Several researches have been developed in order to verify the porosity effect over the ceramic material properties. The starch consolidation casting (SCC) allows to obtain porous ceramics by using starch as a binder and pore forming element. This work is intended to describe the porous mathematical behavior and the mechanical resistance at different commercial starch concentration. Ceramic samples were made with alumina and potato and corn starches. The slips were prepared with 10 to 50 wt% of starch. The specimens were characterized by apparent density measurements and three-point flexural test associated to Weibull statistics. Results indicated that the porosity showed a first-order exponential equation e-x/c increasing in both kinds of starches, so it was confirmed that the alumina ceramic porosity is related to the kind of starch used.


Experimental philosophy in the late seventeenth century depended upon what Stephen Shapin and Simon Schaffer have famously characterized as the "modest witness" that is, a gendered figure of authority, gentility, and privilege measured for "[his] moral constitution as well as [his] knowledgeability." (1) The modest witness was a subject position that emerged in "the laboratory" itself "a disciplined space, where experimental, discursive, and social practices were collectively controlled by competent members." (2) The authenticity of the "modest witness" was borne out of performance, policing, and collective agreement, but it also depended upon the idea that these practices produced a modest witness who merely reflected the results from scientific experimentation. (3) While the benefits of Shapin and Schaffer's work are multiple, their insights have invited a range of reconsiderations, most notably by Donna Haraway. (4) The role of the modest witness and the rise of experimentalism in general, contends Haraway, generated a model of gender difference that Shapin and Schaffer assume existed a priori. The scientific gentleman was distinguished from laboring (professional) men and women more generally by means of his intellectual modesty, that key practice of experimentalism, and this configuration exposes experimentalism as dependent upon this gender-in-the-making. The theory of the modest witness, as understood by Shapin and Schaffer, and as modified by Haraway, significantly expands our understanding of the culture of seventeenth-century experimentalism and its development into modern scientific practice. But the "modest witness" concerns what ends up being a winner of history--it is the source of modern scientific objectivity--and fails to account for variant identities and engagements with experimental philosophy outside of the confines of the Royal Society. In particular, the alternative discourse of the virtuoso emerged alongside, historically, the modest witness, and was its cultural and ideological antithesis, though some seventeenth-century skeptics suspected that the modest witness might actually devolve into a virtuoso. If the modest witness "factored out human agency" and acted as "objects' transparent spokesmen," (5) then the virtuoso was defined by his or her inability to overcome prejudice and desires, speaking for himself or herself rather than for the object, thus illuminating the cultural implications and potential of popular scientific practice. The term virtuoso, first recorded in English in 1598, was not closely allied with natural philosophy until the 1640s; by the 1660s, it connoted an exclusively scientific interest. (6) As with the modest witness, to be a virtuoso one needed wealth and leisure (as one scholar notes, "he is a gentleman" (7)). Also, the virtuoso was motivated by a desire for reputation and social standing, even "snob-appeal." (8) The virtuoso originally had positive associations, referring to a man of learning, though once the Royal Society acquired its first charter in 1662, the meaning of virtuoso quickly transformed into a person engaged in "futile and indiscriminate study." (9) Virtuosos were also associated with the growing marketplace for optical and other scientific instruments, as well as the consumer desire for "public science" manifest in numerous print publications and lectures. (10) Scientific instruments were considered by some to be a luxury good, even a plaything for England's wealthy and fashionable or a toy for ladies. (11) Of course, experimental philosophers such as the virtuoso were, by this point, often considered amateurs and were thus not necessarily subject to the dictates of performance and collective agreement authorized by the Royal Society. But the contrast is revealing: if the Royal Society's modest witness is ideally a figure of authority, gentility, and privilege, then the theatrical virtuoso exposes the ways in which the practice of experimental philosophy is ideologically biased and socially grounded. …


This paper presents a new approach for estimating power dissipation in a high performance microprocessor chip. A characteristic profile (including parameters such as the cache miss rate, branch-prediction miss rate, pipeline stalls, instruction mix, and so on) is first extracted from the application programs. Mixed-integer linear-programming and heuristic rules are then used to gradually transform a generic program template into a fully functional program. The synthesized program exhibits the same characteristics (and hence the same performance and power-dissipation behavior), yet it has an instruction trace that is orders of magnitude smaller than the initial trace. The synthesized program is subsequently simulated on a register-transfer-level description of the target microprocessor to provide the power-dissipation value. Results obtained for Intel's Pentium processor executing standard benchmark programs show a simulation-time reduction of three to five orders of magnitude.


OBJECTIVE: To identify dietary patterns in Mexican female adolescents by two statistic methods. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study of 477 women 12 to 19 years of age -National Nutrition Survey, 1999. Dietary patterns were obtained by factor and cluster analyses. RESULTS: Three dietary patterns were identified by cluster analysis: "Urban-poor" [U] (9.7%), "Rural" [R] (47.9%), and "Western" [W] (42.3%). Pattern [U] was characterized by a sizeable intake of maize products (20%) and industrialized foods (17%). Maize products and legumes predominated in the [R] pattern (48% and 6% of total energy, respectively). In the [W] pattern, wheat products and meat contributed 19% and 10.6% of energy, respectively. Moreover, four dietary patterns were identified through factor analysis. Factor 1 had a positive loading factor on wheat products, desserts, and meat. Factor 2 was characterized by a high consumption of low-fat dairy and low-fiber breakfast cereals. Factor 3 had a high loading for sweetened beverages and industrialized foods. Factor 4 had a moderate loading on maize products and legumes. CONCLUSION: We identified dietary patterns in Mexican adolescent girls by two methods, obtaining comparable results between methods.


Pre-dispersal seed predation (PDSP) is commonly observed in woody plants, and recognized as a driver of seed production variability that is critical for successful regeneration. Earlier studies on PDSP and its determinants were mostly species specific, with community-level PDSP rarely estimated; and the interactions between the temporal variability of seed production and PDSP remain elusive. In this study, the community seed rain of woody plants in a mixed evergreen-deciduous broadleaf forest was monitored for seven years. We examined predation on collected seeds and analyzed the determinants of PDSP. PDSP was recorded in 17 out of 44 woody plant species, and three-quarters of PDSP was due to insect predators. Annual seed production varied substantially at community level, reversely linked with the temporal variation of PDSP rate. The PDSP rate was biased regarding fruit types, and being significantly correlated with seed mass when using phylogenetic independent contrasts (PICs) or without taking into account phylogenetic relations, especially for nuts. PDSP rate was also negatively correlated with seed density, showing a threshold-related predator satiation effect. The community-level PDSP rate was primarily determined by tree height, fruit type, and interannual variation of seed production and seed mass. Our analysis revealed a causal link between seed production and the dynamics of PDSP rate at the community level. The predator satiation effect was primarily contributed by the dominant species, whereas the rare species seemed to apply a distinct "hide-and-seek" strategy to control the risk of PDSP. The mechanistic difference of seed production between the common and rare species can shed new light on species coexistence and community assembly. Long-term monitoring of both seed rain and seed predation is required for understanding the ecological and evolutionary implications of species regeneration strategies in a species-rich forest community.


Local Area Networks (LANs) play a larger role in our lives today than ever before. For example, LANs provide us with the capability to realize automated banking services, with instant credit checking and numerous other diverse access and manipulation services. Users and developers of LAN products must understand the architecture of the hardware and software mechanisms to effectively design and use such systems. Most gains in LAN productivity will come from future software developments in systems management and applications. This book provides an introduction to the technology associated with Local Area Networks, emphasizing software aspects which have been secondary considerations to hardware in most existing texts. The book also provides a review of the technology needed to realize full service software products, such as computer-aided design and manufacturing systems, large publication systems, and integrated data service networks, and includes an exhaustive review of the products available today.


Background Epidemiological studies on the effect of urban air pollution on childhood asthma have shown conflicting results and so far no consistent association has emerged. However, a common limitation in previous studies has been exposure misclassification leading to uncertainties in risk estimates.The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of long-term exposure to particulate matter (PM10) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) on the prevalence of asthma and wheeze within a population-based birth cohort—the Manchester Asthma and Allergy Study (MAAS). Methods The prevalence of asthma and current wheeze within the cohort (N=1185) was determined through parental questionnaires at ages 3, 5, 8 and 11 years. The typical monthly PM10 and NO2 exposure of each child was estimated through a novel microenvironmental exposure model from birth to age 11. The association between exposure and asthma or wheeze was analysed using generalised estimating equations and multiple logistic regression. Results The range of asthma prevalence was 15.2–23.3%, with the lowest prevalence at age 3 and the highest at age 5. The prevalence of current wheeze decreased from ages 3 to 8 (23.7–18%). The mean NO2 exposure decreased from the 1st year of life (21.7 µg/m3) to the 11th year of life (16.0 µg/m3). The mean PM10 exposure showed a smaller decrease (12.8 –10.7 µg/m3). The statistical analysis showed no significant association between the exposures and either outcome. Conclusions No evidence of a significant association between long-term exposure to PM10 and NO2 and the prevalence of either asthma or wheeze was found.


This project aimed to produce artwork through posing two questions: What
are the responsibilities of the designer? How is it possible to create
responsible design? This work has aimed to reassess my perception and
understanding of design through the process of designing sets of drawers. The
research resulted in furniture that questions our understanding of, and
relationship to design. I define the term 'responsible design' as work which
considers durability, longevity and a sense of ownership as essential
components. This project has viewed design as a form of art, the designer as
an artist, and has aimed to design meaningful objects for society.
The chosen medium was furniture and the investigation focused on a humble,
everyday object - the drawer. The project explored the links between the
drawer and the design process in an attempt to provide a better understanding
of how design is a form of art through the examination of a process that gives
a new perspective to what objects mean and how they might be understood
and valued. The primary source for the research was the sketch and a simple
rectangular paper cut symbolising the drawer. These forms expose what is
often unexposed by design, revealing a process that creates an open visual
dialogue with the viewer.
The context for this endeavour has been the examination of practitioners who
explore design through their art process. Bruno Munari and Enzo Mari have
been highly significant to this aspect of the investigation. Although the work
of these artists is not solely furniture, their work of experimental design
provided an important insight and for the creation of responsible design.
The project has resulted in the production of a series of drawers that reflect the
complexity of the relationship between the design process and art
demonstrating that responsible design is possible through a very simple,
everyday household object — the drawer.


Objectives To study whether the work disability (WD) rates in early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have changed in Finland, where the treatment of RA has long been active but has intensified further since 2000. Methods All incident non-retired patients with RA of working age (18–64 years) in a nationwide register maintained by the Finnish Social Insurance Institution from 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2007 were identified. Patient cohorts were analysed in 2-year time periods (2000–1, 2002–3, 2004–5, 2006–7) and initial disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) were elucidated from the drug purchase register. The incidence of continuous WD in the RA cohorts as well as in the entire Finnish population up to 31 December 2008 was analysed. Results A total of 7831 patients were identified (71% women, 61% rheumatoid factor-positive). Throughout the follow-up period the use of methotrexate and combination DMARDs as the initial treatment of early RA increased. During the first 2 years the incidence of RA-related continuous WD was 8.9%, 9.4%, 7.2% and 4.8% in the year cohorts, respectively (p<0.001 for linearity). Compared with the entire Finnish population, the age- and sex-stratified standardised incidence ratio of a WD pension due to any cause was 3.69, 3.34, 2.77 and 2.80 in the year cohorts, respectively (p<0.001 for linearity). Conclusions Since 2000 the frequency of continuous WD in early RA has declined in Finland. The present data allow no explanatory analysis but, at the same time, increasingly active treatment strategies have been introduced.


Modern societies depend on the successful and comprehensive provision of skills, and receiving vocational training in any form has been experienced by a majority of the population in younger cohorts. There has therefore been a constant demand for timely information about the various forms of training and their relations to a broader societal context. Over the recent decades, the patterns of participation in education and training have become more extended, more complex and more heterogeneous. Against this background, the paper discusses to what extent existing and projected data sources are suitable for investigating the relevant scientific and policy-related questions. Among these questions are: How does participation in training develop over the life course? What are the relative chances of receiving specific types of training; who, in particular, is likely to receive the most attractive types? Are training measures effective? When reviewing the current data situation, it becomes clear that progress has undoubtedly been made in the past few years. It is also obvious, however, that fundamental questions can presently not be answered on the basis of the available large-scale data on vocational education and training. Some key recommendations are presented.


We study the elasto-capillary self-thinning and ultimate breakup of three polystyrene-based ideal elastic fluids by measuring the evolution in the filament diameter as slender viscoelastic threads neck and eventually break. We examine the dependence of the transient diameter profile and the time to breakup on the molecular weight, and compare the observations with simple theories for breakup of slender viscoelastic filaments. The evolution of the transient diameter profile predicted by a multimode FENE-P model quantitatively matches the data provided the initial stresses in the filament are taken into account. Finally, we show how the transient uniaxial extensional viscosity of a dilute polymer solution can be estimated from the evolution in the diameter of the necking filament. The resulting "apparent extensional viscosity" profiles are compared with similar results obtained from a filament stretching rheometer. Both transient profiles approach the same value for the steady state extensional viscosity, which increases with molecular weight in agreement with the Rouse–Zimm theory. The apparent discrepancy in the growth rate of the two transient curves can be quantitatively explained by examining the effective stretch rate in each configuration. Filament thinning studies and filament stretching experiments thus form complementary experiments that lead to consistent measures of the transient extensional viscosity of a given test fluid.


Among the various developed perovskite materials, HC(NH2)2PbI3 (FAPbI3) is considered one of the best photovoltaic materials due to its high thermal stability and smaller band gap for light harvesting over a broader spectrum. However, the relatively large size of HC(NH2)2+ (FA) makes HC(NH2)2PbI3 prone to a phase transition from its black phase to the yellow phase at room temperature. Reduction of the effective ion size by doping with smaller ions is an effective way to stabilize black-phase FAPbI3. However, the effect of dopants on the optoelectronic properties of doped formamidinium lead halide perovskites has rarely been investigated. In this work, we prepared Cs-, Br- and Cs–Br co-doped FAPbI3 single-crystal materials with doping concentrations of 5%, 10% and 15%. The impacts of dopants on the phase stability, trap state density, carrier lifetime and carrier mobility are thoroughly investigated. It is found that Cs doping is not effective at stabilizing the black phase, while Br is a good stabilizer at concentrations exceeding 6.7%. Furthermore, the Cs and Br co-doped samples could be synergistically enhanced for high performance optoelectronics and show not only better stability but also much improved carrier lifetimes of 1.23 μs and carrier mobilities of 427.3 cm2 V−1 s−1, which resulted in a longer carrier diffusion length of approximately 30 μm as well as a photodetector with a high responsivity of 0.64 A/W.


Recuperating Composition's lore in postdisciplinarity in order to illustrate the polyvalent, multidirectional positionality of our practices, this study argues that Composition's lore, as it functions in a community of practice, helps locate and address various challenges with the cultural displacement that burgeoning scholars experience as they critically negotiate their practices within the expectations of the academy. Bridging the communities of writing teachers in classrooms and writing centers in a demonstration of institutional polyvalence, this ethnographic study's participants suggest the reflexive influence of postdisciplinary lore in the cultivation of authority and practitioner identity. As one point of access to this cultural negotiation, the transmission and application of myth contextualizes lore as cultural phenomena affecting both professional and pedagogical development in graduate student teachers and tutors. This study concludes that the reflexivity offered in postdisciplinary sites of cultural engagement encourages a negotiated, recursive power relation between the institution and the practitioner, thus creating multiple, malleable sites of authority and agency within disciplinary culture. INDEX WORDS: Graduate student development, Lore, Myth, Postdisciplinarity, Community of practice, Reflection, Authority, Pedagogy, Teaching practices, Teacher education, Reflexivity, Professionalization, Professional development, Cultural Studies, Writing Center, Writing Program Administration, Disciplinarity THE POSTDISCIPLINARITY OF LORE: PROFESSIONAL AND PEDAGOGICAL DEVELOPMENT IN A GRADUATE STUDENT COMMUNITY OF PRACTICE


In this paper, we study market design issues for heterogeneous assets. We consider a setting with multiple assets and multiple traders. The new modeling feature is that a social planner can decide to shut down some asset markets so that no traders can trade these assets. We show that closing down some asset markets can increase the total volume of trades by all traders. This is because a smaller number of assets available to trade can reduce coordination failures between different traders, and therefore improves the overall matching efficiency. Using numerical simulation, we study the optimal numbers of markets to open under different scenarios. This has practical implications towards the optimal design of session-based trading protocols in the corporate and municipal bond markets. This problem naturally leads to the use of simulation to select the best system from all possible market design choices. We implement simulation experiments to demonstrate our finding and analyze sensitivities to several market-relevant parameters.


Deep convective storms in subtropical South America are some of the most intense in the world, and the hydrological cycle plays an important role in both tropical and subtropical South America. Recent studies have suggested that the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation radar algorithm significantly underestimates surface rainfall in deep convection over land. This study investigates the range of the rain bias in storms containing four different types of extreme radar echoes: deep convective cores, deep and wide convective cores, wide convective cores, and broad stratiform regions over South America. Storms with deep convective cores show the greatest underestimation, and the bias is unrelated to their echo top height. The bias in wide convective cores relates to the echo top, indicating that storms with significant mixed phase and ice hydrometeors are similarly affected by assumptions in the TRMM algorithm. The relationship between storm type and rain bias remains similar in both subtropical and tropical regions.


Lexical tone in Modern Burmese is a complex contrast where systematic differences in intensity, duration, phonation type, and vowel quality operate alongside pitch distinctions. Prior phonetic studies have confirmed that speakers produce distinct values for each of these phonetic qualities with each tone (Thein Tun 1982, Watkins 2005, Gruber 2010). This study asked twelve native speakers of Burmese to identify resynthesized single syllable stimuli as bearing one of the four tones in a forced-choice test. Results indicate that Burmese listeners necessarily use all three properties examined (duration, pitch, and phonation type) in their perception grammar.


Abstract. The features detected in monolayer atmospheric columns sounded by the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) and classified as cloud or aerosol layers by the CALIOP version 4 (V4) cloud and aerosol discrimination (CAD) algorithm are reassessed using perfectly collocated brightness temperatures measured by the Imaging Infrared Radiometer (IIR) aboard the same satellite. Using the IIR's three wavelength measurements of layers that are confidently classified by the CALIOP CAD algorithm, we calculate two-dimensional (2-D) probability distribution functions (PDFs) of IIR brightness temperature differences (BTDs) for different cloud and aerosol types. We then compare these PDFs with 1-D radiative transfer simulations for ice and water clouds and dust and marine aerosols. Using these IIR 2-D BTD signature PDFs, we develop and deploy a new IIR-based CAD algorithm and compare the classifications obtained to the results reported by the CALIOP-only V4 CAD algorithm. IIR observations are shown to be able to identify clouds with a good accuracy. The IIR cloud identifications agree very well with layers classified as confident clouds by the V4 CAD algorithm (88 %). More importantly, simultaneous use of IIR information reduces the ambiguity in a notable fraction of "not confident" V4 cloud classifications. 28 % and 14 % of the ambiguous V4 cloud classifications are reclassified more appropriately as confident cloud layers through the use of the IIR observations in the tropics and in the midlatitudes, respectively. IIR observations are of relatively little help in deriving high-confidence classifications for most aerosols, as the low altitudes and small optical depths of aerosol layers yield IIR signatures that are similar to those of clear skies. However, misclassifications of aerosol layers, such as dense dust or elevated smoke layers, by the V4 CAD algorithm can be corrected to cloud layer classification by including IIR information. 10 %, 16 %, and 6 % of the ambiguous V4 dust, polluted dust, and tropospheric elevated smoke, respectively, are found to be misclassified cloud layers by the IIR measurements.


Bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) family proteins, BRD2-4 and T, are important drug targets; however, the biological functions of each bromodomain remain ill-defined. Chemical probes that selectively inhibit a single BET bromodomain are lacking, although pan inhibitors of the first (D1), and second (D2), bromodomain are known. Here, we develop selective BET D1 inhibitors with preferred binding to of BRD4 D1. In competitive inhibition assays we show that our lead compound is 9-33 fold selective for BRD4 D1 over the other BET bromodomains. X-ray crystallography supports a role for the selectivity based on reorganization of a non-conserved lysine and displacement of an additional structured water  in the BRD4 D1 binding site relative to our prior lead. Whereas pan-D1 inhibitors displace BRD4 from MYC enhancers, BRD4 D1 inhibition in MM.1S cells is insufficient for stopping Myc expression and may lead to its upregulation. Future analysis of BRD4 D1 gene regulation may shed light on differential BET bromodomain functions.


Abstract Current understanding of the combined effects of sea level rise (SLR), storm surge, and changes in river flooding on near-coastal environments is very limited. This project uses a suite of numerical models to examine the combined effects of projected future climate change on flooding in the Skagit floodplain and estuary. Statistically and dynamically downscaled global climate model scenarios from the ECHAM-5 GCM were used as the climate forcings. Unregulated daily river flows were simulated using the VIC hydrology model, and regulated river flows were simulated using the SkagitSim reservoir operations model. Daily tidal anomalies (TA) were calculated using a regression approach based on ENSO and atmospheric pressure forcing simulated by the WRF regional climate model. A 2-D hydrodynamic model was used to estimate water surface elevations in the Skagit floodplain using resampled hourly hydrographs keyed to regulated daily flood flows produced by the reservoir simulation model, and tide predictions adjusted for SLR and TA. Combining peak annual TA with projected sea level rise, the historical (1970–1999) 100-yr peak high water level is exceeded essentially every year by the 2050s. The combination of projected sea level rise and larger floods by the 2080s yields both increased flood inundation area (+ 74%), and increased average water depth (+ 25 cm) in the Skagit floodplain during a 100-year flood. Adding sea level rise to the historical FEMA 100-year flood resulted in a 35% increase in inundation area by the 2040's, compared to a 57% increase when both SLR and projected changes in river flow were combined.


Abstract Many important NP-hard combinatorial problems can be efficiently approximated using semidefinite programming relaxations. We propose a new hierarchy of semidefinite relaxations for classes of such problems that are based on graphs and for which the projection of the problem onto a subgraph shares the same structure as the original problem. This includes the well-studied max-cut and stable-set problems. Each level k of the proposed hierarchy consists of the basic semidefinite relaxation of the problem augmented by the constraints enforcing the structural projection condition on every k-node subgraph of the problem. This hierarchy has the distinguishing feature that all the relaxations are formulated in the space of the original semidefinite relaxation. Because the size of the relaxations increases rapidly with the number of subgraphs, we explore the possibility of adding the projection constraints only for selected subgraphs. Preliminary computational results show that the proposed hierarchy yields improved bounds when compared to the initial relaxation for benchmark instances of the max-cut and stable-set problems, and that the improved bounds result in significantly smaller enumeration trees when the relaxation is used in a branch-and-bound scheme.


Original scientific paper To reduce the excessive joints movement, this paper proposed a new obstacle avoidance method for a redundant manipulator. In this method, we designed the performance evaluation functional to realize the shortest joints motion path of manipulator, and deduced the gradient vector optimizing index by variational method to make the joint movement minimum during obstacle avoiding. Meanwhile, in order to avoid the obstacle avoidance algorithm failure or joints exceeding their limits, which arose from the great difference between least-norm solution and homogeneous solution of velocity inverse kinematics of the manipulator, this paper used 2-norm continuous function to adjust homogeneous solution factor of gradient projection method dynamically. To verify the validity of the proposed obstacle avoidance method in the paper, simulation experiments were conducted on a 7-DOF redundant manipulator. The results show that, compared to the traditional gradient projection method for obstacle avoidance, the proposed algorithm in this paper has decreased the displacement of joint 1 to joint 6 by 38,3 %, 83,3 %, 3,81 %, 7,85 %, 50,1 % and 45,6 % respectively, and the total displacement of prismatic joints and revolute joints has reduced 62,2 % and 26,4 %. At the same time, the changes of joint 1 to joint 6's velocity and acceleration between initial time and final time during obstacle avoiding has been decreased 43,2 %, 97,3 %, 2,23 %, 36,6 %, 96,7 %, 72,7 % (velocity) and 91,04 %, 98,28 %, 73,33 %, 98,40 %, 93,86 % and 91,94 % (acceleration) respectively. The test validated that the proposed obstacle avoidance method based on variational method is feasible and practicable.


This dissertation provides an analysis of young adults' relationships to privacy
through a study of their uses of social network sites (SNS), as well as their
privacy practices and perceptions.
Findings show that young adults are using Facebook to practice social
surveillance, update status, contribute to discussions in relation to academic
group work, and communicate with peers via the Facebook chat. On Twitter, they
follow the news, mimic micro-celebrity practices and send signals to their friends.
Self-exposure is associated to forms of visibility as recognition. Through this
process, emotional, social and material benefits are obtained. Young adults want
to build up bridging and bonding social capital while using SNS. They are also
trying to negotiate privacy. They alternate between self-exposure and
concealment of personal information. Various privacy strategies are mobilized
during social interactions : social steganography, deletion of Facebook friends
from contact lists, sending "private" messages on Facebook chat, restriction of
Facebook's profiles to friends only and self-censorship. Our informants invest
more efforts in negotiating privacy during social interactions and care less about
institutional privacy. In consequence, SNS profiles were listed on external search
engines, applications had access to personal information via their Facebook
friends and profile pictures were made public by default. Discourses describing
privacy policies and terms of service are deemed incomprehensible.
Publicly private and context are the concepts around which revolve users' privacy
perceptions. SNS are considered as spaces within which they can disclose
"private" and "public" information in front of an audience composed of friends,
contacts and strangers. Users can also experience collisions and collusions of
context. Contextual integrity is the privacy norm associated to practices on
Facebook while "negotiated transparency" is the one related to Twitter practices.
To define what they understand as "public" and "private", young adults take into
consideration the following criteria : access to SNS profiles, privacy risks, control
over the regulation of boundaries between the "private" and the "public", and the
publication of information in context, the relational context, the "public" and
"private" character of online spaces and the nature of information. Privacy
protection in relation to Facebook and Twitter uses is understood as a protection
against surveillance, and a control over the regulation of boundaries as well as
the publication of information in context. Privacy allows freedom of expression, is
also important for the development of relationships and autonomy. In an offline
context, privacy is seen as a protection of one's intimacy. However, young adults did not express the wish to have a control over the use of information by
institutions and third parties.
The relationship that users have vis-a-vis privacy is complex and paradoxical.
The desire of self-exposure is intrinsically linked to the need to protect one's
privacy. In comparison to past research, this dissertation emphasizes on the
various factors that shape this paradoxical relationship. The factors are a
perception of control over the publication of information in context, a form of
misplaced trust in these SNS, the low visibility of institutional surveillance
practices in the context of use, a limited knowledge of the sites operating modes,
including a restricted knowledge of institutional surveillance practices and privacy
policies, architectural changes, thin social trust in their Facebook friends and
ontological security. Users are interiorizing voluntarily and involuntarily
surveillance to obtain various benefits. A form of tyranny is linked to privacy. On
one side, young adults are engaging in self-exposure and adhering to the norm
of showing off in order to obtain immediate benefits and for future ones. On the
other side, the exercise of the panoptic sort on SNS and visibility mechanisms
are employed to collect personal information efficiently.
Finally, this dissertation displaces the attention from the pair 'risk-opportunities'
towards an analysis of the complex relationships between visibility, surveillance,
privacy and users' autonomy, in order to understand self-exposure on SNS.
Young adults don't have a profound knowledge of the technology operating
modes. This finding does not correspond to the representations that are usually
associated to digital natives. They are not unaware of the dangers associated to
social network sites use and exhibiting themselves online as they are being
depicted through techno-pessimistic discourses in the medias. Instead, the low
visibility of architectural changes and surveillance practices bypass the protection
of privacy. We acknowledge the existence of tensions between the three logics of
action: utilitarian, integration and reflexive, which are themselves shaped by the
logics of these communication networks. Therefore, we recommend the
development of fairer information practices. It is also important to foster a critical
media education at an adult age, considering the speed at which these sites are
developing and the fact that most users have low technical skills.


Heart rate monitors (HRM) were used with 80 fifth grade students during an eight-day basketball unit in one elementary school located in Otsego County, Michigan to see if the implementation had any effect on increasing the intensity of the participating students. Specifically, the HRM measured the amount of time the students were engaging in moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA). It was hypothesized that with the use of HRM, students would increase their MVPA and maintain that time in MVPA by the eighth day. The eight days were split into four levels where students were introduced to a new feature of the HRM every level: basic HRM, HRM with lights explained, HRM with projected data and instruction, and HRM projected data maintenance. Results suggest that students show little interest in the technology when introduced to the lights in level two (p>0.05). Results also show a decrease in MVPA with the introduction of the projector on day five. However, after further use of the projector the heart rates of the students increased significantly (p=0.01), suggesting it took some time for these elementary students to gain an understanding of the technology. Once familiar, however, the technology motivated them to greater levels of physical activity. The overall influence of the data suggested a 44% positive linear trend (p=0.002). Therefore, when students are introduced to HRM technology it may increase MVPA, but it can take some time.


Economic risk management tools in agriculture have been the subject of renewed interest and profound evolution, not only for the their increasing diffusion in national policies in support of agriculture but also in relation to the important role that they could have in adapting agriculture to climate change within the measures of the future CAP. The contribution that economic tools for risk management can bring in this context is related in particular to their flexibility and adaptability to farm needs. Starting from an analysis of tools currently in use at international level and taking into consideration the Italian experience in risk management at national level (the National Solidarity Fund), this paper aims at highlighting both the potential and limitations of risk management tools in the context of the new CAP and its challenges. In fact, in order to be effective, these tools need strong integration in a wider framework of policies and actions on climate change adaptation. Moreover, it is crucial that, when designing these tools, consistency with other key agricultural objectives is ensured, most notably food security and environmental sustainability.


Pollination efficiency of hairy footed flower bee Anthophora plumipes for greenhouse strawberry was evaluated in a small greenhouse located in Shimane University, Matsue, Japan (lat. 35°29', long. 133°27' and elevation 170 m). Twenty five female and six male bees were released in a greenhouse on April 15, 2014. Red clay soil blocks were provided as the nesting materials. Two hundred and fifty pots of strawberry (Fragaria annanasa) were allocated for the following three treatments: 1) no supplementary pollination (control), 2) hand pollination, and 3) bee pollination. Both male and female bees effectively foraged flowers throughout the day. Rate of fertilized seed by the bee pollination was significantly greater than no supplementary pollination (control) and similar to that in the hand pollinated flowers. Quality of the fruits (evaluated based on the shape and deformity) was also improved by the bee pollination. A. plumipes effectively pollinated strawberry flowers in the greenhouse and could be developed as an alternative pollinator for this crop.


We have considered an analytical control of two-photon absorption process of atoms in the strong-field interaction regime. The experiment was performed on gaseous cesium atoms strongly interacting with a shaped laser-pulse from a femtosecond laser amplifier and a programmable pulse-shaper. When this shaped laser-pulse transfers the atomic population from the 6s ground state to the 8s excited state, we have found that both positively- and negatively-chirped laser pulses, compared with a Gaussian pulse, enhance this excitation in the strong-field regime of laser-atom interaction. This unusual phenomena is explained because the temporal shape of the laser intensity compensates the effect of dynamic Stark shift for the two-photon resonant condition to be optimally maintained. We provide analytic calculations using the strong-field phase matching, which show good agreement with the experiment.


OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiology and outcomes of children hospitalized with eczema herpeticum and to determine the association with delayed acyclovir on outcomes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a multicenter retrospective cohort study conducted between January 1, 2001, and March 31, 2010, of 1331 children aged 2 months to 17 years with eczema herpeticum from 42 tertiary care children's hospitals in the Pediatric Health Information System database. Multivariable linear regression models determined the association between delayed acyclovir therapy and the main outcome measure: hospital length of stay (LOS). RESULTS: There were no deaths during the study period. Staphylococcus aureus infection was diagnosed in 30.3% of the patients; 3.9% of the patients had a bloodstream infection. Fifty-one patients (3.8%) required ICU admission. There were 893 patients (67.1%) who received acyclovir on the first day of admission. The median LOS increased with each day delay in acyclovir initiation. In multivariable analysis, delay of acyclovir initiation by 1 day was associated with an 11% increased LOS (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3%–20%; P = .008), and LOS increased by 41% when acyclovir was started on day 3 (95% CI: 19%–67%; P < .001) and by 98% when started on day 4 to 7 (95% CI: 60%–145%; P < .001). Use of topical corticosteroids on day 1 of hospitalization was not associated with LOS. CONCLUSIONS: Delay of acyclovir initiation is associated with increased LOS in hospitalized children with eczema herpeticum. Use of topical corticosteroids on admission is not associated with increased LOS. The mortality rate of hospitalized children with eczema herpeticum is low.


BACKGROUND
Using existing instruments when assessing nurses' readiness for evidence-based practice facilitates comparison of research findings and adds to nursing knowledge in a global context.

AIM
The study aims to: (1) translate the Information Literacy for Evidence Based Nursing Practice(©) (ILNP(©)) questionnaire and the Evidence-based Practice Beliefs Scale(©) (EBP Beliefs Scale(©)), (2) assess their appropriateness for use in Iceland, and 3) estimate the psychometric properties of the translated EBP Beliefs Scale [Icelandic-EBP Beliefs Scale (I-EBP Beliefs Scale)].

METHODS
The instruments were evaluated for appropriateness and relevancy before translation, and the ILNP(©) was modified to fit the Icelandic context. Translation followed recommended approaches, including back-translation. Pilot testing of both instruments ensued. A random sample of 540 nurses answered and returned the questionnaires. Reliability and validity of the I-EBP Beliefs Scale were tested on 471 complete I-EBP Beliefs Scale. Data were collected in 2007.

RESULTS
The translated instruments demonstrated clarity and conciseness; however, the ILNP(©) needed to be further modified. For the I-EBP Beliefs Scale, Cronbach's α was 0.86 and Spearman-Brown r was 0.87. Principal components analysis supported the I-EBP Beliefs Scale's construct validity and unidimensional structure. Criterion validity was established by known-groups comparison (t-tests and one-way analyses of variance).

CONCLUSIONS
The ILNP(©) and the EBP Beliefs Scale(©) can be used in contexts other than those for which they were developed. The I-EBP Scale is a psychometrically sound instrument and its performance supports the validity of the original scale. The instruments can be used to gather valuable information about nurses' readiness for evidence-based practice.


Thermosetting epoxy resins blended with aromatic thermoplastics are of significant commercial interest in several areas including aerospace, transportation and electronics. These materials offer an excellent combination of mechanical properties ease of processing and overall component cost. A more complete and fundamental understanding of these materials could potentially lead to a new generation of thermoplastic-thermoset blends with enhanced properties that would extend their use into new applications. This thesis studies the reaction induced phase separation behaviour of a thermosetting epoxy resin blended with an aromatic polyethersulphone thermoplastic and explores the link between morphology and physical properties. The phase separation behaviour of the thermoplastic-thermoset blend is studied using a combination of Small Angle Light Scattering (SALS), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Polarised Light Microscopy. A large part of this thesis involved the design and build of specialised SALS equipment that enabled the phase separation of the thermoplastic-thermoset blends to be studied dynamically. The studies show that in this thermoplastic-thermoset blend the mechanism of phase separation appears to be, without exception, spinodal decomposition. There was no evidence of phase separation occurring by nucleation and growth in these blends. The particulate morphologies seen in the thermoplastic-thermoset blends appear to form by the break up of a percolating network that initially forms by spinodal decomposition. This behaviour is termed Percolation to Cluster Transformation (PCT).Cahn-Hilliard theory was used to analyse the SALS data from the reacting thermoplastic-thermoset blends to give kinetic information about the phase separation process. These studies show that this particular blend exhibits Lower Critical Solution Temperature (LCST) behaviour. The work also shows that Cahn-Hilliard theory does not fully describe the spinodal decomposition processes occurring in these thermoplastic-thermoset blends. The effect of blend composition, cure temperature and epoxy functionality on phase separation behaviour are studied. This shows that in certain formulations especially around the critical formulation of the blend both primary and secondary spinodal decompositions occur during cure. This can lead to thermoplastic-thermoset blend formulations that have very unique, and previously unreported, morphologies for these systems. These novel morphologies resemble sub-included or salami morphologies similar to that observed in rubber modified polystyrene (HIPS) but have in fact formed by multiple PCT occurring during cure. This study shows that moisture can significantly influence the properties of epoxy resin based systems. It also appears that a phase inverted morphology consisting of a continuous thermoplastic rich phase with a dispersed thermosetting rich phase appears to offer great advantage in terms of fracture and mechanical properties after both dry and moisture conditioning. The phase-inverted morphology also appears to significantly reduce the moisture ingress of the epoxy blend.


With the possibility of future fresh water shortages increasing a methodology for predicting future water availability conditions is needed. This research outlines a methodology to estimate these conditions based on the influence of climate change land use change and population growth. The method is based on the USGS Thornthwaite monthly water balance model and can incorporate estimates of climate change and land use change parameters to assess future water resources based on predicted monthly fluxes of the water balance. The methodology is demonstrated by analyzing watersheds in the lower Cape Fear River basin located in southeast North Carolina. The southern United States is a rapidly growing region. Trends present in the population data are used to produce future estimates of population for the basin. Precipitation and temperature estimates based on Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predictions and current climatology are inputs to the model. Projected increases in impervious surface cover due to population growth and urbanization are incorporated through the model runoff factor. Water stress indicators are used to categorize the region as water rich water stressed or water scarce. Scenarios incorporating regional predictions of climate change indicate a decrease in summer soil moisture minima and increases in summer water deficits. The impact of impervious surface cover enhances these deficits. Ensemble runs indicate a shift toward water stress in the lower Cape Fear River basin in the future due to a warming climate as well as increased demand. While climate change has a significant impact on water resources in the region population growth has the most substantial impact as it not only impacts demand but climate and land use as well.


On August 25,1945, seven young German POW submariners were hanged at Fort Leavenworth. It was the largest single execution in the United States in the twentieth century and the country's last mass execution. Their crime was the murder of a fellow German prisoner, a man they called a traitor because he helped interrogate other German prisoners. But why was their execution carried out four months after the end of the war for conduct many Americans would have expected of their own POWs in an enemy camp? And why was this "traitor" sent to the very camp where the men he had interrogated were imprisoned? Why did President Harry S. Truman, who signed the orders of execution, decline to be interviewed by the author, and why did all documents relating to the case vanish from the Truman Library after the author requested a research permit? Richard Whittingham probes the events that led to the murder, its perpetration, the brutal interrogation, the court-martial, and the execution, and he reveals how the seven were used as pawns by the U.S. government for the return of American prisoners in German hands before the war's end - then executed once Germany surrendered. The author also raises questions about military justice and the treatment of prisoners of war that are as controversial today as they were when this book was written more than two decades ago.


Among the major Marxist thinkers of the Russian Revolution era, Rosa Luxemburg stands out as one who speaks to our own time. Her legacy grows in relevance as the global character of the capitalist market becomes more apparent and the critique of bureaucratic power is more widely accepted within the movement for human liberation. The Rosa Luxemburg Reader is the definitive one-volume collection of Luxemburg's writings in English translation. Unlike previous publications of her work from the early 1970s, this volume includes substantial extracts from her major economic writingsabove all, The Accumulation of Capital (1913)and from her political writings, including Reform or Revolution (1898), the Junius Pamphlet (1916), and The Russian Revolution (1918). The Reader also includes a number of important texts that have never before been published in English translation, including substantial extracts from her Introduction to Political Economy (1916), and a recently-discovered piece on slavery. With a substantial introduction assessing Luxemburg's work in the light of recent research, The Rosa Luxemburg Reader is an indispensable resource for scholarship and an inspiration for a new generation of activists."


Deciphering how brains generate behavior depends critically on an accurate description of behavior. If distinct behaviors are lumped together, separate modes of brain activity can be wrongly attributed to the same behavior. Alternatively, if a single behavior is split into two, the same neural activity can appear to produce different behaviors [1]. Here, we address this issue in the context of acoustic communication in Drosophila. During courtship, males utilize wing vibration to generate time-varying songs, and females evaluate songs to inform mating decisions [2-4]. Drosophila melanogaster song was thought for 50 years to consist of only two modes, sine and pulse, but using new unsupervised classification methods on large datasets of song recordings, we now establish the existence of at least three song modes: two distinct, evolutionary conserved pulse types, along with a single sine mode. We show how this seemingly subtle distinction profoundly affects our interpretation of the mechanisms underlying song production, perception and evolution. Specifically, we show that sensory feedback from the female influences the probability of producing each song mode and that male song mode choice affects female responses and contributes to modulating his song amplitude with distance [5]. At the neural level, we demonstrate how the activity of three separate neuron types within the fly's song pathway differentially affect the probability of producing each song mode. Our results highlight the importance of carefully segmenting behavior to accurately map the underlying sensory, neural, and genetic mechanisms.


Land breeze is a type of mesoscale circulation developed due to thermal forcing over a heterogeneouslandscape. It can contribute to atmospheric dynamic and hydrologic processes through affecting heatand water fluxes on the land-atmosphere interface and generating shallow convective precipitation. Ifthe scale of the landscape heterogeneity is smaller than a certain size, however, the resulting land breezebecomes weak and becomes mixed up with other thermal convections like thermals. This study seeks toidentify a scale threshold to distinguish the effects between land breeze and thermals. Two-dimensionalsimulations were performed with the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) to simulate thermalsand land breeze. Their horizontal scale features were analyzed using the wavelet transform. The thermalsdeveloped over a homogeneous landscape under dry or wet conditions have an initial scale of 2-5 kmduring their early stage of development. The scale jumps to 10-15 km when condensation occurs. Thesolution of an analytical model indicates that the reduced degree of atmospheric instability due to therelease of condensation potential heat could be one of the contributing factors for the increase in scale.The land breeze, on the other hand, has a major scale identical to the size of the landscape heterogeneitythroughout various stages of development. The results suggest that the effects of land breeze can be clearlydistinguished from those of thermals only if the size of the landscape heterogeneity is larger than the scalethreshold of about 5 km for dry atmospheric processes or about 15 km for moist ones.


We have demonstrated the use of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy for the detection of the phenylalkylamines amphetamine and methamphetamine. This work can be viewed as the first phase of development toward a one-step drug detection method with a selective reactive coating on a SERS substrate. This work involves a fairly complicated coupling reaction prior to surface derivatization. Future efforts will be directed at creating a reactive coating directly on the surface. The amines were derivatized by a coupling reaction with 2-mercaptonicotinic acid (2-MNA) with the use of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) as the coupling reagent to form the amide compounds AMNA [N-(1-methyl-2-phenylethyl)-2-mercaptopyridine-3-carboxamide] and MMNA [N-methyl-N-(1-methyl-2-phenylethyl)-2-mercaptopyridine-3-carboxamide]. The amides were qualitatively identified from SERS spectra. Quantification of the amides was accomplished by adding the internal standard pentachlorothiophenol (PCTP) and measuring the intensity of Raman bands of the analyte relative to a Raman band of the internal standard. Calibration curves were plotted of the relative peak intensity ratios as a function of analyte concentration. Detection limits of 19 ppm and 17 ppm were found for amphetamine/2-MNA (AMNA) amide and methamphetamine/2-MNA (MMNA) amide, respectively.


Ruqual: A System for Assessing Post-Editing Jason Keith Housley Department of Linguistics and English Language Master of Arts Post-editing machine translation has become more common in recent years due to the increase in materials requiring translation and the effectiveness of machine translation systems. This project presents a system for formalizing structured translation specifications that facilitates the assessment of the performance of a post-editor. This report provides details concerning two software applications: the Ruqual Specifications Writer, which aids in the authoring of postediting project specifications, and the Ruqual Rubric Viewer which provides a graphical user interface for filling out a machine readable rubric file. The project as a whole relies on a definition of translation quality based on the specification approach. In order to test whether potential evaluators are able to reliably assess the quality of postedited translations, a user study was conducted that utilized the Specifications Writer and Rubric Viewer. The specifications developed for the project were based on actual post-editing data provided by Ray Flournoy of Adobe. The study involved simulating the work of five post-editors, which consisted of developing texts and scenarios. 17 non-expert graders rated the work of the five fictional post-editors, and an Intraclass Correlation of the graders responses shows that they are reliable to a high degree. The groundwork laid by this project should help in the development of other applications that assist in the assessment of translation projects in terms of a specification approach to quality.


Comparative research requires extensive resources in terms of time, manpower, funding, and infrastructure. While collaboration is certainly a key to solving many problems related to mostly scarce resources in academic research, there are also many substantial reasons why collaboration makes a Iot of sense. One of these is that the collective cultural expertise of a collaborative research network can never be achieved by a single researcher. Hence, the question is not whether or not collaborative research is worthwhile but how to organize and manage it effectively. The chapter discusses various models of collaboration with regard to their advantages and disadvantages.


Media independence is a contested concept that carries different meanings in different contexts. As a normative ideal, independence can be discussed on many levels, and media organisations, journalists, researchers and regulators often invoke the term in contradictory ways. In contemporary European media policy, the conceptual contestation over the meaning of independence has been further reheated by commercial media's attempts to reframe the distinction between commercial and public service media as a choice between "independent" and "state" media. The digital transformations and the emergence of new media actors and platforms also challenge the meaning and relevance of different conceptions of media independence and dependence. In this article, we discuss the changing uses of the notion of independence in current media policy discourse, including controversies between public service and commercial media, but also other settings where the notion is invoked. We then develop a more fine-tuned understanding of the different dimensions that media independence contains in a contemporary media environment. Finally, we discuss how the relational nature of independence makes it problematic to employ as a normative principle in media policy.


We distinguish between local problems of biodiversity loss and global ones, where international cooperation is required. Global biodiversity regulation involves choosing the optimal stopping rule regarding global land conversions, in order to ensure that some areas of unconverted natural reserves remain to support the production sector that exists on converted lands. The basic difficulty with implementing a solution to this global problem lies in the asymmetry in endowments between those states that have previously converted, and those that have not. We demonstrate that the fundamental problem of global biodiversity regulation is similar to the bargaining problem analysed by Nash, Rubinstein and others. There are benefits from global land conversion, and there must be agreement on their distribution before the conversion process can be halted. Since the institutions addressing global biodiversity problems are either highly ineffectual (benefit sharing agreements, prior informed consent clauses) or very extreme (incremental cost contracts), the biodiversity bargaining problem remains unresolved. For this reason we anticipate that suboptimal conversions will continue to occur, as a way of protesting the ineffective and unfair approaches employed in addressing this problem to date.


Auditory alarms that repeatedly interrupt users until they react are common, especially in the context of alarms. However, when an alarm repeats, our brains habituate to it and perceive it less and less, with reductions in both perception and attention-shifting: a phenomenon known as the repetition-suppression effect (RS). To retain users' perception and attention, this paper proposes and tests the use of pitch- and intensity-modulated alarms. Its experimental findings suggest that the proposed modulated alarms can reduce RS, albeit in different patterns, depending on whether pitch or intensity is the focus of the modulation. Specifically, pitch-modulated alarms were found to reduce RS more when the number of repetitions was small, while intensity-modulated alarms reduced it more as the number of repetitions increased. Based on these results, we make several recommendations for the design of improved repeating alarms, based on which modulation approach should be adopted in various situations.


ABSTRACT Title: How Diversity Influences the Work Process in Cooperation Projects Author: Sofia M Westerberg Supervisors: Marie Aurell, Marie Hemming Department: School of Management, Blekinge Institute of Technology Course: Master's thesis in Business Administration, 10 credits Background: Cooperation beyond organizational boundaries becomes more necessary because of the changing nature of the business environment. The project as a form of organization is very well suited to carry out difficult tasks, not only within organizations but also between them. This means that the traditional view of looking at projects needs rethinking; there is a growing spectrum of projects with wider objectives and a broader scope, which leads to a higher degree of complexity and uncertainty. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to get a better understanding of how diversity influences the work process in a cooperation project. Because the cooperation project is becoming a more common phenomenon, it is interesting to learn more about how diversity has an impact on its work processes and characteristics. Hopefully this study can be one input to managers in making decisions about if a task shall be carried out in a cooperation project group or not, and if that should be the case, what implications this can have on the project and its outcomes. The research question is: How can diversity influence the work process in a cooperation project? Method: The thesis focuses on the development of the work process in a cooperation project, where the participants come from different organizations, and where there is a high degree of diversity. This is done through a literature review, observations and interviews. Theory: The theories are about cooperation projects, negotiation in small groups, uncertainty and complexity in projects and factors of diversity that influence the process; interests, conflicting interest, objectives, motivational orientation and trust. The FIRO-theory of group development (Fundamental Interpersonal Relationship Motivational orientation, Schutz 1989) is also used. Analysis: First a literature study was carried out and then methodologies were chosen. The analysis was made from observations and interviews and carried out on three levels; the individual level, the group level and the organizational level. First I looked at each individual's own role and behaviour in the group, secondly and thirdly, the organizations´ own interests, objectives as well as the group's interests, etc, were considered. The factors of diversity (interests, objectives, orientation and trust) were systemized and analyzed in relation to the three levels of analysis and then discussed in connection to the literature. The findings were combined with the work process and development phases of groups to see how this is influenced by the diversity. Conclusion: The diversity which exists in a cooperation project influences the work process in a number of ways. The findings in this study point to a number of issues. The diversity makes the group development phases more complex than in a traditional project. The two first phases of group development in the work process will probably take longer time. The work process is also more sensitive and steps back in development phases are more common than in a traditional project. Either development of trust takes longer time or only so called "swift trust" will develop. There are more environmental factors that influence the project. Because of the diversity, the formal positions of the representatives in the group become more important. Possible ways of handling the diversity are a general group assignment instead of a concrete objective and a delegated responsibility from the management to the project group. Two new forms of motivational orientation of group members were observed during this study. One form I have called "Changing motivational orientation". The other form of motivational orientation I have named "More than cooperative". In "Changing motivational orientation", some of the members in the group turned from one motivational orientation to another one during the scope of the project. In being "More than cooperative" the members see the group's assignment as the most important task. The study also shows that the so called "claiming-creation dilemma" (Schei and Rognes, 2005) is not always applicable. Not all the participants saw the balancing between the interests and objectives of their own organization on the one hand and the assignment of the project group on the other. Some of them looked only at their organizations interests and some of them focused totally on the group assignment. The study also shows that the FIRO-model for group development is relevant also for cooperation projects, but with some adjustments, because the development phases takes longer time due to the issue of diversity.


The nuclear rests by India and Pakistan in May 1998 were a reminder to the world that the dangers posed by nuclear weapons are still very much with us. Most of the analyses that followed these tests paid little attention to the nuclear weapons states and their reluctance to keep up their commitments under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty that came into force in 1970. (1) Throughout its nuclear history, India has repeatedly pointed out the inequity of the international Arrangement--nuclear apartheid, as some Indian commentators have termed it. This arrangement allows some nations to possess hugely destructive nuclear arsenals, while other nations are denied that choice. (2) On May 28, 1998, following the first set of nuclear tests by Pakistan, President Clinton said, "I cannot believe that we are about to start the 21st century by having the Indian subcontinent repeat the worst mistakes of the 20th century, when we know it is not necessary to peace, to security, to prosperity, to national greatness or personal fulfillment." (3) This is perhaps the closest a president of the United States has come to officially stating, albeit grudgingly, that nuclear weapons are not necessary for peace or security. Actions taken by the United States send out a different message, however, and recent decisions taken by the administration and the U.S. Department of Energy indicate that the U.S. leadership intends to keep its nuclear arsenal around for the foreseeable future and thereby to perpetuate the arms race. At the same time, a number of initiatives in the international arena, as well as recommendations by various national and international bodies, advocate the elimination-or at least rapid reductions in numbers--of nuclear weapons. If serious steps are not taken towards abolition of nuclear weapons, this growing polarization between the nuclear weapons states and the vast majority of nonnuclear countries could lead to unraveling of the current international regime, which may have dire consequences. After the CTBT The long-sought Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, signed by President Clinton in 1996, was the first major nuclear agreement negotiated after the Cold War. In the preamble to the treaty, the signatories-including 152 nonnuclear states and the five nuclear weapon states-declared that they intended to take effective measures towards nuclear disarmament. They stressed the need for continued systematic and progressive efforts to reduce nuclear weapons worldwide, with the ultimate goal of eliminating those weapons. Most of the countries that joined the treaty believed it would indeed hasten elimination. But Stephen Ledogar, the U.S. ambassador to the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty negotiations, revealed a different picture about the beliefs of the nuclear weapons states. While most countries believe banning nuclear tests will by itself reduce nuclear weapons stockpiles, "all five nuclear weapons states believe that without testing, we can nevertheless maintain for the foreseeable future the viability, the safety and t he reliability of our nuclear stockpiles." (4) Stockpile Stewardship The safety and reliability of the U.S. arsenal are to be maintained through a multi-billion dollar program called the "Science Based Stockpile Stewardship" program. Stockpile Stewardship is seen by many as a way of buying off the nuclear weapons laboratories to get their consent to the United States signing the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty. By retaining "all historical capabilities of the weapons laboratories, industrial plants and the Nevada Test Site," Stockpile Stewardship will provide design capabilities potentially greater than during the Cold War. (5) The plan calls for maintaining weapons, weapons components, and research and development facilities such as Los Alamos and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories and the Nevada Test Site. Stockpile Stewardship also supports a National Ignition Facility that attempts to achieve nuclear fusion. …


This study was conducted to determine of some chemical properties of 'Sweet Ann' and 'Kabarla' strawberry cultivars in highland climate. This research was carried out in Isparta region with highland climate conditions. Both varieties of strawberry cultivars used in the research are neutral day plants. Due to the rich polyphenol content of the berries, the positive effects on human health have begun to be explored in recent years. Especially high anthocyanin contents are important. It is well known that the strawberries are rich in polyphenol compounds. In this research, two different production methods were applied, open field and cover cultivation. The total phenolic, total anthocyanin and ascorbic acid content were determined. Total phenolic of 'Sweet Ann' strawberry cultivar varied between 620.44mg GAE 100 g FW to 786.64 mg GAE 100 g FW. Total anthocyanin of 'Sweet Ann' strawberry cultivar and ascorbic acid ranged between 58.15 μg/g to 98.88 μg/g and 76.42 mg/100 g to 94.39 mg/100 g respectively. Total phenolic of 'Kabarla' strawberry cultivar varied between 448.01 mg GAE 100 g FW to 1050.48 mg GAE 100 g FW. Also total anthocyanin of 'Kabarla' strawberry cultivar ranged between 47.16 μg/g to 74.44 μg/g. Ascorbic acid content was determined by 125.09 mg/100 g to 134.81 mg/100 g in 'Kabarla' strawberry cultivar. Highest value of total anthocyanin and ascorbic acid were obtained from open field cultivation for both varieties.


Todays technological projects become increasingly complex. This increases the demands for seamless interaction between development tools. Problems like tool lock-in, and tool obsolescence become more significant. For large and complex projects, it is important to maximize the efficiency of the toolchain to avoid wasting time and money. To achieve this, a framework is being developed that aims to provide a seamless way to interchange tools and avoid many common problems. A demonstrator needs to be developed to validate this framework. This paper presents an implementation of a hardware-software system that can be used for that purpose. This system will rely on an integrated tool chain and thus provide grounds for experimentation using the abovementioned framework. It has been decided that this demonstrator will be in form of a wind turbine. Any other sufficiently complex hardware-software system could be used. First, the physics behind a fullscale turbine was studied. Then, several solutions for the implementation of the model were considered. A design was made and the components were chosen. A mechanical model was built, and a mathematical model was designed in Matlab Simulink. Also, a controller model was made in Matlab Simulink, which was loaded onto an industrial controller. Electrical circuits and interfaces were developed, as well as a communication protocol. In the end, verification was performed and an example usage of the demonstrator given. The result and product of this work is a platform, in shape of a scale wind turbine, for developing and validating a tool chain framework.


Introduction: Women have widespread breastfeeding problems in postpartum period. Emotional intelligence (EI) is thought to be important in problem-solving related to breastfeeding. Research Aims: The study was conducted to investigate the correlation between the EI and breastfeeding self-efficacy (BFSE) of women in the early postpartum period and the associated factors. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in cesarean-postpartum service of a hospital in Erzurum between May 2015 and May 2016. The sample of the study consisted of 271 women. The dependent variables constituted the EI and BFSE mean scores. Descriptive statistics, independent samples t tests, one-way analysis of variance, Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann-Whitney U test, and Pearson correlation analysis were used. Results: The age, education level, perceived income status, and the status of planned pregnancy of the mothers affected their EI mean score, whereas their residence place, income status, the number of pregnancy and living children, and status of receiving prenatal care affected their BFSE levels. No significant correlation was found between the EI and BFSE mean scores in the early postpartum period (r = 0.77, p = 0.207). Conclusions: No significant correlation was determined between the EI and BFSE in the early postpartum period.


Hierarchical abstractions are a methodology for solving large-scale graph problems in various disciplines. Coarsening is one such approach: it generates a pyramid of graphs whereby the one in the next level is a structural summary of the prior one. With a long history in scientific computing, many coarsening strategies were developed based on mathematically driven heuristics. Recently, resurgent interests exist in deep learning to design hierarchical methods learnable through differentiable parameterization. These approaches are paired with downstream tasks for supervised learning. In practice, however, supervised signals (e.g., labels) are scarce and are often laborious to obtain. In this work, we propose an unsupervised approach, coined OTCoarsening, with the use of optimal transport. Both the coarsening matrix and the transport cost matrix are parameterized, so that an optimal coarsening strategy can be learned and tailored for a given set of graphs. We demonstrate that the proposed approach produces meaningful coarse graphs and yields competitive performance compared with supervised methods for graph classification and regression.


In continuation of the discussion initiated by Eames it is pointed out that the type locality of the Aquitanian must be in the Aquitaine region (France), that European Tertiary stages are established on the study of shallow-water marine mollusks, and that the Aquitanian is therefore lower Miocene. The Oligocene-Miocene boundary in Trinidad is considered on the basis of various faunal zones. The conclusion is, pending other evidence, that the base of the Caribbean Miocene should be placed temporarily at the base of the Globorotalia fohsi zone.


A central challenge of developmental and evolutionary biology is to understand the transformation of genetic information into morphology. Elucidating the connections between genes and anatomy will require model morphogenetic processes that are amenable to detailed analysis of cell/tissue behaviors and to systems-level approaches to gene regulation. The formation of the calcified endoskeleton of the sea urchin embryo is a valuable experimental system for developing such an integrated view of the genomic regulatory control of morphogenesis. A transcriptional gene regulatory network (GRN) that underlies the specification of skeletogenic cells (primary mesenchyme cells, or PMCs) has recently been elucidated. In this study, we carried out a genome-wide analysis of mRNAs encoded by effector genes in the network and uncovered transcriptional inputs into many of these genes. We used RNA-seq to identify >400 transcripts differentially expressed by PMCs during gastrulation, when these cells undergo a striking sequence of behaviors that drives skeletal morphogenesis. Our analysis expanded by almost an order of magnitude the number of known (and candidate) downstream effectors that directly mediate skeletal morphogenesis. We carried out genome-wide analysis of (1) functional targets of Ets1 and Alx1, two pivotal, early transcription factors in the PMC GRN, and (2) functional targets of MAPK signaling, a pathway that plays an essential role in PMC specification. These studies identified transcriptional inputs into >200 PMC effector genes. Our work establishes a framework for understanding the genomic regulatory control of a major morphogenetic process and has important implications for reconstructing the evolution of biomineralization in metazoans.


SYNOPSIS Objective . The focus of this study is on changes in the strength of relations among four types of paternal behaviors (supportive presence, respect for autonomy, stimulation, and hostility) from early childhood through middle childhood. Design . Father-child interaction was observed for 718 dyads at four time periods: 54 months (M = 56 months), 1st grade (M = 7.0 years), 3rd grade (M = 9.0 years), and 5th grade (M = 11.0 years) using similar and age-appropriate observational paradigms. Results . The association between paternal supportive presence and respect for autonomy grew stronger with age. Supportive presence showed a moderate relation with stimulation at 54 months; but this association became weaker over time. A similar pattern of weakening association emerged in the relation between respect for autonomy and stimulation. Both supportive presence and respect for autonomy showed a continuing robust negative association with hostility. Finally, the relation between hostility and stimulation became stronger over time. Conclusions . There appears to be an evolving dialectic in the organization of paternal behavior during interactions with offspring, with some relations strengthening and others becoming weaker. Critically, the bonds fathers have with their children in early childhood tend to remain firm through middle childhood, with paternal support less often reflecting itself in directly teaching a child but more often in showing respect for the child's growing independence.


Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) from the family Malvaceae, is a valuable fiber plant native to India and Africa, and is currently planted as the fourth commercial crop in Malaysia. Kenaf seed oil contains alpha-linolenic acid, phytosterol such as β-sitosterol, vitamin E and other antioxidants with chemopreventive properties. The present study evaluated cytotoxicity towards human colorectal cancer cell line (HT29) and cancer chemopreventive properties of kenaf seed oil from supercritical carbon dioxide fluid extraction (KSO-SFE). Kenaf seed oil was extracted via supercritical carbon dioxide fluid (SFE) at 9 different permutations of parameters based on range of pressure (200-600 bars) and temperature (40-80°C): 200/40, 200/60, 200/80, 400/40, 400/60, 400/80,600/40, 600/60 and 600/80. All the nine KSO-SFE were screened for cytotoxicity
towards human colorectal cancer cell line (HT29) and mouse embryonic fibroblast cell line (NIH/3T3) using MTS assay. KSO-SFE of 600/40 showed the strongest cytotoxicity towards HT29 with IC50 of 200 μg/ml. Nevertheless, IC50 for NIH/3T3 was not detected even at the highest concentration of KSO-SFE employed. Cell cycle analysis exhibited a significant increase in the number of KSO-SFE-treated cells at sub-
G1 phase, indicating the induction of apoptosis by the extract. The induction of apoptosis was further confirmed by Annexin V/PI and AO/PI staining. For the chemopreventive properties of KSO-SFE, 60 male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned to 6 groups. All groups were induced with azoxymethane (AOM) except for the negative control (Group 1). They were 1) negative control group, 2) positive control group (without any treatment), 3) vehicle control group (administered with emulsifier (Tween 80), 4) group treated with 500 mg/kg body weight KSO-SFE; 5) group treated with 1000 mg/kg body weight KSO-SFE and 6) group treated with 1500 mg/kg body weight KSO-SFE. The animals were injected subcutaneously once a week for 2 weeks
with 15 mg/kg body weight of AOM at 7 weeks of age. Rats were euthanized after 90 days of the experiment. There was no significant difference in weight gain among the groups. Number of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) ranged from 84.4 ± 4.43 to 179.5 ± 12.78 in Group 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. ACF were reduced by 45.3%, 51.4% and 53.1% in rats fed with 500, 1000 and 1500 mg/kg body weight of KSO-SFE, respectively, compared to the positive control group (p<0.05). For ACF multiplicity, ACF with 4, 5 or more crypts were significantly lower (p<0.05) in rats fed with KSO-SFE compared to the positive control group. The findings indicate that KSO-SFE reduced AOM–induced ACF in
Sprague Dawley male rats. The effects of KSO-SFE on fifteen genes involved in colon carcinogenesis were analyzed on AOM-induced rats using GenomeLabGeXP genetic system. It shows that treatment with KSO-SFE increased the expression of tumor suppressor genes (APC and p53), reduced the expression of tumor marker genes (COX-2and β-catenin) and did not change the expression of large tumor suppressor and TNF receptor genes compared to the positive control group (p<0.05). KSO-SFE has also shown to activate the apoptotic pathway by up regulating the expression of caspases
(caspase 9, caspase 2 and caspase 3) and pro-apoptotic genes (bax and bad), and down regulating the expression of anti-apoptotic gene (bcl-2). Treatment with KSO-SFE also
affects the cell cycle genes with increased expression of cell cycle inhibitor (p21, cip1) and decreased expression of cyclin D1. Assessment of toxicity of KSO-SFE at 500,
1000 and 1500 mg/kg body weight/day towards Sprague Dawley rats was also performed. The parameters for toxicity include body and organ weight, haematology,clinical chemistry, pathology and expression of toxicity-related genes. No mortality or treatment-related adverse effects were observed at all doses throughout the period of 90
days. All the parameters were in normal range. Low creatinine level at all doses and low total cholesterol level at 1000 and 1500 mg/kg body weight of KSO-SFE were noted but insignificant. Further analysis using GenomeLabGeXP genetic system on the liver tissues showed the expression of genes involved in xenobiotic metabolism, DNA damage, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis was at normal level. In short, The No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) for KSO-SFE at 1500 mg/kg body weight/day. In
conclusion, data from this study demonstrate the potential of KSO-SFE as a chemopreventive agent against colon cancer.


Despite exceptionally high levels of biodiversity and endemism found in Madagascar, much of its wildlife remains little studied, particularly the carnivore community. The recently described, little-known black forest cat (locally known as "fitoaty") is believed to be restricted to NE Madagascar and has been investigated only through village surveys and anecdotal accounts. From 2008 to 2012, we photographically sampled 7 forest sites with varying degrees of degradation and fragmentation across Makira Natural Park with the goals of: 1) estimating landscape occupancy for fitoaty (Felis spp.), 2) identifying variables influencing fitoaty occupancy, and 3) comparing fitoaty and feral cat (Felis spp.) occupancy across the landscape. We observed higher occupancy for fitoaty, minimal co-occurrence between fitoaty and feral cats (n = 2 sites), and strong divergence in habitat use. We provide the 1st assessment of fitoaty morphology, including comparisons with anecdotal reports, and the 1st population assessment of Madagascar's exotic cat community with insights into factors associated with carnivore population trends in Madagascar. We suggest the described fitoaty is a phenotypically different form of the feral cat, but additional research is needed. Targeted management plans are needed to diminish the spread and potential negative effects of invasive cats across this important biologically diverse ecoregion.


The purpose of the 5th International Conference on Informatics in Control, Automation and Robotics (ICINCO) is to bring together researchers, engineers and practitioners interested in the application of informatics to Control, Automation and Robotics. Three simultaneous tracks will be held, covering Intelligent Control Systems, Optimization, Robotics, Automation, Signal Processing, Systems Modeling and Control. Informatics applications are pervasive in many areas of Control, Automation and Robotics; This conference intends to emphasize this connection, therefore, authors should highlight the benefits of Information Technology (IT) in these areas. Ideas on how to solve problems using IT, both in R&D and industrial applications, are welcome. Papers describing advanced prototypes, systems, tools and techniques and general survey papers indicating future directions are also encouraged. Papers describing original work are invited in any of the areas listed below. Accepted papers, presented at the conference by one of the authors, will be published in the Proceedings of ICINCO, with an ISBN. Acceptance will be based on quality, relevance and originality. Both full research reports and work-in-progress reports are welcome. There will be both oral and poster sessions. Special sessions, dedicated to case-studies and commercial presentations are also envisaged: companies interested in presenting their products/methodologies or researchers interested in holding a tutorial or organizing a workshop are invited to contact the conference secretariat. Additional information can be found at http://www.icinco.org/.


BACKGROUND
Transmyocardial laser revascularization (TMR) is an emerging therapy for the treatment of coronary artery disease not amenable to percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) or coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG).

OBJECTIVE
To summarize the experimental and clinical experience to date with TMR. Specifically, the history of the technique, preclinical and clinical data, patient selection and perioperative management, as well as future applications of TMR are discussed.

DATA SOURCES
All English language articles pertaining to TMR published through March 1999. MEDLINE was searched with the key words 'myocardial revascularization', 'lasers' and 'laser surgery', as well as the text terms 'transmyocardial laser revascularization', 'TMR' and 'TMLR'. Reference lists of articles obtained from MEDLINE were studied for additional references not discovered in computer searches. Pertinent abstracts published within the past two years were reviewed as well.

STUDY SELECTION
Studies that produced original experimental or clinical data were selected.

DATA SYNTHESIS
Experimental studies demonstrate that TMR channels become occluded in the early postoperative period. However, experimental data indicate that laser injury appears to promote neovascularization with secondary improvements in perfusion in treated regions. Human clinical studies confirm the efficacy of the procedure, with significant improvements in anginal class up to at least one year postoperatively, although documented improvements in myocardial perfusion have been less consistent. Perioperative morbidity and mortality appear to be increased in patients with unstable angina or reduced left ventricular function.

CONCLUSIONS
With careful patient selection and peri- operative management, TMR is a safe and effective therapy for severe angina pectoris secondary to end-stage coronary artery disease. Additional studies are required to define the role of TMR in combination with PTCA, CABG and angiogenic growth factors, as well as the safety and efficacy of catheter-based TMR.


The presence of upwelling systems and oceanic fronts makes the Southwest Atlantic Ocean a region of high primary productivity. These same conditions are present in San Jorge Gulf (SJG) along the southern Argentinian coast, where dinoflagellates and diatoms dominate primary production. The distribution of these microorganisms, including the cysts produced by some dinoflagellates during their life cycles, is controlled in marine environments by oceanographic parameters that include salinity, surface water temperature, ice cover duration, and productivity. The objective of this study is to document the modern distribution of dinoflagellate cyst assemblages in surface sediments so that the environmental preferences of each taxon can be inferred and used to reconstruct paleoenvironmental conditions. The dinoflagellate cyst (dinocyst) assemblages of 52 surface samples collected in 2014 aboard R/V Coriolis II in the SJG were described and compared to surface oceanographic conditions and grain size data. The results indicate dinocyst concentrations vary between 64 cysts g–1 and 45,848 cysts g–1 dry sediment, with Spiniferites ramosus and Operculodinium centrocarpum the dominant species, accompanied by Spiniferites mirabilis, Dubridinium sp., cysts of Polykrikos kofoidii, and cysts of Brigantedinium simplex, Brigantedinium auranteum, and Brigantedinium spp. We have defined two spatial domains based on the distribution of dinocysts in and near the SJG: northern/southern-central gulf and offshore domains. We found an increase in dinocyst concentrations along a north-south gradient in the SJG and minimum concentrations at offshore sites. In addition, multivariate analyses reveal the relationships among the relative abundances of dinocysts, fine grain size data (<63 μm; silts and clays), and primary productivity, as well as offshore upwelling, which appear to control most of the distribution of dinocysts.


Background: Technology in the healthcare sector is undergoing rapid development. One of the most prominent areas of healthcare in which robots are implemented is nursing homes. However, nursing and technology are often considered as being contradictory, an attitude originating in the view of "the natural" versus "the artificial". Social media mirror this view, including in attitudes and societal debates regarding nursing and care robots. However, little is known about this topic in previous research. Objectives: To examine user behaviour in social media platforms on the topic of nursing and care robots. Design: A retrospective and cross-sectional observation study design was applied. Methods: Data were collected via the Alchemy streaming application programming interface. Data from social media were collected from 1 January 2014 to 5 January 2016. The data set consisted of 12,311 mentions in total. Results: Nursing and care robots are a small-scale topic of discussion in social media. Twitter was found to be the largest channel in terms of volume, followed by Tumblr. News channels had the highest percentage of visibility, while forums and Tumblr had the least. It was found in the data that 67.9% of the mentions were positive, 24.4% were negative and 7.8% were neutral. Discussion: The volume and visibility of the data on nursing robots found in social media, as well as the attitudes to nursing robots found there, indicate that nursing care robots, which are seen as representing a next step in technological development in healthcare, are a topic on the rise in social media. These findings are likely to be related to the idea that nursing care robots are on the breakthrough of replacing human labour in healthcare worldwide.


In regularized kernel methods, the solution of a learning problem is found by minimizing functionals consisting of the sum of a data and a complexity term. In this paper we investigate some properties of a more general form of the above functionals in which the data term corresponds to the expected risk. First, we prove a quantitative version of the representer theorem holding for both regression and classification, for both differentiable and non-differentiable loss functions, and for arbitrary offset terms. Second, we show that the case in which the offset space is non trivial corresponds to solving a standard problem of regularization in a Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Space in which the penalty term is given by a seminorm. Finally, we discuss the issues of existence and uniqueness of the solution. From the specialization of our analysis to the discrete setting it is immediate to establish a connection between the solution properties of sparsity and coefficient boundedness and some properties of the loss function. For the case of Support Vector Machines for classification, we also obtain a complete characterization of the whole method in terms of the Khun-Tucker conditions with no need to introduce the dual formulation.


The concept of indicial aerodynamic functions is applied to the analysis of the short-period pitching mode of aircraft. By the use of simple physical relationships associated with the indicial-function relationships concept, quantitative studies are made of the separate effects on the damping in pitch of changes in Mach number, aspect ratio, plan-form shape, and frequency. The concept is further shown to be of value in depicting physically the induced effects on a tail surface which follows in the wake of a starting forward surface. Considerable effort is devoted to the development of theoretical techniques whereby the transient response in lift at the tail to the wing wake may be estimated. Numerical results for several representative cases are presented, and these are analyzed to reassess the importance of the contribution to the rotary damping moment of the interference lift at the tail.


This article examines mobilization by civil war veterans of the insurgency and the government army. These veterans became a major political force in postwar El Salvador. I demonstrate that the ascendency of the war veterans hinged on the combination of two types of mobilization: "internal" mobilization for partisan leverage, and public mobilization to place claims on the state. By this bifurcated mobilization, veterans from both sides of the war pursued clientelist benefits and postwar political influence. Salvadoran veterans' struggles for recognition revolve around attempts to transform what the veterans perceive as the "debts of war" into postwar political order. The case of El Salvador highlights the versatility and resilience of veterans' struggles in post- settlement contexts in which contention shifted from military confrontation to electoral competition.


In this work, we investigate the problem of revealing the functionality of a black-box agent. Notably, we are interested in the interpretable and formal description of the behavior of such an agent. Ideally, this description would take the form of a program written in a high-level language. This task is also known as reverse engineering and plays a pivotal role in software engineering, computer security, but also most recently in interpretability. In contrast to prior work, we do not rely on privileged information on the black box, but rather investigate the problem under a weaker assumption of having only access to inputs and outputs of the program. We approach this problem by iteratively refining a candidate set using a generative neural program synthesis approach until we arrive at a functionally equivalent program. We assess the performance of our approach on the Karel dataset. Our results show that the proposed approach outperforms the state-of-the-art on this challenge by finding a functional equivalent program in 78% of cases -- even exceeding prior work that had privileged information on the black-box.