Books reviewed in this article: Andrew Hinde, England's population S. H. Rigby (ed.), A companion to Britain in the later middle ages Michael Snodin and John Styles, Design and the decorative arts Alexandra Shepard, Meanings of manhood in early modern England Steven King and Alannah Tomkins (eds.), The poor in England, 1700-1850 Peter Kirby, Child labour in Britain, 1750-1870 John F. Wilson and Andrew Popp (eds.), Industrial clusters and regional business networks in England, 1750-1970 R. S. Craig, R. Protheroe Jones and M. V. Symons, The industrial and maritime history of Llanelli and Burry Port, 1750-2000 A. K. B. Evans and J. V. Gough (eds.), The impact of the railway on society in Britain Lesley Richmond, Julie Stevenson and Alison Turner (eds.), The pharmaceutical industry Ian Gazeley, Poverty in Britain, 1900-1965 Richard Toye, The Labour Party and the planned economy, 1931-51 Jonathan Hollowell (ed.), Britain since 1945 Vanessa Harding, The dead and the living in Paris and London, 1500-1670 R. W. Davies et al (eds.), The Stalin-Kaganovich correspondence, 1931-36 Michael G. Morony (ed.), Production and the exploitation of resources Michael G. Morony (ed.), Manufacturing and labour John Belshaw, Colonization and community Lizabeth Cohen, A consumers' republic Deborah Fitzgerald, Every farm a factory Diane J. Macunovich, Birth quake W. W. Rostow, Concept and controversy Mario Baldassarri and Pierluigi Ciocca (eds.), Roots of the Italian school of economics and finance


Annealing of gem-quality diamonds at very high pressures (above 5 GPa) and temperatures (above ∼1800°C) can produce significant changes in their color. Treatment under these high-pressure-high-temperature (HPHT) conditions affects certain optically active defects and their absorptions in the visible spectrum. In the jewelry industry, laboratory-treated diamonds are valued much less than those of natural color. Polished diamonds are carefully examined at gemological laboratories to determine the "origin of color" as part of an overall assessment of their quality. Currently, the recognition of HPHT-treated diamonds involves the determination of various visual properties (such as color and features seen under magnification), as well as characterization by several spectroscopic techniques. HPHT-treated diamonds were introduced into the jewelry trade in the late 1990s, and despite progress in their recognition, their identification remains a challenge. While some detection methodologies have been established, the large number of diamonds requiring testing with sophisticated analytical instrumentation poses a logistical problem for gemological laboratories.


Among sedimentary rocks, turbiditic sandstones are very common within orogenic belts, especially those with low relief composed mostly of sedimentary tectonic units; in this respect the Northern Apennines belt is a typical example. The mechanical behaviour of these rocks is extremely variable, depending on the degree and character of the diagenesis, which in turn depends on interactions between different factors such as the tectonic setting, the degree and rate of burial, the textural characters and composition of sediments. The relations between depositional facies, detrital composition, diagenesis, and mechanical behaviour are considered for the case of turbidite sandstones of the Ranzano Formation (Eocene-Oligocene), which crops out in the eastern Piedmont Tertiary Basin (BTP). Understanding these relationships is also important because of the extensive use of these rocks for buildings forming the cultural heritage of Northern Apennine and western Po Plain villages and towns. Samples collected from three different members (Pizzo d'Oca, Val Pessola and S. Sebastiano Curone Members) of the Ranzano Formation, having strongly contrasting petrofacies and extremely variable depositional facies grading from conglomerates to mudstones, were analysed in order to check their relations with diagenetic characters in a quite small area, having an homogeneous diagenetic regime. The data show that the relative amount of interstitial components (cements and pores), does not seem to be correlated with the framework composition (petrofacies), and also show no correlation between the occurrence of authigenic versus detrital carbonates. In contrast, there is a clear correlation of the amount of pores and cements with depositional facies. In turn, the incidence of the authigenic minerals and, in particular, their abundance relative to the volume of residual intergranular pores, seems to be fundamental in determining the resistance of the rocks to compression. As a result, depositional facies, rather than framework composition, seem to determine the diagenetic evolution of turbiditic arenites. It suggests that thin arenitic intervals interbedded with marls in thin-bedded arenaceous-pelitic facies, worked as conduits for carbonate-rich fluids expelled from the adjacent marly sediments during compaction, allowing calcitic cements to precipitate. Conversely, in thick massive sandstone beds amalgamated in tens of meter thick bodies, fluid circulation had been less intensive, with consequently reduced precipitation of authigenic carbonates.


The relative frequency of intestinal disorders in tropical countries, the multiplicity of microorganisms to which a causal relation has been attributed, the uncertainty prevailing about the distribution and significance of such bacteria as the Morgan bacillus and various Salmonella types and the general lack of knowledge about the etiology of tropical intestinal disease combine to give to even fragmentary observations some degree of value in guiding further research. In the course of various studies on other matters in Puerto Rico and in the Panama Canal Zone, we have gathered a few data upon intestinal flora which it seems worth while to place on record.
1
Enteritis and diarrhea are common in Puerto Rico. On this island in 1930 (January to March), 144 fecal specimens were examined by the poured plate method; these specimens were derived from 81 persons. They were distributed as follows.


Six-degree-of-freedom (6-DOF) haptic rendering for fine manipulation in narrow space is a challenging topic because of frequent constraint changes caused by small tool movement and the requirement to preserve the feel of fine-features of objects. In this paper, we introduce a configuration-based constrained optimization method for solving this rendering problem. We represent an object using a hierarchy of spheres, i.e., a sphere tree, which allows faster detection of multiple contacts/collisions among objects than polygonal mesh and facilitates contact constraint formulation. Given a moving graphic tool as the avatar of the haptic tool in the virtual environment, we compute its quasi-static motion by solving a configuration-based optimization. The constraints in the 6D configuration space of the graphic tool is obtained and updated through online mapping of the nonpenetration constraint between the spheres of the graphic tool and those of the other objects in the three-dimensional physical space, based on the result of collision detection. This problem is further modeled as a quadratic programming optimization and solved by the classic active-set methods. Our algorithm has been implemented and interfaced with a 6-DOF Phantom Premium 3.0. We demonstrate its performance in several benchmarks involving complex, multiregion contacts. The experimental results show both the high efficiency and stability of haptic rendering by our method for complex scenarios. Nonpenetration between the graphic tool and the object is maintained under frequent contact switches. Update rate of the simulation loop including optimization and constraint identification is maintained at about 1 kHz.


Heightened Securities Liability for Lawyers Who Invest in Their Clients: Worth the Risk?^ In the 1990s, the American economy exploded with new technology and a proliferation of software and Internet companies. These companies dominated the markets and made necessary the coining of the phrase "dotcom millionaires" to describe the rags-to-riches lifestyles of their founders. While the average initial public offering ("IPO") in 1999 increased the price of its stock by 170%, the average technology IPO increased its price by 234%.1 Additionally, the top ten IPOs of the year were all either Internet or technology-related companies.2 This technology boom forced law firms to reevaluate their practices because their new clients demanded that tradition be put aside in order for lawyers to better meet the changing needs of start-up companies. At the same time, lawyers whose practices concentrated on high-- tech firms sought a way to share the benefits of their clients' staggering successes. The combination of client demands and attorney ambitions led lawyers to make the transition to investing in their clients' businesses in unprecedented ways. According to an ABA Journal analysis of Securities and Exchange Commission records, one in three lawyers representing the more than 500 companies in IPOs in 1999 held stock in that company at the time of the IPO.3 The report also showed that sixty-three law firms handled the 500 IPOs, either on the side of the company or the underwriter, and that those lawyers held stock in 174 of those companies.4 These investments proved to be very profitable, as the report showed that the lawyers' holdings in more than forty percent of the companies were worth over one million dollars each, and firms investing in nine of the companies saw the value of their holdings climb to over ten million dollars each.5 With numbers such as these, it is no wonder that so many firms have decided to invest in their clients. After such a successful 1999, neither the dot-com companies nor their lawyers expected the sharp downsward turn of the stock market in April of 2000. While critics were certain that this crash would be the end of lawyers' interest in investing in their clients, the lawyers whose practices focused on the technology industry seemed willing to continue their investments. As one journalist reported, "the recent market downturn has not dampened the trend."7 In explanation of Cooley Godward's8 continuing investments in clients after the economic slump, Mark Tanoury, the chairman of the business department at Cooley, said, "[w]e take a longer view .... We're all big believers in this economy."9 While some firms indicated that they are now more selective in their investments, none have announced abandonment of the practice.1 Since the stock market plunged, the type of work these law firms are doing in representing their clients is changing from public offerings to mergers and acquisitions, but their lawyers seem to be as busy as ever.11 Only time will tell if the market will recover, or if lawyers will eventually abandon the practice of investing in their clients and return to the billable hour. For now it appears the trend is here to stay. Investing in clients may have several effects on the practice of law.12 Investing in clients may bring lawyers extended liability under the securities laws if their clients' investors become suspicious of fraudulent activity. Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 declares it illegal "[t]o use or employ. .. any manipulative or deceptive device or contrivance in contravention of such rules and regulations as the Commission may prescribe as necessary or appropriate in the public interest or for the protection of investors."13 As will be discussed later, investing in clients aids plaintiffs in fulfilling the specific pleading standards required to bring suits against lawyers under this section, and investments make it easier for plaintiffs to show that a lawyer was acting with scienter, one of the elements of a Section 10(b) claim. …


In April 2012, the Supreme Court of Canada released its decision in what has become the pivotal case on personal jurisdiction in Canada, Van Breda v. Club Resorts Ltd. In Van Breda, the Court laid out a new framework for, and defined more precisely the content of, the "real and substantial connection" test that governs the assertion of jurisdiction over ex juris defendants. Specifically, the Court created four presumptive connecting factors that courts are to use in jurisdictional determinations. The presumptive connecting factors approach to jurisdiction was intended to increase certainty and predictability in jurisdictional determinations. One issue that was alluded to, but ultimately left unanswered, by the Supreme Court in Van Breda was what effect the new presumptive factors framework for the real and substantial connection test had on the enforcement of judgments. Since the Supreme Court's seminal decision in Morguard Investments Ltd. v. De Savoye in 1990, it is well established law that the real and substantial connection test for jurisdiction simpliciter is intended to be "correlated" with the real and substantial connection test used as a predicate for enforcing foreign judgments. Does this mean that courts are now supposed to use the new Van Breda framework for jurisdiction simpliciter in the judgment enforcement context? This article argues that the real and substantial connection framework established by the Court in Van Breda for jurisdiction simpliciter should not be exported outside of the particular context in which it was developed. The Van Breda approach to jurisdiction simpliciter, although seemingly straightforward, is actually a blunt tool for assessing jurisdiction – and any concerns with its application would only be magnified if applied to the enforcement of foreign judgments.


Standard models of promotion tournaments do not distinguish between wages and bonuses and thus cannot explain variation in the use of bonuses. We combine classic and market-based tournament theories to develop a model in which wages and bonuses serve distinctly different roles. We use this model to derive testable predictions which we test employing both a single firm data set and a data set encompassing a large segment of the Finnish economy. Our empirical analysis supports the testable predictions and shows that our theoretical approach better matches the data than alternative theories of bonus determination based on arguments already in the literature.


Calabria is one of the fastest-uplifting and most seismically active regions in the Mediterranean, yet the time-averaged (c. 106 years) rates of normal faulting remain poorly constrained. Here, we use digital elevation model analysis, geological cross-sections and a compilation of published data to quantify systematically along-strike the fault throws and time-averaged throw rates of the Serre, Cittanova, Armo, East Crati and West Crati faults. We show that regional uplift has uplifted both their hanging-wall and footwall blocks by c. 200–400 m, and the Aspromonte massif by up to c. 1150–1300 m. We find that these faults have throws between c. 640 and 1430 m, and throw rates between c. 0.6 and 1.4 mm a−1. Their footwall ranges have variable proportions of inherited relief, up to c. 300–800 m. The channels draining these ranges reflect the active normal faulting and relief in their steepness indices, becoming c. 5–8 m0.9 steeper for each 0.1 mm a−1 throw rate increment and each 100 m relief increase. Finally, the presence of knickpoints suggests that these channels are transiently responding to changes in relative base-level, which could be due to fault linkage or regional strain rate increases for the southern Calabrian faults, and to regional uplift acceleration in the case of the Crati faults. Supplementary material: Topographic profiles of the marine terraces and long profiles of rivers are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.3689464


This paper proposes a new theory so called bilateral rent-seeking to explain the dramatic growth of foreign direct investment (FDI) inflow in China in the past several decades. We construct a Nash bargaining model to illustrate the relevance of how the reciprocal relationship between the local state and foreign investor leads to the enlarged incentives for the later to invest in the local market. It is argued that the conventional one-way channel through which the foreign firms pays the rent-seeking fees to local government to get access to the licenses to operate in the local market could not fully explain the rise of FDI. The local government' provision of subsidies to foreign firms as another channel must be taken into account in terms of elucidating the rationale of huge FDI inflows in China. Our result shows that the higher level of rent-seeking fees paid by foreign firms would lead to the increase in the subsidy level provided by the local government, which in turn further encourages the foreign firms to invest in the local market. We also find that given the subsidies level provided by the local government is larger than the rent-seeking fees paid by the foreign firms, both escalating level of rent-seeking fees and local government's subsidies would lead to the higher output of foreign firms if and only if the foreign firm's bargaining power is neither too high nor too low. This indicates that bilateral rent-seeking activities could contribute to the local economic growth as long as the division of bargaining power between foreign firms and local government tends to be more symmetrical. The empirical evidences presented in the end are broadly consistent with the theories proposed in this paper. .


Objective: In the past decade, self-harm and suicidal behaviours in adolescents have increased with teen suicides in Singapore reaching a record high in 2015. Globally, completed suicide is reported to be second leading cause of death in this demographic. This study aims to explore the methods of self-harm and suicide attempts employed by young people who are admitted to a tertiary paediatric hospital in Singapore. Methods: A cross-sectional retrospective medical record review was conducted for a 3-year period from 2012 to 2014. All patients admitted with self-harm or suicide attempts and referred for inpatient consultation were included in the study. Data was collected on the following: age, gender, race, if the attempt was a suicide attempt or self-harm, and method used. Results: A total of 106 cases were referred for self-harm or suicide attempt; 15 of these cases were male patients and 91 were female patients. A total of 47% were categorized as self-harm, and 41% for the suicide attempt. In another 5%, the intention was recorded as ambivalent, and 7% cited other reasons. The 3 most common methods were drug ingestion (63%), self-cutting (18%) and chemical ingestion (12%). Results show that drug ingestion remains the preferred method, even after stratification according to gender, age and intention. Paracetamol was the most common drug ingested. Conclusion: Drug ingestion is the main choice for our youth when it comes to self-harm or attempting suicide. This could likely be due to the easy access of medications. Further studies can be done to determine how and where these medications were obtained. This could help explore areas for improvement when it comes to safe storage of medicine at home, disposing of expired medicines and drug regulations in terms of sale of medicines to minors over the counter. ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 18 (2): July – December 2017: XX XX.


Mathematical modeling is an important path to apply basic mathematics into each discipline field; convert abstract mathematical knowledge into practical and interesting mathematical model is difficulty of advanced mathematical course. The paper according to mathematical modeling attributes and effects, combines with advanced mathematics curriculum knowledge system contents, explores methods and countermeasures that fuse mathematical model and advanced mathematical system. By analytic hierarchy process method, the paper gets important conclusions. At last, the paper's author provides advanced mathematics curriculum system's triple integral knowledge mathematical model establishment and application.


Abstract: The Pliensbachian–Toarcian interval was marked by major environmental disturbances and by a second-order mass extinction. Here, we reappraise the taxonomic, spatiotemporal and selective dynamics of extinctions over the whole interval, by analysing a high-resolution dataset of 772 ammonite species from NW Tethyan and Arctic domains. On average, 40–65% of ammonite species disappeared during each subchronozone, but higher extinction pulses (reaching 70–90%) prevailed from the Margaritatus to the Dispansum Chronozone. The main extinctions, corresponding to the Gibbosus, Pliensbachian–Toarcian boundary, Semicelatum, Bifrons–Variabilis, and Dispansum events, differed in their dynamics, suggesting episodes of ecological stress related to climate change, regression, disturbance in the carbon cycle or anoxia. The multi-pulsed volcanic activity in the Karoo–Ferrar province could well have triggered these ecological changes. In addition, ammonites experienced a morphological bottleneck during the Gibbosus event, 1 Ma before the Early Toarcian diversity collapse. Typically, drops in richness were related both to high extinctions and to declines in origination rates. This feature could result from strengthened ecological stresses related to the temporal overlap of environmental disturbances. After the Early Toarcian crisis, the recovery of ammonites was rapid (2 Ma) and probably influenced by a coeval marine transgression. Supplementary material: Figures showing a comparison of extinction and origination patterns based on different datasets, and variations of the morphospace occupation are available at http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18381.


We have studied the behaviour of stellar streams in the Aquarius fully cosmological N -body simulations of the formation of Milky Way haloes. In particular, we have characterised the streams in angle and frequency spaces derived using an approximate but generally well-fitting spherical potential. We have also run several test-particle simulations to understand and guide our interpretation of the different features we see in the Aquarius streams. Our goal is both to establish which deviations of the expected action-angle behaviour of streams exist because of the approximations made on the potential, but also to derive to what degree we can use these coordinates to model streams reliably. We have found that many of the Aquarius streams wrap in angle space along relatively straight lines, and distribute themselves along linear structures also in frequency space. On the other hand, from our controlled simulations we have been able to establish that deviations from spherical symmetry, the use of incorrect potentials and the inclusion of self-gravity lead to streams in angle space to still be along relatively straight lines but also to depict wiggly behaviour whose amplitude increases as the approximation to the true potential becomes worse. In frequency space streams typically become thicker and somewhat distorted. Therefore, our analysis explains most of the features seen in the approximate angle and frequency spaces for the Aquarius streams with the exception of their somewhat "noisy" and "patchy" morphologies. These are likely due to the interactions with the large number of dark matter subhaloes present in the cosmological simulations. Since the measured angle-frequency misalignments of the Aquarius streams can largely be attributed to using the wrong (spherical) potential, the determination of the mass growth history of these haloes will only be feasible once (and if) the true potential has been determined robustly.


In the global era, people become busier, more active and more dynamic. High activity needs a balanced energy intake support from food. Therefore, people with high activity requires practical carbohydrate-rich foods, one of the solution is to pack the rice into Onigiri or rice balls typicalof Japanese. The concept of the product is very potential to be marketed, because we create the product innovation with the concept of Japan and archipelago nuanced, which is grilled Onigiri that contains a side dish with flavors typicalof the archipelago, such as rendang, satay Madura, and others. Okasan is made from high quality local rice combined with a stuffing meatballs, chicken, or mushrooms mixed with various flavors typical of the archipelago. This product is marketed at a price of Rp.4000, - until Rp.5000, - for general consumers and Rp.3500, - to the agent. The sales activity has been running for 4 months with revenues of Rp.3.155.000, -, and we have achieved BEP in a time of 1.5 months. Keywords : rice, practical, energy, Nusantara typical


We provide a data set on demography of trees monitored over 20 years in Uppangala permanent sample plot (UPSP) in undisturbed, old-growth wet evergreen Dipterocarp forest located within the Pushpagiri Wildlife Sanctuary in India's Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot. During 1989–1990, all trees ≥30 cm girth at breast height (gbh) were sampled in five north–south transects 20 m wide and 180–370 m long covering a total area of 3.12 ha. In 1992–1993, additional rectangular plots were established, bringing the total area sampled to 5.07 ha. In all, 3870 trees were identified, tagged, mapped, and provided with permanent dendrometer bands. Since then, the sampled area has been regularly censused at 3–5-year intervals, recording tree recruitment, mortality, and growth. We present data from censuses conducted in 1990–1993, 1994, 1997–1998, 2001–2002, 2007, and 2010. These data have been used to study the natural forest dynamics and to calibrate spatially explicit simulation models.


The goal of this project, one of the proposals of the EPS@ISEP Spring 2014, was to develop an Aquaponics System. Over recent years Aquaponics systems have received increased attention since they contribute to reduce the strain on resources within 1st and 3rd world countries. Aquaponics is the combination of Hydroponics and Aquaculture and mimics a natural environment in order to successfully apply and enhance the understanding of natural cycles within an indoor process. Using this knowledge of natural cycles, it was possible to create a system with capabilities similar to that of a natural environment with the support of electronics, enhancing the overall efficiency of the system. The multinational team involved in the development of this system was composed of five students from five countries and fields of study. This paper describes their solution, involving the overall design, the technology involved and the benefits it can bring to the current market. The team was able to design and render the Computer Aided Design (CAD) drawings of the prototype, assemble all components, successfully test the electronics and comply with the budget. Furthermore, the designed solution was supported by a product sustainability study and included a specific marketing plan. Last but not least, the students involved in this project obtained new multidisciplinary knowledge and improved their sustainable development, social compromise, team work and cross-cultural communication skills


With the recipes in this book, you can take full advantage of the vast collection of community-contributed modules that make the Drupal web framework useful and unique. You'll get the information you need about how to combine modules in interesting ways (with a minimum of code-wrangling) to develop a variety of community-driven websites. Each chapter describes a case study and outlines specific requirements for one of several projects included in the book -- a wiki, publishing workflow site, photo gallery, product review site, online store, user group site, and more. With Using Drupal, you will: Get an overview of Drupal concepts and key modules introduced in each chapter, with a bird's-eye view of each module's specialty and how it works Explore various solutions within Drupal that meet the requirements for the project, with details about which modules are selected and why Learn how to configure modules, with step-by-step recipes for building the precise functionality the project requires Get information on additional modules that will make the project even more powerful Be able to access the modules used in the chapter, along with other resources Newcomers will find a thorough introduction to the framework, while experienced Drupal developers will learn best practices for building powerful websites. With Using Drupal, you'll find concrete and creative solutions for developing the exact community website you have in mind.


This paper is based on a descriptive survey of the relationship between policy framework governing ECDE and actual practices in Early Childhood Development Centres (ECDCs) in Bungoma South District, Kenya. It examines the training that teachers of ECDE underwent, the terms and conditions of their work, and head teachers' level of awareness on ECDE policy. A sample size of 40 ECDCs was used. All the head teachers of the selected ECDCs participated. The teachers were selected through simple random sampling. Data was collected using questionnaires, interview and observation schedules. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics and presented thematically. It emerged that policy framework governing ECDE programme in Kenya was not being fully practiced in the District. Most teachers had a certificate while a few had a diploma in ECDE. The training content was sufficient to make teachers competent. However, majority had never attended refresher courses since training. Moreover, most teachers did not enjoy harmonized terms and conditions of services, though the conditions of services were emphasized during inspection by QASOs. The study recommended facilitation of ECDE teachers by educational officers, cooperation of parents, administration, community leaders and MOE to improve the working conditions of ECDE teachers.


?Screening for Breast Cancer with Mammography? is a Cochrane systematic review originally published by Peter Gøtzsche and Karsten Jørgensen in 2001 and updated multiple times by 2013. In the 2013 article, the authors discuss the reliability of the results from different clinical trials involving mammography and provide their conclusions about whether mammography screening is useful in preventing deaths from breast cancer. Mammography is an X-ray technique used to detect abnormalities in breast tissue, such as breast cancer, which affects about twelve percent of women in the world and has a significant risk of mortality. The authors concluded that mammography screenings reduced breast cancer mortality, but resulted in problems such as overdiagnosis and overtreatment of screened women. The article ?Screening for Breast Cancer with Mammography? contributed to the then ongoing controversy about the usefulness of mammography and provided accessible information about mammograms in seven languages.


The LiHoxY1−xF4 magnetic material in a transverse magnetic field Bx perpendicular to the Ising spin direction has long been used to study tunable quantum phase transitions in pure and random disordered systems. We first present analytical and numerical evidences for the validity of an effective spin 2 approach to the description of a general dipolar spin glass model with strong uniaxial Ising anisotropy and subject to weak Bx. We relate this toy model to the LiHoxY1−xF4 transverse field Ising material. We show that an effective spin2 model is able to capture both the qualitative and quantitative aspects of the physics at small Bx. After confirming the validity of the effective spin 2 approach, we show that the field-induced magnetization along the x̂ direction, combined with the local random dilution-induced destruction of crystalline mirror symmetries generates, via the predominant dipolar interactions between Ho ions, random fields along the Ising ẑ direction. This identifies LiHoxY1−xF4 in Bx as a new random field Ising system. We show that the random fields explain the smearing of the nonlinear susceptibility at the spin glass transition with increasing Bx. In this thesis, we also investigate the phase diagram of non-diluted LiHoF4 in the presence of Bx, by performing Monte-Carlo simulations. A previous quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) simulation found that even for small Bx where quantum fluctuations are small, close to the classical critical point, there is a discrepancy between experiment and the QMC results. We revisit this problem, focusing on weak Bx close to the classical Tc, using an alternative approach. For small Bx, by applying a so-called cumulant expansion, the quantum fluctuations around the classical Tc are taken into account perturbatively. We derived an effective perturbative classical Hamiltonian, on which MC simulations are performed. With this method we investigate different proposed sources of uncertainty which can affect the numerical results. We fully reproduce the previous QMC results at small Bx. Unfortunately, we find that none of the modifications to the microscopic Hamiltonian that we explore are able to provide a Bx − T phase diagram compatible with the experiments in the small semi-classical Bx regime.


AbstractObservation and modeling studies indicate that the wave flux from tropical heating sources that propagates into the lower stratosphere is sensitive to the buoyancy frequency profile N(z) in the troposphere. This sensitivity is explained by examining analytic solutions to the vertical structure equation for various simplified models of the tropical troposphere. An efficient method for obtaining expressions for these analytic solutions when N(z) is piecewise constant is presented. The solution is expressed in terms of reflection and transmission coefficients. It is found that the response to heating for Hough modes with small equivalent depth is quite sensitive to the shape of the heating profile, the magnitude of N(z) within the heating profile, and the internal wave reflections that result from the sharp change in N(z) at the tropopause. The location of the primary peak in the wave response, which occurs where the wavelength is twice the depth of the heating for a constant N(z) profile, is also se...


This report documents the some of the progress made by the University of Wolverhampton ' s Centre for Design and Technology Education in adjusting and developing its programmes so students are prepared and assessed in terms of learning outcomes rather than solely by taught assignment tasks. University policy objectives dictate a four-year development programme ending in 1999 . At an early stage it was recognised that the success of the programme depended on the installation of appropriate computer software and access to terminals; consequently, an investment programme was put in place to overhaul the existing administrative support systems and records and leaving room for these proposals.


The improved political relationship between the United States and the People's Republic of China (P.R.C.), initiated by the Nixon Administration and furthered by the Carter Administration's decision to establish diplomatic relations, has spurred a rapid increase in Sino-U.S. trade. While still small relative to overall U.S. foreign trade, the volume of trade represents an abrupt shift from the no-trade policy that had been pursued since 1950. Despite the rapid expansion, outstanding issues remain as serious barriers to normalized trade. Resolution of those issues may require concession or accommodations by the Chinese leadership as well as action by both the U.S. Congress and the Executive Branch. However, the development of a new approach to foreign economic relations by the post-Mao Chinese leadership and the establishment of diplomatic relations have laid the ground work for a further expansion of commercial relations.


The Local Church and Evangelism For more than one reason local churches often miss true perspective of Evangelism. Too often its Evangelism ministry consists of a course, a program or an isolated rally. Some of the issues that have to be put right are; a lack of vision regarding the cosmological consequences of the Gospel; a deterministic view on the election; a neglect of the many estranged people; a "volkskirche''-mentality where estranged members are accepted as normal. What is needed is a new awareness of the calling of the total body of Christ to bear witness to the Gospel. Evangelism should be part and parcel of the daily life of a healthy Church.


The hypothesis central to this study is that the implementation of a canine breeding and parasite control program in Aboriginal communities results in a reduction in the reservoir of zoonotic parasites within communities. The effect of the parasite and breeding control program on the health status of dogs as well as the population characteristics of dogs in communities was also investigated.

The study was conducted in 17 Aboriginal communities of the Kimberley region of Western Australia, divided into three regions according to cultural and geographical attributes. All dogs from each community were permanently identified using a microchip system. Owners of dogs were asked the usual location of their animals, the origins of their dogs and the whereabouts of any missing animals at subsequent visits. Every three months dogs were treated with 200ygikg iverrnectin (a potent endo- and ecto-parasiticide) subcutaneously and adult female dogs were treated with an injectable contraceptive (10-30mgkg proligestone) at the request of their owners. At the time of treatment, dogs were assessed for ecto-parasites and photographs taken for later comparison and diagnosis of alopecic skin conditions. Faecal and blood samples were collected every three to six months and skin scrapings were collected from dogs that were refractory to treatment. The samples were used to determine internal parasite prevalence (using formal ethyl acetate sedimentation), blood parameters (for anaemia status) and evidence of scabies or Demodex infestation.

A pilot study at one group of communities, involving weekly assessment of dogs after one iverrnectin treatment, showed that the treatment was effective in reducing the prevalence of scabies (as determined by clinical evaluation), hookworm and ticks. The treatment resulted in improvement in animal health as evidenced by a reduction in the number of dogs with anaemia.

The long-term use of the ivermectin treatments at the other communities showed that over a period of three years, the prevalence of scabies and hookworm had reduced at most areas. The initial scabies prevalence varied from 17 to 52% and reduced to below 10% for all communities. The hookworm infection rates were affected by seasonal factors, as was evidenced by a seasonal variance in prevalence. Animals that were treated with ivermectin, though, had lower prevalences of hookworm than those that were not.

There was a reasonable compliance rate for contraceptive treatments for female dogs (greater than 60% at each visit) and fewer puppies were born within communities when compared with rates before and after the establishment of the treatment program. High rates of acquisition of puppies from other communities continued to maintain the dog population numbers despite the reduction in breeding within communities.

The dog population was young, biased towards male dogs, and very unstable (almost 50% of dogs died or went missing in a one year period). The rate of dog ownership across the Kimberley varied according to the region investigated and always remained higher or equal to ownership rates at the town centres of the Kimberley Region (as determined by a survey conducted during the study).

Overall the canine parasite and breeding control program resulted in a reduction in scabies and hookworm prevalence in dogs (and hence a reduction in the potential zoonotic transmission), a reduction in dog breeding within communities, an improvement in dog health, and an understanding in the dynamics and health status of dogs within communities.


Abstract Toxoplasma gondii often migrates to the central nervous system in immunocompromised patients, where it induces a severe inflammation referred to as Toxoplasma encephalitis. The mechanisms involved in control of parasite multiplication and prevention of Toxoplasma encephalitis remain unclear. The objective of the present study was to characterize the inflammatory response in the brains of mice during acute T. gondii infection, with emphasis on the expression of chemokine receptors. Susceptible C57BL/6 mice were orally infected with 10 cysts of the low-virulent ME49 strain of T. gondii. Levels of cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-6, and IL-12p70) and chemokines (CCL/2MCP-1) were measured in plasma at 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 days after infection. In addition, the mRNA expression of chemokines (CCL5/RANTES, CCL2/MCP-1, CCL4/MIP-1β) and chemokine receptors (CCR1, CCR2, CCR5, CCR7, CCR8, CXCR4, and CXR5) were measured in brain tissues at the same time points. Plasma levels of IFN-γ and CCL2/MCP-1 were highly expressed at day 5, whereas TNF-α had a moderate increase at day 5, peaked at day 10, and returned to normal levels by day 30. Plasma levels of IL-10, IL-6, and IL-12p70 were not detected throughout the study. Analyses of mRNA expression of chemokines and chemokine receptors in the brain showed that CCL5/ RANTES, CCR7, CXCR4, and CXCR5 were upregulated, peaking after 10 days of T. gondii infection. IgM-specific antibody levels increased at day 5 and peaked at days 10 and 30, whereas IgG levels increased at day 10 and continued to increase thereafter, reaching maximum levels at day 30 postinfection (PI). Our results suggest that T. gondii infection is controlled at local and systemic levels, and that proinflammatory proteins and their receptors may be acting coordinately to induce stage conversion and prevent parasite multiplication and development of Toxoplasma encephalitis. The early production of IFN-γ and the delayed expression of CXCR4 and CXCR5 indicate that T. gondii induces an early robust cellular immune response, followed by a strong and sustained antibody-mediated immunity.


This paper — drawn from the larger 'Landscape Study,' the first of its kind to look across 25 developing countries to compare how public access venues, including libraries, telecenters and cybercafés, are being used — looks at how public perceptions of libraries in these countries affect the way they are used as public access venues for information and communication technologies (ICT). When compared to other public access venues, public libraries are not perceived as important or useful places to get information, based on users' perceptions of access to current information and technology, and to associated technology training and support. Furthermore, libraries tend not to be prioritized by government agencies for financial and policy support. This paper is part of a study conducted by the University of Washington's Technology & Social Change group (TASCHA), carried out in association with local research partners in 25 developing countries around the globe. The goal of the study is to identify how people are satisfying their information needs through public access venues, with the intent of informing policy makers and funders, and of offering new insight into research that crosses between the disciplines of library and information science and information technologies for development. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the Community Informatics Conference CIRN, 2009, Prato, Italy.


Today's deep neural networks require substantial computation resources for their training, storage, and inference, which limits their effective use on resource-constrained devices. Many recent research activities explore different options for compressing and optimizing deep models. On the one hand, in many real-world applications, we face the data imbalance challenge, i.e. when the number of labeled instances of one class considerably outweighs the number of labeled instances of the other class. On the other hand, applications may pose a class imbalance problem, i.e. higher number of false positives produced when training a model and optimizing its performance may be tolerable, yet the number of false negatives must stay low. The problem originates from the fact that some classes are more important for the application than others, e.g. detection problems in medical and surveillance domains. Motivated by the success of the lottery ticket hypothesis, in this paper we propose an iterative deep model compression technique, which keeps the number of false negatives of the compressed model close to the one of the original model at the price of increasing the number of false positives if necessary. Our experimental evaluation using two benchmark data sets shows that the resulting compressed sub-networks 1) achieve up to 35% lower number of false negatives than the compressed model without class optimization, 2) provide an overall higher AUC_ROC measure, and 3) use up to 99% fewer parameters compared to the original network.


In animal studies, ondansetron, 5-hydroxytryptamine type-3 receptor antagonist, increases the effect of neuromuscular blockade of rocuronium, which associated with structural similarity of 5hydroxytryptamine type-3 receptor to nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. We have examined whether ondansetron, which is often used to prevent nausea and vomiting after surgery, affects the onset time of neuromuscular blockade of rocuronium. A total of 52 adult patients were randomly allocated into either the saline group (N=27) or ondansetron group (N=25) for general anesthesia. The ondansetron group received 8 mg of ondansetron intravenously and the control group received 4 ml of normal saline intravenously 3 minutes before induction of anesthesia. Neuromuscular function was assessed by acceleromyography of the adductor pollicis with a train-of-four stimulation. The onset time was defined as the time in seconds from the start of injection of rocuronium until 0 of the train-of-four count. The onset time of rocuronium in the ondansetron group (145.4 ± 56.7, 95% CI: 122 to 169 sec) was not significantly different compared to that of the control group (133.0 ± 46.4, 95% CI: 115 to 151 sec) (P=0.394). Pretreatment of ondansetron before anesthesia induction did not affect the onset time of rocuronium induced neuromuscular blockade.


In an effort to provide optimal inputs to downstream modeling systems (e.g., a hydrodynamics model that simulates the water circulation of a lake), we hereby strive to enhance resolution of precipitation fields from a weather model by up to 9x. We test two super-resolution models: the enhanced super-resolution generative adversarial networks (ESRGAN) proposed in 2017, and the content adaptive resampler (CAR) proposed in 2020. Both models outperform simple bicubic interpolation, with the ESRGAN exceeding expectations for accuracy. We make several proposals for extending the work to ensure it can be a useful tool for quantifying the impact of climate change on local ecosystems while removing reliance on energy-intensive, high-resolution weather model simulations.


When something goes from bad to worse, we say it "fell out of the frying pan and into the fire." This timeless phrases succinctly captures what has happened to the majority of African Americans since the 1970s. The civil rights movement of the 1960s brought about remarkable gains for most black people, and by 1970 African Americans were beginning to be key figures in national politics and in corporate board rooms. The black middle class was decidedly growing, and thus a handful of African Americans escaped the frying pan altogether. But after 1970, heavy industry began to disappear as American companies looked to foreign lands for cheaper manufacturing. Millions of jobs were lost. The number of black poor began to grow dramatically, city services declined, federal spending on cities dried up, affirmative action programs were dismantled, blatant acts of racism began to rise again, and the United States entered a deep economic recession. But this decline is only part of the story. Since 1970, the black community has resisted oppression, struggled for power, dealt with internal tensions and conflicts, and profoundly shaped American culture. This book explores a range of issues that the African American community faces in the late 20th century: the rebirth of black nationalism, the emergence of a new black conservative movement, the challenge of black feminism, the impact of Caribbean immigration, the rise of rap music and hip-hop culture. It looks at the impact on African American life of such diverse personalities as Roy Innis, Toni Morrison, Anita Hill, Jimi Hendrix, Louis Farrakhan, Angela Davis, Spike Lee, Barbara Jordan, Shirley Chisholm, and Jesse Jackson, among others. Into the Fire will challenge and be challenged by readers of all ages, and calls on our young people to exercise their power to determine the outcome of chapters yet to be written in the history of African Americans.


In April 2019 the first English edition of Death instinct and knowledge by Massimo Fagioli was published. This volume, for the first time translated into the scientific communication language, comprises the principles of the Human Birth theory. Last year the book was presented during three events: at the International Book Fair in Turin, in a library in Rome and during the festival BookCity in Milan. During these three occasions the presenters discussed the book's content, particularly focusing on the importance of the translation process and the current historical context in which it was presented, after more than forty years from its first edition.


Standards, common platforms allowing products to work together, are ubiquitous in our economy. But imagine that a company:

(1) has a patent needed to use a standard,

(2) promises to license the patent on reasonable terms, and then

(3) says it was just kidding as it seeks to block the product or charge an exorbitant price.

In such a case, the users of the standard are stuck. They have invested in technologies based on the standard. And they may be forced to pay a price reflecting not the added value of the technology but the costs of switching to a new technology. In other words, they are subject to "patent holdup."

The concerns threatened by patent holdup have consistently been acknowledged by officials in Republican and Democratic administrations. These concerns are front and center in Carl Shapiro and Mark Lemley's excellent article, The Role of Antitrust in Preventing Patent Holdup. In contrast, they are neglected by the current Assistant Attorney General of the Department of Justice's Antitrust Division, Makan Delrahim.

This Essay does four things. First, it explains why the Shapiro/Lemley article is important, particularly to situate today's patent holdup debates in the larger context of transaction cost economics. Second, it raises questions related to standards organizations' rules and antitrust law that the authors could more fully consider. Third, it offers additional support showing the radical nature of Delrahim's position. And fourth, it opines on the nature of academic debate and its effect on antitrust enforcement.


Planning for sustainable cities involves supporting compact, energy-efficient urban form as well as maintaining attractive and liveable urban landscapes. Attractive cities depend highly on services provided by ecosystems, especially cultural ecosystem services (ES), which give direct benefits to urban citizens. Therefore, access to a diversity of urban functions and publicly available ES by walking and public transport should be considered when planning for sustainable cities. This could be facilitated by user-friendly planning support models. The aim of this study was to develop a GIS-based model for assessing accessibility to ES, more specifically, water-related cultural ecosystem services (WCES), via walking and public transport, with input from stakeholders. The model was applied to the Stockholm region in Sweden. Travel times and census data were used to derive measures and maps of accessibility to prioritised WCES in the region, today and in urbanisation scenarios for 2050. The results showed how access to WCES varied spatially within the region. The number of potential visitors to different WCES sites now and in the future urbanisation scenarios was estimated, and areas in need for future development of the public transport system as well as WCES were identified. The GIS-based accessibility model has potential to be used as planning support in urban planning.


Genomic science has generated controversy in the social, legal, and ethical arenas for decades, and indigenous populations continue to be a subject of great interest in this area. This article looks at the recent concept of population genomics, a biotechnology used to help scientists understand how genetic variation relates to human health and evolutionary history. Parts II and III examine the debate among scientists as to the migration of the "first Americans" into North America, a debate that is quickly being influenced by the DNA markers found in the human genome. Part IV surveys the history of scientific research involving indigenous peoples – a history predominantly colored by ignorance and bias – as science was presented as conclusive proof of their savage nature and inferiority as a race. Scientists today proffer evidence that the ancestors of Native Americans were, in reality, colonists who immigrated from Africa, Europe, and/or Asia, and Part V analyzes a number of indicators that point to the possibility of genomic research providing justification for another termination of the special status and rights of Native Americans. Part VI looks at a number of tools that tribes may wish to consider using to help protect the genetic information of their members as they are faced with the seemingly endless need of researchers for Native American DNA. The article concludes that while suppositions of geneticists are in actuality just theories of historic migration, these theories have gained acceptance as fact in mainstream society. Given current indicators, Congress and/or the courts may very well use genomic science to justify another termination of the federal/tribal trust relationship.


In this paper the author examines some advantages and limitations of the use of photo-elicitation interviews in a study on class habitus, identities, and schooling in two secondary schools in the city of Buenos Aires (Argentina). First, she describes her research questions, methodological strategy, and application of photo elicitation technique, which refers to the use of a single or set of photographs as stimulus during a research interview. Second, she assesses the benefits and problems of its application by making comparisons between both different photo-interviews and interviews with and without photographs. This exercise allows the author to identify the benefits of photo-elicitation, such as the opening up of unforeseen dimensions for analysis and the facilitation of a rapport with respondents; and some disadvantages, for example, the possibility of the "closing communication" effect between researcher and participant.


Muscarinic receptor-mediated inhibition of central synaptic transmission was studied in a monosynaptic pathway connecting the inferior colliculus and the auditory thalamus in in vitro rat brain explants. Extra- and intracellular synaptic responses were recorded by sharp electrode and whole-cell patch clamp techniques in the ventral nucleus of the medial geniculate body after electrical stimulation of the brachium of the inferior colliculus. Stimulation of tectal afferents evoked either a high-frequency burst or a single-spike synaptic response in ventral geniculate neurons. Bath application of muscarinic receptor agonists abolished responses consisting of a high-frequency burst, but not responses consisting of a single spike. In the majority of single-spike cells muscarinic agonists often induced a synaptic facilitation. The burst blocking effect was mimicked by a moderate elevation of extracellular potassium. Intracellular recordings showed that the burst synaptic responses similar to that recorded extracellularly were induced by an excitatory postsynaptic potential. This synaptic potential, by first activating a low-threshold spike, was able to evoke a burst of sodium spike discharges. Muscarinic agonists caused a slow membrane depolarization that inactivated the low-threshold spike, leading to a blockade of the burst response. This mechanism is tentatively termed here as EPSP-LTS decoupling. Our results therefore support the hypothesis that part of the muscarinic receptor-mediated synaptic inhibition previously reported in anesthetized animal preparations in vivo represents a membrane depolarization rather than pre- or postsynaptic inhibition.


The complexity of today's data centers has led researchers to investigate ways in which autonomic methods can be used for data center management. Autonomic managers try to monitor and manage resources to ensure that the components they manage are selfconfiguring, self-optimizing, self-healing and self-protecting (so called "self-*" properties). In this research, we consider autonomic management systems for data centers with a particular focus on making data centers more energy-aware. In particular, we consider a policy based, multi-manager autonomic management systems for energy aware data centers. Our focus is on defining the foundations – the core concepts, entities, relationships and algorithms for autonomic management systems capable of supporting a range of management configurations. Central to our approach is the notion of a "topology" of autonomic managers that when instantiated can support a range of different configurations of autonomic managers and communication among them. The notion of "policy" is broadened to enable some autonomic managers to have more direct control over the behavior of other managers through changes in policies. The ultimate goal is to create a management framework that would allow the data center administrator to a) define managed objects, their corresponding managers, management system topology, and policies to meet their operation needs and b) rely on the management system to maintain itself automatically. A data center simulator that computes its energy consumption (computing and cooling) at any given time is implemented to evaluate the impact of different management scenarios. The management system is evaluated with different management scenarios in our simulated data center.


PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES
To test the feasibility of a multidisciplinary, multicomponent, theory-based decision aid.

DESIGN
Prospective, one-group repeated measures.

SETTING
Thoracic surgery clinic in a university hospital cancer center in central Virginia.

SAMPLE
8 dyads, consisting of 16 total participants.

METHODS
A multidisciplinary, multicomponent smoking cessation intervention incorporated a theory-based decision aid. Enrollment occurred preoperatively; four face-to-face visits and an exit interview were conducted during six months.

MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES
Feasibility was evaluated based on four criteria: recruitment, retention, adherence, and acceptability.

FINDINGS
The recruitment rate was 44%, and the retention rate was 100%. Adherence to the intervention and the acceptability of the decision aid were greater for patients than family members. Patients had greater abstinence than family members before surgery and at six months. Exit interview themes included (a) preoperative timing was acceptable and (b) involving household members who smoke was important.

CONCLUSIONS
Recruiting male patients and their female partners is feasible. Participants liked convenience, autonomy, and a family approach. Family members wanted more control over cessation timing and a more intensive approach to weight and mental health management. Successful dyads worked together to maintain abstinence.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING
Oncology nurses can assess patients' and family members' smoking status, facilitate understanding about specific benefits of smoking cessation and the obstacle posed by household smokers, and make referrals to expert resources. Encouraging smoke-free environments is an important step toward reducing secondhand smoke exposure and promoting cessation.


High-stakes tests are widely used as measurement tools to make inferences about test takers' proficiency, achievement, competence or knowledge. The stakes may be directly related to test performance, such as obtaining a high-school diploma, being granted a professional license or certificate, etc. Indirect stakes may include state accountability where test results are partially included in course grades and also tied to resource allocations for schools and school districts. Whether direct or indirect, high stakes can create an incentive for test cheating, which, in turn, severely jeopardizes the accuracy and validity of the inferences being made. Testing agencies and other stakeholders therefore endeavor to prevent or at least minimize the opportunities for test cheating by including multiple, spiraled test forms, minimizing item exposure, proctoring, and a variety of other preventive methods. However, even the best test prevention methods cannot totally eliminate cheating. For example, even if exposure is minimized, there is still some chance for a highly motivated group of examinees to collaborate to gain prior access to the exposed test items. Cheating detection methods, therefore, are developed as a complement to monitor and identify test cheating, afterward. There is a fairly strong research base of statistical cheating detection methods. However, many existing statistical cheating detection methods are in applied settings. This dissertation proposes a novel statistical cheating detection model, called the Deterministic, Gated Item Response Theory Model (DGIRTM). As its name implies, the DGIRTM uses a statistical gating mechanism to decompose observed item performance as a gated mixture of a true- proficiency function and a response function due to cheating. The gating mechanism and specific choice of parameters in the model further allow estimation of a statistical cheating effect at the level of individual examinees or groups (e.g., individual suspected of collaborating). Extensive simulation research was carried out to demonstrate the DGIRTM's characteristics and power to detect cheating. These studies rather clearly show that this new model may significantly improve our capability to sensitively detect and proactively respond to instances of test cheating.


Four growth trials were conducted in the effort to develop cost-effective diets for the humpback grouper, Cromileptes altivelis, a notoriously slow growing carnivorous marine fish species. The first three trials were related to the most important macronutrients in fish diets, namely protein, lipid, and carbohydrate, respectively. The findings from these trials were used as the basis for formulation of cost-effectives diets for humpback grouper in the final trial. In the first trial, six experimental diets were formulated to replace fish meal protein with a local poultry by-product meal (PBM) at 50, 75 or 100 % level, or an imported PBM at 75 or 100 % replacement level, respectively. The results from this study indicated that good quality terrestrial
PBM can successfully replace more than half the protein from marine fish meal in the diets for humpback grouper. However, total replacement of fish meal with PBM might be constrained by lowered nutrient digestibility and limiting essential amino acids. In the second trial, five fish meal-based practical diets were formulated to contain iso-ingredients but with different sources of lipids [crude palm oil (CPO),
refined, bleached, deodorized, palm olein (RBDPO), soybean oil (SBO), or canola oil (CNO)] and their performance compared with the control diet that contained cod liver
oil (CLO) as the added lipid source. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in terms of growth, feed utilization, body indices, and whole-body proximate
composition among dietary treatments. Replacement of dietary CLO with the tested vegetable Oils produced fish with lower n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids and increased levels of 18:2n-6 in the muscle and liver. The present study demonstrated that various vegetable oils can be used in fish meal-based dietary formulation for humpback grouper without compromising growth or feed utilization efficiency. In the
third trial, the effect of dietary carbohydrate sources and levels on growth and feed utilization of humpback grouper was examined. Six experimental diets were formulated to contain corn starch, tapioca starch or dextrin at 10% and 20% inclusion levels. The growth, feed utilization efficiency, and body indices of humpback grouper were independent of carbohydrate levels and sources. In view of the lower price of tapioca starch than the price of corn starch and dextrin, inclusion of tapioca starch in the practical diets for humpback grouper will be able to reduce feed cost. In the final trial, two diets (U-MS/SM1 and U-MS/SM2) were formulated with a blend of ingredients based on the result of the previous three trials. The performance of
the experimental diets was compared with a locally sourced marine fish feed, an imported marine fish feed, and trash fish. Growth and FCR of humpback grouper fed experimental diet U-M/SM2 were superior to other fish groups. FCRs of the pelleted feed ranged from 1.3 to 2.4 and Significantly better (P<0.05) than the trash fish (5.0). The survival rate of fish fed trash fish was also significantly lower (P<0.05)
than that of other fish groups. The cost analysis indicated that, feeding humpback grouper with either diets U-MS/SM1 or U-MSjSM2 were able to reduce the feed cost per kg of humpback grouper produced. The diets formulated in the present study can be used by grouper farmers as alternatives to the current practice of feeding trash fish. In conclusion, the success in using reduced amount of fish meal and fish oil in humpback grouper diets will be able to provide economical and ecological benefits to the local and global aquaculture industry.


Abstract. Change of globe surface height is an important factor to study human living environment. The Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) on ICESat is the first laser-ranging instrument for continuous global observations of the Earth. In order to have a comprehensive understanding of full-waveform laser altimeter, this study simulated the operating mode of ICESat and modeled different terrains' (platform terrain, slope terrain, and artificial terrain) echo waveforms based on the radar equation. By changing the characteristics of the system and the targets, numerical echo waveforms can be achieved. Hereafter, we mainly discussed the factors affecting the amplitude and size (width) of the echoes. The experimental results implied that the slope of the terrain, backscattering coefficient and reflectivity, target height, target position in the footprint and area reacted with the pulse all can affect the energy distribution of the echo waveform and the receiving time. Finally, Gaussian decomposition is utilized to decompose the echo waveform. From the experiment, it can be noted that the factors which can affect the echo waveform and by this way we can know more about large footprint full-waveform satellite laser altimeter.


Classroom Community: Questions of Apathy and Autonomy in a High School Jewelry Class Samuel E Steadman Department of Visual Arts Master of Arts Student motivation is investigated in this study as a means of abrogating apathy within a public high school Jewelry course. The study is an attempt to answer a personal question of whether students could be internally motivated to a level of excitement that they would take ownership for their personal learning and the learning of their classmates. The study also addresses four main points that cause apathy, or are caused by apathy, they are: zero sum competition, compassion and support for classmates, ownership of the physical facilities, and the development of a conscientious public. Through a desire to test data on autonomy, high school students in a Jewelry 2 course were given freedom to choose what projects they made, what materials and processes they used, and what grade they received at the end of the semester. The study was a classroom action research project. Narrative analysis was used as a reflective tool to organize the data into thematic events that tracked the strengths and weaknesses of the study. Key teaching strategies were introduced in this study, including the following: personal goal setting by students to formulate an individualized curriculum; self-grading; and process diaries that the students wrote in daily to track their progress on their goals, and for use as a tool of accountability. The teaching strategies were designed to increase students' intrinsic motivation, creativity, sense of ownership for their personal learning and the learning of their fellow students, to develop a caring environment, and to develop ownership of the physical facilities of the school.


We present for the first time predictions for ultraviolet (UV) line emission of intergalactic and circumgalactic gas from Adaptive Mesh Resolution (AMR) large-scale structure simulations at redshifts 0.3 < z < 1.2, with a specific emphasis on its observability with current and near-future UV instrumentation. In the three UV transitions of interest (Lyα, O vi and C iv), there is a clear bimodality in the type of emitting objects: the overwhelming majority of the flux stems from discrete, compact sources, while a much larger fraction of the volume is filled by more tenuous gas. We characterize both object types with regard to their number densities, physical sizes and shapes, brightnesses and luminosities, velocity structures, masses, temperatures, ionization states, and metal content. Degrading our AMR grids to characteristic resolutions offered by available (such as FIREBall) or foreseeable instrumentation allows us to assess which inferences can be drawn from currently possible observations, and to set foundations to prepare observing strategies for future missions. In general, the faint emission of the intergalactic medium (IGM) and filamentary structure remains beyond the capabilities of instruments with only short-duration exposure potential (i.e. stratospheric balloons), even for the most optimistic assumption for Lyα, while the yet fainter metal line transitions (O vi and C iv) for these structures will actually remain challenging for long-duration exposures (i.e. space-based telescopes), mostly due to their low metallicities pushing them more than three orders of magnitudes in brightness below the Lyα radiation. For the bright, circumgalactic medium, the situation is much more promising, and it is foreseeable that in the near future we will not only just detect such sources, but also the combination of all three lines in addition to velocity information will yield valuable insight into the physical processes at hand, illuminating (and discriminating between) important mechanisms during the formation of galaxies and their backreaction on to the IGM from whence they formed.


Actual genetic ties do not always establish, or even help to establish, legal paternity of children born of consensual sex, that is, male parental rights and/or duties as of the time of birth. Paternity status, typically governed by state law, is often dependent upon the marital status of the mothers, or the nonsex acts of men preconception, prebirth, or shortly after birth. For example, husbands of mothers are often deemed parents at birth because genetic ties are presumed. Thus, for nonmarital children born to certain married women, legal paternity is not founded on actual genetic ties. Similarly, actual male genetic ties may not lead to paternity when children are born of sex to unmarried women. Again preconception, prebirth or at birth conduct may be important. The 1983 United States Supreme Court decision in Lehr v. Robertson recognizes that American states can require natural fathers, at least in the adoption setting, to do more than prove genetic ties in order to acquire paternity. When such fathers do enough, they acquire "substantial" federal constitutional childrearing interests so that any proposed adoption requires their consent. When such fathers do not do enough, Lehr allows states to deny them legal parentage. Lehr does forbid states from omitting too many natural fathers from governmental schemes for eliminating parental interests. And Lehr does not forbid a state, at least within adoption, from designating legal paternity for a nonmarital child in a man with no genetic ties. Many American states, in fact, say that genetic ties alone are an insufficient basis for legal paternity. And, within adoption, and often elsewhere, states recognize childrearing interests in nonmarital children for certain nongenetic fathers. The U.S. Supreme Court has said little since Lehr about male parentage under law for nonmarital children born of sex. It has, however, spoken on legal paternity for children of married mothers whose husbands are not the genetic fathers, a different breed of nonmarital children. In Michael H. v. Gerald D. in 1989, the court recognized that an American state could create an irrebuttable presumption of genetic ties in a husband for a child born during marriage where the marriage remains intact after birth and the married couple chooses to raise the child. After reviewing Lehr and Michael H., we find the Lehr guidelines have not been properly followed in and outside of adoption, including safe haven and custody/visitation settings. We also review American paternity laws in child support, torts and inheritance settings where male childrearing is not always at issue. Along the way we explore the possible expansion of Lehr's childrearing opportunity interests in children born of sex to those uninvolved in sex. We conclude that Lehr rights should be expanded to natural fathers outside adoption and to certain nongenetic parents, including both women and men.


Local authorities were at the forefront of the provision of health services and health service planning before the establishment of the National Health Service (NHS) in Scotland and in Britain more generally in 1948. By 1929 the Local Government Act had consolidated the position of local authorities, who provided a range of hospital services and clinics and carried out public health duties. Furthermore, in Scotland local authorities were influential in the planning of health services. They gave evidence, through their associations and individually, to a range of committees including the Committee on Scottish Health Services in the 1930s and the Committee on Post-War Hospital Problems in Scotland in the 1940s. Yet, despite their centrality in the provision of health services and their influence on future planning, historians such as Morrice McCrae and Jacqueline Jenkinson have paid little attention to local authorities in their histories of the NHS which stress consensus and the domination of the medical profession and organisations. The Department of Health for Scotland (DHS) was also increasing their role within the provision of health services through the administration of the Highlands and Islands Medical Service (HIMS) and the war-time Emergency Medical Service. As a result the DHS believed that effective administration of health services, particularly the hospitals, could only be achieved through centralisation under their authority. This created competition between the DHS and local authorities over the administration of hospitals, the most prestigious part of the health services. This thesis provides evidence to support the view of Charles Webster and Rudolf Klein that conflict within consensus characterised the establishment of the NHS in Britain. The thesis argues that conflict was evident within the Scottish NHS as it was in the NHS in England and Wales.

The period between 1939 and 1974 witnessed the slow removal of local authorities from the Scottish NHS, initially through negotiations over policy formation. Policy network theory is utilised in this thesis as a tool to analyse the relationship between the DHS and local authorities. Policy network theory suggests that organisations with bargaining resources can influence policy formation in an area in which they have interests, and the policy formation process does not end with the passing of an Act but continues during the implementation process. On this basis local authorities would be expected to have been in a strong position to influence the NHS (Scotland) Act, 1947 and its implementation. This thesis argues that the DHS created a hierarchical relationship with local authorities which prevented them from influencing the development of the NHS in any significant way. The relationship between the DHS and local authorities was both a partnership and hierarchical, making it difficult for local authorities to oppose the proposals put forward by the DHS, particularly the removal of their hospital services. The local authorities' acceptance of assurances from the DHS, that the removal of services from their remit was temporary, resulted in an auxiliary role for them in the NHS (Scotland) Act, 1947.

The implementation process continued the slow removal of local authorities from the administration and planning of health services. Despite local authorities' attempts to increase their influence within the NHS, the DHS (later the Scottish Home and Health Department) regarded local authorities as service providers of peripheral health services. Only in the development of their own areas of responsibility were local authorities able to assert any influence, with the caveat that it did not have an impact on any other part of the NHS. Throughout its implementation, the NHS continually encountered problems of co-operation, co-ordination and clarity in division of responsibility throughout its implementation. The DHS tended to resolve these issues in favour of the hospitals and general practitioners, rather than the local authorities. Despite the DHS' attempt to promote the importance of the local authorities' role in the NHS through publicity, both the attitude of the DHS and the relatively small proportion of NHS expenditure accounted for by local authorities, led local authorities to see themselves on the periphery of the NHS. The removal of local authorities from the NHS continued in the 1950s and 1960s, encouraged not only by the DHS but also by legislation such as the Social Work (Scotland) Act, 1968, which removed many of their health services including mental health services.

In 1960s the Scottish Home and Health Department (SHHD) came to the view that the inherent administrative problems within the NHS could only be removed through reorganisation. Local authorities had little bargaining power left by this stage and although they attempted to reassert their position within the NHS were effectively removed from the negotiating table. The reorganisation of the health services in 1974 achieved both the Department of Health for Scotland's goal of centralisation and the removal of local authorities from the Scottish health services.


Youth who switch schools are more likely to demonstrate a wide array of negative behavioral and educational outcomes, including dropping out of high school. However, whether switching schools actually puts youth at risk for dropout is uncertain, since youth who switch schools are similar to dropouts in their levels of prior school achievement and engagement, which suggests that switching schools may be part of the same long-term developmental process of disengagement that leads to dropping out. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, this study uses propensity score matching to pair youth who switched high schools with similar youth who stayed in the same school. We find that while over half the association between switching schools and dropout is explained by observed characteristics prior to 9 th grade, switching schools is still associated with dropout. Moreover, the relationship between switching schools and dropout varies depending on a youth's propensity for switching schools.


Cognate linkages are mechanisms that share the same motion, a property that can be useful in mechanical design. This paper treats planar curve cognates, that is, planar mechanisms with rotational joints whose coupler points draw the same curve, as well as coupler cognates and timed curve cognates. The purpose of this article is to develop a straightforward method based solely on kinematic equations to construct cognates. The approach computes cognates that arise from permuting link rotations and is shown to reproduce all of the known results for cognates of four-bar and six-bar linkages. This approach is then used to construct a cognate of an eight-bar and a ten-bar linkage.


Three-dimensional unsteady computational fluid dynamics is applied to the ingestion of fluid from a non-uniform mainstream annulus flow via a rim-seal into a rotor-stator wheel-space. The results provide understanding of the complex flow and information for the development of more efficient computational models and analytical 'orifice models'. The commercial computational fluid dynamics code CFX has been used to carry out unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes computations with an shear stress transport turbulence model. A scalar equation is employed to represent the seeded tracer gas that can be used in experiments to determine sealing effectiveness, and the variation of effectiveness with sealing flow rate is determined for a simple axial clearance seal and one combination of axial and rotational Reynolds numbers. The computational domain comprises one pitch in a row of stator vanes and rotor blades. The rotating blade is accounted for by a sliding interface between the stationary and rotating sections of the model, located downstream of the seal clearance. The unsteady computations confirm that the magnitude of the peak-to-trough pressure difference in the annulus is the principal driving mechanism for ingestion (or ingress) into the wheel-space. This pressure difference is used in orifice models to predict sealing effectiveness; its magnitude however depends on the locations in the annulus and the wheel-space that are chosen for its evaluation as well as the sealing flow rate. The computational fluid dynamics is used to investigate the appropriateness of the locations that are often used to determine the pressure difference. It is shown that maximum ingestion occurs when the static pressure peak produced by the vane combines with that produced by the blade, and that highly swirled ingested flow could contact both the stator and rotor disk when little sealing flow is provided. The relationships between the unsteady simulations and simplified, more computationally efficient steady computations are also investigated. For the system considered here, ingress is found to be dictated principally by the pressure distribution caused by the vane. The effect of the rotating blade on the pressure distribution in the annulus is investigated by comparing the unsteady results with those for steady models that do not involve a blade. It is found that the presence of the blade increases the pressure asymmetry in the annulus. Although the pressure asymmetry predicted by unsteady and steady models have a similar magnitude, the sealing effectiveness is over-predicted considerably for the corresponding steady model. If a 'thin seal' geometric approximation is used in the steady model, however, similar effectiveness results compared with the unsteady model may be obtained much more economically.


We develop a theoretical model to investigate how backward societies can improve their upgrading capabilities by transforming existing industrial agglomerations into dynamic clusters. Our main assumptions are two: first, emerging market economies are not uniform but characterized by variety of subnational regional and sectoral organizational and institutional configurations; second, the basic building block and unit of explanation in social sciences is personal action guided by some intention, which is heterogeneous across different actors. Based on these assumptions and the literature on human motives and social networks, we develop a purposeful approach to clusters and upgrading. We argue that governments can develop institutions with private actors that facilitate new types of relationships and improve the access local firms have to a variety of knowledge resources, a key ingredient to upgrading. We illustrate this argument revisiting the literature on clusters and upgrading in Latin America and using two case studies in Argentina, a country better known for its volatility and lack of optimal social capital and institutions. We conclude with avenues for further research.


Objective: To report a case of Hodgkin's disease presenting with immune hemolytic anemia. Clinical Presentation and Intervention: A 47-year-old man was admitted to hospital because of weight loss, fever, and inguinal lymph node adenopathy. Biopsy of the inguinal lymph node revealed mixed-cellularity Hodgkin's disease. Three days after starting combined chemotherapy, the patient showed evidence of autoimmune hemolytic anemia, which responded well to prednisolone. Conclusion: This case shows that clinicians should be aware of the possibility of autoimmune hemolytic anemia in patients with Hodgkin's disease presenting with anemia, and distinguish it from the anemia of chronic disease.


Recent research found no evidence that children aged 7–10 years are able to direct their attention to more valuable information in working memory. The current experiments examined whether children demonstrate this ability when the reward system used to motivate participants is engaging and age-appropriate. This was explored across different memory loads (3- vs. 4-item arrays) and modes of presentation (sequential vs. simultaneous). Younger (7–8 years) and older children (9–10 years) were shown 3 or 4 colored shapes and asked to recall the color of one probed item following a brief delay. Items were either presented sequentially (Experiment 1) or simultaneously (Experiment 2). Children completed a differential probe value condition, in which the first shape (Experiment 1) or the top-left shape (Experiment 2) was worth more points than the other items, and an equal probe value condition, in which all shapes were equally valuable. Children were told they could use the points collected to play a specially designed game at the end of the session, and that they would be given a prize if they collected enough points. When items were presented sequentially, significant probe value effects emerged, with children showing higher accuracy for the first item when this serial position was more valuable. This effect was consistent across age group and memory load. When items were encountered simultaneously, both groups showed probe value effects in the higher (4-item) memory load condition. This indicates that children can prioritize more valuable information in working memory when sufficiently motivated to do so.


A potato tuber rot disease of unknown cause, affecting 5 to 15% of the potato tuber, was observed at Gansu Province of China in March 2010. Sunken, round, oval, or irregular lesions formed at the umbilicus or buds of potato tubers after 30 days of storage at 4°C. These lesions gradually expanded to form khaki, lavender sunken lesions ranging from 1 to 3 cm. Small black bodies were observed in the center of the lesions after 45 days. Twenty-six diseased tubers were collected and surface sterilized with 75% alcohol. Diseased tissue was then directly transferred to potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium for isolation of pathogenic fungi. Eight fungal isolates from disease tubers were obtained and pathogenicity was evaluated. Conidial suspensions (106 CFU/ml) of per isolate were sprayed on 20 potato tubers, respectively. These potato tubers were stabbed about 20 times with five wounds in a row along the tuber and maximum distance between each row. Wounds were made 2 mm deep and 0.5 mm in diameter with a no. 4 insect needle. Control tubers received water without conidia. The inoculated tubers were put in an incubator at 15°C after 72 h with relative humidity 100%. Assays were repeated three times. Typical symptoms of the disease were observed 14 days after inoculation. Pycnidia sharing the characteristics of the inoculated isolates were retrieved from new lesions after 6 weeks, whereas symptoms did not occur on control tubers. Eight isolates were cultured on PDA medium for 7 days at 20°C and then at 5°C for approximately 30 days to determine cultural and morphological characteristics. Pycnidia were black brown, spherical or oblate, scattered or clustered, and ranged from 82 to 210 × 64 to 175 μm. Conidia were unicellular and colorless, and 2.1 to 4.4 × 5.8 to 11.5 μm. Chlamydospores were spherical and 27 to 81 × 18 to 63 μm. The fungi shared morphological characteristics of P. foveata described in the literature. On oat medium (OA), yellow-green, needle-like crystals were formed. The growth rate of the pathogen on MA and OA was 1.0 cm/day. The pathogens were identified as P, foveata based on the symptoms, morphology, and growth rate (1, 2, 3). Genomic DNA was extracted with UNIQ-10 column fungal genomic DNA extraction kit and ribosomal DNA was amplified with ITS1(TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCGG) and ITS4 (TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC) primers. The nucleotide sequence of the 539-bp amplicon (GenBank Accession No. JQ804843) was 99% identical to the ITS sequence from P. foveata available from GenBank (GU237742). Management strategies for potato disease control must be adjusted for the presence and control of gangrene disease in Gansu Province. References: (1) G. H. Boerema et al. Page 220 in: Phoma Identification Manual. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK, 2004. (2) EPPO. Quarantine pests for Europe University Press, Cambridge. 865, 1997. (3) W. R. Stevenson et al. Page 25 in: Compendium of Potato Diseases, 2nd Edition. APS Press, St. Paul, MN, 2004.


Long hidden from academic scrutiny, children of prisoners have recently become the
subjects of much academic study, through a variety of disciplines and methods. However
many issues within this topic remain under-examined. This study aimed to explore two
such issues: the self-reported experiences of children of prisoners, and children in the
Canadian context. This thesis analyses the results of qualitative interviews with children
aged 6-17 who currently have a parent in prison (N=22).
Employing a 'sociology of childhood' framework, this project seeks to centre the voice of
children themselves, privileging their own views and meaning-making. These data are
supplemented with other findings to provide context to children's narratives, including:
interviews with these children's caregivers in the community (N=12); interviews with a
variety of key informants; observations gathered during extensive recruitment efforts with
families of prisoners; and reviews of existing policy documents and service provision
specific to parental incarceration.
The thesis begins with a review of the existing literature, followed by a description of the
methods used in the present study. The analysis then begins in Chapter 4 with a discussion
of the context of these children's lives, with a particular focus on poverty. Moving to the
data from children themselves, Chapters 5 and 6 explore children's inner lives and
immediate relationships, specifically their emotions about parental incarceration and
relationships with their parents. Chapters 7 and 8 pull back to reveal children's interactions
with their communities, and Chapter 9 widens the lens further to explore their experiences
within the social policy context. Through a variety of empirical findings and by telling the
story of parental incarceration in Canada from a critical and child-centred perspective, this
thesis contributes to the scholarly understanding of parental incarceration.


Exosomes are small nanovesicles that carry bioactive molecules which can be delivered to neighbouring cells to modify their biological functions. Interestingly, exosomes from ovarian cancer (OVCA) cells can alter the cell migration and proliferation of cells within the tumour microenvironment, an effect modulated by the invasiveness capacity of their originating cells. Using a OVCA cell line xenograph mouse model, we showed that exosomes derived from a high invasiveness capacity cell line (exo-SKOV-3) promoted metastasis in vivo compared to exosomes from a low invasiveness capacity cell line (exo-OVCAR-3). Analysis from an in-vivo imaging system (IVIS) revealed that exo-SKOV-3 formed metastatic niches, whereas exo-OVCAR-3 formed colonies of clustered cells close to the site of injection. Interestingly, kinetic parameters showed that the half-maximal stimulatory time (ST50) of tumour growth with exo-OVCAR-3 (4.0 ± 0.31 weeks) was significantly lower compared with the ST50 in mice injected with exo-SKOV-3 (4.5 ± 0.32 weeks). However, the number of metastic nodes in mice injected with exo-SKOV-3 was higher compared to exo-OVCAR-3. Using a quantitative mass spectrometry (SWATH MS/MS) followed by bioinformatic analysis using the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA), we identified a total of 771 proteins. Furthermore, 40 of these proteins were differentially expressed in tumour tissues from mice injected with exo-SKOV-3 compared with exo-OVCAR-3, and associated with Wnt canonical pathway (β-catenin). Finally, we identified a set of proteins which had elevated expression in the circulating exosomes in association with tumour metastasis. These observations suggest that exosomal signalling plays an important role in ovarian cancer metastasis.


In this article, I contend that the multicultural view of diversity found in management diversity literature and diversity training programs diminishes our understanding of diversity. It reduces diversity to differences and assumes that the goal should be including, bridging, accommodating, and managing these supposed differences. Diversity is psychologized, depoli ticized, and biopoliticized. It becomes merely a means to an end. The end being superior organi zational outcomes in terms of utility and functionality. I contend that an ecological perspective makes for a more constructive and expansive view of human diversity. I discuss the contours of this emergent perspective and the many ways in which it expands our understanding of human diversity. Ultimately, I contend looking at diversity from an ecological perspective makes for a richer understanding of the relationship between diversity and the human experience.


ABSTRACT Previous research has shown that adolescent second language learners benefit from pragmatic instruction during study abroad (Alcón-Soler, 2015). As a follow-up investigation, the present study looked at late adolescent study-abroad learners, and it examined both the immediate effect of pragmatic instruction and the pragmatic trajectories that adolescent learners follow once they move from the instructional context to real email communication. Email requests in English produced by 60 (30 treatment and 30 control) Spanish teenagers studying in England were analyzed with regard to the impact of instruction on the frequency of indirect request strategies and internal modifiers. In addition, the pragmatic trajectories of two learners—one high producer and one low producer of request modifiers—were analyzed qualitatively on four separate occasions during the study-abroad experience. The findings show the positive effects of instruction on learners' use of indirect request strategies and request modifiers. However, there is no homogeneous pattern of change during participants' study-abroad experiences. Closer examinations of the pragmatic trajectories of two learners show that learners' perceptions of request imposition or their desire to be accepted in the community in which they find themselves may explain pragmatic changes.