Abstract The concept of media events continues to generate widespread debate among scholars around the globe. Studies that have challenged the concept's functionalist foundations have undoubtedly sharpened our thinking. Conversely, approaches that have sought to expand the concept tend to confuse rather than clarify. In this paper, we argue that events that are planned, anticipated, and involve external organizations in their design demand a specific set of analytical tools. Furthermore, we draw a further distinction between one-off events and those that are cyclical in nature, with the latter being theorized using insights from studies of the television format industry. This approach not only focuses much needed attention on the production side of media events but also on the struggles between different interest groups (rights-holders, event hosts, media producers). We illustrate our arguments by drawing upon ethnographic material from the 2014 Eurovision Song Contest.


Second-harmonic generation in the form of Cerenkov radiation has been used to make direct, contact-free measurements of the effective indices of guided modes in LiNbO(3) channel waveguides. X-cut substrates were used, and channels oriented along the y axis were formed by either proton exchange or titanium indiffusion. For end-fire TE excitation, the Cerenkov harmonic radiates forward at a shallow angle into the substrate, leaves the output facet of the substrate, and appears as bright bands in the far field. These bands are seen to form a one-to-one correspondence with the m lines that are due to guided modes when a prism coupler is simultaneously clamped to the sample surface. The effective indices of the guided modes can be obtained by a simple calculation that involves only the substrate index and the angle at which the Cerenkov harmonic is radiated into the substrate. This technique permits effective index measurements of cladded waveguides where prism coupler measurements cannot be made. Examples of the technique in which index oil is used as a guide overlayer are given.


Methods for extracting features and classifying textures in high resolution colour images are presented. The proposed features are directional texture features obtained from the convolution of the Walsh-Hadamard transform with different orientations of texture patches from high resolution images, as well as simple chromatic features that correspond to hue and saturation in the HLS colour space. We compare the performance of these new features against Gabor transform features combined with HLS and Lab colour space features. Multiple classifiers are employed to combine both textural and chromatic features for better classification performance. We demonstrate a considerable reduction in computational costs, whilst maintaining close accuracy.


The care programme approach (CPA), a form of case management, is a key mental health policy in England. Yet after over 10 years, it remains poorly and unevenly implemented with few benefits for service users, carers or mental health staff. This paper reviews the wider literature on case management and identifies and considers the principal models that might have informed the development of the CPA. After discussing the evidence for each of the clinical, strengths, intensive and assertive case management models, the paper identifies the key components that appear to be central to effective case management across these models. These components are then considered in relation to the CPA. It is argued that the CPA has been undermined by a failure to incorporate and build on certain important features of the major models of case management. The paper concludes by suggesting the key developments required to make the CPA more effective and to underpin the policy with a unifying philosophy while endorsing it with much needed credibility among both clinicians and service users.


Targeting malaria vector mosquitoes outdoors has become a research priority to address residual malaria transmission. Mosquito larval source management provides an excellent and well established tool. However, there is a need to reduce the cost and effort of larviciding programmes by testing persistent larvicides that reduce the frequency of application and by exploring novel strategies of application. This thesis aimed to evaluate two larval control agents, with unique mode of actions: the self-spreading silicone-based film Aquatain Mosquito Formulation (AMF) and the pyriproxyfen-based insect growth regulator Sumilarv®.
Dose-response tests and standardized field tests were conducted to assess the susceptibility of Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto and An. arabiensis to the two insecticides and determine their residual activity. Adults that survived exposure to larvicide-treated water at the larval stages were assessed for possible effects on fecundity and fertility. Both species were highly susceptible to both control agents at very low doses. Both control agents provided residual control of up to six weeks. Adults that emerged from larvicide-treated water laid fewer eggs and had low egg hatching rates. Consequently, the impact of three-weekly operational application of pyriproxyfen to habitats in the western Kenya highlands was assessed by comparing adult vector emergences from aquatic habitats in intervention and non-intervention sites. Pyriproxyfen application led to over 80% adult vector emergence inhibition from treated aquatic habitats.
To assess if larvicide-treated water could serve as 'reproductive sinks' for gravid mosquitoes, the oviposition response of gravid An. gambiae s.s. to water treated with pyriproxyfen or surface film was tested under semi-field conditions using squares of electrocuting nets. Larvicide-treated water did not affect the pre-oviposition behaviour of gravid females. This study however did not demonstrate that 'attract and kill' strategies could be used for control of malaria vectors as the addition of an oviposition attractant to ponds containing larvicide-treated water did not increase the proportion of gravid females orienting towards this pond.
To explore the effect of pyriproxyfen exposure on adults, individual An. gambiae s.s. and Cx. quinquefasciatus females were exposed to pyriproxyfen at seven time points around blood feeding. Fecundity and ability to transfer pyriproxyfen to an oviposition substrate
4
were studied in the laboratory. The impact of pyriproxyfen was dependent on the time of exposure. Females were nearly completely sterilized when exposure occurred around the blood meal while pyriproxyfen was only transferred by females that were exposed while gravid and close to egg-laying time.
Consequently, a baiting station for gravid females was developed and semi-field experiments implemented to explore the transfer of pyriproxyfen by gravid An. gambiae s.s. from the baiting station to aquatic habitats. Horizontal transfer was observed but the extent of emergence inhibition was dependent on the distance of the habitat from the baiting station. Only the closest habitats received sufficient pyriproxyfen to control significant numbers of offspring.
In conclusion, this study demonstrated great potential of the two control agents for the control of vector immature stages and adults caused by sterilizing effects of pyriproxyfen. Results suggest that they are suitable for inclusion into integrated vector management programmes for malaria control. Auto-dissemination of pyriproxyfen however, appears not to be a feasible strategy for malaria vector control.


Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to adapt a social climate measure for use within a forensic intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) service and examine perceptions of social climate and the links with patient aggression across three levels of security.

Design/methodology/approach
Four staff participated in a focus group to discuss how the Essen Climate Evaluation Schema (EssenCES) could be adapted for IDD patients. Subsequently, a pilot study with three patients highlighted some difficulties in administering the adapted measure. Alterations in the administration of the measure were implemented with a further ten patients residing across three levels of security. The EssenCES was adapted to include more visual prompts to assist in the patients' completion of the measure. The frequency of aggressive incidents in each of the three settings was also collated.

Findings
Statistical analysis revealed a non-significant trend where positive social climate ratings increased as the security level decreased. There was a significant difference in the frequency of aggressive incidents across the three levels of security; however, there were no significant relationships found between the questionnaire ratings and the frequency of incidents.

Research limitations/implications
The results lacked statistical power due to the low number of participants. Further studies with adapted social climate measures need to be conducted to assess the implications of social climate on individuals with IDD in secure forensic services.

Originality/value
The study adapted and piloted a social climate measure for individuals in a forensic IDD service.


The European Commission requested the EFSA Panel on Plant Health to perform a pest categorisation of Verticillium albo-atrum Reinke and Berthold, the causal agent of Verticillium wilts. V. albo-atrum causes wilt and plant death, impairing the growth and shortening the lifespan of its hosts. V. albo-atrum was recently split into three species, V. albo-atrum sensu stricto, V. alfalfae and V. nonalfalfae, for which reliable detection and identification methods exist. V. albo-atrum sensu lato is present in most parts of the EU. The new taxonomic status of the pathogen, and the confusion that existed in the past between V. albo-atrum sensu lato and V. dahliae, cause uncertainty on its distribution worldwide and in the EU. Based on recent studies, the presence of each of the new species (V. albo-atrum sensu stricto, V. alfalfae, V. nonalfalfae) has so far been confirmed in a relatively small part of the EU. The pathogen has a wide host range. In the EU, it affects many cultivated and non-cultivated plant species, including some very important crops (alfalfa, cotton, hop, potato and tomato). However, the so far known host range of each of the above-mentioned new species is more restricted than that of V. albo-atrum sensu lato. There are no obvious ecoclimatic factors limiting the potential establishment and spread of the pathogen in the non-infested part of the EU where hosts are present. Once established, the pathogen can spread by natural and human-assisted means. Movement of infected host plants for planting, especially asymptomatic plants, can introduce the pathogen into new areas. Integrated management strategies may reduce impacts of V. albo-atrum sensu lato in the EU, but they do not eliminate the pathogen. V. albo-atrum sensu lato is listed in Annex IIAII of Directive 2000/29/EC. Despite its wide host range, it is regulated only on Humulus lupulus. © European Food Safety Authority, 2014


Various important features could be found on the open ocean deep convection and the subsequent deep water formation from large eddy simulation (LES), and the results were applied to the East Sea (Japan Sea). It was found that under a strong cold wind outburst with the heat flux of 1000 Wm–2 for 5 days generates a deep convection which can penetrate to the depth 1500 m, but under the continuous cooling with the heat flux of 250 Wm–2 the growth of a mixed layer is suppressed at 700 m. The effects of the spatial and temporal variations of the surface forcing were investigated with regard to the penetrative depth of convection, the generation of baroclinic eddies, the volume of the water mass formation, and the intensity of the rim current. The deep water formations in the intermediate and deep layer of the East Sea were explained in terms of the simulation results, and the intensity of the consequent circulation and the volume of water mass formation were compared with the observation data.


This book describes the installation, configuration, and administration of BlackBerry Enterprise Server for Microsoft Exchange, with background information on the BlackBerry architecture, security, and disaster recovery planning. Written by mobile and wireless technology experts, this book provides a straightforward approach to setting up your first BlackBerry Enterprise Server, provisioning users and devices, and implementing administrative techniques. BlackBerry Enterprise Server is a platform that extends corporate messaging and collaboration services to BlackBerry devices, supports management and administration of those devices, and also supports deployment of third-party applications on the BlackBerry device platform. BlackBerry Enterprise Server supports a variety of messaging platforms, including Microsoft Exchange, IBM Lotus Domino, and Novell GroupWise. This book focuses on BlackBerry Enterprise Server for Microsoft Exchange, providing detailed information on planning and implementing a BlackBerry Enterprise Server deployment. The basics of installing BlackBerry Enterprise Server are familiar for most administrators, but the server is infinitely configurable and contains extended administration features. This book contains background information on these features to help you get the most out of your environment, picking up where the manufacturer's documentation leaves off. If you are new to BlackBerry Enterprise Server, this is the perfect guide to help with your planning and deployment. Understand BlackBerry Enterprise Server architectureInstall and configure a BlackBerry Enterprise ServerImplement administrative policies for BlackBerry devicesSecure and plan for disaster recovery of your server The book combines a clear factual information with easy-to-use step-by-step instructions. There are chapters with background information on the architecture and features of the BlackBerry Enterprise Server, and chapters with specific installation and configuration instructions. This combined approach gives you the knowledge to make the best implementation decisions for your environment.


Forage supply from herbs was assessed in a thinned Caatinga enriched with buffel grass ( Cenchrus ciliaris L.) exposed to goat and sheep grazing. The 2.4 ha experimental area, located at the Experimental Station of the Federal University of Campina Grande, in Santa Terezinha, Paraiba State, Brazil, was divided into four 0.6 ha paddocks, which were further subdivided into two 0.3 ha experimental plots. Twelve F1 (Boer x SRD) goats and 12 Santa Ines sheep were divided in four groups of six animals of the same species. The herbaceous vegetation was separated into buffel grass ( Cenchrus ciliaris L.), dicotyledons and other grass species. Treatments were randomized to plots according to a completely random design with two treatments, four replications, with measures repeated in time (July/1, Aug/1, Sept/1 and Oct/1. Buffel grass dry mater (DM) availability was higher in the sheep grazed than in the goat-grazed area. Buffel grass DM supply did not change from July to September, while dicotyledons DM supply decreased. Grazing affected availability, accumulation rate and supply of the forage produced (DM basis) by dicotyledonous herbs. Buffel grass forage availability was not affected during the experimental period.


At the first Lugano Conference in 2010 Michael Black outlined his vision to Chris Lane for the development of a personalized avatar of complex human body movements calibrated by a streamlined workflow of 3D body scans. During the conference 3dMD publically launched its new generation of very fast 3D body surface capture devices which Michael felt could be developed to support his long term software research. At the second conference a video of the pre-delivery 3Dbody system developed for Michael's group was shown. Less than one year after commissioning the equipment, Chris and Michael will be showing a fully functional hardware and software process which results in the production of a spatially precise dynamic avatar which can be subsequently edited and posed. The process of going from a "scan" to an "avatar" is fully automatic, does not require landmarking, and the resulting avatar is easily edited to change its shape and pose. The joint presentation will highlight the development of a very focused commercial-academic partnership and debut the resultant technology with videos and demonstrations that have not been seen before at a public event. The presenters will conclude by summarizing the commercial potential for this approach to dynamic 3D body metrics. * www.3dmd.com 3rd International Conference on 3D Body Scanning Technologies, Lugano, Switzerland, 16-17 October 2012


In the area of public health, civil society involvement in attaining government objectives on physical activity participation is often carried out by voluntary sport organizations (Agergaard & Michelsen la Cour, 2012; Osterlind & Wright, 2014; Skille, 2009; Theeboom, Haudenhuyse, & De Knop, 2010). In Sweden, this responsibility has been given to the Swedish Sport Confederation (SSC), a voluntary and membership-based non-profit organization, granted government authority to govern Swedish sport towards government objectives (Bergsgard & Norberg, 2010; Bolling, 2005). Research has pointed to difficulties for sport organizations to shoulder such responsibilities due to the deeply rooted logic of competition in sport and organizational structures adapted for competitive sport (Skille, 2011; Stenling & Fahlen, 2009). This article focuses on how public health is being constructed, implemented and given meaning within the SSC. Drawing on a critical discourse approach (Fairclough & Fairclough, 2012) this study explores the SSC's role and position in public health promotion by interviewing SSC representatives and National Sport Organizations' (NSO) general managers. Results indicate how discourses on democracy, equality and physical activity are used to legitimize the SSC's role in public health. Also, how these discourses are compromised in practice, posing challenges for organized sport in meeting objectives of public health.


Abstract Noncontrast computed tomography (NCCT) has been used for the detection of early ischemic change (EIC); however, correct interpretation of NCCT findings requires much clinical experience. This study aimed to assess the accuracy of time maximum intensity projection computed tomography technique (tMIP), which reflects the maximum value for the time phase direction from the dynamic volume data for each projected plane, for detection of EIC, against that of NCCT. Retrospective review of NCCT, cerebral blood volume in CT perfusion (CTP-CBV), and tMIP of 186 lesions from 280 regions evaluated by Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS) in 14 patients with acute middle cerebral artery stroke who had undergone whole-brain CTP using 320-row area detector CT was performed. Four radiologists reviewed EIC on NCCT, CTP-CBV, and tMIP in each ASPECTS region at onset using the continuous certainty factor method. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was performed to compare the relative performance for detection of EIC. The correlations were evaluated. tMIP-color showed the best discriminative value for detection of EIC. There were significant differences in the area under the curve for NCCT and tMIP-color, CTP-CBV (P < .05). Scatter plots of ASPECTS showed a positive significant correlation between NCCT, tMIP-gray, tMIP-color, and the follow-up study (NCCT, r = 0.32, P = .0166; tMIP-gray, r = 0.44, P = .0007; tMIP-color, r = 0.34, P = .0104). Because tMIP provides a high contrast parenchymal image with anatomical and vascular information in 1 sequential scan, it showed greater accuracy for detection of EIC and predicted the final infarct extent more accurately than NCCT based on ASPECTS.


Log Gaussian processes are an attractive manner to construct intensity surfaces for the purposes of spatial epidemiology. The intensity surfaces are naturally smoothed by placing a Gaussian process (GP) prior over the relative log Poisson rate, and the spatial correlations between areas can be included in an explicit and natural way into the model via a correlation function. The drawback with using a Gaussian process is the computational burden of the covariance matrix calculations. To overcome the computational limitations a number of approximations for Gaussian process have been suggested in the literature. In this work a fully independent training conditional sparse approximation is used to speed up the computations. The posterior inference is conducted using Markov chain Monte Carlo simulations and the sampling of the latent values is sped up by a transformation taking into account their posterior covariance. The sparse approximation is compared to a full GP with two sets of mortality data.


Protistan communities are characterized by high ecological and species diversity due to their short life cycles and by a quick response to environmental changes. Many species respond rapidly to pollutants and often inhabit environments that are unfavorable to most of metazoans and some can even tolerate extremes of environmental conditions to macrofauna. As predominant components of protistan communities, ciliates and flagellates may react more quickly to environmental changes than any other eukaryotic organisms because of their rapid growth and delicate external membranes and can thus serve as bioindicators of water pollution. Polyurethane foam unit (PFU) is an artificial substrate able to host planktonic, periphytic and benthic protistan assemblages. The PFU method has been widely and successfully employed to evaluate freshwater quality all over the world. However, as far as we know, this method has not been used in marine habitats as effective as in freshwater biotopes because of the influence of tidal current and circulation in near-shore area. In order to evaluate the feasibility of using the PFU method to assess coastal water quality, Xu et al. modified the conventional PFU method and presented a bottled PFU (BPFU) system and successfully used to evaluate the water quality in Korean coastal waters. Our study is the first to use the BPFU method for bioassessment in Chinese offshore areas. Three stations in the coastal waters off Qingdao, China were selected as study area from September to October in 2007. Margalef diversity index was calculated by d = (S-1) / lnN. The relationship between the protistan community parameters and marine water quality was analyzed. MacArthur and Wilson equilibrium model: St =Seq(1-e-Gt ) was applied to assess the colonizing process of protistan communities. A total of 263 species of protists were identified during the survey. Among these were 83 diatoms, 59 flagellates, 31 sarcodines, and 90 ciliates. In terms of species composition, site 1 was dominated mainly by bacterivores (e. g. , Euplotes parabalteatus, Uronema marinum and Pleuronema coronatum ), site 3 mainly by algivores ( e. g. , Strombidinopsis minima, Strombidium apolatum and Hartmannula augustipilosa), and site 2 was in an intermediate status. These results are consistent with the environmental conditions: site 3 had the best water quality, site 1 was the most eutrophic site, and site 2 was the moderate one. Furthermore, the colonization processes and functional parameters (i. e. Seq, G and T90% ) of communities correlated with the pollution status and could thus clearly discriminate the different classes of water quality as measured by physicochemical indicators. But the Margalef diversity index did not coincide with the water conditions: site 1 had the highest index value (on average 4. 16), while site 2 had the lowest (on average 3. 00). Nonetheless, this work further suggests the practicability of the BPFU method for biomonitoring of coastal water pollution. Our study also indicates that protistan communities are more effective and accurate than protozoan communities in reflecting water quality.


This paper examines whether the current political arrangements framing the Mexican politics help in consolidating and advancing those economic reforms that have been implemented in Mexico since the 1982 severe economic crises. I will argue that these arrangements create impediments to the co-ordination required to sustain and advance those policy changes that are needed under the new economic model. Formal and informal institutional environments that do not provide for the adequate enforcement of political exchanges also generate high transaction costs. Politicians will have to design complex mechanisms to protect their rent allocation. Many political transactions will not be implemented, and those that may be so will tend to generate relatively inefficient public policies. The capability of the political system to enforce the new economic rules as well as property and other legal rights is also weak. As these factors play a key role for the allocative efficiency of markets and, consequently, for growth and development, the paper concludes that formal macroeconomic and structural reforms in economic sectors may not be enough.


Often the analysis of time-dependent chemical and biophysical systems produces high-dimensional time-series data for which it can be difficult to interpret which individual features are most salient. While recent work from our group and others has demonstrated the utility of time-lagged covariate models to study such systems, linearity assumptions can limit the compression of inherently nonlinear dynamics into just a few characteristic components. Recent work in the field of deep learning has led to the development of the variational autoencoder (VAE), which is able to compress complex datasets into simpler manifolds. We present the use of a time-lagged VAE, or variational dynamics encoder (VDE), to reduce complex, nonlinear processes to a single embedding with high fidelity to the underlying dynamics. We demonstrate how the VDE is able to capture nontrivial dynamics in a variety of examples, including Brownian dynamics and atomistic protein folding. Additionally, we demonstrate a method for analyzing the VDE model, inspired by saliency mapping, to determine what features are selected by the VDE model to describe dynamics. The VDE presents an important step in applying techniques from deep learning to more accurately model and interpret complex biophysics.


Color stability throughout the functional lifetime of restorations is important for the durability of treatment and of cosmetic importance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the discoloration properties of a silorane-based (Filtek P90) and methacrylate-based (Z100) composites upon exposure to different staining solutions that are used on day to day basis (turmeric, tea, coffee, cocoa, lime, yoghurt and distilled water) for different immersion periods (1, 7, 14 and 28 days). The colors of all specimens before and after storage in the solutions were measured by a reflectance spectrophotometer based on CIE Lab system and the color differences were calculated. Data were statistically analyzed by repeated measures of ANOVA and sidak post hoc test (for immersion period);'t' test (for each material) and one way ANOVA (for staining agents). All the staining agents showed significant difference in staining over time in both the materials. However, Z100 showed higher quantum of discoloration at all time periods at each staining agents (p<0.005). In conclusion, the silorane-based resin (Filtek P90) composites exhibited better color stability (less change in ΔE) after exposure to the staining solutions. Among the staining agents cocoa was found to be least staining followed by lime, yoghurt, coffee, tea whereas turmeric discolored the composites to the maximum. Highest discoloration was seen at day 28 in all staining agents. Cocoa and lime discolored to maximum at early stages but remained stable thereafter whereas tea, coffee and turmeric progressively discolored the composite over time.


Two proposals currently crossing the desks of policymakers are viewed by some market participants as a direct response to the highly publicized derivatives-related losses of the last few years. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is currently reviewing responses to its proposal on the disclosure requirements of accounting policies and market risk for derivatives.1 This proposal specifies the rules that firms should follow in disclosing the derivatives they use and why, the risks are associated with these instruments, and the accounting treatment for these instruments and how it affects the accounting statements of the firm. At the same time, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) has proposed a set of accounting standards for derivatives used for hedging and risk management.2 The proposal provides definitions of financial contracts that qualify as derivative instruments, explains which types of transactions involving the use of derivatives qualify for hedge accounting, and specifies the accounting procedures that need to be followed with respect to these instruments.


Along with growth of technology form game also progressively bervariatif and expand. One of the game type form keeping abreast of era that is with appearance game of play station. Play Station that is type game of electronic is one of the type of video of game which nowadays liked many adolescent even adults. Involvement one with station play can cause to become addiction and will become seen by separate problems of station play generating many sides of negative from at positive side of him particularly if natural of addiction are all students residing in end of student class level. Because will riskier where student given on to high pass standard.
This research is research qualitative with approach of case study with aim to to know addicted background of station play, to know behavioral form of addiction of play station, to know perception of subyek concerning the future of and to know done by effort is subyek in overcoming addiction of play station. Subyek in this research that is natural student of addiction of play station by using technique of purposive sampling. This research use interview method, observation, psychological tes graphical tes and report self. As for Technique analyse used data that is data discount choosing fundamental things as according to research focus, displayed by data presenting result of research, and verification taken by conclusion, while the authenticity of data of using triangulation of is source of. From research result found That background of subyek addicted of play station that is because inconvenience situation which felt by subyek (internal factor). Addicted behavior of him that is time durasi played at more or less 5 hour in playing game at per week 4-5 times, obtaining satisfaction, easiness and ease in playing at, call loudlies moment play at, will continue vexed and long otherwise play at, majoring requirement play at above station play of other requirement, fiddling around with opponent play at, becoming to forget time, forget to eat, ad for learning and the values of less gratify. Perception of subyek concerning the future of that is looking into the future of that important. But subyek not yet can do efforts in drawing up the future of because owning addicted behavior of him at station play. Effort done to overcome addiction of play the station that is that there is no maximal effort which done by subyek.


INTRODUCTION
This report describes the activity of a new 7-day-per-week, nurse-led palliative care service in an acute district general hospital in the UK.

METHODS
The service is based in a hospital with an integral cancer centre. On the weekends, one clinical nurse specialist (CNS) is present within the hospital, with a consultant providing telephone support. The data for this report was obtained by reviewing the team's clinical database and the patients' individual clinical assessments.

RESULTS
During the first year, the CNSs undertook 651 face-to-face weekend consultations. Overall, 25% of the total consultations and 18% of new patient consultations were undertaken on the weekends. The primary reasons for reviewing patients on the weekends were pain (46%), other symptoms (27.5%), and patient on the Liverpool Care Pathway (17%). Overall, 23% of new patients died over the weekend or in the early hours of the Monday morning.

CONCLUSIONS
This service evaluation provides evidence of the value of having a 7-day-per-week palliative care service in an acute district general hospital.


As the quest for sustainability reaches the larger public, the sector of tourism also becomes subject to demands of sustainability. Where the notion of sustainability is effectively integrated, it results in ecotourism and community based development. Ecotourism is mainly linked with environmental sustainability, while community based development provides sustainability of culture and local livelihoods. This paper argues that the ultimate form of sustainable tourism is community based ecotourism, which combines both developments. The guidelines on Sustainable Development from the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (1992) are used to explain how a more sustainable form of tourism can be reached, and why it is believed community based ecotourism is the only possibility to achieve sustainable activity. While the goal of sustainable development requires more promotion in large parts of the world, community based ecotourism could be an effective way to apply theoretical values in practice, thereby improving the preservation of both culture and nature.


ABSTRACT This study compared pre-service teachers' perceptions of their professional competencies at two campuses of a large regional teacher education university, where one campus provided students 22% more hours of professional placement in schools and related educational settings. Students who had experienced more hours in schools and such settings were more positive about their, ability to apply their knowledge of students and how they learn, classroom management, professional knowledge and practice, and community engagement; however, when students felt well supported during professional experience, such differences diminished. Additional hours were not associated with pre-service teachers' perceptions of their ability to apply subject content and teaching; plan, assess and report; and effective student communication. Researchers argued that this pointed to the crucial role of good classroom mentors in teacher professional experience but also the value of students' tertiary teacher education in preparing them for classroom teaching.


The least-squares method was firmly established as a scientific approach by Gauss, Legendre and Laplace within the space of a decade, at the beginning of the nineteenth century. Legendre was the first author to name the approach, in 1805, as "methode des moindres carres," a "least-squares method." Gauss, however, is credited to have used it as early as 1795, when he was 18 years old. He, subsequently, adopted it in 1801 to calculate the orbit of the newly discovered planet Ceres. Gauss published his way of looking at the least-squares approach in 1809 and gave several hints that the least-squares algorithm was a minimum variance linear estimator and that it was derivable from maximum likelihood considerations. Laplace wrote a very substantial chapter about the method in his fundamental treatise on probability theory published in 1812. Surprisingly, there still remains an unexplored aspect of the least-squares method: since the traditional formulation is stated as minimizing the sum of squared deviations subject to the linear (or nonlinear) specification of a regression model, this mathematical programming problem must have a dual counterpart. This note fills this gap and shows that the least-squares estimates of unknown parameters and deviations can be obtained by maximizing the net value of sample information.


The prevention of common skin cancers and precancers is possible by taking an inexpensive, widely available, oral pill twice daily. The pill—the vitamin B3 supplement called nicotinamide—cut the rate of new squamous-cell and basal-cell skin cancers by 23% compared with placebo after 1 year among patients at high risk for skin cancer. Nicotinamide also reduced the risk for developing actinic keratosis, a common precancer of the skin.

The results of the phase 3 ONTRAC skin cancer prevention study were presented at ASCO 2015.

These findings have the potential to lower healthcare costs. In the United States, skin cancer accounts for approximately $4.8 million annually.

The investigators emphasized that these results were achieved in individuals who previously had skin cancer and were thus at high risk for new skin cancers. The results do not apply to other patient populations.

In addition, the investigators emphasized that nicotinamide is the form of vitamin B3 that should be taken for prevention—not other forms of vitamin B, such as niacin—and that continuous treatment is advised.

Diona Damian, MBBS, PhD

"This form of prevention is safe and inexpensive, costing around $10 per month, and it is widely available. It is ready to go straight to the clinic for high-risk patients with a track record of skin cancer. This is a new opportunity for skin cancer prevention," said lead investigator Diona Damian, MBBS, PhD, Professor of Dermatology, Dermatology University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. "The pill does not take the place of sunscreen use and regular skin checkups by dermatologists for people at high risk," Dr Damian noted.

As the aging population continues to grow, basal- and squamous-cell carcinomas will become even more common than they currently are. The investigators are from Australia, which has extremely high rates of sun-induced skin cancers. A previous phase 2 study by this group showed that nicotinamide reduced the number of new actinic keratoses in Australian patients with sun-damaged skin.

Peter Paul Yu, MD

The present study included 386 patients aged 30 to 91 years who had ≥2 nonmelanoma skin cancers over the past 5 years, and were therefore deemed high-risk. The patients were randomized to oral nicotinamide 500 mg twice daily or to placebo for 12 months. Dr Damian said that the patient mix reflected those seen in a typical skin cancer clinic. The average age was 66 years, and 66% of the patients were men, many with ongoing chronic comorbidities.

"These patients were typical of the 'warts-and-all' type of patients we see in the clinic," Dr Damian said.

The patients were checked by a dermatologist every 3 months and suspicious lesions were biopsied. Nicotinamide reduced the rates of new basal-cell cancer and squamous-cell cancer diagnoses by 23% compared with placebo (P = .02). Nicotinamide reduced the rates of actinic keratoses (precancers) by 11% at 3 months and by approximately 15% after 12 months of treatment compared with placebo.

"This preventive treatment has no side effects. Unlike niacin, another form of vitamin B3, nicotinamide does not cause headache or increased blood pressure," Dr Damian said.

This "is welcome news. With this study, we have a remarkably simple and inexpensive way to help people avoid repeat diagnoses of some of the most common skin cancers. With just a [twice-]daily vitamin pill, along with sun protection and regular skin cancer screenings, people at high risk for these types of skin cancers have a good preventive plan to follow," said ASCO President Peter Paul Yu, MD, Director of Cancer Research, Palo Alto Medical Foundation, CA.


Today, architectural theory has atrophied. Despite a perceived need for different theoretical ways of clarifying, explaining and understanding the complex phenomena of contemporary architectural production prior to a designer's intervention, there are few existing theoretical frameworks. Without either the descriptive or projective enablement by theory, conscientious and critical practices in architecture will have few alternatives against the tide of neoliberal city-making. In this paper, I make a pun of Speaks's (Speaks, 2006) paper titled, 'Intelligence after theory' by arguing that while (design) intelligence is necessary, it is however not sufficient. Ethics is also needed in architecture. Through a brief restatement of a canonical debate in the critical school of architectural theory, I argue why ethics is needed in architecture, and how ethics could be further developed through theory and theorization.


In this action research report 4 teachers and 1 teacher educator use the Japanese lesson study model of professional development for 15 months in rural Carlinville, Illinois. In March 2001, 4 teachers identified a goal to improve their students' understanding of two step word problems in 2nd grade elementary mathematics. Teachers completed three cycles of researching, planning, teaching, evaluating and reflecting. They were motivated, empowered, and found lesson study effective professional development in their rural setting. It focused on the classroom lesson; provided an effective lesson plan and hours of focused professional development; supported attempts to put into practice best professional knowledge of reform mathematics; and developed a professional community among them.


During the development of a parallel solver for Maxwell equations by integral formulations and Fast Multipole Method (FMM), we needed to optimize a critical part including a lot of communications and computations. Generally, many parallel programs need to communicate, but choosing explicitly the way and the instant may decrease the efficiency of the overall program. So, the overlapping of computations and communications may be a way to reduce this drawback. We will see a implementation of this techniques using dynamic and adaptive overlapping based on the EasyMSG high level C++ library over MPI, a case of SPMD programming.


The 'book' - both material and metaphoric - is strewn throughout Shakespeare's plays: it is held by Hamlet as he turns through revenge to madness; buried deep in the mudded ooze by Prospero when he has shaken out his art like music and violence; it is forced by Richard II to withstand the mortality of deposition, fetishised by lovers, tormented by pedagogues, lost by kings, written by the alienated, and hung about war with the blood of lost voices. The 'book' begins and ends Shakespeare's dramatic career as change itself, standing the distance between violence and hope, between holding and losing. Shakespeare and the Idea of the Book is about the book in Shakespeare's plays. Focusing on seven plays, not only for the chronology and range they present, but also for their particular relationship to the book - whether it is political or humanist, cognitive or illusory, satirical or sexual, spiritual or secular, social or subjective - Scott argues that the book on stage, its literal and semantic presence, offers one of the most articulate and developed hermeneutic tools available for the study of early modern English culture.


Abstract Flora of the southern part of Kosovo has previously been studied in a limited way due to the difficult terrain and the fact that up to the 1990s it was a military area. In this paper we report Galanthus elwesii Hook for the first time from Kosovo. This species is found in different habitats, mainly in siliceous substrate or wet meadows of the Dragash Municipality, South Kosovo. This species was collected in the Vraça Mountains, near Restelica, (part of National Park 'Sharri') on the road leading to the border with Macedonia. The study area consists of territories belonging to the phytogeographic system Skardon-Pindik (Sharri-Pindi) and includes the mountain ranges of Sharri. This research comprises the presence, description, spread and mapping of the species.


Maximum limit of human visibility without the assistance of equipment is 1000 m based on International Commission on Illumination. The use of camera in the outdoor for the purpose of navigation, monitoring, remote sensing and robotic movement sometimes may yield images that are interrupted by haze, fog, smoke, steam and water drops. Fog is the random movement of water drops in the air that normally exists in the early morning. This disorder causes a differential image observed experiences low contrast, obscure, and difficult to identify targets. Analysis of the interference image can restore damaged image as a result of obstacles from atmospheric particles or drops of water during image observation. Generally, images with atmospheric particles contain a homogeneous texture like brightness and a heterogeneous texture which is the object that exists in the atmosphere. Pre-processing method based on the dark channel prior statistical measure of contrast vision and prior knowledge, still produces good image quality but less effective to overcome Halo problem or ring light, and strong lighting. This study aims to propel the development of machine vision industry aimed at navigation or monitoring for ground transportation, air or sea.


The verification of systems with respect to a desired set of behavioural properties is a crucial step in increasing our confidence that these systems will correctly function under all circumstances. Although it would be desirable to verify all (computer) systems that we use in our daily life, the sheer complexity of the verification tasks often limit their application to critical systems. A system is considered critical when its incorrect behaviour can cause severe damage, such as loss of lives or the destruction of valuable equipment.

In this thesis, we use graph transformation as our modelling formalism for system specification. Graph transformation (GT) is a Turing-powerful, declarative rule-based formalism, with a mature theoretical foundation and a thriving tool environment. Our work focus on the behavioural analysis of GT systems, where a GT system semantics is represented by a labelled transition system, that can then be analysed by well-established verification methods, such as model checking. A key requirement in this approach is the capability to handle GT systems with (possibly) infinite state spaces.

This thesis presents two abstraction techniques that yield a finite over-approximation of the behaviour of infinite-state GT systems, thus enabling verification on the abstract level. The two techniques, called neighbourhood abstraction and pattern abstraction, are discussed under both a theoretical and a practical focus; the former concerning the formal definition and correctness of the abstraction methods, and the latter discussing their implementation in GROOVE, our GT tool set. Experimental results are also given in order to assess the performance of the developed tools.


D entistry can be a gratifying occupation. As implant dentists, we know the joy of providing an improved quality of life to patients who have been ''dental cripples''. However, the human service element, a desire for perfection, empathy for patients with discomfort, continuous scheduling, constant multitasking, and a relative isolation from other dentists creates a demanding work environment. These daily realities cause us to experience elevated stress levels that often manifest as physical and psychological health issues that exceed those found in the overall population. Researchers have shown that positive psychological factors, such as job gratification and work engagement, act as buffers against work-related stress. It has also been found that clinicians who exhibit greater job control, in terms of skill, discretion, decision autonomy, higher perceptions of trust, and positive interpersonal contacts with patients and colleagues enable a positive work atmosphere. As members of the American Academy of Implant Dentistry, we must strive to provide our patients with the best treatments possible. Often, providing the best treatment includes recognizing our limitations. Although many cases can be efficiently completed within one office, others are more complex and can be improved by capitalizing on the expertise of our colleagues. General Practitioners, Maxillofacial Surgeons, Periodontists, Prosthodontists, Endodontists, and Orthodontists each have a role in the dental implant arena. I encourage all practitioners to focus on their unique abilities, and then to rely on others to assist in areas outside of those skills. Helping, rather than criticizing, a colleague in need may create a lifetime referral source while benefiting both doctors, as well as the patient. Striving to be the best at our core capabilities, while encouraging colleagues to do the same by working in cooperation, will result in enhanced job satisfaction and improved patient care. Let's encourage one another to achieve perpetual personal happiness by working within our means and supporting one another in our daily practice, as we are all integral parts of the implant dentistry team.


The Advanced Technology Solar Telescope (ATST) is a 4m off-axis telescope with a Gregorian front end. At the time of its construction it will be the world's largest solar astronomical telescope. During scientific operations the ATST mirrors and structure will be deformed due to thermal and gravitational loading. The ATST team has developed a quasi-static alignment scheme that utilizes the wavefront sensing signals from at least one and as many as three wavefront sensors in the telescope science field of view, and active figure control of the primary mirror and rigid body control of the secondary mirror to achieve least-squares optical control of the telescope. This paper presents the quasi-static alignment model for the ATST, and three different active alignment schemes that are the damped least-squares control, force optimized control that defines a least-squares aligned state of the telescope subject to minimum primary actuator force, and pivot-point control of the secondary mirror. All three strategies achieve the desired minimum RMS wavefront error, but demonstrate different optimized states of the telescope.


In MANETs, Service discovery is considered to be a crucial entity since they don't possess a centralized infrastructure for communication between nodes present in the environment. In addition, the level of security varies for each and every variety of services provided by through the network. Hence, there arises a necessity for deploying an efficient adaptive intelligent context-aware approach omnipresent in each and every node existing in the ad hoc scenario enabling reduce the complexity in providing the services to the network users. In this paper, we formulate an Adaptable Intelligent Discovery of context-aware services framework (AIDCS) along with the context modeling approach in order to introduce a middleware-level method that support user-centric semantic service discovery process for mobile users. In our approach, we modify the identifying relation among the different context by introducing a middleware-level approach that implements semantic languages to model the properties of interacting entities and environment. The Profile Matching Engine (PME) supports a matching algorithm that performs the matchmaking process between the offered and requested capacity in order to determine the degree of semantic compatibility between user/device and service profiles. This algorithm provides user with desired service features along with the flexibility of matching according to user's preferences that provides the user with modified information on available services. The performances of AIDCS are studied with the help of evaluation parameters such as packet delivery ratio, throughput, control overhead, total overhead through ns-2 simulations by varying the number of compromised nodes. From the simulation results obtained, it is proved that the proposed mechanism performs well when compared to the other service discovery mechanisms available in the literature to a optimal margin.


Someday in 2007, the world population reached a historical landmark: for the first time in human history, more than half of the world´s population was urban. A stagnation of this urbanization process is not in sight, so that by 2050, already 70 percent of humankind is projected to live in urban settlements. Over the last few decades, enormous migrations from rural hinterlands to steadily growing cities could be witnessed coming along with a dramatic growth of the world's urban population. The speed and the scale of this growth, particularly in the so called less developed regions, are posing tremendous challenges to the countries concerned as well as to the world community. Within mega cities the strongest trends and the most extreme dimensions of the urbanization process can be observed. Their rapid growth results in uncontrolled processes of fragmentation which is often associated with pronounced poverty, social inequality, socio-spatial and political fragmentation, environmental degradation as well as population demands that outstrip environmental service capacity. For the majority of the mega cities a tremendous increase of informal structures and processes has to be observed. Consequentially informal settlements are growing, which represent those characteristic municipal areas being subject to particularly high population density, dynamics as well as marginalization. They have quickly become the most visible expression of urban poverty in developing world cities.
Due to the extreme dynamics, the high complexity and huge spatial dimension of mega cities, urban administrations often only have an obsolete or not even existing data basis available to be at all informed about developments, trends and dimensions of urban growth and change. The knowledge about the living conditions of the residents is correspondingly very limited, incomplete and not up to date. Traditional methods such as statistical and regional analyses or fieldwork are no longer capable to capture such urban process. New data sources and monitoring methodologies are required in order to provide an up to date information basis as well as planning strate¬gies to enable sustainable developments and to simplify planning processes in complex urban structures.
This research shall seize the described problem and aims to make a contribution to the requirements of monitoring fast developing mega cities. Against this background a methodology is developed to compensate the lack of socio-economic data and to deduce meaningful information on the living conditions of the inhabitants of mega cities. Neither social science methods alone nor the exclusive analysis of remote sensing data can solve the problem of the poor quality and outdated data base. Conventional social science methods cannot cope with the enormous developments and the tremendous growth as they are too labor-, as well as too time- and too cost-intensive. On the other hand, the physical discipline of remote sensing does not allow for direct conclusions on social parameters out of remote sensing images.
The prime objective of this research is therefore the development of an integrative approach − bridging remote sensing and social analysis – in order to derive useful information about the living conditions in this specific case of the mega city Delhi and its inhabitants. Hence, this work is established in the overlapping range of the research topics remote sensing, urban areas and social science.
Delhi, as India's fast growing capital, meanwhile with almost 25 million residents the second largest city of the world, represents a prime example of a mega city. Since the second half of the 20th century, Delhi has been transformed from a modest town with mainly administrative and trade-related functions to a complex metropolis with a steep socio-economic gradient. The quality and amount of administrative and socio-economic data are poor and the knowledge about the circumstances of Delhi's residents is correspondingly insufficient and outdated. Delhi represents therefore a perfectly suited study area for this research.
In order to gather information about the living conditions within the different settlement types a methodology was developed and conducted to analyze the urban environment of the mega city Delhi. To identify different settlement types within the urban area, regarding the complex and heterogeneous appearance of the Delhi area, a semi-automated, object-oriented classification approach, based on segmentation derived image objects, was implemented. As the complete conceptual framework of this research, the classification methodology was developed based on a smaller representative training area at first and applied to larger test sites within Delhi afterwards.
The object-oriented classification of VHR satellite imagery of the QuickBird sensor allowed for the identification of five different urban land cover classes within the municipal area of Delhi. In the focus of the image analysis is yet the identification of different settlement types and amongst these of informal settlements in particular. The results presented within this study demonstrate, that, based on density classes, the developed methodology is suitable to identify different settlement types and to detect informal settlements which are mega urban risk areas and thus potential residential zones of vulnerable population groups. The remote sensing derived land cover maps form the foundation for the integrative analysis concept and deliver there¬fore the general basis for the derivation of social attributes out of remote sensing data.
For this purpose settlement characteristics (e.g., area of the settlement, average building size, and number of houses) are estimated from the classified QuickBird data and used to derive spatial information about the population distribution. In a next step, the derived information is combined with in-situ information on socio-economic conditions (e.g., family size, mean water consumption per capita/family) extracted from georeferenced questionnaires conducted during two field trips in Delhi. This combined data is used to characterize a given settlement type in terms of specific population and water related variables (e.g., population density, total water consumption). With this integrative methodology a catalogue can be compiled, comprising the living conditions of Delhi's inhabitants living in specific settlement structures – and this in a quick, large-scaled, cost effective, by random or regularly repeatable way with a relatively small required data basis.The combined application of remotely sensed imagery and socio-economic data allows for the mapping, capturing and characterizing the socio-economic structures and dynamics within the mega city of Delhi, as well as it establishes a basis for the monitoring of the mega city of Delhi or certain areas within the city respectively by remote sensing. The opportunity to capture the condition of a mega city and to monitor its development in general enables the persons in charge to identify unbeneficial trends and to intervene accordingly from an urban planning perspective and to countersteer against a non-adequate supply of the inhabitants of different urban districts, primarily of those of informal settlements.
This study is understood to be a first step to the development of methods which will help to identify and understand the different forms, actors and processes of urbanization in mega cities. It could support a more proactive and sustainable urban planning and land management – which in turn will increase the importance of urban remote sensing techniques. In this regard, the most obvious and direct beneficiaries are on the one hand the governmental agencies and urban planners and on the other hand, and which is possibly the most important goal, the inhabitants of the affected areas, whose living conditions can be monitored and improved as required. Only if the urban monitoring is quickly, inexpensively and easily available, it will be accepted and applied by the authorities, which in turn enables for the poorest to get the support they need.
All in all, the listed benefits are very convincing and corroborate the combined use of remotely sensed and socio-economic data in mega city research.


Modeling music involves capturing long-term dependencies in time series, which has proved very difficult to achieve with traditional statistical methods. The same problem occurs when only considering rhythms. In this paper, we introduce a generative model for rhythms based on the distributions of distances between subsequences. A specific implementation of the model when considering Hamming distances over a simple rhythm representation is described. The proposed model consistently outperforms a standard Hidden Markov Model in terms of conditional prediction accuracy on two different music databases.


For multi-story apartment buildings, the "product" that customers value has two distinct components: shared (exterior and shared internal spaces) and private (individual apartments). The basic elements are the same (flooring, plumbing, etc.), and they are installed by the same trades using the same work methods. Yet the shared and private components are fundamentally distinct; the former entails repetitive work packages with stable design and process information, whereas the latter has high variation between products, for which information arrives in an unpredictable fashion as customers make final decisions about interior finishes. Although this dichotomy has been identified in the literature and its deleterious effects studied, construction management has ignored it and attempted to manage both project types within the same production system and by using similar management tools. In this paper, we explicate the shared/private delineation drawing on analogies from manufacturing processes (such the Mass vs. High-Mix, LowVolume distinction) and discuss appropriate management tactics to address the inherently dual nature of the integrated final product.


SUMMARY The Field Visual Analysis of soil structure (Fva) allows obtaining a semi-quantitative indicator of the soil structural quality. It is simple to be determined, effective and inexpensive. In this study we applied the Fva method and verified its suitability to identify different soil qualities compared to conventional soil indicators. The analysis was carried out in an Argiudoll under a continuous cropping no-till system and under a crop-pasture rotation conventional tillage system. The plots were cropped with wheat and Lucerne at the sampling times. The Fva was performed on ten undisturbed samples from each management system, which were taken with a flat shovel. Soil resistance to penetration (SR) and volumetric water content (θ) were simultaneously measured. Fva and RP were corrected by the covariable q. The resulting data indicated top-soil structural quality to be significantly better under the crop-pasture rotation than under continuous cropping system. These differences were caused by the presence of layers with different structural types, thicknesses and root characteristics. The Fva method was useful to rapidly evaluate the top-soil structural quality.


Empirical studies do not provide a univocal answer about the effects of corruption on political attitudes and behaviour. Focusing on the relationship between corruption and political trust, in this article we explore whether real-world corruption scandals have a negative causal effect on trust in politicians; whether the impact of scandals decays over time; and whether corruption scandals have a weaker impact among the supporters of the party involved in the scandal. We address these questions through a natural experiment generated by the coincidence of the uncovering of a corruption scandal in Spain (the Bárcenas scandal) and the fieldwork of the European Social Survey. Given that the day at which survey interviews were conducted is as-if random, the uncovering of the scandal represents a unique opportunity to assess the causal effect of corruption on individuals' trust in politicians. The results indicate that: (i) the corruption scandal had a substantial negative effect on trust in politicians; (ii) the effect of the scandal was stronger in the days following its disclosure; (iii) the effect of the scandal was independent from individuals' partisan preferences.


Islet-reactive CD8+ T cells are common in the periphery, but home to the pancreas preferentially in the context of type 1 diabetes. At home in the pancreas Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is associated with enrichment of autoreactive CD8+ T cells that target destruction of pancreatic islets. Culina et al. studied islet-reactive CD8+ T cells reactive to the zinc transporter 8186–194 (ZnT8186–194) and other islet epitopes in healthy individuals and T1D patients, which showed similar functionality and similar frequencies and naïve phenotypes in the peripheral circulation across both groups. In contrast, ZnT8186–194-reactive CD8+ T cells were enriched in the pancreas of T1D patients relative to healthy controls and showed cross-reactivity to an epitope from the commensal Bacteroides stercoris. These results indicate that incomplete central tolerance may allow the survival of these islet-reactive CD8+ T cells in the periphery, and that proinflammatory conditions in the islets can contribute to T1D progression. The human leukocyte antigen–A2 (HLA-A2)–restricted zinc transporter 8186–194 (ZnT8186–194) and other islet epitopes elicit interferon-γ secretion by CD8+ T cells preferentially in type 1 diabetes (T1D) patients compared with controls. We show that clonal ZnT8186–194-reactive CD8+ T cells express private T cell receptors and display equivalent functional properties in T1D and healthy individuals. Ex vivo analyses further revealed that CD8+ T cells reactive to ZnT8186–194 and other islet epitopes circulate at similar frequencies and exhibit a predominantly naïve phenotype in age-matched T1D and healthy donors. Higher frequencies of ZnT8186–194-reactive CD8+ T cells with a more antigen-experienced phenotype were detected in children versus adults, irrespective of disease status. Moreover, some ZnT8186–194-reactive CD8+ T cell clonotypes were found to cross-recognize a Bacteroides stercoris mimotope. Whereas ZnT8 was poorly expressed in thymic medullary epithelial cells, variable thymic expression levels of islet antigens did not modulate the peripheral frequency of their cognate CD8+ T cells. In contrast, ZnT8186–194-reactive cells were enriched in the pancreata of T1D patients versus nondiabetic and type 2 diabetic individuals. Thus, islet-reactive CD8+ T cells circulate in most individuals but home to the pancreas preferentially in T1D patients. We conclude that the activation of this common islet-reactive T cell repertoire and progression to T1D likely require defective peripheral immunoregulation and/or a proinflammatory islet microenvironment.


Domain-specific modeling languages and generators have been shown to significantly improve the productivity and quality of system and software development. These benefits are typically reported without explaining the size of the initial investment in creating the languages, generators and related tooling. We compare the investment needed across ten cases, in two different ways, focusing on the effort to develop a complete modeling solution for a particular domain with the MetaEdit+ tool. Firstly, we use a case study research method to obtain detailed data on the development effort of implementing two realistically-sized domain-specific modeling solutions. Secondly, we review eight publicly available cases from various companies to obtain data from industry experiences with the same tool, and compare them with the results from our case studies. Both the case studies and the industry reports indicate that, for this tool, the investment required to create domain-specific modeling support is modest: ranging from 3 to 15 man-days with an average of 10 days.


Cal Winslow, ed., E.P. Thompson and the Making of the New Left: Essays & Polemics (New York: Monthly Review Press, 2014), 333 pages, $23.00, paperback. It is surely difficult for young people today to grasp that thirty years or so ago, radical historian-activist Edward Thompson was by opinion polls intermittently the second or third most popular person in England, just after the Queen Mother. This was despite the British establishment, to say nothing of U.S. Cold Warriors (liberal or conservative), slandering him for decades—and why not? He had led massive protest movements of ordinary people against their government. Worse, in cloistered academic quarters he was viewed as having reorganized the whole idea of social history and turned it over to ordinary people! More than anyone else in the English-speaking world, he made the history of such people important. This article can also be found at the Monthly Review website , where most recent articles are published in full. Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.


In this paper we show how liquidity constraints shape Italian households' decisions with regard to supplying their labor. One way to neutralize binding liquidity constraints is by resorting to supplying additional labor, instead of reducing consumption patterns. We estimate whether this channel is at work by using the Survey of Households Income and Wealth (SHIW) sample. In our analysis we are also able to detect whether actual labor supply differs from the desired one. Our results show that liquidity constraints foster female participation in the labor force and increase the intensity in the supply of men's labor.


This paper investigates the level of debt specialization across European firms relying on a cross-country comparable sample of manufacturing firms. We find that a number of firm characteristics -- such as firm size and age -- help predict the firm composition of the various types of debts (i.e. debt specialization) but not the level of each debt share. In particular, we observe that small and young firms have a more concentrated debt structure (i.e. they rely on few types of debt). However, these relationships are not linear and seem to be U-shaped. We also find that Spanish firms have the most diversified debt structure, and that diversified firms are less likely to experience a severe reduction in turnover.


Purpose - – The purpose of this paper is to test how framing of CSR messages, based on a value-theoretical framework, impacts consumer perception of the CSR message. Design/methodology/approach - – Quantitative study in the form of an online survey strongly inspired by classical experimental design. Findings - – Findings demonstrate that explicit communication of CSR framed as a corporate competence, and to some extent also as something personally relevant to the receivers, positively impacts evaluations of CSR messages and the companies behind them. Research limitations/implications - – Findings indicate that CSR messages could increasingly emphasize corporate competence with a lesser focus on moral ideas and commitments, and that framing strategies can be effective in creating CSR messages that will be positively evaluated by young consumers. Originality/value - – This study contributes by providing new insights into how value-based framing of CSR messages can increase credibility and relevance and thus help facilitate the complicated task of communicating CSR by way of suggesting a new CSR communication strategy framework.


Forests, as physical entities, have received considerable scholarly attention in political studies of Asia and beyond. Much less notice has been paid to the significance of forests as symbols that enable commentary on identity, aspirations, and authority. Natural Potency and Political Power, an innovative exploration of the social and political importance of forests in contemporary Laos, challenges common views of the rural countryside as isolated and disconnected from national social debates and politics under an authoritarian regime. It offers instead a novel understanding of local perspectives under authoritarianism, demonstrating that Lao people make implicit political statements in their commentary on forests and wildlife; and showing that, in addition to being vital material resources, forests (and their natural potency) are linked in the minds of many Lao to the social and political power of the state. Sarinda Singh explores the intertwining of symbolic and material concerns in local debates over conservation and development, the popularity of wildlife consumption, the particular importance of elephants, and forest loss and mismanagement. In doing so, she draws on ethnographic fieldwork around Vientiane, the capital, and Nakai, site of the contentious Nam Theun 2 hydropower project- places that are broadly reflective of the divide between urban prosperity and rural poverty. Nam Theun 2, supported by the World Bank, highlights the local, regional, and global dynamics that influence discussions of forest resources in Laos. Government officials, rural villagers, and foreign consultants all contribute to competing ideas aboutforests and wildlife. Singh advances research on forest politics by rethinking how ideas about nature influence social life. Her work refutes the tendency to see modern social life as independent of historical influences, and her attention to viewpoints both inside and outside the state prompts an understanding of authoritarian regimes as not only sources of repression, but also sites of negotiation, engagement, and debate about the legitimacy of social inequalities.


Hugo Young was one of Britain's leading journalists for over thirty years, first on the "Sunday Times", where he was political editor and deputy editor, and then as the "Guardian"'s senior political commentator. On his death in 2003 he was called 'the Pope of the liberal left', but for the last decade or more of his life there was really no more admired and respected journalist in any position on the political spectrum. One of the secrets of Young's success as a journalist was that he was exceptionally well informed. Politicians from every major party, senior civil servants, judges and public figures of all kinds talked to him off the record, discussions which then informed the judgements he made when he wrote. Most of his interlocutors were unaware that straight after their telephone conversation, meal or meeting with Young had finished, he meticulously wrote down exactly what had been said, together with his own immediate impressions of whoever he was talking to.By 2003, Young's records from such conversations amounted to a million and a half words. From this extraordinary archive Ion Trewin, who knew Young since they were colleagues in the 1960s, has made a selection which presents a unique record of what many of the leading figures in British political and public life were thinking, frankly and without the distortions of hindsight, for more than three decades. The result is one of the most gripping and informative books about British politics published for many years.Young's first interviewee, Douglas Hurd, later Home Secretary and Foreign Secretary, and one of his regulars for the whole of the period of this book, judged him thus: 'His success was partly achieved by creating a conversation between two people roughly equal in status and knowledge. His own preconception sometimes appeared, as is natural in a conversation between equals, but never in a way which interrupted the even flow of discourse. He did not distort what he heard'. "The Hugo Young Papers" shows Young's central place in the nexus between politics and journalism in Britain and provides a historical document of the first rank.


FlexCam is a novel compound camera platform that explores interactions with color photographic prints using thinfilm flexible color displays. FlexCam augments a thinfilm color Flexible Organic Light Emitting Diode (FOLED) photographic viewfinder display with an array of lenses at the back. Our prototype allows for the photograph to act as a camera, exploiting flexibility of the viewfinder as a means to dynamically re-configure images captured by the photograph. FlexCam's flexible camera array has altered optical characteristics when flexed, allowing users to dynamically expand and contract the camera's field of view (FOV). Integrated bend sensors measure the amount of flexion in the display. The degree of flexion is used as input to software, which dynamically stitches images from the camera array and adjusts viewfinder size to reflect the virtual camera's FOV. Our prototype envisions the use of photographs as cameras in one aggregate flexible, thin-film device.


One of the most fundamental organizational principles of the brain is the separation of excitatory (E) and inhibitory (I) neurons. In addition to their opposing effects on post-synaptic neurons, E and I cells tend to differ in their selectivity and connectivity. Although many such differences have been characterized experimentally, it is not clear why they exist in the first place. We studied this question in an artificial neural network equipped with multiple E and I cell types. We found that a deep convolutional recurrent network trained to perform an object classification task was able to capture salient distinctions between E and I neurons. We explored the necessary conditions for the network to develop distinct selectivity and connectivity across cell types. We found that neurons that project to higher-order areas will have greater stimulus selectivity, regardless of whether they are excitatory or not. Sparser connectivity is required for higher selectivity, but only when the recurrent connections are excitatory. These findings demonstrate that the differences observed across E and I neurons are not independent, and can be explained using a smaller number of factors.


The aggressive scaling of very large-scale integration feature size and the pervasive use of advanced reticle enhancement technologies lead to dramatic increases in mask costs, pushing prototype and low-volume production designs to the limit of economic feasibility. Multiproject wafers (MPWs), or "shuttle" runs, provide an attractive solution for such designs by providing a mechanism to share the cost of mask tooling among up to tens of designs. However, MPW reticle floorplanning and wafer dicing introduce complexities that are not encountered in typical single-project wafers. Recent works on wafer dicing adopt one or more of the following assumptions to reduce problem complexity: 1) equal production volume requirement for all designs; 2) same dicing plan used for all wafers or for all rows/columns of reticle images on a wafer; 3) unrealistic wafer models such as a rectangular array of projections; and 4) fixed wafer shot-map. Although using one or more of the aforementioned assumptions makes the problem solvable, the performance of the solutions is degraded. In this paper, a comprehensive MPW flow aimed at minimizing the number of wafers needed to fulfil given die production volumes is proposed. The proposed flow includes two main steps: 1) multiproject reticle floorplanning and 2) wafer shot-map and dicing plan definition. For each of these steps, improved algorithms are proposed as follows. The proposed reticle floorplanner uses a hierarchical quadrisection combined with simulated annealing to generate "diceable" floorplans, observing given maximum reticle sizes. The proposed dicing planner allows multiple side-to-side dicing plans for different wafers and different reticle projection rows/columns within a wafer and further improves the dicing yield by partitioning each wafer into a small number of parts before individual die extraction. A wafer shot-map definition heuristic is also proposed in order to fully utilize round wafer real estate by extracting the maximum number of functional dies from both fully and partially printed reticle images. Experiments on industry test cases show that the proposed methods outperform significantly not only previous methods in the literature but also reticle floorplans manually designed by experienced engineers


The aims of this study is to find the existence of MAMA (Motivation, Ability, and Moral Awareness) model to the commitment and Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB). The subject of the research is the five stars hotels at Nusa Dua Bali. Respondents of this study are the operational employees at the hotels who have Hindu religion with 198 samples. The method of collecting data was simple random sampling method with proportional allocation. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis technique was utilized to analyze the data in this research. This research has found that MAMA model (Motivation, Ability, and Moral Awareness) influences OCB. Furthermore this research has found a theory that the main variable which is causing the appearance of organizational citizenship behavior is MAMA (motivation, ability, and moral awareness) as an intrinsic behavior, and commitment or organizational citizenship behavior function of MAMA, and commitment or to be formulated as OCB f. (MAMA) Info Article History Article: Received April 2015 Approved June 2015 Published September 2015


The relations of development and disaster offer a starting point for an overview of disaster risk reduction (DRR) in African contexts. A social vulnerability approach is adopted with its goal of improving conditions for persons and places most at risk. However, this approach faces serious contradictions in both the disasters and development scenes. Disaster events and losses have grown exponentially in recent decades. So have advances in disaster-related knowledge and the institutions and material resources devoted to disaster management. Evidently, the latter have not reduced disaster incidence or over all losses. Similar contradictions appear in development. By some measures, in most developing countries the economy has grown much faster than population. Yet, indebtedness, unemployment and insecurity seem worse in many countries. Poverty, the avowed target, remains huge in urban, peri-urban and rural areas singled out by disaster losses. Problems also arise from separate treatment of development and disaster. Climate change and the global financial crises challenge some of the most basic assumptions. The promise of 'developed nations', built around massive use of fossil fuels, puts global and African economic growth on a collision course with environmental calamity. The 2008 financial crisis has undermined the safety of global majorities, as well as reliance on development assistance. The case for alternatives in development and DRR is reinforced, including the vulnerability-reducing responses highlighted in the Hyogo framework for action . However, this is being undermined by a return to a civil defence-type approach, an increasingly militarised, and for-profit, focus on emergency management.


Background Dispensing data from Medicare Part D standalone prescription drug plans are now available, but characteristics of enrollees with heart failure have not been well described. Methods and Results We identified 81 874 patients with prevalent heart failure as of January 1, 2010, in a nationally representative 5% sample of Medicare beneficiaries. We classified patients according to enrollment in a Medicare Part D plan as of January 1, 2010. Demographic characteristics, comorbid conditions, and prescriptions were compared by enrollment status. A total of 49 252 (60.2%) were enrolled in a Medicare Part D plan as of January 1. Enrollees were more often women, black, and of lower socioeconomic status. Enrollees with heart failure more often filled prescriptions for loop diuretics than angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers, β‐blockers, or aldosterone antagonists. During the first 4 months of 2010, 5444 (12.3%) reached the coverage gap, and 566 (1.3%) required catastrophic coverage beyond the gap. Conclusions Medicare beneficiaries with heart failure differ significantly according to enrollment in Part D prescription drug plans and represent a population underrepresented in clinical efficacy trials. Many face the coverage gap, and few select Medicare Part D plans that provide coverage during the gap. Linking Medicare Part D event data with clinical registries could help to determine whether eligible enrollees are undertreated for heart failure.


This document concerns IT security in production facilities. It is intended for small and medium-sized enterprises that are looking for a simple procedural model for ensuring IT security in production areas.
In order to raise readers' awareness of IT security in production facilities, security incidents are presented in section 2. It is clear that cyber attacks on production facilities in this day and age are not random, but are instead based on a targeted process.
An overview of the most important standards and recommendations on the topic of "IT security in production" then follows in section 3.
Section 4 develops a concept for setting up an IT security system for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) on the basis of a ten-point plan. The focus is not only on technical measures, but also in particular on the most frequently neglected organizational measures.
Section 5 then describes the outlook for future requirements and solutions in the context of Industry 4.0.


Traditional methods for studying the activity dynamics of people and their social interactions in cities require time-consuming and resource-intensive observations and surveys. Dynamic online trails from geosocial networks (e.g. Twitter, Instagram, Flickr etc.) have been increasingly used as proxies for human activity, focusing on mobility behavior, spatial interaction, and social connectivity, among others. Social media records incorporate geo-tags, timestamps, textual components, user-profile attributes and points-of-interest (POI) features, which respectively address spatial, temporal, topical, demographic, and contextual dimensions of human activity. While the information contained in social media data is complex and high-dimensional, there is a lack of studies exploiting the combined potential of their information layers. This article introduces a framework that considers multiple dimensions (i.e. spatial, temporal, topical, and demographic) of information from social media data, and combines Geo-Self-Organizing Maps (GeoSOMs) in conjunction with contiguity-constrained hierarchical clustering, to identify homogeneous regions of social interaction in cities and, subsequently, estimate appropriate locations for new POIs. Drawing on the discovered regions, we build a Factorization Machine-based model to estimate appropriate locations for new POIs in different urban contexts. Using geo-referenced Twitter records and Foursquare data from Amsterdam, Boston, and Jakarta, we evaluate the potential of machine learning techniques in discovering knowledge about the geography of social dynamics from unstructured and high-dimensional social web data. Moreover, we demonstrate that the discovered homogeneous regions are significant predictors of new POI locations.


Citation analysis has long been employed to study interactions between courts and to assess the influence of individual courts in relation to one another. That methodology, however, has been subject to criticism because the number of times a decision has been cited is an overinclusive indicator of influence. This paper reports the preliminary results of a project that updates three-decades-old data concerning comparative influence of state high courts while seeking to avoid some of the problems inherent in simple citation analysis studies. Instead of relying on the rate of citation, we utilize data showing cases that have been followed, as that term has been used by Shepard's Citations Service. Our results reveal, consistent with the prior literature, that the California Supreme Court has long been, and continues to be, the most followed state supreme court. Our results also show that in recent decades some of the previously highest-ranked state high courts have been eclipsed by other courts such as the Supreme Court of Washington. We explore reasons why decisions of some state high courts are followed more frequently than others, and propose further analysis of our data and discussion of our methods.


It is a commonly understood problem in education that many highly qualified teachers tend to gravitate toward higher performing schools, including schools with lower minority enrollments and lower incidence of poverty. This article explores the distribution of a subset of teachers, namely, those who are National Board Certified. To what extent do these teachers' assignment choices mirror the pattern of their non-Board Certified colleagues and to what extent are they different? Part of a larger study of Board Certified Teachers in lower performing schools, the article examines the distribution of NBCTs in the six states with the largest number of them'California, Florida, Mississippi, North Carolina, Ohio, and South Carolina. The research finds that, with the exception of California, Board Certified Teachers are not equitably distributed across schools that serve different populations of students. In five of the six states examined, poor, minority, and lower performing students are far less likely to benefit from the teaching of an NBCT than are their more affluent, majority, higher performing peers. The article explores some possible explanations for the California distribution pattern as well as the kinds of incentives provided across the states for teachers to seek Board Certification and for those who earn it. The authors conclude with a rationale and a set of policy suggestions for realigning the distribution of NBCTs.


Abstract The composition of the upper mantle bounded by the Canaries, Eastern Anatolia, Libya and Poland is indirectly investigated by means of the chemical composition of igneous rocks with 'anorogenic' geochemical characteristics emplaced during the Cenozoic. The relatively homogeneous composition of these products in terms of incompatible trace-element content and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic composition is unexpected, considering the variable lithospheric structure of this large area and the different tectono-thermal histories of the various districts. In order to reconcile the geochemical characteristics with a statistical sampling model, it would be necessary to propose volumes of the enriched regions much lower than the sampling volumes for each volcano (that is, less than 10 cubic metres), or alternatively, efficient magma blending from larger areas. The data are consistent with a relatively well-stirred and mixed sub-lithospheric upper mantle, in the solid state, which is also hard to understand. This contrasts with the situation under oceans where magma blending from diverse sources and sampling theory can explain the compositional statistics.


We consider renormalizable standard model extensions that violate Lorentz symmetry at high energies, but preserve CPT, and do not contain elementary scalar fields. A Nambu-Jona-Lasinio mechanism gives masses to fermions and gauge bosons and generates composite Higgs fields at low energies. We study the effective potential at the leading order of the large-N{sub c} expansion, prove that there exists a broken phase, and study the phase space. In general, the minimum may break invariance under boosts, rotations, and CPT, but we give evidence that there exists a Lorentz invariant phase. We study the spectrum of composite bosons and the low-energy theory in the Lorentz phase. Our approach predicts relations among the parameters of the low-energy theory. We find that such relations are compatible with the experimental data within theoretical errors. We also study the mixing among generations, the emergence of the CKM matrix, and neutrino oscillations.


From art galleries to our cities' streets, ambient intelligence can help to make the human environment more responsive to the needs of individuals. The idea of ambient intelligence implies an intrinsic link between individuals and their environment, enabling individuals to access and interact with computing artifacts in ways that are intuitive and do not disrupt everyday activities. Given the many different environments encountered as part of everyday life—within the home (1) as well as beyond it—enabling such interaction is a formidable technological challenge. The reward may be an environment that is safer, uses less energy, and responds to the needs of all individuals (see the figure). Recent advances in embedded systems, robotics, and sensor technology suggest that ambient intelligence may indeed be realized, particularly if crucial privacy and security concerns are addressed.


Background: Collaborative working between professionals is a key component of integrated care. The academic literature on it largely focuses either on integration between health and social care or on the dynamics of power and identity between doctors and nurses. With the proliferation and extension of nursing roles, there is a need to examine collaborative working amongst different types of nurses. Method: This study explored experiences of collaborative working amongst generalist and specialist nurses, in community and acute settings. We carried out semi-structured interviews, incorporating the Pictor technique, with 45 nurses, plus 33 other key stakeholders. Transcripts were analysed using Template Analysis. This article focuses on one major thematic area that emerged from the analysis: the significance of interpersonal relationships amongst nurses, and between them and other professionals, patients and carers. Results: Relationship issues were ubiquitous in participants' accounts of collaborative working. Good personal relationships facilitated collaboration; face-to-face interaction was especially valued. Relationships were recognized as requiring effort, especially in new roles. Organisational changes could disrupt productive personal networks. Conclusion: Relationship issues are integral to successful collaborative working. Policy and practice leaders must take this into account in future service developments. Further research into collaborative relationships in different settings is needed.


OBJECTIVE
Although CT is most commonly used for guidance of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of renal masses, other publications have shown that ultrasound alone may be used. Therefore, we compared the complications and technical effectiveness of renal RFA guided by ultrasound alone versus combined CT and ultrasound guidance.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
We retrospectively analyzed outcomes and complications of percutaneous renal RFA in two groups of patients for whom RFA was guided by either ultrasound alone (group 1) or combined CT and ultrasound (group 2). The sole factor in determining the method of guidance was preablation imaging. All other technical factors were consistent between the two groups.

RESULTS
There were 28 masses in 27 patients in group 1 and 32 masses in 29 patients in group 2. There was an overall major complication rate of 3.3% (2/60). Major complications occurred equally in group 2 (3.1% [1/32]) compared with group 1 (3.6% [1/28]). Overall ablative effectiveness was 93% (26/28) in group 1 and 84% (27/32) in group 2. There was no statistical difference between the two groups.

CONCLUSION
In proper hands, sonography guidance alone is a safe and effective method for performance of renal RFA in preselected cases and can decrease CT utilization. The use of CT is reserved for situations in which pretreatment RFA imaging suggests difficulty in ultrasound mass visualization or when the mass is in close proximity to structures that may be injured by thermal ablation.


Background: Evaluation of patient satisfaction is one of the basic points in quality important systems. For the importance of this subject, this study has conducted in a Tehran subspecialty hospital in year 2014. Material: This cross sectional study was carried out on 518 inpatients coming in Tehran subspecialty hospital during two sections, summer and winter of year 2014 with stratified sampling. The tools used in this study were manmade patient satisfaction questioner and Questioner including demographical, preference and poll from patients. Results: In this study, 258 (49.8%) and 260 (50.2%) of subjects sampled during winter and summer of year 2014 respectively. The average of inpatient satisfaction was 73.3%. In this study Hospital Parts (p=0.005) and the level of education patient (p=0.001) have shown statistical relationship with patient satisfaction but age (p=0.4), season (p=0.76) and type of insurance have not shown any statistical relationship with patient satisfaction. Conclusion: According to result of this study and determine the rank of performance preference we can access more patient satisfaction.


Abstract Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of fumonisin esterase from Komagataella phaffii DSM 32159 as a technological feed additive for all animal species. The product has been already assessed by the FEEDAP Panel for use in pigs and poultry feed as technological additive and was granted with an authorisation in the EU for this use. In the current application, the additive is intended to be used in fermenting feeds with the purpose to reduce the contamination of feed by fumonisins. New data provided showed that no recombinant DNA could be detected in three batches of the product. The evidence provided – based on the data submitted in the previous and the current application – allowed the FEEDAP Panel to conclude that the additive is safe for the target animals under the proposed conditions of use. The Panel also considered valid the previous conclusions in which the safety of the additive for consumers and the environment was established. The additive is not toxic by inhalation and the respiratory exposure is likely to be low; however, a risk of sensitisation via the respiratory route cannot be excluded. The additive is non‐irritant to skin and eyes and is not considered as a dermal sensitiser. The additive has the capacity to degrade fumonisins in fermenting feed (with a fumonisin content within the guidance limits operating in the EU) when used at the minimum recommended dose of 40 U/kg feed. The FEEDAP Panel notes that the efficacy has been demonstrated only in silages, not in other fermenting feeds like e.g. liquid feeds.