The lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) has been emerging as a promising alternative CFD approach for complex fluid flows. With LBM, no-slip/free-slip wall boundary conditions are implemented via straightforward particle bounce-back/specular reflections on a solid surface, thus enable the use of Cartesian grid for accurate boundary representation. For curved boundary that is commonly encountered with complex geometry, available point-wise based LBM extrapolation/interpolation boundary schemes can not guarantee the exact hydrodynamic flux conditions. To address this fundamental issue, a volumetric LBM boundary scheme was proposed in 1998, which ensures an exact treatment of hydrodynamic fluxes on solid surface and establishes a generic framework for realizing hydrodynamic boundary conditions on curved surface. This dissertation presents the development of an improved volumetric LBM boundary scheme. The basic idea is when reflecting (scattering) back the fluid particles from solid boundary, particles should be distributed in the affected volume according to local flow information rather than uniformly as in the original volumetric LBM boundary formulation. To realize this, a scattering correction procedure is formulated and added to the originally proposed volumetric LBM boundary scheme framework. In particular, the procedure redistributes the surface scattered particles based on local velocity variation. As a result, it reduces the solution dependence on actual boundary location/orientation with respect to the computational grid, demonstrates an improved order of accuracy for flow solutions with arbitrarily located boundary. Accuracy of this approach has been demonstrated on typical flow benchmark problems that involve curved boundaries. In the second part of this dissertation, the proposed volumetric LBM boundary scheme is extended to sliding-mesh interface condition for flow simulation involving rotating geometries. A volumetric LBM sliding-mesh interface scheme couples the flow solutions on both sides of sliding interface, and conserves the mass and momentum flux across it. Accuracy of this scheme is demonstrated by performing a LBM-sliding mesh simulation of flow past a rotating propeller.


This study makes the case that monsoon depressions over South Asia can form from a variant of moist barotropic instability. Using an idealized numerical framework in which the atmosphere is partitioned into a basic state and a perturbation, we simulate vortices resembling monsoon depressions that draw energy from the meridional shear of the monsoon trough and amplify when they interact with precipitating ascent. The influence of the basic state vertical shear on the vortex induces upward velocity, which couples precipitation with a Rossby‐wave‐like mode arising from dry barotropic growth, allowing the vortex to intensify. Sensitivity experiments reveal that both the sheared basic state and latent heating are necessary to achieve positive growth rates and that this process requires a sufficiently large initial perturbation. Trajectory analyses suggest that the combined flow of the vortex and the large‐scale monsoon transport diabatically generated potential vorticity from southwest of the vortex into the vortex center, thus enabling growth. In contrast with tropical cyclones, this mechanism does not require a feedback between surface wind speed and surface heat and moisture fluxes, though this feedback does ultimately result in a slightly stronger vortex.


This research project aims to clarify the factors that impact successful aging in Assisted Living facilities (ALFs) in Denton County, Texas. We hypothesize that social disengagement decreases physical and mental components of quality of life. This exploratory research project employed standardized questionnaires to assess residents in the following domains; HRQOL, social engagement status, level of cognition, depression, and the level of functioning. This study collected data from 75 participants living in five ALFs. The average of Physical Component Scale (PCS) and Mental Component Scale (MCS) was 35.33, and 53.62 respectively. None of the participants had five or more social contacts out of facilities, and two-third of them had two or less social contacts. On average, those participants who were more socially engaged had higher score of MCS compared with disengaged counterparts. The level of physical function significantly affects social engagement, when people with more disabilities are more likely to be socially disengaged. Social engagement and depression significantly impact MCS, when depression is a mediating factor between social engagement and mental component of quality of life. Considering the expansion in aging population in the United States within the next three decades, the demand for high quality long-term care will skyrocket consequently. This study reveals that external social engagement can sustain HRQOL of residents in assisted living facilities.


Inversion or expatriation transactions are often prompted by financial institutions, such as private equity owners and hedge funds that own or control companies in which they have invested and that desire to reduce U.S. corporate taxes they must pay. This article explains the basic steps and perceived tax benefits to U.S. corporations engaging in inversion transactions, and describes both the current statutory limitations contained in the Internal Revenue Code to prevent such inversions and a recently announced Internal Revenue Service (IRS) plan to make inversions more difficult to achieve. Finally, the article discusses the appropriateness of the new IRS plans and suggests other ways to make such inversions less attractive.


Rapid advances in Wide-Area Measurement (WAM) and communication technologies have made the use of remote system data/signals for effective control and operation of power systems possible. This paper presents a new concept of damping control of Static Var Compensator (SVC) based on rotor speeds of remotely located generators. The concept is demonstrated in three study systems: a single machine infinite bus system, a two-area four-machine 11-bus system, and the Western System Coordinating Council (WSCC) three-machine nine-bus meshed system. The performance of the proposed remote generator speed signal is compared with the traditionally utilised local signals for SVC damping control through nonlinear time domain simulations. It is shown that the rotor speed of the remotely located generator that significantly participates in the lightly or negatively damped electromechanical mode of oscillation is the most effective SVC control signal in damping electromechanical oscillations in a power system.


Genotoxic evaluation is an important step for a product that is aimed for human consumption. A beverage composed of pseudocereals with highly nutritious elements like quinua (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), kiwicha (Amaranthus caudatus L.) and kaniwa (Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen) was prepared to reduce lipid contents in a group of volunteers. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the genotoxic potential of an experimental beverage using two in vitro tests that have been validated by international agencies. For the Ames test, two strains of Salmonella typhimurium (TA98 and TA100) with and without microsomal fraction (S9) were used. Four doses of the beverage were tested and also a possible protective effect (same four doses of beverage added to plates with mutagens). Cultures of binucleated lymphocytes and five doses of the beverage were used for the micronucleus test. Both Ames and the micronucleus tests showed the beverage has not genotoxic effect in all tested doses. However, in evaluating the possible protective effect of the beverage, it would be evident that on the contrary, the mutagenic effect of mutagens used for each strain is enhanced. These results suggest that additional tests should be performed to check the genotoxic potential of this beverage before consumption.


Studies of many geographically widely separated stratigraphical sections covering the late Miocene to Recent interval have allowed the origin and evolution of species referable to the genus Pulleniatina to be traced. The evolutionary sequence Pulleniatina primalis, n. sp., P. obliquiloculata praecursor, n. subsp., P. obliquiloculata obliquiloculata and P. obliquiloculata finalis, n. subsp., is shown to be useful in biostratigraphy. Pulleniatina spectabilis is recognised as forming a separate evolutionary line from P. primalis and as having a short range in the Pliocene of the Indo-Pacific province. Pulleniatina seems to originate from Globorotalia (Turborotalia) acostaensis Blow, 1959, and the holotype of this form is re-illustrated. Globigerina inflata d9Orbigny, 1839, is shown to be unrelated to Pulleniatina obliquiloculata (s. l.), and a neotype for the former taxon is now proposed. The meaning of streptospiral coiling is examined. The new monotypic genus Rotaliatinopsis is proposed to accommodate 9?Pulleniatina semi-involuta9 Germeraad, 1946, which is unrelated to the Globigerinacea.


The purpose of this study was to introduce the Mysticism Scale on a Hungarian population and to investigate the meaning and nature of reported mystical experiences (ME) from three different aspects: their associations with religious attitudes, the big five personality traits, and the need for cognitive closure. The sample consisted of 240 respondents who completed the Mysticism scale, the Post Critical Belief Scale, the Big Five Inventory, and the Need for Cognitive Closure Scale using an online questionnaire. Results indicated that ME positively correlated with the two dimensions of the Post Critical Belief scale, as well as with Openness to Experience. Moderate but significant positive correlations were found between ME and Agreeableness. Finally, ME negatively correlated with the need for cognitive closure (NFC) and with three of the NFC subscales (Closemindedness, Preference for Order, and Preference for Predictability). Regression analysis using the above as variables highlighted that the acceptance of Transcendence and Openness to Experience were the main predictors of mystical experiences, whilst Symbolic interpretation might also have contributed, although to a lesser extent.


Problem
An unlicensed medicine (ULM) is a product which does not have a marketing authorisation from the MHRA. ULMs include Specials, food supplements and imported medicines. There has never been an evaluation of the quality of ULM guidelines or analysis of their content.

Approach
A search of published guideline documentation was conducted using peer-reviewed electronic databases. Search terms included 'unlicensed medicine' or 'specials' combined with; guideline, policy, framework, standardized operating procedure, standard operating procedure or recommendation. Internal documentation was acquired using a 'call for guidance' which was distributed both locally and nationally across healthcare settings.

The quality of the guidelines was assessed using the AGREE II tool alongside a thematic analysis of the content.

Findings
A total of 52 guidance documents were included in the analysis. The quality of the guidance documentation was good for the domains 'Scope and Purpose' (70.6%) and 'Clarity of Presentation' (70.4%). However, the 'Rigour of Development' domain (12.1%) and the 'Editorial Independence' domain (2.6%) scored poorly. Rigour of development reflected the fact that ULM guidance lacked references to an evidence base. The editorial independence score was due to lack of clarity around competing interests from the guideline authors. Some documents provided tools for the implementation of the recommendations but many did not, resulting in a low 'Applicability' score (23.9%). The 'Stakeholder development' score (30%) revealed lack of multidisciplinary and specialist input and little involvement of patients.

Thematic analysis of the guidance documents revealed four parent themes across the documentation. The 'Professional Responsibility' theme highlighted the need for healthcare professionals to be aware of when they were using ULM and their responsibilities when using them. The 'Usage Practicalities' theme included the stages of use from prescribing to administration. 'Risk versus benefit' in using ULMs was a strong theme throughout the guidance documentation. This included evidence to support use of ULMs and the place of ULMs in treatment. 'Controlling the use' of ULMs described the strategies employed to regulate costs and restrict access to ULM.

Consequences
There is a lack of transparency around who writes guidance on ULM and on what foundations they base their recommendations. This is likely to reflect a wider issue around lack of evidence for ULM which has also been found in guidance documentation in paediatrics. There is a large deficit in stakeholder and patient involvement in ULM guidance development.

In addition, there is also a lack of consistency in content across ULM guidelines and there is a need to agree a 'core content'. There was little documentation from community pharmacy or the primary care sector. It is not clear if this is due to a lack of guidance or a lack of submission to the project for analysis.


The subject of this thesis is the relationship between eschatology and history in the Christian community for which Luke-Acts was written. Chapter 1 formulates the problem in terms of Luke's eschatology. It argues that Luke and his community thought of the End as 'near' and that Luke's historical perspective affected his eschatology. Luke-Acts represents a community that held a relevant eschatological hope and was aware of continuing history. This is the interpretive problem this thesis seeks to enlighten. The perspective to be used in approaching this problem is that of sociological analysis. Chapter 2 explores the use of sociological perspectives in New Testament study and the benefits to be achieved by the use of the sociology of knowledge. Chapter 3 is a sociological analysis of the community in terms of date, location, stratification, racial composition, boundaries, social institutions, and charismatic roles and functions. This material suggests that mission was an important community task. Chapter 4 establishes a sociology of mission for the community, investigating commitment as the mechanism that motivated community members to pursue mission, the importance of mission to the community, the motivation of converts, and the problems encountered in mission. Chapter 5 investigates the social functions of eschatology in the community and finds that it functioned in legitimating numerous aspects of the community's mission experience. Chapter 6 investigates the social functions of history in the community and finds that it functioned in legitimating various aspects of the community's mission experience. In the conclusion it is shown that history and eschatology were functionally related to one another in legitimating aspects of the community's mission experience. This functionality also provided a meaningful relationship in helping the community to make sense of its world. This further prepares us to try and understand these ideas theologically by placing them in a social context.


This article investigates misclassification and antidiscrimination. Misclassification is employers' practice of classifying workers as independent contractors whom the law would categorize as employees. Misclassified workers are exempt from most federal antidiscrimination statutes, unless they file a discrimination lawsuit and seek reclassification by the court for purposes of the litigation. Thus, employers may use their power to classify to write workers out of the law, and workers who cannot win a misclassification challenge cannot gain access to antidiscrimination rights. Little is known about which workers are misclassified, however, or about the outcomes of misclassification challenges in court. Drawing on existing and newly collected data, including ten years of misclassification decisions in cases brought under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964,this article shows that women and people of color are overrepresented in the occupations at highest risk for misclassification. The article also raises questions about courts' role in checking employers' power to classify, as many of the workers who are most at risk for misclassification and discrimination do not appear to be filing suit, and many courts' handling of misclassification challenges is deeply flawed.


Purpose: This phase I study aimed to determine the recommended dose (RD), safety profile, and feasibility of a procedure combining intratumoral injection of hafnium oxide nanoparticles (NBTXR3; a radioenhancer) and external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) for preoperative treatment of adults with locally advanced soft tissue sarcoma (STS). Experimental Design: Patients had a preoperative indication of EBRT for STS of the extremity or trunk. Baseline tumor volume (TV) was calculated by MRI. NBTXR3 was injected percutaneously into tumors at 53.3 g/L. Dose escalation was based on four levels equivalent to 2.5%, 5%, 10%, and 20% of baseline TV. NBTXR3 was visualized in the tumor 24 hours postinjection, and EBRT was initiated (50 Gy over 5 weeks). Surgery was performed 6 to 8 weeks after EBRT completion. Results: Twenty-two patients completed NBTXR3 injection, EBRT, and surgery and were followed for a median 22 months (range, 6–40). At NBTXR3 20% of TV, two dose-limiting toxicities occurred: injection-site pain and postoperative scar necrosis. The RD was defined as 10%. No leakage of NBTXR3 into surrounding tissues occurred; intratumor NBTXR3 levels were maintained during radiotherapy. At the RD, median tumor shrinkage was 40% (range 71% shrinkage, 22% increase); median percentage of residual viable tumor cells was 26% (range, 10%–90%). Patients receiving 20% of TV demonstrated pathologic complete responses. Seven grade 3 adverse events occurred, which were reversible. Conclusions: A single intratumoral injection of NBTXR3 at 10% of TV with preoperative EBRT was technically feasible with manageable toxicity; clinical activity was observed. Clin Cancer Res; 23(4); 908–17. ©2016 AACR.


In recent years, functional connectivity in the developmental science received increasing attention. Although it has been reported that the anatomical connectivity in the preterm brain develops dramatically during the last months of pregnancy, little is known about how functional and effective connectivity change with maturation. The present study investigated how effective connectivity in premature infants evolves. To assess it, we use EEG measurements and graph-theory methodologies. We recorded data from 25 preterm babies, who underwent long-EEG monitoring at least twice during their stay in the NICU. The recordings took place from 27 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA) until 42 weeks PMA. Results showed that the EEG-connectivity, assessed using graph-theory indices, moved from a small-world network to a random one, since the clustering coefficient increases and the path length decreases. This shift can be due to the development of the thalamocortical connections and long-range cortical connections. Based on the network indices, we developed different age-prediction models. The best result showed that it is possible to predict the age of the infant with a root mean-squared error ( ) equal to 2.11 weeks. These results are similar to the ones reported in the literature for age prediction in preterm babies.


Abstract. Commission I of the International Society for Photogrammetric and Remote Sensing formed working group I/1 for the purpose of standardizing airborne platform interfaces. The primary mission of this working group is to promote the standardization of instrument interfaces, data formats, and supporting infrastructures; and to facilitate more efficient, flexible, and cost-effective international science flight operations. Within WGI/1 are a number of focused subgroups. This paper addresses the efforts of some of these subgroups having interdependent and overlapping interests; including the development of standard software interfaces for sensors, standardized approaches to management of information over potentially intermittent wireless data links, the development of standardized processing algorithms, and data archival format standards. The data in this report reflect the outcome of work-to-date in the current subgroups.


There are various cases in physics and engineering sciences (especially communications) where one requires the envelope probability density function (PDF) of the sum of several random sinusoidal signals. According to the correspondence between a random sinusoidal signal and a random vector, the sum of random vectors can be considered as an abstract mathematical model for the above sum. Now it is desired to obtain the PDF of the length of the resulting vector. Considering the common and reasonable assumption of uniform distributions for the angles of the vectors, many researchers have obtained the PDF of the length of the resulting vector only for special cases. However in this paper, the PDF is obtained for the most general case in which the lengths of vectors are arbitrary dependent random variables. This PDF is in the form of a definite integral, which may be inappropriate for analytic manipulations and numerical computations. So an appropriate infinite Laguerre expansion is also derived. Finally, the results are applied to solve a typical example in computing the scattering cross section of random scatterers.


We present a work-in-progress report on a sketchand image-based software called "CHER-ish" designed to help make sense of the cultural heritage data associated with sites within 3D space. The software is based on the previous work done in the domain of 3D sketching for conceptual architectural design, i.e., the system which allows user to visualize urban structures by a set of strokes located in virtual planes in 3D space. In order to interpret and infer the structure of a given cultural heritage site, we use a mix of data such as site photographs and floor plans, and then we allow user to manually locate the available photographs and their corresponding camera positions within 3D space. With the photographs' camera positions placed in 3D, the user defines a scene's 3D structure by the means of stokes and other simple 2D geometric entities. We introduce the main system components: virtual planes (canvases), 2D entities (strokes, line segments, photos, polygons) and provide a description of the methods that allow the user to interact with them within the system to create a scene representation. Finally, we demonstrate the usage of the system on two different data sets: a collection of photographs and drawings from Dura-Europos, and drawings and plans from Horace Walpole's Strawberry Hill villa. CCS Concepts •Human-centered computing → Scientific visualization; Information visualization; •Applied computing → Archaeology; Computer-aided design;


Aboriginal people are alarmingly under-represented in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM)-related careers. This under-representation is a direct result of the lack of academic success in science and mathematics, an issue that begins early in elementary and middle school and often escalates in secondary school with the majority consequently doing poorly, not completing these courses and often dropping out. This makes them ineligible to pursue STEM-related paths at the post-secondary level. The greatest challenges to success in these courses are the lack of relevancy for Aboriginal learners and, as importantly, how they are taught; impediments that are also paramount to the increasing lack of success for many non-Aboriginal students in STEM-related courses. This paper explores how Aboriginal ways of knowing and learning and those of the 21 st century learners of today very closely parallel each other and illustrates how the creative multidisciplinary approach of a liberal education might be the way to enable early academic engagement, success and retention of Aboriginal learners in the sciences and mathematics.


This paper proposes a convenient, economical and environmentally friendly way to complete the Privately Offered Fund contracts based on shared permission blockchain. There are three main contributions of applying blockchain technology into the contracts. First, in order to reduce the CO2 emission from printing, delivery and mostly for the sake of security, we present an electronic procedure for signing and keeping the Privately Offered Fund Contracts. Second, we design and implement FutureText prototype using Hyperchain, which helps us share privacy information among stakeholders while keeping forged signature, counterfeited seal and twin-contracts away. Finally, to follow the legitimacy and compliance, we put forward methods for both authentication and signature of tripartite contracts. Besides, we put encrypted contracts on blockchain while keeping original contracts on local hosts using heterogeneous storage, and that helps to alleviate the storage pressure on blockchain. Key words-blockchain, electronic contract, authentication, tripartite signature, heterogeneous storage


In open question answering (QA), the answer to a question is produced by retrieving and then analyzing documents that might contain answers to the question. Most open QA systems have considered only retrieving information from unstructured text. Here we consider for the first time open QA over both tabular and textual data and present a new large-scale dataset Open Table-and-Text Question Answering (OTT-QA) to evaluate performance on this task. Most questions in OTT-QA require multi-hop inference across tabular data and unstructured text, and the evidence required to answer a question can be distributed in different ways over these two types of input, making evidence retrieval challenging -- our baseline model using an iterative retriever and BERT-based reader achieves an exact match score less than 10%. We then propose two novel techniques to address the challenge of retrieving and aggregating evidence for OTT-QA. The first technique is to use "early fusion" to group multiple highly relevant tabular and textual units into a fused block, which provides more context for the retriever to search for. The second technique is to use a cross-block reader to model the cross-dependency between multiple retrieved evidence with global-local sparse attention. Combining these two techniques improves the score significantly, to above 27%.


Navigating the digital economy has become a central component of daily life – for consumers and service providers alike. The sweeping transition from the physical to digital world has fundamentally altered the ways in which organizations transact with each other, with customers, and with regulators. This has given rise to an array of new economic possibilities, increased disintermediation, and improved user experience. Digital technologies allow people and entities to complete high-value transactions, often without ever physically interacting. With that convenience, however, comes a key question – in a digital world, how do you know that someone is who they say they are? And beyond that initial verification, how can organizations make the critical decision to trust their counterparty? Establishing a degree of assurance that someone actually is who they are expected to be, and will do what they are expected to do is an analog problem thrown into sharp relief by the volume, velocity, and complexity of modern transactions. The digital economy has a digital identity problem. Even though identity processes are at the core of nearly every transaction individuals and institutions undertake, most identity use cases still rely on legacy paper-based credentials. These are expensive, unsecure, and will become increasingly difficult to keep compliant as new data protection regimes emerge. For financial services institutions in particular, making effective use of digital identities is both a persistent challenge and a unique opportunity. A number of innovative models have begun to emerge to more efficiently create, verify, authenticate, and federate identity information. These distinct digital identity processes lay the foundation for enduring trust with consumers, reliable compliance with shifting regulatory regimes, and continued relevance in our brave new connected economy. Moreover, as established organizations in a highly regulated, identity-centric industry, financial institutions are uniquely positioned to drive the development of across-sector identity ecosystem to address both current and future digital identity challenges.


This article deals with the explanation about a small part of the study of Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFG), i.e. dimension in language. Systemic Functional (SF) theory views language as a social semiotic a resource people use to accomplish their purposes by expressing meanings in context. Language is a systematic resource for expressing meaning in context and linguistics, the study of how people exchange meanings through the use of language. This view of language as a system for meaning potential implies that language is not a well defined system not a "the set of all grammatical sentences." It also implies that language exists and therefore must be studied in contexts such as professional settings, classrooms, and language tests. In short, SF theory states that particular aspects of a given context (such as the topics discussed, the language users and the medium of communication) define the meanings likely to be expressed and the language likely to be used to express those meanings.   Kata Kunci : Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFG), grammatical sentences.


In this chapter we review an emerging literature con- cerning the neuroimaging of various subcomponents of imagin- ation. The preliminary conclusions of this review are two-fold. First, acts of imagination recruit similar networks in the brain to those used for the sensory and motor processing during corres- ponding actions in, or interactions with the real world (with the important exception that imagined movements do not activate the primary motor cortex). That the majority of studies reviewed have been concerned with visual imagery was inevitable since this is the form of imagination for which most neuroimaging experiments have been conducted. It should be noted that this first conclusion is relevant to all forms of imagination, and not just those of veridi- cal imagery, where there is a 'real world' referent for the imaginary content. Second, the selection processes used in subcomponents of imagination such as anticipation, mindedness, and counterfactual thinking rely on widely distributed subcortical and cortical net- works within the brain, consisting of important components such as the cingulate cortex, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, the cere- bellum and the orbitofrontal cortex. These neural structures play quite different functional roles in the complex interactions of real and imagined acts that constitute human thought and behaviour. Further knowledge of the precise functional roles of the interact- ing networks can be expected from neuroimaging in the coming years, perhaps through the technical breakthroughs which we imagine in a Coda and which could potentially facilitate and enhance our understanding of imagination in the future. Proceedings of the British Academy 147, 307-326. © The British Academy 2007.


The focus of the work in this thesis is to gain new insight into the fluid behaviour observed in a float glass furnace by means of simplified mathematical models. In particular, the models explore the dynamics of films of foam, known as logs, that spread across the surface of a pool of molten glass. The model employed throughout is the two dimensional Navier-Stokes equations, in the limit of zero Reynolds number, together with appropriate conditions at moving boundaries. Throughout the thesis, the slender geometry of the films is exploited using asymptotic techniques to simplify the models. In the introductory chapter, the motivating float glass manufacturing process is described, then the mathematical techniques and modelling assumptions that are used throughout the thesis are introduced. In the first technical chapter a model for the spreading of viscous films on the surface of a deep viscous pool is considered. Although this model neglects the effects of drainage it enables analytical progress to be made. As such, insight is gained into how the spreading logs interact with one another as they spread across the surface of the underlying pool. Analytic expressions for the evolution of a single spreading film, two spreading films and an infinite array of films are obtained. In addition, some comments on a general configuration of films are made. In the next technical chapter a model for the spreading and draining of a viscous film on a flat surface is considered. Although the model is simplistic, and neglects the interaction of logs via the underlying pool, it does allow some initial ideas on the effects of drainage to be explored. The model is systematically reduced to a nonlinear diffusion PDE. The subsequent analysis is applicable to a broad family of PDEs, hence the analysis is presented in some generality. Solutions to the PDEs under consideration exhibit an interesting behaviour in which the front of a compactly supported solution changes its direction of propagation. To explore this phenomenon, the behaviour of the front of the film as it advances (due to gravity driven spreading) and recedes (due to drainage) is examined. In particular, asymptotic solutions local to a time at which the front of the film changes its direction of propagation are obtained and their implications discussed. In the final technical chapter, the ideas from the previous two chapters are drawn together. A model is considered that incorporates both drainage, and allows the spreading logs to interact via the molten glass pool. It is shown that the model can be systematically reduced to a singular integro-differential equation (SIDE). In a special case, a steady state solution to this SIDE is obtained using a combination of asymptotic and numerical techniques. To complement the analysis in the previous chapters, advancing and receding fronts of solutions to the model are also examined. In the final chapter, the results of the previous chapters are summarised, and the practical implementation of the modelling is discussed. The work not only gives rise to a number of novel mathematical results, but also provides new understanding on the behaviour of spreading viscous films and the industrial float glass process


This paper focuses on the analysis of the impact of the Farm Input Subsidy Programme (FISP) using national level data and household survey data collected prior to FISP in 2004/05 and data collected in March – April 2011. In this data set 463 households were interviewed in both surveys and similar questions on some of the socio-economic indicators were asked during interviews to enable us to test the impact using a difference-in-difference estimator. We find evidence of economy wide and input market effects of the subsidy programme. The economy-wide effects of the subsidy programme are strong particularly due to lower maize prices and increased ganyu wage rates. With respect to input market effects, with 2010/11 conditions and quantities of subsidised fertiliser, a 1 percent increase in subsidized fertilizers reduces commercial demand by 0.15 – 0.21 percent. However, using various welfare indicators, we find mixed results on the direct beneficiary household effects of the subsidy programme from panel data analysis. Overall, there are positive impacts of the subsidy programme although some of the relationships are not statistically significant. The direct beneficiary impacts on food security, food onsumption, self-assessed poverty and overall welfare are weak and mixed while there is some statistically significant evidence of positive impacts on primary school enrolment, under-5 illness and shocks. In addition, there is some evidence of positive trends in impact indicators as the number of times a household received the subsidy in the past 6 season increases. The economy-wide effects of the subsidy which arise from higher ganyu wage rates, reduced time spent on ganyu, availability of maize at local level and lower prices of maize have enabled poor households to access maize when they run out of their own production. Nonetheless, the impact analysis highlights the challenges of targeting and sharing of subsidy among households, which may have implications on the direct beneficiary impacts.


In comparison to traditional animation techniques, motion capture allows animators to obtain a large amount of realistic data in little time. In contrast, classical animation requires a significant amount of manual labour. The motivation behind our research is to look at methods that can fill the gap that separates realistic motion from cartoon animation. With this knowledge, classical animators could produce animated movies and nonrealistic video games in a shorter amount of time. To add cartoon-like qualities to realistic animations, we suggest an algorithm that changes the animation curves of motion capture data by modifying their local minima and maxima. We also propose a curve-based interface that allows users to quickly edit and visualize the changes applied to the animation. Through our user studies, we determine that the proposed curve interface is a good method of interaction. However, we find that in certain cases (both user-related and algorithmic), our animation results exhibit unwanted artefacts. Thus, we present various ways to reduce, avoid or eliminate these issues.


S-adenosylmethionine is a relatively new anti-inflammatory drug with analgesic and anti-depressant effects. Efficacy of 800 mg orally administered s-adenosylmethionine daily versus placebo for six weeks was investigated in 44 patients with primary fibromyalgia in double-blind settings. Tender point score, isokinetic muscle strength, disease activity, subjective symptoms (visual analog scale), mood parameters and side effects were evaluated. Improvements were seen for clinical disease activity (P = 0.04), pain experienced during the last week (P = 0.002), fatigue (P = 0.02), morning stiffness (P = 0.03) and mood evaluated by Face Scale (P = 0.006) in the actively treated group compared to placebo. The tender point score, isokinetic muscle strength, mood evaluated by Beck Depression Inventory and side effects did not differ in the two treatment groups. S-adenosylmethionine has some beneficial effects on primary fibromyalgia and could be an important option in the treatment hereof.


The Hanafi school of law is one of the oldest legal schools of Islam, coming into existence in the eighth century in Iraq, and surviving up to the present. So closely is the early development of the Hanafi school interwoven with non-legal spheres, such as the political, social, and theological, that the study of it is essential to a proper understanding of medieval Islamic history. Using rich material drawn mainly from medieval Islamic biographical dictionaries, Nurit Tsafrir offers a thorough examination of the first century and a half of the school's existence, the period during which it took shape. She provides a detailed account of the process by which the school attracted ever more followers and spread over vast geographical areas in the Islamic world empire. The book makes an important contribution to our understanding of the history of this influential school of law in the broader context of Islamic history. The History of an Islamic School of Law: The Early Spread of Hanafism will be of interest to all those concerned with early and medieval Isalmic history, the history of Islamic schools of law, legal history, and the social history of classical Islam.


The Ig superfamily members TCR and B cell receptor (BCR) share high structural and amino acid homology, yet interact with Ags in a distinct manner. The overall shape of the TCR ligand is rather constant, with the variation coming from the MHC polymorphism and the peptide heterogeneity. Consequently, the TCR alpha- and beta-chains form a relatively flat ligand-binding site that interacts with the peptide:MHC (pep:MHC) ligand in a fixed diagonal orientation relative to the MHC alpha-helices, with the alpha- and beta-chains of the TCR contacting the N and C termini of the pep:MHC complex, respectively. By contrast, the shape of BCR ligands varies dramatically, and the BCR exhibits much greater variability of the Ag-binding site. The mAbs 25-D1.16 (D1) and 22-C5.9 (C5), specific for the OVA-8:H-2Kb complex, allowed us to directly compare how TCR and BCR approach the same ligand. To that effect, we mapped D1 and C5 footprints over the OVA-8:H-2Kb complex. Using peptide variants and mutant MHC molecules, we show that the D1 and C5 contacts with the OVA-8:Kb complex C terminus overlap with the TCR beta-chain footprint, but that this footprint also extends to the regions of the molecule not contacted by the TCR. These studies suggest that D1 and C5 exhibit a hybrid mode of pep:MHC recognition, in part similar to that of the TCR beta-chain and in part similar to the conventional anti-MHC Ab.


Title of dissertation: THE ROLE OF PRICE INFORMATION IN AGRICULTURAL MARKETS: EVIDENCE FROM RURAL PERU Eduardo Nakasone, Doctor of Philosophy, 2014 Dissertation directed by: Professor Kenneth Leonard Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics Agriculture is a source of livelihood for 86% of households in rural areas, many of whom rely on their crops for income. However, many farmers in isolated areas do not have access to reliable market price information that can inform them about the most profitable opportunities on where to sell their products. This dissertation presents new evidence on the role of price information in farmers' marketing outcomes. I use data from a field experiment in the central highlands of Peru. A group of farmers in randomly selected villages was provided with mobile phones, through which they received detailed price information for seventeen relevant crops in six regional markets. I find that those provided with the information received 13-14% higher prices for their products. This effect was larger for perishable crops and for more risk-averse households. Information also made farmers more likely to participate in commercial activities and sell their crops (rather than allocating them for self-consumption). These results were not driven by other mobile phone benefits as the phones distributed to the farmers were restricted to only receive the price SMS during the period of the intervention. They are not driven by production decisions either because the intervention took place after planting decisions had already been made. Finally, I also investigate the possibility of information spillovers by examining marketing outcomes of households who did not receive the information but lived in villages where others did. I do not find any significant effects among households in this group. The Role of Price Information in Agricultural Markets: Evidence from Rural Peru


Thesis submitted to the school of graduate studies in partial fulfillment of the award of the degree of Master of Science in Environment and Natural Resources of Makerere University.


The effective planning of residential location choices is one of the great challenges of contemporary societies and requires forecasting capabilities and the consideration of complex interdependencies which can only be handled by complex computer models. This book presents a range of approaches used to model residential locations within the context of developing land-use and transport models. These approaches illustrate the range of choices that modellers have to make in order to represent residential choice behaviour. The models presented in this book represent the state-of-the-art and are valuable both as key building blocks for general urban models, and as representative examples of complexity science.


The challenges in implementing linked data technologies in enterprises are not limited to technical issues only. Projects like these deal also with organisational hurdles to be crossed, for instance the development of employee skills in the area of knowledge modelling and the implementation of a linked data strategy which foresees a cost-effective and sustainable infrastructure of high-quality and linked knowledge graphs. SKOS is able to play a key role in enterprise linked data strategies due to its relative simplicity in parallel with its ability to be mapped and extended by other controlled vocabularies, ontologies, entity extraction services and linked open data.


In this work, desorption/ionization mass spectrometry was employed for the analysis of sugars and small platform chemicals that are common intermediates in biomass transformation reactions. Specifically, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) mass spectrometric techniques were employed as alternatives to traditional chromatographic methods.
Ionic liquid matrices (ILMs) were designed based on traditional solid MALDI matrices (2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) and α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA)) and 1,3-dialkylimidazolium ionic liquids ([BMIM]Cl, [EMIM]Cl, and [EMIM]OAc) that have been employed as reaction media for biomass transformation reactions such as the conversion of carbohydrates to valuable platform chemicals. Although two new ILMs were synthesized ([EMIM][DHB] and [EMIM][CHCA] from [EMIM]OAc), chloride-containing ILs did not react with matrices and resulted in mixtures of IL and matrix in solution. Compared to the parent solid matrices, much less matrix interference was observed in the low mass region of the mass spectrum (< 500 Da) using each of the IL-matrices. Furthermore, the formation of a true ILM (i.e. a new ion pair) does not appear to be necessary for analyte ionization.
MALDI sample preparation techniques were optimized based on the compatibility with analyte, IL and matrix. ILMs and IL-matrix mixtures of DHB allowed for qualitative analysis of glucose, fructose, sucrose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. Analogous CHCA-containing ILMs did not result in appreciable analyte signals under similar conditions. Small platform compounds such as 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and levulinic acid were not detected by direct analysis using MALDI-MS. Furthermore, sugar analyte signals were only detected at relatively high matrix:IL:analyte ratios (1:1:1) due to significant matrix and analyte suppression by the IL ions. Therefore, chemical modification of analytes with glycidyltrimethylammonium chloride (GTMA) was employed to extend this method to quantitative applications. Derivatization was accomplished in aqueous IL solutions with fair reaction efficiencies (36.9 – 48.4 % glucose conversion). Calibration curves of derivatized glucose-GTMA yielded good linearity in all solvent systems tested, with decreased % RSDs of analyte ion signals in IL solutions as compared to purely aqueous systems (1.2 – 7.2 % and 4.2 – 8.7 %, respectively). Derivatization resulted in a substantial increase in sensitivity for MALDI-MS analyses: glucose was reliably detected at IL:analyte ratios of 100:1 (as compared to 1:1 prior to derivatization). Screening of all test analytes resulted in appreciable analyte signals in MALDI-MS spectra, including both HMF and levulinic acid.
Using appropriate internal standards, calibration curves were constructed and this method was employed for monitoring a model dehydration reaction of fructose to HMF in [BMIM]Cl. Calibration curves showed wide dynamic ranges (LOD – 100 ng fructose/μg [BMIM]Cl, LOD – 75 ng HMF/μg [BMIM]Cl) with correlation coefficients of 0.9973 (fructose) and 0.9931 (HMF). LODs were estimated from the calibration data to be 7.2 ng fructose/μg [BMIM]Cl and 7.5 ng HMF/μg [BMIM]Cl, however relatively high S/N ratios at these concentrations indicate that these values are likely overestimated. Application of this method allowed for the rapid acquisition of quantitative data without the need for prior separation of analyte and IL. Finally, small molecule platform chemicals HMF and levulinic acid were qualitatively analyzed by DESI-MS. Both HMF and levulinic acid were easily ionized and the corresponding molecular ions were easily detected in the presence of 10 – 100 times IL, without the need for chemical modification prior to analysis. DESI-MS analysis of ILs in positive and negative ion modes resulted in few ions in the low mass region, showing great potential for the analysis of small molecules in IL media.


Techniques and issues are considered surrounding the characterisation of surface form represented by Digital Elevation Models (DEMs). A set of software tools suitable for use in a raster based Geographical Information System (GIS) is developed. Characterisation has three specific objectives, namely to identify spatial pattern, to identify scale dependency in form and to allow visualisation of results. An assessment is made of the characteristics of error in DEMs by identifying suitable quantitative measures and visualisation processes that may be enabled within a GIS. These are evaluated by contour threading a fractal surface and comparing four different spatial interpolations of the contours. The most effective error characterisations are found to be those that identify high frequency spatial pattern. Visualisation of spatial arrangement of DEM error is used to develop a deterministic error model based on local surface slope and aspect. DEMs are parameterised using first and second derivatives of quadratic surfaces fitted over a range of scales. This offers advantages over traditional methods based on a 3 by 3 local window, as geomorphometric form can be characterised at any scale. Morphometric parameters are combined to give a feature classification that may also be applied over a range of scales. Multi-scale measurements are combined to give a feature membership function that describes how properties change with scale. These functions are visualised using modal and entropy measures of variability. An additional method of visualising scale dependency is suggested that graphically represents statistical measures of spatial pattern over a variety of spatial lags. This is found most appropriate for detecting structural anisotropy in a surface. Characterisation tools are evaluated by applying them to uncorrelated surfaces, fractal surfaces and Ordnance Survey DEMs of Lake District, Peak District and Dartmoor.


Although significant technical precautions have been taken in marine diesel engine and auxiliary systems, unexpected failures can be observed during operation. These failures can sometimes lead to irreversible losses. The purpose of the study is to present fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) methods that can be applied for failure detection in auxiliary systems and marine diesel engine determined by group of experts. By evaluating the decision-making groups, the system most affected by failures was determined.


This paper provides a novel syntactic analysis of the Dutch prefix be-. This prefix can derive new verbs by attaching to verbs (be-vindV-en 'to be located'), nouns (be-dijkN-en 'to dam up') or adjectives (be-grootA-en 'to economize'). It can also form new adpositions by combining with adjectives (be-needA-en, 'below') or prepositions (be-ove(r)P-(e)n 'above'). We propose an analysis of be- based on Aboh's (2010) account for complex locative expressions in typologically different languages, including Gungbe, Zina Kotoko, English and Dutch. We extend this analysis to Dutch verbal complexes, and argue that be- expresses a functional category (F°) that embeds a predicate phrase containing the element it attaches to, in both adpositions and verbs. Our analysis goes against Hoekstra, Lansu and Westerduin's (1987) small clause account of be- in verbal complexes in which be- is the head of a predicate phrase (Pr°).


Ethiopia's Accession to World Trade Organization (WTO) has a number of implications to existing economic and financial sector polices of the country. Assessing major areas of possible policy amendments and reversals is critically important in the financial sector for the accession process as well as its aftermath. This paper attempted to deal with this issue based on qualitative policy analysis. It is found that a comparative analysis of the existing financial sector policies vis-a-vis the principles and practices of WTO suggests that there are different policies in the financial sector system that are incompatible with requirements of the General Agreement on Trade in Services ( GATS) and the practices in trade negotiations. One of such incompatibility is related to the existing policy that prohibits the participation of foreign financial institutions in the domestic financial market. It is submitted that the way forward for Ethiopia is gradual and selective liberalization of the financial sector that may balance protection of social and economic policy objectives on the one hand and integrating the financial sector to the ever expanding global financial market rather than complete closure of the sector from international competition. In addition to this, since accession to WTO and undertaking any commitment in the service sector under GATS require the existence of transparent financial laws and regulations, effective judicial system and strong financial regulatory organ including the need to revisit the existing restriction in international payments, there is compelling need to make the necessary policy amendments in the financial sector regulatory framework.


Ribosome production is an early event during skeletal muscle hypertrophy and precedes muscle protein accretion. Signaling via mTOR is crucial for ribosome production and hypertrophy; however, the mechanisms by which it regulates these processes remain to be identified. Herein, we investigated the activation of mTOR signaling in hypertrophying myotubes and determined that mTOR coordinates various aspects of gene expression important for ribosome production. First, inhibition of translation with cycloheximide had a more potent effect on protein synthesis than rapamycin indicating that mTOR function during hypertrophy is not on general, but rather on specific protein synthesis. Second, blocking Pol II transcription had a similar effect as Rapamycin and, unexpectedly, revealed the necessity of Pol II transcription for Pol I transcription, suggesting that mTOR may regulate ribosome production also by controlling Class II genes at the transcriptional level. Third, Pol I activity is essential for rDNA transcription and, surprisingly, for protein synthesis as selective Pol I inhibition blunted rDNA transcription, protein synthesis, and the hypertrophic response of myotubes. Finally, mTOR has nuclear localization in muscle, which is not sensitive to rapamycin. Inhibition of mTOR signaling by rapamycin disrupted mTOR-rDNA promoter interaction and resulted in altered histone marks indicative of repressed transcription and formation of higher-order chromatin structure. Thus mTOR signaling appears to regulate muscle hypertrophy by affecting protein synthesis, Class I and II gene expression, and chromatin remodeling.


The transition of young people ages 24 and younger from juvenile and adult correctional settings back into schools, families, communities, and society at large—a process termed youth reentry—is one of the critical justice policy issues currently confronting the United States, yet research addressing this topic is limited. We therefore know little about the unique challenges, including the role of youth development, involved in youth reentry or how best to effectively assist this population to become contributing members of society. For this reason, the Urban Institute convened a roundtable of researchers, practitioners, policy makers, and community leaders to inform national discussions about youth reentry. In this introduction to the special issue, we summarize the findings and issues raised at the meeting, presenting highlights from the paper presentations and discussions. We then identify some of the promising research and policy directions that emerged from the meeting.


Improved understanding of retirement behavior is a key to better understanding of many important economic problems. In as close as we can come to a general "social experiment," real Social Security benefits were increased substantially for the period we study the retirement patterns of a cohort of white males: 28% on average between 1970 and 1972, with the maximum benefit increased by over 50% in real terms between 1968 and 1976. Other important structural changes in the method of computing benefits were also made. Hence, we have extremely detailed longitudinal data on a cohort of people spanning the years of most active retirement behavior (ages 58-67) over a period of abrupt change in the economic incentives surrounding their retirement . We have analyzed these data in a variety of ways to examine the impact of the changes in Social Security, as well as other factors, on retirement probabilities. The most simple to the most sophisticated analyses reveal the same set of inferences: 1. The acceleration in the decline in the labor force participation of elderly men over the period 1969-73 was primarily due to the large increase in real Social Security benefits; our probability equations estimate effects of changes in real benefits combined with the actual changes to predict declines in participation rates virtually identical to actual observed changes from independent data. 2. Social Security wealth interacts with other assets. A substantial fraction of the elderly appear to have few other assets and this group shows a markedly larger propensity to retire early, e.g., at age 62 when Social Security benefits become available. We find strong evidence of this liquidity constraint effect for an important subgroup of the elderly. 3. The magnitude of the induced retirement effect is large enough that if it is ignored in estimating the direct fiscal implications of major changes in benefit provisions, these may be substantially underestimated . 4. We interpret our results in the historical context of a particular cohort undergoing a major, unanticipated transfer of wealth via larger real benefits. We make no attempt to distinguish these from the long- run effects if the system were to remain unchanged for many years or if future changes were readily predictable.


Urban transformation and regeneration interventions are complex processes in which a multitude of actors act in order to generate an overall value higher than the investment and proportional to the risks, related to each phase of real estate development process. The trade-off between risk and return is one of the essential element in investment decisions, even more in the context of urban transformations projects characterized by long-term time horizons, hence the difficulty for investors to predict the future. In this context, the paper proposes a reflection on the relationship between return and risk in urban transformation and regeneration interventions, focusing on the private investor's perspective. A first questionnaire was proposed to a selected panel of experts, as pre-test, in order to highlight how the different actors involved in development processes perceive risk and how their adversity varies due to their role and the development phase. The first results of the pre-test phase have pointed out interesting aspects that deserve an in depth investigation through a survey extended to a larger sample, such as the importance of the involvement of private operators and the use of multidimensional and multi-stakeholder models to support risk management.


Protecting modern computer systems and complex software stacks against the growing range of possible attacks is becoming increasingly difficult. The architecture of modern commodity systems allows attackers to subvert privileged system software often using a single exploit. Once the system is compromised, inclusive permissions used by current architectures and operating systems easily allow a compromised high-privileged software layer to perform arbitrary malicious activities, even on behalf of other software layers. This paper presents a hardware-supported page permission scheme for the physical pages that is based on the concept of non-inclusive sets of memory permissions for different layers of system software such as hypervisors, operating systems, and user-level applications. Instead of viewing privilege levels as an ordered hierarchy with each successive level being more privileged, we view them as distinct levels each with its own set of permissions. Such a permission mechanism, implemented as part of a processor architecture, provides a common framework for defending against a range of recent attacks. We demonstrate that such a protection can be achieved with negligible performance overhead, low hardware complexity and minimal changes to the commodity OS and hypervisor code.


Based on the Essential Science Indicators (ESI) database, this study analyzed 798 top papers in the subject category of Water Resources from 2008 to 2018. The 798 top papers include 797 highly cited papers and 21 hot papers in the field. Distributions of document type, language of publication, scientific output, and publication of journals are reported in this article. Co-authorship network visualization of author, organizations and countries, co-occurrence network visualization of all keywords was visualized using VOS viewer software. Results showed that 798 papers, all written in English, were from 2,845 authors, 80 countries/territories and 1,107 organizations, listed in 49 journals in the field of water resources. Top 5 core journals with higher impact factor ranked as Water Research, Journal of Hydrology, Desalination, Catena and Advances in Water Resources. Top 5 countries and regions were USA, China, Australia, England and Germany. Top 5 organizations were Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of California System, Helmholtz Association, Delft University of Technology and Eth Zurich. Based on the analysis of network map of VOSviewer, there is cooperation for authors, organizations and countries or regions. The analysis of keywords showed that the research of water resource was separated 6 clusters. This study demonstrates that there are more top papers come from journals with the higher IF and higher rank in Category of Water Resources. Therefore, authors can choose their ideal Journal with a high impact factor to publish papers in the English language related to this research field.


This essay was commissioned by RRB Photo Books for inclusion in 'A New Refutation of the Viking 4 Space Mission' a new publication of the work of Peter Mitchell from the 1970s. Originally exhibited at the Impressions Gallery of Photography in York in 1979, the series consisted of photographs small scale business and shops of Leeds made by Mitchell. Mitchell's diary entries were an integral part of the work. The author's connection with this material is a longstanding one. She commissioned the original exhibition when she was the founder co-director of Impressions, and re-presented it in the exhibition and conference 'The New British Photography' at the University of Sussex in 2006 and then in the 2007 exhibition 'How We Are: Photography in Britain 1850-' co curated with Susan Bright for Tate Britain.

In 2016,the original Impressions show was exhibited at the Rencontres de la Photographie in Arles, and shortly after this, photobook publisher Rudi Thoemmes announced that he would publish the New Refutation series in book form. The book will be published in April, 2017 to accompany an exhibition at the Galerie Clementine de la Feronniere in Paris (4 April-13 May, 2017) and will also be shown at Photo London from 18-21 May 2017. The essay is contained in this book.

The essay discusses Mitchell's history as a photographer in Yorkshire in the 1970s and early 1980s, and his presence within the emerging British independent photo scene. This is the first time that his work has been discussed in this context. Much of the author's research, writing and curation has been connected with British independent photography from the early 1970s to the late 1980s and beyond, into the contemporary. Prior to this, she has written about Martin Parr, Daniel Meadows, Anna Fox and others, culmination in the 2001 Parr retrospective at the Barbican Art Gallery and the touring exhibition of the work of Daniel Meadows.

Extract from the essay:
'Interesting then, that Mitchell chose to position himself not only within the emerging independent photographic community, but also that he saw himself very much as a regional artist, with exhibitions in Leeds, Sheffield and York forming the basis of his exhibition history from the 1970s to the 1990s. Working in the Yorkshire Triangle of influential public galleries, Mitchell was able to introduce a number of tours de force of photography, design and text, which sat very well in the sympathetic, youthful Yorkshire museum culture of the time. The Graves Art Gallery was, in 1978, under the directorship of the dynamic Julian Spalding, and the Education Gallery within Leeds City Art Gallery was run by Shelia Ross, later to become Mitchell's longstanding partner. Over in York, the site of the 1979 'Viking IV Space Mission' show, the Impressions Gallery of Photography was the second photo gallery to be opened in the UK and had helped to establish the careers of Martin Parr, Daniel Meadows and a number of other young British photographers.'


In this work, a SQUID nondestructive evaluation (NDE) system with outstanding mobility and performance is developed using two units connected by copper wire. One of those units is a SQUID unit consisting of a high-Tc SQUID as well as a surrounding input coil, which are both cooled in liquid nitrogen and kept in a Dewar shielded by a cylindrical can with a shielding factor of 80–100 dB ranging from DC to 1 kHz. The other is a small, room-temperature probe composed of excitation coils and pickup coils. Based on the quadruple excitation field with the advantages of not only good balance of excitation noise but also a higher field gradient for enhancing the magnetic field distorted by small cracks underneath and a coplanar and differential coil with good ability to diminish the sensing of the magnetic field in the non-flaw region, the small and activated probe is made of quadruple excitation coils distributed in double D-shape differential pickup coils. The analysis shows that the SQUID NDE system using the novel probe design has advantages such as low thermal-noise introduction to the SQUID system, high transfer efficiency, efficient balancing of the excitation field as well as the dynamic noise during scanning, and high sensitivity, with a signal-to-noise ration (SNR) of 2 against the noise level of 8.5 ± 1.5 pT. This SQUID NDE system with the proposed probe is characterized by cracks with different widths at different depths, for example, fine spatial resolution up to 7 µm crack width on the surface of copper foil.


The fine-grained, laminated, stratiform zinc-lead ores of the McArthur River (HYC) ore deposit have been the subject of continued debate in regard to the timing of zinc-lead mineralization. Early workers (e.g., Croxford and Jephcott, 1972; Lambert, 1976) considered the ores to be sedimentary-exhalative (sedex), while more recent researchers (e.g., Williams, 1978a; Eldridge et al., 1993; Hinman, 1996) have argued for a syndiagenetic replacement origin. Several lines of evidence, including studies on the regional Sedimentology, sediment geochemistry, nature of sulfide layering, paragenesis, and chemistry of base metal transport and deposition, are used here to demonstrate that a synsedimentary origin is likely for the HYC deposit.Studies on the regional Sedimentology and geochemistry of the Barney Creek Formation have shown that the host rocks to the ore deposit, the HYC Pyritic Shale, represent a period of water deepening. Water depth was probably in excess of several hundred meters, with the deepest water euxinic facies corresponding to the ore position at the base of the HYC Pyritic Shale. A widespread manganese halo, developed in the W-Fold Shale Member below the ore horizon, is considered to relate to the start of the basin-deepening event, with manganese-bearing connate brines released into the basin along marginal rift faults. Manganese deposition occurred in the transitional dolomitic shale facies, where shallow-water, oxidized basin fluids intermittently mixed with deeper-water, reduced fluids along a redox interface. Sedimentary manganese deposition was immediately followed by zinc-lead mineralization in the deep-water, reduced facies of the HYC Pyritic Shale Member.The intimate relationship between the eight stratiform ore lenses and inter-ore sedimentary breccias indicates that sedimentary breccia deposition and ore formation are genetically linked. It is suggested that deep seismic events led to the following ore cycle: fault movement; sediment breccia deposition sourced from faults; episodic release of hot metalliferous brines along faults accompanied by sedimentary turbidites; and metal sulfide deposition in muds and turbidites adjacent to faults.The three modes of base metal sulfide occurrence in the ores, each considered by Eldridge et al. (1993) to have formed by replacement, are shown to have separate origins. The fine-grained sphalerite-galena bands (Mode 1) are intricately interlayered with pelagic organic-rich beds and thin turbidite beds. They exhibit classic sedimentary textures, such as load casts and flames, indicative of a synsedimentary origin. Coarser-grained Mode 2 base metal sulfides show complex intergrowths with nodular dolomite bands, and are considered to form by replacement during diagenesis. The discrete patches of coarse, Mode 3 base metal sulfides are interpreted to represent clastic input from turbidity currents sourced partly by the erosion of vein-style mineralization from the faulted margins of the basin.The detailed nature of the layering in the ores suggests that the introduction of metalliferous brines into the basin was not continuous but occurred as a series of pulses interspersed with pelagic sedimentation and turbidite deposition. Preliminary calculations suggest that On the order of 10,000 discrete pulses of brine were required to form each ore lens, and it is suggested these pulses were related to microseismic activity following each major seismic event in the basin.Solubility considerations indicate that the mineralized brines were most probably sulfate-rich (SO (super 2-) 4 > H 2 S) and capable of transporting up to several thousand parts-per-million zinc and lead at moderate temperatures (150 degrees -250 degrees C), and near-neutral pH. Zinc-lead deposition was the result of two possible processes: (1) thermochemical reduction of brine sulfate by organic matter in anoxic basin water, and (2) diffusion of H 2 S from the anoxic water column into the metalliferous brine layer. Sulfur isotope data are best explained if both processes operated together to deposit galena and sphalerite.


In this short essay I want to approach the issue theme of syncretism in a somewhat oblique manner—through a consideration of Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari's notion of the minor—specifically in relation to contemporary art.[1] Indeed, although the minor cannot be equated directly with syncretism, it might be understood as a parallel concept inasmuch as it names a form of cultural production from within a dominant culture; a kind of 'becoming a stranger' in ones own tongue. The minor, as we shall see, also names the production of a specifically collective enunciation; the calling forth of a people-yet-to-come who in some senses are already here, albeit masked by typical representational models (precisely the major). Specifically then the essay works through the characteristics of a 'minor literature' as laid out in Deleuze and Guattari's book on Kafka (1986) and provides some thoughts on how these might be usefully brought into contact with art theory. In general, what follows comprises of notes towards a minor practice, although I do make some reference to actual art collectives, especially in the footnotes. I also make a brief detour into Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri's Empire (2000), a book which involves an 'application' of many aspects of the Deleuzoguattarian project to contemporary geopolitics—and which addresses a key modality of the minor: the complex relationship between dissent and affirmation.


Purpose: To study the effect of different types of In vitro maturation medium on cumulus cell expansion and nuclear maturation rate of non-vitrified and post vitrified-thawed porcine follicular oocytes.

Methods: Three different In vitro Maturation (IVM) media (IVM-I contained only hormones and growth factors, IVM-II contained porcine follicular fluid along with hormones and growth factors and IVM-III contained porcine follicular fluid, foetal bovine serum and growth factors without any hormone) were prepared using modified tissue culture medium (TCM-199) as a base medium for the study. Porcine oocytes were collected and IVM in above media was done for 48 h.

Results: In case of non-vitrified and vitrified oocytes the rate of cumulus cells expansion did not differ significantly, but nuclear  maturation rate differed significantly between IVM media. The nuclear maturation rate was significantly higher in IVM-II and IVM-III than in IVM-I both for non-vitrified and vitrified groups.

Conclusion: Addition of follicular fluid to the IVM media leads to significantly higher nuclear maturation rate for both vitrified and non-vitrified porcine follicular oocytes.


The dominant neural machine translation (NMT) models that based on the encoder-decoder architecture have recently achieved the state-of-the-art performance. Traditionally, the NMT models only depend on the representations learned during training for mapping a source sentence into the target domain. However, the learned representations often suffer from implicit and inadequately informed properties. In this paper, we propose a novel bilingual topic enhanced NMT (BLTNMT) model to improve translation performance by incorporating bilingual topic knowledge into NMT. Specifically, the bilingual topic knowledge is included into the hidden states of both encoder and decoder, as well as the attention mechanism. With this new setting, the proposed BLT-NMT has access to the background knowledge implied in bilingual topics which is beyond the sequential context, and enables the attention mechanism to attend to topic-level attentions for generating accurate target words during translation. Experimental results show that the proposed model consistently outperforms the traditional RNNsearch and the previous topic-informed NMT on Chinese-English and EnglishGerman translation tasks. We also introduce the bilingual topic knowledge into the newly emerged Transformer base model on English-German translation and achieve a notable improvement.


From the Publisher:
The New York Times devotes the cover of its magazine to America's declining interest in politics and its obsession with money, finance, and the markets. Bill Gates builds a $50 million mansion while food pantries and homeless shelters overflow with the desperate. The explosive expansion of media and cyber conglomerates creates dreamworlds while the ecology of our actual world is jeopardized. Public space and public democracy withers, as is evidenced by the fact that the closest facsimile of a town square is the local Barnes & Noble.
New geographies of power are defined by sex scandals, plant closings, cyberporn, sweatshop labor, information webs, and stock market schizophrenia. Global capitalism and its cyberrelations use this chaos to construct modern forms of sexual and racial exploitation.
Into this world steps Zillah Eisenstein, with a book of profound despair and yet also great hope, informed by her trademark sharp analysis and her unrelenting passion for a more humane world. Exposing the purported democratic effect of new media for the global mirage it is, Eisenstein shows how transnational capital and its patriarchal obsessions threaten us all, while at the same time creating possibilities for a new democratic society.


Tree-ring analysis can be a valuable tool to date geomorphic events in regions lacking long historical records. In this study, the latest detectable movement of a section of a large landslide block in the Tower Falls area of Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, is dated by tree-ring analysis of Douglas fir trees (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca) damaged by the event. The movement tilted many of the trees and damaged their root systems. Thirteen old, tilted Douglas fir trees, at three sites, were sampled within the section of the landslide block that moved during the life of these trees. In addition, 10 young, upright, undisturbed Douglas firs were also sampled at the sites in order to establish a minimum age for the movement. The oldest of the 10 young, upright trees had an age of about 135 years, indicating that the latest movement of the landslide block occurred prior to 1865 A.D. The youngest of the 13 old, tilted trees dated to the early 1600s, providing a maximum age for this latest landslide movement. Analysis of the tree-ring record of the older, tilted Douglas firs revealed an abrupt reduction in annual-ring width beginning in 1694 A.D. As no other period in the tree-ring record between 1865 and 1600 A.D. revealed such an abrupt reduction in annual-ring width, the landslide movement is thought to have occurred sometime between the end of the 1693 A.D. growing season and before the end of the 1694 A.D. growing season. Because Yellowstone National Park is within the Intermountain seismic belt, a zone of pronounced seismic activity, movement of the landslide block may have been caused by an earthquake at that time.


Since the United States Supreme Court's Davis v. Bandemer ruling in 1986, partisan gerrymandering for statewide electoral advantage has been held to be justiciable. The existing Supreme Court standard, culminating in Vieth v. Jubelirer and LULAC v. Perry, holds that a test for gerrymandering should demonstrate both intents and effects, and that partisan gerrymandering may be recognizable by its asymmetry: for a given distribution of popular votes, if the parties switch places in popular vote, the numbers of seats will change in an unequal fashion. However, the asymmetry standard is only a broad statement of principle, and no analytical method for assessing asymmetry has yet been held by the Supreme Court to be manageable. This Article proposes three statistical tests to reliably assess asymmetry in state-level districting schemes: (a) an unrepresentative distortion in the number of seats won based on expectations from nationwide district characteristics; (b) a discrepancy in winning vote margins between the two parties; and (c) the construction of reliable wins for the party in charge of redistricting, as measured by either the difference between mean and median vote share, or an unusually even distribution of votes across districts. The first test relies on computer simulation to estimate appropriate levels of representation for a given level of popular vote, and provides a way to measure the effects of a gerrymander. The second and third tests, which evaluate intent, rely on well-established statistical principles, and can be carried out using a hand calculator without examination of maps or redistricting procedures. I apply these standards to a variety of districting schemes, starting from the original "Gerry-manderˮ of 1812 up to modern cases. In post-2010 Congressional elections, partisan gerrymandering in a handful of states generated effects that are larger than the total nationwide effect of population clustering. By applying these standards in two recent cases, I show that Arizona legislative districts (Harris v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission) fail to qualify as a partisan gerrymander, but Maryland's Congressional districts (Shapiro v. McManus) do. I propose that an intents-and-effects standard based on these tests is robust enough to mitigate the need to demonstrate predominant partisan intent. The three statistical standards offered here add to the judge's toolkit for rapidly and rigorously identifying the effects of redistricting.


A prerequisite for the perception of motion in primates is the transformation of varying intensities of light on the retina into an estimation of position, direction and speed of coherent objects. The neuro-computational mechanisms relevant for object feature encoding have been thoroughly explored, with many neurally plausible models able to represent static visual scenes. However, motion estimation requires the comparison of successive scenes through time. Precisely how the necessary neural dynamics arise and how other related neural system components interoperate have yet to be shown in a large-scale, biologically realistic simulation. The proposed model simulates a spiking neural network computation for representing object velocities in cortical areas V1 and middle temporal area (MT). The essential neural dynamics, hypothesized to reside in networks of V1 simple cells, are implemented through recurrent population connections that generate oscillating spatiotemporal tunings. These oscillators produce a resonance response when stimuli move in an appropriate manner in their receptive fields. The simulation shows close agreement between the predicted and actual impulse responses from V1 simple cells using an ideal stimulus. By integrating the activities of like V1 simple cells over space, a local measure of visual pattern velocity can be produced. This measure is also the linear weight of an associated velocity in a retinotopic map of optical flow. As a demonstration, the classic motion stimuli of drifting sinusoidal gratings and variably coherent dots are used as test stimuli and optical flow maps are generated. Vector field representations of this structure may serve as inputs for perception and decision making processes in later brain areas.


For successful trading in financial markets, it is important to develop financial models where one can identify different states of the market for modifying one???s actions. In this paper, we propose to use probabilistic fuzzy systems for this purpose. We concentrate on Takagi???Sugeno (TS) probabilistic fuzzy systems that combine interpretability of fuzzy systems with the statistical properties of probabilistic systems. We start by recapitulating the general architecture of TS probabilistic fuzzy rule-based systems and summarize the corresponding reasoning schemes. We mention how probabilities can be estimated from a given data set and how a probability distribution can be approximated by a fuzzy histogram. We apply our methodology for financial time series analysis and demonstrate how a probabilistic TS fuzzy system can be identified, assuming that a linguistic term set is given. We illustrate the interpretability of such a system by inspecting the rule bases of our models.


This research aims to knowing about decrease glucose levels in rat induced alloxan with the provision of pineapple stem extract (Ananas comusus L.). Previous studies have shown that bromelin can significantly reduce CD4+ lymphocytes, which are included in inflammatory diseases. One of the inflammatory diseases is diabetes mellitus. Blood glucose levels can be lowered by pineapple extract as it contains bromelin, and bromelin most widely found on the stem. The test animals used white rat strain wistar (Rattus norvegicus L.) with weight is 250-300 gram acclimated for seven days. The research was divided  six treatment groups: positive control, negative control, P1 (25% concentration), P2 (50% concentration), P3 (75% concentration), P4 (100% concentration). After treatment for rat in category or sampel was administered pineapple stem extract for 14 days after that experiment status blood glucose level. The results showed that rat had  increased (hyperglicemic) after alloxan induced,and also in blood glucose levels in all treatment. the biggest decrease was in P4 is 44 mgdl. The statistic of Kruskal-Wallis test showed that the decrease of rat blood glucose concentration at various concentration of pineapple extract influence  signifificantly. According to the result  that conclusion is  the difference of pineapple extract concentration (25%, 50%, 75%, 100%) influence for decrease blood glucose levels and decreasing blood glucose level after 14 days, but in this  time blood glucose  not returned as normal conditions.


In the former communist countries, institutional change, i.e. transition towards market economy, is affected not only by introduction of law and formal institutions (change "by design"), but also by social norms, old values and habits (informal institutions). I present an empirical paper focusing on transition of the Polish Economy. I used a questionnaire which was administered to a sample of about 1000 Polish firms in order to verify the impact of economic institutions on the "residual productivity". Throughout the questionnaire I built six governance indexes. Then I tested the impact of the governance indexes on the productivity of firms. I observed that the economic performance of the eastern regions of Poland, where governance indexes are worse than western, are poorer than that of the western regions of Poland


Oceanic and coastal ecosystems have undergone complex environmental changes in recent years, amid a context of climate change. These changes are also reflected in the dynamics of water-borne diseases as some of the causative agents of these illnesses are ubiquitous in the aquatic environment and their survival rates are impacted by changes in climatic conditions. Previous studies have established strong relationships between essential climate variables and the coastal distribution and seasonal dynamics of the bacteria Vibrio cholerae, pathogenic types of which are responsible for human cholera disease. In this study we provide a novel exploration of the potential of a machine learning approach to forecast environmental cholera risk in coastal India, home to more than 200 million inhabitants, utilising atmospheric, terrestrial and oceanic satellite-derived essential climate variables. A Random Forest classifier model is developed, trained and tested on a cholera outbreak dataset over the period 2010–2018 for districts along coastal India. The random forest classifier model has an Accuracy of 0.99, an F1 Score of 0.942 and a Sensitivity score of 0.895, meaning that 89.5% of outbreaks are correctly identified. Spatio-temporal patterns emerged in terms of the model's performance based on seasons and coastal locations. Further analysis of the specific contribution of each Essential Climate Variable to the model outputs shows that chlorophyll-a concentration, sea surface salinity and land surface temperature are the strongest predictors of the cholera outbreaks in the dataset used. The study reveals promising potential of the use of random forest classifiers and remotely-sensed essential climate variables for the development of environmental cholera-risk applications. Further exploration of the present random forest model and associated essential climate variables is encouraged on cholera surveillance datasets in other coastal areas affected by the disease to determine the model's transferability potential and applicative value for cholera forecasting systems.


Part I: Introduction In the first place, it is the purpose of this study to shed light on Ademar of Chabannes (ca. 989-ca. 1034) in his capacity as a teacher and in the second place it has become clear that the existing scholarly opinion on Ademar is in need of revision. A central role in our research is played by the analysis of the manuscript Leiden Vossianus Latinus Octavo 15 (VLO 15), that reveals us the educational activities of Ademar. The characteristics and contents of this astonishing manuscript are treated against the background of Ademar's other extensive scribal work. Ademar plays a controversial role in modern historiographical debates about such questions as apocalypticism, "les terreurs de l'an mil", and especially about the apostolicity of Saint Martial. According to modern historiography Ademar manoeuvered himself into the position of a solitary forger, an outcast, spat out by the monastic community. A meticulous investigation of VLO 15 leads to the result that we can recognise his hand, his working method and his interests when it comes to teaching his pupils at the monasteries of St.-Cybard and St.-Martial. At first glance the manuscript appears as a poor mishmash with an amalgam of texts and drawings, presented in different kinds of layout in quires that are dissimilar to one another with regard to quality, size and construction. Nonetheless some unity prevails. It is a unity grown organically out of an assemblage of quires constructed, collected and written by a single man, i.e. Ademar, and with a single goal in mind, i.e. teaching. After studying VLO 15 in its context, we cannot but conclude that currently held views on Ademar have been unnecessary biased and negatively coloured. He was a highly regarded member of the monastic community, involved in a wide variety of scribal activities. Though it is true that Ademar started forging documents after 1029, it is nevertheless unthinkable that he could do so without the support of the dignitaries in his surroundings. I do not think that his departure for the Holy Land was meant as a farewell to the world either. In the Appendix to Part I can be found a description of a previously unknown autograph of Ademar (Wolfenbuttel Gud. 79), containing some interesting didactic texts. Part II: Edition In the second part of our study we present a diplomatic edition of all the contents of VLO 15. Preceding the edition of each text or (set of) drawing(s), the palaeograpical, codicological, philological and other features are presented, in order to contextualise the entity's subject. In the apparatus palaeographical and codicological peculiarities are mentioned. Sometimes we are allowed to get a rather precise idea of Ademar's working methods, when we can identify the manuscripts Ademar consulted for his texts and drawings in VLO 15.


Explicitly taking into account the risk incurred when borrowing at a shorter tenor versus lending at a longer tenor ("roll-over risk"), we construct a stochastic model framework for the term structure of interest rates in which a frequency basis (i.e. a spread applied to one leg of a swap to exchange one floating interest rate for another of a different tenor in the same currency) arises endogenously. This roll-over risk consists of two components, a credit risk component due to the possibility of being downgraded and thus facing a higher credit spread when attempting to roll over short-term borrowing, and a component reflecting the (systemic) possibility of being unable to roll over short-term borrowing at the reference rate (e.g., LIBOR) due to an absence of liquidity in the market. The modelling framework is of "reduced form" in the sense that (similar to the credit risk literature) the source of credit risk is not modelled (nor is the source of liquidity risk). However, the framework has more structure than the literature seeking to simply model a different term structure of interest rates for each tenor frequency, since relationships between rates for all tenor frequencies are established based on the modelled roll-over risk. We proceed to consider a specific case within this framework, where the dynamics of interest rate and roll-over risk are driven by a multifactor Cox/Ingersoll/Ross-type process, show how such model can be calibrated to market data, and used for relative pricing of interest rate derivatives, including bespoke tenor frequencies not liquidly traded in the market.


In this study, an attempt has been made to develop a new theoretical model that can be used to predict the fracture spacing/density that develops in a single competent layer and in multilayers as a result of folding. The work is based on earlier analyses concerned with the fracturing of unfolded strata subjected only to layer-normal compression. Such a stress state exists in the upper crust in any tectonically relaxed region where the principal cause of stress is the overburden. Unlike previous studies on theoretical fracture-spacing modelling that are mainly designed for a layer-parallel horizontal-extension system, this study has introduced a new theoretical model for the predicting and modelling of fracture spacing/density in 'folded' reservoirs, which contain > 85% of the world's oil and gas traps. This theoretical model is an integrated model: that is, it takes into account both rock mechanical and geometrical properties of the reservoir. The big advantage of the theoretical model developed in this study is that it provides well- and reservoir-scale estimates of the fracture spacing, for both axial and cross-axial fractures (i.e. the dominant fracture sets in folded reservoirs), which can be used for predicting fracture density (the reciprocal of fracture spacing), fracture aperture, the Rock Fracture Potential Index (RFPI), fracture porosity, fracture permeability, the shape factor (sigma) and for optimizing the drilling (i.e. the Optimum Drilling Direction (ODD) and the Optimum Drilling Angle (ODA) to maximize the fracture intersection in the wells) in three dimensions in folded, single layer and multilayer fractured reservoirs. In addition, new approaches are described for quantifying the mechanical bed thickness (MBT) or mechanical unit thickness (MUT), estimating the fracture aperture (w), estimating the distance from the neutral surface (a) and determining the RFPI data that are essential for implementing the theoretical model presented in this paper related to subsurface, folded, fractured reservoirs. The expressions derived for fracture spacing/density, for both axial and cross-axial fracture sets, involve data that are always available for every field development (i.e. seismic, well and core data). An understanding of the distribution of the fracture spacing/density, fracture aperture and the RFPI at an early stage in the development of a fractured reservoir is crucial in selecting a proper field development strategy, managing well placement and for monitoring production from the reservoir. In summary, based on several case studies, one of which is presented in this paper, it can be confirmed that the theoretical model, expressed in equations given in this paper, predicts what has been observed in the folded clastic reservoirs of the study area. It is concluded that curvature alone cannot reveal the location of natural fractures in a reservoir and that the mechanical properties of the reservoir rock play a significant role in the development of a natural fracture system. Rock can accommodate strain by fracturing (i.e. if its RFPI is high) or (if its RFPI is low) use its internal strain storage capability (associated with its mechanical properties: e.g. porosity collapsing, grain sliding and the formation of intra-grain hairline fractures) to consume the stress without the need to accommodate strain by fracturing.


Background: Not much is known about hypomanic states in subjects free of major and minor depressive mood disorders. Our aim was to identify and characterise a group of such "pure" hypomanics in relation to a normal control group. Methods: Data were obtained from the Swiss Zurich study, a stratified epidemiological sample of young adults from the general population, followed from age 20 to 40. "Pure" hypomania was defined as a period of increased activity and decreased need for sleep with consequences (e.g. legal trouble or reactions by others). Minor and major mood disorders were excluded. Results: Twenty-three subjects were identified as pure hypomanics. They overlapped minimally with and were clearly different from subjects with DSM-IV defined hypomanic episodes, most of whom had a bipolar disorder. Pure hypomanics were characterised by physical and social overactivity, elevated and irritable mood, as well as increases in extraversion, sexual interest, and risk-taking behaviors. They had higher monthly incomes and were more often married than controls. Subjective distress due to hypomanic symptoms was virtuallyabsent. Qualityoflife andtreatment ratesformoodandanxietywerenotdifferentfrom controls, although sleep disturbances, substance abuse and binge eating were more frequent. Limitations: The subsample identified was small. Due to the focus of the study on pathology, some positive aspects of hypomania may have been missed. Conclusions: The existence of a group of pure hypomanics presenting a mixed picture of clinically relevant and irrelevant characteristics supports the concept of a continuum from normal to pathological mood states. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.


The Internet has changed the social patterns and the behavior of Indonesian society. It provides business and employment opportunities, as well as a wide range of information on economic, social, political, and
cultural issues. The problem is that the Internet also diminishes real relationships. This has occurred in the community of motorcycle taxis (known in Indonesia as ojek). Formerly, ojek drivers form a community and
a physical gathering place. With the development of online technology in the form of an app called Go-Jek, an online transportation service for motorcycle taxi, drivers no longer meet face to face or come together in one community. The question is thus how Go-Jek drivers interact and relate to each other. The aim of this study is to see the effect of the online application on the community that previously had social relations at its base
and were found on every street corner. This is a qualitative research using a phenomenological approach. The findings showed that Go-Jek online terminated access to a real relationship among the drivers and replaced it with an imagined community. Using the analytical perspective of Imagined Communities by Ben Anderson, we find that there is still a sense of solidarity, fraternity, and comradeship among Go-Jek drivers, who are united by design. The green color on the attributes of the jacket and helmet not only makes Go-Jek a real and formal corporation, but also creates a sense of trust and safety. For the driver, the green color has
the power to bring solidarity that unites the community of Go-Jek drivers in an imagined community.