widely reported and often together in recent decades. For historians of science these data suggest that neither Fisher nor Pearson conclusively "won" their private war. The study sheds new light on an issue of considerable practical importance, the admissibility of statistical evidence in most courts in the United States.


Enceladus is the first world beyond Earth for which we have clear observational data concerning the composition of an extant ocean. The abundances of chemical species in the plume of Enceladus, which is sourced by the ocean, provide valuable constraints on the temperature, major ion composition, pH, and reduction-oxidation (redox) chemistry of its ocean. The pressure profile is determined by the internal structure of the moon, which also constrains temperatures in Enceladus' rocky core. The data indicate that the ocean is a relatively alkaline and reduced solution of dissolved sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate/carbonate ions just below the freezing point of pure water. Observations of silica nanoparticles and molecular hydrogen from Enceladus can be explained in terms of hydrothermal sources. We present a model in which the dissolution of quartz in hot water yields high concentrations of silica, and reduced rocks tidally heated in the presence of water supply abundant hydrogen. Future studies should seek to address many of the geochemical questions raised by the Cassini era of Enceladus exploration.


In recent years educationalists' attention has, amongst other things, turned to the possibilities schools have to use their closest surroundings for study purposes by going on field trips, setting up facilities for outdoor teaching, and/or using examples from each school's cultural or natural environment to make the studies as meaningful as possible. Ideas of this kind are commonly linked to a recent concept, local studies, but their foundations have been in place within the field of education for a long time. The object of this study is to examine how educationalists' ideas on the utilization of local studies appeared in selected newspapers and journals towards the end of the 19th century and in the beginning of the 20th century, when the foundations of the present Icelandic educational system for children and teenagers were discussed and laid. The research questions which guides the study are as follows: What were the ideas of Icelandic educationalists on local studies and local teaching around 1900? How, and to what extent, did these ideas appear in journals from this time? Which are the sources of Icelandic educationalists' ideas about the use of local surroundings for teaching purposes? The answer to these questions is sought by analyzing educational journals and a few general journals from this period. The first parts of the article consist of short definitions, a description of how sources were gathered, and a brief discussion of the relevant journals. This is followed by an examination of the clues found regarding the ideas on local studies and local teaching in the period in question. This examination is divided into two parts. The former covers the period prior to the publication of Guðmundur Finnbogason's book Lýðmenntun in 1903 and the passing of the law on compulsory education four years later. The second part deals with the debate which followed in the wake of the passing of the public educational law and lasted until 1920, when the return of Steingrimur Arason from USA resulted in noteworthy changes. The parts of Lýðmenntun which address curricular matters are also discussed. Finally, the findings are discussed and summarized. The authors' main conclusion is that the study reveals that a century ago Icelandic educationalists had a clear picture of using local studies for teaching purposes. Their ideas were adapted to Icelandic circumstances but their roots can be traced further back in time. Not all these roots can be examined in detail, but four call for further scrutiny. Firstly, romanticism, nationalism, and the fight for independence in the 19th century caused a change of focus in Icelanders' search for role-models, as international standards were to some extent replaced by national symbols embodied in medieval heroes or the harsh but invigorating nature of Iceland. This switch appeared in its purest form in patriotic poetry, Icelandic history that was taught, in a nationalistic spirit, emphasizing the importance and initiative of strong individuals. This historical interpretation underlined the importance and ability of Icelanders and drew a clear line between right and wrong. In other words, it was perfectly clear to the reader when good compatriots were wronged by evil foreigners. Secondly, direct and indirect influences from the folk school movement in Denmark, and later Norway and Sweden, should be mentioned. A large group of Icelanders went to Askov and other Scandinavian folk schools in the last two decades of the 19th century and the first three decades of the 20th century. The influence from these schools appeared e.g. in schools run by Sigurður Þorolfsson in Reykjavik 1902‒1904 and Hvitarbakki in 1905, and in the school founded by Sigtryggur Guðlaugsson in Nupur in Dýrafjorður 1907. The agricultural schools in Holar and Hvanneyri were a further outlet for these influences. Thirdly, youth associations, which originally were closely related to the folk schools and became quite common in Norway in the latter half of the 19th century, were influential. Initially, these associations rested on Grundtvigian foundations, but their religious focus was soon replaced by an emphasis on public enlightenment and political liberalism. This movement was brought to Iceland in the first decade of the 20th century and quickly established itself quite firmly, especially in rural areas. Patriotism and public enlightenment quickly became their main fields of interest, and this materialized in e.g. forestry and handwritten pamphlets which honed their authors' writing and argumentation skills. The fourth kind of influence behind the emphasis on local studies was also of foreign origin, even though the educational thinkers in this case were not Scandinavian. It is difficult to trace their direct influence until the beginning of the 20th century, but the visits of a handful of Icelanders to USA (Chicago, New York and other cities) for educational purposes are critical. In USA they got acquainted with international ideas which they brought with them to Iceland with good results. When all four strands mentioned above combined, an exciting ideological melting pot was created which is still quite evident in the school environment in Iceland.


Nanocrystalline silicon particles with a grain size of at least less than 10 nm are widely recognized as one of the key materials in optoelectronic devices, electrodes of lithium battery, bio-medical labels. There is also important character that silicon is safe material to the environment and easily gets involved in existing silicon technologies. To date, several synthesis methods such as sputtering, laser ablation, and plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) based on low-pressure silane chemistry (SiH4) have been developed for precise control of size and density distributions of silicon nanocrystals. We explore the possibility of microplasma technologies for the efficient production of mono-dispersed nanocrystalline silicon particles in a micrometer-scale, continuous-flow plasma reactor operated at atmospheric pressure. Mixtures of argon, hydrogen, and silicon tetrachloride were activated using very high frequency (VHF = 144 MHz) power source in a capillary glass tube with a volume of less than 1 μ-liter. Fundamental plasma parameters of VHF capacitively coupled microplasma were characterized by optical emission spectroscopy, showing electron density of approximately 10 15 cm -3 and rotational temperature of 1500 K, respectively. Such high-density non-thermal reactive plasma has a capability of decomposing silicon tetrachloride into atomic silicon to produce supersaturated atomic silicon vapor, followed by gas phase nucleation via three-body collision. The particle synthesis in high-density plasma media is beneficial for promoting nucleation process. In addition, further growth of silicon nuclei was able to be favorably terminated in a short-residence time reactor. Micro Raman scattering spectrum showed that as-deposited particles were mostly amorphous silicon with small fraction of silicon nanocrystals. Transmission electron micrograph confirmed individual silicon nanocrystals of 3-15 nm size. Although those particles were not mono-dispersed, they were well separated and not coagulated.


Smart grids have attracted significant attention lately, and one can even speak of a hype. However, much of the attention is paid to the distribution side and consumer interaction. Nevertheless, also at the transmission level important improvements can be achieved through farsighted and careful intelligent grid design and implementation. This paper identifies different research areas and their respective boundary interactions in order to enable a practical "Smart Grid" implementation in the European power system. Emphasis is placed on three essential aspects of the Smart Transmission Grid. First, the necessary evolution of synchrophasor measurement technology is discussed, as well as the limitations towards and its full integration into power system operation and control. An important aspect to achieve this full integration is the necessity to test and integrate any proposed solution in an open and transparent environment. Secondly, the IT, data and communications paradigm is critically discussed. And lastly, the key questions that are open to the transmission system operators are discussed, specifically regarding the coordination within the pan-European power system and its security. Going beyond the purely academic point-of-view, this paper specifically aims to bring a realistic approach towards research for the transmission network.


Objectives: The Philippine Manobo tribe is historically rich in ethnomedicinal practices and known to use local names as "Lunas" (meaning cure) of most medicinal plants. The purpose of this study is to record the traditional practices, use of medicinal plants and information of the Agusan Manobo tribe in order to establish the relative significance, consensus and scope of all medicinal plants used. Methods: Ethnomedicinal survey of medicinal plants was carried out in three selected barangays of Prosperidad City, Agusan del Sur. Ethnomedicinal data were collected through a semi-structured interview, group discussions and guided field walks from 144 primary informants. Plant importance was calculated using indices such as Family importance value (FIV) and relative frequency of citation (RFC). Results: A total of 40 species belonging to 34 genera and 23 families have been identified as having ethnomedicinal significance. The highest FIV (97.27) in the treatment of body pain, hypertension and infection was reported for Asteraceae. The most commonly cited species of medicinal plants were Anodendron borneense King and Gamble and Thottea sp.(RFC = 0.50) which is primarily usedfor treating gastrointestinal infection. Conclusion: The findings of this study show the rich ethnomedicinal tradition and knowledge of the cultural community of Agusan Manobo in Prosperidad City. Thus, for the potential management and conservation strategies of such plant genetic resources, recording these traditional knowledge of medicinal plants and practices is highly important. This indigenous legacy of awareness regarding medicinal plants will open pathways for future drug discovery to enhance global healthcare.


This article addresses a significant challenge to federal Indian law currently emerging in the federal courts. In 2013, the Supreme Court suggested that the Indian Child Welfare Act may be unconstitutional, and litigation on that question is now pending in the Fifth Circuit. The theory underlying the attack is that the statute distinguishes between Indians and non-Indians and thus uses the suspect classification of race, triggering strict scrutiny under the equal-protection component of the Due Process Clause. If the challenge to the Indian Child Welfare Act succeeds, the entirety of federal Indian law, which makes hundreds or even thousands of distinctions based on Indian descent, may be unconstitutional. This article defends the constitutionality of federal Indian law with a novel argument grounded in existing Supreme Court case law. Specifically, this article shows that the congressional plenary power over Indians and Indian tribes, which the Supreme Court has recognized for nearly a century and a half and which inevitably requires Congress to make classifications involving Indians and Indian tribes, compels the application of a rational-basis standard of review to federal Indian law.


Abstract. Monitoring changes in populations is fundamental for effective management. The West European hedgehog (Erinaceus europeaus) is of conservation concern in the UK because of recent substantial declines. Surveying hedgehogs is, however, problematic because of their nocturnal, cryptic behaviour. We compared the effectiveness of three methods (infra-red thermal camera, specialist search dog, spotlight) for detecting hedgehogs in three different habitats. Significantly more hedgehogs were detected, and at greater distance, using the camera and dog than the spotlight in amenity grassland and pasture; no hedgehogs were detected in woodland. Increasing ground cover reduced detection distances, with most detections (59.6%) associated with bare soil or mown grass; the dog was the only method that detected hedgehogs in vegetation taller than the target species' height. The additional value of surveying with a detection dog is most likely to be realised in areas where badgers (Meles meles), an intra-guild predator, are and/or where sufficient ground cover is present; both would allow hedgehogs to forage further from refuge habitats such as hedgerows. Further consideration of the effectiveness of detection dogs for finding hedgehogs in nests, as well as developing techniques for monitoring this species in woodland, is warranted.


Golf participation is comprised of activities likely to be beneficial to golfers' health and wellbeing, including regular walking and social interactions. The study aimed to use a questionnaire to compare physical activity, social trust and personal wellbeing of golfers with national statistics. Furthermore, the study aimed to measure the association between golfers' physical activity levels and self-efficacy for both golf and general exercise participation. Results demonstrated that golfers reported significantly different physical activity levels in comparison to the population of England. Golfers scored significantly higher on social trust and personal wellbeing compared to the population of the UK and England respectively. Golf and exercise self-efficacy were significantly associated with physical activity. The findings of the study demonstrate that, despite golfers having relatively lower levels of physical activity, golf participation is associated with psychological wellbeing. Implications for coaches focus on increasing awareness of the possible benefits of golf participation.


In this dissertation we discuss a variety of techniques that advance the state of the art in the field of 3D shape acquisition from real world objects. The research was done in collaboration with Szymon Rusinkiewicz, James Davis, Ravi Ramammorthi, and Tim Weyrich.
Our first contribution is a new framework for the classification of stereo triangulation algorithms. We classify methods according to the dimensions along which observations by both cameras are matched against each other. Different algorithms consider information that extends in space, in time, or simultaneously in both dimensions. Based on this framework, we design a novel algorithm for the triangulation of dynamic objects, as well as a new stereo setup based on unstructured active lighting.
We then present a novel sub-pixel precision refinement algorithm for stereo matches. We treat both cameras symmetrically, instead of assuming one camera to provide a reference image to be matched against. By refining match coordinates simultaneously on both cameras, we avoid a source of bias that can otherwise manifest itself as coherent noise in the reconstructions.
We also provide an efficient algorithm for combining position and orientation measurements into an optimal surface. Since position and orientation measurements are obtained from independent sources, each contains errors with distinct frequency characteristics. By optimizing a surface to conform to the most precise frequency components from each source, we can produce reconstructions that are substantially more precise than the original measurements.
Finally, we present a strategy for the acquisition of the 3D shape of shiny objects. Standard triangulation strategies that rely on captured appearances fail due to the view dependent nature of the images of such objects. We present a matching cost function based on surface normal consistency that can be used with standard dense stereo matching algorithms, and discuss the ambiguities that can arise.


The cartoonist Thomas Nast (1840-1902) was in his heyday a political institution, with each of his pictures helping to form public opinion. His influence reached its height in the late 1860s and early 1870s with his relentless caricatures of Boss Tweed and the Tammany Hall Ring in New York City.One part of Nast's work not often highlighted but as brilliant as the rest is his legal cartoons. Nast's best work was done with high moral zeal, and his satire of lawyers and the legal system was no exception. His attacks grew out of frustration with the ineffectiveness of legal remedies against the Ring. He was especially incensed that prominent lawyers such as David Dudley Field not only were willing to represent members of the Ring, but could cleverly exploit legal technicalities of their own making to win advantage. Nast excoriated the corruption and bribery of the bench by the Ring, and also, more generally, the adversarial system as it was developing in America.


Three new species of potamonautid freshwater crabs are described from the Lake Victoria region in southern Uganda, East Africa. Two of the new species ( Potamonautes busungwe sp. nov. and P. entebbe sp. nov.) are from the shores of Lake Victoria, while the third ( P. kantsyore sp. nov.) is from an inland locality on the Kagera River that flows into the lake. In addition, two of the new taxa ( P. busungwe sp. nov. and P. kantsyore sp. nov.) are among the smallest species of freshwater crabs so far known from Africa. Diagnoses, illustrations and distribution maps are provided for these taxa, which are compared to similar species from Uganda and elsewhere in East Africa.


After a massive international campaign calling attention to the development impact of foreign debt, the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative is now underway. But will the HIPC Initiative meet its high expectations? Will debt relief substantially raise growth? How do we make sure that debt relief benefits poor people? And how can we ensure that poor countries do not become highly indebted again? These are some of the key policy issues covered in this rigorous and independent analysis of debt, development, and poverty.


We present the phase diagram of the frustrated ferromagnetic S=1/2 Heisenberg J(1)-J(2) chain in a magnetic field, obtained by large scale exact diagonalizations and density matrix renormalization group simulations. A vector chirally ordered state, metamagnetic behavior and a sequence of spin-multipolar Luttinger liquid phases up to hexadecupolar kind are found. We provide numerical evidence for a locking mechanism, which can drive spiral states toward spin-multipolar phases, such as quadrupolar or octupolar phases. Our results also shed light on previously discovered spin-multipolar phases in two-dimensional S=1/2 quantum magnets in a magnetic field.


This paper incorporates risk-based margin requirements into portfolio liquidation procedures in a novel fashion. The approach is analytic and, as a result, more efficient than conventional numerical liquidation methods. The margin requirement calculation is a self-contained inner optimization problem and is traditionally solved by choosing the worst scenario amongst a discrete set of scenarios. We address the inner problem by first generalizing the risk-based haircuts calculation into a continuous region and then using a trust region optimization algorithm to derive the closed-form solution. The solution is typically obtained in less than two iterations and our procedure significantly improves the efficiency of the main portfolio liquation problem. Â We implement the algorithm on example portfolios and show advantages over traditional approaches.


While a number of data privacy techniques have been proposed in the recent years, a few frameworks have been suggested for the implementation of the data privacy process. Most of the proposed approaches are tailored towards implementing a specific data privacy algorithm but not the overall data privacy engineering and design process. Therefore, as a contribution, this study proposes SIED (Specification, Implementation, Evaluation, and Dissemination), a conceptual framework that takes a holistic approach to the data privacy engineering procedure by looking at the specifications, implementation, evaluation, and finally, dissemination of the privatized data sets.


This paper describes the measurement of longitudinal residual stresses within specially designed 200x180x25mm groove weld specimens. The purpose of these measurements was to compare the residual stress field arising from single and multi-pass weld beads laid down within the constraint of a groove in order to validate finite element simulations of the welding process. Measurements were made over the cross section at the mid-bead length, utilising the relatively new Contour method and neutron diffraction. Results from these measurements indicate a larger peak tensile longitudinal residual stresses within the weld region of the multi-pass weld sample. Good agreement is found between both techniques.


Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technologies produce massive amount of low cost data that is very much useful in genomic study and research. However, data produced by NGS is affected by different errors such as substitutions, deletions or insertion. It is essential to differentiate between true biological variants and alterations occurred due to errors for accurate downstream analysis. Many types of methods and tools have been developed for NGS error correction. Some of these methods only correct substitutions errors whereas others correct multi types of data errors. In this article, a comprehensive evaluation of three types of methods (k-spectrum based, Multi- sequencing alignment and Hybrid based) is presented which are implemented and adopted by different tools. Experiments have been conducted to compare the performance based on runtime and error correction rate. Two different computing platforms have been used for the experiments to evaluate effectiveness of runtime and error correction rate. The mission and aim of this comparative evaluation is to provide recommendations for selection of suitable tools to cope with the specific needs of users and practitioners. It has been noticed that k-mer spectrum based methodology generated superior results as compared to other methods. Amongst all the tools being utilized, Racer has shown eminent performance in terms of error correction rate and execution time for both small as well as large data sets. In multisequence alignment based tools, Karect depicts excellent error correction rate whereas Coral shows better execution time for all data sets. In hybrid based tools, Jabba shows better error correction rate and execution time as compared to brownie. Computing platforms mostly affect execution time but have no general effect on error correction rate.


Aesthetics (also spelled æsthetics or esthetics) is a branch of philosophy dealing with the nature of beauty, art, and taste, and with the creation and appreciation of beauty.[1] It is more scientifically defined as the study of sensory or sensori-emotional values, sometimes called judgments of sentiment and taste.[2] More broadly, scholars in the field define aesthetics as "critical reflection on art, culture and nature."[3][4] Aesthetics is a subdiscipline of axiology, a branch of philosophy, and is closely associated with the philosophy of art.[5] Aesthetics studies new ways of seeing and of perceiving the world.[6]


Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld's 1913 article, "Fundamental Legal Conceptions as Applied in Judicial Reasoning," is in some ways a stunning success. It has played an important role in shaping a variety of schools of thought — analytical jurisprudence, legal realism, law and economics, critical legal studies, and property theory. At the same time, Hohfeld's platform, has been largely ignored among the judiciary and among those legal academics who embrace judicial or doctrinal discourse.

In this chapter, I immediately put aside the easy and obvious explanations (without prejudice) for a deeper account — namely, the suggestion that there are ongoing tensions between the Hohfeldian platform on the one hand and liberalism as well as liberal forms of adjudication on the other. The Hohfeldian platform enables us see in liberalism and its forms of adjudication certain aspects that neither endeavor might otherwise want to recognize and address.

The chapter closes with an entreaty that, in this particular moment of political and legal uncertainty, legal thinkers move beyond the cloistered comforts of liberal thought and consider the organization of state and civil society in broader, even if more challenging, theoretical terms.


Towards the end of the 1990s, and in response to increasing global condemnation, the
mining industry adopted sustainable development (SD) principles and standards
through corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives. This approach not only
proposed a dramatic change in the operating practices of large mining houses, but
also suggested a grand vision for the industry as a long term catalyser of local
economic growth. This research now investigates the effect that mining enterprises
which operate under these principles have on sub-national economic development. In
doing so, it undertakes multiple case-study analysis, focussing on a single firm, Rio
Tinto, and covers three of its subsidiary companies at various stages of development.
Consistent with claims by mining advocates, this work confirms the frequently
striking importance that large mines have for sub-national economies. However, this
investigation disagrees with the emphasis typically attributed to each stream of
benefits and brings attention back to the use that mining cash flows are put to. More
generally, the study argues that the potential for large mining firms to trigger
endogenous growth has been underestimated. On the one hand, these enterprises can
contribute distinctly to local capital accumulation; on the other, under certain
circumstances, they can also help sustain increases in local productivity
endogenously. Indeed; while local preconditions will determine socioeconomic
outcomes to a significant degree, mining companies can play a critical part in
economic planning and the building of innovative institutions, which could, in turn,
help increase the underlying local rate of technological absorption, human capital and
overall capacity for economic governance. This entails a drastic (and controversial)
change from the role previously assumed by companies. Yet, this study also
concludes that, in some other cases, SD has promoted unattainable economic
expectations. In these cases, minimising the local impact of mining would be a more
advisable economic strategy.


Formaldehyde, an irritant and cacinogent to humans, is one of the most concerning indoor gaseous pollutants because it is often found in buildings and poses a potential health risk to occupants even at a very low concentration level. Chemisorption and catalytic oxidization are two promising methods for indoor formaldehyde removal. This review covers the following aspects of the two formaldehyde removal methods: reaction mechanism, activity test method, materials, performance, and effect of environmental conditions (temperature, relative humidity, concentration level, and velocity) on the removal performance. Results show that a supported noble metal (e.g., Pt) and metal oxide (e.g., MnO2) are the most effective catalysts, but usually require a high temperature for complete decomposition of formaldehyde. An amino group containing activated carbon is the most commonly used chemisorbent. The effect of the noble metal loading and the preparation method of the noble metal catalyst are also discussed. Possible applications in a building HVAC system are discussed along with needed future research.


This thesis examines the final Pleistocene cultural landscape of the Azraq Oasis in eastern Jordan on the basis of archaeological fieldwork conducted at Ayn Qasiyya and AWS 48, two Epipalaeolithic sites in the southern Azraq wetlands. It challenges traditional understandings of landscape and socio-cultural changes during the Epipalaeolithic period, and this period's role in shaping the subsequent emergence of agriculture and sedentism. The current model of socio-cultural change, which considers the Epipalaeolithic-Neolithic transition as a development from simple foragers, to complex collectors, to farmers, is critically reviewed. Evidence from the Epipalaeolithic of the Le-vant is highlighted that strongly suggests that this unilineal sequence must be re-evaluated. Furthermore, the social evolutionary underpinnings of this model are critiqued and rejected. This social evolutionary model is based on a conceptualization of the southern Levantine landscape as sub-divided into distinct phyto-geographical zones, which suggest a dichotomy between a lush 'core' and a impoverished 'periphery'. Palaeoenvironmental data, however, is argued to be poorly correlated with major instances of socio-cultural change. This dichotomy also relates to a static understanding of landscape as empty, commodified space.
To examine the Azraq Oasis from a different perspective and to suggest an alternative narrative the archaeological evidence produced by three seasons of fieldwork at Ayn Qasiyya and AWS 48 is first described in detail, and then interpreted from a practice orientated perspective. This practice perspective centres on examining the châine operatoire of the chipped stone artefacts and the activities and practices at the sites. It is argued that practices at these localities shapes space into social places, and that hereby landscapes become socially and culturally constructed. Using data from Ayn Qasiyya specifically, the social interactions of diverse social communities in the Azraq Basin can be tentatively reconstructed, providing a further example of the way in which social space was created though social engagement. I argue that these instances of the creation of places, and the evidence for social interaction, provide an alternative perspective on the Early and Middle Epipalaeolithic in the Azraq Basin and the southern Levant as a whole, which should lead us to reconsider the applicability of the geographical core-periphery dichotomy and social evolutionary models.


This memo describes the use of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)
in the Counter and CBC-MAC Mode (CCM) of operation within Transport
Layer Security (TLS) to provide confidentiality and data-origin
authentication. The AES-CCM algorithm is amenable to compact
implementations, making it suitable for constrained environments,
while at the same time providing a high level of security. The cipher
suites defined in this document use Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC)
and are advantageous in networks with limited bandwidth.


Abstract. The passive tracer method is used to estimate ozone loss from ground-based measurements in the Antarctic. A sensitivity study shows that the ozone depletion can be estimated within an accuracy of ~4%. The method is then applied to the ground-based observations from Arrival Heights, Belgrano, Concordia, Dumont d'Urville, Faraday, Halley, Marambio, Neumayer, Rothera, South Pole, Syowa, and Zhongshan for the diagnosis of ozone loss in the Antarctic. On average, the ten-day boxcar average of the vortex mean ozone column loss deduced from the ground-based stations was about 55±5% in 2005–2009. The ozone loss computed from the ground-based measurements is in very good agreement with those derived from satellite measurements (OMI and SCIAMACHY) and model simulations (REPROBUS and SLIMCAT), where the differences are within ±3–5%. The historical ground-based total ozone observations in October show that the depletion started in the late 1970s, reached a maximum in the early 1990s and stabilised afterwards due to saturation. There is no indication of ozone recovery yet. At southern mid-latitudes, a reduction of 20–50% is observed for a few days in October–November at the newly installed Rio Gallegos station. Similar depletion of ozone is also observed episodically during the vortex overpasses at Kerguelen in October–November and at Macquarie Island in July–August of the recent winters. This illustrates the significance of measurements at the edges of Antarctica.


Psychology in Africa has been criticised for its irrelevance and Eurocentrism. This criticism has shown how a modernist view of the person as a self-contained individual is deeply embedded in psychology. Such a view contrasts with folk-psychological African concepts of the person as coextensive with community and spirituality. Many fruitful suggestions have been put forward to rectify the limitations of psychology in Africa. However, only a few of the criticisms of psychology and the suggestions for transformation of psychology take cognisance of post-modem thought. The aim of this paper is to revisit the tarnished image of psychology in Africa from certain postmodem perspectives. It is proposed that both the criticisms of the ills of psychology in African contexts as well as the medicine prescribed may benefit from a loosening of the constraints of modernist thought.


Convenient and efficient synthesis of a new environmentally sensitive chlorine-substituted 2,3-naphthalimide-based fluorophore is reported. Benzotriazole carboxyl group activation of the 6-chloro-fluorophore enabled quick labeling of free and Fmoc-protected amino acids. The photophysical properties of the compounds obtained include high quantum yields in solvents of different polarity: water, methanol, acetonitrile and hexane.


The credit derivatives market, widely regarded as the fastest growing sector of the derivatives industry, is estimated at over $5 trillion in average outstanding notional principal worldwide. Credit default swaps account for approximately 73% of the market. Options on credit default swaps—known as CDS swaptions—have recently become popular among end users. CDS swaptions come in two general varieties: calls and puts written on CDS, and cancelable CDS. A cancelable CDS includes an embedded option to terminate a CDS contract (an embedded CDS swaption). The authors describe credit default swaptions and their uses in creating synthetic collateralized debt obligations, and illustrate accessible valuation models.


Homeownership has been in decline in a number of developed societies since the early 2000s driven, primarily, by declining entry among younger households who have been increasingly pushed into the rental sector. This trend has been associated with a growing intergenerational divide, or even conflict, and the emergence of 'Generation Rent'. This paper explores the conditions surrounding diminishing access to owner-occupation among new households with a focus on the historic maturation of homeownership sectors, the restructuring of the political economy (financialization) around housing wealth and the inter-cohort dynamics surrounding the accumulation and transfer of housing wealth. The paper takes an international perspective drawing on evidence from two parallel, but contrasting cases: Japan and the UK. The analysis illustrates the interrelatedness of inter- and intra-generational inequalities, with the former reinforcing the latter. It also focuses on the role of families as both a moderator of generational inequity at the micro level as well as an enhancer of socioeconomic inequalities overall.


The magnetic structures at the compensated ferromagnetic/antiferromagnetic (FM/AFM) interface of exchange bias FM NiFe/AFM NiMn films were determined with first-principles full-potential linearized augmented plane-wave calculations including noncollinear magnetism. The results predict that the magnetic moments of the FM NiFe layer lie perpendicular to those of the AFM NiMn layer. The intra-atomic noncollinear magnetism that arises near the interface is found to play an important role in stabilizing the perpendicular coupling that leads to a large biquadratic exchange energy (BEE). The BEE is large enough to require formation of a magnetic domain wall (with an estimated thickness ∼370 A) in the AFM NiMn layers, which may account for the observed large coercivity and exchange bias. We also discuss magnetic structures at a rough FM/AFM interface-as simulated in model calculations with the inclusion of line step defects-which may contribute to a unidirectional magnetic anisotropy.


Towards the aim of producing transgenic rice with enhanced resistance to one of its phloem sap-sucking insect pests, the brown planthopper (BPH), two potential phloem-specific promoters, of the rice sucrose synthase-1 (RSsl) and the cucurbit phloem protein PP2 genes, were isolated and investigated. Using a PGR fragment of the maize sucrose synthase-1 (Shi) gene, genomic clones containing the RSsl and RSs2 (rice sucrose synthase-2) genes were isolated from a genomic library of rice (Oryza sativa L. Japonica) and characterised. A full- length RSsl gene from one of the genomic clones was sequenced, including 1756 bp of 5'-flanking sequence and 710 bp of 3'-flanking sequence. The gene had an identical intron-exon structure (16 exons and 15 introns) to the maize Shi gene. The RSsl 5'- flankmg region contained a number of promoter-like sequences, including putative exacting elements homologous to those found in several endosperm-specific, anaerobiosis-inducible, or phloem-specific promoters. The RSsl promoter region, including 1.9 kb 5'-flanking sequence, the first intron, the first exon, and the translational start codon, was fused with coding sequences for β-glucuronidase (GUS) and snowdrop (Galanthus navalis) lectin (GNA). Tobacco plants were transformed with these chimaeric genes in order to determine the expression pattern directed by the RSsl promoter. Histochemical and immunochemical assays demonstrated that the expression of both GUS and GNA was restricted to phloem cells in various tissues (i.e. stem, root, leaf, petiole) and in different transformants. In addition, GNA was detected by immunological assay in the honeydew excreted by peach potato aphids (Myzus persicae), also a phloem sap- sucking insect, feeding on RSsl-GNA transgenic tobacco plants. This provided direct evidence that GNA was not only expressed in the phloem tissue, but was also present in the phloem sap of transgenic tobacco plants. Since GNA has been shown to have antimetabolic effect against BPH, the RSsl-GNA construct is being used to transform rice plants by collaborating groups elsewhere. In order to isolate the phloem protein PP2 gene promoter, the PP2 polypeptide from 3 months old Cucurbita pepo plants was partially sequenced after in situ cleavage with cyanogen bromide vapour, giving 75 residues of sequence on two cyanogen . bromide fragments. Using an oligonucleotide probe based on this amino acid sequence, cDNA clones encoding PP2 were isolated from a C. pepo cDNA library constructed from mRNA of 3-5 days old seedling hypocotyls. A cDNA clone was used as probe to screen a C. pepo genomic library, and several genomic clones were isolated. Restriction mapping showed that these clones contained different genes, consistent with results from Southern blots of C. pepo genomic DNA probed with PP2 cDNA, in which multiple bands were detected in all restriction endonuclease digests. One of the clones was partially sequenced, and was shown to contain a gene encoding PP2. A 1.2 kb 5'-flanking region of this clone was fused with a GUS reporter gene, and this construct was used to transform tobacco. Initial histochemical analysis showed that this chimaeric gene was not expressed in the putative transgenic plants examined. Possible reasons for this failure are discussed.


Small groups of female Siamese fighting fish were observed in an attempt to determine whether a dominance order exists in these fish. Each fish, in each group, was allocated a rank for each activity on each day of observation. The rankings for the number of bites of food from a restricted source, the number of displays, the order of attacks, and the number of attacks each showed a significant concordance from day to day. A significant concordance was also found between the rankings of the different parameters. These data show that a stable dominance order is formed when females are in small groups. The top-ranked fish engages in more mutual displays and single-fish displays with the second-ranked fish than with the bottom-ranked fish. Displays showed differences in duration dependent upon whether or not they resulted in an attack. These data are discussed in terms of the conflict hypothesis and are in agreement with Simpson [1968] concerning the use of that hypothesis.


OBJECTIVE
Adherence of erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium falciparum (P falciparum) to microvascular endothelial cells (sequestration) is considered to play an important role in parasite virulence and pathogenesis. In this study, we have examined the possibility that there is altered vascular reactivity due to the direct interaction between the parasitized erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells and that it could be tissue specific.

METHOD
Ring preparations of blood vessels from the rabbit carotid and rat aorta were studied using standard organ bath techniques. Dose response curves for phenylephrine (PE) and acetylcholine (Ach)-induced relaxation were constructed in rings pre-contracted with PE.

RESULTS
Incubation of rat aortic rings with parasitized blood resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) increase in maximum contractile response to phenylephrine in the rat aortic rings but there was no effect on the rabbit carotid artery. The dose-response curve showed a significant (p < 0.05) left-ward shift following the addition of parasitized blood. Parasitised blood had no effect on baseline in both tissues. Following exposure to parasitized blood, the magnitude of Ach-induced relaxation responses reduced significantly (p < 0.05) in rat aortic rings and (p < 0.05) in rabbit carotid rings; relaxations to acetylcholine was more pronounced in the aortic compared to the carotid rings.

CONCLUSIONS
Malaria altered vascular reactivity through an endothelium-dependent mechanism. The regulation of vascular tone by various vasoactive agents following exposure to malaria parasites might be altered in a vessel-specific manner. This may contribute to or exacerbate the abnormal haemodynamics observed in the microcirculation of numerous vascular beds in malaria.


Shipping goods internationally is risky and takes time. To allocate risk and to finance the time gap between production and sale, a range of payment contracts is utilized. I study the optimal choice between these payment contracts and their implications for trade. The equilibrium contract is determined by financial market characteristics and contracting environments in both the source and the destination country. Trade increases in enforcement probabilities and decreases in financing costs proportional to the time needed for trade. Empirical results from gravity regressions are in line with the model, highly significant and economically relevant. They suggest that importer finance is as important for trade as exporter finance.


In this paper we present a new mechanism for core-collapse supernova explosions that relies on acoustic power generated in the inner core as the driver. In our simulation using an 11 M☉ progenitor, an advective-acoustic oscillation à la Foglizzo with a period of ~25-30 ms arises ~200 ms after bounce. Its growth saturates due to the generation of secondary shocks, and kinks in the resulting shock structure funnel and regulate subsequent accretion onto the inner core. However, this instability is not the primary agent of explosion. Rather, it is the acoustic power generated early on in the inner turbulent region stirred by the accretion plumes and, most importantly, but later on, by the excitation and sonic damping of core g-mode oscillations. An ℓ = 1 mode with a period of ~3 ms grows at late times to be prominent around ~500 ms after bounce. The accreting proto-neutron star is a self-excited oscillator, "tuned" to the most easily excited core g-mode. The associated acoustic power seen in our 11 M☉ simulation is sufficient to drive the explosion >550 ms after bounce. The angular distribution of the emitted sound is fundamentally aspherical. The sound pulses radiated from the core steepen into shock waves that merge as they propagate into the outer mantle and deposit their energy and momentum with high efficiency. The ultimate source of the acoustic power is the gravitational energy of infall, and the core oscillation acts like a transducer to convert this accretion energy into sound. An advantage of the acoustic mechanism is that acoustic power does not abate until accretion subsides, so that it is available as long as it may be needed to explode the star. This suggests a natural means by which the supernova is self-regulating.


The Art Nouveau movement overlapped with late Arts and Crafts in the 1890s and early modernism in the 1910s, combining the exquisite workmanship and natural forms of the former with the innovative materials, forms and practices associated with the latter. Art Nouveau Fashion provides a fascinating introduction to the style, defining it, and placing it in design history by focusing on a number of important designers - Worth, Lucile, Paquin, Poiret - and key topics, such as clients and artists, jewellery and accessories, and advertising. Art Nouveau fashion questioned conventional gender norms with daring flamboyance, presenting women in suits, influenced by tailored menswear, for the street and overtly seductive lingerie for the boudoir. Fashionable corsets manipulated female bodies into increasingly artificial forms, while advertising seduced consumers with images of scantily clad women. The movement's radicalism and openness to diverse design influences directly influenced the counter-culture of the late 1960s, inspiring boutiques in London's fashionable Carnaby Street and San Francisco's Haight-Ashbury. Art Nouveau fashion continues to resonate today - and this book presents it with a wealth of unseen images and historic sources.


Consumer adoption of mobile payment (m-payment) solutions is low compared to the acceptance of traditional forms of payments. Motivated by this fact, we propose and test a "trust-theoretic model for consumer adoption of m-payment systems." The model, grounded in literature on "technology adoption" and "trust," not only theorizes the role of consumer trust in m-payment adoption, but also identifies the facilitators for consumer trust in m-payment systems. It proposes two broad dimensions of trust facilitators: "mobile service provider characteristics" and "mobile technology environment characteristics." The model is empirically validated via a sample of potential adopters in Singapore. In contrast to other contexts, results suggest the overarching importance of "consumer trust in m- payment systems" as compared to other technology adoption factors. Further, differential importance of the theorized trust facilitators of "perceived reputation" and "perceived opportunism" of the mobile service provider, and "perceived environmental risk" and "perceived structural assurance" of the mobile technology, are also highlighted. A series of post-hoc analyses establish the robustness of the theorized configuration of constructs. Subsequent, sub- group analyses highlight the differential significance of trust facilitators for different user sub-groups. Implications for research and practice emerging out of this study are also discussed.


Parsers that parametrize over wider scopes are generally more accurate than edge-factored models. For graph-based non-projective parsers, wider factorizations have so far implied large increases in the computational complexity of the parsing problem. This paper introduces a "crossing-sensitive" generalization of a third-order factorization that trades off complexity in the model structure (i.e., scoring with features over multiple edges) with complexity in the output structure (i.e., producing crossing edges). Under this model, the optimal 1-Endpoint-Crossing tree can be found in O(n4) time, matching the asymptotic run-time of both the third-order projective parser and the edge-factored 1-Endpoint-Crossing parser. The crossing-sensitive third-order parser is significantly more accurate than the third-order projective parser under many experimental settings and significantly less accurate on none.


Expertise in topographic map reading is dependent on efficient processing of geographical information presented in a standardised map format. Studies have supported the proposition that expert map readers employ cognitive schemas in which prototypical configurations held in long term memory are employed during the surface search of map features to facilitate map comprehension. Within the experts' cognitive schemas, it is assumed that features are grouped according to spatial configurations that have been frequently encountered and these patterns facilitate efficient chunking of features during information processing.

This thesis investigates the nature of information held in experts' cognitive schemas. It also proposes that features are grouped in the experts' schemas not only by their spatial configurations but according to the abstract and functional roles they perform.

Three experiments investigated the information processing strategies employed by firstly, skilled map readers engaged in a map reproduction task and secondly, expert map readers engaged in a location comparison exercise. In the first and second experiments, skilled and novice map readers studied and reproduced a town map and a topographic map. Drawing protocols and verbal protocols provided insights into their information processing strategies. The skilled map readers demonstrated superior performance for reproducing contour related data with evidence of the use of cognitive schemas.

For the third experiment, expert and novice map readers compared locations within map excerpts for similarities of boundary extents. Eye-gaze data and verbal protocols provided information on the features attended to and the participants' search patterns. The expert group integrated features into their cognitive schemas according to the abstract roles they performed significantly more frequently than the novices. Both groups employed pattern recognition to integrate features for some of the locations. Within a similar experimental design the second part of the third experiment examined whether experts also integrated the abstract roles of remote features and village grouping concepts within their cognitive schemas. The experts again integrated the abstract roles of physical features into their schemas more often than novices but this strategy was not employed for either the remote feature or grouping categories.

Implications for map design and future Geographic Information Systems are discussed.


Many of my photographed situations are temporarily created
for the moment of shooting. After being attracted to the
original scene, I then proceed in changing the scene with
careful and precise placement of props, building materials,
pipes, steelwork and so on. Viewed from any angle other
than through the camera the scene appears only to be a
jumble of shapes.
By doing this I am not aiming to document the scene as I
found it but to break down the association and functions of
real world objects within the scene. Changing the spacial
relationships by juxtaposing objects in appropriate places
•within the foreground and background I attempt to challenge
the assumptions made by the viewer. Having previously
worked with flat, two-dimensional black and white images in
a city environment, I found that moving to the country
allowed much greater oppurtunity for me to take advantage
of its particular quality of light and space.
I choose to use colour primarily for it's aesthetic appeal, but
also in many photographs as an aid in creating visual
ambiguities. I was attracted to work in colour after coming in
contact with the work of photographers such as Joel
Meyerwitz, John Pfahl, Stephen Shore, William Eggleston
and Michael Bishop.


Once a health promotion program has proven to be effective in one or two initial settings, attempts may be made to transfer the program to new settings. One way to conceptualize the transference of health promotion programs from one locale to another is by considering the programs to be innovations that are being diffused. In this way, diffusion of innovation theory can be applied to guide the process of program transference. This article reports on the development of six questionnaires to measure the extent to which health promotion programs are successfully disseminated: Organizational Climate, Awareness-Concern, Rogers's Adoption Variables, Level of Use, Level of Success, and Level of Institutionalization. The instruments are being successfully used in a study of the diffusion of health promotion/tobacco prevention curricula to junior high schools in North Carolina. The instruments, which measure the four steps of the diffusion process, have construct validity since they were develóped within existing theories and are derived from the work of previous researchers. No previous research has attempted to use instruments like these to measure sequentially the stages of the diffusion process.


We report the high speed scanning submicronic microscopy (SSM) using a low cost polymer microlens integrated at the extremity of an optical fiber. These microlenses are fabricated by a free-radical photopolymerization method. Using a polymer microlens with a radius of curvature of 250 nm, a sub-micrometric gold pattern is imaged experimentally by SSM. Different distances between the tip and the sample are used with a high scanning speed of 200 cm/s. In particular, metallic absorption contrasts are described with an optical spatial resolution of 250 nm at the wavelength of 532 nm. Moreover, finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations concerning the focal lengths of microlenses with different geometries and heights support the experimental data.


Changes in land use influence the carbon dynamics in ecosystems given these modify the soil structure and increase the mineralization rates of organic matter. In this study, we evaluated the effect of soil use, depth and size of aggregates on carbon (C) and soil respiration (CO2) content emitted by the mineralization of C in soils with different land uses (forestry, acahual, grassland and agricultural) in Mount Tlaloc. Soil C was higher in forest ecosystems (over 100 g C kg-1 of soil) than in soils with agricultural, acahual and grassland use with 20, 30 and 50 g C kg-1 of soil, respectively. In sites with forest land use, mean weighted diameter values were larger than 1.5 mm and a greater percentage of macroaggregates (>2 mm; >25%) was found, which indicated a better soil structure in the first 30 cm depth with respect to the site with agricultural use, where microaggregates were predominant (< 0.5 mm) with percentages higher than 50%, and a lower amount of C (less than 10 g C kg-1 of soil) was detected, as well as a higher amount of CO2 emitted by respiration (greater than 40 g CO2 kg-1 of soil). The soil structure stability influenced the dynamics of C, given that a better soil structure presented a higher content of C and a decrease of CO2 emissions of the soil.


Electronic Health Record (EHR) systems offer significant benefits for healthcare. The improved availability of healthcare information from multiple locations contributes to the accuracy and timeliness of care, and should lead to overall improved quality of healthcare delivery. Practical experience and relevant research demonstrate that there are many technological issues that need to be addressed for modern healthcare systems to be effective in sharing EHRs as the structure and size of the healthcare data have changed considerably over time. Recent literature shows that the emerging NoSQL databases have significant advantages such as easy and automatic scaling, better performance and high availability which address the limitations of relational databases in distributed healthcare systems. In this paper we reviewed EHRs and the key features of NoSQL databases. We then evaluated the suitability of NoSQL databases in meeting the requirements of national EHR systems in sharing EHRs in a distributed system environment.


Extracting the rules from spatio-temporal patterns generated by the evolution of cellular automata (CA) usually requires a priori information about the observed system, but in many applications little information will be known about the pattern. This paper introduces a new neighborhood detection algorithm which can determine the range of the neighborhood without any knowledge of the system by introducing a criterion based on mutual information (and an indication of over-estimation). A coarse-to-fine identification routine is then proposed to determine the CA rule from the observed pattern. Examples, including data from a real experiment, are employed to evaluate the new algorithm.


Despite the well known discrimination among substrata by settling larvae of benthic marine invertebrates, there is limited evidence showing that recruits benefit from the microhabitats selected. To explore the fitness consequences of substrate selection by scleractinian corals, this study was designed to test for selective advantages arising from the microhabitat location of juvenile corals on natural substrata on Conch Reef (Florida Keys). Juvenile corals (ca. 2 to 40 mm diameter) were censused for density and microhabitat at 14, 17, 20 and 26 m depth, and a subset were tagged to mea- sure growth and survivorship. Microhabitats were scored as exposed (upward facing), vertical or cryptic, and the results were analyzed first for all taxa combined, and second by life-history strategy in order to contrast 2 ecologically distinct groups (i.e. brooders versus broadcasters). The majority (> 53%) of juveniles occupied exposed microhabitats at all depths, with the remainder mostly in ver- tical instead of cryptic microhabitats at ≤17 m, and in cryptic instead of vertical microhabitats at ≥20 m depth. Overall, juvenile distribution was unrelated to life history, and the abundance of brood- ers and broadcasters was largely similar across depths (regardless of microhabitat). Despite clear evi- dence of non-random distribution of juvenile corals, their growth and survivorship were statistically indistinguishable among the microhabitats or depths. The disparity between these results and evi- dence that coral larvae actively select specific microhabitats for settlement could reflect (1) a strong size-dependency of the fitness consequences of microhabitat, (2) a consequence of reef degradation such as a modification of the selective value of microhabitats, or (3) reduced exploitation competition for settlement locations caused by low rates of coral recruitment.


We introduce TestU01, a software library implemented in the ANSI C language, and offering a collection of utilities for the empirical statistical testing of uniform random number generators (RNGs). It provides general implementations of the classical statistical tests for RNGs, as well as several others tests proposed in the literature, and some original ones. Predefined tests suites for sequences of uniform random numbers over the interval (0, 1) and for bit sequences are available. Tools are also offered to perform systematic studies of the interaction between a specific test and the structure of the point sets produced by a given family of RNGs. That is, for a given kind of test and a given class of RNGs, to determine how large should be the sample size of the test, as a function of the generator's period length, before the generator starts to fail the test systematically. Finally, the library provides various types of generators implemented in generic form, as well as many specific generators proposed in the literature or found in widely used software. The tests can be applied to instances of the generators predefined in the library, or to user-defined generators, or to streams of random numbers produced by any kind of device or stored in files. Besides introducing TestU01, the article provides a survey and a classification of statistical tests for RNGs. It also applies batteries of tests to a long list of widely used RNGs.