Abstract Middle Neoproterozoic igneous rocks are widespread in South China, but their petrogenesis and tectonic implications are still highly controversial. The Guangfeng middle Neoproterozoic volcano-sedimentary succession was developed on a rare Sibaoan metamorphic basement (the Tianli Schists) in the southeastern Yangtze Block, South China. This paper reports geochronological, geochemical and Nd isotopic data for the volcanic rocks in this succession. The volcanic rocks consist of alkaline basalts, andesites and peraluminous rhyolites. SHRIMP U–Pb zircon age determinations indicate that they were erupted at 827±14 Ma, coeval with a widespread episode of anorogenic magmatism in South China. Despite showing Nb–Ta depletion relative to La and Th, the alkaline basalts are characterized by highly positive ɛNd(T) values (+3.1 to +6.0), relatively high TiO2 and Nb contents and high Zr/Y and super-chondritic Nb/Ta ratios, suggesting their derivation from a slab melt-metasomatized subcontinental lithospheric mantle source in an intracontinental rifting setting. The andesites have significantly negative ɛNd(T) values (−9.3 to −11.1) and a wide range of SiO2 contents (57.6–65.6%). They were likely generated by the mixing of fractionated basaltic melts with felsic melts derived from the Archaean metasedimentary rocks in the middle to lower crust. The rhyolites are highly siliceous and peraluminous. They are characterized by depletion in Nb, Ta, Sr, P and Ti and relatively high ɛNd(T) values (−3.0 to −4.8), broadly similar to those of the adjacent c. 820 Ma peraluminous granitoids derived from the Mesoproterozoic to earliest Neoproterozoic sedimentary source at relatively shallow levels. We conclude that the Guangfeng volcanic suite is a magmatic response of variant levels of continental lithosphere (including lithospheric mantle and the lower-middle to upper crust) to the middle Neoproterozoic intracontinental rifting possibly caused by mantle plume activity.


Megaprojects are often associated with poor delivery performance and poor benefits realization. This article provides a method of identifying, in a quantitative and rigorous manner, the characteristics related to project management success in megaprojects. It provides an investigation of how stakeholders can use this knowledge to ensure more effective design and delivery for megaprojects. The research is grounded in 44 mega-projects and a systematic, empirically based methodology that employs the Fisher's exact test and machine learning techniques to identify the correlation between megaprojects' characteristics and performance, paving the way to an understanding of their causation.


The normative practice in the history of science in the West is to start with the Greeks and then jump to the European Renaissance, both studied as a background for the emergence of modern science in the seventeenth century. More considerate works devote a few pages to the Islamic scientific tradition, as a harbinger of the Greek legacy. This practice, based on the nineteenth-century Orientalism, has seriously harmed the emergence of an accurate history of science in general and the nature of contributions made by the Islamic scientific tradition to science in particular. These accounts continue to produce a caricature of a tradition that lasted longer than the Greek and the modern scientific traditions. When placed in its own historical matrix, the nature of Islamic contributions to science is a totally different story.


1. Results in 80 patients with primary aldosteronism (70 with tumour, 10 with hyperplasia) who underwent stimulation and suppression tests were analysed to assess the usefulness of several screening techniques. 2. On normal dietary sodium, normokalaemia was found in 27.5% of patients; 12.5% remained so despite 3 days of salt loading. Suppressed plasma renin activity (PRA: less than 1.43 pmol/l after stimulated conditions) gave a false-negative rate of 36%. Thus sole reliance on either hypokalaemia (serum potassium less than 3.5 mmol/l) or suppressed PRA as primary screening tests would have overlooked about a third of the patients in this series. 3. The single best diagnostic test for primary aldosteronism was the measurement of aldosterone excretion rate after 3 days of salt loading. 4. An anomalous postural fall in plasma aldosterone concentration when present, coupled with adrenal venous sampling, provided the best indicators of the presence of an aldosterone-producing adenoma.


This paper discusses the findings of a small‐scale qualitative study exploring the aspirations and learning identities of three groups of Level 1 students in two English further education (FE) colleges. Emerging identities are explored in the context of classed and gendered dispositions and the educational positioning of the young people. Empirical sections show that the young people's lifestyle aspirations have a heavy celebrity influence and that their occupational aspirations have an unreal, dreamlike quality associated with a lack of awareness of the trajectories they would need to follow to achieve their ambitions. Further, the paper argues that whilst the young people are developing identities in which learning, leisure, work and domesticity are synonymous, leisure identities assume the greatest importance to them. The paper concludes that this aspect of their young lives is significant since it provides an 'escape' from the mundane drudgery of a low‐value vocational programme and the inevitability of a future engaged in low‐paid, low‐skillled work.


The knee joint is the most common joint affected by osteoarthritis (OA). The medial compartment of the knee is more commonly afflicted with OA than the lateral compartment. Lateral wedge insoles (LWI), a common treatment approach for the conservative management of medial compartment knee OA, have previously been considered effective in reducing external knee adduction moment (EKAM). LWI aim to shift a proportion of knee load from the medial compartment to the lateral compartment of the knee joint, providing some symptomatic relief. Foot posture may influence the efficacy of LWI in reducing the EKAM due to its effect on the dynamic function and mechanical alignment of the lower limbs. This thesis investigated the role of foot posture on the magnitude of EKAM and impact on the effectiveness of LWI for the treatment of medial compartment knee OA. Firstly, a repeatability trial was conducted to ensure investigator competency, and reliability of the methods and outcome measures utilised. Secondly, a trial using healthy subjects assessed rearfoot posture using the Foot Posture Index (FPI) to determine if a relationship existed between static foot posture and biomechanical rearfoot motion and their effects on EKAM when wearing LWI, to determine whether clinical foot parameters have a role in the magnitude of EKAM. The role of foot posture in response to LWI, the effects of foot posture on the efficacy of LWI, and effects and impact on EKAM in patients with medial compartment knee OA were assessed. No relationship was identified between clinical static foot posture, biomechanical rearfoot motion, and EKAM. However, a relationship existed between rearfoot motion and EKAM. Rearfoot range of motion can therefore predict the response to LWI. The thesis then examined research questions in regards to the collection of rearfoot motion using different methods (a heel cup cluster and a heel pin cluster) demonstrating that heel pin cluster marker sets are an acceptable method of determining rearfoot motion in barefoot and shod walking. Due to changes in walking speed with lateral wedge insoles the role of increased walking speed on the magnitude of EKAM when wearing LWI was assessed. Increasing walking speed with LWI reduced biomechanical response. The thesis has demonstrated a further understanding of foot posture and ankle motion in healthy subjects and in individuals with medial compartment knee OA. Further clinical studies investigating the role of rearfoot motion and biomechanical response to lateral wedge insoles are indicated.


Results are presented for an extraction of the top quark Yukawa coupling from top quark-antiquark (t (t) over bar) kinematic distributions in the lepton plus jets final state in proton-proton collisions, based on data collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC at root s = 13 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.8 fb(-1). Corrections from weak boson exchange, including Higgs bosons, between the top quarks can produce large distortions of differential distributions near the energy threshold of t (t) over bar production. Therefore, precise measurements of these distributions are sensitive to the Yukawa coupling. Top quark events are reconstructed with at least three jets in the final state, and a novel technique is introduced to reconstruct the t (t) over bar system for events with one missing jet. This technique enhances the experimental sensitivity in the low invariant mass region, M-t (t) over bar. The data yields in M-t (t) over bar, the rapidity difference vertical bar y(t) - y((t) over bar)vertical bar, and the number of reconstructed jets are compared with distributions representing different Yukawa couplings. These comparisons are used to measure the ratio of the top quark Yukawa coupling to its standard model predicted value to be 1.07(-0.43)(+0.34) with an upper limit of 1.67 at the 95% confidence level.


Age, growth, and food habits of the population of Micropterus salrnoides (largemouth bass) in Westhampton Lake were studied from September to November, 1978. Two year classes (0 and I) were identified by determining numbers of annuli on the scales of the fish. Growth data indicated that the bass attain a size of 254 mm (10 in.) near the end of their second summer. The length-weight relationship was log W = -4.6829 + 2.9153 log TL. The Fulton condition factor for the population was 1.40. Food habits were described by numerical and frequency of occurrence methods. Young of the year sunfish were the primary forage for the bass (range 105 to 269 mm). Values attained for growth and condition factors were intermediate to similar values for largemouth bass populations from northern and southern states, indicating Westhampton Lake is a favorable largemouth


In this paper we show how the High Level Synthesis (HLS) tool can efficiently be used for DSP ASIC development. The performance of general HLS tool is improved with simple transformations and code optimizations, and a direct mapping to technology optimized parameterizable ASIC Register Transfer Level (RTL) library. The library mapping contains three phases: a structure recognition, an architecture selection and a parameter optimization. As an optimization framework SYNT, Synopsys and Matlab design environments are integrated. Lsi10k and Xilinx 4000 series are used as target technologies to demonstrate the performance of the approach.


In embedded real-time communication and multimedia processing applications, the manipulation of large amounts of data has a major effect on both power consumption and performance of the system. Due to the significant amount of data transfers between the processing units and the large and energy consuming off-chip memories, these applications are often called data-dominated or data-intensive. Providing sufficient bandwidth to sustain fast and energy-efficient program execution is a challenge for system designers: due to the growing gap of speed between processors and memories, the performance of the whole VLSI system will mainly depend on the memory subsystem, when memory is unable to provide data and instructions at the pace required by the processor. This effect is, sometimes, referred in the literature as the memory wall problem. At system level, the power cost can be reduced by introducing an optimized custom memory hierarchy that exploits the temporal data locality. Hierarchical memory organizations reduce energy consumption by exploiting the non-uniformity of memory accesses: the reduction can be achieved by assigning the frequently-accessed data to low hierarchy levels, a problem being how to optimally assign the data to the memory layers. This hierarchical assignment diminishes the dynamic energy consumption of the memory subsystem - which expands due to memory accesses. Moreover, it diminishes the static energy consumption as well, since this decreases monotonically with the memory size. Moreover, within a given memory hierarchy level, power can be reduced by memory banking - whose principle is to divide the address space in several smaller blocks, and to map these blocks to physical memory banks that can be independently enabled and disabled. Memory partitioning is also a performance-oriented optimization strategy, because of the reduced latency due to accessing smaller memory blocks. Arbitrarily fine partitioning is prevented since an excessively large number of small banks is area inefficient, imposing a severe wiring overhead -- which increases communication power and decreases performance. This presentation will introduce an electronic design automation (EDA) methodology for the design of hierarchical memory architectures in embedded data-intensive applications, mainly in the area of multidimensional signal processing. The input of this memory management framework is the behavioral specifications of the applications, that are assumed to be procedural and affine. Figure 1 shows an illustrative example of behavioral specification with 6 nested loops. This framework employs a formal model operating with integral polyhedra, using techniques specific to the data-dependence analysis employed in modern compilers. Different from previous works, three optimization problems - the data assignment to the memory layers (on-chip scratch-pad memory and off-chip DRAM), the mapping of multidimensional signals to the physical memories, and the banking of the on-chip memory (see Figure 2) - are addressed in a consistent way, based on the same formal model. The main design target is the reduction of the static and dynamic energy consumption in the memory subsystem, but the same formal model and algorithmic principles can be applied for the reduction of the overall time of access to memories, or combinations of these design goals.


This paper shows that the stylized fact of average mutual fund underperformance documented in the literature stems from expansion periods when funds have statistically significant negative risk-adjusted performance and not recession periods when risk-adjusted fund performance is positive. These results imply that traditional unconditional performance measures understate the value added by active mutual fund managers in recessions, when investors' marginal utility of wealth is high. The risk-adjusted performance (or alpha) difference between recession and expansion periods is statistically and economically significant at 3% to 5% per year. Our findings are based on a novel multi-variate conditional regime-switching performance methodology used to carry out one of the most comprehensive examinations of the performance of US domestic equity mutual funds in recessions and expansions from 1962 to 2005. The findings are robust to the choice of the factor model (including bond and liquidity factor extensions), the use of NBER business cycle dates, fund load, turnover, expenses and percentage of equity holdings.


The governance of information technology (IT) service provision entails all those
elements of the structure and process of contracting and organisation that are
necessary in order to deliver effective and efficient IT services within today's
organisations. This thesis develops a framework integrating those elements of
governance with a view to explaining actual governance structures and to guiding
relevant decisions in practice.
Until the late 1980s, the principal concerns with respect to the organisation of IT
activities revolved around the issues of centralisation versus decentralisation and
end-user computing versus specialist control. Whilst contracts for various systems
and services have always been a significant part of the IT department's activity, the
issue of structuring such contracts took a prominent position on the management
agenda in the beginning of 1990s with the proliferation of large contracts of the
'total outsourcing' kind. IT outsourcing rekindled interest in and reshaped the
agenda of the organisation of IT provision. The debate on IT outsourcing provided
the motivation and the starting point of this thesis.
Thus, chapter 1 reviews this debate and, following on the opinion of others, recasts
the question of 'whether to outsource or not' as 'how to set up the governance (i. e.
the structure and process of contracting and organisation) of IT service provision'.
In order to shed some light on the elements of governance, chapter 2 turns on a
range of economic theories of the firm. These theories are critically reviewed and
some preliminary suggestions as to how they might inform the governance of IT are
put forth. The chapter concludes by setting the theoretical foundations for the rest
of the thesis. The notion of a governance continuum between the ideal pure market
and the ideal pure hierarchy is introduced. Actual governance structures, it is
argued, can be placed on this continuum as individual instances.
Before advancing onto more substantive work, chapter 3 pauses to reflect on the
epistemological basis of this research project. The main principles of the
epistemological position adopted here are taken from the philosophical arguments of transcendental realism. The implications of this epistemological position for the
empirical methods and the theoretical claims made in this thesis are also examined.
Chapter 4 documents an intensive case study at British Petroleum Plc. The purpose
of this case study was to draw lessons from practice and to assess the relevance of
the theories of chapter 2. This case study was an interactive learning process
through which the researcher sought access to management practice in order to
assess economic theories, while the managers at BP sought a broader understanding
of IT outsourcing. The outcome of this interaction was the S-CAGE framework
which coupled theoretical insights with practical relevance.
The S-CAGE (Service Clustering And Governance Establishment) framework is
described in detail in chapter 5. It is put forth as both an explanatory and a
normative account of the governance of IT service provision. It is based on the
notion of governance continuum, it introduces the idea of grouping services into
clusters and it provides a classification of the elements of governance that should be
customised to the characteristics of each cluster of services.
Chapter 6 presents two further case studies aimed at evaluating the usefulness of SCAGE
in understanding and explaining alternative outsourcing practices. ICI and
Anglian Water have been visited for this purpose. On the basis of these cases, the
concluding chapter summarises the strengths and limitations of the proposed
framework. An attempt is also made to set forth some preliminary theoretical ideas
extending the notions of clustering and governance continuum. The thesis
concludes with a final short illustration of the use of the S-CAGE framework.


BACKGROUND
Anxiety disorders are the most common mental health problems. They are chronic and unremitting. Effective treatments are available, but access to services is limited. Media-delivered behavioural and cognitive behavioural interventions (self-help) aim to deliver treatment with less input from professionals compared with traditional therapies.

OBJECTIVES
To assess the effects of media-delivered behavioural and cognitive behavioural therapies for anxiety disorders in adults.

SEARCH METHODS
Published and unpublished studies were considered without restriction by language or date. The Cochrane Depression, Anxiety and Neurosis Review Group's Specialized Register (CCDANCTR) was searched all years to 1 January 2013. The CCDANCTR includes relevant randomised controlled trials from the following bibliographic databases: The Cochrane Library (all years), EMBASE (1974 to date), MEDLINE (1950 to date) and PsycINFO (1967 to date). Complementary searches were carried out on Ovid MEDLINE (1950 to 23 February 2013) and PsycINFO (1987 to February, Week 2, 2013), together with International trial registries (the trials portal of the World Health Organization (ICTRP) and ClinicalTrials.gov). Reference lists from previous meta-analyses and reports of randomised controlled trials were checked, and authors were contacted for unpublished data.

SELECTION CRITERIA
Randomised controlled trials of media-delivered behavioural or cognitive behavioural therapy in adults with anxiety disorders (other than post-traumatic stress disorder) compared with no intervention (including attention/relaxation controls) or compared with face-to-face therapy.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Both review authors independently screened titles and abstracts. Study characteristics and outcomes were extracted in duplicate. Outcomes were combined using random-effects models, and tests for heterogeneity and for small study bias were conducted. We examined subgroup differences by type of disorder, type of intervention provided, type of media, and recruitment methods used.

MAIN RESULTS
One hundred and one studies with 8403 participants were included; 92 studies were included in the quantitative synthesis. These trials compared several types of media-delivered interventions (with varying levels of support) with no treatment and with face-to-face interventions. Inconsistency and risk of bias reduced our confidence in the overall results. For the primary outcome of symptoms of anxiety, moderate-quality evidence showed medium effects compared with no intervention (standardised mean difference (SMD) 0.67, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.55 to 0.80; 72 studies, 4537 participants), and low-quality evidence of small effects favoured face-to-face therapy (SMD -0.23, 95% CI -0.36 to -0.09; 24 studies, 1360 participants). The intervention was associated with greater response than was seen with no treatment (risk ratio (RR) 2.34, 95% CI 1.81 to 3.03; 21 studies, 1547 participants) and was not significantly inferior to face-to-face therapy in these studies (RR 0.78, 95 % CI 0.56 to 1.09; 10 studies, 575 participants), but the latter comparison included versions of therapies that were not as comprehensive as those provided in routine clinical practice. Evidence suggested benefit for secondary outcome measures (depression, mental-health related disability, quality of life and dropout), but this evidence was of low to moderate quality. Evidence regarding harm was lacking.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
Self-help may be useful for people who are not able or are not willing to use other services for people with anxiety disorders; for people who can access it, face-to-face cognitive behavioural therapy is probably clinically superior. Economic analyses were beyond the scope of this review.Important heterogeneity was noted across trials. Recent interventions for specific problems that incorporate clinician support may be more effective than transdiagnostic interventions (i.e. interventions for multiple disorders) provided with no guidance, but these issues are confounded in the available trials.Although many small trials have been conducted, the generalisability of their findings is limited. Most interventions tested are not available to consumers. Self-help has been recommended as the first step in the treatment of some anxiety disorders, but the short-term and long-term effectiveness of media-delivered interventions has not been established. Large, pragmatic trials are needed to evaluate and to maximise the benefits of self-help interventions.


Generally, pain can be described as an unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with tissue damage. Chronic pain has become a public health problem because among 35 and 75% of the world population has shown the symptom. In particular, neuropathic pain has shown high comorbidity disorders such as anxiety and depression. Conventional therapies for treating pain include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, tricyclic antidepressants, anticonvulsants, and opioids, which usually cause some side effects such as gastritis, headache, liver and kidney toxicity, and drug dependence. Conventional pharmaceuticals also tend to be expensive, and they cannot be easily afforded in developing countries, which have led to the use of natural products as an alternative treatment. In this chapter, we reviewed the current research of natural products for pain treatment. We also describe preclinical studies that assess the effect of some natural products on pain therapy, phytochemistry research, toxicity, adverse effects, and biosecurity. We also describe how conventional pain is managed and the possible use of compounds obtained from vegetable species for pain treatment.


Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common female endocrine disorder that affects 6-15% of the female population. It is a very complex syndrome that involves the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, the ovaries, the adrenal gland and the peripheral adipose tissue that together contribute to create a generally imbalance, associated with three characteristic symptoms: oligo-anovulation, hirsutism and infertility. PCOS has been studied over a prolonged period of time and yet is still not fully understood. In 2003, in Rotterdam, the European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE) together with the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM), drafted a consensus document that, gathering the conclusions discussed and compared of various experts works, established a worldwide standard diagnostic criteria for the Polycystic ovary syndrome. Since then, other workshops focused on summarizing know-hows on PCOS by identifying gaps in various aspects. Most symptoms of PCOS first appear in adolescence, around the start of menstruation. However, some women do not develop symptoms until early to mid-20's. Although PCOS presents early in life, it persists through and beyond the reproductive years. This manuscript focuses on summarizing the current knowledge on PCOS, underlying features, diagnosis and treatment.


The role of nonprofit organizations is evolving. The goal and mission of the National Pancreas Foundation (NPF) has been to improve the life of the patient with pancreatic diseases. For the past twenty years, the NPF has been working to accomplish this goal through a variety of programs and strategies.


We present Stable View Synthesis (SVS). Given a set of source images depicting a scene from freely distributed viewpoints, SVS synthesizes new views of the scene. The method operates on a geometric scaffold computed via structure-from-motion and multi-view stereo. Each point on this 3D scaffold is associated with view rays and corresponding feature vectors that encode the appearance of this point in the input images. The core of SVS is view-dependent on-surface feature aggregation, in which directional feature vectors at each 3D point are processed to produce a new feature vector for a ray that maps this point into the new target view. The target view is then rendered by a convolutional network from a tensor of features synthesized in this way for all pixels. The method is composed of differentiable modules and is trained end-to-end. It supports spatially-varying view-dependent importance weighting and feature transformation of source images at each point; spatial and temporal stability due to the smooth dependence of on-surface feature aggregation on the target view; and synthesis of view-dependent effects such as specular reflection. Experimental results demonstrate that SVS outperforms state-of-the-art view synthesis methods both quantitatively and qualitatively on three diverse real-world datasets, achieving unprecedented levels of realism in free-viewpoint video of challenging large-scale scenes. Code is available at https://github.com/intel-isl/StableViewSynthesis


The recently passed (and awaiting presidential signature) Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002 includes many changes in current farm programs. The farm bill is expected to have a large impact on Texas producers' bottom lines. This report provides estimates of the impacts of the farm bill on Texas crop producers for the 2002-2003 crop year. These results should be considered preliminary. A full, in-depth study of the 2002 FSRIA is underway at this time. Results of that study should be available by early June. Producer returns are presented as coupled and decoupled returns. Coupled returns include market receipts and government payments in the form of loan deficiency payments or marketing loan gains. They are termed coupled because they are received for current production. Decoupled returns include counter-cyclical payments and direct (fixed or AMTA) payments. Producers are eligible for these payments regardless of whether they produce or not.


In the future we will rely on applications built on top of the Internet of Things (IoT). Example applications are smart cities, smart grids and smart healthcare. These IoT applications require a reliable service with predictable quality, and that sensor data and actuator commands are delivered reliably and timely. Unfortunately, IoT performance is highly affected by environmental conditions, especially by ambient temperature. It is therefore necessary to configure an IoT system such that sufficient application performance is provided under all environmental conditions that may be encountered.

In this demonstration, we show how ambient temperature affects the performance of an IoT application. Specifically, we connect remotely to a large-scale temperature-controlled testbed and show how temperature affects the operation of a state-of-the- art routing protocol. Using a local setup, we further demonstrate how the impact of temperature on communication links can be easily captured and modelled in order to inform the design of communication protocols robust to high temperature fluctuations.


This article aims to demonstrate that a greater understanding of communication in the 21st century is essential to more effective counterterrorism. In fact, while "strategic communication" and "narratives" are advocated by many analysts as essential weapons in countering extremism, few seem to truly understand the reality of the digital-age information environment where such tools need to be deployed. To contribute to bridging this gap, the article outlines some problematic misunderstandings of the contemporary information environment, provides an alternative communication-based framework to explain radicalization, and draws some counterintuitive lessons for tackling terrorism.


Continual growth in the biopharmaceutical industry in recombinant protein production has resulted in an ever increasing demand for optimised production processes, particularly in the area of upstream mammalian cell culture bioprocessing. The inefficient energy demands of mammalian cells in culture persists as a limiting factor for optimisation of cell culture processes. The Process Analytical Technology (PAT) framework initiative, put forward by the FDA in 2001, outlines measures for the strict monitoring and control of critical process parameters (CPP-s) affecting cell growth, productivity and product quality.

The identification of CPP-s affecting protein quality (namely glycosylation and/or aggregation) has never been more important in seeking recombinant protein drug approval. A project was designed aimed at addressing the issue of CPP identification in high density CHO cell cultures producing the recombinant protein IgG1. Initial studies identified the importance of L-glutamine for cell growth and productivity, but also for increased complexity of the glycoform on the IgG1 protein. This was identified by comparing cultures containing 4 mM L-Glutamine to cultures containing 0 and 4 mM L-glutamate. Interestingly this study also identified that the impact of the by-product ammonia on recombinant protein quality may be over-estimated by investigating such effects through the incorporation of high initial ammonia concentrations (~15 mM).

In addressing the title of the project, encapsulation as a mode of cultivation for suspension adapted mammalian cells was also investigated, with significantly increased yields in cell (3.7-fold) and product titres being achieved for batch encapsulated cultures in comparison to suspension cultures. Research to date has failed to identify if encapsulation may have implications on protein quality. Initial studies identified that the quality of the protein harvested at the end of the stationary growth period in both batch and suspension cultures was relatively similar. In order to further increase the maximum cell yields and product titres obtained in an encapsulated culture, a control-fed perfusion strategy was designed and applied to the encapsulated cells. Further increased cell yields, 10-fold higher than that which was achieved in a suspension batch cultures were noted. The volumetric titre of recombinant protein in the control-fed perfusion cultures was determined to be ~2.65- fold higher than that achieved in the batch encapsulated cultures. The rIgG1 had a higher degree of complexity at the end of the extended growth period in the control-fed perfusion culture in comparison to batch encapsulated cultures. The importance of monitoring cell viability and optimising the rate of perfusion was noted by the occurrence of a decrease in glycan complexity, associated with the accumulation of dead cells and glycosidase release.


The teratogenic effect of audiovisual and immobilization stress was studied in rats. Groups of 15 animals were subjected from the 9th to the 12th day of pregnancy to one or the other of these types of stress or to stress combined with administration of vitamin A. It was shown that the stresses alone had no effect on congenital malformations. Immobilization stress seemed to potentiate the teratogenic effect of vitamin A.


The depth to the upper surface of an ideal South Pacific oceanic lithosphere is calculated by applying a well-known thermal subsidence equation to a grid of ocean floor ages that is generated from published isochrons interpreted from magnetic and gravity anomaly data. When these depths are removed from observed bathymetry, a grid of residual bathymetry results, which at long wavelengths can be related to the presence of seafloor sediments. By employing the concept of an isostatic correction for sedimentary loads, which describes the depth difference between observed bathymetry of a sedimented ocean and the thermal subsidence surface, it is possible to model sediment thickness using the residual bathymetric anomaly. From forward considerations, the calculated sediment thicknesses are assessed to be significant at amplitudes of 5001000 metres and more. Local flexural effects, abyssal hill topography, and seamount volcanism are likely to give rise to much larger uncertainty at short and medium wavelengths. At the West Antarctic margin, sediment volumes estimated in this way are larger than those based on isopachs constructed from seismic data, which might be underestimated by extrapolation into poorly sampled ice-covered waters.


BACKGROUND
Dramatic growth of meningiomas is occasionally encountered during pregnancy. While cell proliferation is often assumed, hemodynamic changes have also been touted as a cause.

OBJECTIVE
We identified 17 meningiomas resected during pregnancy or within 3 weeks post-partum and characterized them to determine the cause of occasional rapid growth in pregnancy.

METHODS
Seventeen tumors were identified from searches at 4 university centers. All available clinical records, radiology images, and tissue specimens were reviewed, with immunohistochemical studies performed as needed.

RESULTS
Sixteen patients underwent tumor resection and 1 died of complications prior to surgery. Average patient age was 32 years. Nine experienced onset of symptoms in the third trimester or within 8 days post-partum. Principle physical findings included visual complaints (59%) and cranial nerve palsies (29%). Ten tumors (59%) were located in the skull base region. The Ki-67 labeling index was low (0.5-3.6%) in 11 of 13 benign (grade I) tumors and elevated (11-23.2%) in 3 of 4 atypical (grade II) meningiomas. Eight (50%) tumors featured hypervascularity with at least focal CD34-positive hemangioma-like microvasculature. Fourteen (82%) showed evidence of intra- and/or extracellular edema, 1 so extensive that its meningothelial nature was not apparent. Five tumors (29%) exhibited intratumoral hemorrhage and/or necrosis.

CONCLUSION
Our series suggests that pregnancy-associated meningiomas located in the skull base are likely to require surgical intervention for visual complaints and cranial nerve palsies. The rapid tumor growth is more often due to potentially reversible hemodynamic changes rather than hormone-induced cellular proliferation.


The mountain pine beetle has wreaked havoc in North America, across forests from the American Southwest to British Columbia and Alberta, with the potential to spread all the way to the Atlantic coast. Millions of acres of forest have been lost, with severe economic and ecological impacts from a beetle outbreak ten times larger than previous outbreaks. Because of its importance and impact on forestry, the mountain pine beetle's genome has been recently sequenced. Using this new resource, authors Janes et al. (2014) examined how the pine beetle could undergo such rapid habitat range expansion and whether population genetics and the cataloguing of genome wide mutations could shed any light on possible molecular causes of the outbreak. From beetles collected at 27 sites in Alberta and British Columbia, they looked for any patterns among their catalog of 1,536 mutations (single-nucleotide polymorphisms). They found several candidate genetic markers and conclude that the mountain pine beetle may have been able to spread by adjusting its cellular and metabolic functions to better withstand cooler climates and facilitate a larger geographic dispersal area. Such information could give important new clues for the forestry industry to help curb the current devastation of North American forests from this pest.


Hugh Esmor Huxley devoted his life to understanding how muscles contract. He was born in Birkenhead and entered Christ's College, Cambridge, in 1941 to study Physics. Joining the RAF in 1943 as an Acting Pilot Officer, he later moved to the Malvern Telecommunications Research Establishment where his pioneering work on developing H2S Mk IVA airborne radar over two years to 1947 led to his being elected a Member of the Order of the British Empire in 1948 while still an undergraduate. He started X-ray research on living muscle with Sir John Kendrew at the Medical Research Council Unit in the Cavendish Laboratory and showed that skeletal muscle is made of a hexagonal array of thick and thin filaments. In 1952 he moved to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) to study muscle ultrastructure by electron microscopy, where he was joined by Jean Hanson, and in 1954 they published the sliding filament hypothesis (7)†. Back in London he produced ultra-thin sections of muscle barely 150 Å thick, which showed cross-bridges between the filaments, and in 1960 was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. His research at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology from 1962 led to his proposal of the swinging cross-bridge model. His ambition of studying cross-bridge movement in living muscle by X-ray diffraction in the millisecond time range required ever stronger X-ray sources and more sensitive detectors. The development in the 1970s of beam lines from synchrotron radiation opened a new perspective that fascinated him for the rest of his working life. From his last work at Argonne National Laboratory with Massimo Reconditi, Hugh finally convinced himself that he had incontrovertible evidence for the tilting lever-arm model.


In general drought in Indonesia can be predicted from intensities of El Nino that can be defined by using time series of sea surface anomaly on Pacific Ocean (SSTA 3.4). It can be shown that when El Nino with strong intensities occur then more than 65% regions in Indonesia the precipitations are below normal (drought in Indonesia). The correlation between strong El Nino intensities and percentages of regions in Indonesia with precipitations below normal are high, but when the intensities are weak the correlations are low. In this case other phenomena such as on Indian Ocean Dipole Mode (IOD) can contribute to drought in Indonesia. Clustering of climatic regions in Indonesia based on monthly rainfall pattern using fuzzy set, fuzzy relations or Kohonen's neural network will help to clarify drought on these regions. It can be shown that climatic regions in Indonesia can be clustered based on monthly rainfall patterns that are strongly influence by Australian monsoon which is known as North Australia Indonesian Monsoon (NAIM) and Maritime Continent (MC) which has equatorial precipitation characteristic. The climatic clustering is based on the ground that ENSO and IOD are regional atmospheric dynamic so the clustering should be based on average monthly pattern or geopotential height. The east MC and NAIM will be influence strongly by ENSO and the western MC especially south Sumatra and west Java is influence also by IOD.


In this essay, we make an initial exploration about the process of peace propagation in a small community by describing the dynamics of people existing in different states of consciousness and interacting in a set of encounters that are conjectured to provide the necessary elements in order to make a transition from one state of consciousness to another. This process describes ways of existing and acting in the world which human beings traverse in order to achieve inner peace and affect others to support the propagation of such peace within the community [1, 2] towards the development of a large-scale, trans-generational Peace Propagation Model for the Exploration and Understanding of Global Peace [3].


The qualification "parochial science" proposed by Professor M.W. Grabski in "Nauka" 3/2010, is verified on a selected area of applied science: building and engineering materials. Analyzing the production of a few main world publishers and of the five leading international journals the percentages of the authors from Poland are determined. They are very low taking into account all other possible measures that may characterize Poland. On that basis, the conclusion is proposed that the term "parochial" is fully justified, at least with respect to that scientific area, very probably also to many others. A few main causes of this situation are briefly mentioned.


A new method of approximating a high-order system by a lowerorder model in the frequency domain is developed. A reduced-order model of a transfer function obtained by the new method is compared with a reduced-order model obtained by another existing method to illustrate the power of the technique. Furthermore the approximant constructed by this new method is used to design a control system, which is applicable to the plant, to show its usefulness. The thesis also suggests some mathematical criteria for selecting the order of the approximant. This technique is particularly attractive because of its simplic ity and versatility. Furthermore, it is applicable to a large group of practical Single Input-Single Output systems' transfer functions.


Computer systems cannot improve organizational performance if they aren't used. Unfortunately, resistance to end-user systems by managers and professionals is a widespread problem. To better predict, explain, and increase user acceptance, we need to better understand why people accept or reject computers. This research addresses the ability to predict peoples' computer acceptance from a measure of their intentions, and the ability to explain their intentions in terms of their attitudes, subjective norms, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and related variables. In a longitudinal study of 107 users, intentions to use a specific system, measured after a one-hour introduction to the system, were correlated 0.35 with system use 14 weeks later. The intention-usage correlation was 0.63 at the end of this time period. Perceived usefulness strongly influenced peoples' intentions, explaining more than half of the variance in intentions at the end of 14 weeks. Perceived ease of use had a small but significant effect on intentions as well, although this effect subsided over time. Attitudes only partially mediated the effects of these beliefs on intentions. Subjective norms had no effect on intentions. These results suggest the possibility of simple but powerful models of the determinants of user acceptance, with practical value for evaluating systems and guiding managerial interventions aimed at reducing the problem of underutilized computer technology.


In this forum we highlight innovative thought, design, and research in the area of interaction design and sustainability, illustrating the diversity of approaches across HCI communities. --- Lisa Nathan and Samuel Mann, Editors


In cognitive linguistics, metonymy is seen as a fundamental cognitive process where one conceptual entity affords access to another closely associated one. Cases of vertical polysemy have also often been treated as instances of metonymy (see e.g. Radden and Kovecses, 1999). In vertical polysemy a lexical form designates two or more senses that are in a relationship of categorial inclusion – e.g. dog 'canine', 'male canine'.

In this paper I present an account of cases of vertical polysemy from the point of view of domain-based encyclopaedic semantics as described in Langacker (1987). I claim that the domain configurations which underlie the broader and narrower meanings of vertical polysemes are very different from those involved in cases of metonymy. Croft (1993) argues that from a Langackerian viewpoint, metonymy involves a shift in the salience of two domains that form parts of a domain matrix against which a given concept is profiled. In cases of vertical polysemy, on the other hand, the relationship between the broader and narrower meanings may be effected in a number of different ways, none of which involve the kind of domain configurations found in metonymy. For example, the narrower 'male canine' sense of dog makes reference to an additional domain of SEX, a domain which is not an essential part of the domain structure of the broader 'canine' meaning.


The relative abundance and size distributions of juvenile winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus, were compared in two areas; an anthropogenically altered marina basin and a natural intertidal flat habitat. Winter flounder were sampled from March through November 1990–95 with a 1.0 m beam trawl. No significant difference was observed in catch-per-unit-effort between areas but significant differences were found between seasons. Relative abundance (number of flounder/ m2) increased from spring (0.007 marina and 0.011 intertidal flats) to summer (0.059 marina and 0.051 intertidal flats) and then declined slightly in the autumn (0.047 marina and 0.027 intertidal flats). Relative abundance was similar between areas from 1990–95 but differed between years. Length frequency distributions of winter flounder were similar between areas for all seasons but mean sizes were statistically different in summer. These results suggest that juvenile winter flounder are equally abundant in both natural intertidal habitats and marina basins, indicating that both could serve as nursery areas. However, more specific research is required to resolve the relative importance of marinas and the factors involved in utilization of each habitat.


The reservoir sedimentology and depositional environment of the Lower Cretaceous Alam El Bueib Formation in the Betty-1 well, Shoushan Basin, were investigated by studying lithofacies, petrography, and calcareous nannofossils. The sedimentary lithofacies indicate a fluvial to shallow-marine depositional environment. We have lithologically identified and described five lithofacies assemblages (massive-sandstone facies; cherty massive-sandstone facies; argillaceous-sandstone facies; heterolithic, laminated sandstone/shale facies; and sandy/silty–shale facies); we have petrographically identified and described seven microfacies (laminated claystone and siltstone; ferruginous quartz–arenite; feldspathic ferruginous quartz–wacke; quartz–arenite; anhydritic quartz–arenite; biomicrite; and sandy-limestone microfacies). Calcareous nannofossils were used to determine the age of the investigated deposits. The calcareous-nannofossil species led to the recognition of two nannofossil zones of the Early Cretaceous (Nannoconus bermudezi zone of the Hauterivian and Nannoconus colomi zone of the Barremian). The studied sandstone reservoirs can be classified as compositionally immature feldspathic arenite and wacke. The main diagenetic minerals of the sandstones include authigenetic clay minerals, calcite cement, quartz overgrowth, and later ferroan carbonate. Wide porosity variations in sandstones correlate with an abundance of grain-coating clays and consequent inhibition of quartz cementation. Secondary porosity has been created mainly by feldspar, rock-fragment dissolution, and clay-matrix dissolution.


High performance computing with thousands of cores relies on distributed memory due to memory consistency reasons. The resource management on such systems usually relies on static assignment of resources at the start of each application. Such a static scheduling is incapable of starting applications with required resources being used by others since a reduction of resources assigned to applications without stopping them is not possible. This lack of dynamic adaptive scheduling leads to idling resources until the remaining amount of requested resources gets available. Additionally, applications with changing resource requirements lead to idling or less efficiently used resources. The invasive computing paradigm suggests dynamic resource scheduling and applications able to dynamically adapt to changing resource requirements.
 As a case study, we developed an invasive resource manager as well as a multigrid with dynamically changing resource demands. Such a multigrid has changing scalability behavior during its execution and requires data migration upon reallocation due to distributed memory systems.
 To counteract the additional complexity introduced by the additional interfaces, e. g. for data migration, we use the X10 programming language for improved programmability. Our results show improved application throughput and the dynamic adaptivity. In addition, we show our extension for the distributed arrays of X10 to support data migration.


[1] Direct and semidirect radiative effects of biomass burning aerosols from southern African fires during July–October are investigated using 20 year runs of the Community Atmospheric Model (CAM) coupled to a slab ocean model. Aerosol optical depth is constrained using observations in clear skies from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and for aerosol layers above clouds from Cloud Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO). Over the ocean, where the aerosol layers are primarily located above cloud, negative top of atmosphere (TOA) semidirect radiative effects associated with increased low cloud cover dominate over a weaker positive all‐sky direct radiative effect (DRE). In contrast, over the land where the aerosols are often below or within cloud layers, reductions in cloud liquid water path (LWP) lead to a positive semidirect radiative effect that dominates over a near‐zero DRE. Over the ocean, the cloud response can be understood as a response to increased lower tropospheric stability (LTS) which is caused both by radiative heating in overlying layers and surface cooling in response to direct aerosol forcing. The marine cloud changes are robust to changes in the cloud parameterization (removal of the hard‐wired dependence of clouds on LTS), suggesting that they are physically realistic. Over land, decreased LWP is consistent with weaker convection driven by increased static stability. Over the entire region the overall TOA radiative effect from the biomass burning aerosols is almost zero due to opposing effects over the land and ocean. However, the surface forcing is strongly negative, which leads to a reduction in precipitation and also a reduction in sensible heat flux. The former is primarily realized through reductions in convective precipitation on both the southern and northern flanks of the convective precipitation region spanning the equatorial rain forest and the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) in the southern Sahel. The changes are consistent with the low‐level aerosol‐forced cooling pattern. The results highlight the importance of semidirect radiative effects and precipitation responses for determining the climatic effects of aerosols in the African region.


Colombian economy has the typical small-open economy cycle: smooth consumption, higher volatility in investment ; procyclical consumption, investment and imports; countercyclical trade balance. The objective of this paper is to identify the stylized facts and to replicate them quantitative and qualitatively through a simple dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model calibrated for Colombia. The model is used to assess the response of the economy to exogenous shocks in productivity, interest rates and fiscal policy. The standard RBC model is a good tool to replicate the stylized facts found for Colombia. However, it cannot replicate some facts about labour market, and underestimates the volatility of consumption and the relative volatility of investment with respect to GDP.


ABSTRACT Although β-blockers can be used to eliminate stress-induced ventricular arrhythmias in patients with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT), this treatment is unsuccessful in ∼25% of cases. Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) generated from these patients have potential for use in investigating the phenomenon, but it remains unknown whether they can recapitulate patient-specific drug responses to β-blockers. This study assessed whether the inadequacy of β-blocker therapy in an individual can be observed in vitro using patient-derived CPVT iPSC-CMs. An individual with CPVT harboring a novel mutation in the type 2 cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2) was identified whose persistent ventricular arrhythmias during β-blockade with nadolol were abolished during flecainide treatment. iPSC-CMs generated from this patient and two control individuals expressed comparable levels of excitation-contraction genes, but assessment of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ leak and load relationship revealed intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis was altered in the CPVT iPSC-CMs. β-adrenergic stimulation potentiated spontaneous Ca2+ waves and unduly frequent, large and prolonged Ca2+ sparks in CPVT compared with control iPSC-CMs, validating the disease phenotype. Pursuant to the patient's in vivo responses, nadolol treatment during β-adrenergic stimulation achieved negligible reduction of Ca2+ wave frequency and failed to rescue Ca2+ spark defects in CPVT iPSC-CMs. In contrast, flecainide reduced both frequency and amplitude of Ca2+ waves and restored the frequency, width and duration of Ca2+ sparks to baseline levels. By recapitulating the improved response of an individual with CPVT to flecainide compared with β-blocker therapy in vitro, these data provide new evidence that iPSC-CMs can capture basic components of patient-specific drug responses. Editors' choice: Clinically observed drug response differentials to β-blocker and flecainide treatment in catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia can be modeled in vitro using patient-derived iPSC-cardiomyocytes.


There has been a growing awareness of the need to replace volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by benign solvents aiming to implement more sustainable processes. Accordingly, this work aims at evaluating a new and more friendly process based on the use of benign solvents with different hydrophobicities, namely common alimentary oil, polypropylene glycol and polyethylene glycol, for the selective recovery of natural products, followed by pervaporation. Particularly, the extraction and fractionation of limonene from orange peels was studied and optimised, where a high value product is obtained from a highly abundant material that is mostly disposed. Firstly, the best benign solvents were selected, in order to obtain high yields of extraction, and then pervaporation and vacuum distillation were compared after the extraction process, in order to obtain high yields of global recovery of limonene with the least contaminants possible. The integrated process selected was the extraction of limonene from orange peels using polypropylene glycol 240 (PPG), followed by organophilic pervaporation, providing the selective recovery of limonene free of solvent.


Differential patterns of physiological arousal to win and loss events during gambling is central to psychological conceptualizations of gambling behaviors but is poorly researched. We recorded heart rate (HR) and skin conductance responses (SCRs) to wins and losses while 23 healthy participants played for small incentives on a simulated electronic gambling task. Wins produced large SCRs whereas losses did not, and large wins produced larger SCRs than small wins. Electrodermal measures also correlated with reward responsiveness on a personality measure and with ratings of excitement during gambling. HR evidenced a slight deceleration before event outcomes, and the rebound HR was larger after wins than after losses. The study demonstrates that physiological changes to gambling events can be reliably captured, and that these changes are sensitive to differential outcomes. These findings establish a foundation for future research in field settings.


The temporal evolution and morphology of grain growth in three dimensions were simulated by Monte Carlo method. In order to prevent impingement of grains of like orientation, new algorithm was adopted. The anisotropy of the grain boundary energy is incorporated into the model. Compared with the case in which no anisotropy of boundary energy is assumed, the suppression of grain growth was observed at the initial stage of growth in the grain structure with anisotropic grain boundary energy. However, the growth rate is higher at the later stage. The grain size and the face number distributions become broad. To evaluate the profile of the grain size distribution, a parameter called microstructural entropy, S, is defined. It was shown that the characteristics of size distribution profile may be represented by the value S. The average size of n-faced grain is proportional to the grain face number, n. The effect of the anisotropy of grain boundary energy on the n-dependence of the average grain size is not evident. The nearest neighbour face number correlation similar to the Aboav-Weaire relation in two dimension is observed in both grain structures with isotropic grain boundary energy and anisotropic grain boundary energy.


Over the last decade, the accelerated transition towards cleaner means of producing energy has been clearly prioritised by the European Union through large-scale planned deployment of wind farms in the North Sea. From a spatial planning perspective, this has not been a straight-forward process, due to substantial spatial conflicts with the traditional users of the sea, especially with fisheries and protected areas. In this article, we examine the availability of offshore space for wind farm deployment, from a transnational perspective, while taking into account different options for the management of the maritime area through four scenarios. We applied a mixed-method approach, combining expert knowledge and document analysis with the spatial visualisation of existing and future maritime spatial claims. Our calculations clearly indicate a low availability of suitable locations for offshore wind in the proximity of the shore and in shallow waters, even when considering its multi-use with fisheries and protected areas. However, the areas within 100 km from shore and with a water depth above –120 m attract greater opportunities for both single use (only offshore wind farms) and multi-use (mainly with fisheries), from an integrated planning perspective. On the other hand, the decrease of energy targets combined with sectoral planning result in clear limitations to suitable areas for offshore wind farms, indicating the necessity to consider areas with a water depth below –120 m and further than 100 km from shore. Therefore, despite the increased costs of maintenance and design adaptation, the multi-use of space can be a solution for more sustainable, stakeholder-engaged and cost-effective options in the energy deployment process. This paper identifies potential pathways, as well as challenges and opportunities for future offshore space management with the aim of achieving the 2050 renewable energy targets.


The G8 summit in Heiligendamm/Germany in June 2007 established a topic-centred dialogue with China, India, Brazil, South Africa and Mexico. The so-called "Heiligendamm Process" was an attempt by the G8 member to respond to the Group's perceived lack of representativeness and effectiveness, while avoiding a change in the G8's central proceedings through formal enlargement. The Process was reviewed at the 2009 summit in L'Aquila/Italy, and it was agreed to continue the dialogue until mid2011. In the context of the current debate on how global economic institutions and fora adapt to systemic change, the analysis touches on important issues of global governance that go beyond the G8's new initiative. With the establishment of a regular G20 at leaders' level in the wake of the financial crisis, the G8 finds itself at a crucial juncture, its future being more uncertain than ever.


During the last ten years, several new extraction techniques have been developed that are faster, more automated and use less organic solvents compared to classical solvent extraction techniques. Furthermore, there is a clear trend going towards the use of (and research on) environmentally sustainable methods, which is encouraging for the future. Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) are two of the most useful techniques for extraction of non-polar and medium polar solutes from solid and semi-solid samples. These techniques commonly use pressurized carbon dioxide or hot liquids such as water as extraction solvents, respectively. For aqueous samples, stir-bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) has recently been developed. These are some of the techniques that will be described in the proposed symposium series book. Focus will be on the extraction of various compounds from food and agricultural samples in either an analytical or a process-scale point-of-view. Several of the book chapters will compare the different techniques, and describe their advantages and disadvantages. Applications discussed in this book include SFE of biopolymers from distillers dried grains, SFE of lipids from oilseeds, PLE of functional ingredients from plants and herbs, tandem SFE/PLE of acrylamide from potato chips, SFE and PLE of cholesterol and fat from hamster liver, and steam distillation-extraction (SDE) and SBSE of flavors from shitake mushrooms.


An account is given of the blue-green algal and some other communities in the intertidal region of the lagoon at Aldabra Atoll. Data are included on environmental parameters and on standing crop as indicated by chlorophyll a. A more detailed study on one species, Scytonema sp., includes observations on recolonization over a six-month period. Visually obvious blue—green algal communities cover about 19% of the intertidal region of the lagoon at Aldabra, being second only to mangroves in importance. Other taxa are much less abundant: an approximate estimate for eukaryotic algae indicated that their cover is between one and two orders of magnitude less, while that of marine angiosperms and phototrophic bacteria is still less. The two most abundant species of blue—green alga are Scytonema sp. and Microcoleus chthonoplastes, with the former in the upper zone of the littoral and often also the mid zone, and the latter in the mid zone of most parts of the lagoon and almost everywhere in the lower zone. M. chthonoplastes is most conspicuous along the southern shore, west of Bras Anse du Bois, where it forms an irregular, but almost complete cover over extensive areas of white silt, with the community often showing conspicuous laminations. The most obvious competitors to these two species are Rivularia sp. and Schizothrix calcicola, respectively. An extensive cover of well developed stromatolites occurs only in the southwest part of the lagoon, a region relatively well sheltered and with a tendency for waters to become moderately hypersaline. In addition to epiliths, endolithic blue—green algae provide an almost complete cover on all intertidal rocks, and recolonize a broken rock surface rapidly, both features showing a marked contrast to terrestrial rocks. It is suggested that grazing animals favour the success of endoliths over epiliths and that it is the synergistic combination of endolithic blue—green algae and grazers which is responsible for biological erosion. The endolith Mastigocoleus testarum is exceptional among all the lagoon algae in being the only heterocystous species to occur in the lower zone. Communities on the open lagoon shore of lîe Picard differ in several ways from those elsewhere; Scytonema sp. is more closely restricted to the upper zone; the mid zone is dominated by Hyella balani endolithic in sand particles; Chromatium is sometimes conspicuous. It seems probable that these phenomena are all due to a predominantly horizontal drainage of mangrove forest water displaced at spring tides, through sediments that are much coarser here than elsewhere on the atoll. Away from lie Picard, visually obvious phototrophic bacteria are mostly restricted to mangrove forests, usually at the sides of creeks, though at Cinq Cases they are sometimes abundant in shallow pools.


Distributed software-defined networking (SDN), which consists of multiple inter-connected network domains and each managed by one SDN controller, is an emerging networking architecture that offers balanced centralized/distributed control. Under such networking paradigm, resource management among various domains (e.g., optimal resource allocation) can be extremely challenging. This is because many tasks posted to the network require resources (e.g., CPU, memory, bandwidth, etc.) from different domains, where cross-domain resources are correlated, e.g., their feasibility depends on the existence of a reliable communication channel connecting them. To address this issue, we employ the reinforcement learning framework, targeting to automate this resource management and allocation process by proactive learning and interactions. Specifically, we model this issue as an MDP (Markov Decision Process) problem with different types of reward functions, where our objective is to minimize the average task completion time. Regarding this problem, we investigate the scenario where the resource status among controllers is fully synchronized. Under such scenario, the SDN controller has complete knowledge of the resource status of all domains, i.e., resource changes upon any policies are directly observable by controllers, for which Q-learning-based strategy is proposed to approach the optimal solution.


Cite this article: Ahmed KKM, Gupta BM, Singh N, Kumar A. Global Research on Terminalia arjuna: A Quantitative and Qualitative Assessment of Publications during 2004-18. Pharmacog Rev. 2020;14(27):45-52. ABSTRACT 683 global research publications on Terminalia arjuna were derived from the Scopus database during the last 22 years (1997-18) with a view to study its quantitative and qualitative aspects. The global publication data showed that the average annual and eleven-year cumulative global output of Terminalia arjuna research registered 8.33% and 169.19% growth. The plant global citation impact averaged to 16.92 citations per paper (CPP) in twenty-two years, which decreased from 36.02 CPP to 9.82 CPP from 1997-07 to 2008-18. The top 10 most productive countries together accounted for more than 100.0% global publication share and 99.13% global citation share during 1997-18. India, alone accounting for the highest and largest publication share of 82.43% and other 9 countries from 1.02% to 5.27% during 1997-18. Five out of top 10 countries, namely Iran (2.85), U.K. (1.94), Japan (1.22), USA (1.16) and Pakistan (1.09) registered relative citation index above the global average of 0.97. Pharmacology, toxicology and pharmaceutics, among seven broad subjects, contributed the largest publications share of 50.51%, followed by medicine (30.31%), biochemistry, genetics and molecular biology (26.52%), agricultural and biological sciences (21.52%) and other 3 sub-fields contribution varying from 4.54% to 10.83% during 1997-18. 239 global organizations and 309 global authors in global Terminalia arjuna research during 1997-18, of which the 15 most productive global organizations and authors together contributed 30.16% and 15.37% global publication share and 36.87% and 20.68% global citation share respectively during 1997-18. Hamdard University, Delhi, India (with 30 papers), Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India (22 papers) and All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India (19 papers), S. Dwivedi (with 11 papers), S.K. Maulik (10 papers) and P.C. Sil (8 papers) and Journal of Ethnopharmacology (with 26 papers), International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences (15 papers), Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research (14 papers) were the three leading organizations, authors and journals reporting global research in Terminalia arjuna during 199718.


Shellsort is a simple classic algorithm that runs competitively on both midsized and nearly sorted files. It uses a increment sequence, the choice of which can drastically affect the algorithm's running time. Since we would like an optimal sorting algorithm and a trivial lower bound for Shellsort is N $\sp{*}$ (# of increments), we require that the size of the increment sequence if O (log N), where N is the size of the file to be sorted. These increment sequences also tend to perform the best in practice, because of this lower bound.
For some time, the complexity of Shellsort was thought to be well understood, but Sedgewick was able to provide an increment suquence that lowered the upper bound, and then Incerpi and Sedgewick extended the result to give an even better upper bound. In both papers, the authors left as open the problem of whether their bounds were tight.
We prove that Sedgewick's bound is tight by analyzing the time required to sort a particularly bad permutation. Extending this proof technique seems to lead to a lower bound that matches the upper bound of Incerpi and Sedgewick for not only their increment sequence, but also for a wide class of other increment sequences.
Additionally, we show that the permutations which make Shellsort run slowly are counterexamples to a conjecture that shaker-sort, a network sorting algorithm proposed by Incerpi and Sedgewick, runs in $O(N$log$N)$ time, again for a large class of increment sequences, including all those that have thus far been proposed.


Inter- and intramolecular distances in tellurium have been investigated at pressure up to 20 GPa by the Rietveld analysis. Previously reported phase transitions from Te-I to Te-II, from Te-II to Te-III, and from Te-III to Te-IV are observed at 4 GPa, 7 GPa, and 11 GPa, respectively. In the Te-II and Te-III phases, with increasing pressure, not only four intealayer bond lengths but also one interlayer distance approach continuously to the same bond length, 3A, which is equal to the interatomic distance in the next Te-IV phase. This suggests that bonding character changes continuously from covalent character to metallic one with pressure.


Moisture lesions, moisture ulcers, perineal dermatitis, diaper dermatitis and incontinence associated dermatitis (IAD) all refer to skin damage caused by excessive moisture. Yet there is often confusion between pressure ulcers and this kind of lesion. Distinguishing between the two is of clinical importance since prevention and treatment are quite different for each (Defloor et al, 2005a). Due to the location of moisture lesions, they are often mistaken for pressure ulcers (Defloor et al, 2005b), however, skin damage as a result of excessive moisture is defined as being associated with incontinence and not pressure or shear (Defloor et al, 2005a), although moisture can contribute to the formation of pressure ulcers (EPUAP and NPUAP, 2009).


This paper provides answers to two questions. The first question is which international monetary regime is best for economic performance? One based on fixed exchange rates: including the gold standard and its variants? Adjustable peg regimes such as the Bretton Woods system and the European Monetary System? Or one based on floating exchange rates? The second question is why have some monetary regimes been more successful than others? Specifically. why did the classical gold standard last close to a century (at least for Great Britain) and why did Bretton Woods only endure for twenty-five years (or less)? Why was the European Monetary System successful for only a few years? To answer the first question I examine empirical evidence on the performance of three monetary regimes: the classical gold standard; Bretton Woods; and the current float; and as a backdrop the mixed regime interwar period. 1 answer the second question by linking regime success to the presence of credible commitment mechanisms, that is to the incentive compatibility features of the regime. Successful fixed rate regimes. in addition to being based on simple transparent rules. contained features which encouraged a center country to enforce the rules and other countries to comply.


The University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, is recruiting for four academic dermatologists in the Clinical X series or Health Sciences Clinical Professor (HSCP) series at the Assistant/Associate/Full Professor level based on experience and qualifications. These positions are for general medical dermatologists. The appointments may be made up to 100%.   Basic Qualifications: Candidates must possess an MD or MD/PhD, can be board eligible, but must be board-certified in dermatology at the time of starting employment and must be eligible for medical licensure in the State of California. • Successful completion of an approved dermatology residency training program (ACGME accredited) • Demonstrated proficiency in the teaching of students and housestaff • Service including committees, leadership ability, and community outreach • Ability to work cooperatively and collegially within a diverse environment • Ability to adhere to policies and procedures, and leadership experience and abilities • Selected candidates will be expected to participate in clinical care, teaching, research and university service Preferred Qualifications: Subspecialty expertise or experience in the following areas of dermatology are not required but would be preferred: hidradenitis suppurativa, cosmetic dermatology, melanoma and atopic dermatitis.   For first consideration, applications should be received by September 15, 2019; however, the positions will be open until filled through December 17, 2019. The following information is required: Cover Letter, Curriculum Vitae, contact information for at least 3 references and Statement of Contributions to Diversity. Please visit http://academicaffairs.ucdavis.edu/diversity/equity_inclusion/index.html for information about why diversity statements are requested and guidelines for writing a diversity statement. Please upload this information and apply online at https://recruit.ucdavis.edu/apply/JPF02549.   The positions are located in Sacramento, California. The Department of Dermatology (http://www.ucdmc.ucdavis.edu/dermatology) is a major clinical care, research, and teaching department in the School of Medicine. Our faculty are engaged in multiple collaborations with other Schools and UC Davis campus departments, research centers, clinical centers, and primary care networks, and thus all positions require flexibility in local job locations in addition to the Department of Dermatology. This includes the Veteran's Administration, UCD Medical Center Campus, and other community centers.   UC Davis commits to inclusion excellence by advancing equity, diversity and inclusion in all that we do. We are an Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity employer, and particularly encourage applications from members of historically underrepresented racial/ethnic groups, women, individuals with disabilities, veterans, LGBTQ community members, and others who demonstrate the ability to help us achieve our vision of a diverse and inclusive community. For the complete University of California nondiscrimination and affirmative action policy, see: http://policy.ucop.edu/doc/4000376/NondiscrimAffirmAct. If you need accommodation due to a disability, please contact the recruiting department.   Under Federal law, the University of California may employ only individuals who are legally able to work in the United States as established by providing documents as specified in the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986. Certain UCSC positions funded by federal contracts or sub-contracts require the selected candidates to pass an E-Verify check. More information is available at http://www.uscis.gov/e-verify.   UC Davis is a smoke & tobacco-free campus (http://breathefree.ucdavis.edu).


Objective : To identify evidence-based behavioural interventions used to decrease restricted and repetitive behaviour (RRB) in children with autism (ages 0-18); to understand the application of these strategies within the PEO (Person, Environment, Occupation) Model of Occupational Performance and the role of the occupational therapist in addressing this limitation. Background : RRB is a core feature of autism that often impedes functional behaviour. Decreasing RRB to enable functional behaviours is central to the occupational therapist's role with this population. Many interventions identified as effective for this impairment are based on the principles of applied behaviour analysis (ABA). Method : An integrative review of the literature was completed to identify interventions targeting RRBs. Those found to be effective are described within an ABA framework and within the PEO Model of Occupational Performance.  Results : This review identified   twenty-eight effective interventions used to treat RRBs in autism relevant to the field of occupational therapy. Categorization of interventions using an ABA framework and the PEO Model allowed comparison between approaches and application to occupational therapy practice. Conclusion : A functional behaviour approach (FBA) used in combination with the PEO model will enable greater understanding of RRBs and provide a more comprehensive approach to the treatment of RRBs in children with autism.


Tax incentives are rarely considered in discussions on environmental protection, yet well structured incentives can be of critical importance in contributing to good environmental management. For tax incentives to contribute maximally to sound environmental management, their various objectives, e.g., curing market failure, influencing economic behaviour and raising revenue for environmental protection must be well balanced. This balance becomes even more difficult to achieve when account is taken that the objectives must be pursued in the light of the general principles of taxation-equity, certainty, efficiency, etc. — and specific principles of environmental taxation, like the polluter pays principle. Inevitable inconsistencies are bound to occur, but the framework of objectives and principles allows for clearer thinking in the design and implementation of specific environmental tax incentives.
In Zimbabwe, no general tax incentives for good environmental management are currently in place. However, by examining, in the light of the above scheme, those few environmental incentives that exist, this article seeks to open the vista for the systematic introduction of more incentives for environmental protection in Zimbabwe.


This volume includes a wide range of papers that explore individual and institutional aspects of religion from a social-science perspective. The special section has articles from research groups in Europe, the USA and Australia on clergy work-related psychological health, stress, burnout and coping strategies. The general papers include studies on coping strategies among Buddhists, gender differences in response to church decline, teenage participation in religion, social capital among Friends of Cathedrals, psychological profiles of clergy, education effects on Roman Catholic deacons, and an analysis of prayer requests. Together these papers form a valuable collection indicating the depth and vibrancy of research in these fields.


This study demonstrated that the P3 treatmnet, with 1 volume of green charcoal per 5 volumes of soil, produces the best results for growing Vitex pubescens planting stock. Under this treatment, the medium reaches pH (H2O) of 7.04 and pH (KCI) of 6.75, the greatest number of shoots develop, these shoots have the largest length increment, and the greatest number of leaves develop. This leads to the conclusion that one volume of green charcoal mixed with five volumes of the soil available locally in possible production sites for Vitex pubescens is a suitable medium for the production of planting stock (Kusmina 1997). Treatment P1 (1:1) resulted in the largest increase of roots, but this had no significant influence on sprouting of shoots, length increment, or diameter increment of these shoots, or the number of leaves. It appears that the nutrient supply reached toxic levels under this treatment (Setyamidjaja 1986)


A (build) target specifies the information that is needed to automatically build a software artifact. This paper focuses on underutilized targets - an important dependency problem that we identified at Google. An underutilized target is one with files not needed by some of its dependents. Underutilized targets result in less modular code, overly large artifacts, slow builds, and unnecessary build and test triggers. To mitigate these problems, programmers decompose underutilized targets into smaller targets. However, manually decomposing a target is tedious and error-prone. Although we prove that finding the best target decomposition is NP-hard, we introduce a greedy algorithm that proposes a decomposition through iterative unification of the strongly connected components of the target. Our tool found that 19,994 of 40,000 Java library targets at Google can be decomposed to at least two targets. The results show that our tool is (1) efficient because it analyzes a target in two minutes on average and (2) effective because for each of 1,010 targets, it would save at least 50% of the total execution time of the tests triggered by the target.


From data provided by a national census of treatment for alcohol problems in 1996, this paper reports findings on differences between types of treatment agencies in England and Wales. The overall response rate was 44% but no significant differences were found between responding and non-responding agencies in size and composition of staff. The highest mean number of clients per day was seen in NHS trust services and charitable organizations. Private (for profit) agencies showed both the highest mean age of clients and the highest proportion of men among agency types, while NHS trusts saw the highest proportion of women. Charities and voluntary organizations reported higher than average proportions of clients living in insecure accommodation. Private (for profit) agencies showed both the lowest proportion of unemployed clients and the highest proportion of those on sickness or invalidity benefits. Seventy-three per cent of clients attending NHS trust services were seen by nurses, medical or non-medical professionals; only 8% of clients attending private (for profit) agencies were seen by these professional groups. Worries about physical health were far more common among clients attending private (for profit) agencies and legal/financial problems occurred much more often among those attending voluntary/ statutory partnerships. The highest proportion of clients in residential treatment was shown in private (for profit) agencies and the lowest in voluntary/statutory partnerships and NHS trusts. Nearly all (90%) treatment carried out by voluntary/ statutory partnerships was in the form of 'counselling', while approximately half the clients seen by charities and independent (non-profit) organizations were in day or residential treatment. While in the overall sample, the mean percentage of clients also attending Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) was 9%, this rose to 23% of clients attending independent (non-profit) agencies. The highest proportions of clients with reported illicit drug use was in voluntary/statutory partnerships and the lowest in independent (non-profit) agencies. This paper provides a 'snapshot' of the variation in treatment services for alcohol problems in England and Wales, which can be used to detect trends in treatment provision in the future.


Soil sediment export from agricultural watersheds is a major environmental concern and is a primary contributor to nonpoint source sediments in streams. The purpose of this study was to quantify total suspended solid (TSS) export and current sediment delivery ratios (SDRs) in four southern Iowa watersheds and evaluate how existing and potential best management practices (BMPs) have affected SDRs. Our study updated estimates of SDRs that were previously developed using mid-20th century data and largely unknown methods. We estimated TSS export using continuous turbidity measurements and total phosphorus (P) data and measured discharge data to calculate TSS loads. By comparing annual TSS export to watershed-scale soil erosion estimated with the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model, we calculated annual SDRs for the study watersheds and found that current SDRs were significantly lower than previous estimates. This new analysis provides an exceptional story of conservation progress in our study watersheds over the past four decades. Further, they are likely a worst-case scenario for sheet and rill eroded sediment export since TSS export does not distinguish among other sediment sources, such as stream bank and gully erosion. Based on the extent of BMP implementation in the watersheds and the potential for future BMPs determined using the Agricultural Conservation Planning Framework (ACPF) toolbox, we found that there is only limited potential for further reducing TSS export using additional in-field practices. Hence, we believe that further work toward reducing TSS export in these Iowa watersheds should be shifted to reducing contributions from other TSS sources including from streambed, bank, and gully erosion.


Stenothermal polar ectotherms show a restricted range of thermal tolerance. According to earlier work in crustaceans and fish (Frederich and Portner 2000; Van Dijk et al. 1999), thermal limitation becomes effective first by a drop in aerobic scope at pejus temperatures Tp and, then, by the onset of anaerobic mitochondrial metabolism, which is expressed in the critical temperature Tc.Thus, a hypothesis was set up stating that oxygen limitation characterizes the first line of thermal intolerance. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the effects of hyperoxia and temperature on energy metabolism, blood flow and tissue oxygenation in the Antarctic eelpout Pachycara brachycephalum using in vivo MR methods in combination with oxygen consumption measurements.Surprisingly, exposure to hyperoxia (PO2: 45kPa) and warmer temperatures resulted in a linear increase in oxygen consumption; the typical exponential increment of oxygen uptake was eliminated. Similarly, blood flow in the Aorta dorsalis increased above 6°C in normoxic but not to the same extent in hyperoxic animals. Liver tissue oxygenation increased steadily in both groups from 0-11°C, above which there was a sudden drop in the normoxic controls whilst hyperoxic animals kept a high level of tissue oxygenation.These findings suggest that improved oxygen availability diminishes the effects of thermal stress by reducing the energy cost of oxygen uptake and distribution. Further restrictive mechanisms become effective once the oxygen limitation of thermal tolerance has been eliminated.(1) Frederich, M., Portner, H.O. 2000. Am. J. Physiol. 279, R1531-R1538.(2) Van Dijk et al. 1999. J. Exp. Biol. 202, 3611-3621.


There is currently a debate among scholars who evaluate batterer intervention programs about the effectiveness of such programs. While some researchers claim batterer intervention programs have little impact on the incidence of future intimate partner violence, others believe that they do have a positive effect when implemented and measured correctly. This paper explores the debate through an Adlerian lens. In addition, a recommendation is presented for how Individual Psychology can be incorporated into working with perpetrators of domestic violence to prevent further abusive behavior. Finally, based on research findings, suggestions are made for structuring and implementing batterer intervention programs to increase their effectiveness. Batterer Intervention Programs 3 Table of


This is a revised and expanded edition of Cowan and Rakušan's Source Book for Linguistics . In addition to the chapters on Phonetics, Phonology, Phonological Alternations, Morphology, Syntax, Sound Change and Historical Reconstruction, there are two new chapters: one on Semantics and one on Grammatical and Lexical Change. In addition, an index of the 93 languages and dialects represented in the book has been added, as well as a revised bibliography. The solutions to the exercises have also been revised and expanded. The number of exercises has been increased from 333 to 472. New exercises have been added to most chapters, and many exercises have been revised to focus on new issues in linguistics. The text has been completely reset in high-quality letterpress, with a wide range of phonetic symbols and diacritics. This newly revised edition will continue to be useful as a teaching tool and a source of examples in a variety of linguistic applications. If you've been teaching upper-level undergraduate introductions to linguistics without Cowan a Rakusan, then you've been scrambling about in search of examples and exercises in phonetics, phonology, morphology and syntax long enough. Order the Source Book; in the long run, if it does for you what it did for me, you'll probably wind up just dumping your traditional textbook order. (Lynn Eubank, University of North Texas)


The large scale urban consumption of energy (LUCY) model simulates all components of anthropogenic heat flux (QF) from the global to individual city scale at 2.5 × 2.5 arc‐minute resolution. This includes a database of different working patterns and public holidays, vehicle use and energy consumption in each country. The databases can be edited to include specific diurnal and seasonal vehicle and energy consumption patterns, local holidays and flows of people within a city. If better information about individual cities is available within this (open‐source) database, then the accuracy of this model can only improve, to provide the community data from global‐scale climate modelling or the individual city scale in the future. The results show that QF varied widely through the year, through the day, between countries and urban areas. An assessment of the heat emissions estimated revealed that they are reasonably close to those produced by a global model and a number of small‐scale city models, so results from LUCY can be used with a degree of confidence. From LUCY, the global mean urban QF has a diurnal range of 0.7–3.6 W m−2, and is greater on weekdays than weekends. The heat release from building is the largest contributor (89–96%), to heat emissions globally. Differences between months are greatest in the middle of the day (up to 1 W m−2 at 1 pm). December to February, the coldest months in the Northern Hemisphere, have the highest heat emissions. July and August are at the higher end. The least QF is emitted in May. The highest individual grid cell heat fluxes in urban areas were located in New York (577), Paris (261.5), Tokyo (178), San Francisco (173.6), Vancouver (119) and London (106.7). Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society


How should monetary policy be constructed when national income depends on oil exports? I set up a general equilibrium model for an oil exporting small open economy to analyze this question. Fundamentals include an oil sector and domestic non-oil firms – some of which are linked to oil markets via supply chains. In the model, the intermediate production network implies transmission of international oil shocks to all domestic industries. The presence of wage and price rigidities at the sector level leads to non-trivial trade-offs between different stabilization targets. I characterize Ramsey-optimal monetary policy in this environment, and use the framework to shed light on i) welfare implications of the supply chain channel, and ii) costs of alternative policy rules. Three results emerge: First, optimal policy puts high weight on nominal wage stability. In contrast, attempts to target impulses from the oil sector can be disastrous for welfare. Second, while oil sector activities contribute to macroeconomic fluctuations, they do not change the nature of optimal policy. Third, operational Taylor rules with high interest rate inertia can approximate the Ramsey equilibrium reasonably well.


A 5-month-old Hispanic boy, previously healthy, presents to the emergency department (ED) for 5 days of fever, 3 days of diarrhea and rash, and 2 days of vomiting. He had been diagnosed with acute otitis media by his primary care physician 3 days prior to his presentation and started on amoxicillin. The parents brought their son to the ED because of his persistent fever up to 104°F and decreased oral intake. He has no recent travel and no known sick contacts. His immunizations are up to date and he has never been hospitalized. He was born in the United States, full term with an uncomplicated birth history.


Autophagy is a fundamental cellular recycling pathway that captures cytoplasmic material by a phagophore membrane and delivers it to lysosomes for degradation. Nonselective phagophores are generated at specialized ER-domains termed omegasomes. Mechanistically, this process is not well understood. Here, we reconstituted the formation of phagophores from purified components on supported lipid bilayers and by ectopic induction of nonselective autophagy at the plasma membrane. We found that enzymatic conjugation of LC3B to model membranes induces the formation of phagophore-like membrane cups. LC3B functions as membrane anchor, ensuring a sustained interaction of the E3-like ligase complex ATG12¬–ATG5-ATG16L1 with membranes by forming extended membrane coats. ATG16L1 is the major membrane remodeling factor that induces positive membrane curvature, promotes cup formation and stabilizes the rim of membrane cups. Redirecting WIPI2 to the plasma membrane by expressing WIPI2-CAAX induced the formation of omegasome-like membrane cisternae to which LC3B was conjugated. Membrane cups, identical to those observed in vitro, emerged from these cisternae. ATG16L1 variants that did not induce the formation of cups in vitro also failed to promote cup formation in vivo and inhibited the biogenesis of nonselective autophagosomes in cells. We thus propose that ATG16L1 drives the formation of nonselective phagophores by shaping flat donor membranes into membrane cups.


We construct an optimizing-agent model of a closed economy which is simple enough that we can use it to make exact utility calculations. There is a stabilization problem because there are one-period nominal contracts for wages, or prices, or both and shocks that are unknown at the time when contracts are signed. We evaluate alternative monetary policy rules using the utility function of the representative agent. Fully optimal policy can attain the Pareto-optimal equilibrium. Fully optimal policy is contrasted with both 'naive' and 'sophisticated' simple rules that involve, respectively, complete stabilization and optimal stabilization of one variable or a combination two variables. With wage contracts, outcomes depend crucially on whether there are also price contracts. For example, if labor supply is relatively inelastic, for productivity shocks, nominal income stabilization yields higher welfare when there are no price contracts. However, with price contracts, outcomes are independent of whether there are wage contracts, except, of course, for the nominal wage.