Abstract. If a weak snow layer below a cohesive slab is present in the snow cover, unstable snow conditions can prevail for days or even weeks. We monitored the temporal evolution of a weak layer of faceted crystals as well as the overlaying slab layers at the location of an automatic weather station in the Steintalli field site above Davos (Eastern Swiss Alps). We focussed on the crack propagation propensity and performed propagation saw tests (PSTs) on 7 sampling days during a 2-month period from early January to early March 2015. Based on video images taken during the tests we determined the mechanical properties of the slab and the weak layer and compared them to the results derived from concurrently performed measurements of penetration resistance using the snow micro-penetrometer (SMP). The critical cut length, observed in PSTs, increased overall during the measurement period. The increase was not steady and the lowest values of critical cut length were observed around the middle of the measurement period. The relevant mechanical properties, the slab effective elastic modulus and the weak layer specific fracture, overall increased as well. However, the changes with time differed, suggesting that the critical cut length cannot be assessed by simply monitoring a single mechanical property such as slab load, slab modulus or weak layer specific fracture energy. Instead, crack propagation propensity is the result of a complex interplay between the mechanical properties of the slab and the weak layer. We then compared our field observations to newly developed metrics of snow instability related to either failure initiation or crack propagation propensity. The metrics were either derived from the SMP signal or calculated from simulated snow stratigraphy (SNOWPACK). They partially reproduced the observed temporal evolution of critical cut length and instability test scores. Whereas our unique dataset of quantitative measures of snow instability provides new insights into the complex slab-weak layer interaction, it also showed some deficiencies of the modelled metrics of instability – calling for an improved representation of the mechanical properties.


Over the last 30 years, ecological networks have been deployed to reduce global biodiversity loss by enhancing landscape connectivity. Bird species dwelling in woodland habitats that are embedded in agriculture-dominated landscapes are expected to be particularly sensitive to the loss of connectivity. This study aimed to determine the role of landscape connectivity in woodland bird species richness, abundance, and community similarity in north-east Brittany (north-west France). An exhaustive woodland selection protocol was carried out to minimize the effects of woodland size on the response variables. Connectivity of the woodland and forest network in the study area was evaluated using graph-theory, accounting for matrix permeability, and a characteristic median natal dispersal distance at the community level based on the bird species pool recorded in the sampled woodlands. Information-theoretic model selection, controlling for woodland size in all the cases, depicted the response of woodland birds at the community level to the connectivity of agriculture-dominated landscapes. On average, the sampled woodlands (n = 25) contained 15.5 ± 2.4 bird species, with an abundance of 25.1 ± 3.9, and had highly similar bird communities (species composition and proportion); eight species represented 57% of total abundance and were present in at least 22 woodlands. The performance of models improved when using effective, rather than Euclidean, interpatch distances in the connectivity assessment. Landscape connectivity was only significantly related to similarity of proportional species composition. Large woodlands contained communities with more similar species proportions in an inhospitable agricultural landscape matrix than in a more permeable one. Woodland size was the most relevant factor determining species abundance, indicating that the bird population sizes are primarily proportional to the local habitat availability. Connectivity in relation to landscape matrix permeability did not seem to induce the flow of woodland-dependent bird species that are dominant in the community but rather of matrix-dwelling bird species that are less dependent on woodland patch area. In conclusion, both habitat conservation and restoration (i.e., amount and quality), in combination with permeable landscape structures (such as heterogeneous land cover mosaics), are advocated for community level conservation strategies.


Most of the network applications bandwidth requirements are far less than the bandwidth offered by a full wavelength in WDM networks. Hence, traffic grooming is needed to make efficient use of the available resources. In this paper we address the grooming of many-to-one traffic demands in WDM networks on arbitrary topologies. Traffic streams from different sources, but part of the same session and thus terminating at the same destination, can be aggregated using arbitrary, but application dependent, aggregation ratios. We provide optimal as well as heuristic solutions to the problem. The objective is to minimize the cost of the network, by minimizing the total number of the higher layer components and the total number of the wavelengths used in the network. One of the main contributions of this work is to provide a mixed integer linear solution, to an otherwise non-linear problem, by exploiting the specifics of routing and aggregation sub-problems, while still maintaining the optimality of the solution. The formulation is generic and can handle varying amounts of traffic from each source to a common destination, as well as arbitrary aggregation fractions of the data coming from the different sources. This fraction is made to be a function of the number of the streams participating in the aggregation. For the heuristic solution we developed a Dynamic Programming style approach that builds the solution progressively, going through a number of stages, while choosing the best partial solutions among a number of possible partial solutions at each stage


For over two decades, the use of shared Information and Communication Technology (ICT) access has been promoted as a mode for promoting access to technology, especially in developing countries, hence minimising the effects of the digital divide on those on the wrong side of the divide. Recent discourse on the momentous diffusion of mobile telephony in developing countries has questioned the rationale of promoting fixed shared access, since people are bound to prefer mobile phones over shared access points. This paper seeks to empirically explore the use of shared access points in the wake of the increasing diffusion and usage of mobile technology. We explored the actual use of shared computing facilities, the benefits users accrue from using the facilities and the challenges they face in using and in gaining benefits. We used a case study of a shared facility in a disadvantaged community in Cape Town. The study noted that the demand for the shared facilities is still high. We noted that the center is used for both instrumental and hedonic purposes. It was also noted that there are economic, social and psychological benefits from using the facilities. However, it was noted that use of the facilities is beset by a number of challenges which limit use and benefits from the usage. The paper also noted the strategies users employ to overcome the challenges.


Objective: The objective of this study is to analyze the effects of oral health care behaviors on decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) in some Korean adolescents. Methods: For this study, the data of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) VI-3 (2015) were used. The study subjects included a total of 463 adolescents aged 12 to 19 years. The data were analyzed with the SPSS program. For general and oral-related characteristics, descriptive statistics and for determination of the relationship, the correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis were performed. Results: The DMFT index tended to change with age, income level which was found to be an important factor affecting DMFT. In addition, sex, age, BMI, income level, tooth brushing, floss, interdental brush, gargle was significant in the correlation analysis between DMFT and each items. Conclusions: Dental caries, one of the major oral diseases, is active in adolescence and it is very important to form oral care habits at this time and develop oral care programs based on the findings.


We consider settings where a collective intelligence is formed by aggregating information contributed from many independent agents, such as product reviews, community sensing or opinion polls. To encourage participation and avoid selection bias, agents should be rewarded for the information they provide. It is important the the rewards provide incentives for relevant and truthful information and discourage random or malicious reports. Incentive schemes can be based on the fact that an agent's private information influences its beliefs about what other agents will report, and compute rewards based on comparing an agent's report with that of peer agents. Existing schemes require not only that all agents have the same prior belief, but also that they update these beliefs in an identical way. This assumption is unrealistic as agents may have very different perceptions of the accuracy of their own information. We have investigated a novel method, that we call the Peer Truth Serum (PTS), that works even when agents update their beliefs differently. It requires that the belief update from prior to posterior satisfies a self-predicting condition. It rewards agents with a payment of c/R(s) if their report s matches that of a randomly chosen reference agent, and nothing otherwise. R is the current distribution of reports that is maintained and published by the center collecting the information. We can show that as long as R is within a certain bound from agents' priors Pr, the reward scheme is truthful. Furthermore, as long as Pr is more informed than R, i.e. closer to the true distribution of private information, PTS incentivizes helpful reporting that still guarantees that R converges to the true distribution.


In 1991 a Late Devonian sandstone block was found in a gravel quarry in Griffith, New South Wales with a fragment of a deep, repetitive impression within it. It was determined to be a genuine fossil but the impressing organism could not be identified. Within the Australian Museum it became known as the "mystery fossil". New digital techniques have now been used to create a three dimensional image of the impressed surface which could be rotated through 360°. This revealed the shape of the impressing object. Digital matching of sections of the impressing surface created an expanded image with a structure similar to arborescent lycopsid leaf cushions. If this fossil was produced by an impression of lycopsid leaf cushions, the cushions would be some of the largest so far described. In order to place this fossil in context, the history and structure of Australian lycopsid fossils is reviewed together with that of arborescent lycopsids worldwide. A possible taphonomic process is postulated for the "mystery fossil", and the effect of tectonic movements in the Late Devonian/Early Carboniferous on Australian forest structure is discussed. If further corroborating evidence of large arborescent lycopsids is found in Australia it will indicate that Australian Late Devonian/Early Carboniferous forests were of much higher profile than previously supposed.


Doha Round "doctors" have prescribed a wide range of treatments for what ails the trade talks, ranging from placebo pills to euthanasia. In essence, the treatment options fall into three broad categories: (1) declare victory and sign the deal "on the table"; (2) "declare failure and go home"; or (3) recognize that the talks cannot conclude in the current environment and that the Doha Round needs a "time-out." Under either option 2 or 3, US officials would receive a large share of the blame for Doha's woes. So what should the United States do now to deflect such criticism, minimize damage to the World Trade Organization, and advance US trading interests? Schott recommends that the United States needs to keep open the multilateral option while accelerating bilateral and regional trade initiatives. The former requires, as a practical matter, making a down payment (in the form of provisional implementation of specific reforms) on a future Doha package that is more ambitious and balanced than what is now "on the table" in Geneva; the latter requires working particularly with the European Union, Brazil, and India to resolve problems that can subsequently be "locked in" WTO schedules.


Restrained shrinkage cracking of concrete bridge decks creates a significant durability problem. Major admixture suppliers in the United States have introduced a new category of chemical admixtures called shrinkage reducing admixtures (SRAs). SRAs work by reducing the surface tension of pore water and thereby decreasing the capillary stress and shrinkage induced by drying. Several studies have reported that using SRAs in concrete mixtures is one of the most effective ways of reducing shrinkage cracking. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of SRAs in reducing drying shrinkage in Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) concrete mixtures and thus reducing cracks in bridge decks. Nine bridges located in VDOT's Northern Virginia, Staunton, and Fredericksburg districts were selected for study. Three different SRA products were used. With the exception of one mixture, the maximum cementitious content was limited to 600 lb/yd³ . Fresh and hardened concrete properties were determined for each mixture, and field placement details were documented. The results showed that low cementitious concrete with SRA was effective in minimizing bridge deck cracking. The study showed that bridges with fewer and narrower cracks or no cracks can be constructed and that proper construction practices are needed to reduce bridge deck cracking. The study recommends the use of SRA with a lower cementitious content in VDOT bridge deck concrete mixtures. A VDOT special provision was developed for the future use of SRA in concrete mixtures.


Transgender Representation in the Media Jessie Jobe Dr. Lisa Day, Women and Gender Studies, Director The media is pervasive in American society – more people have television sets than college degrees. For this reason, media is crucial in the spread of information. The way groups of people are represented in the media can be both reflective of and influential on society's (possibly stereotypical) perceptions of these groups. The transgender community often gets misrepresented in the media. As a whole, the transgender community faces a lot of prejudice in American society, and current transgender representation in the media has the power to reinforce negative stereotypes. Twelve examples of news, television, and movies from as early as 1975 and as recent as 2013 were analyzed both for their accuracy and fairness in their portrayal of transpeople and transgender issues. Nearly all samples utilized negative stereotypes of transgender people. Many samples focused on transgender characters in a joking nature, making light of transgender struggles and reinforcing common misconceptions and negative stereotypes of what it means when a person is transgender. Media outlets are irresponsible with their representations of the transgender community. Society needs to hold the media more accountable for the information it dispenses. As important, if not more so, is society holding itself accountable for what it chooses to believe.


We theoretically investigate mid-infrared electromagnetic wave propagation in multilayered graphene–hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) metamaterials. Hexagonal boron nitride is a natural hyperbolic material that supports highly dispersive phonon polariton modes in two Reststrahlen bands with different types of hyperbolicity. Due to the hybridization of surface plasmon polaritons of graphene and hyperbolic phonon polaritons of hBN, each isolated unit cell of the graphene–hBN metamaterial supports hybrid plasmon–phonon polaritons (HPPs). Through the investigation of band structure of the metamaterial we find that, due to the coupling between the HPPs supported by each unit cell, the graphene–hBN metamaterial can support HPP bands. The dispersion of these bands can be noticeably modified for different thicknesses of hBN layers, leading to the appearance of bands with considerably flat dispersions. Moreover, analysis of light transmission through the metamaterial reveals that this system is capable of supporting high-k propagating HPPs. This characteristic makes graphene–hBN metamaterials very promising candidates for the modification of the spontaneous emission of a quantum emitter, hyperlensing, negative refraction, and waveguiding.


The Supreme Court's recent decision in Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Dukes made clear that Title VII can do little to address the problem of unintentional bias in employment decisions. This Note proposes a new legal solution to that problem: Congress should encourage firms to hire anonymously. The case for anonymous hiring—stripping resumes of all information related to race or sex, and eliminating selection interviews—rests on two lines of psychology research. First, experiments show that unconscious bias infects resume review and selection interviews, causing even well-intentioned employers to discriminate. Second, dozens of psychology studies suggest that interviews are poor tools for predicting job performance. Together, these studies suggest that anonymous hiring should both decrease discrimination and help firms hire more productive workers. This conclusion is counterintuitive, however, and firms need an incentive to hire anonymously. A new statutory defense to Title VII disparate treatment claims would provide that incentive, reducing liability insurance premiums for anonymous hirers. A fraud exception to this defense, together with continued disparate impact liability, would prevent firms from using anonymous hiring as a shelter for discrimination. Furthermore, anonymous hiring could incorporate affirmative action to break ties among similarly qualified applicants. The policy would also reduce hiring discrimination based on weight, size, or attractiveness—without changing federal law to protect those characteristics directly.


We use machine learning to classify rational two-dimensional conformal field theories. We first use the energy spectra of these minimal models to train a supervised learning algorithm. We find that the machine is able to correctly predict the nature and the value of critical points of several strongly correlated spin models using only their energy spectra. This is in contrast to previous works that use machine learning to classify different phases of matter, but do not reveal the nature of the critical point between phases. Given that the ground-state entanglement Hamiltonian of certain topological phases of matter is also described by conformal field theories, we use supervised learning on R\'{e}yni entropies and find that the machine is able to identify which conformal field theory describes the entanglement Hamiltonian with only the lowest few R\'{e}yni entropies to a high degree of accuracy. Finally, using autoencoders, an unsupervised learning algorithm, we find a hidden variable that has a direct correlation with the central charge and discuss prospects for using machine learning to investigate other conformal field theories, including higher-dimensional ones. Our results highlight that machine learning can be used to find and characterize critical points and also hint at the intriguing possibility to use machine learning to learn about more complex conformal field theories.


Intellectual disability/mental retardation (ID/MR) is defined as incomplete mental and cognitive development present from childhood. There are number of pre-natal and post-natal risk factors that can cause ID/MR, but about 50% of all causes are genetic. ID/MR has prevalence of about 2% in the general population. Using standard cytogenetic methods analysis of chromosomes (GTG banding) and molecular genetic analysis for fragile X chromosome reveals only a small number of causes, but the use of new molecular genetic techniques  has increased the rate of detection of subtle chromosomal aberrations, as well as the discovery of new candidate genes in etiology of ID/MR. These methods will improve the diagnosis and treatment of patients, as well as genetic counseling of parents.


The role of edema in the pathogenesis of hypoxic-ischemic injury in the immature brain is controversial. We studied 15 chronically instrumented fetal sheep following transient cerebral ischemia, to estimate changes in extracellular space using an impedance technique, to quantify the electroencephalogram with real-time spectral analysis, and to assess histologic outcome 3 days after the insult. These measurements were made in the parasagittal cortex. There was a rapid loss of extracellular space from 5 +/- 2 minutes after the onset of ischemia. Following 10 minutes of ischemia (n = 7) the intracellular edema peaked but then quickly resolved (6 +/- 4 minutes), and mild selective neuronal loss was seen. In contrast, the swelling was biphasic after 30-40 minutes of ischemia (n = 8). The early edema resolved slowly (28 +/- 12 minutes) but incompletely, and secondary swelling began at 7 +/- 2 hours and peaked at 28 +/- 6 hours. The early swelling was the more severe. Postinsult epileptiform activity began at 8 +/- 2 hours and peaked at 10 +/- 3 hours; later there was laminar necrosis of the underlying cortex. The secondary decrease of extracellular space indicates that a progressive loss of membrane function started with the onset of postischemic epileptiform activity. The increased metabolic load of the epileptiform activity may have worsened this delayed deterioration.


In eighteenth-century Russia, as elsewhere in Europe, bread was a dietary staple--truly grain was the staff of economic, social, and political life. Early on Tsar Peter the Great founded St. Petersburg to export goods from Russia's vast but remote interior and by doing so to drive Russia's growth and prosperity. But the new city also had to be fed with grain brought over great distances from those same interior provinces. In this compelling account, Robert E. Jones chronicles how the unparalleled effort put into the building of a wide infrastructure to support the provisioning of the newly created but physically isolated city of St. Petersburg profoundly affected all of Russia's economic life and, ultimately, the historical trajectory of the Russian Empire as a whole. Jones details the planning, engineering, and construction of extensive canal systems that efficiently connected the new capital city to grain and other resources as far away as the Urals, the Volga, and Ukraine. He then offers fresh insights to the state's careful promotion and management of the grain trade during the long eighteenth century. He shows how the government established public granaries to combat shortages, created credit instruments to encourage risk taking by grain merchants, and encouraged the development of capital markets and private enterprise. The result was the emergence of an increasingly important cash economy along with a reliable system of provisioning the fifth largest city in Europe, with the political benefit that St. Petersburg never suffered the food riots common elsewhere in Europe. Thanks to this well-regulated but distinctly free-market trade arrangement, the grain-fuelled economy became a wellspring for national economic growth, while also providing a substantial infrastructural foundation for a modernising Russian state. In many ways, this account reveals the foresight of both Peter I and Catherine II and their determination to steer imperial Russia's national economy away from statist solutions and onto a path remarkably similar to that taken by Western European countries but distinctly different than that of either their Muscovite predecessors or Soviet successors.


Wireless networks have shown to be a cost effective solution for an IP-based communication infrastructure in under-served areas. Services and application, if deployed within these wireless networks, add value for the users. This paper shows how cloud infrastructures have been made operational in a community wireless network, as a particular case of a community cloud, developed according to the specific requirements and conditions of the community. We describe the conditions and requirements of such a community cloud and explain our technical choices and experience in its deployment in the community network. The user take-up has started, and our case supports the tendency of cloud computing moving towards the network edge.


Introduction. Glistenings are fluid-filled inclusions in the polymer matrix of an intraocular lens (IOL). Acting as refractile particles they may contribute to a reported high level of forward light scatter. However, several studies have reported that there is no significant correlation with a number of measures of visual function. The purpose of the work reported in this thesis was to test if there was an association between in vitro forward light scatter and grade of glistenings. The in vitro approach allows measurement of forward light scatter without the confounding effects of other structures in the eye and subjective responses.

Methods. Intraocular lenses were placed at the centre of rotation of a detector stage. The detector measured the forward scattered light in star space at 37 angles covering ±18 degrees. Measurements were made for each of the test lenses at 3mm, 4mm and 5mm pupil sizes. Forward light scatter was quantified by calculating the straylight (volume under the scatter function) for the large angle domain (> 1 deg.). Images of the intraocular lenses were captured with a digital Nikon FS-2 photo slit-lamp. Having developed a Glistenings Detection Programme (GDP) in collaboration with external computer scientists, images were analysed. Results of glistening detection, which included their number, size, density and distribution, were correlated with in vitro forward light scatter measurements.

Results. A statistically significant correlation was found between forward light scatter and the number, size and density of glistenings. Comparing our scatter results with the CIE standards, suggests that only high glistenings severity could have an impact on visual function. In addition, results were inversely proportional to pupil size due to the non-uniform distribution of glistenings. The shape of glistenings was shown to be predominantly ellipsoidal rather than spherical. Size and number of glistenings varies in the hydrophobic acrylic materials. Despite the production of new glistenings-free materials, development of glistenings may still exist with cases of high severity giving straylight parameter values greater than those for a cortical cataract subject. A statistically significant difference in MTF and Resolution limit was found in IOLs, pre and post thermal treatment. Finally, a correlation between IOL dioptric power and severity of glistenings was found.

Conclusion. Subjective methods for grading intraocular lens glistenings poorly describe the significance of increased light scattering. Image processing software can provide objective data on glistenings density, size and morphology, factors which are important in light scatter modelling. The impact of glistenings on visual function needs further clinical investigation.


Last week Malcolm Pearce, a British gynaecologist, was removed from the medical register for fraud: he had published two papers in the British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology describing work that had never taken place (p 1554).1 Less than nine months had elapsed between the whistle being blown on Pearce and his removal from the register. Outside observers might therefore conclude that, like other countries, Britain has established methods of preventing, detecting, and managing misconduct in research. They would be wrong. That the Pearce affair was handled well was unusual: the principal of Pearce's medical school knew what to do and was determined to do it—speedily and while protecting the rights of both the accused and the whistleblower. In most other medical institutions in Britain nothing would have happened2; the affair would have been brushed under the carpet, and the whistleblower would probably have been hounded out of his or her job.

Despite a report from the Royal College of Physicians,3 Britain has learnt little about handling fraud since the Darsee affair in the United States first brought the subject into prominence in 1983.4 This is despite a succession of other major scientific frauds in biomedicine.For example, the Office of Research Integrity, a branch of the US Public Health Service set up to investigate fraud, considered 73 cases in 1994.5 One particular abuse has indeed been tackled in Britain. Several general practitioners who engaged in fraud during drug trials have been struck off by the General Medical Council,6 but this has been largely because their frauds emerged through pharmaceutical companies' thorough auditing procedures and because the companies have taken an aggressive approach towards tackling fraud. The same has not applied within academia or the NHS. Until the Pearce …


Superconductors, such as YBCO bulks, have extremely high potential magnetic flux densities, comparing to rare earth magnets. Therefore, the magnetization of superconductors has attracted broad attention and contribution from both academic research and industry. In this paper, a novel technique is proposed to magnetize superconductors. Unusually, instead of using high magnetic fields and pulses, repeatedly magnetic waves with strength of as low as rare earth magnets are applied. These magnetic waves, generated by thermally controlling a Gadolinium (Gd) bulk with a rare earth magnet underneath, travel over the flat surface of a YBCO bulk and get trapped little by little. Thus, a very small magnetic field can be used to build up a very large magnetic field. In this paper, the modelling results of thermally actuated magnetic waves are presented showing how to transfer sequentially applied thermal pulses into magnetic waves. The experiment results of the magnetization of YBCO bulk are also presented to demonstrate how superconductors are progressively magnetized by small magnetic field


A covalently linked trimer of 4,4-dimethyl-4H-cyclopenta[def]phenanthrene (MCPP), referred to as tri-MCPP, undergoes spontaneous self-assembly to form highly ordered colloidosomes in the absence of a template when subjected to reprecipitation from THF–water. The colloidosomes, and the oligomers in neat tetrahydrofuran have also been analyzed using optical methods. While the monomer, MCPP, was found to display a low fluorescence quantum yield (ΦF ∼ 0.03) and low molar absorptivity (e ∼ 900 M−1 cm−1) for the S1 ← S0 transition due to symmetry restrictions, short oligomers formed via connection at the para phenylene positions displayed corresponding optical features that were found to increase gradually as a function of oligomer length. In the case of the largest species studied, the pentamer (penta-MCPP), the molar absorptivity was ca. 140 times larger than that of MCPP (e = 126 500) for the S1 ← S0 transition. The ΦF and radiative rates for the MCPP oligomers were found to be enhanced by a factor of ∼30 and ∼180, respectively, while going from monomer to pentamer, presumably because of the larger radiative size of the oligomers. Further, the colloidosomes derived from tri-MCPP displayed a fluorescence quantum yield (ca. 0.35 to ∼0.20) that was reduced by approximately 1.8 times relative to tri-MCPP. The fluorescence lifetime was likewise decreased by ∼10 times compared to tri-MCPP; presumably, this is the result of intermolecular interactions between the very closely organized oligomers. The fact that highly ordered structures are obtained in the case of tri-MCPP, but not the other species included in this study (monomer; other oligomers), is thought to reflect the mutually orthogonal orientation between the constituent monomeric subunits in the trimer, as well as an ability to stabilize favorable hydrogen bonding interactions with residual solvent entrapped under the conditions of THF–water induced precipitation. Specifically, it is proposed that, in the case of tri-MCPP, these interactions aid in the formation and subsequent stabilization of precise colloidosome superstructures. An analogous stabilization of a colloidosome superstructure was not found for the corresponding tetramer (tetra-MCPP) or pentamer (penta-MCPP), in spite of the fact that these species contain a greater number of monomeric MCPP subunits and would be expected to give rise to ostensibly similar structures. This leads us to suggest that specific structural requirements are required for MCPP-derived precursors to form self-assembled colloidosomes.


The analysis of longitudinal river profiles is an important tool for studying landscape evolution. However, characterizing river profiles based on digital elevation models (DEM) suffers from errors and artifacts that particularly prevail along valley bottoms. The aim of this study is to characterize uncertainties that arise from the analysis of river profiles derived from different, near-globally available DEMs. We devised new algorithms – quantile carving and the CRS algorithm – that rely on quantile regression to enable hydrological correction and uncertainty quantification of river profiles. We find that globally available DEMs commonly overestimate river elevations in steep topography. The distributions of elevation errors become increasingly wider and right-skewed if adjacent hillslope gradients are steep. Our analysis indicates that the AW3D DEM has the highest precision and lowest bias for the analysis of river profiles in mountainous topography. The new 12-m resolution TanDEM-X DEM has a very low precision, most likely due to the combined effect of steep valley- walls and the presence of water surfaces in valley bottoms. Compared to the conventional approaches of carving and filling, we find that our new approach is able to reduce the elevation bias and errors in longitudinal river profiles.


Strong inductive biases give humans the ability to quickly learn to perform a variety of tasks. Although meta-learning is a method to endow neural networks with useful inductive biases, agents trained by meta-learning may sometimes acquire very different strategies from humans. We show that co-training these agents on predicting representations from natural language task descriptions and programs induced to generate such tasks guides them toward more human-like inductive biases. Human-generated language descriptions and program induction models that add new learned primitives both contain abstract concepts that can compress description length. Co-training on these representations result in more human-like behavior in downstream meta-reinforcement learning agents than less abstract controls (synthetic language descriptions, program induction without learned primitives), suggesting that the abstraction supported by these representations is key.


A Near-Field Direct Antenna Modulation (NFDAM) transmitter at 2.4GHz is demonstrated on a microstrip setting. The transmitter is capable of transmitting information in a direction-dependent fashion by sending the correct signal constellation only in the desired direction while leaving the signal constellation points scrambled in undesired directions. This direction-dependent constellation scrambling nature of the NFDAM systems prevents undesired receivers to correctly demodulate the signal transmitted to a desired receiver at a specific direction.


Richard Stanley suggested the problem of finding the number of regions and the characteristic polynomial of a certain hyperplane arrangement defined by $x_i + x_j=0,1$, which is called the Shi threshold arrangement. We present the answer of the problem, using the finite field method.


This article is a conversation with Takehito Deguchi and Koji Yamamura, two distinct voices in animation practice and theory. Situated in Tokyo, Japan, the discussion follows a concept of expansion through decentralization, both in terms of the subject of animation and the place from where one speaks. Decentralization is considered in relation to how our understanding of the contemporary artwork, including animation, is formed, de- and re-formed through transforming and widening socio-political grounds. Addressing the complexity and hybridity for grasping the evolving layers in the field of anime, the dialogues with Deguchi and Yamamura gather questions and responses particularly about the status of experimental work, social change, the institutional and non-histories, seen as manifestations of incomplete historical understanding. Links are drawn between experimentation and time rupture, drawings and their shifting status in society, institutions and traditional statements, and social sentiments and animation's intrinsic qualities. The text concludes with a summary of the conversations, including valuable statements that have been made, which open out the research subject for further debates.


This paper presents the earthquake response of a historical masonry minaret after a finite element model updating was undertaken using the information from full scale ambient vibration testing. The Iskenderpaşa historical masonry minaret dating back to the 16th century with a height of 21m located in the city center of Trabzon, Turkey is selected as an application. Analytical modal analysis is performed on the 3D finite element model of the minaret considering field survey and engineering judgments to obtain the analytical frequencies and mode shapes. The field ambient vibration tests on the minaret under natural excitations such as wind loading and human movement are conducted. The Peak Picking and the Stochastic Subspace Identification techniques are used to extract the modal parameters from the ambient vibration test. A good correlation was found among the modal parameters identified from the two techniques. The finite element model of the minaret is updated to minimize the differences between analytically and experimentally estimated modal properties by changing some uncertain modeling parameters such as material properties and boundary conditions. The analytical model of the minaret after finite element model updating is analyzed using the 1992 Erzincan earthquake record, which occurred near the area, to determine the earthquake behavior of the minaret. At the end of the study, maximum differences in the natural frequencies are reduced on average from 27% to 5% and a good agreement is found between analytical and experimental natural frequencies and mode shapes by model updating. Also, it is seen from the earthquake analysis that the displacements increase along the height of the minaret and the maximum and minimum principal stresses occur at the region of the transition segment and the cylindrical body.


Abstract. Croatia is a country rich with monuments, enchanting historic buildings, and rife cultural heritage. The paper presents main aspects of the research on the identifying the historic bridges built till the end of the Austro Hungarian monarchy (AHM) (till 1918), and by their identification, the inventory of these bridges was established. The Croatian territory, specifically, Dalmatia is brimming with rivers, lakes, streams, etc., so the bridge construction was indeed necessary and often in usage in this area. There are various reasons why all these bridges are not preserved until today. Because of this, authors found it important to define the total number of these bridges that will need further qualitative and sustainable preservation, remediation and management. The research started by collecting the data from various institutions and interviewing conservatives, historians, managers of these bridges and also the local habitants. When the data were collected, European maps from the XIX. Century were analyzed with the intention to find which of the identified bridges belong to the period of the AHM. Bridges found on those maps were later compared with modern maps to define how many of them still exist. The aim is to establish the inventory of the historic bridges built till the end of the AHM in the area of Split-Dalmatian County.


The idea for this book - a new selection of her poems with notes - grew out of Wendy Cope's experience of meeting her audience, when reading her poems in schools. This is an edition of the poems which identifies the references, verse-forms, contexts and occasions of her work, and which offers readers a new arrangement of the poetry as a whole. The notes also identify dates of composition, so that it is possible to observe the development of the work. As well as drawing on Wendy Cope's three published books, the selection also includes a significant number of poems collected or published for the first time.


At this time of year many animal owners will be finding ticks on their pets and themselves, highlighting the One Health risk that tickborne diseases pose.1 The study by Wright and others,1 summarised on p 514 of this week's issue of Vet Record , which uses data collected by Public Health England's (PHE) Tick Surveillance Scheme (TSS) (www.gov.uk/guidance/tick-surveillance-scheme), stands out as a fantastic example of what can be achieved when a One Health surveillance approach is adopted.1

The TSS is well supported by the veterinary profession, who have submitted 46.8 per cent of all ticks received by the scheme.2 Their work provides a solid evidence base that enables the veterinary profession to offer sound advice to clients and the general public. It is important that such coordinated surveillance schemes continue to be supported and funded. However, there is a large hole in our knowledge of tickborne diseases in companion animals and the actual incidence of clinical disease.

Wright and others1 describe where clinical examinations for ticks should be focused, the range of tick species found and the seasonality of exposure.1 By combining their findings with other work displaying the geographic distribution of ticks, the study findings contribute to our understanding of expanding tick distribution in the UK.2–4 Together these studies describe the native tick species that are the most prevalent in the UK (predominately Ixodes ricinus and Ixodes hexagonus ). With such information available on geographical and seasonal spread, vets should no longer say: 'This is the wrong time of year for ticks' or 'This isn't a tick area'.

Pet owners are one and a half times more likely to be bitten by a tick than non-pet owners.5 This risk extends beyond rural areas as it is now well established that exposure can …


ABSTRACT This article addresses the ways in which the leading Chinese TV Education provider, CETV, negotiates its role within the parameters of government policy, media industry constraints, media mandates, technological innovation, program reform, public ratings, and increasing audience participation. The author argues that mainly as a result of a radically new horizon of audience expectations, a new kind of participatory citizen is gradually emerging in China. In this process, the article submits, TV programming and program reform can be taken as a reliable indicator of change, since they must balance top-down government directives and bottom-up, popular demand that is measurable in direct audience input and public ratings. The author corroborates this claim through a brief analysis of documentary programs that are being designed more and more to maximize public participation, concluding that while we cannot yet speak of a proper public media sphere in China, there is ample evidence of the training of dialogic and polyphonic interaction that will be able to serve as a formal and practical precondition for more extended public debate. Certainly, the trend toward a participatory style in much recent CETV programming, and at many other TV stations, is unlikely to be reversible. What we are seeing is the birth of a new, TV-trained citizen who will aim to extend the privileges of participation toward contributing to a more fully political forum.


Sahih al-Bukhari by Imam Abu Abdullah Mohammad al-Bukhari comes second to the Holy Quran as a fundamental source of Islam. It is a most authentic collection of sayings and deeds of Prophet Mohammad (PBUH), which covers almost all aspects of life in providing proper guidance from the Messenger of Allah. The Muslim scholars of past and present time gave great importance to this book by making their efforts to extract the hidden treasures from this book and to present the different approaches and benefits of this book. "Al Kawakib Ad Durari" by Imam Alkirmani is an old explanation of Sahih Bukhari. During studying "Fath al Bari" I found that Alhafiz Ibne Hajar has consulted "Al Kawakib Ad Durari" and quoted Imam Alkirmani's commentary and added it. Alhafiz Ibn e Hajar differs at many times with the opinions of Imam Alkirmani about specific time, place, different tribes and personalities mentioned in the text of traditions. I wanted to study such analysis to check the right opinion after comparing statements of both Imams and by consulting with the statements of other scholars of this field. This article approves that judgments of Ibn e Hajar about specific time, place, different tribes and personalities are more authentic than opinions of imam Alkirmani.


Companies--especially more complex organizations--require standard, documented processes and procedures to achieve high levels of quality and productivity. Too few, and inefficiency ensues; too many, and creativity is stifled.Yet it can be difficult to find training on process improvement--and the range of complicated tools available could make even the most experienced professional's head spin. Successful Business Process Management fills the gap, providing a succinct, accessible overview of the field. Step-by-step instructions explain how to:? Overcome resistance and apathy to standard procedures? Take a systematic rather than ad hoc approach to process management? Design key processes and capture them in documented procedures? Revise existing processes when feasible? Roll out the changes so people know what to do? Embed them in the organization for reliable outcomesProcess management serves as a structural framework for streamlining activities and creating smooth workflows. Get it right--neither overly rigid nor under developed--and an outflow of continuous improvements will drive long-term success.


The chronology of Permian strata in SW England is fragmentary and largely based on radiometric dating of associated volcanic units. Magnetostratigraphy from the c. 2 km of sediments in the Exeter and Aylesbeare Mudstone groups was undertaken to define a detailed chronology, using the end of the Kiaman Superchron and the overlying reverse and normal polarity in the Middle and Upper Permian as age constraints. The palaeomagnetic directions are consistent with other European Permian palaeopoles, with data passing fold and reversal tests. The end of the Kiaman Superchron (in the Wordian) occurs in the uppermost part of the Exeter Group. The overlying Aylesbeare Mudstone Group is early Capitanian to latest Wuchiapingian in age. The Changhsingian and most of the Lower Triassic sequence is absent. Magnetostratigraphic comparison with the Southern Permian Basin shows that the Exeter and Aylesbeare Mudstone groups are closely comparable in age with the Havel and Elbe Subgroups of the Rotliegend II succession. The Altmark unconformities in these successions appear similar in age to the sequence boundaries in SW England, indicating that both may be climate controlled. Clasts in the Exeter Group, from unroofing of the Dartmoor Granite, first occurred at a minimum of c. 8 myr after formation of the granite. Supplementary material: Additional sampling, magnetic fabric and palaeomagnetic data are available at http://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.3283400


The purpose of this note is to offer a broad historical setting in which to review Yamey's criticisms of Sombart and other historians regarding the significance they attributed to the introduction of double-entry bookkeeping for economic development. In a series of articles Yamey (1947, 1949, 1959, and1964, for example) challenged their views of the importance of double-entry bookkeeping to economic development. The note is organised as follows. The views of Sombart, Spengler, Nussbaum and Mattessich are quoted, and an overview of Yamey's position is provided. The historical setting is then extended to include a broader context facilitating comparison of different approaches that may be classified as microeconomic or macroeconomic.


Congenital dacryocystocele is a malformation of the nasolacrimal system. Most of the cases can be successfully treated with conservative treatment options such as sac massage. Congenital dacryocystoceles with concomitant intranasal cysts causing respiratory distress in the newborns are rarely published. In this case report we presented a 2-week-old newborn with bilateral congenital dacryocystoceles causing intermittent respiratory distress. We discuss the importance of nasal endoscopic treatment and multidisciplinary approach for these rare malformations in the light of the current literature.


It is well known that high temperature superconductors (HTS) are promising for a magnet application, but it has been almost impossible so far to apply them to the magnet in persistent current mode because of poor qualities of their superconducting joint at higher current as well as lower index values. In this paper, in order to get rid of the joints from an HTS superconducting magnet, a prototype HTS pancake coil using YBCO coated conductors by the technique of wind-and-flip pancake coil was made and will be tested later. This paper presents a design, fabrication, and thermal analysis of the prototype pancake coil. The coil will be cooled down around 20 K by conduction cooling using a GM cryocooler. The expected current drift rate for an MRI application has not been achieved, probably caused by large flux flow resistance of coated conductor at higher temperature, 77.3 K. A temperature dependency of temporal stability of the persistent current will be measured by monitoring the long-term drift of the magnetic field at different operating temperatures by Hall sensors.


This paper discusses the notions of 'improved' and 'unimproved' sanitation in the context of developing countries in urbanizing Africa and considers the role that shared facilities can play in this equation. It analyses current definitions and classifications used by the United Nations Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) to monitor access to shared sanitation and summarizes the recent discourse on JMP's limitations. Empirical evidence from two case studies in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) - Kampala, Uganda and Ashaiman, Ghana - is presented, showing the widespread use and limitations of the shared toilet facilities in these two cities. The empirical evidence shows that quite different types of shared sanitation facilities emerge in different cities, each influenced by the urbanization patterns, local politics and sociocultural considerations. Improving the quality of shared facilities involves the consideration of the applicability of the different types of facilities within the category 'shared sanitation', toge...


Fragile‐X mental retardation (FRAX‐MR) is one of the more common X‐linked disorders affecting 1 in 1,500 newborn males. This disease is characterized by the expression of fragile site in the region q27.3 of the X‐chromosome of affected boys when their lymphocytes are cultured in folate deficient medium. In most patients there is macroorchidismo postpubertallyo. The clinical diagnosis of carrier females based on the expression of fragile site in Xq27.3 is usually difficult and sometimes impossible. About half of the carrier females escape diagnosis by this method. Furthermore, prenatal diagnosis is not always feasible. Using Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) and cloned DNA segments from the region Xq27‐Xqter as probes, we have investigated Swedish families with FRAX‐MR in three generations. Interesting observations, previously unreported to our knowledge, have been made in some patients and carrier mothers, using one of the probes which is localized to the distal end of Xq. The significance of these findings and the linkage of the disease locus to the different probes used in this study is presented.


War/Photography surveys both iconic and newly discovered photographs of war and conflict, from daguerreotypes documenting the Crimean and American Civil Wars to digital images made by soldiers in 21st-century Iraq. Accompanying a landmark exhibition opening at the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, it is generously illustrated with over 525 powerful images and includes texts by some of today's most important scholars of war photography. This ambitious book offers a comprehensive investigation of the relationship between photography and armed conflict. The featured works represent a range of perspectives-from journalists to soldiers to ordinary citizens-and span six continents, yet together they communicate the consummate experience of war: its brutality, humanity, and even humor. The book's essays investigate the immediate impact, dissemination, and historical influence of war photography.


In the past, the goal of forest inventory was to determine the extent of the timber resource. Predictions of how the resource was changing were made by comparing differences between successive inventories. The general view of the associated sample design included selection probabilities based on land area observed at a discrete point in time. That is, time was not considered part of the sample design because it was not considered an element of the sampled population. Over the last few decades, the general goal of Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) has been changing to monitoring the dynamic forest ecosystem. However, much of the literature discussing FIA's new annual monitoring system, its sample design, and estimators is still based on an areal probability paradigm. In Roesch (2008; Forest Science 54(4): 455-464), I pointed out why it is usually necessary to include the dimension of time when describing the sampled population and the sample design for FIA and similar forest inventory systems. Here, I further explore the inferential advantages of replacing the areal probability paradigm with a three-dimensional probability paradigm with an application.


Background: The use of electronic learning (e-learning) systems is gaining popularity especially within a Higher Education (HE) context. However, scholars have identified some factors that affect the utilisation and the acceptance of such systems, one of which is the gender divide, which favours mostly males ahead of females. Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate the acceptance of the e-learning system within a South African HE setting, including the influential role of gender in the acceptance of such a system. Method: Quantitative data was collected through a cross-sectional survey using 113 registered final year students at a South African university who were making use of an e-learning system as part of their teaching delivery. The measuring instrument used was the technology acceptance instrument (TAI) and included measures of computer self-efficacy (CSE), perceived ease of use (PEU), perceived usefulness (PU), and behavioural intention to use (BIU). Results: The presence of a gender divide was found to exist in this study. Women's ratings of the acceptance of e-learning systems were found to be slightly higher than those of the male respondents. In addition to this, elements of the TAI were found to be related to one another. Conclusion: The study concludes by arguing that lecturers and facilitators need to pay attention to usage patterns of e-learning systems as they affect how such systems are adopted by their students. Therefore, preceding student acceptance of electronic learning systems should be efforts to address any issues that affect the acceptance and effective utilisation of such systems.


A series of adsorption experiments were performed to investigate the factors affecting the transport of natural organic matter (NOM) in an ion-exchange (IX) membrane. In this study, the structure of the NOM was hypothesized to be an important factor in terms of the organic fouling of IX membrane. It was found that the adsorbed mass of hydrophobic NOM constituent on the membrane surface was higher than that of either the hydrophilic or transphilic NOM constituent. NOM adsorption was seriously affected by the apparent charge of the NOM. As the apparent charge increased, NOM adsorption also significantly increased. Moreover, the molecular mass of the hydrophobic NOM acids was too high to enable them to pass through the IX membrane, and this caused an accumulated adsorption of solutes on the membrane surface, i.e. NOM fouling. In addition, both pH and ionic strength affected NOM adsorption on the surface of the IX membrane. Lower NOM adsorption resulted from a lower pH and a higher ionic strength. Keywords Adsorption; apparent charge; IX membrane; natural organic matter (NOM)


In this new third edition, Linenberger updates his longtime #1 bestselling Outlook book to include Microsoft's new version 2010 release and the new Outlook for Mac 2011. Outlook 2007 and 2003 are also covered. This seminal guide presents the author's best practices of time, task, and e-mail management, drawing from time management theories and applying these best practices in Microsoft Outlook. Anyone who finds they are overburdened by e-mail or working too late each day will benefit from this book.


In this thesis I argue that the three plays under consideration - Bussy
D'Anbois, The Conspiracy and Tragedy of Charles Duke of Byron, and The
Revenge of Bussy D'Ambois - illustrate Chapman's concern with the role of
chivalry in England following the debacle of the Essex Rebel lion in 1601.
My contention is that, for Chapman, the Essex Rebellion exposed the
fragility and the inconsistencies of Elizabethan chivalry and the political
threat represented by its preoccupation with martial values.
I suggest that in his plays, Chapman sets out to deconstruct the myth
of chivalry by exposing it as a romantic concept which is used by the
martial nobility as a means of Emphasizing their political rights. The
values of chivalry - prowess, honour, loyalty, generosity, courtesy and
independence - are shown, by the plays, to be incompatible with the
political ambitions of the nobility. By associating themselves with this
mythical concept of chivalry, political figures cane to identify their
factions with the values of chivalry. Chapman, I argue, shows haw the myth
is established and then exposes it for what it is, by portraying his
characters as unable to live up to their expected mythical ideals.
Chivalry is stripped of its mythical trappings and exposed as militaristic,
aggressive and politically motivated.
The thesis is divided into five chapters. In the first, I consider
Chapman alongside the Tacitean historians who were connected with the Essex
circle in the 1590s and show how, in The Conspiracy and Tragedy of Charles
Duke of Byron, the dramatist transformed the providentialist narrative of
his source into a play with Tacitean connotations, emphasizing the
relationship between chivalry and constitutional political theory. In the
second chapter I consider Chapman's interest in chivalry and discuss
generally the romantic concept of Elizabethan chivalry and its relationship
with the political concerns of the nobility. In Chapters Three to Five I
discuss Chapman's portrayal of chivalry and its political impliications.


Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common chronic musculoskeletal diseases causing knee pain, disability and reduced levels of activity. Medial compartment of the knee joint is commonly affected, nearly 10 times more frequently, than lateral compartment by the disease. Knee loading (i.e. External Knee Adduction Moment (EKAM)) is higher in individuals with medial knee OA compared with healthy subjects. Lateral wedge insoles (LWI) are designed to reduce the knee loading by altering the Ground Reaction Force (GRF) vector more laterally to be closer to the centre of the knee joint (still acting medially to the knee joint) and thereby reduces the moment arm to reduce EKAM and an improved clinical outcome. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of LWI on knee pain, level of physical of activity and EKAM in during walking. To accomplish the research, firstly, a reproducibility trial was conducted with individuals with medial knee OA to investigate the consistency of the instrument in producing the same results at different time points. In addition, to ensure that the differences between measurements at the end of the intervention are the effect of the intervention itself. Secondly, the main study was performed to identify any change or improvement in knee pain, level of activity and knee loading in twenty participants with medial knee OA after wearing LWI compared to baseline and comparator group during walking. Data were collected at three time-points; baseline, week one, and week six where an activPAL3 monitor was placed on participant's thigh for 7 consecutive days to measure their activity level each time. There was no difference between the groups in the characteristics and primary outcomes at baseline. The results of this study have demonstrated a further understanding of LWI effectiveness where the group wearing LWIs demonstrated a reduction in EKAM and pain with improvement in physical activity. Individuals walked more, faster and for a longer time when wearing LWI for six weeks. Therefore, activity profiles of individuals during interventions give important information and it has been recommended to collect to complete the profile of the individuals. Future larger studies to find out the biomechanical, clinical (pain and level of activity) and radiological changes after wearing LWI is needed to determine whether progression of knee OA can be delayed.


Non-steroidal anti-inflamatory drugs (NSAIDs) are frequently used for their analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activity in all age groups. Currently, NSAIDs are the most common drugs involved in hypersensitivity reactions. Also, besides exercise and alcohol, NSAIDs are frequently mentioned as augmenting factors in food elicited anaphylaxis. Some of the potentially NSAID-induced reactions have the provocation test with the culprit drug negative. It is well known that NSAIDs can sometimes amplify the immediate reactions in patients with food-dependent exercise induced anaphylaxis. The aim of this study is to review the effects of NSAIDs on food allergy. Some food allergens, as ω-5 gliadin, lipid transfer protein and tropomyosin, are frequently involved as augmenting factors for anaphylaxis. NSAID augmented food allergy should be evaluated in all patients who have suffered an anaphylactic reaction preceded by the intake of an NSAID.


Retail products are often experienced through transparent barriers such as shop windows, vending machines or display cabinets. Such surfaces offer opportunities for digital augmentation to enhance the experience at this point of contact. To explore this domain and its challenges, we have developed and evaluated the WaveWindow. This is an interactive see-through display that allows users to interact with digital content that overlays physical items behind a semi-transparent screen. Navigating and selecting content is achieved by waving and knocking on the display. We performed a user study and the resulting user interactions were recorded and analysed, and a number of design recommendations are made for gestural interaction in public settings and their application in a retail setting.


Conflicts within the Roman Catholic hierarchy poses risks to the organizational effectiveness of the Church, but the hierarchy's approach to conflict handling has rarely been subjected to systematic, empirically grounded study. This research addresses that deficit by means of case study, wherein a six-year-long conflict is examined in the light of theoretical expectations generated through a literature survey, and with the help of critical discourse analysis and conflict theory. The research identifies organizational and societal pressures on bishops' conflict handling and various strategies that bishops employ in center-periphery conflicts: that is, in conflicts between the Vatican and bishop leaders of local churches.

The theoretical literature conceptually places center-periphery conflict in the context of the Church organization and in the broader context of the modern world. On the basis of the theoretical literature, expectations about the strategies bishops are likely to adopt in center-periphery conflict situations are specified. These expectations are then tested against the empirical example of the Rome-Hunthausen case (1983-89), which involved the papacy of John Paul II, Archbishop Raymond of Seattle and the American Bishops' Conference. Documents produced by multiple bishop participants in the conflict serve as an embedded unit of analysis in the case study. These are subjected to critical discourse analysis (following the approach of Norman Fairclough, Lancaster University), conflict analysis and validation techniques with control documents.

Hunthausen's conflict with the Vatican (1983-1989) focused on Rome's effort to establish greater pastoral discipline within the local church. Hunthausen was popularly known as the progressive leader of a progressive archdiocese and he gained much personal attention as an outspoken opponent of the Reagan administration nuclear arms build-up. (He protested by refusing to pay half of his income tax to the government.) To achieve its objectives in Seattle, which ostensibly focused on liturgical, Church teaching and governance and Church legal issues, Rome appointed an auxiliary bishop and forced Hunthausen to hand key powers of archdiocesan leadership over to the auxiliary. Hunthausen fought this redistribution of power and took his case to the national bishops' conference. Remarkably, Hunthausen was able to make the Vatican retreat and restore his power, but not without making concessions of his own, which included acceptance of a coadjutor archbishop with right of succession. Adding intrigue to the case was the suspicion that the Reagan administration asked the Vatican to put pressure on Hunthausen in return for recognition of the Vatican ambassador (which was granted by the US in 1984). This speculation has never died, but evidence for this belief is, at the present time, circumstantial at best.

The investigation concludes that Catholic bishops show a strong tendency to protect the power and appearance of the Church organization and of their own personal position in conflict situations. Bishops place a high priority on legitimating their actions in ways in keeping with the Church's normative character. The research highlights nine key strategies that bishops employ to manage conflicts. These are (1) showing deference to the structural order and mindset of the Church, (2) associating one's own efforts with the best interest of the Church, (3) minimizing the appearance of conflict, (4) showing fraternity, (5) practicing courtesy, (6) employing secrecy, (7) recruiting allies, (8) using persuasive argumentation and (9) asserting personal identity. Other strategies used include: gamesmanship, establishing procedural control, avoidance, revealing and threats. For each strategy, specific tactics of application are identified, as illustrated by concrete examples from the case.


SummaryPlay for Scala shows you how to build Scala-based web applications using the Play 2 framework. This book starts by introducing Play through a comprehensive overview example. Then, you'll look at each facet of a typical Play application both by exploring simple code snippets and by adding to a larger running example. Along the way, you'll deepen your knowledge of Scala as a programming language and work with tools like Akka.About this BookPlay is a Scala web framework with built-in advantages: Scala's strong type system helps deliver bug-free code, and the Akka framework helps achieve hassle-free concurrency and peak performance. Play builds on the web's stateless nature for excellent scalability, and because it is event-based and nonblocking, you'll find it to be great for near real-time applications.Play for Scala teaches you to build Scala-based web applications using Play 2. It gets you going with a comprehensive overview example. It then explores each facet of a typical Play application by walking through sample code snippets and adding features to a running example. Along the way, you'll deepen your knowledge of Scala and learn to work with tools like Akka.Written for readers familiar with Scala and web-based application architectures. No knowledge of Play is assumed.Purchase of the print book includes a free eBook in PDF, Kindle, and ePub formats from Manning Publications.What's InsideIntro to Play 2 Play's MVC structure Mastering Scala templates and forms Persisting data and using web services Using Play's advanced featuresAbout the AuthorsPeter Hiltonv, Erik Bakker, and Francisco Canedo, are engineers at Lunatech, a consultancy with Scala and Play expertise. They are contributors to the Play framework.Table of ContentsPART 1: GETTING STARTED Introduction to Play Your first Play applicationPART 2: CORE FUNCTIONALITY Deconstructing Play application architectureDefining the application's HTTP interfaceStoring datathe persistence layerBuilding a user interface with view templatesValidating and processing input with the forms APIPART 3: ADVANCED CONCEPTS Building a single-page JavaScript application with JSONPlay and more Web services, iteratees, and WebSockets


An improved ant colony system (ACS) algorithm to solve the mobile robot path planning problem is presented. In the algorithm, a new heuristic operator is adopted to achieve a balance between population diversity and the convergence rate. It complements the algorithm to avoid running into the local optimum and to improve the solution quality. A heuristic path selection strategy is proposed to guide the algorithm to fast convergence. We adopt the MAKLINK graph and grids to establish the environment model, and the simulation research indicates that the proposed algorithm is effect. It can improve the solution quality and has better performance in search efficiency compared with other path planning methods. We also analyse the performance of the modified ACS algorithm and demonstrate that the novel algorithm can obtain the optimal solution for mobile robot path planning problems with faster convergence speed and better solution quality under different complex environments.


Silicon-carbide-based devices frequently require a Schottky gate to be deposited on a plasma-etched surface. This paper considers the effectiveness of nine different pre-metallization surface preparation procedures in removing the etch damage. The surfaces were assessed by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and by current-voltage measurement of nickel Schottky diodes formed on both reactive-ion-etched and non-reactive-ion-etched silicon face 4H-SiC. The treatments included simple UV-ozone and solvent cleans, oxygen plasma, deposited oxide and thermal oxidation. It was confirmed that the only process which removed all traces of surface contamination and etch damage, producing ideal Schottky diodes, was sacrificial oxidation.


The ability to place surface samples with Poisson disk distribution can benefit a variety of graphics applications. Such a distribution satisfies the blue noise property, i.e. lack of low frequency noise and structural bias in the Fourier power spectrum. While many techniques are available for sampling the plane, challenges remain for sampling arbitrary surfaces. In this paper, we present new methods for Poisson disk sampling with spectrum analysis on arbitrary manifold surfaces. Our first contribution is a parallel dart throwing algorithm that generates high-quality surface samples at interactive rates. It is flexible and can be extended to adaptive sampling given a user-specified radius field. Our second contribution is a new method for analyzing the spectral quality of surface samples. Using the spectral mesh basis derived from the discrete mesh Laplacian operator, we extend standard concepts in power spectrum analysis such as radial means and anisotropy to arbitrary manifold surfaces. This provides a way to directly evaluate the spectral distribution quality of surface samples without requiring mesh parameterization. Finally, we implement our Poisson disk sampling algorithm on the GPU, and demonstrate practical applications involving interactive sampling and texturing on arbitrary surfaces.


Wireless LANs have become the dominant device over the last few years. The initial goal was to remove cables from the network, but with the fast pace in technological development wireless networks became popular not only inside organizations, but also as hotspots throughout cities. Major governments are encouraging the institutes to deploy wireless LANs due to the increase in number of Internet users and online applications. Over the past few years, wireless LANs have grown tremendously from a small network to the enterprise level, installed across buildings and organizations to provide mobility. In addition, the mobility and convenience of wireless has been improved by the advanced throughput and range performance available in today's products, extending the reach of wireless LANs to a broad array of applications. This has led researchers to work on protocols which provide smooth mobility to the mobile nodes. It has opened the door to develop protocols which can be used to provide mobility within an organization and between organizations. This paper discusses the existing mobility architecture and reviews some of the emerging wireless mobility protocols—specifically host-based and network-based mobility— with a focus on local and global mobility. It also serves as part of the ongoing research for the PhD program in the department of Computer Science at the Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.


A newly recorded disease of cultivated Protea, Fusarium wilt, is described and shown to be caused by Fusarium oxysporum. The disease occurs on mature plants (2-year-old) of P aristata x repens cv. Venus, P cornpacta x susannae cv. Pink Ice, P. cynaroides, P. eximia x susannae cv. Cardinal, P. eximia x susannae cv. Sylvia, P. magnijka x susannae cv. Susara and P. repens cv. Sneyd in the summer rainfall areas of the North-Western province of South Africa and in Zimbabwe. Disease symptoms first become visible as necrotic leaves. Subsequently, a dark lesion develops from the roots along the stem, usually visible only on one side of the stem. Occasionally the lesion develops in the upper part of the stem. The vascular tissue is discoloured leading to branch die-back and plant death. F. oxysporum was readily isolated from the roots, crown and vascular tissues of infected plants. Koch's postulates were proved on six Protea cultivars. Disease symptoms similar to those observed in the field developed 6 weeks after inoculation on all cultivars. The fungus was re-isolated from the roots; crown and vascular tissues of inoculated plants. This is the first record of Fusarium wilt on Protea plants.


The requirement in many OECD countries for "contemporaneous documentation" of a taxpayer's transfer pricing methodologies in order to avoid exposure to substantial penalties has led more taxpayers to consider entering into an Advance Pricing Agreement (APA). To these taxpayers, APAs represent an opportunity to remove the prospect of penalties and other areas of uncertainty related to transfer pricing enforcement. The latest transfer pricing survey by Ernst & Young revealed that "Fifty-seven per cent of U.K. subsidiary respondents that have not used APAs would consider using an APA as a controversy management tool in future."

If penalties imposed on multinational enterprises (MNEs) for transfer pricing transgressions have been described as the "stick" to force taxpayers (generally companies) to get their transfer pricing procedures in order, then APAs might justifiably be described as the "carrot". It is significant to note that countries which have been updating and expanding their documentation and penalty rules (such as the United States (US), Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom (UK) and Mexico), have simultaneously expanded their APA programs to deal with the proliferation of transfer pricing controversies. Although the documentation requirements for APAs are onerous, increasingly a cost-benefit analysis is proving a decisive factor for entering into an APA. This is especially the case as countries enact more documentation legislation coupled with severe penalties for non-compliance.

It is generally acknowledged that: "the concept of the APA as used by the OECD Fiscal Committee is very close to that provided by the IRS." As Australia and the UK also closely follow the OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and Tax Administrations (OECD Guidelines), there are many similarities between UK, Australian and US APAs. This paper proposes to examine some of the advantages and disadvantages of APAs as seen by taxpayers and revenue authorities in the United States and in Australia, along, where relevant, with the views expressed in the OECD Guidelines, in order to discern whether these are applicable to APAs entered into in the UK.


Providing signal priority for buses has been proposed as an inexpensive way to improve transit efficiency and productivity and to reduce operation costs. Bus signal priority has been implemented in several U.S. cities to improve schedule adherence, reduce transit operation costs, and improve customer ride quality. Current signal priority strategies primarily utilize sensors to detect buses at a fixed or preset distance away from an intersection. Traditional presence detection systems, ideally designed for emergency vehicles, usually send a signal priority request after a preprogrammed time offset as soon as transit vehicles are detected without the consideration of bus readiness. The objective of this study is to take advantage of the already equipped Global Positioning System and automated vehicle location system on the buses in Minneapolis, Minnesota, and to develop an adaptive signal priority strategy that could consider bus schedule adherence, number of passengers, location, and speed. Buses can communicate with intersection signal controllers by using wireless technology to request signal priority. Communication with the roadside unit (e.g., traffic controller) for signal priority may be established by using the readily available wireless local area network (WLAN) 802.11x or the dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) 802.11p protocol currently under development for wireless access to and from the vehicular environment. This paper describes the proposed priority logic and its evaluation with the use of microscopic traffic simulation. Simulation results indicate that a 12% to 15% reduction in bus travel time during a.m. peak hours (7 to 9 a.m.) and a 4% to 11% reduction in p.m. peak hours (4 to 6 p.m.) could be achieved by providing signal priority for buses. Average bus delay time was reduced in the range of 16% to 20% and 5% to 14% during a.m. and p.m. peak periods, respectively.


During the drug design process, there are many different approaches that researchers can take to improve the overall efficacy of a potential drug candidate. Aside from attempting to understand how different functional groups interact with target tissues, the physical properties of a particular molecule are also important determinants of overall effectiveness. If a molecule is too polar, it will display low permeability through the gastrointestinal tract, and will most likely be excreted through the body unchanged. Conversely, if a molecule is too nonpolar, it will be insoluble in blood and will display low distribution throughout tissues. This research describes attempts at the synthesis of multiple ferrocene-oxadiazole complexes, with an effort towards synthesizing compounds which display an aqueous solubility similar to candidates currently used in drug design. Oxadiazoles are a class of 5-membered, heterocyclic molecules which have attracted a tremendous amount of attention in recent years for their vast array of medicinal properties. Furthermore, the conjugation of ferrocene to bioactive molecules has demonstrated involvement with the suppression of cancer cells in mice. In this project, the aqueous solubility of one such ferrocene-oxadiazole complex was estimated using the LogD shake-flask assay, resulting in a value of 1.21. The results of an attempted synthesis of a more hydrophobic ferrocene-oxadiazole complex will be explained as well, along with a discussion of the challenges associated with different


U.S. financial regulators have argued that the risks that climate change poses for large financial institutions are outside of their core regulatory mandate. This article argues that oversight of the largest financial institutions' financing of significant amounts of fossil fuels and other carbon-intensive businesses has implications for financial stability, and is therefore a central responsibility for financial regulators. This article outlines the various financial risks of climate change. It then analyzes the case for classifying climate change as a systemic risk to the stability of the financial system. In doing so, it explores how we understand systemically risky activities, how this understanding applies to the climate financial risks created by the largest financial institutions, and the public harms created by climate financial risk, namely negative externalities and more hazard. As a result of the above examination, this article then lays out a framework for macroprudential regulation to curtail the financial risks caused by climate change, namely the funding of climate change drivers. It further identifies legal authorities available to U.S. financial regulators that provide a basis for issuing specific macroprudential regulations that could address the risks from, and role played by, large financial institutions' financing of the industries and activities that drive climate change. This article further argues that the U.S. response to climate financial risk has been out of step with the international consensus on the magnitude of the risk. It concludes by observing that macroprudential climate regulation would, in addition to preventing a climate-driven financial crisis and mitigating the potential macroeconomic fallout from a systemic climate event, also assist in the effort to ensure an orderly transition from a carbon-based economy to an economy that is less reliant upon carbon-intensive energy sources.


In this study, we offer a technique that effectively describe the location of vortices. Our method make use of the Fraunhofer diffraction pattern (FDP) produced by a Laguerre-Gaussian beam passing through a dynamic triangular aperture. We found numerically and experimentally that the position of the vortices is associated with the FDPs formed by a triangular aperture. We observed this relationship by mapping the triangular aperture in different positions. A three-point lattice structure of the FDP is seen when the vortex beam interferes with the triangular aperture. On the other hand, at positions away from the beam, there are no distinct structure of the FDPs that can be observed. Hence, the position of vortices can only be determined if a well-known lattice structure of the diffraction pattern is detected. The intensities of the vortex beam passing through various sizes of apertures were also determined and we found that the smallest size of the triangular aperture (r = 0.27) produces the least intense pattern but provides a highest resolution compared to the other two triangular aperture sizes (with r = 0.54 and r = 0.81). We introduce the usage of a digital micromirror device (DMD) which allows us to change the size and position of the apertures at an instant.


Some Key Findings of the International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development

Significant increases in food production over the 20th century have contributed to the improvement of many
farmers' livelihoods and to economic growth.

However, the distribution of benefits from increased agricultural output has been inequitable. The gains have come with disproportionate environmental, cultural, health and social costs, depleting natural capital and degrading
human well-being.

Agriculture in the 21st century will have to address crucial challenges in order to reduce global hunger, poverty
and environmental harm, including climate change, by maintaining and enhancing environmental and cultural
services, while increasing sustainable productivity, and safeguarding nutritional quality and the diversity of food and farming systems.


We present a self-consistent hydrodynamical simulation of a Milky Way-like galaxy at a resolution of 0.05 pc. The model includes star formation and a new implementation of stellar feedback through photoionization, radiative pressure and supernovae. The simulation resolves the structure of the interstellar medium at sub-parsec resolution for a few cloud lifetimes and at 0.05 pc for about a cloud-crossing time. The turbulence cascade and gravitation from kpc scales are de facto included in smaller structures like molecular clouds. We show that the formation of a bar influences the dynamics of the central ˜100 pc by creating resonances. At larger radii, the spiral arms host the formation of regularly spaced clouds: beads on a string and spurs. These instabilities pump turbulent energy into the gas, generally in the supersonic regime. Because of asymmetric drift, the supernovae explode outside their gaseous nursery, which diminishes the effect of feedback on the structure of clouds. The evolution of clouds is thus mostly due to fragmentation and gas consumption, regulated mainly by supersonic turbulence. The transition from turbulence-supported to self-gravitating gas is detected in the gas density probability distribution function at ˜2000 cm-3. The power-spectrum density suggests that gravitation governs the hierarchical organization of structures from the galactic scale down to a few pc.


Mutations in the EDA gene cause anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (EDA), with lesions in skin appendage formation. To begin to analyze EDA pathways, we have used expression profiling on 15,000-gene mouse cDNA microarrays, comparing adult mouse skin from wild-type, EDA-defective (Tabby) mice, and Tabby mice supplemented with the EDA-A1 isoform, which is sufficient to rescue multiple Tabby phenotypes. Given the sensitivity of the current microarray system, 8500 genes (60%) were estimated to be expressed, including transcription factors and growth-regulatory genes that had not previously been identified in skin; but only 24 (0.16%), one-third of them novel, showed significant differences between wild type and Tabby. An additional eight genes not included in the 15,000 gene set were shown to have expression differences by real-time RT-PCR. Sixteen of 32 affected genes were restored significantly toward wild-type levels in EDA-A1 transgenic Tabby mice. Significant up-regulation in Tabby skin was observed for several dermal matrix genes, including Col1a1, Col1a2, Col3a1 and SPARC: In contrast, down-regulation occurred for the NEMO/NF-kappa B pathway, already implicated in skin appendage formation, and even more markedly for a second pathway, JNK/c-jun/c-fos and their target genes, that has not previously been clearly associated with skin development. These data are consistent with the regulation of the NF-kappa B pathway by EDA, and support its involvement in the regulation of the JNK pathway as well.


Background One of the outcomes positively associated with dioxin exposure in humans is type 2 diabetes. Objectives This study was conducted in order to find the molecular biological evidence for the diabetogenic action of dioxin in adipose samples from Vietnam veterans. Methods We obtained 313 adipose tissue samples both from Vietnam veterans who were exposed to dioxin (Operation Ranch Hand) and from comparison veterans who served in Southeast Asia with no record of dioxin exposure. We conducted quantitative reverse-transcribed polymerase chain reaction studies on selected marker mRNAs from these samples. Results We found the most sensitive and reliable molecular indicator of dioxin-induced diabetes to be the ratio of mRNA of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NFκB), a marker of inflammation. This ratio showed significant correlations to serum dioxin residues and to fasting glucose among those in the Ranch Hand group and, surprisingly, even in the comparison group, who have low levels of dioxin comparable to the general public. Such a correlation in the comparison group was particularly significant among those with known risk factors such as obesity and family history of diabetes. Conclusions These results show that the GLUT4:NFκB ratio is a reliable marker for the diabetogenic action of dioxin, particularly at very low exposure levels that are not much higher than those found in the general public, implying a need to address current exposure levels.


The current generation of civil air transport aircraft presents significant advanced intelligent warning systems as compared to the earlier technologies. One of the important aspects of these developments is the centralized alerting and monitoring system that displays the information directly to pilots. Despite these advances, there are still areas where substantial improvements might be made on the existing warning systems. This report addresses a brief review on the existing intelligent warning system in the aircrafts and related issues. A novel approach (Flight Guardian) is introduced that amalgamate a number of methods to produce an intelligent warning system. The main purpose of the Flight Guardian (FG) is the development of a regular monitoring platform for an aircraft that provides flight-deck awareness robustly. The FG system is able to intelligently alarm in terms of voice activated prompts and visual indications in the hazardous and emergency situations. The FG is capable of monitoring and interpreting the continuous stream of video data from aircraft cockpit retrieved by the camera devices. In abnormal conditions, FG provides the spoken and visual indications by diagnosing the cause of hazardous situation which help to mitigate the human pilot mistakes.


Construction of tree architectural databases over years is time consuming and cannot easily capture event dynamics, especially when both tree topology and geometry are considered. The present project aimed to bring together models of topology and geometry in a single simulation such that the architecture of an apple tree may emerge from process interactions. This integration was performed using L-systems. A mixed approach was developed based on stochastic models to simulate plant topology and mechanistic model for the geometry. The succession of growth units (GUs) along axes and their branching structure were jointly modelled by a hierarchical hidden Markov model. A biomechanical model, derived from previous studies, was used to calculate stem form at the metamer scale, taking into account the intra-year dynamics of primary, secondary and fruit growth. Outputs consist of 3-D mock-ups – geometric models representing the progression of tree form over time. To asses these models, a sensitivity analysis was performed and descriptors were compared between simulated and digitised trees, including the total number of GUs in the entire tree, descriptors of shoot geometry (basal diameter, length), and descriptors of axis geometry (inclination, curvature). In conclusion, despite some limitations, MAppleT constitutes a useful tool for simulating development of apple trees in interaction with gravity.


This paper draws attention to the remarkable closing words of Isaac Newton's Optice (1706) and subsequent editions of the Opticks (1718, 1721), and tries to suggest why Newton chose to conclude his book with a puzzling allusion to his own unpublished conclusions about the history of religion. Newton suggests in this concluding passage that the bounds of moral philosophy will be enlarged as natural philosophy is 'perfected'. Asking what Newton might have had in mind, the paper first considers the idea that he was foreshadowing the 'moral Newtonianism' developed later in the eighteenth century; then it considers the idea that he was perhaps pointing to developments in natural theology. Finally, the paper suggests that Newton wanted to at least signal the importance of attempting to recover the true original religion, and perhaps was hinting at his intention to publish his own extensive research on the history of the Church.


Neurological complications occur with an overall frequency of 2.8% perioperatively. Although ultrasound imaging is an excellent modality for the risk assessment of carotid arterial diseases, no comprehensive information can be obtained with respect to the intracranial cerebral blood flow. Recent advent of computed tomography perfusion (CTP) imaging has made it possible to directly measure the cerebral blood flow at any intracranial region of interest. We describe here an efficacy of CT perfusion imaging in the preoperative settings for the risk assessment of neurological complications, especially in cases with carotid arterial stenosis/occlusion.


OF DISSERTATION SELF-REGULATION IN OLDER ADULTS: THE PRIORITIZATION OF EMOTION REGULATION Despite having fewer cognitive resources, older adults regulate their emotions as well as, if not better than, younger adults. This study aimed to (1) test the limits of older adults' emotion regulation capacity and (2) gain a better understanding of how older adults use their more limited resources to regulate their emotions. Participants included 48 healthy older adults aged 65-85 from the community and 50 healthy younger adults aged 18-25 from the student population. They were randomly assigned to one of four experimental groups involving an initial activity that was high or low in self-regulatory demand followed by a test task of emotion regulation or attention regulation. As expected, older adults performed equally as well as younger adults on the emotion regulation test task, though worse on the attention regulation test task. Using resting heart rate variability (HRV) as a physiological measure of self-regulatory capacity, older adults appeared to allocate more resources toward the emotion regulation task compared to the attention regulation task, and relative to younger adults. The results suggest that older adults maintain their emotion regulation capacity in part by allocating more resources toward emotion regulation goals.


Importance
Genetic factors increase risk of dementia, but the extent to which this can be offset by lifestyle factors is unknown.

Objective
To investigate whether a healthy lifestyle is associated with lower risk of dementia regardless of genetic risk.

Design, Setting, and Participants
A retrospective cohort study that included adults of European ancestry aged at least 60 years without cognitive impairment or dementia at baseline. Participants joined the UK Biobank study from 2006 to 2010 and were followed up until 2016 or 2017.

Exposures
A polygenic risk score for dementia with low (lowest quintile), intermediate (quintiles 2 to 4), and high (highest quintile) risk categories and a weighted healthy lifestyle score, including no current smoking, regular physical activity, healthy diet, and moderate alcohol consumption, categorized into favorable, intermediate, and unfavorable lifestyles.

Main Outcomes and Measures
Incident all-cause dementia, ascertained through hospital inpatient and death records.

Results
A total of 196 383 individuals (mean [SD] age, 64.1 [2.9] years; 52.7% were women) were followed up for 1 545 433 person-years (median [interquartile range] follow-up, 8.0 [7.4-8.6] years). Overall, 68.1% of participants followed a favorable lifestyle, 23.6% followed an intermediate lifestyle, and 8.2% followed an unfavorable lifestyle. Twenty percent had high polygenic risk scores, 60% had intermediate risk scores, and 20% had low risk scores. Of the participants with high genetic risk, 1.23% (95% CI, 1.13%-1.35%) developed dementia compared with 0.63% (95% CI, 0.56%-0.71%) of the participants with low genetic risk (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.91 [95% CI, 1.64-2.23]). Of the participants with a high genetic risk and unfavorable lifestyle, 1.78% (95% CI, 1.38%-2.28%) developed dementia compared with 0.56% (95% CI, 0.48%-0.66%) of participants with low genetic risk and favorable lifestyle (hazard ratio, 2.83 [95% CI, 2.09-3.83]). There was no significant interaction between genetic risk and lifestyle factors (P = .99). Among participants with high genetic risk, 1.13% (95% CI, 1.01%-1.26%) of those with a favorable lifestyle developed dementia compared with 1.78% (95% CI, 1.38%-2.28%) with an unfavorable lifestyle (hazard ratio, 0.68 [95% CI, 0.51-0.90]).

Conclusions and Relevance
Among older adults without cognitive impairment or dementia, both an unfavorable lifestyle and high genetic risk were significantly associated with higher dementia risk. A favorable lifestyle was associated with a lower dementia risk among participants with high genetic risk.