This subchapter explores the difference of review of risk allocation by contract between the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development's (OECD) Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) Actions 8-10 revisions to the 2017 OECD Guidelines and the U.S. Tax Court in its decisions since 2010. The OECD and the U.S. Tax Court diverge in their adherence to the language of contracts as the basis for assessing and controlling risk allocation. On the one hand, the U.S. Tax Court following the prescription of the Internal Revenue Code has focused largely on contractual language and terms of agreement. On the other hand, the OECD analyzes actual economic behavior and reality, independent of the contractual language of the related parties.

One of the changes to the 2017 OECD Guidelines initiated by BEPS in the Action Plan 8-10 is the interpretation of conduct in relation to reviewing the allocation of risk via a contractual arrangement between related parties, in particular with regards to intangibles. The OECD at first glance indicates that for application of the arm's length principle, contractual arrangements should still be followed, but only as long as they conform to actual economic reality. At a second glance, the OECD states that legal ownership and contractual relationships serve merely as 'reference points' for identifying and analyzing an intragroup transaction. The OECD proposes a substance over form analysis:
"… where the facts of the case, including the conduct of the parties, differ from the written terms of any agreement between them or supplement these written terms, the actual transaction must be deduced from the facts as established, including the conduct of the parties."

The OECD approach is that a contract may be respected as long as the arrangements in the contract reflect what would be agreed between arm's length actors in consideration of several factors that the OECD lists as relevant to a third party's negotiating position. Such factors include, non-exclusively, the functions performed by each party, the assets employed by each party, the risks assumed by each party, and the contributions made by other group members.

The main difference in the U.S. Transfer Pricing approach for risk allocation is that the U.S. Tax Court examines to validate the contractual arrangement in the first instance and then determines if the contracts conform to economic reality. While on the other hand, the OECD through BEPS has stated in a disguised manner—and as uncovered by Rutger Hafkenscheid—that contracts will only be considered if they are what "should" have been contracted under the functional analysis whereby a party has the control to bear risk and remuneration accordingly. Given these differences, there are many implications, such as a prospect of a political battle over the different jurisdictions' rights to tax certain revenue streams and bases and a tension between the importance of the OECD versus the U.S. approach.

Following BEPS Action 8-9, there is a new six-step approach for risk. In short, the two prongs of step 5 in the new risk allocation analysis provide: (1) "control over risk" and (2) "whether the party assuming risk … has the financial capacity to assume risk". Each prong has its own definition. Either prong trump the language of a contract. This two-pronged analysis may lead to different results comparing an affiliate within a corporate group or as a stand-alone tested party. Thus, step 5 of the new risk allocation analysis may create uncertainty in the fiction of the arm's length principle.

Giammarco Cottani9 defines risk as volatility meaning that "business outcomes of an enterprise are heavily dependent on how their strategic choices expose them to certain types of volatility, e.g. fluctuations in the upside or downside of any given entrepreneurial direction." Contractual allocation of risk is key for BEPS 8-10; and, Cottani points out that this contractual allocation of risk is normally referred to as the neoclassical economic concept of moral hazard applied in an international tax treaty scenario. Moral hazard in the neoclassical sense is the idea whereby a party insures itself from the probability of failure by shifting the potential of losing—monetary or other—value to another party.

In order to manage risk, it appears key to (1) identify the source of volatility; and (2) assess the impact of risk on business activity. To reach an effective risk management, there must exist a uniform definition and categorization of risk. In other words, risk management does not eliminate risk, but provides analysis and advice with which to maximize returns while reducing losses—a "risk/return trade-off" scenario.

The 2017 OECD Guidelines define risks as "the effect of uncertainty on the objectives of the business." Indeed, every action a business takes involves risk. Generally, the more risk involved the higher the expected return will be. Specifically, BEPS Actions 8-10 provides a six-step approach to analyzing risk: (1) "identification of economically significant risks in the transaction; (2) Contractual assumption of the risks; (3) Functional analysis with respect to risks; (4) Interpretation of Steps 1 through 3; (5) Allocation of risks; and, (6) Pricing of the controlled transaction."

The 2017 OECD Guidelines indicate that a company would not take risk without expecting return. Risk's connection with return on value can be demonstrated by the concept of weighted average cost of capital (WACC) formula. "WACC is the expected rate of return for a company on the basis of the average portion of debt and equity in the company's capital structure, the current required return on equity (i.e., cost of equity), and the company's cost of debt."

Given this idea that identifying risk is key to a transfer pricing analysis, multinationals may abuse this strategy by contractually re-allocating risks without any change to business operations. When multinationals abuse the transfer pricing methods, they create distortions in the tax revenue of host countries. The 2017 OECD Guidelines seeks to tackle this contractual re-allocation of risk.

To combat artificial contractual re-allocation of risk, the 2017 OECD Guidelines determines when risks are contractually assumed by a party that cannot "exercise meaningful and specifically defined control over the risks, or does not have the financial capacity to assume the risks." Then the tax authorities should re-allocate risks to the party that actually—in economic reality—"does exercise such control and does have the financial capacity to assume the risks."


In the years between 1848 and 1918, the Habsburg Empire was an intensely pluricultural space that brought together numerous "nationalities" under constantly changing – and contested – linguistic regimes. The multifaceted forms of translation and interpreting, marked by national struggles and extensive multilingualism, played a crucial role in constructing cultures within the Habsburg space. This book traces translation and interpreting practices in the Empire's administration, courts and diplomatic service, and takes account of the "habitualized" translation carried out in everyday life. It then details the flows of translation among the Habsburg crownlands and between these and other European languages, with a special focus on Italian–German exchange. Applying a broad concept of "cultural translation" and working with sociological tools, the book addresses the mechanisms by which translation and interpreting constructs cultures, and delineates a model of the Habsburg Monarchy's "pluricultural space of communication" that is also applicable to other multilingual settings. Published with the support of the Austrian Science Fund (FWF). The
e-book edition of this title is available as Open Access under a CC BY-NC-ND
license .


Recent research in molecular biology, primatology, sociobiology, and phylogenetics indicates that the species Homo sapiens cannot be traced back to a single pair of individuals, and that the earliest human beings did not come on the scene in anything like paradisal physical or moral conditions. It is therefore difficult to read Genesis 1‐3 as a factual account of human origins. In current Christian thinking about Adam and Eve, several scenarios are on offer. The most compelling one regards Adam and Eve as strictly literary figures—characters in a divinely inspired story about the imagined past that intends to teach theological, not historical, truths about God, creation, and humanity. Taking a nonconcordist approach, this article examines Adam and Eve as symbolicliterary figures from the perspective of mainstream biblical scholarship, with attention both to the text of Genesis and ancient Near Eastern parallels. Along the way, it explains why most interpreters do not find the doctrines of the Fall and original sin in the text of Genesis 2‐3, but only in later Christian readings of it. This article also examines briefly Paul's appeal to Adam as a type of Christ. Although a historical Adam and Eve have been very important in the Christian tradition, they are not central to biblical theology as such. The doctrines of the Fall and original sin may be reaffirmed without a historical Adam and Eve, but invite reformulation given the overwhelming evidence for an evolving creation.


Phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) protein levels are critical for tumor suppression. However, the search for a recurrent cancer-associated gene alteration that causes PTEN degradation has remained futile. In this study, we show that Importin-11 (Ipo11) is a transport receptor for PTEN that is required to physically separate PTEN from elements of the PTEN degradation machinery. Mechanistically, we find that the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme and IPO11 cargo, UBE2E1, is a limiting factor for PTEN degradation. Using in vitro and in vivo gene-targeting methods, we show that Ipo11 loss results in degradation of Pten, lung adenocarcinoma, and neoplasia in mouse prostate with aberrantly high levels of Ube2e1 in the cytoplasm. These findings explain the correlation between loss of IPO11 and PTEN protein in human lung tumors. Furthermore, we find that IPO11 status predicts disease recurrence and progression to metastasis in patients choosing radical prostatectomy. Thus, our data introduce the IPO11 gene as a tumor-suppressor locus, which is of special importance in cancers that still retain at least one intact PTEN allele.


OBJECTIVE
To determine whether ScriptAssist, a telehealth nursing program using psychological techniques, reduced emergency department (ED) utilization and improved adherence among Medicaid health plan members with serious and persistent mental illness (SPMI).

STUDY DESIGN
Nonrandomized controlled trial.

METHODS
Of 210 eligible Medicaid health plan members with SPMI, 59 (28%) were contacted by phone and 51 (86%) participated. Participants received an average of 3.5 calls over 9 months, with 2.1 attempts per completed call. Participants had clinically significant levels of impairment; medication switching, polypharmacy, and medical comorbidities were common. Intervention group participants' results were compared with those of nonparticipants to rule out regression to the mean, history, and maturation effects. Intervention group participants' results also were compared with baseline data to rule out selection bias.

RESULTS
Program participants had fewer ED visits during the intervention than a comparison group, and reduced their ED use and hospitalization rate compared with the previous year. Participants also had better medication adherence based on pharmacy and interview data.

CONCLUSIONS
Cognitive-behavioral and motivational-interviewing techniques can improve antipsychotic medication adherence. Telehealth may be a useful strategy for disseminating these evidence-based techniques. Lessons learned included the importance of real-time referral data, a need to address polypharmacy, and a need to overcome contact difficulties resulting from disease processes and "unknown caller" IDs. Despite these difficulties, using a disease management model, the program was feasible, and the reduced number of ED visits indicated potential cost-effectiveness.


Pseudo-proline building blocks exert a dual functionality in enhancing and stabilizing the relevant polyproline II (PPII) conformation and increasing and optimizing van der Waals contacts and hydrogen bonding to the receptor mols. thus modifying affinity and specificity. They are highly useful in studying ligand recognition mediated by Src homol. 3 domains essential in cellular regulation and protein-protein interactions. The 2-C substituents promote the induction of the required PPII helix and allow for optimal complementation of the SH3 topog. [on SciFinder (R)]


In the earlv 1980s many social theorists claimed that the 'New Social Move ments' (NSMs) were the authentic social movements of our time This claim is discussed in relation to two traditions in the analysis of social movements. The 'American' tradition focuses on the single-issue movement of a protest and mobilizing character The 'European' tradition focuses on the relation between major societal changes and processes of class formation, the labour movement being the classic case. In the article the women's movement is discussed as a major cultural revolutionary movement, the different campaigns dealing with the new urban forms of socialized reproduction, housing, planning, etc , as movements for the defence of the 'real consumption', the green and environmentalist movements taking up the conflicting relation nature-society Is the relation between the NSMs and the new and growing social strata of students and employees within the welfare state, which make up their audience and activist core, to be understood as a parallel to the part played by the 'old' social movements in the making of the working class, the farmer class, etc? It is argued that there is no 'necessary' relationship between the societal changes and the NSMs, as there was between industrialization and the labour movement. The societal relations and changes around which the NSMs organize themselves - gender contradictions, socialization of reproduction, con tradictions in the forms of modern urban living, nature society - do not single out a new social force as their 'natural' counterpart. They are both more encompassing in their reach and more non-partisan in character. The most likely centre for a possible coalescence of a multitude of NSMs into a major social movement, if not in the class formative sense, is the societally basic relationship, nature-society The themes and issues raised by the NSMs can in the political process become articulated with existing political and social forces. The capacity of these forces and institutions to absorb the issues raised by the NSMs deter mine the possibility for the NSMs to emerge as a new major social force.


Blackberries are rich in polyphenols, including anthocyanins. Polyphenols are hypothesized to have biological activities that may impact positively on human health. In these studies, an anthocyanin-rich extract from Hull blackberries grown in Kentucky was obtained and fully characterized in terms of total anthocyanin and phenolic content, polymeric color, anthocyanin composition, and total antioxidant capacity. In vitro cell culture studies showed that the blackberry extract inhibited HT-29 colon tumor cell growth in a concentration-dependent manner with 49.2 microg of total anthocyanins/mL inhibiting HT-29 cell growth up to 66% at 72 hours. Likewise, in a concentration-dependent manner, total anthocyanin concentrations in the range of 0-40 microg/mL suppressed both high-dose (10 microg/mL) and low-dose (0.1 microg/mL) lipid A-induced interleukin-12 release from mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. These results suggest that Hull blackberry extract (HBE) has potent antioxidant, antiproliferative, and anti-inflammatory activities and that HBE-formulated products may have the potential for the treatment and/or prevention of cancer and/or other inflammatory diseases.


Description: With its unique focus on specifically addressing the problems for societies and economies associated with corrosion and their solution, this book provides an up–to–date overview of the progress in corrosion chemistry and engineering. International experts actively involved in research and development place particular emphasis on how to counter the economic and environmental consequences of corrosion with the help of science and technology, making this a valuable resource for researchers as well as decision makers in industry and politics. Further major parts of the book are devoted to corrosion prevention in the naval and energy sector as well as to corrosion monitoring and waste management.


This thesis aims to do social network analysis on synthetic population that is used in FRED system and develop transmission network analysis tools to analyze disease epidemic dynamics in agent-based models of infectious disease.

The social network of synthetic Allegheny County population consists 1.2M agents. The synthetic population is proved to be an integrated component with average shortest path is 6.91. The risks of being infected for age groups are positively related to the average degree of each group. Although degree distribution has bifurcating pattern, it is still reasonable and conservative to use the synthetic population for modeling disease transmission.

Tools are developed to analyze the transmission network, which generated by FRED simulations. Three tools, TraceAnalysis, StatisticalAnalysis and EpidemicDynamicPlot, were developed to calculate statistics of transmission networks, to make inference on statistics from different simulation scenarios and to plot epidemic curves. The tools are used to analyze the effectiveness of public policies. School closure and vaccination policies were chosen from FRED to be compared with the baseline FRED, which is run with no intervention policy. The results from network analysis tools indicate the dependency between agents' infection location. Special transmission patterns can be found by comparing the discrepancy between the number and expected number of transmission patterns.

The public health importance of network analysis tools is to find out the contact tracing motifs, to reveal the strong dependency of locations where infection events happened and to compare the effectiveness of different public intervention policies in agent-based models.


Equipped with state-of-the-art smartphones and mobile devices, today's highly interconnected urban population is increasingly dependent on these gadgets to organize and plan their daily lives. These applications often rely on current (or preferred) locations of individual users or a group of users to provide the desired service, which jeopardizes their privacy; users do not necessarily want to reveal their current (or preferred) locations to the service provider or to other, possibly untrusted, users. In this paper, we propose privacy-preserving algorithms for determining an optimal meeting location for a group of users. We perform a thorough privacy evaluation by formally quantifying privacy-loss of the proposed approaches. In order to study the performance of our algorithms in a real deployment, we implement and test their execution efficiency on Nokia smartphones. By means of a targeted user-study, we attempt to get an insight into the privacy-awareness of users in location-based services and the usability of the proposed solutions.


Book synopsis: This is the first world-wide, comparative study of the controversial new trends of gender quotas now emerging in global politics, presenting a comprehensive overview of changes in women's parliamentary representation across the world.

This is important reading for all those working to increase women's influence in politics, because it scrutinizes under what circumstances gender quotas do increase women's representation – and why they sometimes fail.

These distinguished international scholars also show how gender balance in politics has become important to a nation's international image and why quotas are being introduced in many post-conflict countries. They present key case studies of Afghanistan, Iraq, Argentina, Sweden, South Africa, Belgium, covering almost all major regions of the world: Latin America, Africa, the Arab world, South Asia, the Balkans, The Nordic countries and Europe, New Zealand, Australia and the USA - and Rwanda, which in 2003 unexpectedly surpassed Sweden as the number one country in the world in terms of women's parliamentary representation.

Using a comparative perspective, this book contains analyses of the discursive controversies around quotas; it gives an overview over various types of quotas in use from candidate quotas to reserved seat systems, and it throws light over the troublesome implementation process. When do gender quotas lead to actual increase in the number of women parliament? When are quotas merely a symbolic gesture? What does it imply to be elected as a 'quota woman'? Tackling these and many more key questions, this is a major new contribution to the field.

Making an important contribution to our knowledge of gender politics worldwide, this book will be of interest to NGOs, students and scholars of democracy, policy-making, comparative politics and gender studies.


Abstract The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching's initiatives on the scholarship of teaching and learning (SOTL initial literature reviews reveal that SOT&L has not been used as a context for researching student learning in distance education. Specifically, this research project, using the Carnegie framework, addresses the following issues: how students and instructors perceive, experience, reflect, and assess web-based education and their learning roles in it, in comparison to traditional onsite education. Introduction Teaching is the highest form of understanding. -- Aristotle Over twenty years ago, prominent distance education theorist Michael Moore asked specifically, what do we know about helping distance learners learn? Research in the distance learning field has addressed this question to some extent, but continually high attrition rates suggest that distance learners are still straggling, for a variety of reasons. My concerns with web-based learning and instruction in particular stem from my research on the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching and Learning initiatives in the scholarship of teaching and learning. While Ernest Boyer brought the idea of scholarly teaching to the fore over ten years ago, as he recognized a general diminution of the value of post-secondary level teaching, there has been little application of the principles of scholarly teaching and learning in relation to online or web-based education, which is gaining prominence and popularity in higher education, as the National Center for Education Statistics reveals. Throughout the 1990s, post-secondary institutions have continually grown to value research above and beyond teaching or service, despite the intimate ties that bind all three. Boyer asserts, "teaching is often viewed as a routine function, tacked on, something almost anyone can do" (1990, p. 23). And, unfortunately, this mentality is now seriously pervading online education. Through the scholarship of teaching and learning, we can begin to address and even answer the important questions surrounding teaching and learning in web-based environments. It is worth quoting Boyer at length, as he identifies teaching as a dynamic endeavor involving all the analogies, metaphors, and images that build bridges between the teacher's understanding and the student's learning. Pedagogical procedures must be carefully planned, continuously examined, and relate directly to the subject taught.... Great teachers create a common ground of intellectual commitment. They stimulate active, not passive thinkers, with the capacity to go on learning.... Good teaching means that faculty, as scholars, are also learners. All too often, teachers transmit information that students are expected to memorize and then, perhaps, recall. While well-prepared lectures surely have a place, teaching, at its best, means not only transmitting knowledge, but transforming and extending it as well. (p. 23-24, emphasis original) Since Boyer's work, others have built on the concept of the scholarship of teaching and made explicit the scholarship of learning as well. For instance, Cross and Steadman (1996, p. 2) require that students must be actively engaged in formulating their own learning questions and thinking critically about them [and] teachers must be actively engaged in formulating their own questions about learning and the impact of their teaching upon it.... Observing students in the act of learning, reflecting and discussing observations and data with teaching colleagues, and reading the literature on what is already known about learning is one way teachers can implement the scholarship of teaching. …


Sulfones or the cyclic sulfones are the type of organosulfur compounds that attract the special interest to organic chemists. Vast applications are observed in different fields with these types of sulfone containing compounds and their derivatives like in medicinal chemistry and also give the importance to many kinds of biological activity. The sulfones and their derivatives are used in many other fields as pharmaceutical and polymeric agents. Sulfone containing compounds are also used for the treatment of different diseases like dermatitis herpetiformis, leprosy, tuberculosis and others. The researchers have been giving much concentration to synthesize many types of sulfone compounds because of their various strong medicinal activities like as biological, antimalarial, antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, anticancer, anti-HIV, and anti-inflammatory and in other sectors also. These kinds of vast importance encourage us to study about the synthesis, reactions and applications of cyclic sulfones and their derivatives. The present article will provide some important information about the synthesis, reactions and applications of cyclic sulfone type compounds to the chemists to facilitate them in advance research works with more concentration which will be more beneficial for the society as well as for upcoming science generation.


Introduction:  The extracts of the Pistacia species are known for their anti-inflammatory activity, including fruits and oil of P. atlantica. However, the inflammatory effect of the methanolic extract of P. atlantica leaves has not been studied. This work aimed at assessing the antiinflammatory and antioxidant activities of P. atlantica leaves extract in relation to phytochemical studies of flavonoids. Methods: The extract was obtained using sonication of leaves powder in 80 % methanol. The analysis of phenolic compounds was carried out using thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays. The anti-inflammatory activity was determined by the reduction of carrageenaninduced hind paw edema in mice. Results: The TLC revealed 3 glycosylated flavonoids and gallic acid derivatives. The flavonoids identified corresponded to rutin, quercetrin and other heterosides of quercetin, kaempferol and myricetin. Total phenolics and flavonoids contents were comparable for the male and female trees. The antioxidant activity did not show a significative difference between the two sexes, except for that evaluated by the FRAP assay which was significantly greater for the male tree leaves extract. The leaves extract permitted significative reduction of the edema at h3 and 6 in a dose-dependent manner (100 and 250 mg/kg), while diclofenac used as control reduced the edema at h 1.5. This difference could be explained by the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of diclofenac and P. atlantica leaves compounds. Conclusion: P. atlantica has a strong anti-inflammatory activity and constitutes a potential source for the development of new treatments.


Objective: The validated protein precipitation method was applied for estimation of Eravacycline dihydrochloride in human plasma with Rolitetracycline hydrochloride as an internal standard (ISTD) by using HPLC-ESI-MS/ MS. Methods: The chromatographic separation was achieved with 20mM Ammonium acetate (pH-3.0):Methanol:Acetontrile (20:20:60,%v/v) using the TELOS LU C18 (2) 5μm, 100 x 4.6 mm. The total analysis time was 3 min and flow rate was set to 0.5 mL/min. Results: The mass transitions of Eravacycline dihydrochloride and Rolitetracycline hydrochloride obtained were m/z 632.5®84.3 and 436.2®84.3. The standard curve shows correlation coefficient (s) greater than 0.999 with a range of 15.00-120.00 pg/ml using the linear regression model. Conclusion: The method was suitable and conveniently applicable to pharmacokinetic and bioavailability studies for estimation of Eravacycline in biological matrices by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS.


Surgical gastrojejunostomy (GJ), which has been the standard palliative treatment for malignant gastric outlet obstruction (MGOO), is associated with good functional outcome and the long-term relief of symptoms. Endoscopic placement of a metal stent for MGOO treatment has been gaining popularity as an alternative to surgical GJ because of its high technical success rates and less invasiveness. Interestingly, several investigators have attempted endoscopic GJ as 'endoscopic bypass' for longer efficacy while maintaining a less invasive procedure.1 We previously reported on the feasibility and safety of EUS-guided GJ (EUS-GJ) using a lumen-apposing metal stent (LAMS)2 ,3 and a special double-balloon enteric tube in an animal model and a pilot clinical study.3 Herein, we describe the first prospective clinical study of EUS-guided double-balloon-occluded gastrojejunostomy bypass (EPASS) using a LAMS (figure 1). We performed EPASS in 20 patients with MGOO. The double-balloon tube (figure 2) was correctly inserted into the jejunum across from the stomach in all cases. The technical success rate of stent placement was 90%.

Figure 1
Schema of EUS-guided double-balloon-occluded gastrojejunostomy bypass (EPASS) using a lumen-apposing metal stent.

Figure 2
Double-balloon enteric tube allows the filling-water between two balloons.

EPASS was performed in 20 patients with MGOO between March 2014 and March 2015 (10 male) (supplementary tables 1 and 2). The median intubation time of the double-balloon tube insertion was 10.5 min (range 6–28 min). The technical success rate of stent placement was 90% (18/20) (figure 3 and supplementary table 3). The median intubation time from the double-balloon tube intubation to stent placement was 25.5 min (range 10–39 min). In the two failed cases, we recognised the maldeployment of the distal flange immediately after deployment of the proximal flange by the presence of pneumoperitonium on fluoroscopy and endoscopic visualisation of the abdominal cavity through the LAMS. Post-treatment gastric outlet obstruction …


OBJECTIVES
Blood-lead levels (B-Pb), and to some extent urinary lead (U-Pb), are the most employed measures of lead exposure and risk. However, the small fraction of lead present in plasma (usually below 1% of that in blood) is probably more relevant to lead exposure and toxicity. Nevertheless, the lead content of plasma lead (P-Pb) has only seldom been used, mainly due to analytical limitations, which have now been overcome. We examined P-Pb in occupationally exposed subjects, as well as its relationship with B-Pb and U-Pb.

METHODS
Blood samples were obtained from 145 male workers, 110 of whom were employed in lead work. After a simple dilution of plasma, P-Pb was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The detection limit was 0.04 microg/l, and the imprecision was 5%.

RESULTS
The lead concentration ranges were 0.20-37 microg/l for P-Pb, 0.9-176 microg/l (density adjusted) for U-Pb, and 9-930 microg/l for B-Pb. A close exponential relation was obtained between B-Pb and P-Pb. When B-Pb was plotted versus log P-Pb, a straight line (log P-Pb = 0.00225 x B-Pb - 0.58; r = 0.97) was obtained. Both the relation between U-Pb and P-Pb and that between U-Pb and B-Pb showed a large scattering (r = 0.78 in both cases). The relation to B-Pb appeared to be exponential, while that to P-Pb appeared to be linear.

CONCLUSIONS
The low detection limit and good precision of P-Pb determinations make it possible to use P-Pb in assessments of lead exposure and risk. Furthermore, in relative terms, P-Pb is a more sensitive measure than B-Pb, especially at high lead levels. This development is of importance for studies of exposure, possibly also for studies of risks.


Strong CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses are considered important immune components for controlling HIV infection, and their priming may be central to an effective HIV vaccine. We describe in this study an approach by which multiple CD4+ and CD8+ T cell epitopes are processed and presented from an exogenously added HIV-1 Gag-p24 peptide of 32 aa complexed to heat shock protein (HSP) gp96. CD8+ T cell recognition of the HSP/peptide complex, but not the peptide alone, was inhibited by brefeldin A, suggesting an endoplasmic reticulum-dependent pathway. This is the first report to describe efficient processing and simultaneous presentation of overlapping class I- and class II-restricted epitopes from the same extracellularly added precursor peptide complexed to HSP. Given previous reports of the strong immunogenicity of HSP/peptide complexes, the present data suggest that HSP-complexed peptides containing multiple MHC class I- and class II-restricted epitopes represent potential vaccine candidates for HIV and other viral infections suitable to induce effective CTL memory by simultaneously providing CD4 T cell help.


We use the unique circumstances that led to the Panic of 1907 to analyze its impact on economic activity. The panic was fuelled by runs on the 'shadow banks' of the time, New York's trust companies. But the shock that triggered the runs was unrelated to the nonfinancial corporations affiliated with those institutions. Using newly collected data, we find that small corporations with close ties to the trust companies that lost the most deposits experienced an immediate decline in their stock price of 10.4 percentage points, and performed worse in the years following the panic across a range of outcomes, including their return on equity, which fell 13.1 percent, their dividend rate, which fell 22 percent, and their average interest costs, which rose 8.3 percent, relative to mean pre-panic levels. The effect on their investment rate was much greater: it fell by nearly 50 percent. The relative decline in investment induced by affiliations with the worst-affected trust companies alone accounted for at least 18.4 percent of the total decline in corporate investment in the United States in 1908. This effect diminished in magnitude over time but persisted for at least five years following the panic.


This Ph.D. project in artistic research is concerned with the function of gesture in traditional Vietnamese music. Building on gender analysis of musical performance in TV shows, and further on autoethnographic inquiry throughout the artistic projects, the artistic output articulates a critical understanding of these practices. The aims of the project are to investigate the social function and meaning of musical gesture in traditional Vietnamese music, and to develop artistic responses that articulate an individual voice. The research questions that emerge from these conceptual and artistic aims are: 1. What gender conventions can gesture analysis of musical performance unveil? 2. In what ways can music created through the choreographic structuring of movement reveal and question gender conventions in musical performance?3. How can my performance, in intercultural and interdisciplinary artistic collaborations, challenge current gender norms and instigate change in practices of traditional Vietnamese music? The method and design of this Ph.D. project builds on qualitative analysis of gesture in musical performance, with particular emphasis on employing a gender perspective in this analysis. In the artistic work, analysis of gesture has constituted a point of departure for the creation of a series of intermedia works that seek to develop methods that combine the practices of choreography and musical composition. Intercultural collaboration has provided particular challenges and possibilities in the development of each of these works. The results of the artistic work are published online in The Research Catalogue.The outcomes of the project outline how gendered gesture is taught in higher music education in Vietnam, and taken together with the historical overview of how nationalism and communism has shaped the country, that this teaching has an immediate relation to nation branding. The teaching of traditional music is equally related to the commercialised views of women as it is grounded in the preservation of tradition. Further, the development of a practice of composing music using gestural-sonorous objects as material became the central artistic method throughout this Ph.D. project. It has offered novel possibilities of approaching gestural materials and creating new choreographies and music based on a critical approach to the image of women in popular media. The results finally suggest that intercultural and inter- disciplinary artistic practice can propose social change, and provide counter images of traditionally gendered behaviour. (Less)


In the summer of 2008, symptoms of leaf curling with yellow, bronze, and purple discoloration, twisting of petioles, stunting of shoots and tap roots, and proliferation of secondary roots were observed in 18 commercial carrot (Daucus carota L.) fields (~62 ha) severely infested with psyllids (mainly Bactericera sp.) from 52 fields (297 ha) located in Alicante and Albacete provinces of Spain. Incidence of symptomatic plants was variable among fields. Similar symptoms were observed in 2009, 2010, and 2011. Symptoms resembled those associated with phytoplasma, spiroplasma, or the bacterium 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' infections in carrot (1-4). Aster yellows and stolbur phytoplasmas and Spiroplasma citri have previously been reported from carrot in mainland Spain but liberibacter infection has not been documented in this region (1). Studies were conducted to determine if 'Ca. L. solanacearum' was associated with the symptoms. Petiole samples of symptomatic carrot plants were collected in 2009 (25 from 9 fields in Alicante and Albacete provinces) and early 2010 (21 from 8 fields in Alicante, Albacete, and Valencia provinces) from symptomatic fields where incidence ranged from 50 to 90%. In addition, one sample collected in 2008 in Alicante was included in the assay. Also, samples were collected from five asymptomatic carrot plants. Total DNA was extracted from 0.5 g of petiole tissue of each sample with the CTAB extraction buffer method (3,4). DNA extractions were analyzed by PCR assay using primer pairs OA2/OI2c and CL514F/R to amplify a portion of 16S rDNA and rplJ/rplL ribosomal protein genes, respectively, of 'Ca. L. solanacearum' (3,4). DNA samples were also tested for phytoplasmas and S. citri by nested-PCR assays using primer pairs P1/P7 followed by R16F2n/R16R2n and ScR16F1/ScR16R1 followed by ScR16F1A/ScR16R2, respectively (2). A 1,168-bp fragment of 16S rDNA was detected in DNA extracted from 1, 12, and 12 symptomatic samples collected in 2008, 2009, and 2010, respectively, suggesting the presence of 'Ca. L. solanacearum' in the carrot samples. A 669-bp rplJ/rplL fragment also was amplified from DNA of the same samples. Liberibacter was not detected in asymptomatic plants. Eight and two samples were infected with S. citri and aster yellows phytoplasmas, respectively. Three samples were infected with S. citri and 'Ca. L. solanacearum' and one sample was infected with all three pathogens. Three amplicons obtained from the PCR assays with both primer pairs from carrot samples collected in 2009 and 2010 were sequenced directly. BLAST analysis of the 16S rDNA sequences (GenBank Nos. HQ454302, HQ454303, and HQ454304) showed 99% nucleotide identity to those of 'Ca. L. solanacearum' amplified from carrot in Finland (GU373049). The rplJ/rplL nucleotide sequences (HQ454305, HQ454306, and HQ454307) were 97% identical to sequences of the analogous rplJ/rplL 'Ca. L. solanacearum' ribosomal protein gene from carrot in Finland (GU373051). To our knowledge, this is the first report of 'Ca. L. solanacearum' in carrot in mainland Spain and also the first evidence of mixed infections of S. citri, 'Ca. L. solanacearum', and phytoplasmas in carrot. References: (1) M. C. Cebrián et al. Plant Dis. 94:1264, 2010. (2) I.-M. Lee et al. Plant Dis. 90:989, 2006. (3) J. E. Munyaneza et al. J. Econ. Entomol. 103:1060, 2010. (4) J. E. Munyaneza et al. Plant Dis. 94:639, 2010.


The study was conducted in Fogera district, South Gondar zone, Amhar National Regional State. Three Kebeles among the 15 Kebeles of upland rice growers of the district were selected purposively and a total of 60 selected households were interviewed to generate primary data. Preference ranking technique was employed to identify farmers' improved upland rice varieties evaluation criteria. The result of the preference ranking shows that market demand, grain yield, taste, drought resistance, and early maturity are the five most important traits required to adopt improved upland rice variety in the study area. Therefore, attempts to promote transformation in agriculture through improved upland rice variety could be successful if these evaluation criteria are taken in consideration.


The oil and gas industry is divided into two sectors: the upstream sector in which exploration and production of crude oil and natural gas take place, and the downstream sector in which the crude oil and natural gas are processed in refineries and petrochemical plants. Oil and gas development projects are characterised by large capital investments which include a clear determination of the risks and rewards of each investment opportunity. It is necessary for developing countries to provide an investor-friendly environment towards provisions of numerous incentives to foreign investors, especially international oil companies (IOCs), to increase direct investment flows. The establishment of a stable and secure environment is a fundamental way that host governments can play a vital role in reducing risk and promoting opportunity through the implementation of suitable regulatory terms and conditions for exploration and production (E&P) work, as well as sufficient economic incentives to attract foreign investment capital. In general, IOCs will diversify risks and prioritise their portfolios to invest in the potential markets that can provide them the highest commercial return. Evidence from Thailand indicates that IOCs require a favourable investment climate to maintain active development of upstream oil and gas resources. Due to the high-risk nature of Thailand's geological setting, IOCs need to have managerial and operational flexibilities when investing in and executing work programmes without mandatory government intervention. The Thai Government needs to consider whether regulation and incentives are written in ways that help facilitate new foreign investments. Apart from legal certainty, Thailand's upstream investment climate can also be strengthened by enhancing the working relationship between the government and the IOCs.


Faculty morale plays an important role in academic life. Morale influences faculty behavior, productivity, and quality of teaching; ultimately affects student learning and program quality; and is predictive of faculty turnover. It is an often overlooked but worthy challenge for academic leaders. This article examines faculty morale, its meaning, and factors that influence it and explores strategies for promoting it in a university department. Faculty morale is a cognitive, emotional, and motivational approach toward the work of the department and may be reflected by a sense of common purpose, group cohesion, and a sense of personal value in the organization. Research shows that faculty morale is affected by various aspects of work life including workload, supportive resources, and recognition. However, evidence also suggests that 2 of the strongest variables influencing morale are relationships with colleagues and perceptions of the abilities and actions of the department leader. Strategies are suggested for promoting faculty morale that are derived from the research, a survey of department chairs, and experience.


Written by a team of two leading experts and two very successful young former PhD students, New Methods of Concurrent Checking describes new methods of concurrent checking, such as partial duplication, use of output dependencies, complementary circuits, self-dual parity, self-dual duplication and others. A special chapter demonstrates how the new general methods of concurrent checking can be more specifically applied to regular structures to obtain optimum results. This is exemplified for all types of adders up to 64 bits with a level of detail never before presented in the literature. The clearly written text is illustrated by about 100 figures. New Methods of Concurrent Checking is approved in many university courses for graduate and undergraduate students, and it is of interest to students and teachers in electrical engineering and computer science, researchers and designers and all readers who are interested in the design and the understanding of reliable circuits and computers.


Abstract. Much of the previous research quantifying the potential benefits of variable rate irrigation (VRI) consists of case studies with simulations using data from small numbers of intensely sampled fields. In this study, an indicator of the amount of root zone available water capacity that is unutilized by uniform rate irrigation was calculated for 49,224 center pivot irrigated fields in Nebraska using publicly available data exclusively. Based on the values of this indicator, potential seasonal irrigation reductions from increasing precipitation utilization with VRI were estimated to be high for a small fraction of analyzed center pivots but low on a regional scale. At current VRI and energy prices, pumping cost savings alone may fail to justify VRI adoption for most analyzed center pivots. Although the prevalence of center pivots with high indicator values differed among counties and among soil associations, ruling out with reasonable confidence the occurrence of either low or high indicator values in a county or soil association might be difficult. The study hopes to inform producers considering VRI and other entities interested in the potential impact of this particular application of VRI.


Through the integration of a water resource system (WRS) component, the MIT Integrated Global System Model (IGSM) framework has been enhanced to study the effects of climate change on managed water‐resource systems. Development of the WRS involves the downscaling of temperature and precipitation from the zonal representation of the IGSM to regional (latitude‐longitude) scale, and the translation of the resulting surface hydrology to runoff at the scale of river basins, referred to as assessment subregions (ASRs). The model of water supply is combined with analysis of water use in agricultural and nonagricultural sectors and with a model of water system management that allocates water among uses and over time and routes water among ASRs. Results of the IGSM‐WRS framework include measures of water adequacy and ways it is influenced by climate change. Here we document the design of WRS and its linkage to other components of the IGSM and present tests of consistency of model simulation with the historical record.


[1] The association between ∼10-km scale horizontal variation of radiometric surface temperature (Ts) and aircraft-derived fluxes of sensible heat (H) and moisture (LE) is the focus of this work. We use aircraft, surface, and satellite data from a Cooperative Atmospheric-Surface Exchange Studies (CASES) field program, which took place in the southern part of the 60 × 100 km Walnut River (Kansas) watershed from 22 April to 22 May 1997, when winter wheat matured and prairie grass greened up. Aircraft Ts observed along repeated flight tracks above the surface layer showed a persistent pattern: maxima over ridges characterized by shallow soil and rocky outcroppings and minima over riparian zones. H and Ts reached maxima in the same longitude zone on two flight tracks 40 km apart. Satellite Ts data from March to June reveal similar persistent patterns with minima more persistent than maxima. Two mechanisms are suggested to explain the association of H and Ts maxima: (1) for winds between 6 and 8 ms−1, modulation of the surface energy budget by vegetation effects; or (2) for winds equal to or below 4 ms−1, a thermally driven circulation centered on Ts maxima. Both mechanisms were possibly enhanced by increased static instability over the Ts maxima. Owing to the small sample available, these results are suggestive rather than conclusive. Effects of rainfall and vegetation on watershed-scale Ts gradients are also explored.


Process condensates represent a real value to the industry as it usually contains several items of potential savings, including but not limited to heat energy and water. In most cases the condensate has become contaminated with unwanted particles or with product carryover making it unfit for direct reuse in the process or as boiler makeup water. Conventional methods use heat exchangers for partial recovery of the heat content to be followed by ion exchange or reverse osmosis limited to 30–40°C feed temperature. By using the Duratherm ® High Temperature compatible membranes in RO and NF, it is now possible to process the condensate at temperatures up to 80°C thereby maintaining the calorific value of the stream. Many plants also produce a product using evaporation. The overheads from the evaporators usually contain a small amount of their product that must either be recovered by an additional evaporation step or disposed of in a waste treatment plant. These reverse osmosis or nanofiltration systems allow concentration of the product, produce high quality water suitable for reuse, and reduce the load on the waste treatment plant. The treated condensate can then be used for various utility operations including boiler & process makeup.


As the U.S. emerges from the Great Recession, there is concern about slowing rates of new household formation and declining interest in homeownership, especially among younger households. Potential reasons that have been posited include tight mortgage credit and housing supply, changing preferences over tenure in the wake of the foreclosure crisis, and weak labor markets for young workers. In this paper, we examine how individual housing choices, and the stated motivations for these choices, reflect local housing affordability and individual financial circumstances, focusing particularly on young households. The analysis makes use of new individual-level data from the Survey of Household Economics and Decisionmaking (SHED). We find that housing affordability is correlated with county-level tenure rates and individual-level probability of homeownership for households with heads under age 40. However, it appears that young households' perceived barriers to homeownership are more closely related to individual financial circumstances than local housing market conditions.


In this paper, we argue that variation in child bilingualism has received too little attention. The literature on monolingual acquisition shows that children vary in the routes they follow towards linguistic proficiency: children have preferences for the acquisition of certain word classes (Nelson 1973, Bates 1994) and they do not all follow the same route in developing more word utterances (Clark, 1993). This variation is hardly taken into account in the study of bilingual acquisition. The fact that children vary in the amount of language mixing in their utterances may be due to the input they are exposed to, but may just as well be a sign of individual preferences and choices. In the case of the French/Dutch bilingual child we study, the first stage of her utterances seems to show that the amount of language specific utterances is variable but decreases with time. We suggest that the child is late in developing the pragmatic competence necessary to develop two differentiated language systems.


The Swedish guideline value for aircraft noise of 70 dB LAmax (time-weighting Slow) is intended to protect residential outdoor living spaces, such as balconies, patios and terraces. To provide empirical foundation for a revision of this policy, a questionnaire study was conducted among residents living close to seven Swedish airports. The questionnaire included questions on aircraft noise annoyance as experienced the dwelling's outdoor living space. About 3100 persons answered the questionnaire (response rate 65%). Annoyance responses were linked to aircraft noise exposure, LAmax and Lden, calculated using the Integrated Noise Model (INM 7.0). A consistent relationship was found between, on the one hand, the number of aircraft events ≥ 70 dB LAmax, and, on the other hand, the proportion of residents annoyed by aircraft noise at their outdoor living space. The proportion of annoyed residents increased rapidly from exposures greater than 3-5 events per day and evening. The same trend was found for activity disturbances at outdoor living spaces, in particular for disturbances related to speech communication, such as conversatiobn or radio listening. In the present sutdy, a large majority of residents exposed to 3-5 aircraft events ≥ 70 dB LAmax were exposed to less than 50 dB Lden (outdoor at the facade), which suggest that Lden-guideline-values exceeding 50 dB may not protect against noise annoyance at outdoor living spaces.


This study examined the effectiveness of UV radiation in reducing numbers of naturally occurring aerobic psychotrophic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, Campylobacter and surface inoculated E. coli on split, boneless, skinless chicken breasts and the effects the UV treatments had on the taste of the chicken. The objective of the study was to determine the UV dosage that gave the largest amount of microbial kill without adversely affecting the taste of the chicken.

Two groups of 12 breasts were individually vacuum packaged. One group was surface inoculated with 1ml of a 2.0 X 106 CFU/ml culture of generic E. coli. The other group received no inoculation. Two breasts from each group were treated with one of six different UV radiation doses, 0 mW s/cm2 (control-no exposure), 34mW s/cm2, 101mW s/cm2, 202mW s/cm2, 504mW s/cm2 and 1008mW s/cm2. Within 24 hr of the treatments and again after seven days, one breast from each group and each treatment was enumerated for bacterial load. The results showed that bacterial load on the inoculated UV treated breasts were significantly reduced (p 0.05) between the inoculated breasts at any of the five different UV treatment dosages. The non-inoculated breasts showed no significant differences in the numbers of bacteria on the controls, as compared to the breasts treated with any of the five UV doses (p >0.05).

Another set of 50 breasts were individually vacuum packaged and divided into six groups. Five groups contained five breasts each. Each group was treated with UV doses of 202mW s/cm2, 504mW s/cm2, 1008mW s/cm2, 2016mW s/cm2 and 3024mW s/cm2 respectively. The control group (n=25) received no exposure. Within 48 hr, and again seven days after treatments, triangle tests for difference were conducted to see if the taste of the chicken had been affected by the treatments. A sensory panel detected a significant taste difference between the untreated chicken and chicken treated at 504mW s/cm2 (p <0.05) two days after treatment, and between the control and chicken treated at 2016mW s/cm2 seven days after treatment (p <0.05).


Recently there has been a growing interest in the ways in which people use their time during travel, and what different types of value (economic or personal) such 'travel-time activity' provides. The activities of public transport passengers have been explored from a number of perspectives, and several of these have been reported to have a positive influence on the experience of the journey. However, within existing research the bus has received almost no specific attention, with most studies focussing on the train. At the same time, there is a stated policy need to improve the attractiveness of bus travel and increase patronage on local bus services in the UK. This thesis draws these strands together, and investigates how the activities in which bus passengers engage on-the-move give meaning to their journeys and help to shape their experiences and perceptions of the mode. In doing so, it considers how a focus on travel-time activity is potentially a valuable way of improving journey experiences for users, and increasing the attractiveness of bus travel to non-users.
Identifying the need to explore travel-time activity on the bus, the thesis develops a discussion of what is already known about the ways in which passengers (largely rail passengers) use their time, and how this has been found to influence their experiences and perceptions of the journey. Within this, specific attention is paid to the importance of carried objects and mobile technologies (mobile phones, books, music players, and more) in facilitating travel-time activities. In doing so, this thesis considers how existing travel-time research is relevant to the context of the bus journey. It identifies and addresses three gaps in existing knowledge:
(i) It provides the missing link between research which has demonstrated that travel-time activity has the potential to improve journey experiences for public transport passengers, and research which has specifically explored the journey experiences of bus passengers.
(ii) It explores the current lack of understanding concerning the ways in which travel-time activities on the bus give meaning to passengers' experiences of the journey. In particular, there has been little focus on how the travel-time "tools" – the carried objects, mobile technologies, and ICTs – are potentially enabling bus passengers to conduct different activities during travel-time.
(iii) It seeks to fill a gap in existing knowledge in terms of specific research into subjectivity of travel-time on the bus, and how it is enacted and experienced differently by different individuals and groups.
The thesis follows a three-phase methodology in generating new empirical data on travel-time activity and journey experience on the bus. First, two phases of qualitative data collection were undertaken. This involved a novel online discussion group utilising the popular social networking site "Facebook". Following this two focus groups were conducted with bus users and car users to explore the qualitative findings in greater depth and inform the construction of the final quantitative phase. This consisted of a large-scale on-board questionnaire survey of 840 bus passengers on five routes in Bristol, UK. Thus the qualitative data provided rich discourses and explanations of passengers' experience of travel-time, and the quantitative data tested these findings amongst a sample of the wider bus user population.
This thesis finds that there are several activities and technologies particularly suited to the bus journey, and that people engage in these for a number of reasons. For example, travel-time activity is sometimes valuable for providing a "slice" of personal time within which to relax or complete personal tasks. For other passengers (or at other times) it helps to mitigate some of the more common negative experiences encountered along the journey such as boredom, stress, and social discomfort. The subjectivity of the passenger is central to explanations of travel-time use on the bus; travel-time is perceived differently by different people and thus is used and experienced in many ways. The thesis pays attention to the tensions that this creates within the collective experience of the journey. In particular the intensely social nature of bus travel is explained as being at the heart of the experience. For some the journey is a chance to socialise, where for others the public spaces of the bus can engender a lack of a sense of personal space and a negative experience.
In concluding, the thesis identifies a disparity between the quantitative and qualitative findings. The qualitative data go into depth in explaining the rich, contextual experience of activity, where the quantitative findings focus on the immediate experience and find other factors to be of more primary significance than activity – particularly punctuality, age, and a person's social disposition. Thus, the thesis contextualises its own findings, highlighting the potential of travel-time activity in increasing the attractiveness of bus travel, whilst at the same time firmly framing the importance of this new knowledge within the wider picture of the bus as a service.


Pulses are well known to be gluten-free functional foods that provide a rich source of nutritional and healthy compounds with antioxidant-promoting activity. In the present study, the bioactive compounds, dietary fibre, arabinoxylans, individual phenolic compounds and tocopherols, were evaluated in different lentil flours (raw and extruded at 140 and 160 °C) formulated with nutritional yeasts, along with the changes induced by the extrusion process. The total dietary fibre and arabinoxylan content significantly (p < 0.05) increased after the extrusion process while a significant decrease of all tocopherol isoforms was also observed. Catechin, caffeic, kaempferol and quercetin derivatives were identified in the raw and extruded lentil flours. The decreases of total phenolic and individual phenolic compounds were directly related to the extrusion temperature; total phenolics and catechin hexoside exhibited a larger decrease in the lentil flours formulated with higher content of nutritional yeast (12 and 16%). The antioxidant activity results, determined using different assays, reflected the important effect of extrusion processing and food ingredients.


The Pew Research Center (2009) report wireless internet usage discovered that 70% of American adults utilized the Internet and about half of U.S. citizenry reported having access to the Internet in their own homes. With statistics indicating such widespread Internet access it is no surprise that the World Wide Web is now being used as a source for mental health services. Although Internet-based mental health interventions have been in use before the 1980s in some forms (Skinner & Zack, 2004), there are still debates regarding the efficaciousness and ethics related to online practice. This research will summarize the history of the use of the internet for the provision of mental health services which also covers the types of Internet delivery systems. In addition it will focus on the ethical guidelines that have been developed by the major counseling agencies that provide guidance to the profession.


Differential evolution (DE) has been traditionally applied to solving benchmark continuous optimisation functions. To enable it to solve a combinatorially oriented design problem, such as the construction of effective radio frequency identification antennas, requires the development of a suitable encoding of the discrete decision variables in a continuous space. This study introduces an encoding that allows the algorithm to construct antennas of varying complexity and length. The DE algorithm developed is a multiobjective approach that maximises antenna efficiency and minimises resonant frequency. Its results are compared with those generated by a family of ant colony optimisation (ACO) metaheuristics that have formed the standard in this area. Results indicate that DE can work well on this problem and that the proposed solution encoding is suitable. On small antenna grid sizes (hence, smaller solution spaces) DE performs well in comparison to ACO, while as the solution space increases its relative performance decreases. However, as the ACO employs a local search operator that the DE currently does not, there is scope for further improvement to the DE approach.


Abstract Much impact research focuses on how individual scholars can influence policy outcomes, leading to recommendations about how individual researchers can be more entrepreneurial and engage with policy cycles in innovative ways. This approach is problematic in that it reinforces assumptions about researchers as "heroic" individuals, obscuring consideration of how organizational contexts support or hinder the prospects for research impact. As a result, the importance of organizational context is frequently absent from universities' impact strategies. This article seeks to address this gap by presenting a case study on the experiences of the Department of Pacific Affairs (DPA) at the Australian National University (ANU) in creating a context that supports research impact. DPA's research approach has long included a strong policy focus, aided in part by long-term financial support from the Australian government to build a globally preeminent center of excellence for policy-relevant research on the Pacific. Concentrating on DPA's organizational context as an impact mechanism, the article considers lessons learned that can inform the development of research contexts that serve as an inherently impactful approach to research.


THE CURRENCY BOARD AND THE RISE OF BANKING IN EAST AFRICA. The East Africa region consists today of three independent countries, Kenya, Tanzania (formerly Tanganyika) and Uganda, which, from the early 1920's to the achievement of independence, formed an administrative unit under British rule: the British East Africa. The paper presents an historical synthesis of the basic problems and developments of the monetary and banking system in British East Africa. The research covers the period included between the beginning of European colonisation and the attainment of independence by the three above mentioned countries and focuses on the experience with a currency board arrangement in this context. A survey on commercial banking in the region, reveals that this industry, since its rise, carried the imprinting of the British banking tradition. In the first stage of monetary evolution, owing to the influence of Indian trade and settlement in East Africa, the currency most in use was undoubtedly the Indian rupee. In that period banking industry landed in East Africa, brought in by European colonial powers. The second stage in monetary evolution began when a currency board was established, in 1919, in the British colonial possessions of East Africa, just after the acquisition, as loot, of Tanganyika, a colony previously under German rule. Originally the area of Board's operations, i. e. the East African shilling monetary area, consisted of the three mentioned territories. Zanzibar was added in 1936. During World War II were included, temporarily, in the area also Aden and British Somaliland and eventually the former Italian colonies of Eritrea, Ethiopia and Somalia. The start of activity by the E. A. Currency Board was not easy. In 1925, when the conversion of circulating rupees was completed, because of overvaluation of silver coins in the exchange rate adopted, the EA Currency Board suffered substantial losses and the reserve ratio was 43. 6 per cent. Yet the situation worsened with the crisis of the colonial economy during the depression of the 30's, which caused a sharp decline in money supply in East Africa because of heavy redemption of local currency. In 1932 the lowest point was reached with the reserve ratio at only 9. 9 per cent. Circulation of EA shillings increased rapidly after 1940 because of war economy and of a favourable balance of payments of the colonies. In addition, a great enlargement of the original currency area was achieved following British military conquests in the Horn of Africa. In 1950 the circulation was fully covered by reserves, but during the previous decades the colonial currency was mainly based on government credit. However, it was not until 1956, that the fiduciary issue was officially introduced and, by this event, reasonable opportunities for monetary policy were offered. This innovation was introduced to free part of the external reserves held in London. Prior to that act the role of the Currency Board was just passive because the automatic exchange of currency did not allow any kind of money management. It represented a simple and inexpensive mechanism directed to issue currency. A long period of British rule came to an end when the colonial territories of East Africa obtained political independence and this dramatic change marked the epilogue of the story of the colonial monetary institution. The new emerging states would not accept to renounce monetary sovereignty. Therefore the liquidation of East African Currency Board was decided and the establishment of three national central banks was officially announced simultaneously in June 1965 by the governments of Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda. The East African Currency Board ceased operations one year later.


Content delivery networks (CDNs) distribute much of the Internet content by caching and serving the objects requested by users. A major goal of a CDN is to maximize the hit rates of its caches, thereby enabling faster content downloads to the users. Content caching involves two components: an admission algorithm to decide whether to cache an object and an eviction algorithm to determine which object to evict from the cache when it is full. In this paper, we focus on cache admission and propose a novel algorithm called RL-Cache that uses model-free reinforcement learning (RL) to decide whether or not to admit a requested object into the CDN's cache. Unlike prior approaches that use a small set of criteria for decision making, RL-Cache weights a large set of features that include the object size, recency, and frequency of access. We develop a publicly available implementation of RL-Cache and perform an evaluation using production traces for the image, video, and web traffic classes from Akamai's CDN. The evaluation shows that RL-Cache improves the hit rate in comparison with the state of the art and imposes only a modest resource overhead on the CDN servers. Further, RL-Cache is robust enough that it can be trained in one location and executed on request traces of the same or different traffic classes in other locations of the same geographic region. The paper also reports extensive analyses of the RL-Cache sensitivity to its features and hyperparameter values. The analyses validate the made design choices and reveal interesting insights into the RL-Cache behavior.


OBJECTIVES
To describe prevention activities and risk behavior in cities where human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was introduced into the local population of injecting drug users (IDUs), but where seroprevalence has nevertheless remained low (< 5%) during at least 5 years.

DESIGN AND SETTING
A literature search identified five such cities: Glasgow, Scotland; Lund, Sweden; Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Tacoma, Wash; and Toronto, Ontario. Case histories were prepared for each city, including data on prevention activities and current levels of risk behavior among IDUs.

PARTICIPANTS
Injecting drug users recruited from both drug treatment and non-treatment settings in each city.

INTERVENTIONS
A variety of HIV prevention activities for IDUs had been implemented in each of the five cities.

RESULTS
There were three common prevention components present in all five cities: (1) implementation of prevention activities when HIV seroprevalence was still low, (2) provision of sterile injection equipment, and (3) community outreach to IDUs. Moderate levels of risk behavior continued with one third or more of the IDUs reporting recent unsafe injections.

CONCLUSIONS
In low-seroprevalence areas, it appears possible to severely limit transmission of HIV among populations of IDUs, despite continuing risk behavior among a substantial proportion of the population. Pending further studies, the common prevention components (beginning early, community outreach, and access to sterile injection equipment) should be implemented wherever populations of IDUs are at risk for rapid spread of HIV.


Officials and scholars have used the disaster management cycle for the past 30 years to explain and manage impacts. Although very little understanding and agreement exist in terms of where the concept originated it is the purpose of this article to address the origins of the disaster management cycle. To achieve this, general system theory concepts of isomorphisms, equifinality, open systems and feedback arrangements were applied to linear disaster phase research (which emerged in the 1920s) and disaster management cycles. This was done in order to determine whether they are related concepts with procedures such as emergency, relief, recovery and rehabilitation.


Sediment toxicity assessments must address bioaccumulation potential of bound contaminants. This potential has been associated with the desorption of chemicals including many mutagens and carcinogens from sediment into interstitial waters. Environmental impacts and health hazards of sediment-bound normal, alkylated and heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are functions of their entry into food webs, the activation of promutagens, and bioaccumulation processes. Activation phenomena occurring in benthic organisms may generate genotoxic agents not extractable with non-polar solvents used for chemical analysis. Co-solvent theory was applied to prepare aqueous-based extracts from petroleum-contaminated sediments from Pass Fourchon, LA. Co-solvent solubilization of contaminants is thermodynamically related to partition co-efficients which govern bioavailability to benthic organisms. Sediments were extracted into acetic acid co-solvent mixtures (0,10,20, and 50%, in seawater) and mutagens mobilized into the extracts were detected by the Salmonella typhimurium mutagenicity assay with and without activation. Direct-acting mutagens were mobilized at all co-solvent concentrations, causing reversions in strain TA102, but not in TA 97a, TA98, or TA 100. Promutagens were detectable in all extracts after activation with Arochlor-induced rat liver S9. Increasing co-solvent strength seemed to suppress the extraction of water soluble mutagens but enhanced the extraction of lipophilic mutagens. Differing sensitivities were noted among the testermore » strains, with TA102 being most sensitive and TA98 showing no response to the mutagens. Mutagenicity varied among co-solvent concentrations, perhaps reflecting the mobilization of different arrays of compounds. Chemical analysis of co-solvent extracts by GC/MS yielded identification of possible mutagenic constituents.« less


The population growth rate, or intrinsic rate of increase, measures the potential rate of growth of a population with specified and fixed vital rates.The sensitivity of population growth rate to changes in the vital rates can be written in terms of the stable stage or age distribution and the reproductive value distribution. If the vital rate measures the rate of production of one type of individual by another, then the sensitivity of growth rate is proportional to the reproductive value of the destination type and the representation in the stable stage distribution of the source type. This formal relationship exists in three forms: one limited to age-classified populations, a second that applies to stage- or age-classified populations, and a third that uses matrix calculus. Each uses a different set of formal demographic techniques; together they provide a relationship that beautifully cuts across different types of demographic models.


GIRK1 and GIRK4 subunits combine to form the heterotetrameric acetylcholine-activated potassium current (IKACh) channel in pacemaker cells of the heart. The channel is activated by direct binding of G-protein Gβγsubunits. The GIRK1 subunit is atypical in the GIRK family in having a unique (∼125-amino acid) domain in its distal C terminus. GIRK1 cannot form functional channels by itself but must combine with another GIRK family member (GIRK2, GIRK3, or GIRK4), which are themselves capable of forming functional homotetramers. Here we show, using an extracellularly Flag-tagged GIRK1 subunit, that GIRK1 requires association with GIRK4 for cell surface localization. Furthermore, GIRK1 homomultimers reside in core-glycosylated and nonglycosylated states. Coexpression of GIRK4 caused the appearance of the mature glycosylated form of GIRK1. [35S]Methionine pulse-labeling experiments demonstrated that GIRK4 associates with GIRK1 either during or shortly after subunit synthesis. Mutant and chimeric channel subunits were utilized to identify domains responsible for GIRK1 localization. Truncation of the unique C-terminal domain of Δ374–501 resulted in an intracellular GIRK1 subunit that produced normal IKACh-like channels when coexpressed with GIRK4. Chimeras containing the C-terminal domain of GIRK1 from amino acid 194 to 501 were intracellularly localized, whereas chimeras containing the C terminus of GIRK4 localized to the cell surface. Deletion analysis of the GIRK4 C terminus identified a 25-amino acid region required for cell surface targeting of GIRK1/GIRK4 heterotetramers and a 25-amino acid region required for cell surface localization of GIRK4 homotetramers. GIRK1 appeared intracellular in atrial myocytes isolated from GIRK4 knockout mice and was not maturely glycosylated, supporting an essential role for GIRK4 in the processing and cell surface localization of IKACh in vivo.


Affordable access to higher education is a major challenge for small Pacific island nations. The University of the South Pacific which is owned and governed by twelve island nations in this region plays a special role in meeting this challenge. In its fiftieth year, a few recent developments at USP provide a useful case study for how this challenge can be addressed to provide affordable access to educational opportunity for residents of twelve Pacific Island nations in various stages of development.The island nations served by the University of the South Pacific are spread over 33 million square kilometers of the Pacific, with several official languages and many more indigenous languages, and use seven distinct currencies. As USP celebrates its fiftieth year in 2018, it has embarked upon two specific initiatives that will enable the university to map out a pathway for the future of education for the next generation and within the context of current and new strategies for the design and implementation of meaningful education throughout the member nations. These initiatives are the development of a flexible learning policy and an Open Education Resources policy. Taking pages from the fields of Technology, Education (Learning and Teaching), and Design, these two USP policies seek to "future proof" the university for the next generation and others after that. Being future proofed means being able to stand the test of time in the face of changing contexts and challenges. University policies are most effective when they are designed to withstand and accommodate prospective changes in the educational landscape.  These policies reflect agreed-upon principles that will withstand social and political changes. This paper is a commentary on the content of these policy initiatives around flexible learning and open education practices, their values and principles.


Patterns of correlated activity among brain regions reflect functionally relevant networks that are widely assumed to be stable over time. We hypothesized that if these correlations reflect the prior history of coactivation of brain regions, then a marked shift in cognition could alter the strength of coupling between these regions. We sought to test whether intensive reasoning training in humans would result in tighter coupling among regions in the lateral frontoparietal network, as measured with resting-state fMRI (rs-fMRI). Rather than designing an artificial training program, we studied individuals who were preparing for a standardized test that places heavy demands on relational reasoning, the Law School Admissions Test (LSAT). LSAT questions require test takers to group or sequence items according to a set of complex rules. We recruited young adults who were enrolled in an LSAT course that offers 70 h of reasoning instruction (n = 25), and age- and IQ-matched controls intending to take the LSAT in the future (n = 24). rs-fMRI data were collected for all subjects during two scanning sessions separated by 90 d. An analysis of pairwise correlations between brain regions implicated in reasoning showed that fronto-parietal connections were strengthened, along with parietal-striatal connections. These findings provide strong evidence for neural plasticity at the level of large-scale networks supporting high-level cognition.


The series production of Nb3Sn and NbTi cable-inconduit conductors (CICC) for the winding of various coils in the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) magnet system is being completed in 2015. The tests of the ITER conductor samples are running in the SULTAN test facility in Villigen, Switzerland, in the scope of a framework contract, flanked by six bilateral agreements between IO and the Domestic Agencies (DAs) of China, EU, Korea, Japan, Russian Federation, and USA. The key acceptance parameter of the tests for the conductor samples made from the series production ITER CICCs is the current sharing temperature Tcs at the nominal operating field and current after applied electromagnetic cyclic loadings at the nominal field and sinusoidal swing of conductor current from zero to nominal one. The Tcs is defined as the maximum temperature at which the conductors operate (nominal current and field) before developing an electric field of 10 μV/m. This paper gathers the latest test results of the ITER series production CICC. The qualified conductor units will be used in the winding of the toroidal field and poloidal field coils, as well as the central solenoid. The test results for the series production conductors are compared with the results of the conductors tested at the early stages of their development. The performance variation among the suppliers and the performance evolution since the start of the conductor production are discussed as well.


We study the Hamiltonian formulation of the general first order action of general relativity compatible with local Lorentz invariance and background independence. The most general simplectic structure (compatible with diffeomorphism invariance and local Lorentz transformations) is obtained by adding to the Holst action the Pontriagin, Euler, and Nieh-Yan invariants with independent coupling constants. We perform a detailed canonical analysis of this general formulation (in the time gauge) exploring the structure of the phase space in terms of connection variables. We explain the relationship of these topological terms and the effect of large SU(2) gauge transformations in quantum theories of gravity defined in terms of the Ashtekar-Barbero connection.


We examine the processes by which regulations prevailing in countries at the core of the global economy spread to countries outside this small group. We show how specific cross-border relationships between banks, regulators, and investors generate regulatory interdependence that drives the diffusion of international standards from the standard-setting countries at the core of the financial system to the financial periphery. We argue that regulatory decisions in the financial periphery are shaped by the prior choices of regulators in other countries, mediated through four specific cross-border relationships associated with banking globalization. We draw on a new dataset of Basel II adoption in over ninety jurisdictions in the financial periphery. Using spatial lag models we show that regulators' decisions over the adoption of international standards are shaped by the choices of regulators to whom they are connected through the cross-border operations of individual banks, international professional networks, and competition for capital. Our analysis underscores the value of parsing out the relevant actor-level linkages that connect countries: while international considerations shape regulatory decisions, what matters is not the extent to which countries are connected to the global economy but rather the nature of these connections.


Burnout in health care professionals may pose a threat to the quality of care provided in any setting. The purpose of this project was to examine dimensions related to future resilience in CSD graduate students. METHODS: In this project, 146 master's degree students from Communication Sciences and Disorders (CSD) programs in the Midwest completed an online survey regarding lifestyle stresses affecting resilience, and patterns in five areas correlated with resilience. RESULTS: Top lifestyle stresses affecting academics were general stress, maintaining mental health, and sleep difficulties. Notably, more than half of the participants reported feeling rested three or fewer days per week. Further, CSD students reported significantly higher incidence of general stress, mental health conditions, chronic health conditions, concern for a friend or family member's struggles, and sleep difficulty than college age peers. Positive factors identified related to resilience in CSD students included presence of professional networks and mentoring, maintaining positivity, opportunities for reflecting on strengths and weaknesses, and having a sense meaning in life. Respondent areas of resilience vulnerability were reduced optimism on a daily basis, limited sense of life balance, and hesitancy to discuss life issues or accommodation needs with faculty. Implications are discussed regarding CSD graduate programs' roles in fostering resilience. CONCLUSION: Professional programs can support and promote the development of personal and professional resilience in students training for healthcare professions. This survey project provides a starting point to describe patterns in CSD master's programs within the Midwestern region of the US.


This dissertation presents the results from a balloon-borne experiment, referred to as the Directional GammaRay Telescope (DGT), which is designed to image celestial gamma-rays over the energy range 160 keV to 9.3 MeV. It utilizes a technique known as coded aperture imaging in order to obtain spatially resolved images of the sky with an angular resolution of $3.8\sp\circ.$ This detector is the first flight-ready instrument of this type operating at energies above 160 keV. The first successful balloon flight of this instrument took place on 1984 October 1-2. During the thirty hours in which the payload remained at float altitude, imaging observations of a number of sky regions were obtained, including observations of the Crab and Cygnus regions. The Crab Nebula/pulsar was observed to have a featureless power-law spectrum with a best fit form of $5.1 \times 10\sp{-3} {\rm E\sb{MeV}}\sp{-1.88}$ photons ${\rm cm\sp{-2}\ s\sp{-1}\ MeV}\sp{-1},$ consistent with previous measurements. We have placed $3\sigma$ upper limits on previously observed line emission at energies of 400 keV and 1049 keV; the results are $3.0 \times 10\sp{-3}$ and $1.9 \times 10\ sp{-3}$ photons ${\rm cm\sp{-2}\ s}\sp{-1},$ respectively. These upper limits lie below some previous measurements of this emission. We also place upper limits on the emission from the x-ray binary source A0535+26 and the anticenter diffuse emission. Emission from Cyg X-1 was observed up to $\sim$10 MeV. At energies below 1 MeV, the data are consistent with a single-temperature inverse Compton model, with an electron temperature, ${\rm kT\sb{e}},$ of $\sim$80 keV and an optical depth, $\tau,$ of $\sim$2.0. The inverse Compton model is often employed to explain the observed x-ray emission. In the 2-9.3 MeV range, the DGT results show emission which is not readily understood in the context of the inverse Compton model. We suggest that a second component, possibly produced by some non-thermal mechanism, may be necessary to explain the observations. Finally, upper limits are also derived for the flux from Cygnus X-3.


Methods for super-resolution can be broadly classified into two families of methods: (i) The classical multi-image super-resolution (combining images obtained at subpixel misalignments), and (ii) ExampleBased super-resolution (learning correspondence between low and high resolution image patches from a database). In this paper we propose a unified framework for combining these two families of methods. We further show how this combined approach can be applied to obtain super resolution from as little as a single image (with no database or prior examples). Our approach is based on the observation that patches in a natural image tend to redundantly recur many times inside the image, both within the same scale, as well as across different scales. Recurrence of patches within the same image scale (at sub pixel misalignments) gives rise to the classical super-resolution, whereas recurrence of patches across different scales of the same image gives rise to example-based super-resolution. Our approach attempts to recover at each pixel its best possible resolution increase based on its patch redundancy within and across scales.


The talk will examine the case for treating if-conditionals as strong attractors of modality. The claim is tested through keyword comparisons of un-annotated corpora, namely a sample of 853 if-conditionals from the written BNC, and, as reference corpora, the written BNC Sampler, FLOB, all the if-sentences from the written sub-corpus of the BNC, and the non-conditional if-sentences from the sample. Further tests involve the comparison of specific modal words between the manually annotated sample and the annotated versions of BNC, BNC Sampler and FLOB. The talk will also comment on issues arising from problems encountered in the two types of comparison, as well as issues pertaining to corpus annotation, quantitative analysis, and the definition and formal characteristics of if-conditionals.


Abstract Given that President Obama's Executive Orders on regulation have emphasized the importance of retrospective analysis and review of existing federal rules, I survey the state of retrospective analysis and review of federal regulations. I first ask how much is known about the economic merit of past federal regulatory decisions, based on retrospective economic analyses of their effects. I review reports of the Office of Management and Budget and related literature, but unlike those reports I find only five rules, issued by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), for which retrospective analyses provide estimates of both costs and reasonably good proxies for benefits (e.g., adverse health effects avoided). Other retrospective studies of federal rules estimate are incomplete, estimating only the compliance costs, or only the benefits, or only costs and measures of effectiveness, like emissions reductions, which do not closely relate to people's welfare. I also seek to explain differences in the practice of retrospective analysis and review between NHTSA, which appears to have the best record of retrospective analyses among federal agencies, and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), an important regulatory agency. I find that NHTSA regularly conducts such analyses and reviews, while EPA rarely does retrospective analysis and presents rulemakings that look like business as usual as being the result of a retrospective review. I analyze the role of data limitations, statutory authority, and institutional incentives in influencing the different behaviors of these two agencies. I conclude that differences in data availability and in particular the lack of relevant control groups, are an important barrier to retrospective analysis at EPA. This data deficiency, combined with important restrictions on EPA's ability to consider information on net benefits or cost-effectiveness in its rule-making, are together the biggest hindrance to generating better information about the effects of its rules. I conclude with recommendations intended to generate more measurement of the actual effects of regulations.


This paper introduces a coincident indicator of systemic liquidity risk in the Italian financial markets. In order to take account of the systemic dimension of liquidity stress, standard portfolio theory is used. Three sub-indices, that reflect liquidity stress in specific market segments, are aggregated in the systemic liquidity risk indicator in the same way as individual risks are aggregated in order to quantify overall portfolio risk. The aggregation takes account of the time-varying cross-correlations between the sub-indices, using a multivariate GARCH approach. This is able to capture abrupt changes in the correlations and makes it possible for the indicator to identify systemic liquidity events precisely. We evaluate the indicator on its ability to match the results of a survey conducted among financial market experts to determine the most liquidity stressful events for the Italian financial markets. The results show that the systemic liquidity risk indicator accurately identifies events characterized by high systemic risk, while not exaggerating the level of stress during calm periods.


ABSTRACT Scientific knowledge on what works in countering violent extremism remains limited. This article argues that we should move away from the "what works?" question and towards: "what works, for whom, in what circumstances, and how?" This method is also known as realist evaluation. This article applies the realist review method to CVE studies, which synthesizes the existing CVE literature and helps us gain insight into relevant contexts, mechanisms, and outcomes for CVE. Realist reviews help to develop and shape more effective policy and contribute to further CVE theory development.


If the defining goal of modern-day business can be isolated to just one item, it would be the search for competitive advantage. And, as everyone in business knows, it's a lot harder than it used to be. On the one hand, competition is more intense than ever-technological innovation, consumer expectations, government deregulation, all combine to create more opportunities for new competitors to change the basic rules of the game. On the other hand, most of the old reliable sources of competitive advantage are drying up: the hallowed strategies employed by GM, IBM, and AT&T to maintain their seemingly unassailable positions of dominance in the 1960s and 70s are as obsolete as the calvary charge. So in this volatile, unstable environment, where can competitive advantage be found? As David Nadler and Michael Tushman show, the last remaining source of truly sustainable competitive advantage lies in 'organizational capabilities': the unique ways each organization structures its work and motivates its people to achieve clearly articulated strategic objectives. For too long, too many managers have thought about "organization" merely in terms of rearranging the boxes and lines on an organizational chart-but as Competing by Design clearly illustrates, organizational strength is found far beyond one-dimensional diagrams. Managers must, argue Nadler and Tushman, understand the concepts and learn the skills involved in designing their organization to exploit their inherent strengths. All the reengineering, restructuring, and downsizing in the world will merely destabilize a company if the change doesn't address the fundamental patterns of performance-and if the change doesn't recognize the unique core competencies of that company. In this landmark volume, the authors draw upon specific cases to illustrate the design process in practice as they provide a set of powerful, yet simple tools, for using strategic organization design to gain competitive advantage. They present a design process, explore key decisions managers face, and list the guiding principles for incorporating the design function as a continuing and integral process in organizations that are looking to the future. In 1918, Henry Ford's Dearborn assembly plant was the model of the new assembly-line technology. Today, the assembly plant is an aging relic, but, incredibly, the organizational architecture it spawned lives on in steep hierarchies, centralized bureaucracies, and narrowly defined jobs. As companies are coming to realize they can't compete successfully in the 21st century with organizations based on 19th century ideas, Competing by Design shows clearly and persuasively why-and, most importantly how-to harness the power of organizational architecture to unleash the competitive strengths embedded in each organization.


Using data from the Survey of Ontario Workers with Permanent Impairments (1989–90), the authors examine the effects of work-related disabilities on the wage losses of disabled male workers. One important focus of the analysis is whether the size of disabled workers' wage losses was affected by whether they remained at or left the job where the accident occurred. The authors also estimate the longer-term persistence of wage shocks for disabled workers. The estimates suggest that wage losses were larger for disabled workers who did not return to work with their time-of-accident employer than for those who did return, with the latter earning 27% more. Furthermore, wages appear to have been more persistent for workers who did not return to their accident employer than for those who did return.