In 1981, the Norwegian physiologist, Rune Aaslid, developed a device that made it possible to apply the transcranial Doppler (TCD) sonographic technique to the human brain. In 1983, Albrecht Harders, a German neurosurgeon, worked out a clinically practicable method that would allow for bedside, atraumatic measurements to be made of the blood flow velocity in the large arteries in the Circle of Willis. This simple test is based on a single-element transducer technology but requires a knowledge of anatomy, physiology, and pathology that transcends any single discipline.


OBJECTIVE
Authors examined the potential risk factors of major and subthreshold depression among elderly persons seeking rehabilitation for age-related vision impairment.

METHODS
Participants (N=584), age 65 and older, with a recent vision loss, were new applicants for rehabilitation services. Subthreshold depression was defined as a depressive syndrome not meeting criteria for a current major depression (i.e., minor depression, major depression in partial remission, dysthymia) or significant depressive symptomatology.

RESULTS
Seven percent of respondents had a current major depression, and 26.9% met the criteria for a subthreshold depression. Poorer self-rated health, lower perceived adequacy of social support, decreased feelings of self-efficacy, and a past history of depression increased the odds of both a subthreshold and major depression, versus no depression, but greater functional disability and experiencing a negative life event were significant only for a subthreshold depression. Only a history of past depression was significant in increasing the odds of having a major versus a subthreshold depression.

CONCLUSION
Results highlight similarities in characteristics of, and risk factors for, subthreshold and major depression. Future research is needed to better understand both the trajectory and treatment of subthreshold depression, relative to major depressive disorders.


This item is part of: Boarin, P., Haarhoff, E., Manfredini,
M., Mohammadzadeh, M., Premier, A., (2021). Rethinking Sustainable Pacific Rim
Territories. Proceedings of the 2020 APRU Sustainable Cities and Landscapes Hub
PhD Symposium, Future Cities Research Hub, School of Architecture and Planning
of the University of Auckland. ISBN: 978-0-473-53616-9ABSTRACTJapan's aging and declining farming population continues to exacerbate the decline of rural regions. As a response, there have been strong efforts from governments and local organizations to provide avenues of support for new and beginning farmers via a certification process which provides access to funding and subsidized loans. While the Ministry of Fisheries, Forests, and Agriculture (MAFF) promotes SDG Goal 2 under the premise of sustainable agriculture through Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) certification and grants for environmentally friendly farming, this does not directly extend to supporting new farmers who hold strong interest in farming sustainably. Based on semi-structured interviews with farmers and government officials in Shiga Prefecture, we observe strong trends of new entry farmer collaborations and community building such as hosting unique opportunities for urban consumers to participate in agricultural activities, engaging with their surrounding rural residents to help uplift their region's rural revitalization efforts, and building organizations and spaces for mutual support. The spaces of connection and relationship building that this current generation of new farmers is bridging between rural and urban areas provides insights on how best to support the future of rural areas and more holistically promote sustainable agriculture. New and beginning farmers especially those who promote sustainable agriculture serve critical roles in reshaping rural communities as they build capacity for solidarity between rural and urban areas.


Feature Issue on Optical Code Division Multiple AccessWhat we believe to be a new 2D optical orthogonal code, named PC/OCS, is constructed using PC (prime code) for time spreading and OCS (one-coincidence sequence) for wavelength hopping. Cross-correlation performance of PC/OCS is analyzed. Compared with PC/PC, the number of wavelengths for PC/OCS is not limited to a prime number. PC/OCS can be constructed flexibly and also can use available wavelengths effectively. When the number of available wavelengths is larger than a prime number, PC/OCS not only has a larger code cardinality than PC/PC, but it also has a better cross-correlation performance. Theoretical analysis shows that PC/OCS can reduce the bit error rate and enhance system throughput of multiple-wavelength (MW) optical code-division multiple access networks. When the number of available wavelengths is 16 and code length is 121, code cardinality of PC/OCS can increase approximately 17% more than that of PC/PC, and the peaked throughput can increase approximately 20%.


An examination of anti-water privatization movements in the United States and Canada that explores the interplay of the local and the global. Attempts by local governments to privatize water services have met with furious opposition. Activists argue that to give private companies control of the water supply is to turn water from a common resource into a marketized commodity. Moreover, to cede local power to a global corporation puts communities at the center of controversies over economic globalization. In Contested Water, Joanna Robinson examines local social movement organizing against water privatization, looking closely at battles for control of local water services in Stockton, California, and Vancouver, British Columbia. The movements in these two communities had different trajectories, used different tactics, and experienced different outcomes. Robinson analyzes the factors that shaped these two struggles. Drawing on extensive interviews with movement actors, political leaders, and policymakers and detailed analysis of textual material, Robinson shows that the successful campaign in Vancouver drew on tactics, opportunities, and narratives from the broader antiglobalization movement, with activists emphasizing the threats to local democracy and accountability; the less successful movement in Stockton centered on a ballot initiative that was made meaningless by a pre-emptive city council vote. Robinson finds that global forces are reshaping local movements, particularly those that oppose neoliberal reforms at the municipal level. She argues that anti-water privatization movements that link local and international concerns and build wide-ranging coalitions at local and global levels offer an effective way to counter economic globalization. Successful challenges to globalization will not necessarily come from transnational movements but rather from movements that are connected globally but rooted in local communities.


Standards for technology have become a significant factor in international trade. Intellectual property ("IP") is central to the development of standards, particularly in the information and communication technologies ("ICT") industries. This article explores the relationship between standards, IP and international trade. I focus, as a test-case, on China's development of a proprietary encryption standard for wireless communications - the WLAN Authentication and Privacy Infrastructure ("WAPI") standard. In May 2003, China approved the WAPI standard and decreed that by December of that year, all wireless devices sold or imported into China would be required to incorporate this technology. This mandatory approach would have fractured the world market for wireless products, raising trade law concerns. Under pressure from the U.S., China later suspended its mandate. An uneasy tension arises from obligations in the WTO's Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade ("TBT Agreement") to use relevant international standards, and the possibility that their adoption will entail payment of royalties to foreign IP owners. The claim against China has been that it is focusing on home-grown standards, to the detriment of existing international standards. China has responded that the mandatory adoption of international standards does not come without cost, particularly for developing countries. It has complained of unfair treatment when seeking to participate in the international standards system, contending that IP rights create obstacles to trade. The WAPI case illustrates standards' indeterminate nature as trade facilitators and indispensable elements of the ICT industry, on the one hand, or potential measures of protectionism when applied inappropriately, on the other. It also highlights the IP dimension to international standards, identifying a source of friction within the system. How do we balance the rights of IP owners to receive compensation against the interests of those seeking to achieve harmonization by implementing international standards? My claim is that to balance and achieve these objectives, the framework of the TBT Agreement should be extended so that IP rights are properly addressed in the standards development process. In particular, two basic principles - early disclosure of IP rights and declaration of position concerning licensing of those rights - should be integrated into the TBT Agreement as part of its guidelines for international standards. A balanced policy governing IP rights will strengthen international standards and promote harmonization, while supporting the rights of IP owners to receive reasonable compensation.


The high performance of machine learning algorithms for the task of skin lesion classification has been shown over the past few years. However, real-world implementations are still scarce. One of the reasons could be that most methods do not quantify the uncertainty in the predictions and are not able to detect data that is anomalous or significantly different from that used in training, which may lead to a lack of confidence in the automated diagnosis or errors in the interpretation of results. In this work, we explore the use of uncertainty estimation techniques and metrics for deep neural networks based on Monte-Carlo sampling and apply them to the problem of skin lesion classification on data from ISIC Challenges 2018 and 2019. Our results show that uncertainty metrics can be successfully used to detect difficult and out-of-distribution samples.


School Systems in Transition: The Future of Government School Education in Australia Since the mid-eighties state governments have initiated the restructuring of the public school systems in order to improve their effectiveness and efficiency. However, after controversial beginnings, the commitment to the principles underpinning the reforms has weakened. The reality lags far behind the loosely-applied rhetoric of devolution, accountability and productivity. While in this disabling transitional state, schools are now subjected to a new wave of change propelled by the economic restructuring agenda of the Commonwealth Government. Extraordinary expectations are being set for schools as a consequence of policies designed to connect the outcomes of education more closely to the requirements of industry. Under these conditions, public school systems are virtually unmanageable. Professor Angus explores the reasons why efforts to restructure public school systems have stalled. He examines policy options which might enable school systems to respond to the mounting demands being placed upon them. A key question considered is whether the concept of a 'government school system' which has served Australia during this century can survive into the next.


This issue of Family Court Review (FCR) begins by honoring the life and memory of Ruth Stern, former Managing Editor of Family Court Review, who passed away in October, 2016. Her husband, Professor Herbie DiFonzo, offers glimpses into Ruth's life and their life together. Coming from a baseball family myself, I am particularly moved by Ruth's and Herbie's mutual passion for the New York Mets. It is obvious from the details Herbie graciously shares that theirs was a love and a life of unique tenderness and togetherness. I am deeply grateful to Herbie for allowing us the privilege to publish this tribute to Ruth.
The April 2017 issue consists of six articles and two law student notes. In this volume, we have initiated a practice discussed during the 2016 Editorial Board meeting at the AFCC Annual Conference in Seattle. From time to time, FCR editors and staff plans to publish articles longer than the standard twenty-five pages. By doing so, we hope to encourage the submission of additional scholarly articles from academics who, in lieu of submitting their articles to FCR, choose other professional publications that allow for documents of longer length. Thus, this is a call to our readers to encourage authors to submit articles to FCR that they heretofore may have submitted to other journals.


Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is a very common skin condition that causes considerable suffering and is often poorly responsive to drug treatment regimens. Most clinicians accept that multiple factors play a role in the aetiology of CSU, but there is a widespread reluctance to accept a significant role for 'mindbody' factors, despite a large number of clinical reports and studies over many decades suggesting their relevance. This reluctance has multiple origins. A primary influence is the flawed dualistic model of mind and body relatedness underpinning much of modern medical care. In this view, if a pathophysiological mechanism can be discerned, then 'mind' factors can be largely ignored. Recent evidence demonstrating intimate structural and functional relations between peripheral nerves and mast cells, and local skin secretion of mast cell-influencing neuropeptides by nerves, provides an argument for discarding old 'organic' and dualistic conceptualisations of CSU. A sound, integrative, multifactorial approach requires a unitive 'mindbody' model in which physical and subjective dimensions of personhood are seen as coexisting and equally deserving of exploration and management. Another influence is the tendency for 'psychosomatic' research studies in CSU to focus on patient experience using broad group-based diagnostic categories, such as anxiety and depressive disorders, and generic measures of stress. Two case examples are given, illustrating that CSU arises in relation to highly individual and relevant 'stories', which would not usually be picked up by these generic measures. It is suggested that an appropriate 'mindbody' management programme leading to good clinical outcomes for CSU is dependent on clinicians discerning unique patient 'stories'. Finally, a lack of formal studies comparing drug and 'mindbody' treatment outcomes will continue to negatively influence the adoption of 'mindbody' approaches in CSU. There is an urgent need for properly structured comparative studies, and the essential elements of a suitable 'mindbody' approach appropriate to such research are briefly outlined.


OBJECTIVE
The Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) combines many well-established authoritative medical informatics terminologies in one knowledge representation system. Such a resource is very valuable to the health care community and industry. However, the UMLS is very large and complex and poses serious comprehension problems for users and maintenance personnel. The authors present a representation to support the user's comprehension and navigation of the UMLS.

DESIGN
An object-oriented database (OODB) representation is used to represent the two major components of the UMLS-the Metathesaurus and the Semantic Network-as a unified system. The semantic types of the Semantic Network are modeled as semantic type classes. Intersection classes are defined to model concepts of multiple semantic types, which are removed from the semantic type classes.

RESULTS
The authors provide examples of how the intersection classes help expose omissions of concepts, highlight errors of semantic type classification, and uncover ambiguities of concepts in the UMLS. The resulting UMLS OODB schema is deeper and more refined than the Semantic Network, since intersection classes are introduced. The Metathesaurus is classified into more mutually exclusive, uniform sets of concepts. The schema improves the user's comprehension and navigation of the Metathesaurus.

CONCLUSIONS
The UMLS OODB schema supports the user's comprehension and navigation of the Metathesaurus. It also helps expose and resolve modeling problems in the UMLS.


In this master's thesis several waveguide cavity filters are designed and simulated and three of them are constructed, two third order and one fifth order filter. One third order filter is fabricated in brass, and the two other filters are fabricated in aluminium. Each order filter is simulated using brass, aluminium and gold as surface material. This is done to investigate and compare the different insertion loss due to materials with different conduction. The insertion and reflection loss of the physical filters is measured on an automatic network analyzer. The measured results are compared to the simulated results where applicable. It is found that the advantage of using gold plating is small. Simulations indicate a difference in insertion loss of only 0.006 dB compared to an aluminium filter. The difference in insertion loss between brass and aluminium is simulated to 0.2 dB. The measured insertion loss for all filters is higher than simulated results. The brass filter is seriously flawed, and can not be compared to simulated results. The pass-band insertion loss of the two aluminium filters is found to be 0.4 dB higher than simulated results. This discrepancy between measured and simulated results is large enough that the physical filters do not comply with the design specification, while the simulated filters do. The smallest pass-band insertion loss measured is 0.433 dB for the third order filter, and 0.814 dB for the fifth order filter. The highest allowed pass-band insertion loss in the filter specification is 0.25 dB over a bandwidth of 200 MHz. The reason for the difference between simulations and measurements is thought to be both due to small machining faults and to a large extent due to a suboptimal placement of a joint between the two parts comprising the filter.


County governments face many challenges when dealing with workforce diversity and this prevented them from developing and employing diverse workforce to work with them. Performance of County Governments has largely been affected by organizational factors. County Governments are facing challenges when dealing with organizational factors in their organizations especially the organizational environment and organizational culture. So far there is still limited information as regards to organizational factors in many organizations. The objective of the study was to establish the extent to which organizational factors affects the relationship between workforce diversity and organizational performance of Elgeyo Marakwet County, Kenya. The study used descriptive research design. The study location was in Elgeyo Marakwet County, Kenya which is located in former Rift Valley Province in Northern part of it and the population consisted of 2,155 employees of Elgeyo Marakwet County, Kenya. The sample size was 400 employees. The sample was chosen through simple random sampling. The response rate of the study was 84.3% of the realized target. Reliability of the results was determined by the test-retest approach. Validity of the research instruments was established by using Elgeyo Marakwet County. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. The hypothesis was tested using simple linear regression at 95% confidence level. The study revealed that age diversity has a positive effect on organizational performance of Elgeyo Marakwet County, Kenya.


With the future of the UK's statutory Youth Service in doubt, this article looks back to the days of its birth. After the Second World War, some people were critical about the idea of direct state involvement and its possible association with the indoctrination of impressionable young people. However, in the West Riding of Yorkshire (WRY), the Education Authority saw the arrival of state provision as signalling an end to the need for voluntary organisations in youth work. The West Riding Association (WRA) and the Leeds Association of Girls' and Mixed Clubs (LAGC) fought to continue their work with voluntary sector clubs where young people played a leading role in planning and organising their programmes. The Associations' archives show the struggle leading up to their eventual amalgamation in 1950, in the face of the almost total removal of funding.


Using On-Chip Error Detection to Estimate FPGA Design Sensitivity to Configuration Upsets Andrew Mark Keller Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, BYU Master of Science SRAM-based FPGAs provide valuable computation resources and reconfigurability; however, ionizing radiation can cause designs operating on these devices to fail. The sensitivity of an FPGA design to configuration upsets, or its SEU sensitivity, is an indication of a design's failure rate. SEU mitigation techniques can reduce the SEU sensitivity of FPGA designs in harsh radiation environments. The reliability benefits of these techniques must be determined before they can be used in mission-critical applications and can be determined by comparing the SEU sensitivity of an FPGA design with and without these techniques applied to it. Many approaches can be taken to evaluate the SEU sensitivity of an FPGA design. This work describes a low-cost easierto-implement approach for evaluating the SEU sensitivity of an FPGA design. This approach uses additional logic resources on the same FPGA as the design under test to determine when the design has failed, or deviated from its specified behavior. Three SEU mitigation techniques were evaluated using this approach: triple modular redundancy (TMR), configuration scrubbing, and user-memory scrubbing. Significant reduction in SEU sensitivity is demonstrated through fault injection and radiation testing. Two LEON3 processors operating in lockstep are compared against each other using on-chip error detection logic on the same FPGA. The design SEU sensitivity is reduced by 27× when TMR and configuration scrubbing are applied, and by approximately 50× when TMR, configuration scrubbing, and user-memory scrubbing are applied together. Using this approach, an SEU sensitivity comparison is made of designs implemented on both an Altera Stratix V FPGA and a Xilinx Kintex 7 FPGA. Several instances of a finite state machine are compared against each other and a set of golden output vectors, all on the same FPGA. Instances of an AES cryptography core are chained together and the output of two chains are compared using on-chip error detection. Fault injection and neutron radiation testing reveal several similarities between the two FPGA architectures. SEU mitigation techniques reduce the SEU sensitivity of the two designs between 4× and 728×. Protecting on-chip functional error detection logic with TMR and duplication with compare (DWC) is compared. Fault injection results suggest that it is more favorable to protect on-chip functional error detection logic with DWC than it is to protect it with TMR for error detection.


The large number of potential applications for robotic odor source localization has motivated the development of a variety of plume tracking algorithms, the majority of which work in restricted two-dimensional scenarios. In this paper, we introduce a distributed algorithm for 3-D plume tracking using a system of ground and aerial robots in formation. We propose an algorithm that takes advantage of spatially distributed measurements to track the plume in 3-D and lead the robots to the source by integrating three behaviors - upwind movement, plume centering, and Laplacian feedback formation control. We evaluate this strategy in simulation and with real robots in a wind tunnel. For a source close to the ground, results show that a team of robots running our algorithm reaches the source with low lateral error while also tracing the horizontal and vertical plume shape.


Image super-resolution (SR) is an underdetermined inverse problem, where a large number of plausible high-resolution images can explain the same downsampled image. Most current single image SR methods use empirical risk minimisation, often with a pixel-wise mean squared error (MSE) loss. However, the outputs from such methods tend to be blurry, over-smoothed and generally appear implausible. A more desirable approach would employ Maximum a Posteriori (MAP) inference, preferring solutions that always have a high probability under the image prior, and thus appear more plausible. Direct MAP estimation for SR is non-trivial, as it requires us to build a model for the image prior from samples. Furthermore, MAP inference is often performed via optimisation-based iterative algorithms which don't compare well with the efficiency of neural-network-based alternatives. Here we introduce new methods for amortised MAP inference whereby we calculate the MAP estimate directly using a convolutional neural network. We first introduce a novel neural network architecture that performs a projection to the affine subspace of valid SR solutions ensuring that the high resolution output of the network is always consistent with the low resolution input. We show that, using this architecture, the amortised MAP inference problem reduces to minimising the cross-entropy between two distributions, similar to training generative models. We propose three methods to solve this optimisation problem: (1) Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN) (2) denoiser-guided SR which backpropagates gradient-estimates from denoising to train the network, and (3) a baseline method using a maximum-likelihood-trained image prior. Our experiments show that the GAN based approach performs best on real image data. Lastly, we establish a connection between GANs and amortised variational inference as in e.g. variational autoencoders.


ABSTRACT When a host state rejects the international refugee law regime, yet faces an unprecedented number of refugees, how does the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) execute its mandate to provide international protection to these refugees? This paper seeks to attend to this pertinent issue by focusing on the role and practice of UNHCR in the context of the large-scale Syrian influx to Lebanon. This country insists that it is not a country of asylum, and flatly rejects ratification of the 1951 Convention on the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol. In proportion to both its geographical and population size, however, Lebanon hosts the highest number of refugees in the world. This paper argues that Lebanon's recent policies aiming to decrease the number of Syrians in the country, by reducing access to territory and encouraging return to Syria, have heavily affected UNHCR's own ability to execute its international protection mandate. The article seeks to explore this issue further by, on the one hand, examining UNHCR's policies to recognise Syrians in Lebanon as refugees under international law, and, on the other, exploring its practice when it comes to registration of Syrian refugees, and the meaning of these practices for refugee protection in Lebanon.


The Society of Chiropodists and Podiatrists has developed this guidance in response to the challenges facing the NHS to increase quality, innovation, productivity and prevention (QIPP) whilst continuing to deliver services in this time of austerity. This guide will focus on the importance and benefits of podiatry in:
• reducing secondary care intervention
• maintaining independence of vulnerable groups through good foot health
• preventing mobility difficulties through earlier intervention allowing
patients to remain in their own homes.
The guide will also highlight the different specialist and clinical modalities delivered through a comprehensive podiatry service and will cover the various health education and promotion strategies used to arrest and stop the development of preventable foot problems and empower patients towards self-care. The guide takes into account
current healthcare policy and all the information given is based on existing research evidence and current practice.
The document offers commissioners and managers of healthcare
services guidance on the different clinical aspects of podiatry provided in both in the NHS and the private sector. Examples are given using case studies and good practice models that have been developed to meet local needs and innovate services in response to different challenges. These examples have demonstrated measurable improvements in meeting the QIPP agenda including patient care and waiting times, quality and productivity increases and whole systems transformation, "to do things differently" and "do different things" with demonstrable
cost benefits across the heath economy.


In developed economies, agglomeration is skill-biased: larger cities are skill-abundant and exhibit higher skilled wage premia. This paper characterizes the spatial distributions of skills in Brazil, China, and India. To facilitate comparisons with developed-economy findings, we construct metropolitan areas for each of these economies by aggregating finer geographic units on the basis of contiguous areas of light in nighttime satellite images. Our results validate this procedure. These lights-based metropolitan areas mirror commuting-based definitions in the United States and Brazil. In China and India, which lack commuting-based definitions, lights-based metropolitan populations follow a power law, while administrative units do not. Examining variation in relative quantities and prices of skill across these metropolitan areas, we conclude that agglomeration is also skill-biased in Brazil, China, and India.


We test and reject the claim of Segal and coworkers that the correlation of redshifts and flux densities in a complete sample of IRAS galaxies favors a quadratic redshift-distance relation over the linear Hubble law. This is done, in effect, by treating the entire galaxy luminosity function as derived from the 60 μm 1.2 Jy IRAS redshift survey of Fisher et al. as a distance indicator; equivalently, we compare the flux density distribution of galaxies as a function of redshift with predictions under different redshift-distance cosmologies, under the assumption of a universal luminosity function. This method does not assume a uniform distribution of galaxies in space. We find that this test has rather weak discriminatory power, as argued by Petrosian, and the differences between models are not as stark as one might expect a priori. Even so, we find that the Hubble law is indeed more strongly supported by the analysis than is the quadratic redshift-distance relation. We identify a bias in the Segal et al. determination of the luminosity function, which could lead one to mistakenly favor the quadratic redshift-distance law. We also present several complementary analyses of the density field of the sample; the galaxy density field is found to be close to homogeneous on large scales if the Hubble law is assumed, while this is not the case with the quadratic redshift-distance relation.


The call-by-need lambda calculus provides an equational framework for reasoning syntactically about lazy evaluation. This paper examines its operational characteristics.
 By a series of reasoning steps, we systematically unpack the standard-order reduction relation of the calculus and discover a novel abstract machine definition which, like the calculus, goes "under lambdas." We prove that machine evaluation is equivalent to standard-order evaluation.
 Unlike traditional abstract machines, delimited control plays a significant role in the machine's behavior. In particular, the machine replaces the manipulation of a heap using store-based effects with disciplined management of the evaluation stack using control-based effects. In short, state is replaced with control.
 To further articulate this observation, we present a simulation of call-by-need in a call-by-value language using delimited control operations.


The Brista 1 plant is a wood chip-fired combined heat and power (CHP) plant located near Marsta, northwest of Stockholm, Sweden. The primary purpose of the plant is to supply heat to the northwest district heating grid. In order to meet increasing demand for district heating, Fortum Heat is constructing a second CHP plant next to Brista 1. The Brista 2 plant will use a mixture of municipal and industrial waste as fuel. Due to changes in the European Green Certificate program, the fuel subsidies for wood chips will be significantly reduced. This will cause the Brista 1 plant to incur significantly increased operating costs. The Brista 2 plant, however, will not be affected by these changes and will therefore be much cheaper to run than Brista 1. However, due to the large demand for district heating it will be necessary to run both plants in parallel at certain times in order to meet the heating demand and/or maximize revenue during periods of high electricity demand. A computer program has been constructed using MATLAB which simulates the Brista 1 and 2 plants and their combined operation in both backpressure and direct condensing mode. The results show that the optimum allocation of heat production does not seem to be affected by electricity price assuming both plants are operated in backpressure mode. The reason for this would seem to be that the production costs (fuel, emissions, O&M) are unaffected by the electricity price. Therefore, the allocation which maximizes electrical power production, and thus revenue from electricity sales, will always be favored. In certain cases, it is more profitable to run the Brista 1 plant in direct condensing mode. The reason for this would seem to be that the thermal efficiency is somewhat higher, and that at low electricity prices the revenues from electricity sales do not offset the cost of the reduced heat production.


This paper evaluates the impact of globalisation on income distribution in South Africa. There are broadly two ways in which it can affect income distribution and help to address poverty. On a macro level it can stimulate economic growth, create jobs and provide salary income to people previously not employed. In a more direct way it can impact on wages. If unskilled wages increase relative to skilled wages, it should lead to a more equal distribution. Evidence for the period 1993 – 2001 indicates that South Africa experienced highly volatile capital flows, in the form of portfolio flows, with disruptive effects on the exchange rate and interest rates. On a micro level, the opening up of trade led to considerable job losses, especially semiand unskilled workers. These were brought about mainly by the increasing importance of technology. Job losses because of import penetration were not as significant as could have been expected. On the other hand, exports did help to create jobs, but not enough to offset the negative impact of the previous-mentioned two factors. No evidence could be found that salaries of unskilled workers increased relative to highly skilled workers. Globalisation can only lead to a more equal distribution of income in South Africa if it succeeds in creating jobs – and this can only happen if the skills level of our workforce meets the conditions of the market.


Today's 3D scanning pipelines can be classified into two overarching categories: offline, high accuracy methods that rely on global optimization to reconstruct complex scenes with hundreds of millions of samples, and online methods that produce real-time but low-quality output, usually from structure-from-motion or depth sensors. The method proposed in this paper is the first to combine the benefits of both approaches, supporting online reconstruction of scenes with hundreds of millions of samples from high-resolution sensing modalities such as structured light or laser scanners. The key property of our algorithm is that it sidesteps the signed-distance computation of classical reconstruction techniques in favor of direct filtering, parametrization, and mesh and texture extraction. All of these steps can be realized using only weak notions of spatial neighborhoods, which allows for an implementation that scales approximately linearly with the size of each dataset that is integrated into a partial reconstruction. Combined, these algorithmic differences enable a drastically more efficient output-driven interactive scanning and reconstruction workflow, where the user is able to see the final quality field-aligned textured mesh during the entirety of the scanning procedure. Holes or parts with registration problems are displayed in real-time to the user and can be easily resolved by adding further localized scans, or by adjusting the input point cloud using our interactive editing tools with immediate visual feedback on the output mesh. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithm in conjunction with a state-of-the-art structured light scanner and optical tracking system and test it on a large variety of challenging models.


Existing volunteerism research is limited to specific contexts (e.g. AIDS volunteerism), and there is no available research on what motivates and sustains victim support volunteerism. Taking a social identity approach, the current thesis explores the role of personal, social and (volunteer) organisational identity in motivating and sustaining victim support volunteerism. Volunteers (N=99) and non-volunteers (N=l34) completed a questionnaire. In the volunteer sample, social identity as a supporter of victims of crime, outrage and collective efficacy amongst supporters were most strongly associated with intentions to volunteer. Whereas, in the non-volunteer sample, personal identity, sympathy and self efficacy were most strongly associated with intentions to volunteer. Sustained volunteerism was strongly predicted by organisational identity as a volunteer in a victim support organisation and collective efficacy amongst volunteers in victim support organisations. Pride did not predict sustained volunteerism. The study highlighted the role of identification and group-level processes in motivating and sustaining volunteerism. Results are discussed with regards to both theoretical and practical implications for victim support volunteerism.


Let D be a bounded open subset of the complex plane <£ which is the interior of its closure, and let h be a bounded analytic function on D. The classical theorem of Runge implies that there is a sequence of rational functions with poles in the complement of the closure of D which converges to h uniformly on compact subsets of D. The question naturally arises as whether this sequence may be chosen so that the supremum norms over D of the rational functions remain uniformly bounded. Of course, if the boundary of D consists of a finite number of disjoint circles (that is, D is a circle domain), then it is a classical result that the approximating sequence may be chosen so that their norms do not exceed the norm of h. But suppose that the boundary of D is quite complicated or D has infinitely many components in its complement. This general question has been the subject of several recent papers and is the subject of this one.


[1] This study is the first attempt to examine the effects of terms in the growth rate formula on the magnitude of growth rate during April 1999 to March 2000 (solar maximum). The estimation of linear growth rate is based on the local linear growth rate of collisional Rayleigh-Taylor instability (Ossakow et al., 1979). The monthly average values of linear growth rate (γ) and associated terms are calculated from the electron profile of Jicamarca digisonde and the atmospheric quantities of MSISE-90 model under geomagnetic quiet condition. The result shows that the linear growth rate is an essential factor for the development of equatorial spread F (ESF). Furthermore, during this period, the monthly variation in gradient density scale length is neither correlated nor anticorrelated to that in growth rate. In contrast, the monthly variations in the collision frequency and recombination rate are anticorrelated with that in growth rate during this period. Additionally, the altitude range of γ profile is another important factor for the ESF generation.


The rationale for integrating family planning/reproductive health (FP/RH) and HIV services especially in high HIVprevalence settings has long been apparent: Sexually active individuals are at risk of both unintended pregnancies and HIV (see Box 1). The integration of these two sets of services share the key intended health outcomes of prevention of new HIV infections and prevention of unintended pregnancies. Years of experience in reproductive health settings demonstrate that individuals make greater use of services if they are easy to access. Visits to a health facility represent costs to clients and health systems and making the most of these visits can have enormous benefits in the uptake of services and efficient program operations. One of the biggest challenges to integrating FP and HIV services is generating the political will to bring together programs that have been physically financially and managerially separate.1 When policymakers understand the savings and benefits of integrating FP and HIV services they are more likely to support it. This policy brief highlights why service integration makes political and program sense and describes the lessons learned from successful integration strategies in Ethiopia Kenya Lesotho and Uganda.2 This brief also urges policymakers and program managers to make integrated services routinely and widely available.


In the early years of the twenty-first century, Asian regionalism is at a crossroads. While the region is home to a broad array of multilateral organisations, the record of these bodies in fostering effective and legitimate cooperation has been decidedly weak. Drawing on insights from the work of David Mitrany on international cooperation, this article contends that the key problem facing Asian regionalism is a predilection for 'top-down' rather than 'bottom-up' regionalism strategies. These top-down strategies have involved efforts to find a single institutional design for regional cooperation (similar to the experience of Europe), which has been hindered by geopolitical rivalries and a lack of shared consensus around what constitutes the 'Asian region'. By considering the contours of interstate competition in Asia, the track record of its existing regionalism efforts and insights from comparative regional studies, it is instead argued that Asia's future is one of regions rather than a single region. As Mitrany suggests, the unique geopolitical context in Asia means that functionally discrete and variegated strategies are likely to provide a more effective basis for regional cooperation. Indeed, trends towards such a functional approach to regionalism are already becoming evident in Asia today.


Entrepreneurs are usually exhorted to attract the best networked investors. We provide further insights into this advice by estimating network effects in the performance of entrepreneurial ventures. We show dimensions that are critical in this estimation, such as the consideration for startups' connections, common connections among investors, and the decreasing returns to network centrality, and estimate their relative importance. We estimate networks effects using an an original database of connections among startups, investors and individuals with relevant roles in California, collected from web-based sources, resulting in a network of nearly 1 million connections.


Protein phosphatases-2A (PP-2A) is a major serine/threonine phosphatase and accounts for more than 50% serine/threonine phosphatase activity in eukaryotes. The holoenzyme of PP-2A consists of the scaffold A subunit, the catalytic C subunit and the regulatory B subunit. The scaffold subunits, PP2A-Aα/β, provide a platform for both C and B subunits to bind, thus playing a crucial role in providing specific PP-2A activity. Mutation of the two genes encoding PP2A-Aα/β leads to carcinogenesis and likely other human diseases. Regulation of these genes by various factors, both extracellular and intracellular, remains largely unknown. In the present study, we have conducted functional dissection of the promoter of the mouse PP2A-Aα gene. Our results demonstrate that the proximal promoter of the mouse PP2A-Aα gene contains numerous cis-elements for the binding of CREB, ETS-1, AP-2α, SP-1 besides the putative TFIIB binding site (BRE) and the downstream promoter element (DPE). Gel mobility shifting assays revealed that CREB, ETS-1, AP-2α, and SP-1 all bind to PP2A-Aα gene promoter. In vitro mutagenesis and reporter gene activity assays reveal that while SP-1 displays negative regulation, CREB, ETS-1 and AP-2Aα all positively regulate the promoter of the PP2A-Aα gene. ChIP assays further confirm that all the above transcription factors participate the regulation of PP2A-Aα gene promoter. Together, our results reveal that multiple transcription factors regulate the PP2A-Aα gene.


Broken joint bars have been identified as one of the major causes of main line derailments in the US. On October 2006, the US Federal Railroad Administration issued a federal regulation that mandates periodic inspections to detect cracks and other indications of potential failures in CWR joints [1]. The rule requires periodic on-foot inspection or an approved alternative procedure providing equivalent or higher level of safety. This paper describes a new machine vision-based system for joint bars inspection at speeds up to 70 mph. Four line-scan cameras mounted on a hi-railer or full size rail vehicle continuously capture high resolution images from both sides of each rail. An on-board computer system analyzes these images in real time to detect the joint bars. Each joint bar image is automatically saved and analyzed for visible fatigue cracks. The images can also be analyzed for missing bolts and other defects. When a potential defect is detected, the system provides audio warning, tags the image with GPS position, and displays the joint bar image with highlighted defects on the screen. The operator may confirm or reject defects. At the end of the survey, the operator can generate a survey report with the joint bar GPS location and types of all defects. This new system improves productivity and workers safety, inspecting joint bars from a moving vehicle instead of having to walk along highly transited tracks. It also allows the railroads to reduce the time between inspections, preventing defects to develop into hazards. Several tests have been performed on different rail roads showing system defect detection capabilities on both CWR and jointed track.Copyright © 2007 by ASME


Solar flares are among the most energetic events in the solar atmosphere. It is widely accepted that flares are powered by magnetic reconnection in the corona. An eruptive flare is usually accompanied by a coronal mass ejection, both of which are probably driven by the eruption of a magnetic flux rope (MFR). Here we report an eruptive flare on 2016 March 23 observed by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory. The extreme-ultraviolet imaging observations exhibit the clear rise and eruption of an MFR. In particular, the observations reveal solid evidence of magnetic reconnection from both the corona and chromosphere during the flare. Moreover, weak reconnection is observed before the start of the flare. We find that the preflare weak reconnection is of tether-cutting type and helps the MFR to rise slowly. Induced by a further rise of the MFR, strong reconnection occurs in the rise phases of the flare, which is temporally related to the MFR eruption. We also find that the magnetic reconnection is more of 3D-type in the early phase, as manifested in a strong-to-weak shear transition in flare loops, and becomes more 2D-like in the later phase, as shown by the apparent rising motion of an arcade of flare loops.


A scheme of fluorescence microscopy is proposed allowing the breaking of the diffraction limit of optical microscopy by a factor of four to five. It relies on fast temporal measurements of the fluorescence decay after sudden switch-on of the light excitation. The observed temporal dynamics of the fluorescence signal can be converted into information about the spatial distribution of fluorophores within the exciting laser focus. The proposed scheme is technically simple, allows resolution enhancement in three dimensions, and will be robust with respect to small optical aberrations as caused by refractive index variations in real samples.


Paul Thek occupied a place between high art and low art, between the epic and the everyday. During his brief life (1933-1988), he went against the grain of art world trends, humanizing the institutional spaces of art with the force of his humor, spirituality, and character. Twenty years after Thek's death from AIDS, we can now recognize his influence on contemporary artists ranging from Vito Acconci and Bruce Nauman to Matthew Barney, Mike Kelley, and Paul McCarthy, as well as Kai Althoff, Jonathan Meese, and Thomas Hirschhorn. This book brings together more than 300 of Thek's works--many of which are published here for the first time--to offer the most comprehensive display of his work yet seen. The book, which accompanies an exhibition at ZKM ? Museum of Contemporary Art presenting Thek's work in dialogue with contemporary art by young artists, includes painting, sculpture, drawing, and installation work, as well as photographs documenting the room-size environments into which Thek incorporated elements from art, literature, theater, and religion. These works chart Thek's journey from legendary outsider to foundational figure in contemporary art. In their antiheroic diversity, Thek's works embody the art revolution of the 1960s; indeed, Susan Sontag dedicated her classic Against Interpretation to him. Thek's treatment of the body in such works as "Technological Reliquaries," with their castings and replicas of human body parts, tissue, and bones, both evoke the aura of Christian relics and anticipate the work of Damien Hirst. The book, with more than 500 images (300 in color) and nineteen essays by art historians, curators, collectors, and artists, investigates Thek's work on its own terms, and as a starting point for understanding the work of the many younger artists Thek has influenced.Essays byJean-Christophe Ammann, Margrit Brehm, Bazon Brock, Suzanne Delehanty, Harald Falckenberg, Marietta Franke, Stefan Germer, Kim Gordon, Roland Groenenboom, Axel Heil, Gregor Jansen, Mike Kelley, John Miller, Susanne Neubauer, Kenny Schachter, Harald Szeemann, Annette Tietenberg, Peter Weibel, Ann Wilson


Our research aims at developing intelligent systems to reduce the transportation-related energy expenditure of a large city by influencing individual behavior. We introduce Copter - an intelligent travel assistant that evaluates multi-modal travel alternatives to find a plan that is acceptable to a person given their context and preferences. We propose a formulation for acceptable planning that brings together ideas from AI, machine learning, and economics. This formulation has been incorporated in Copter that produces acceptable plans in real-time. We adopt a novel empirical evaluation framework that combines human decision data with a high fidelity multi-modal transportation simulation to demonstrate a 4% energy reduction and 20% delay reduction in a realistic deployment scenario in Los Angeles, California, USA.

This article is part of the special track on AI and Society.


Catharanthine is a constituent of anticancer vinca alkaloids. Its cardiovascular effects have not been investigated. This study compares the in vivo hemodynamic as well as in vitro effects of catharanthine on isolated blood vessels, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), and cardiomyocytes. Intravenous administration of catharanthine (0.5–20 mg/kg) to anesthetized rats induced rapid, dose-dependent decreases in blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), left ventricular blood pressure, cardiac contractility (dP/dtmax), and the slope of the end-systolic pressure-volume relationship (ESPVR) curve. Catharanthine evoked concentration-dependent decreases (Imax >98%) in endothelium-independent tonic responses of aortic rings to phenylephrine (PE) and KCl (IC50 = 28 µM for PE and IC50 = 34 µM for KCl) and of third-order branches of the small mesenteric artery (MA) (IC50 = 3 µM for PE and IC50 = 6 µM for KCl). Catharanthine also increased the inner vessel wall diameter (IC50 = 10 µM) and reduced intracellular free Ca2+ levels (IC50 = 16 µM) in PE-constricted MAs. Patch-clamp studies demonstrated that catharanthine inhibited voltage-operated L-type Ca2+ channel (VOCC) currents in cardiomyocytes and VSMCs (IC50 = 220 µM and IC50 = 8 µM, respectively) of MA. Catharanthine lowers BP, HR, left ventricular systolic blood pressure, and dP/dtmax and ESPVR likely via inhibition of VOCCs in both VSMCs and cardiomyocytes. Since smaller vessels such as the third-order branches of MAs are more sensitive to VOCC blockade than conduit vessels (aorta), the primary site of action of catharanthine for lowering mean arterial pressure appears to be the resistance vasculature, whereas blockade of cardiac VOCCs may contribute to the reduction in HR and cardiac contractility seen with this agent.


The Scalloped wings (Scl) gene of the Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina, is shown to be the homologue of the Drosophila melanogaster Notch gene by comparison at the DNA sequence and genetic levels. A L. cuprina genomic fragment, which shows strong identity with the Notch (N) gene at the molecular level, hybridizes to the location of the Scl gene on polytene chromosomes. The two genes are functionally homologous; the dominant and recessive Notch-like phenotypes produced by mutations in the Scl gene allow these alleles to be classed as N-like or Abruptex-like. The Scl gene is under investigation as a candidate for the fitness and asymmetry Modifier (M) of diazinon resistance. We show that M affects the penetrance of wing and bristle phenotypes associated with two Scl alleles in a manner consistent with the M being an allele of Scl. In addition, we report a phenotypic interaction between the diazinon-resistance mutation, Rop-1, and the same alleles of Scl. We propose that the product of Rop-1, an esterase, may be involved in cell adhesion in developmental processes involving the Scl gene product.


The ability to reproduce a high energy delivery capacity and an efficient conversion of energy to work rate and speed, is essential for performance in sports with several competitions during a day, such as in cross-country skiing sprint. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether gross efficiency (GE), kinematic variables and ski kinetics during roller ski skating were influenced by an incremental exercise to exhaustion. Therefore, twelve elite male crosscountry skiers completed 4-minute submaximal stages in the G3 skating technique pre and post to an incremental test to exhaustion. There was a recovery period of 10 minutes from the finish of the incremental test until the post submaximal test to obtain steady state conditions. During the submaximal tests, physiological responses were measured by gas exchange and blood lactate, kinematic variables from a motion capture system and ski kinetics from force measurements on instrumented roller skis. Prior to the pre submaximal test and directly after the incremental test, peak power for the upper and lower limbs was assessed in concentric bench press and squat jump, in order to assess possible changes in neuromuscular capacity. The result showed a 4% increased VO2 and decreased GE (15.5±0.7% vs. 15.2±0.5%, P=0.02) at post-test. Additionally, the blood lactate concentration increased from 2.4±1.0 to 6.2±2.5 mmol L-1 (P<0.001). Cycle length decreased (8.1±0.6 m vs. 7.7±0.6 m, P<0.001) and cycle rate increased (0.49±0.04 Hz vs. 0.51±0.04 Hz, P<0.001) from pre to post test. The ski forces did not change significantly from pre- to post-test, and the peak power tests remained unchanged. In conclusion, the skiers demonstrated higher physiological stress during the submaximal post-test, with corresponding shorter cycle length and higher cycle rate. This indicates a reduced ability to produce propulsive power and an efficient technique. However, no differences were found in the applied ski forces or in upper and lower limb peak power. Thus, the differences in GE and cycle length may be related to changes in technique, such as alternations in the work done by poling or reduced force effectiveness of the push-off.Keywords: cross-country skiing; gross efficiency; kinematic; ski kinetic


The present study aims on the identification of problems in the practice of top-level football refereeing. For this purpose, semi-structured interviews were conducted to collect data from 23 European elite referees. Through inductive content analysis, seven higher-order themes emerged: (1) descriptive, (2) characteristics of a good elite referee, (3) difficulties in decision-making, (4) pre-match preparation, (5) communication through headset, (6) decision-making, and (7) decision-making training. On the one hand, the findings underline the practical relevance of existing scientific research; on the other hand, the relevance of some areas of research, for instance, on the role of biases, is questioned by the interviewees' statements. A particular need for further research could be revealed regarding the development, optimisation, or evaluation of (1) the pre-match preparation, (2) supporting technical devices, (3) innovative training tools for decision-making, (4) the within-team communication, and (5) complementary methods such as mental practice.


Swarm intelligence
has quickly become a popular technique for designing problem-solving systems, imitating
the collective behaviours of social animals to address problems with very large
solution spaces. Swarm systems specifically try to replicate and harness two
properties of swarms in nature – self-organisation, where group behaviour works
without central controllers; and emergence, where interaction between agents in
the swarm produces higher-level patterns and structures.
   The tendency of swarms to produce very complex behaviour even
when the agents they comprise are very simple makes them immediately promising
for use in generative music; however, while music is often highly structured,
swarm behaviour is generally unpredictable. A small number of musical systems have begun to experiment with swarming techniques, simulating
the behaviours of groups of birds, ants or fish, and translating their
movements into music. While these existing systems are useful for discovering
the kind of music that popular swarming algorithms can produce, there has been
no focus so far on how to control these swarms, and therefore it has remained unclear
whether they are suited to use as musical tools.
   This thesis aims to address controllability of musical
swarms, by examining how control mechanisms added to a musical swarm might
influence the swarm to create higher-level musical features as demanded by a
user. As part of this goal, a new swarm-based musical tool, called Chirashi,
was developed and is demonstrated within. Chirashi implements a common flocking
swarm algorithm, and turns user input into influence upon the behaviour of
agents within the swarm, to guide groups of agents to produce music with
desired aesthetic features, while retaining the swarm's ability to act autonomously
to produce emergent behaviour. In addition to the tool itself, the thesis
considers the musical effects of control mechanisms upon the swarm, examining
its behaviour and capacity to comply with musical demands while in use in
actual music making. Above all, this thesis intends to expand the repertoire of
tools available to practitioners of real time, generative music, by establishing
control over a technique that is unpredictable enough to surprise its user, to
make it predictable enough to allow the user to learn and master it.


Although the development of passive margins has been extensively studied over a number of decades, significant questions remain on how mantle and crustal dynamics interact to generate the observed margin geometries. Here, we investigate the Orange Basin, located on the south-west African continental margin. The basin fill is considered to comprise a classic rift-drift passive margin sequence recording the break-up of Gondwana and subsequent opening of the South Atlantic Ocean. Based on interpreted seismic reflection data, a 3D geological model was first constructed. Subsequently, an isostatic calculation (Airy ́s model) using a homogeneous middle and lower crust was applied to this geological model to determine the position of the Moho for an isostatically balanced system. Isostatic sensitivity tests were applied to the model, and their gravity response was validated against different crustal structures for the basin. The best-fit model requires dense, presumably mafic material, in the middle and lower crust beneath the basin and an abrupt change to less dense material near the coast to reproduce the observed gravity field.


South African rural areas are amongst the poorest in the world, as there is still a wide gap in terms of development with their urban neighbours. With an estimated 6.4 million South Africans falling below the national poverty line in 2010, KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) remains the province with the highest number of poor people. The majority of rural dwellers in South Africa and KZN rely on subsistence farming, while others depend on government grants or family members living and working in urban areas to sustain a living. However, the income received is often insufficient to cater for their daily needs. In consonance with the high prevalence of poverty and the stagnation of subsistence farming, this study aims to examine the role of water supply in rural agricultural development in the Ward 19 area of Mtubatuba Municipality, which is situated along the north eastern region of KZN. To accomplish this aim, a mixed research approach with elements of qualitative (interviews) and quantitative (questionnaire) research techniques was used to obtain relevant information. A total of 50 participants took part in this study, all of whom were subsistence farmers in Ward 19 of Mtubatuba Municipality in KwaZulu-Natal. Furthermore, interviews were conducted with three senior officials from the regional office of the Department of Water Affairs in Durban; three staff members from the Mtubatuba Municipality; two individuals from Ward 19; two senior staff members from the Department of Agriculture, Environmental Affairs and Rural Development in Mtubatuba; as well as two senior staff members from Umkanyakude water services provider in Mtubatuba. The study revealed that water shortages have adversely undermined the development and growth of subsistence farming in this poor community. Furthermore, the difficulties experienced by the marginalised people of Ward 19 are typical of many rural areas which have not fully benefitted from transformation in a post-apartheid South Africa. In order to address the defunct subsistence iii farming in this community, the study proposed a well-tailored and effective water resource management approach with the intention of transforming subsistence farming into commercial farming, thus improving the standard of living and reducing poverty to a reasonable level. Furthermore, in recognition that the area under study is dominated by women, the study emphasised the imperativeness of empowering the women of the community as a strategy underpinning rural development.


The human face displays mild asymmetry, with measurements of facial structure differing from left to right of the meridian by an average of three percent. Presently this source of variation is of theoretical interest primarily to researchers studying the perception of beauty, but a very limited amount of research has addressed the question of how this variation contributes to the cognitive processes underlying face recognition. This is surprising given that measurement of facial asymmetry can reliably distinguish between even the most similar of faces. Furthermore, brain regions responsible for symmetry detection support face-processing regions, and detection of symmetry is superior in upright faces relative to inverted and contrast-reversed face stimuli. In addition, facial asymmetry provides a useful biometric for automatic face recognition systems, and understanding the contribution of facial asymmetry in human face recognition may therefore inform the development of these systems. In this thesis the extent to which facial asymmetry is implicated in the process of recognition in human participants is quantified. By measuring the effect of left-right reversal on various tasks of face processing, the degree to which facial asymmetry is represented by memory is investigated. Marginal sensitivity to mirror reversal is demonstrated in a number of instances, and it is therefore concluded that cognitive representations of faces specify structural asymmetry. Reversal effects are typically slight however and on a number of occasions no reliable effect of this stimulus manipulation is detected. It is likely that a general tendency to treat mirror reversals as equivalent stimuli, in addition to an inability to recall lateral orientation of objects from memory, somewhat obscure the effect of reversal. The findings are discussed in the context of existing literature examining the way in which faces are cognitively represented.


Today's modern aerospace systems exhibit strong interdisciplinary coupling and require a multidisciplinary, collaborative approach. Analysis methods that were once considered feasible only for advanced and detailed design are now available and even practical at the conceptual design stage. This changing philosophy for conducting conceptual design poses additional challenges beyond those encountered in a low fidelity design of aircraft. This thesis takes some steps towards bridging the gaps in existing technologies and advancing the state-of-the-art in aircraft design. The first part of the thesis proposes a new Pareto front approximation method for multiobjective optimization problems. The method employs a hybrid optimization approach using two derivative free direct search techniques, and is intended for solving blackbox simulation based multiobjective optimization problems with possibly nonsmooth functions where the analytical formof the objectives is not known and/or the evaluation of the objective function(s) is very expensive (very common in multidisciplinary design optimization). A new adaptive weighting scheme is proposed to convert a multiobjective optimization problem to a single objective optimization problem. Results show that the method achieves an arbitrarily close approximation to the Pareto front with a good collection of well-distributed nondominated points. The second part deals with the interdisciplinary data communication issues involved in a collaborative mutidisciplinary aircraft design environment. Efficient transfer, sharing, and manipulation of design and analysis data in a collaborative environment demands a formal structured representation of data. XML, a W3C recommendation, is one such standard concomitant with a number of powerful capabilities that alleviate interoperability issues. A compact, generic, and comprehensive XML schema for an aircraft design markup language (ADML) is proposed here to provide a common language for data communication, and to improve efficiency and productivity within a multidisciplinary, collaborative environment. An important feature of the proposed schema is the very expressive and efficient low level schemata. As a proof of concept the schema is used to encode an entire Convair B58. As the complexity of models and number of disciplines increases, the reduction in effort to exchange data models and analysis results in ADML also increases.


This paper demonstrates a novel methodology using a rotational flywheel to determine the energy conversion efficiency of the impact based piezoelectric energy harvesters. The influence of the impact speed and additional proof mass on the efficiency is presented here. In order to convert low frequency mechanical oscillations into usable electrical energy, a piezoelectric harvester is coupled to a rotating gear wheel driven by flywheel. The efficiency is determined from the ratio of the electrical energy generated by the harvester to the mechanical energy dissipated by the flywheel. The experimental results reveal that free vibrations of the harvester after plucking contribute significantly to the efficiency. The efficiency and output energy can be greatly improved by adding a proof mass to the harvester. Under certain conditions, the piezoelectric harvesters have an impact energy conversion efficiency of 1.2%.


Natural disasters exert a profound impact on the world population. In 2012, natural disasters affected 106 million people, forcing over 31.7 million people to leave their homes. Climate change has intensified natural disasters, resulting in more catastrophic events and making extreme weather more difficult to predict. Understanding and predicting human movements plays a critical role in disaster evacuation, response and relief. Researchers have developed different methodologies and applied several models to study human mobility patterns, including random walks, Lévy flight, and Brownian walks. However, the extent to which these models may apply to perturbed human mobility patterns during disasters and the associated implications for improving disaster evacuation, response and relief efforts is lacking. My PhD research aims to address the limitation in human mobility research and gain a ground truth understanding of human mobility patterns under the influence of natural disasters. The research contains three interdependent projects. In the first project, I developed a novel data collecting system. The system can be used to collect large scale data of human mobility from large online social networking platforms. By analyzing both the general characteristics of the collected data and conducting a case study in NYC, I confirmed that the data collecting system is a viable venue to collect empirical data for human mobility research. My second project examined human mobility patterns in NYC under the influence of Hurricane Sandy. Using the data collecting system developed in the first project, I collected 12 days of human mobility data from NYC. The data set contains movements during and several days after the strike of Hurricane Sandy. The results showed that human mobility was strongly perturbed


Namibia is the most arid country in Sub-Saharan Africa. In Windhoek, the capital city, accelerated population growth and expanding economic activities, coupled with highly variable rainfall and multiyear droughts, have jeopardized water security and put enormous stress on socioeconomic development. This paper offers a review of the 2015–2017 drought and the responses that were implemented during it, with a focus on engagement with the public, industries, and public institutions to achieve water-saving targets. It also considers how the use of the Windhoek Drought Response Plan during the 2015–2017 drought furthered preparedness efforts for future droughts. The assessment ends with a discussion of government responses, challenges faced, and lessons learned—lessons that can hopefully pave the way for more effective responses to future drought situations in the country.


An injectable collagen matrix gel containing the antimetabolite fluorouracil and the sympathicomimetic agent epinephrine with potential antineoplastic activity. After intratumoral injection, fluorouracil is converted into the active metabolite 5fluoroxyuridine monophosphate that competes with uracil during RNA synthesis while another active metabolite, 5-5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine-5'-O-monophosphate, inhibits thymidylate synthase and, so, DNA synthesis. Epinephrine, a potent vasoconstrictor, is added to the gel to enhance penetration of fluorouracil into tumor tissue and reduce dispersion to surrounding tissues, thus enhancing the local concentration of fluorouracil. Compared to systemic administration, the intratumoral injection of fluorouracil combined with epinephrine may increase fluorouracil's chemotherapeutic efficacy while minimizing systemic toxicity. Qeios · Definition, February 2, 2020


As part of the commodities boom that Latin America enjoyed in the first decade of the twenty-first century, Canadian investments in metal mining expanded there at an extraordinary pace, determined by a larger process of industrial consolidation and long-term Canadian government policies to support the internationalization of its industry. Their success in Latin America has now induced some observers to believe that Canada is a dominant actor in that region's mining sector, but the specialization of Canadian firms in precious metals, gold and silver, has set up clear boundaries to their regional relevance, rendering Canadian capital necessary but not an essential actor in the Latin American mining boom. In fact, such pattern of specialization has turned the expansion of Canadian mining capital into a significant exposure to Latin American politics that Ottawa's government and diplomacy can affect only marginally.


Research has suggested that personality traits are detectable purely from the linguistic features of social media posts (Park et al., 2014) and text messages (Hood, Silio, & Webb, 2015; Udry, Rhoades & Webb, 2016). However, there may be individual differences in the ability to detect and utilize these linguistic cues. One trait that has been associated with accurate personality perception in previous research is intelligence (Christiansen, Wolcott-Burnam, Janovics, Burns, & Quirk, 2005; Lippa & Dietz, 2000; Murphy & Hall, 2009; Realo et al., 2003; Taft, 1955). The current study recruited 15 targets and 406 raters to investigate whether the relationship between rater intelligence and accuracy would hold true within the context of personality perception from text messages. Targets provided self-reported personality information and text messages, while raters were asked to complete an other-reported personality measure based on the text message of a particular target and an intelligence measure. Raters' accuracy was assessed in terms of agreement with their assigned targets' self-reported personality. Results indicated that while raters were able to achieve some level of accuracy in terms of agreement with targets' traits, intelligence did not appear to be related to accurate personality perception in the context of text messages.


This paper presents an approach for the implementation of a modular and scalable power electronics device for controlling electric drives in the field of electric vehicles using wide bandgap semiconductor devices. The main idea is to achieve the required output currents or voltages by connecting adequately designed hardware modules in parallel or in series. This particular design is based on the fact that the single modules generate a continuous and specified output voltage from a given dc voltage, e.g. an intermediate circuit or battery voltage. The main benefit is, that different current or voltage requirements can be satisfied based on a single module thus decreasing development and production costs. The current paper focuses on the connection in parallel of such modules. A control architecture is illustrated and a first proof of concept is given.


Moderate and Radical Islamic Fundamentalism. The Quest for Modernity, Legitimacy, and the Islamic State, by Ahmad S. Moussalli. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 1999. 196 pages. Notes to p. 214. Bibl. to p. 242. Index to p. 249. $49.95. In this book, Ahmad Moussalli analyzes the political discourse of both radical and moderate Islamic fundamentalism, which he identifies as "fundamentalism" and "modernism," respectively. He focuses, especially, on Hasan al-Banna, Sayyid Qutb, and Hasan al-Turabi. Moussalli's main concern is not to draw a sharp boundary between a potentially democratic and an utterly undemocratic form of Islamist ideology. His main merit is to show what they have in common and where the delicate normative junctures are situated, which are determinant in their quest for modern and democratic legitimacy. Moussalli makes clear at the outset that Islamism cannot be reduced to "political Islam." The "Islamic state" itself is a means to the goal of establishing a moral society on the basis of divine shari'a. Politics plays a role from the moment Islamists recognize the failure of existing states Mites and ideologies. Here, the author, quite by virtue of his efforts at clarification, runs into a definitional ambiguity. Islamism appears nonpolitical if judged from the normative view of politics dear to Western liberalism; however, it is indeed political, to the extent that it develops a limited political theory finalized to the achievement of its normative goals. Even Hasan alBanna, the most outspoken advocate of an Islamic state in the Arab world, stated that Islam is more than politics, in that the former incorporates the latter (p. 109). One major entry point of Islamists into politics is "the state's denial of their activities to propagate their understanding of Islam" (p. 38). For Islamists, the Islamic state is the alternative stage (or perhaps the backstage) for the self-- empowerment of the individual Muslim and the community. In al-Turabi, one finds most clearly--and illustrated well by Moussalli--the primacy of the individual towards the community itself. Shari'a as Islamic normativity addresses first the individual being, then the community, and last the state. To see here an affinity with Western liberalism would be, however, a mistake. The analogy is more with Western republican (better than "communitarian," a very ambiguous label) views of the relationship between the individual and the community. In the final analysis, though clearly distinct, Western liberalism and Islamic fundamentalism can be compared on an issue that seems to be central for both: the issue of democracy. Here Moussalli is eager to show that, especially where Islamist authors have not been exposed to hard state repression (as in the case of Sayyid Qutb), they have been seriously concerned to reconstruct and legitimize democracy in Islamic terms: especially through linking shari'a with the consensual principle of shura (consultation), and freeing both from their traditionally being a domain of elite hermeneutics and elite decision-making. The Egyptian lawyer Muhammad Salim al-'Awwa, one leading personality belonging to the younger generation of moderate Islamists to which Moussalli, unfortunately, does not dedicate much attention, insists that "shari'a limits the powers of the state and frees society" (p. …


The project has created a design for a mobile service for personal Twelve Step work and situated Twelve Step work within the space of internet therapy and mobile services. The Twelve Step program helps addicts to recover from addiction and obsessive behavior, and their families to recover from the effects of living with an addict. Since recovery touches upon all aspects of life, mobile technology is a useful tool. The design presented below consists of three functions:

· compiling the daily rhythm – helping users reflect over their routines through data
collection and visualization,
· rolling the dice - helping users break out of negative thinking by suggesting activities,
· a gesture for letting go – helping users let go of issues they cannot handle.

They are grounded in interviews and literature and will be further tested in future projects. Here, they are described and their minimal technical requirements are listed.


Background The group originated from emerging themes taken from practice. Observations and feedback during individual sessions identified that some patients were experiencing difficulties in undertaking legacy work on their own. It was also noted that patients were being referred too late in their disease trajectory to commence this work. This coupled with the expansion of the service led to the development of the group in order to meet patient demand and need. Aims The group had three main aims: to facilitate discussions and understanding around death and dying; to ensure that patients had access to ideas and resources regarding leaving a legacy; to provide support from professionals alongside other group members. These aims tie in well with NCPC's initiative "Dying Matters". Approach The group meetings are held over a four week period, facilitated by a counsellor and a family support worker. Various creative mediums and ideas are introduced to the group. These take the form of memory boxes, ideas for storytelling and a range of audio products. Patients are encouraged to tell their life stories in their own way. Difficulties Some patients wanted to undertake legacy work immediately, whilst others needed time to reflect. This difficulty was overcome as some patients chose to make frequent switches from group to individual activity. Conclusion The idea of legacy work had never been undertaken before in a group setting. Anecdotal evidence suggests that patients engaged with this concept and commented that they could not have entered into this emotional work on their own. Patients reported that their experience had given them a valuable opportunity to engage in legacy work while being supported by staff and other patients. It was also noted that early intervention had given patients the time to undertake and engage with this work more fully.


Explains how traditional Cherokee women's roles were destabilized, modified, recovered, and in some ways strengthened during three periods of great turmoil.American Indian women have traditionally played vital roles in social hierarchies at the family, clan, and tribal levels. In the Cherokee Nation, specifically, women and men are considered equal contributors to the culture. With this study, however, we learn that three key historical events in the 19th and early 20th centuries removal, the Civil War, and allotment of their lands forced a radical renegotiation of gender roles and relations in Cherokee society. Carolyn Johnston (who is related to John Ross, principal chief of the Nation) looks at how Cherokee women navigated these crises in ways that allowed them to retain their traditional assumptions, ceremonies, and beliefs and to thereby preserve their culture. In the process, they both lost and retained power. The author sees a poignant irony in the fact that Europeans who encountered Native societies in which women had significant power attempted to transform them into patriarchal ones and that American women struggled for hundreds of years to achieve the kind of equality that Cherokee women had enjoyed for more than a millennium.Johnston examines the different aspects of Cherokee women's power: authority in the family unit and the community, economic independence, personal autonomy, political clout, and spirituality. Weaving a great-grandmother theme throughout the narrative, she begins with the protest of Cherokee women against removal and concludes with the recovery of the mother town of Kituwah and the elections of Wilma Mankiller and Joyce Dugan as principal chiefs of the Cherokee Nation and the Eastern Band of Cherokees."


In our network culture totally different and new spaces have developed. In cyberspace there are new forms of location-based communities. No communities based on membership, ideology or doctrine, but open spaces where people find each other in a shared interest: fluid communities, in jargon called 'affinity spaces'. Places where people are close to each other because of affinity. (translated from Post, 2018, p. 6)


Unmanned marine vehicles (UMVs), like their aerial cousins, the UAVs, are not easily classified under existing legal regimes. Even though unmanned, should these seagoing drones be treated as "vessels" under the Law of the Sea Convention articles on navigation rights and duties? Are they "vessels" under the Rules of the Road (i.e., the COLREGS)? If so, should they be accorded a maneuvering priority vis-a-vis other vessels? Are the differences between autonomous UMVs and the increasingly automated manned vessels all that great, that classification should turn on whether the vessel is manned rather than how navigation and collision avoidance decisions are made?


The direct analysis in the time domain of the fluctuations of a signal propagating in a fiber-optic link in the presence of an imperfect connector makes it possible to formalize in a simple manner the description of its statistical properties. This permits, in particular, the clarification of the role played by the various time scales involved in the problem (coherence time of the fiber-exciting source, fiber modal delay, detector response time, etc.) in evaluating the statistical averages. The formalism includes in a straightforward way the case of simultaneous excitation of the fiber by more than one source. This last circumstance is expedient for checking the beneficial effect on modal noise derived from exciting the fiber with N laser sources.


Rare-earth co-doped (Eu, Dy) SrAl4O7 (SA2ED) phosphor powders were synthesized by using a modified Pechini process. It has been noted that the addition of boron has two impacts on these phosphors—the persistence duration is extended, and the processing of phase pure powders is facilitated. Thus the objective of this thesis work is to investigate the effect of boron on SA2ED phosphors. Varying amounts of boron were incorporated into the SA2 lattice to investigate the effects on crystal structure and optical properties. X-ray diffraction spectra showed that boron addition enhances the phase purity of the powder at a calcination temperature of 1000 °C, whereas the formation of a new S4A7 phase was induced when a calcination temperature of 1100 °C was used. The afterglow duration was extended to longer than 5 hours when boron was present in 5-30 mol%. To elucidate the enhanced optical properties, interband trap characteristics were studied by thermoluminescence and photoluminescence. Moreover, to understand the structure-property relationship via investigating the electronic structure of the boron inside the crystal, ELNES studies were performed. With ELNES fingerprinting and quantitative analysis of the ELNES data, information on local bonding of boron and its effects on the crystal lattice were investigated.


The distinction between understanding persons as dividuals versus individuals began to develop in the latter half of the twentieth century. Originating in Louis Dumont's comparative work into the differences between Western and Indian subjects in the 1950s, it perhaps reached its zenith in the 1980s when Marilyn Strathern used it to differentiate between Melanesian and Western concepts of the person. By the end of the century, critique and reconceptualisation of the individual:dividual distinction was so well established in the anthropological literature that its explanatory capacity was largely negated. The aim of this paper is to attempt to clarify the different modes of personhood that the dividual:individual distinction sought to elucidate by introducing a useful distinction between the self and the human subject and further developing Charles Taylor's distinction between porous and buffered selves.


PESHEVA, M., O. KRASTANOVA, R. STAMENOVA, I. TODOROVA, R. SHOEVSKA, P. VENKOV and Tsv. TSVETKOV, 2008. The Ty1 transposition assay: a short – term test for selective detection of carcinogenic pollutants in environmental samples. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 14: 271-282 The Ty1 short-term test is based on induction the transposition of the oncogene-like Ty1 retrotransposon in a gene-engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae tester strain. Previous studies have evidenced the positive response of the test to a number of laboratory carcinogens, including such that are undetectable by the other short – term tests and the negative response of Ty1 test to mutagens without carcinogenic potential. In this communication we report the results from the application of Ty1 test to study soil, water and air environmental samples. The same samples were also chemically analyzed for mutagens, carcinogens, heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides and polychlorinated biphenols and the data compared to the responses of the Ty1 test. The Ty1 test was positive in concentration-dependent and kinetics experiments with all samples that contained carcinogens above the ecological standards and gave negative results with samples free of carcinogens, although some of them contained noncarcinogenic mutagens in high amounts. These results evidenced that the property of Ty1 test for selective detection of carcinogens, previously found in experiments with laboratory mutagens and carcinogens, can be extended to environmental studies. It is concluded that the usage of Ty1 test together with another short-term tests for environmental studies is advantageous and will give a more accurate picture of pollution with carcinogenic pollutants.


Kazakhstan is now widely regarded as a key player on world agricultural markets, with considerable export potential in the wheat, beef and dairy sectors. Based on unique farm-level data, we offer new insights into the constraints that hamper further economic growth and provide an assessment of the Kazakhstani government's agricultural development strategy. Most managers in the farm survey doubt that agricultural investments deliver a sufficiently reliable return required for credit funding and thus do not take loans. In the cattle sector, there are significant problems in year-round fodder supply. The value chains for beef and dairy are bifurcated into an import-dependent chain for industrially processed products serving urban consumers, and a local chain of raw products serving rural consumers and urban bazaars. The government's modernisation strategy focuses on providing subsidised capital, but underestimates the knowledge and incentive problems inherent to such measures. The government should rather provide impartial and reliable public services to the sector, ensuring that the weakest links in food chain development are identified and private entrepreneurs are incentivised to strengthen them. Our evidence suggests that a bundle of measures designed to improve the local institutional environment of agriculture is more important than massive state funding of certain production lines.


Symmetric positive defined (SPD) matrix has attracted increasing research focus in image/video analysis, which merits in capturing the Riemannian geometry in its structured 2D feature representation. However, computation in the vector space on SPD matrices cannot capture the geometric properties, which corrupts the classification performance. To this end, Riemannian based deep network has become a promising solution for SPD matrix classification, because of its excellence in performing non-linear learning over SPD matrix. Besides, Riemannian metric learning typically adopts a kNN classifier that cannot be extended to large-scale datasets, which limits its application in many time-efficient scenarios. In this paper, we propose a Bag-of-Matrix-Summarization (BoMS) method to be combined with Riemannian network, which handles the above issues towards highly efficient and scalable SPD feature representation. Our key innovation lies in the idea of summarizing data in a Riemannian geometric space instead of the vector space. First, the whole training set is compressed with a small number of matrix features to ensure high scalability. Second, given such a compressed set, a constant-length vector representation is extracted by efficiently measuring the distribution variations between the summarized data and the latent feature of the Riemannian network. Finally, the proposed BoMS descriptor is integrated into the Riemannian network, upon which the whole framework is end-to-end trained via matrix back-propagation. Experiments on four different classification tasks demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed method over the state-of-the-art methods.


—Preliminary results are presented from an assessment of phased tidal stream energy development in Naru Strait, Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan. Results from a validated 3D hydrodynamic model show that flow speeds exceed 3 m/s in depths ranging between 30 - 60 m within the strait. Tidal stream turbine energy yield is estimated across the strait using mid-depth ambient flow results from the model. Array scale blockage effects are limited by capping the practical array install capacity below levels shown to reduce turbine power generation in literature. Energy yield estimates are presented for a 45 MW array, built out in four phases. For each phase, rotor swept area and generator rated power are designed to maintain high capacity factor levels. Results show that the 45 MW array in Naru Strait generates an estimated yield of 119 GWh/year. This is equivalent to the average electricity demand of approximately 40,000 households in Japan.


Increased interest in more open approaches to learning, in particular Open Educational Resources is reflected in the programmes of international organisations, national initiatives and the actions of individual institutions. However, while some see OER as an indicator of the future of learning, others are much more sceptical and doubt their long-term success. This paper considers the vision of OER as part of future learning solutions in the society driven by technology and knowledge. Supported by an examination of specific national contexts and linked to research from relevant initiatives arguments in favour of using OER are outlined. These include their value in both developing and developed countries, and flexible ways of use in structured courses and in informal, learner-driven environments. This is balanced by highlighting concerns that relate mainly to current issues of certification, quality and intellectual property rights, but also potential problems such as the lack of instructor-learner interaction and the dominance of OER initiatives from English-speaking universities. The paper concludes that OER have an immense potential as long as the elements that contribute to their success are identified and harnessed, and barriers effectively dealt with.


Depth-related changes in population structure, biomass partitioning and photosynthesis were studied in populations of Cymodocea nodosa and Posidonia oceanica on the NE Spanish coast. The population structure of both species changed much more with depth than leaf morphology and physiology. Leaf biomass declined 5- to 7-fold along the depth gradient reducing self-shading within the canopy, whereas the leaf area per unit leaf biomass and the photosynthesis-light response varied less than 1.5-fold among depths. Moreover, C. nodosa developed a greater proportion of leaves relative to rhizomes and roots at greater depths, thereby promoting the balance between photosyn- thesis and respiration in the shoots. C. nodosa, being a potentially fast-growing species compared to P. oceanica, had higher maximum photosynthetic and respiration rates as well as light compensation points for photosynthesis. Photosynthetic efficiency at low light, however, was almost the same for the 2 species as suggested by the relatively small differences in mass-specific light absorption. Only C. nodosa acclimated physiologically to depth as light-use efficiency increased, and light compensation point declined significantly from shallow to deep water. P. oceanica, however, possessed low respira- tion rates and slightly lower light compensation points values than C. nodosa throughout the depth range. Shoot mortality and recruitment rates were unaffected by rooting depth. C. nodosa stand experienced fast shoot turnover compared to P. oceanica, and shoot longevity of the former species decreased significantly with depth, suggesting higher risk of patch mortality at the depth limit. In contrast, P. oceanica shoot longevity was highest at great depths. Overall, these species differences in leaf metabolism and shoot dynamics suggest that C. nodosa responds faster to changing light con- ditions, whereas P. oceanica is able to survive longer at low irradiance due to low growth and respi- ratory maintenance rates.


Current models for the assembly of Proterozoic Australia suggest that the North Australian craton (NAC), West Australian craton (WAC), and South Australian craton (SAC) had amalgamated by at least 1.6 Ga, with possible rafting and reattachment of the SAC by ca. 1.3 Ga. In this scenario, the younger (1.2–1.1 Ga) Grenvillian-aged Musgrave Province of central Australia, which separates all three cratons, has been considered postcollisional to intracratonic. However, new and recent U-Pb and Lu-Hf isotopic analyses of zircons from the Musgrave Province indicate continuous active-margin magmatic activity between 1.7 and 1.2 Ga. A distinctive inverted U-shaped pattern of the Hf array for this 500 m.y. period is evidence of part of a Proterozoic Wilson cycle, with subduction initiation at 1.7 Ga and eventual ocean closure by 1.2 Ga. We estimate that the cycle began at 2.2 Ga. Overlap of the Musgrave zircon age spectra and Hf isotopic array with the along-strike Albany-Fraser orogen (AFO) suggests derivation of the Musgrave Province from the WAC, not the NAC or SAC as previously thought. The Musgrave Province link to the WAC confirms that Australia did not assemble until at least early Grenvillian time (ca. 1.2 Ga). Moreover, because the SAC was part of the much larger Mawson continent, the 1.2 Ga collision was of transcontinental magnitude similar to that of the type-Grenville orogen in Laurentia. This favors an Australia-Mexico (AUSMEX) configuration at 1.2 Ga, rather than the southwestern United States and East Antarctica (SWEAT) or Proterozoic Australia–western United States (AUSWUS) models. The Musgrave-AFO marks a major, underestimated phase of Rodinian assembly.