12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), a skin tumor-promoting phorbol ester, and teleocidin and aplysiatoxin, which are potent tumor promoters in mouse skin but are chemically unrelated to phorbol esters, induced change of cultured rabbit costal chondrocytes from a polygonal to a fibroblastic shape and inhibited glycosaminoglycan (GAG) synthesis and metachromatic matrix formation in these cells. The potencies of teleocidin and aplysiatoxin to inhibit GAG synthesis were almost the same as that of TPA. On the other hand, Tween 60 and cantharidin, weak mouse skin tumor promoters, phenobarbital, a liver tumor promoter, and saccharin, a bladder tumor promoter, had no effect on the morphology or GAG synthesis of cultured chondrocytes. Like TPA, teleocidin and aplysiatoxin increased DNA and RNA syntheses of chondrocytes. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and dibutyryl cyclic AMP reversed the morphological and histochemical changes caused by a 4-day treatment with teleocidin or aplysiatoxin as well as with TPA, reversal being apparent after 2 days. PTH increased intracellular cyclic AMP after 2 min in chondrocytes pretreated with teleocidin or aplysiatoxin as well as with TPA. PTH also increased ornithine decarboxylase [ODC; EC 18.104.22.168] activity in these chondrocytes after 4 h. These results show that retention of responsiveness to PTH is a typical characteristic of chondrocytes dedifferentiated by treatment with TPA-type tumor promoters such as TPA, teleocidin and aplysiatoxin. The results also suggest that ODC induction mediated by elevation of cyclic AMP plays an important role in re-differentiation of teleocidin- and aplysiatoxin-treated chondrocytes.


This paper describes a one-pot Suzuki–Miyaura homopolymerization that involves in situ borylation/cross coupling of dibrominated donor–acceptor conjugated macromonomers, in contrast to the standard Stille copolymerization of thienosilole and isoindigo monomers. Reaction kinetics investigation reveals that bis(pinacolato)diboron promotes an efficient polymerization. The homopolymer showed blue-shifted absorption compared to the Stille copolymer, which is rationalized by quantum chemical calculations of a series of oligomers containing various donor–acceptor configurations. The calculations suggest that the homopolymerization of asymmetrical macromonomers likely introduced both acceptor–acceptor and donor–donor segments into the backbone. The acceptor–acceptor segment is found to contribute mostly to the blue-shift of maximum absorption wavelength. Furthermore, detailed analysis of MALDI-TOF (matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionization-time of flight) spectra of these two polymers indicated that while the homopolymer is well defined, the Stille copolymer is end-capped mostly with the thienosilole moieties and/or methyl groups, implicating that destannylation and methyl transfer are the most-likely chain-termination pathways that limit high molecular weight. This is in sharp contrast to the homopolymerization, where chain-terminators are required to control the molecular weight for obtaining soluble material. The photovoltaic performances of bulk-heterojunction solar cells based on these polymers are compared.


Introduction: Adiponectin is a protein secreted from adipose tissue which displays both antidiabetic and anti-atherogenic properties. Purpose: The primary aim of the study was to examine the effects of a single session of eccentric, concentric, and traditional resistance exercise on total adiponectin and high molecular weight adiponectin (HMWA) concentrations. Methods: Fortythree overweight (BMI 32.3 + 0.6 kg/m 2 ), untrained participants (15 males and 28 females) were randomly assigned to either eccentric (ECC), concentric (CON), or traditional resistance exercise (TRE). The exercise session consisted of 1-repetition maximum (1RM) testing followed by three sets of ten repetitions at 75% of their contraction specific 1RM on a knee extension machine and leg curl machine. Blood samples were analyzed for total adiponectin, high molecular weight adiponectin (HMWA), glucose, and insulin. Results: There was no significant difference among groups at baseline for total adiponectin A single session of CON exercise elicited a significant increase in total adiponectin concentrations by ~15% from baseline to 1 h post exercise (p < 0.05) while no changes were observed with ECC or TRE exercise 1 h post resistance exercise. ECC and TRE groups had significant decreases in total adiponectin concentration from baseline at 24 h and 48 h post exercise. There was no change in HMWA Conclusion: The results of the current investigation suggest that the concentric phase of resistance exercise can stimulate an increase in total adiponectin concentrations 1 h post exercise while none of the exercise modes affect HMWA.


We introduce and implement two novel ideas for modeling lensed quasars. The first is to require different lenses to agree about H0. This means that some models for one lens can be ruled out by data on a different lens. We explain using two worked examples. One example models 1115+080 and 1608+656 (time-delay quadruple systems) and 1933+503 (a prospective time-delay system) all together, yielding time-delay predictions for the third lens and a 90% confidence estimate of H = 14.6 Gyr (H0 = 67 km s-1 Mpc-1) assuming ΩM = 0.3 and ΩΛ = 0.7. The other example models the time-delay doubles 1520+530, 1600+434, 1830-211, and 2149-275, which gives H = 14.5 Gyr (H0 = 67 km s-1 Mpc-1). Our second idea is to write the modeling software as a highly interactive Java applet, which can be used both for coarse-grained results inside a browser and for fine-grained results on a workstation. Several obstacles come up in trying to implement a numerically intensive method thus, but we overcome them.


This paper is intended to develop an algorithm visualization, particularly Bresenham's Line Algorithm for a Computer Graphics course. Algorithm visualization technology graphically illustrates how algorithms work. This visualization can be used to explain how a line is produced in a display computer for education. This research consists of 6 steps which are concept, design, obtaining of content material, assembly, testing, and distribution. During the testing step, the application is run and checked to confirm that it performs exactly what the author has intended and the students can learn Bresenham's Line Algorithm by studying the visualization. Flash movie demonstrate how Bresenham's Line Algorithm visualized by inputing data, performing calculation, and then returning the calculated results back to output text field. Subjects of the research were students of Department of Informatics Universitas Persada Indonesia YAI for implementation of the learning. The data were analyzed using the analytic descriptive method and interpreted in a narrative way based on the research findings. The visualization and the interactivity have been well tested by the students, and the results indicate that students increase their ability to program graphic application.


To decrease the computational complexity of adaptive inter-layer prediction and improve the encoding efficiency in spatial and temporal scalable video coding, a mode decision algorithm is proposed by exploiting the part of used modes in the co-located reference macroblock(s) for Hierarchical-B pictures of all layers. This scheme generates a reduced dynamic candidate list for the current macroblock according to the statistical information derived from the co-located reference macroblocks in their present temporal level. The experimental results show that this algorithm compresses approximately 29% in encoding time with the negligible loss in PSNR and slightly increasing in bit rate.


Copolyesters contain more than one type of diol and diacid. In the present work, copolyesters based on succinoyl chloride with aliphatic and aromatic diols were synthesized by solution polycondensation method. The vibrational band assignment has been made for some of the specific modes of vibration observed from FTIR spectra. From the chemical shift values of 1H NMR spectra, the repeating structural units present in copolyesters were assigned.


This is a study of adsorption on three activated carbon substrates using solid- state NMR. The adsorbates used as probe molecules included a range of phosphates, phosphonates and deuterated water. High-resolution (^31)p and (^2)H NMR spectra have been obtained using magic-angle spinning and a single-pulse regime. The deuterium results include the generation of an adsorption isotherm. The traditional gravimetric analysis and NMR experiments were run concurrently. These results showed that the NMR technique was qualitatively and quantitatively accurate, while the proven adsorption isotherm theory could be applied to the NMR results. The additional information given by the (^2)H NMR results showed evidence of two distinct adsorption sites. Initial adsorption in the micropores gives a peak shifted by 6 ppm to low frequency of the liquid (^2)H(_2)O. This peak was broadened due to restricted motion in the micropores. The second peak was observed only at high relative humidities and was attributed to adsorption on the external surface or in macropores. The chemical shift was similar to that of the pure liquid. The (^31)p NMR results were used to directly observe the adsorption of phosphates with a range of molecular sizes. The NMR data were used to calculate the micropore accessibility for each phosphate. Differences in the adsorption mechanism were recorded, and direct comparison for each carbon gave some structural information. It was possible to follow competition reactions over time periods of 1 min to 24 hours. A battlefield simulation was studied, with (^2)H(_2)O and a phosphate competing for the adsorption sites. The NMR results showed that the phosphate was preferentially adsorbed into the micropores, displacing the (^2)H(_2)O However, the addition of (^2)H(_2)O to a carbon saturated with a phosphate enabled more phosphate to be adsorbed into the micropores via a cooperative mechanism. Measurements of the transverse relaxation for adsorbed molecules suggest that the broad micropore signal consists of some overlapping peaks. The peaks width similar chemical shift are attributed to adsorption in pores with differing dimensions. The natural linewidth involves broadening caused by restricted anisotropic motion within the micropores.


Realism is a very sought feature in interactive driving simulators for traffic studies, since a nonrealistic simulation could produce non-realistic human drivers behaviours. Since cars driven by artificial intelligence (AI) are one of the main components of a traffic simulation, they play an important role in making up the overall sense of realism. A good understanding of how the AI influences human drivers is thus important in avoiding biases in traffic studies with simulators, and might also come useful in simulators for traffic education, in order to induce certain behaviours in the students.The purpose of this study was to build a driving simulation with multiple AI-driven cars, and let human testers use it, in order to analyse if and how a more polite lane-change behaviour, a more realistic lateral alignment, and a slower average speed affect the perception and the behaviour of human drivers.The simulator was developed upon low-cost hardware infrastructure previously used for other traffic studies. Since the existing software is very specific and hard to modify, a new simulation software was built from scratch for this study, using the Unity3D engine and implementing design patterns developed in previous studies, in order to produce a more flexible and modifiable infrastructure than what had been done in the past studies.The test subjects gave a generally good feedback on the simulator as a whole, and cars which politely changed lanes were regarded as behaving in a slightly more realistic way. Some insights were also obtained about user perception, mainly consisting in a difficulty in perceiving absolute speeds, whereas relative speeds were estimated more accurately.


Experiments were carried out to study changes in the physiological and

biochemical properties of cotton seedling roots with respect to high temperature and

waterlogging treatments. It to clear from these, studies that both high temperature and

waterlogging significantly damaged the seedling roots and affected their physiological

and biochemical activities.

Cultivars showed no effect an their root growth for heat stresses up to 30'C but

were adversely affected when stressed above this temperature. Cultivar MIN-93 performed

well up to about 38'C, while Qalandari showed an inhibition at temperatures of 35 *C

and

above. At a temperature of 45 C, roots of both cultivars were Irreparably damaged. When

careful statistical analysis of the data was carried out. however. no significant

differences were found between the cultivars studied. Fresh weight and dry weight values

were only determined for MR-93, but they confirmed the findings of the root growth

measurements for that cultivar.

Stress temperatures above 40*C caused a loss of phospholipids. The results of

(MO_14 C) choline incorporation studies revealed that each of four cultivare showed

different rates of incorporation into PC under normal germinating conditions at 25'C.

Longer roots incorporated more (Me- 14C)

choline than shorter roots. At temperatures of

40*C and above, (Me_14 C) choline incorporation decreased with increasing temperature.

At 50 C, more than 802 of the activity was lost in all the four cultivars studied. in

general, no significant differences were found between the cultivars studied.

The results of fatty acid analyses suggested that greater unsaturation occurred

with increasing germination time. High temperature had a marked effect on fatty acid

composition and caused significant changes especially in neutral lipid and glycolipid

fatty acids. Small changes were also observed in phospholipid fatty acids. A large

increase of free fatty acids was found in MM-93 but not In S-12 at the end of recovery

following heat shock. In this respect, the cultivar 5-12 appeared to be a relatively

better cultivar than MNH-93, since free fatty acids are known to be damaging to cells.

Waterlogging had significant effects on root growth in all the four cultivars

studied. Increasing waterlogging time caused greater damage to the root system and

waterlogging for 24 hours stopped further root growth completely. In terms of both root

growth and visible damage, S-12 was clearly a more tolerant cultivar than KKK-93,

Rehmani or Qalandari. Aerated waterlogging caused smaller reductions in root growth in

two cultivars studied (Qalandari and S-12). In this treatmwnt, no visible damage to the

roots was seen.

Waterlogging also caused large reductions in respiratory activities. During

recovery following waterlogging treatments, Qalandarj recovered its r*spiratory activity

such faster than the cultivar S-12, however. in this respect, Qalandari appeared to

be a more tolerant cultivar than S-12.

Patty acid analyses following waterlogging showed changes in both their levels

and their relative composition. This treatmmt caused a marked Increase in the amount

of esterified fatty acids. Waterlogging also enhanced the synthesis of a set of low

molecular weight compounds and suppressed the synthesis of all the "normal" fatty acids.

A significant increase in free fatty acids was observed in MNH-93 but not in 3-12. This

particular met of results suggests that 5-12 was & rolatively better cultivar than the

"NU-93.

When taken altogether, the results suggested that there in very little genetic

variability between the cultivars of cotton commonly grown in Pakistan with respect to

beat tolerance and waterlogging tolerance.


This dissertation concerns a certain experienced (sub)reality, a reality which emerged from something "in between", from a confluence of factors - the project Gender on Stage, a particular actor education programme and myself in the role of observer. The project Gender on Stage started as an interdisciplinary study between the National Academy of Mime and Acting in Stockholm and the Department of Theatre Studies and the Department of Nordic Languages at Stockholm University. It was supported by the Swedish Research Council, and its purpose was to investigate gender in actor education. Actor education is situated between traditional theatre history and trends about the future, between aesthetic ideals and a commercial market. In addition, as was described in the outline of the project, actor education must deal with a long history of male dominance. Actor education could be visualised as the epitome of a cultural production of gender, a site where one has to explicitly deal with discourses of body and language, male and female, self and other, memories and emotions, pleasure and desire. I have stressed gender in actor education as being deeply interrelated with the notion of cultural hegemony, historical discourses of acting as well as gender, myths, and unconscious themes. Beside theories of Simone de Beauvoir, Judith Butler, Sue Ellen Case and Julia Kristeva, the study invokes post-structural notions of "present absence" as well as Freud's ideas on repression in terms of "the uncanny". Stanislavsky's theories of fantasy emotion and the Brechtian concepts of Verfremdung and Gestus were likewise taken into consideration. To resolve problems of confidentiality and ethics, I discuss certain significant observations, considering them to be unique situations, but also representative and symbolic acts. In discussing the gender construction, I put myself into play in the role of observer as a certain persona – a kind of converse representative and a "faceted mirror of the invisible".


Detailed studies of morphological, micromorphological and geochemical characteristics of silcretes in the deep bleached and weathered regolith across a large area of inland Australia have provided a new interpretation of the history of the regolith and its climatic and morphological evolution during the Tertiary. Pedogenic silcretes have distinctive morphological and mineralogical features caused by a succession of phases of silica dissolution and recrystallization resulting from multiple episodes of water infiltration and percolation under alternately wet and dry climates. These are the oldest of the regolith features. Deep, bleached profiles formed over a wide area in a variety of substrates ranging from Precambrian granites to Palaeozoic sandstones, Cretaceous sediments and Tertiary deposits, and represent the second major stage in regolith development. These profiles, in which kaolinite coexists with gypsum, alunite and opal, formed by reaction of the substrates with saline groundwaters, the water-table levels of which progressively fell over the region. Extensive networks of termite burrows constructed to great depth in the bleached regolith followed the water tables down. The climate was warm and dry with a high water deficit. Groundwater silcretes formed near-horizontal lenses and pods of porcellanite and jasper in the bleached regolith. They preserve the primary fabric of the host rock. Groundwater silcretes post-date the construction of termite burrows and were formed during a rise in groundwater tables across the landscape, in places to near-surface environments in broad landscape depressions. The climate was more humid but the presence of gypsum during silicification demonstrates that the groundwaters were still saline. Red–brown hardpans are the youngest silicification features and represent periods of successive infiltration and percolation, and waterlogging, during high rainfall or flood events. They are confined to low regions in the landscape. Mineralogical and geochemical analysis of the bleached profiles, together with geochemical modelling, suggests that ferrolysis is the most likely cause of acidity in groundwater leading to the development of the bleach profiles and/or alunite. Present-day groundwater tables are both at low levels and sulphate-rich. It is possible that acidic alteration leading to bleaching is still active around the extensive playa landscapes in the region.


Background Gray wolves (Canis lupus) were reintroduced into Yellowstone National Park (YNP) after a >70 year absence, and as part of recovery efforts, the population has been closely monitored. In 1999 and 2005, pup survival was significantly reduced, suggestive of disease outbreaks. Methodology/Principal Findings We analyzed sympatric wolf, coyote (Canis latrans), and red fox (Vulpes vulpes) serologic data from YNP, spanning 1991–2007, to identify long-term patterns of pathogen exposure, identify associated risk factors, and examine evidence for disease-induced mortality among wolves for which there were survival data. We found high, constant exposure to canine parvovirus (wolf seroprevalence: 100%; coyote: 94%), canine adenovirus-1 (wolf pups [0.5–0.9 yr]: 91%, adults [≥1 yr]: 96%; coyote juveniles [0.5–1.5 yrs]: 18%, adults [≥1.6 yrs]: 83%), and canine herpesvirus (wolf: 87%; coyote juveniles: 23%, young adults [1.6–4.9 yrs]: 51%, old adults [≥5 yrs]: 87%) suggesting that these pathogens were enzootic within YNP wolves and coyotes. An average of 50% of wolves exhibited exposure to the protozoan parasite, Neospora caninum, although individuals' odds of exposure tended to increase with age and was temporally variable. Wolf, coyote, and fox exposure to canine distemper virus (CDV) was temporally variable, with evidence for distinct multi-host outbreaks in 1999 and 2005, and perhaps a smaller, isolated outbreak among wolves in the interior of YNP in 2002. The years of high wolf-pup mortality in 1999 and 2005 in the northern region of the park were correlated with peaks in CDV seroprevalence, suggesting that CDV contributed to the observed mortality. Conclusions/Significance Of the pathogens we examined, none appear to jeopardize the long-term population of canids in YNP. However, CDV appears capable of causing short-term population declines. Additional information on how and where CDV is maintained and the frequency with which future epizootics might be expected might be useful for future management of the Northern Rocky Mountain wolf population.


This essay provides a game-theoretic, endogenous view of institutions, and then applies the idea to identify the sources of institutional trajectories of economic development in China, Japan, and Korea. It stylizes the Malthusian-phase of East Asian economies as peasant-based economies in which small families allocated their working time between farming on small plots— leased or owned—and handcrafting for personal consumption and markets. It then compares institutional arrangements across these economies that sustained otherwise similar economies. It characterizes the varied nature of the political states of Qing China, Tokugawa Japan, and Yi Korea by focusing on the way in which agricultural taxes were enforced. It also identifies different patterns of social norms of trust that were institutional complements to, or substitutes for, political states. Finally, it traces the path-dependent transformations of these state-norm combinations along subsequent transitions to post-Malthusian phases of economic growth in the respective economies.


Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a promising feedstock for the synthesis of complex organic chemicals due to its abundancy, non-toxic nature, and favourable physical properties. However, CO2 is considered to be a chemically unattractive reagent due to its stability and high oxidation state. Thus, to increase the energy content of CO2 and improve its versatility as a reaction substrate, various organocatalysts have been developed based on the use of silane reducing agents. We herein present an overview of the development of organocatalysts for the reductive transformation of CO2 while emphasising the factors affecting the reactions, and summarising current insights into the mechanisms governing these reactions.


Reproductive Health is usually focused upon women in their reproductive years, but this does not include girls who have not begun procreation nor women who are past the age of reproduction. In this paper, we focus attention upon women in menopause, realizing that they form a significant proportion of the female population and with longer life expectancy, women are more likely to be in the post menopausal stage for a longer period of their lives. The study takes on a bio-psycho-social analytical framework to examine the health status of women in menopause in Nigeria. Recognising the importance of the socio-cultural dimension to the evaluation of one's health status, the study took a cross-cultural research approach, integrating both quantitative and qualitative methods. A number of physical conditions were commonly associated with menopause, including weakness, internal heat, waist pains, 'false pregnancy', general body pain, headache, shrinking of the body, vaginal dryness, sweating, dizziness, restlessness and unhappiness. The perception concerning the degree of severity of these conditions varied by individual, but also by ethnic group. These perceptions were also found to be related to the women's attitudes to ageing in general and menopause, specifically. Nearly one-half of the women did not know about any treatments for these symptoms, but this also varied by ethnic group. It is recommended that there is a need for sensitisation of the general public, including health care providers and enlightenment of female concerning menopause.
(Gender & Behaviour: 2003 1: 1-15)


Collagen induced arthritis (CIA) is a mouse model of autoimmunity that
closely resembles human rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a debilitating disease with no cure. This study has been undertaken to generate antigen-specific tolerance to an
autoantigen implicated in RA and immunodominant in animal models. Gene therapy protocols for RA that have gone to clinical trial have been designed to drive
expression of therapeutic molecules at the site of inflammation, but not to modulate
the immune response to key autoantigens.
This study has shown that lentiviral vectors (lvv) expressing fusion proteins
(FP-lvv) confer antigen-specific tolerance in CIA. Fusion proteins comprised of an endosomal-targeting domain coupled to the immunodominant CII259-273 peptide and
an eGFP tag, were expressed in APCs. Confocal microscopy revealed substantial
colocalisation with endosomes and lysosomes. Expression of the fusion proteins in
APCs resulted in MHCII-presentation of the immunodominant CII259-273 peptide to
CII259-273-reactive CD4+ T cell hybridomas. Furthermore, co-transduction with a lvv
expressing the enzyme lysyl-hydroxylase 3 enhanced glycosylation of the expressed
CII construct.
Administering mice iv with FP-lvv one month prior to disease induction
reduces by half the arthritic score during the first two weeks of clinical symptoms in
CIA, providing partial but significant protection. The use of suitable controls showed
that this effect is antigen-specific and measurements of α-CII IgG show a
significantly lower titre in treated animals.
This study provides evidence that lvv-mediated MHCII-presentation can be tolerogenic and hence, this approach could form an important part of future treatments for autoimmune diseases.


In the last decade, the growth of local, site‐specific weather forecasts delivered by mobile phone or website represents arguably the fastest change in forecast consumption since the beginning of television weather forecasts 60 years ago. In the present study, a street‐interception survey of 274 members of the public a clear first preference for narrow weather forecasts above traditional broad weather forecasts is shown for the first time, with a clear bias towards this preference for users under 40 years. The impact of this change on the understanding of forecast probability and intensity information is explored. While the correct interpretation of the statement 'There is a 30% chance of rain tomorrow' is still low in the cohort, in common with previous studies, a clear impact of age and educational attainment on understanding is shown, with those under 40 and educated to degree level or above more likely to correctly interpret it. The interpretation of rainfall intensity descriptors ('light', 'moderate' and 'heavy') by the cohort is shown to be significantly different to official and expert assessment of the same descriptors and to have large variance amongst the cohort. However, despite these key uncertainties, members of the cohort generally seem to make appropriate decisions about rainfall forecasts. There is some evidence that the decisions made are different depending on the communication format used, and the cohort expressed a clear preference for tabular over graphical weather forecast presentation.


Multitasking related demands can adversely affect drivers' allocation of attention to the roadway, resulting in delays or missed responses to roadway threats and to decrements in driving performance. Robust methods for obtaining evidence and data about demands on and decrements in the allocation of driver attention are needed as input for design, training, and policy. The detection response task (DRT) is a commonly used method (ISO 17488) for measuring the attentional effects of cognitive load. The AttenD algorithm is a method intended to measure driver distraction through real-time glance analysis, in which individual glances are converted into a scalar value using simple rules considering glance duration, frequency, and location. A relationship between the two tools is explored. A previous multitasking driving simulation study, which used the remote form of the DRT to differentiate the demands of a primary visual–manual human–machine interface from alternative primary auditory–vocal multimodal human–machine interfaces, was reanalyzed using AttenD, and the two analyses compared. Results support an association between DRT performance and AttenD algorithm output. Summary statistics produced from AttenD profiles differentiate between the demands of the human–machine interfaces considered with more power than analyses of DRT response time and miss rate. Among discussed implications is the possibility that AttenD taps some of the same attentional effects as the DRT. Future research paths, strategies for analyses of past and future data sets, and possible application for driver state detection are also discussed.


For at least 30 years, the union movement at a worldwide level has been generally downward. That trend has accelerated during the Great Recession. During that same period, economic inequality has grown significantly. The question this paper raises is whether the union movement can be proactively involved helping the recovery from the Great Recession with a stronger, more equal economic order. The public policy basis for unionism – that labor is not a commodity and that economic inequality is best redressed through freedom of association and collective bargaining – is well established in U.S. and international labor law. That public policy, however, is juxtaposed with the prevailing social, political and economic policy – neoliberalism favoring free markets including labor markets. As economic activity has become increasingly globalized, enterprise has been able to jump the barriers that had been set by national laws and national economies to organize operations around the world to take advantage of local conditions, including labor costs and standards. Thus, more and more employers can take advantage of a global labor market to find conditions most favorable to their businesses. An increasingly global labor market has significant impact on national and local labor markets. Labor unions are generally still trapped within the nations of their organization. Limited to operating in national labor markets, unions have lost the strength and breadth necessary to establish labor monopolies that operate to take labor costs out of price competition. The answer to the question this article poses is that the future of the labor movement may depend on the ability of unionism to reach across borders and operate transnationally. Some unions have taken some steps to go transnational, but a fundamental redirection toward transnationalism may be necessary if the union movement is to have a positive impact as the global economy recovers from the Great Recession.


ML modules provide hierarchical namespace management, as well as fine-grained control over the propagation of type information, but they do not allow modules to be broken up into mutually recursive, separately compilable components. Mixin modules facilitate recursive linking of separately compiled components, but they are not hierarchically composable and typically do not support type abstraction. We synthesize the complementary advantages of these two mechanisms in a novel module system design we call MixML.
 A MixML module is like an ML structure in which some of the components are specified but not defined. In other words, it unifies the ML structure and signature languages into one. MixML seamlessly integrates hierarchical composition, translucent ML-style data abstraction, and mixin-style recursive linking. Moreover, the design of MixML is clean and minimalist; it emphasizes how all the salient, semantically interesting features of the ML module system (and several proposed extensions to it) can be understood simply as stylized uses of a small set of orthogonal underlying constructs, with mixin composition playing a central role.
 We provide a declarative type system for MixML, including two important extensions: higher-order modules, and modules as first-class values. We also present a sound and complete, three-pass type-checking algorithm for this system. The operational semantics of MixML is defined by an elaboration translation into an internal core language called LTG---namely, a polymorphic lambda calculus with single-assignment references and recursive type generativity---which employs a linear type and kind system to track definedness of term and type imports.


This chapter explores the role of negative-modal synergies in the expression of authorial stance and intersubjective positioning in Charles Darwin's The Origin of Species. As markers of stance, both negation and modality contribute to the expression of evaluation in discourse, though little attention has been paid to the co-occurrence of both types of markers. Drawing on corpus-based methods, I first identify the recurrent discourse pattern which gives rise to a semantic prosody of negative-modal meaning throughout The Origin of Species as compared to Voyage of the Beagle. Second, I discuss how this discourse pattern reflects Darwin's positioning in the presentation of his Theory of Natural Selection. An analysis of the resources which express intersubjective positioning reveals the tension between conflicting goals in Darwin's presentation of his new theory, namely, the expression of certainty regarding his insights and discoveries and the need to be cautious in communicating them. Thus, the various patterns of (co)-occurrence of negation, modality and personal pronouns construe specific authorial positions against the backdrop of competing scientific theories and in anticipation of readers' potential disagreement.


In Beyond the Possible, Reverend Cecil Williams, one of the most well-known and provocative ministers in the United States, reflects on his fifty years creating radical social change as the head of San Francisco's Memorial Glide Church.Williams' innovations, such as HIV testing during services, have drawn protest from more conservative factions within the Methodist Church, but his work in the community has drawn praise from the likes of Bill Clinton, Oprah Winfrey, and Warren Buffett.Written with Glide Church founding pastor Janice Mirikitani, and with a foreword by Dave Eggers, Beyond the Possible is a book of wisdom, providing lessons that Reverend Williams has learned so that readers can learn to embrace their true selves, accept all those around them, and fully live day to day through social change as worship.


In the recent Supreme Court case of Maryland v. King, which addresses the constitutionality of compulsory collection of DNA samples from felony arrestees, the state and federal government repeatedly underscored that forensic tests of biological samples look only at meaningless, non-sensitive information. These non-coding, non-expressive parts of the genome have even earned a nickname, "junk," that alone does much to assure the public that the police are not scrutinizing confidential information. The distinction is important in the legal community as well: Judges have consistently privileged the benefits to crime-solving against the minimal privacy intrusion posed by revelation of this otherwise meaningless string of numbers.But of course, efforts at unlocking the deeper secrets of the human genome continue apace. In 2012, researchers debuted the first commercially available tool that can simultaneously analyze genetic information from an array of sites on the genome and produce information related to biogeographic ancestry, eye and hair color, relatedness, and sex. Developments that predict age, facial morphology, height and other physical traits may loom on the horizon, and primitive research has even drawn connections between the MAOA gene and propensity to violence. This paper examines the legal and ethical implications of forensic DNA genotyping, or "FDP." It canvasses existing rules and regulations that might hasten or thwart such testing, and considers its potential utility for criminal cases. It further considers the moral and ethical questions implicated by testing for more than just "junk" DNA.


Energy efficiency is very important in fuel usage. Fuel that commonly used in cement industry is coal. Coal before in kiln must be crushed in coal mill. So, coal efficeincy can be analyzed from that influence in coal mill and kiln operation. These data put from laboratory. Central Control Room(CCR) dan obversatory. As first alternetive chosen Adaro because it has highest calorific value so produce highest coal mill efficiency (88.75%), highest klinker quality dan relatively not make problem in operation. Ig Kideco used, so must be arranged coal mill parameter operation parameter. Kitadin can not be used because it not suitable with standart parameter operation.


Two different types of oscillatory responses often occur in power systems: natural and forced. Natural oscillations are characterized by the electromechanical eigenvalues (or modes) and are typically initiated by a system discontinuity (e.g., a fault). Forced oscillations are caused by some external input driving the system into a sustained oscillation. A fundamental goal is to distinguish between a very lightly-damped (or undamped) natural oscillation and a forced oscillation based upon system-wide measurements. In this paper, a cross-spectrum index function is developed for distinguishing between the two types of oscillations based upon time-synchronized PMU measurements. A simulation and a real-life event are used to demonstrate key points.


This paper proposes a simple, but efficient, adaptive space-time-frequency coded (STFC) multiband orthogonal frequency division multiplexing ultra-wideband (MB-OFDM UWB) system to improve the average BER performance for body-to-external link wireless body area network (WBAN) applications. The novelty of this paper is the proposed body direction based adaptive algorithm that controls the set of modulation scheme, space-time-frequency code (STFC) coding rate, and power of signal constellations implemented in STFC MB-OFDM UWB WBAN. Simulation results show that the proposed system can provide a consistent 1-2 dB improvement in the case of 2I1O configuration, and 1-3 dB improvement in a medium-to-high SNR region in the case of 2I2O configuration, compared to the non-adaptive system. The improvement practically means a possible reduction of 12.5%-50% of the total transmitted power to achieve the similar performance as the non-adaptive system. In other words, it can save significantly the power consumption and prolong the battery life of WBAN devices.


Analysis of results from the four major tennis tournaments shows that the percentage of tie breaks in the men's game has been increasing over the last 30 years. It is hypothesised that this is due to the increasing speed of the serve in the game. There was found to be a significant difference in tie breaks between slower clay surfaces and faster grass surfaces. The women's game, on the other hand, showed no increase in tie-breaks and no difference in the number of tie-breaks between court surfaces.

A larger tennis ball was assessed to see its effect in slowing the game down. Standard and 6% larger pressurised tennis balls were used in experiments to study impacts with a fixed and a freely suspended tennis racket. The coefficient of restitution of the larger ball was found to be larger in the fixed racket tests and analysis of a serve showed that the larger ball would be served marginally faster than a standard sized ball.

Drag forces on tennis balls in flight were analysed by mounting tennis balls in a wind tunnel at wind speeds up to 66.6 ms−1 (150 mph). It was found that different brands of standard size tennis ball and a larger tennis ball had a drag coefficient of approximately 0.55. Raising or reducing the nap of the ball changed the drag coefficient by about 10%. Impact experiments of tennis balls on court surfaces showed that the larger and standard tennis balls rebounded at approximately the same speed at 70% of impact speed on acrylic and 64% of impact speed on clay. Both sizes of ball bounced steeper off clay than on acrylic. It appeared that the larger ball rebounded steeper than the standard ball, although evidence for this was clouded by considerable scatter in the data.

A computer trajectory program was used to analyse simulated first and second serves at nominally 53.3 ms−1 (120 mph) and 40 ms−1 (90 mph). It was found that a larger ball would increase travel time to the baseline by approximately 10 ms for a first serve and up to 16 ms for a second serve. This increase was found to be just less than half that between acrylic and clay for the same ball. Travel time is increased further if the ball is increased in diameter. It was concluded therefore that the introduction of a larger ball could slow the game of tennis for all strokes and increase the time available for the receiver to return the ball.


Central pattern generators (CPGs) produce neural-motor rhythms that often depend on specialized cellular or synaptic properties such as pacemaker neurons or alternating phases of synaptic inhibition. Motivated by experimental evidence suggesting that activity in the mammalian respiratory CPG, the preBötzinger complex, does not require either of these components, we present and analyze a mathematical model demonstrating an unconventional mechanism of rhythm generation in which glutamatergic synapses and the short-term depression of excitatory transmission play key rhythmogenic roles. Recurrent synaptic excitation triggers postsynaptic Ca2+-activated nonspecific cation current (ICAN) to initiate a network-wide burst. Robust depolarization due to ICAN also causes voltage-dependent spike inactivation, which diminishes recurrent excitation and thus attenuates postsynaptic Ca2+ accumulation. Consequently, activity-dependent outward currents—produced by Na/K ATPase pumps or other ionic mechanisms—can terminate the burst and cause a transient quiescent state in the network. The recovery of sporadic spiking activity rekindles excitatory interactions and initiates a new cycle. Because synaptic inputs gate postsynaptic burst-generating conductances, this rhythm-generating mechanism represents a new paradigm that can be dubbed a 'group pacemaker' in which the basic rhythmogenic unit encompasses a fully interdependent ensemble of synaptic and intrinsic components. This conceptual framework should be considered as an alternative to traditional models when analyzing CPGs for which mechanistic details have not yet been elucidated.


To write of feminist reform in the criminal law is to write of simultaneous success and failure. We have seen marked changes in the doctrines and the practice of rape law, domestic violence law, and the law of self-defense. There is not a criminal law casebook in America today, nor a state statute book, that does not tell this story. Yet for all of this success, we also live in a world in which reform seems to suffer routine failures. Many believe, for example, that feminist reforms have rid rape law of the resistance requirement; however, recent scholarship makes it clear that the resistance requirement has not disappeared. Similarly, many believe that feminism has rid us of the marital rape exemption; in fact, there is evidence that marital rape immunities remain on the statute books. Finally, many believe that reform has brought widespread judicial acceptance of battered women's self-defense claims; but the battle over this defense in the law reviews and popular media testifies to the continuing lack of settlement of the underlying issues.


In addition to differences in perception and expectation, factors that can affect the purchasing decision for a Chinese wedding banquet includes the difference in power between parents and children, pressure to pass on family heritage, and the difference in persuasion and decision making power represented by the large expenditure involved. This study uses grounded theory as a basis and a qualitative perspective to interview 24 parents and newlyweds in focus groups. After the collected data was analysed and the results were confirmed by the interviewees, the following was deduced: (1) the most common problem that arose when the decision was being made to purchase a Chinese wedding banquet was conflict between the two parties. Resolution of this conflict requires proper communication and an understanding of the other's needs by both parties; (2) the roots of such conflict are diverging ideas about the wedding banquet between the couple and their parents; (3) parents should not use financial support as a bargaining chip. The wedding can be made more comprehensive if the needs of both parties are made known well in advance; (4) using the services of a professional wedding planner can prevent conflict between the parents and the newlyweds that might arise from one-sided planning; (5) the wedding banquet program should be impressive, but should not make people feel it goes on for too long or has been exaggerated.


Abstract The subfamily Equinae in the Great Plains region of North America underwent a dramatic radiation and subsequent decline as climate changed from warm and humid in the middle Miocene to cooler and more arid conditions during the late Miocene. Here we use ecological niche modeling (ENM), specifically the GARP (Genetic Algorithm using Rule-set Prediction) modeling system, to reconstruct the geographic distribution of individual species during two time slices from the middle Miocene through early Pliocene. This method combines known species occurrence points with environmental parameters inferred from sedimentological variables to model each species' fundamental niche. The geographic range of each species is then predicted to occupy the geographic area within the study region wherever the set of environmental parameters that constrain the fundamental niche occurs. We analyze changes in the predicted distributions of individual species between time slices in relation to Miocene/Pliocene climate change. Specifically, we examine and compare distribution patterns for two time slices that span the period from the mid-Miocene (Barstovian) Climatic Optimum into the early Pliocene (Blancan) to determine whether habitat fragmentation led to speciation within the clade and whether species survival was related to geographic range size. Patchy geographic distributions were more common in the middle Miocene when speciation rates were high. During the late Miocene, when speciation rates were lower, continuous geographic ranges were more common. Equid species tracked their preferred habitat within the Great Plains region as well as regionally throughout North America. Species with larger predicted ranges preferentially survived the initial cooling event better than species with small geographic ranges. As climate continued to deteriorate in the late Miocene, however, range size became irrelevant to survival, and extinction rates increased for species of all range sizes. This is the first use of ENM and GARP in the continental fossil record. This powerful quantitative biogeographic method offers great promise for studies of other taxa and geologic intervals.


Laboratory Animals in Research and Teaching contains valuable information that college and high school instructors will need to establish and maintain laboratories at their institutions. The volume offers practical advice about administrative matters, ethical issues, and the guidelines and regulations for the care and feeding of animals. The authors, who include high school instructors, researchers, college instructors, and veterinarians, share lessons they have learned from their own experiences. Their suggestions address large institutions, as well as smaller ones (where resources may be scarce). The volume also includes useful appendixes that include classroom exercises, case studies, federal guidelines, and a detailed listing of resources. This will be an invaluable text for psychologists and teachers who seek innovative perspectives and methods for teaching and conducting research with animals.


Requirement Engineering (RE) is a part being created for programming structure during the software development lifecycle. Software product line development is a new topic area within the domain of software engineering. It also plays important role in decision making and it is ultimately helpful in rising business environment for productive programming headway. Decisions are central to engineering processes and they hold them together. It is argued that better decisions will lead to better engineering. To achieve better decisions requires that they are understood in detail. In order to address the issues, companies are moving towards Software Product Line Engineering (SPLE) which helps in providing large varieties of products with minimum development effort and cost. This paper proposed a new framework for software product line and compared with other models. The results can help to understand the needs in SPL testing, by identifying points that still require additional investigation. In our future scenario, we will combine this model in a controlled environment with industrial SPL projects which will be the new horizon for SPL process management testing strategies. Keywords—Requirements engineering, software product lines, scoping, process structure, domain specific language.


The idea of the "digital divide," the great social division between information haves and have-nots, has dominated policy debates and scholarly analysis since the 1990s. In Working-Class Network Society, Jack Linchuan Qiu describes a more complex social and technological reality in a newly mobile, urbanizing China. Qiu argues that as inexpensive Internet and mobile phone services become available and are closely integrated with the everyday work and life of low-income communities, they provide a critical seedbed for the emergence of a new working class of "network labor" crucial to China's economic boom. Between the haves and have-nots, writes Qiu, are the information "have-less": migrants, laid-off workers, micro-entrepreneurs, retirees, youth, and others, increasingly connected by cybercafA©s, prepaid service, and used mobile phones. A process of class formation has begun that has important implications for working-class network society in China and beyond. Qiu brings class back into the scholarly discussion, not as a secondary factor but as an essential dimension in our understanding of communication technology as it is shaped in the vast, industrializing society of China. Basing his analysis on his more than five years of empirical research conducted in twenty cities, Qiu examines technology and class, networked connectivity and public policy, in the context of massive urban reforms that affect the new working class disproportionately. The transformation of Chinese society, writes Qiu, is emblematic of the new technosocial reality emerging in much of the Global South.


In this interview, Sean Phelan discusses the differences between 'ideological' and 'post-ideological' or 'post-political' neoliberalism, and sets out his own approach to critiquing neoliberalism, which draws on Laclau and Mouffe's discourse theory and Bourdieu's field theory. Arguing for the benefits of a comparative cross-national approach, he illustrates examples of 'actually existing neoliberalism' in UK, US, Ireland and New Zealand contexts. Phelan concludes the interview by suggesting potential sites of cultural politics and the possibility of a radically different kind of media and political culture.


Purpose
Until now, the usage and usability factors associated with AEC–FM standards have remained largely overlooked. This oversight could be a potentially significant factor in the adoption rates as well as effective utilization of such advanced solutions in the AEC–FM industry. Therefore, from a conceptual and theoretical viewpoint, the purpose of this paper is to address this gap in understanding and enhancing the usability aspects of standards such as construction operations building information exchange (COBie) over its spreadsheet representation. Besides, findings from this study and the proposed theoretical fundamentals to enhance the usability and functionality of COBie spreadsheet representation could potentially lay the foundation for a VisualCOBie approach.

Design/methodology/approach
The iterative steps of design thinking and agile development are harmonized to form the main research methodology. Design thinking is useful in problem (re)formulation, and agile development is useful in iterative software development. The approach aims to identify and understand the needs and requirements of the AEC–FM users from the standardized approaches and associated IT solutions; and formulate the main features and functionalities of the proposed solution. The methodology supports the aim of generating a broad range of possible solutions instead of coming up with the "right" solution.

Findings
Despite the standards and associated IT developments, the AEC–FM industry still suffers from inefficient information management. To date, most initiatives have focused on utilization of the outputs from different IT solutions in terms of accuracy and completeness of the data defined in the standards. This research found that well-established standards such as COBie and corresponding IT solutions are not merely technical issues, but it is equally important to understand how the end-users cognitively perceive and process them. The developed solutions need to address user point of view to facilitate wider utilization of these standards in practice.

Research limitations/implications
In this research, Gestalt's visual perception principles have been used to evaluate the usability issues of COBie spreadsheet. Although Gestalt principles provide a valid and proven viewpoint, there can be other cognitive principles that could also be taken into consideration.

Originality/value
The usage and usability factors associated with AEC–FM standards have remained largely overlooked, indicating a gap in the literature. This gap was considered as a potentially significant factor in the adoption as well as effective utilization of such standards and advanced solutions in the AEC–FM industry. By grounding the research in cognitive and usability perspectives of information exchange standards, the authors demonstrate how such theoretical underpinning can lead to innovative solutions.


This thesis is dedicated to the development, implementation and application of a combination of Density Functional Theory and Dynamical Mean Field Theory. The resulting program is shown through several examples to be a powerful and flexible tool for calculating the electronic structure of strongly correlated materials. The main part of this work is focused on the development and implementation of three methods for solving the effective impurity model arising in the Dynamical Mean Field Theory: Hubbard-I approximation (HIA), Exact Diagonalization (ED), and Spin-Polarized T-matrix Fluctuation-exchange (SPTF). The Hubbard-I approximation is limited to systems where the hybridization between the 4f-orbitals and the rest of the material can be completely neglected, and can therefore not capture any Kondo physics. It has been used to study the atomic-like multiplet spectrum of the strongly localized 4f-electrons in the Lanthanide compounds YbInCu4, YbB12, Yb2Pd2Sn, YbPd2Sn, SmB6, SmSn3, and SmCo5. The calculated spectral properties are shown to be in excellent agreement with experimental direct and inverse photoemission data, clearly affirming the applicability of the Hubbard-I approximation for this class of systems if we are not focusing on Kondo physics. Full self-consistence in both self-energy and electron density is shown to be of key importance in the extraction of the magnetic properties of the hard permanent magnet SmCo5. The Exact Diagonalization solver is implemented as an extension of the Hubbard-I approximation. It takes into account a significant part of the hybridization between the correlated atom and the host through the use of a few effective bath orbitals. This approach has been applied to the long-standing problem of the electronic structure of NiO, CoO, FeO, and MnO. The resulting spectral densities are favorably compared to photoemission spectroscopy. Apart from predicting the correct spectral properties, the Exact Diagonalization solver also provides full access to the many-body density operator. This feature is used to make an in-depth investigation of the correlations in the electronic structure, and two measures of the quantum entanglement of the many-body ground-states are presented. It is shown that CoO possesses the most intricate entanglement properties, due to a competition between crystal field effects and Coulomb interaction, and such a mechanism likely carries over to several classes of correlated electron systems. The Exact Diagonalization solver has also been applied to the prototypical dilute magnetic semiconductor Mn doped GaAs, a material of great importance in the study of future spintronics applications. The problem of Fe impurities in Cs has been used to study the dependence of the spectral properties on the local environment. Finally, the Spin-polarized T-matrix Fluctuation-exchange solver has been implemented and applied to more delocalized electron systems where the effective impurity problem can be solved as a perturbation with respect to the strength of the local Coulomb interaction. This approach has been used to study the magnetic and spectral properties of the late transition metals, Fe, Co and Ni, and NiS.


Title of Thesis: CARNIVAL TEMPESTS AND STRANGE SHOWERS INDEED: THE POLITICS OF SPATIAL PRAXIS IN THE DE LA GUARDA FLYING MACHINE Jeffrey Jacoby, Master of Arts, 2004 Thesis directed by: Professor Carol Burbank Department of Theatre and Performance Studies Período Villa Villa, the genre-bending, multi-layered spectacle-aerobatic-festivaldance-music-circus-rave-ceremony-environmental theatre hybrid created by the Argentinean performance troupe De La Guarda, made its off-Broadway debut on Tuesday, 9 June 1998. Flying through the stratosphere attached to ropes and harnesses, falling from the sky in order to engage the spectatorial body in effusive e/motional explosions, bringing a modicum of the streets indoors to generate another world, the company resists, subverts or even transcends passive codes of audience behavior and reception ensconced in conventional theatre spaces. In doing so, Villa Villa potentially transforms the sense of place engendered by the architectonics of discipline and the semiotics of corporatism which dominate its theatrical and cultural milieu. Combining participant-observation, semio-phenomenological analysis and a polyphony of interdisciplinary perspectives, this thesis investigates the possibility of a radical, carnivalesque spatial praxis in the center of the late capitalist theatre estate. Perhaps, as I argue, this is a different marketplace altogether. CARNIVAL TEMPESTS AND STRANGE SHOWERS INDEED: THE POLITICS OF SPATIAL PRAXIS IN THE DE LA GUARDA FLYING MACHINE


Abstract The Castañar Cave (central western Spain) formed in mixed carbonate–siliciclastic rocks of Neoproterozoic age. The host rock is finely bedded and shows a complex network of folds and fractures, with a prevalent N150E strike. This structure controlled the development and the maze pattern of the cave, as well as its main water routes. The cave formed more than 350 ka ago as the result of both the dissolution of interbedded carbonates and weathering of siliciclastic beds, which also promoted collapse of the overlying host rock. At present it is a totally vadose hypergenic cave, but its initial development could have been phreatic. The cave's speleothems vary widely in their morphology and mineralogy. In general, massive speleothems (stalactites, stalagmites, flowstones, etc.) are associated with the main fractures of the cave and bedding planes. These discontinuities offer a fairly continuous water supply. Other branching, fibrous, mostly aragonite speleothems, commonly occur in the steeper cave walls and were produced by capillary seepage or drip water. Detailed petrographical and isotope analyses indicate that both aragonite and calcite precipitated as primary minerals in the cave waters. Primary calcite precipitated in waters of low magnesium content, whereas aragonite precipitated from magnesium-rich waters. Differences in isotope values for calcite (−5.2 ‰ for δ18O and −9.6 ‰ for δ13C) and aragonite (δ18O of −4.5 ‰ and δ13C of −3.5 ‰) can be explained by the fact that the more unstable mineral (aragonite) tends to incorporate the heavier C isotope to stabilize its structure or that aragonite precipitates in heavier waters. Changes in the water supply and the chemistry and instability of aragonite caused: (1) inversion of aragonite to calcite, which led to the transformation of aragonite needles into coarse calcite mosaics, (2) micritization, which appears as films or crusts of powdery, opaque calcite, and (3) dissolution. Dolomite, huntite, magnesite and sepiolite were identified within moonmilk deposits and crusts. Moonmilk occurs as a soft, white powder deposit on different types of speleothems, but mostly on aragonite formations. Huntite and magnesite formed as primary minerals, whereas dolomite arose via the replacement of both huntite and aragonite. Owing to its variety of speleothems and location in an area of scarce karstic features, the Castañar Cave was declared a Natural Monument in 1997 and is presently the target of a protection and research programme. Although the main products formed in the cave and their processes are relatively well known, further radiometric data are needed to better constrain the timing of these processes. For example, it is difficult to understand why some aragonite speleothems around 350 ka old have not yet given way to calcite, which indicates that the environmental setting of the cave is still not fully understood.


The Escherichia coli 23 S and 5 S rRNA molecules have been fitted helix by helix to a cryo-electron microscopic (EM) reconstruction of the 50 S ribosomal subunit, using an unfiltered version of the recently published 50 S reconstruction at 7.5 A resolution. At this resolution, the EM density shows a well-defined network of fine structural elements, in which the major and minor grooves of the rRNA helices can be discerned at many locations. The 3D folding of the rRNA molecules within this EM density is constrained by their well-established secondary structures, and further constraints are provided by intra and inter-rRNA crosslinking data, as well as by tertiary interactions and pseudoknots. RNA-protein cross-link and foot-print sites on the 23 S and 5 S rRNA were used to position the rRNA elements concerned in relation to the known arrangement of the ribosomal proteins as determined by immuno-electron microscopy. The published X-ray or NMR structures of seven 50 S ribosomal proteins or RNA-protein complexes were incorporated into the EM density. The 3D locations of cross-link and foot-print sites to the 23 S rRNA from tRNA bound to the ribosomal A, P or E sites were correlated with the positions of the tRNA molecules directly observed in earlier reconstructions of the 70 S ribosome at 13 A or 20 A. Similarly, the positions of cross-link sites within the peptidyl transferase ring of the 23 S rRNA from the aminoacyl residue of tRNA were correlated with the locations of the CCA ends of the A and P site tRNA. Sites on the 23 S rRNA that are cross-linked to the N termini of peptides of different lengths were all found to lie within or close to the internal tunnel connecting the peptidyl transferase region with the presumed peptide exit site on the solvent side of the 50 S subunit. The post-transcriptionally modified bases in the 23 S rRNA form a cluster close to the peptidyl transferase area. The minimum conserved core elements of the secondary structure of the 23 S rRNA form a compact block within the 3D structure and, conversely, the points corresponding to the locations of expansion segments in 28 S rRNA all lie on the outside of the structure.


Drowsiness has symptoms which are itchy eyes, slow eye blink movement, smaller pupils, yawning and even trembling body. But the driver ignores it when the body send one of those signals often. The impacts which can occur to the driver, such as make incorrect decision while driving, could happen and lead to the most car accident reason. Therefore, the system which can provide an alarm when the driver feels drowsiness, fatigue or even microsleep is required. The way to detect microsleep when it occurs is to use the Electroencephalograph (EEG) brainwave. The system uses the one channel EEG Sensor device developed by Neurosky Mindwave which can provide eight brainwave signal such as Delta, Theta, Low Alpha, High Alpha, Low Beta, High Beta, Low Gamma, and Mid Gamma. On the other hand, attention and relaxation value can be generated as well. This prototype system tested by the car driver achieved its purpose of detecting microsleep event and alerting the driver by the alarm.


In this work we study the problem of diffraction of an acoustic plane wave by a semi-infinite angular sector with impedance boundary conditions on its surface. It is studied by means of incomplete separation of variables. With the aid of Watson–Bessel integral representation the problem is reduced to a boundary value problem on the unit sphere with an operator-impedance boundary condition on a cut of the sphere. The latter problem is further studied by means of the traditional methods of extensions of sectorial sesquilinear forms. The Sommerfeld integral representation is obtained from that of Watson–Bessel with the aim to develop the far-field asymptotics. Analytic properties of the corresponding Sommerfeld transformant are also discussed. For a narrow impedance sector, an asymptotic formula for the diffraction coefficient of the spherical wave propagating from the vertex is derived.


Social media use is at an all-time historic high for the United States, so we considered one popular social media platform, Twitter, and tried to see if we could predict how a group of people felt about an issue by only using posts from social media. For our research, we looked at tweets that focused on the 2016 United States presidential election. Using these tweets, we tried to find a correlation between tweet sentiment and the election results. We wrote a program to collect tweets that mentioned one of the two candidates, then sorted the tweets by state and developed a sentiment algorithm to see which candidate the tweet favored, or if it was neutral. After collecting the data from Twitter and comparing it to the results of the Electoral College, we found that Twitter sentiments corresponded with 66.7% of the actual outcome of the Electoral College. The overall sentiment of all tweets collected leaned more positively towards Donald Trump than it did for Hillary Clinton. Using the data that was collected, we also looked at how different geographical locations affected a candidate's popularity, analyzed what issues were most prevalent in tweets, and looked at the ratio of a state's population versus the number of tweets gathered.


The paper examines world publications output on ubiquitous & pervasive computing as indexed in Scopus database covering the period 2005-2014. The total world output in 10 years cumulated to 22328 publications, averaging to 9.88% annual growth and citation impact to 3.38 citations per paper. The distribution of world output on ubiquitous & pervasive computing is skewed. For instance, top 15 most productive countries accounted for 91.92% global share. The distribution is also skewed by subject. Computer science accounted for the largest publication share (86.53%). The paper provides scientometric profile of most productive top 20 organizations and most productive top 20 authors on a series of indicators including global publications share, global citation share, average productivity per author, citations per paper, h-index, and share of international collaborative papers during 2005-2014. The paper also reveals most productive top 20 journals on ubiquitous and pervasive computing during 2005-2014. India ranked 13 th in its research output in this area. Its performance measured on various indicators has been the least: world share (2.56%), average citations per paper (1.41), relative citation rate (0.42), h-index (11), and highly cited papers (0). The paper suggests that India must evolve a research policy to realize its agenda of expanding economic competitiveness and transforming the country into a ubiquitous modern society in near future.


State income taxation of non-member Indians is a legal issue that the United States Supreme Court is likely to address within the next five to ten years. This article provides a framework for resolution of this issue by carefully considering the history of taxation in Indian country and the cases that the United States Supreme Court has already decided. When it finally addresses the issue, the Court will be able to consider the usefulness of my framework. In this article, I conclude that states do not have the power tax the incomes of non-member Indians who live and work on the reservations of other tribes. Because of inter-marriage and the availability of jobs with other tribes, the presence of non-member Native Americans is common on many reservations. Arizona, New Mexico, and Wisconsin currently assert that they have the power to tax non-member Indians precisely because they are non-members of the tribe where they live and work. The courts of these states acknowledge that they cannot legally impose their income taxes on tribal members who live and work on their own reservations. But in the case of non-member Indians, these states assert and their courts agree that non-member Indians should be subject to the state income taxation precisely because they cannot vote in the tribal elections where they live. The state courts come to this conclusion by misinterpreting and erroneously applying United States Supreme Court cases. State courts have a long historical bias against Native Americans and against federally recognized Indian tribes. Therefore, it is not surprising that states have been quick to tax even when they lack the power, and their courts have been just as willing to validate the existence of an absent power.


Millimeter wave (mmWave) communication provides high data rates thanks to large arrays at the transmitter and receiver, coupled with large bandwidth channels. Exploiting the arrays is challenging due to the need to configure precoding at the transmitter based on the large frequency selective channel. In this paper, we exploit the power iteration principle and propose a robust analog precoding training algorithm that can be applied in both frequency division duplex transmission systems and time division duplex transmission systems with or without RF calibration. We further analyze the convergence of the proposed algorithm and show how it converges to the singular value decomposition optimality exponentially. We propose null space projection on top of the power iteration to form multiple orthogonal beams at the transmitter and receiver. Strongest tap selection with proper energy pruning is used to collect as much precoding gain as possible from a frequency selective fading channel. The exponential effective SINR mapping performance is evaluated and demonstrates that the overall approach works smoothly. Numerical simulation results demonstrate algorithm robustness and the algorithm works not only for the simplified mmWave directional channels, but also for more general rich scattering channels.


Chemistry laboratories in colleges or research centres in Iraqi universities are been widely used by both undergraduate and postgraduate students. Those institutes worked actively in reporting lab accidents and applying various procedures to improve the safety measures at these sites. In addition to many workshops was carried out to raise the awareness and encourage staff and students to apply safety standards and health conditions. This research is part of a series of studies that describe the status of laboratories, accidents, and laboratory improvements. This study summarizes the unsafe practices through monitoring the improper installation of equipment's and chemicals usage in one of the postgraduate laboratories in the chemistry department of an Iraqi university which can lead to many complications in the future. This research aims to reduce irregularities for a better workplace environment in other universities.


This article examines the relationship between online social networking (OSN) and perceptions of academic and social integration for first-year residential students at a rural regional comprehensive university. Students spent an average of 2.5 hours on OSN websites per day, primarily interacting with campus peers, friends and family. There was minimal OSN interaction with faculty and other non-student members of the campus community. OSN was not a significant predictor of social integration. Controlling for background variables, OSN was a significant negative predictor of academic integration. Today, college students always seem to be electronically connected. They listen to mp3 players, play computer games, talk on their cell phones, send text messages and e-mails, and spend a lot of time on computers surfing the Internet and interacting on various online social networking (OSN) sites. How much time do they spend on these activities? What effect do these forms of connection have on their college experience? The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between one form of this electronic connection - online social networking (OSN) ~ and academic and social integration for firstyear residential students at a rural regional comprehensive university. This study measures the extent to which students are involved in OSN and identifies their social networks. It also provides insight into how student involvement in OSN is related to academic and social integration at a single institution. OSN allows for individuals to create their own unique web presence, commonly called a social networking profile. Through this "profile," students Uve an online identity while exploring friendships and relationships with other individuals who also have profiles on the same social networking website (Facebook.com, 2007). College students use a variety of online social networks, including facebook.com, myspace.com and xanga.com (Eberhardt, 2006). Students create their profile by answering generic questions that prompt them to disclose personal information. In addition to contact information such as name, e-mail, address, and telephone number, a profile contains information categorizing individuals based on interests in music, movies, and hobbies. The profile also allows for self-expression through pictures and videos. College student involvement in OSN appears to be a daily activity that has increased in popularity in the last few years (Bugeja, 2006; Capriccioso, 2006; Finder, 2006; Hirsch, 2006; Kim, 2005; Shier, 2005). Worries about student exploitation, excessive disclosure of personal information, and negative portrayals of students or die institution have led some institutions to send students proactive messages expressing concerns and explaining the responsibilities tied to OSN (Bugeja; Read & Young, 2006). Many of these concerns arise from student inexperience surrounding public accessibility to information posted on the web (Bugeja; Read, 2006). OSN interactions between students and members of the campus community could play a key role in student integration into college, thus influencing persistence. This study identifies die role OSN plays in the college student experience and establishes OSN as a form of involvement as defined by Astin (1984). The literature shows undergraduate college students spend a significant amount of time on OSN websites (Grigg & Johnson, 2006; Jones & Soltren, 2005; Kolek & Saunders, 2008; Stutzman, 2006). However, it is unknown whether OSN holds the same value in connecting students to the institution that on-campus involvement does, or rf OSN is a complement to or inhibitor of connecting to the college. One of the areas of focus in this study is to identify the amount of external connectedness students maintain through OSN to see if that has an effect on academic and social integration. The practice of OSN also raises questions about the influences OSN may have for students who sequester themselves in their own private spaces, instead of being socially involved in oncampus activities. …


Abstract. The wind extraction due to assimilation of stratospheric trace gas (tracer) data is examined using a 4D-Var (four-dimensional variational) data assimilation system based on the shallow water equations coupled to the tracer continuity equation. The procedure is outlined as follows. First, a nature run is created, simulating middle stratospheric winter conditions. Second, ozone (O3), nitrous oxide (N2O), and water vapor (H2O) (treated in this study as passive tracers) are initialized using Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) mixing ratios at 850 K potential temperature and are advected by the nature run winds. Third, the initial dynamical conditions are perturbed by using a 6 h offset. Fourth, simulated hourly tracer observations on the full model grid are assimilated with a 4D-Var system in which tracer and winds are coupled via the adjoint of the tracer continuity equation. Multiple assimilation experiments are performed by varying the amount of random observation error added to the simulated measurements. Finally, the wind extraction potential (WEP) is calculated as the reduction of the vector wind root mean square error (RMSE) relative to the maximum possible reduction. For a single 6 h assimilation cycle with the smallest observation error, WEP values are ~60% for all three tracers, while 10-day multi-cycle simulations result in WEP of ~90%, wind errors of ~0.3 m s−1, and height errors of ~13 m. There is therefore sufficient information in the tracer fields to almost completely constrain the dynamics, even without direct assimilation of dynamical information. When realistic observation error is added (based on MLS precisions at 10 hPa), the WEP after 10 days is 90% for O3, 87% for N2O, and 72% for H2O. O3 and N2O provide more wind information than H2O due to stronger background gradients relative to the MLS precisions. The RMSE for wind reach a minimum level of ~0.3–0.9 m s−1 for the MLS precisions, suggesting a limit to which realistic tracers could constrain the winds, given complete global cover age. With higher observation noise levels, the WEP values decrease, but the impact on the winds is still positive up to noise levels of 100% (relative to the global mean value) when compared to the case of no data assimilation.


A receptor for gut hormones also functions in the brain, where its loss affects attention. Guanylyl cyclase-C (GC-C) is a membrane protein that functions as a receptor for peptide hormones produced in the gut. When stimulated, it produces the signaling second messenger guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate. Gong et al. report that GC-C also functions in the mouse midbrain. Neurons in this area use the neurotransmitter dopamine, and activation of GC-C caused enhanced responsiveness of neurons to the neurotransmitters glutamate and acetylcholine. Behavioral abnormalities of mice lacking GC-C expression showed some similarity to behaviors observed in humans with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. R. Gong, C. Ding, J. Hu, Y. Lu, F. Liu, E. Mann, F. Xu, M. B. Cohen, M. Luo, Role for the membrane receptor guanylyl cyclase-C in attention deficiency and hyperactive behavior. Science 333, 1642–1646 (2011). [Abstract] [Full Text]


Corruption is a major and systemic problem that has consistently undermined economic and social progress as well as the reform agenda in Ukraine. Aiming at more effective and accountable public institutions that respond to the needs of all persons, especially the most vulnerable, an evidence base of how men and women are affected by corruption are crucial for improving the country's policies and achieving sustainable development. International studies argue that women and men may be differently prone to corruption practices, perceive corruption in different ways and have different personal experiences of everyday corruption. The impact of corruption may also be gender-specified, making women more vulnerable to negative effects and consequences of corruptive practices. The objective of the study is to examine the relationship between gender and corruption and to propose ways to effectively promote gender equality, women empowerment, and corruption prevention. The analysis will focus on the different impact of corruption on men and women, taking into consideration demographic variables such as age, rural/urban, geographic region, etc. The proposed paper concludes with recommendations on how to address this issue and include it into gender and corruption-related awareness raising campaigns. The paper is based on desk review of international literature of gender and corruption, as well as secondary analysis of the population-based surveys (Global Corruption Barometer survey and recent Ukraine's surveys on corruption). Qualitative approaches to data collection were also used, including in-depth interviews with anticorruption experts, and on-line survey of local NGOs working in the field of anticorruption.


Sustainable forest management is increasingly being recognised as a key component of
biodiversity conservation, as much of the world's terrestrial biodiversity is dependent on
forests. Understanding the effectiveness of approaches to forest management and how they
are implemented in on-ground in practice is crucial for the ongoing improvement of forest
management strategies for biodiversity conservation. This is especially so in Tasmania's dry
Eucalypt forests where a range of land management practices, such as timber harvesting, have
altered the type, amount and spatial arrangement of mature forest available to fauna. Using
Tasmania's hollow-roosting bats as a case study, the overall aim of this thesis is to gather
information that can be used to assess the effectiveness of a multi-spatial scale approach to
forest management, as applied on the ground in Tasmania. In particular this thesis aims to
determine how effectively retained forest habitat provides suitable habitat for hollow-using
bats, facilitates recolonisation of harvested areas and thus maintains bat populations in timber
production landscapes.
Effectiveness monitoring for biodiversity conservation can be hampered by a lack of basic
information on the species studied, as was the case in Tasmania. In order to understand the
effectiveness of forest management strategies I first had to develop an accurate method for
identifying bat calls recorded during bat call surveys. Bat call surveys were used to assess the
spatial and temporal variation in bat activity, species richness and assemblages across and
between landscapes. I then had to establish baseline data on the basic life history and activity
patterns of Tasmanian bats to understand how temporal variation in bat activity is related to
changes in the timing and patterns of reproduction. The findings of these studies fill a
significant gap in our understanding of Tasmania's bats. Notably, the discovery of the whitestriped
freetail bat in Tasmania during these studies highlights the importance of collecting
such data and monitoring bat communities. Importantly the information derived from these studies provided the necessary information for using radio-telemetry and bat call surveys to
investigate the effectiveness of forest management strategies for bats.
The main findings of this thesis were that no single forest retention measure was preferred by
all bats or catered for all their habitat requirements (e.g. food, shelter and breeding sites).This
is because species and individuals varied in their habitat requirements. Such differences are
likely underpinned by variations in their social, physiological and ecological needs. The
effectiveness of different forest retention measures for bats also varied between landscapes. In
landscapes where mature forest was rare or lost, small patches (<1ha) and large strips (50ha)
were used more extensively by bats than in landscapes where mature forest was more
abundant. Not all species formed maternal colonies in such patches and strips, instead
preferring large patches (>350ha) to breed. All species, however, did show a preference for
roost areas, though not always roost sites, in parts of the landscape with the highest availability
of hollow-bearing trees.
The findings of this thesis indicate that Tasmania's current forest management strategies are
effective at providing suitable habitat for bats, facilitating recolonisation of harvested areas and
maintaining bat species in the landscape. They also support the multi-spatial scale approach to
forest management as applied on the ground in Tasmania as a viable and effective way of
conserving bats in Tasmania's timber production forests. A 'one-size-fits-all approach' is
unlikely to cater for the habitat requirements of all bats. These findings have important
implications for the continued improvement of forest management strategies in humanmodified
landscapes and demonstrate that native forest management can be an important part
of any biodiversity conservation strategy, provided that habitat is retained into the future at a
variety of spatial scales and taking into consideration the broader landscape.


Semantic image retrieval using text such keywords or captions at different semantic levels has attracted considerable research attention in recent years. Automatic image annotation (AIA) has been proved to be an effective and promising solution to automatically deduce the high-level semantics from low-level visual features. Due to the complexity of image-label mapping, it has become a challenge to systematically develop precise models with better performance. In this paper, we try to address the problem using Latent Semantic Indexing (LSI) together with mixed Bagging (Bootstrap Aggregating). Given a training set of annotated images, we first perform vector quantizing of visual space to construct a visual vocabulary consisting of visual terms based on K-means constrained by the semantic relationships derived from the associated annotations using Latent Semantic Indexing; then the statistical hidden correlation between the visual terms and keywords is modeled by a two-level mixed Bagging model. At the base level, each multi-class SVM is trained independently using the replicate training set via Bootstrap technique, and the decision of each multi-class SVM is integrated based on Average aggregating to generate a combined confidence label vector (CLV) associated with each visual term. All the CLVs are then propagated to the subsequent language model fusion level. At his level, WordNet is used for re-weighting the CLV for each visual term by incorporating the word correlations to obtain an appropriate and consistent image annotation. We carried out experiments on a medium-sized image collection with about 1000 images from Corel Stock Photo CDs. The experimental results demonstrated that the annotation performance of this method outperforms some traditional approaches, showing the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed unified framework into which semantic image classification and language models are seamlessly integrated.


This article reviews the primary claims made for restorative justice as a response to offending. It summarizes Home Office research published in 2001 which evaluated seven restorative justice schemes operating in England during the 1990s. The narrative sets the recent resurgence of interest in the potential of restorative justice within Great Britain in a wider context of successive state responses to victimization. The article highlights recent national and European initiatives and links the findings of the Home Office research to evaluations of other schemes in England and Scotland. It addresses basic questions concerning the proper measure for the evaluation of the success or otherwise of restorative justice schemes, and draws attention to the recommendations of the Review of the Criminal Justice System, that there should be a national strategy for the implementation of restorative justice initiatives.


A heterogeneous set of system components monitored by a varied suite of sensors and a particle-filtering (PF) framework, with the power and the flexibility to adapt to the different diagnostic and prognostic needs, has been developed. Both the diagnostic and prognostic tasks are formulated as a particle-filtering problem in order to explicitly represent and manage uncertainties in state estimation and remaining life estimation. Current state-of-the-art prognostic health management (PHM) systems are mostly centralized in nature, where all the processing is reliant on a single processor. This can lead to a loss in functionality in case of a crash of the central processor or monitor. Furthermore, with increases in the volume of sensor data as well as the complexity of algorithms, traditional centralized systems become for a number of reasons somewhat ungainly for successful deployment, and efficient distributed architectures can be more beneficial. The distributed health management architecture is comprised of a network of smart sensor devices. These devices monitor the health of various subsystems or modules. They perform diagnostics operations and trigger prognostics operations based on user-defined thresholds and rules. The sensor devices, called computing elements (CEs), consist of a sensor, or set of sensors, and a communication device (i.e., a wireless transceiver beside an embedded processing element). The CE runs in either a diagnostic or prognostic operating mode. The diagnostic mode is the default mode where a CE monitors a given subsystem or component through a low-weight diagnostic algorithm. If a CE detects a critical condition during monitoring, it raises a flag. Depending on availability of resources, a networked local cluster of CEs is formed that then carries out prognostics and fault mitigation by efficient distribution of the tasks. It should be noted that the CEs are expected not to suspend their previous tasks in the prognostic mode. When the prognostics task is over, and after appropriate actions have been taken, all CEs return to their original default configuration. Wireless technology-based implementation would ensure more flexibility in terms of sensor placement. It would also allow more sensors to be deployed because the overhead related to weights of wired systems is not present. Distributed architectures are furthermore generally robust with regard to recovery from node failures.


By spewing carbon dioxide from smokestacks and tailpipes at a gigatons-per-year pace, humans are lowering the pH of the world ocean. The geochemical disruption will reverberate for tens of thousands of years. It9s less clear how marine life will fare. With nothing in the geologic record as severe as the ongoing plunge in ocean pH, paleontologists can9t say for sure how organisms that build carbonate shells or skeletons will react. In the laboratory, corals always do poorly. The lab responses of other organisms are mixed. In the field, researchers see signs that coral growth does slow, oyster larvae suffer, and plankton with calcareous skeletons lose mass.


Abstract The food enzyme alpha‐amylase (4‐α‐d‐glucan glucanohydrolase; EC 18.104.22.168) is produced with a genetically modified strain of Bacillus subtilis strain NBA by DSM Food Specialities B.V. This α‐amylase is intended to be used in baking processes. The genetic modifications do not give rise to safety concerns and the food enzyme is free from viable cells of the production organism and recombinant DNA. The parental strain meets the required qualifications to be considered as a Qualified Presumption of Safety (QPS) organism and is therefore presumed to be safe. Since the production strain is not cytotoxic and since the introduced genetic modifications do not raise safety concerns, the presumption of safety made for the parental strain is extended to the production strain. The conclusions on safety of the food enzyme are made following the QPS approach in relation to the production strain, with additional consideration of the conditions of manufacture. However, the Panel considers no toxicological studies other than assessment of allergenicity necessary. This is based on the QPS status of the production strain and the absence of any hazards from the product and downstream processing. Based on the maximum use level recommended for the baking processes and individual data from the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Comprehensive European Food Consumption Database, dietary exposure was estimated to be up to 0.093 mg TOS/kg body weight per day in European populations. The Panel considered that, under the intended conditions of use, the risk of allergic sensitisation and elicitation reactions upon dietary exposure to this food enzyme cannot be excluded, but the likelihood is considered low. Based on the data provided, the Panel concluded that this food enzyme does not raise safety concerns under the intended conditions of use.


Stress field perturbations are known to follow earthquakes, but the length scales over which the stress field varies are still poorly understood. Most focal mechanism inversions are assumed to represent the bulk regional stresses, yet fault irregularity and observed small-scale stress changes in boreholes suggest a strong degree of local heterogeneity. We present geologic paleostress inversion results from a segment of the folded West Salton detachment fault located in a left stepover in the San Felipe dextral fault zone of Southern California (United States). Extension and dextral slip in this region were synchronous during latest detachment slip. The local (1–10 km scale) vertical stress field alternated from σ 1 during extension to σ 3 during flex-slip folding of the detachment in a restraining bend of the San Felipe fault zone (where σ 1 , σ 2 , and σ 3 are the maximum, intermediate, and minimum principal stress directions, respectively). Regionally (10–100 km scale), we infer that the vertical stress alternates from σ 1 during extension to σ 2 during dextral slip. Both are consistent with nearly complete earthquake stress drops. If the fault-slip data set records paleoseismic strains, the magnitudes of differential stress and stress drop must be similar. Both may be relatively small during tectonic transitions.


Research projects are usually given to students in order to broaden their horizons and expose them to experiences and ideas beyond classrooms and textbooks. Research projects also help prepare students to conduct future advanced research work. However, the absence of an easy-to-follow framework for conducting research often results in making this task a burden on students rather than an exciting adventure. Accordingly, most research papers produced by students arc not more than copyand-paste low quality reports. There is a need for such framework, which recognizes research as a process that can be planned, monitored, measured, corrected and improved. In this research paper we present such a framework which, if followed would enable students to produce good quality research projects. It would also help students and instructors to achieve the goals of conducting research projects.


The argument of this paper is that several empirical puzzles in the citizenship literature are rooted in the failure to distinguish between the mainly legal concept of nationality and the broader, political concept of citizenship. Using this distinction, the paper analysis the evolution of German and American nationality laws over the last 200 years. The historical development of both legal structures shows strong communalities. With the emergence of the modern system of nation states, the attribution of nationality to newborn children is ascribed either via the principle of descent or place of birth. With regard to the naturalization of adults, there is an increasing ethnization of law, which means that the increasing complexities of naturalization criteria are more and more structured along ethnic ideas. Although every nation building process shows some elements of ethnic self-description, it is difficult to use the legal principles of ius sanguinis and ius soli as indicators of ethnic or non-ethnic modes of community building.