This thesis investigates the maritime cultural landscape of Point Pearce Mission/ Burgiyana, in the Yorke Peninsula/Guuranda region of South Australia. The research seeks to understand Indigenous maritime activities within a defined conceptual framework through a case study-based, inductive and interpretive approach. This interpretation perceives the participation of Indigenous peoples in Australia's maritime industry as an important component of Australian maritime heritage with the potential to shed light on a number of areas including boatbuilding, labouring in the shipping trade—both at sea and on land—and working in the fishing economy. Previous archaeological research has not employed a maritime cultural landscape framework to explore issues of importance to Indigenous communities. The framework, arguably one of the most popular in the maritime archaeology field, is derived from research conducted in Europe and hence has had a Western focus and research agenda. Further, maritime archaeological studies have neglected Indigenous missions as potential sites/landscapes and, similarly, archaeological research at missions has largely ignored maritime aspects. This study is based upon the collection of 13 oral histories, as well as terrestrial, coastal and underwater archaeological investigations and primary archival research. The data was collated taking into account the 11 thematic facets of the maritime cultural landscape as advocated by Westerdahl (2008, 2011). The latter information was then used to explore the usefulness and suitability of the maritime cultural landscape approach in an Indigenous Australian post-contact context. In particular, an assessment of the maritime cultural landscape was conducted in this research to consider whether it provided the necessary suite of methods (and associated rationale) to accommodate a cohesive recording of areas important to Indigenous Australian communities (i.e. beliefs, knowledges and lived experiences) and whether it provided a useful interpretive structure. The research reveals that the maritime cultural landscape framework is generally, with qualifications, suitable for the investigation of Indigenous Australian post- contact contexts and is worthwhile in the sense that it can foreground the contribution of Indigenous peoples in Australia's maritime industry. The aforementioned 11 thematic facets of the maritime cultural landscape are demonstrated in this research to be flexible across contexts, however several issues emerge from this case study. These issues have been broadly grouped into five themes as follows: 1) Colonial archives and local histories often silence Aboriginal peoples; 2) Maritime cultural landscape facets need to encompass non-Western systems of knowledge; 3) Maritime archaeology discourse and underpinning attitudes need to be deconstructed; 4) Maritime archaeology in Australia is generally Eurocentric; and 5) Oral histories are an integral source for exploring Indigenous maritime cultural landscapes. Consequently, it is argued that the maritime cultural landscape approach should be adopted more frequently, taking into account Indigenous themes in maritime archaeology, although the research process should be carefully examined for Eurocentricity. Additionally, the outcomes of the project illustrate that Indigenous maritime cultural landscapes are not only a prominent part of the Australian landscape, but also provoke reconsiderations regarding how we see the relationship between maritime and Indigenous archaeology. The implications of these findings are that the seascape framework is not the only concept available within maritime archaeology for investigating Indigenous contexts. As a result, it is proposed that maritime archaeologists should consider employing a maritime cultural landscape framework within other themes of cultural contact, as well as at missions situated on other waterways and in similar contexts in other countries.


The perennial bestseller on QuickBooksnow covering QuickBooks 2016 If you're like most people involved with a small business, accounting is the last thing you want to spend a lot of time on. Luckily, QuickBooks 2016 For Dummies makes it easy to keep your finances under control so you can concentrate on other aspects of your business. In no time, you'll find out how to populate QuickBooks lists, create invoices and credit memos, record a sales receipt, track sales and inventory, pay bills, process payroll, track business checkbooks and credit cards, and so much more. QuickBooks is the leading small business accounting software package designed to help users handle their financial and business management tasks more effectively. With plain-English explanations that cut through financial jargon, this easy-to-follow guide walks you through installing the software and configuring QuickBooks for your business needs and goes on to show you how to build the perfect budget, simplify tax return preparation, and generate financial reportswithout ever breaking a sweat! Organize all of your business finances in one place Create invoices and credit memos, record sales receipts, and pay the bills Track inventory, figure job costs, and monitor your business with reports Make tax time easier Written by an expert CPA who knows QuickBooks and understands your unique business needs, QuickBooks 2016 For Dummies is your go-to guide for getting past the paperwork and putting the program to work.


ABSTRACT We know that half of the population in Norway is female, and we know that females represent 6% of the white-collar crime prison population. In the stage model overview, we derive percentages from the literature into the gender model to explain stepwise reduction from 50% to 6%. In our empirical research, we asked two groups of business school students to come up with their own estimates for the stages in the model for female criminals. While estimates from executive students resulted in 3% women in prison, bachelor students' estimates resulted in 10% women in prison. The most obvious discrepancy between the research literature and our two survey groups is related to relative convictions. Based on the literature, we suggested that female defendants receive more serious convictions because they may perceive and feel more guilt for a crime, for example in terms of regret, shame and depression. Thus women may have a tendency to confess more easily. Both executive students and bachelor students disagree with this estimate of 140%, as they suggest 62% and 69% respectively. One reason for their suggestion of less serious convictions for female white-collar criminals – sometimes labelled pink-collar criminals – might be that family situation and other elements are taken into account before a verdict is passed on a woman. Another substantial discrepancy is related to detection risk. The literature suggests a low detection risk for women, but may be not as low as we estimated at 30%. Both executive and bachelor students believe that the gender difference in detection likelihood is not that formidable, as they suggest 75% and 65% respectively.


It is crucial to develop reusable methods for explaining and evaluating esports given their popularity and diversity. Quantifying skill in an esport has the potential to improve win prediction, matchmaking, and storytelling for these games. Arpad Elo's skill modeling system for chess has been adapted to many games and sports. In each instance, the modeler is challenged with tuning parameters to optimize for some metric, usually accuracy. Often these approaches are one-off and lack consistency. We propose SCOPE, a framework that uses grid search cross-validation to select optimal parameters for Elo based on accuracy, calibration, or log loss. We demonstrate this method on a season of Call of Duty World League, a first-person shooter esport, and we demonstrate comparable performance to other more complex, state-of-the-art methods.


This chapter presents a method for extracting specialized verb + noun collocations based on lexical functions, the formal device developed within the framework of theMeaning-Text theory to represent collocations. Although based on a linguistic analysis of collocations, our program ( Colex ) uses statistical measures to distinguish true collocations from free combinations.We argue that log-likelihood is a better measure of precision in this domain than mutual information.We are now developing the semantic encoding of the combinations extracted by Colex . We believe that a filter based on measuring a combination's ability to be encoded as a lexical function would achieve higher precision than a purely statistical filter.


Stem cells possess unique properties, such as the ability to self-renew and the potential to differentiate into an organism's various cell types. These make them highly valuable in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. Their properties are precisely regulated in vivo through complex mechanisms that include multiple cues arising from the cell interaction with the surrounding extracellular matrix, neighboring cells, and soluble factors. Although much research effort has focused on developing systems and materials that mimic this complex microenvironment, the controlled regulation of differentiation and maintenance of stemness in vitro remains elusive. In this work, we demonstrate, for the first time, that the nanofibrous bacterial cellulose (BC) membrane derived from Komagataeibacter xylinus can inhibit the differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESC) under long-term conditions (17 days), improving their mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF)-free cultivation in comparison to the MEF-supported conventional culture. The maintained cells' pluripotency was confirmed by the mESCs' ability to differentiate into the three germ layers (endo-, meso-, and ectoderm) after having been cultured on the BC membrane for 6 days. In addition, the culturing of mESCs on flexible, free-standing BC membranes enables the quick and facile manipulation and transfer of stem cells between culture dishes, both of which significantly facilitate the use of stem cells in routine culture and various applications. To investigate the influence of the structural and topographical properties of the cellulose on stem cell differentiation, we used the cellulose membranes differing in membrane thickness, porosity, and surface roughness. This work identifies bacterial cellulose as a novel convenient and flexible membrane material enabling long-term maintenance of mESCs' stemness and significantly facilitating the handling and culturing of stem cells.


The Bonny Method of Guided Imagery and Music (BMGIM), is an efficient psychotherapeutic method for bringing tacit knowledge into awareness and constructing new meanings. Data from cognitive neuroscience and clinical practice supports the BMGIM process and the adaptation presented in this article, called the "Redescriptive Technique". This homework assignment is an addition to standard BMGIM procedures based upon cognitive orientations. To strengthen the understanding of imagery metaphorical experience, verbal language is used between the client and the guide during BMGIM session, with numerous therapeutic purposes. Moreover, to enable the client to take an even greater role in reflecting and integrating different aspects of his experience in more meaningful and more helpful ways, this article proposes an addition to the classical BMGIM method; the writing of a personal narrative of the experience. The innovative adaptation may be used regardless of the therapist's theoretical orientation.


We here report a 57-year-old Caucasian female patient with a history of DTH to several heparins, who was admitted as an inpatient for treatment of venous ulcers. In the light of her history, the glycosaminoglycan danaparoid (Orgaran) was chosen for prophylactic anticoagulation, which was necessary because of immobility and obesity. Two days after the initial injections, the patient developed erythematous plaques and disseminating papulovesicles at the injection sites (Fig. 1). Assuming DTH to danaparoid, anticoagulation was switched to the low molecular weight selective factor-Xa-inhibitor fondaparinux (Arixtra, Sanofi-Synthelabo, Berlin, Germany; 2.5mg subcutaneously per day), because recent reports document absence of in vitro cross-reactivity with antibodies to heparin-platelet factor 4; these may be associated with allergic heparin-induced skin reactions (2, 3). Fondaparinux was well tolerated throughout the treatment period of 2 weeks. A comprehensive series of skin allergy tests was initiated 6 weeks after clearance of the patient's skin lesions using undiluted original drugs. Several heparins yielded positive i.c. test results at days 4–8 after injection of 0.1ml (undiluted drug, applied to the inner aspect of the lower left arm) with erythematous plaques developing at the injection sites (Table 1). A therapeutic dose of pentosan polysulfate was also injected subcutaneously, resulting in the formation of a similar lesion. In contrast, all skin tests with fondaparinux remained negative, and re-exposure 4 weeks after termination of the treatment was tolerated by the patient.


Problem. Many children with allergic problems go without treatment because their problems go unrecognized by both their parents and teachers. The purpose of this project was to bring about change on the part of teachers enabling them better to address allergic problems in their students. Literature was reviewed with respect to allergies and with respect to the use of inservice seminars for teachers. The posttest means for all three areas of measurement of the seminar group and control group were adjusted for pretest scores by analysis of covariance which indicated a significant difference in favor of the seminar group in each area. Conclusion. With the attainment of significance in most areas of this research study the teachers demonstrated that they could benefit from training in the area of children's health problems. Recommendations were made to reduce teacher resistance to the seminar by relating health problems and by involving a team of specialists in the presentations.


Language is key for human interactions and relies on a well-known set of brain cortical areas linked by large-scale white-matter fasciculi. However, very little is known about the ontogeny of the language network, how it is affected by very preterm birth, or how structural connectivity profiles observable before language acquisition may predispose distinct computational mechanisms associated with later language processing. Recent advances in diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging and tractography are allowing researchers to provide novel, insightful understanding of the human language brain network through in vivo non-invasive investigations across the whole lifespan. Here, we propose a commentary on a series of papers which aimed to summarise the latest technological advances in neuroimaging research in order to provide future directions to study language development following very preterm birth.


Without a doubt, health care costs are on the rise, and how to reduce those costs is of great concern to many. The Hatch-Waxman Act attempts to reduce pharmaceutical costs by encouraging market entry by lower-priced generic pharmaceuticals and without a doubt has been successful in doing so over the last three decades. The question is, at what price? Although designed to balance greater generic market entry with stronger incentives for brand-name pharmaceutical innovators to continue developing new drugs, the Act appears to have fall short of making those incentives nearly strong enough and, indeed, likely weakens them. Perhaps more importantly, however, a closer look at basic beliefs animating the Hatch-Waxman Act suggests that they are simply off the mark. The Act focuses far too much on competition and on removing barriers to market entry and as a result neglects the bigger context of the pharmaceutical market. The pharmaceutical market is not a competitive market for a variety of reasons, and one may doubt whether we should want it to be one. In any event, the Hatch-Waxman Act's simple focus on generic regulatory burdens and pharmaceutical patents does little or nothing to foster any meaningful, long-term competition and has in the meantime likely weakened the ability of brand-name pharmaceutical innovators to continue to develop new pharmaceuticals. We may therefore wish to reconsider the wisdom of maintaining the Act in its current form, if at all.


Despite remarkable improvements, automatic speech recognition is susceptible to adversarial perturbations. Compared to standard machine learning architectures, these attacks are significantly more challenging, especially since the inputs to a speech recognition system are time series that contain both acoustic and linguistic properties of speech. Extracting all recognition-relevant information requires more complex pipelines and an ensemble of specialized components. Consequently, an attacker needs to consider the entire pipeline. In this paper, we present Venomave, the first training-time poisoning attack against speech recognition. Similar to the predominantly studied evasion attacks, we pursue the same goal: leading the system to an incorrect and attacker-chosen transcription of a target audio waveform. In contrast to evasion attacks, however, we assume that the attacker can only manipulate a small part of the training data without altering the target audio waveform at runtime. We evaluate our attack on two datasets: TIDIGITS and Speech Commands. When poisoning less than 0.17 % of the dataset, Venomave achieves attack success rates of more than 80.0 %, without access to the victim's network architecture or hyperparameters. In a more realistic scenario, when the target audio waveform is played over the air in different rooms, Venomave maintains a success rate of up to 73.3 %. Finally, Venomave achieves an attack transferability rate of 36.4 % between two different model architectures.


Unmanned vehicle systems, specifically Unmanned Air Vehicles (UAVs) and Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGVs) have found potential use in both military and civilian applications. For many applications, unmanned vehicle systems are required to navigate in urban environments where obstacles with various types and sizes exist. The main contribution of this research is to offer vision-based path planning, collision avoidance, and target tracking strategies for Unmanned Air and Ground vehicles operating in urban environments.
Two vision-based local-level frame mapping and planning techniques are first developed for Miniature Air Vehicles (MAVs). The techniques build maps and plan paths in the local-level frame of MAVs directly using the camera measurements without transforming to the inertial frame. Using a depth map of an environment obtained by computer vision methods, the first technique employs an extended Kalman Filter (EKF) to estimate the range, azimuth to, and height of obstacles, and constructs local spherical maps around MAVs. Based on the maps, the Rapidly-Exploring Random Tree (RRT) algorithm is used to plan collision-free Dubins paths. The second technique constructs local multi-resolution maps using an occupancy grid, which give higher resolution to the areas that are close to MAVs and give lower resolution to the areas that are far away. The maps are built using a log-polar representation. The two planning techniques are demonstrated in simulation and flight tests.
Based on the observation that a camera does not provide accurate time-to-collision (TTC) measurements, two and three dimensional observability-based planning algorithms are explored. The techniques estimate both TTC and bearing using bearing-only measurements. A nonlinear observability analysis of state estimation process is conducted to obtain the conditions for complete observability of the system. Using the conditions, the observability-based planning algorithms are designed to minimize the estimation uncertainties while simultaneously avoiding collisions. The two dimensional planning algorithm parameterizes an obstacle using TTC and azimuth, and constructs local polar maps. The three dimensional planning algorithm parameterizes an obstacle using inverse TTC, azimuth, and elevation, and constructs local spherical maps. The algorithms are demonstrated in simulation.
Lastly, a probabilistic path planning algorithm is developed for tracking a moving target in urban environments using UAVs and UGVs. The algorithm takes into account occlusions due to obstacles. It models the target using a dynamic occupancy grid and updates the target location using a Bayesian filter. Based on the target's current and probable future locations, a decentralized path planning algorithm is designed to generate suboptimal paths that maximize the sum of the joint probability of detection for all vehicles over a finite look-ahead horizon. Results demonstrate the planning algorithm is successful in solving the moving target tracking problem in urban environments.


Given a desired function for an effector, what is its appropriate shape? This thesis addresses the problem of designing the shape of a rigid end effector to perform a given manipulation task. It presents three main contributions: First, it describes the contact kinematics of an effector as the product of both its shape and its motion, and assumes a fixed motion model to explore the role of shape in satisfying a certain manipulation task. Second, it formulates that manipulation task as a set of constraints on the geometry of contact between the effector and the world. Third, it develops tools to transform those contact constraints into an effector shape for general 1-DOF planar mechanisms and general 1-DOF spatial mechanisms, and discusses the generalization to mechanisms with more than one degree of freedom. We describe the case studies of designing grippers with invariant grasp geometry, grippers with improved grasp stability, and grippers with extended grasp versatility. We further showcase the techniques with the design of the fingers of the MLab hand, a three-fingered gripper actuated with a single motor, capable of exerting any combination of geometrically correct enveloping or fingertip grasps of spherical, cylindrical, and prismatic objects of varying size.


We report two experiments investigating the masked onset priming effect (MOPE) in reading aloud. More specifically, we tried to provide an answer to the question of whether or not mismatching segments in the prime have an inhibitory effect on the MOPE. Dutch native speakers saw four-letter target words preceded by visually masked primes that either consisted of whole words or letters, and either matched or did not match the onset segment of the target. Prime exposure duration was varied between 33 ms and 66 ms to investigate the time course of the obtained effects. Whole-word primes behaved the same as letter primes at the short (33 ms) prime exposure duration, whereas at longer prime exposure (66 ms) effects of mismatching segments present in the whole-word but not in the letter primes led to slower overall naming latencies, suggesting that inhibition from segments beyond the onset needs time to build up.


Murder, stolen plans, a mysterious death and a menage a trois - four intriguing novellas featuring Hercule Poirot...How did a woman holding a pistol in her right hand manage to shoot herself in the left temple? What was the link between a ghost sighting and the disappearance of top secert military plans? How did the bullet that killed Sir Gervase shatter a mirror in another part of the room? And who destroyed the 'eternal triangle' of love involving renowned beauty, Valentine Chantry? Hercule Poirot is faced with four mystifying cases - Murder in the Mews, The Incredible Theft, Dead Man's Mirror and Triangle at Rhodes - each a miniature classic of characterisation, incident and suspense.


Most SCADA devices have a few built-in self-defence mechanisms and tend to implicitly trust communications received over the network. Therefore, monitoring and forensic analysis of network traffic is a critical prerequisite for building an effective defense around SCADA units. In this thesis work, We provide a comprehensive forensic analysis of network traffic generated by the PCCC(Programmable Controller Communication Commands) protocol and present a prototype tool capable of extracting both updates to programmable logic and crucial configuration information. The results of our analysis shows that more than 30 files are transferred to/from the PLC when downloading/uplloading a ladder logic program using RSLogix programming software including configuration and data files. Interestingly, when RSLogix compiles a ladder-logic program, it does not create any lo-level representation of a ladder-logic file. However the low-level ladder logic is present and can be extracted from the network traffic log using our prototype tool. the tool extracts SMTP configuration from the network log and parses it to obtain email addresses, username and password. The network log contains password in plain text.


Since transcriptome analysis provides genome-wide sequence and gene expression information, transcript reconstruction using RNA-Seq sequence reads has become popular during recent years. For non-model organism, as distinct from the reference genome-based mapping, sequence reads are processed via de novo transcriptome assembly approaches to produce large numbers of contigs corresponding to coding or non-coding, but expressed, part of genome. In spite of immense potential of RNA-Seq–based methods, particularly in recovering full-length transcripts and spliced isoforms from short-reads, the accurate results can be only obtained by the procedures to be taken in a step-by-step manner. In this chapter, we aim to provide an overview of the state-of-the-art methods including (i) quality check and pre-processing of raw reads, (ii) the pros and cons of de novo transcriptome assemblers, (iii) generating non-redundant transcript data, (iv) current quality assessment tools for de novo transcriptome assemblies, (v) approaches for transcript abundance and differential expression estimations and finally (vi) further mining of transcriptomic data for particular biological questions. Our intention is to provide an overview and practical guidance for choosing the appropriate approaches to best meet the needs of researchers in this area and also outline the strategies to improve on-going projects.


The FWM efficiency in multiwatt (> +30 dBm) C-band Er3+/Yb3+ amplifiers has been investigated. The non-linear Kerr parameter of the Er3+/Yb3+ co-doped fiber has been derived. Good agreement between experimental and theoretical FWM impairments is demonstrated for an 8 channels WDM system. Simulation results indicated the FWM crosstalk for 8, 16 and 32 wavelengths combs in dependence with total output power.


acterial resistance to antibiotics has been an important problem worldwide. Discoveries and clinical use of new antibiotics have always been followed by emergence of strains of bacterial resistant to the antibiotics in question within relatively short period of time. Various efforts have been attempted to overcome the problem, one of which being the use of two or more different antibiotics in combination. In this study the effect of rifampicin on alternation of susceptibility of S. aureus to tetracycline was evaluated. Sixty seven isolates of tetracycline resistant S. aureus determined by standard disk diffusion method of Kirby-Bauer were collected during the period from August 1997 to January 1998. Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC = KHM) values of rifampicin for this isolates were determined by broth dilution method. MIC of tetracycline for each isolate was determined while the bacteria were exposed to rifampicin at sub MIC. At the same time determination of the MIC was also performed without exposing the bacteria to rifampicin and this procedure served as control. Results showed that 91% (61 of 67) rifampicin - exposed isolates have increase susceptibility to tetracycline as reflected by the decrease of MIC values. It is concluded that there is synergistic effects of tetracycline and rifampicin on S. aureus. The number of isolate with increased susceptibility to tetracycline during exposure to rifampicin was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Key Words : rifampicin - Staphylococcus aureus - susceptibility - tetracycline


A theoretical model is constructed that describes the operation of a pulsed mode-locked laser simultaneously operating at N frequency channels. The model, which is a combination of standard WDM interactions in the canonical master mode-locking model subject to both self- and cavity-saturating gain effects, results in mode-locking dynamics that qualitatively describe the N-frequency channel operation. It is further in agreement with the observed experimental dual-frequency (N=2) laser operation. In the model, it is the combination of self- and cavity-gain saturation that simultaneously allows for mode-locking at N frequencies, which can be of significantly different energies and pulse widths. The model provides a framework for understanding the operation and stability of identically mode-locked pulses at multiple frequencies, thus contributing to the characterization of the increasingly important and timely technology of dual- and multifrequency mode-locked laser cavities.


Gaze perception has received considerable research attention due to its importance in social interaction. The majority of recent studies have utilized monoscopic pictorial gaze stimuli. However, a monoscopic direct gaze differs from a live or stereoscopic gaze. In the monoscopic condition, both eyes of the observer receive a direct gaze, whereas in live and stereoscopic conditions, only one eye receives a direct gaze. In the present study, we examined the implications of the difference between monoscopic and stereoscopic direct gaze. Moreover, because research has shown that stereoscopy affects the emotions elicited by facial expressions, and facial expressions affect the range of directions where an observer perceives mutual gaze-the cone of gaze-we studied the interaction effect of stereoscopy and facial expressions on gaze perception. Forty observers viewed stereoscopic images wherein one eye of the observer received a direct gaze while the other eye received a horizontally averted gaze at five different angles corresponding to five interaxial distances between the cameras in stimulus acquisition. In addition to monoscopic and stereoscopic conditions, the stimuli included neutral, angry, and happy facial expressions. The observers judged the gaze direction and mutual gaze of four lookers. Our results show that the mean of the directions received by the left and right eyes approximated the perceived gaze direction in the stereoscopic semidirect gaze condition. The probability of perceiving mutual gaze in the stereoscopic condition was substantially lower compared with monoscopic direct gaze. Furthermore, stereoscopic semidirect gaze significantly widened the cone of gaze for happy facial expressions.


PURPOSE
To determine the correlation of the extent of lesions of the supraspinatus tendon in MRI's of the shoulder with surgical or arthroscopic findings using the classification of Snyders and Batemann, respectively.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The preoperative MRI's of 80 patients (age: 16 - 76/47.4 +/- 14.0 years) which were performed due to various complaints of the shoulder were analyzed retrospectively by two experienced and blinded radiologists. We evaluated the incidence and the extent of partial or complete ruptures of the supraspinatus tendon. After MRI, an arthroscopic or open surgical intervention was performed (= gold standard). Various MR-scanners were used with a field strength of 1.0 T (17 cases), or 1.5 T (63 cases) and flexible or inflexible arthro coils. Additionally to plain MRI, 38 of 80 patients underwent contrast enhanced MRI. The MR and the surgical or arthroscopic findings were compared and statistically analyzed.

RESULTS
Neglecting the localization and the extent of discontinuity of the supraspinatus tendon, the sensitivity of the 80 MRI's was 0.93, the specificity 0.69, and the accuracy 0.85. The sensitivity increased to 0.96 with constant specificity and an accuracy of 0.83 excluding the lesions with an extent below 1 cm. Compared with non-enhanced examinations, the contrast enhanced MRI revealed higher sensitivity (+ 7 %, 0.89 vs. 0.96), higher specificity (+ 11 %, 0.64 vs. 0.75), and higher accuracy (+ 8 %, 0.81 vs. 0.89) in depicting lesions of the supraspinatus tendon at all. On T 1 -weighted images, the detection of lesions at all and the differentiation between partial and complete ruptures were improved significantly by contrast enhancement, especially in lesions with an extent below 1 cm. Diagnostic failures were seen in examinations without intravenous contrast application, artifacts, extent of the lesion below 1 cm, differentiating between degeneration and partial rupture of the tendon, differentiating between severely degenerated tendons with partial rupture and complete rupture, and covered ruptures.

CONCLUSIONS
The performance and consecutively the analysis of the widely used MRI of the shoulder is often not sufficiently reliable in its present routine form. To be able to compete with other imaging modalities such as sonography, standardized MR protocol, contrast enhancement as needed, avoiding the described source of failure, and an exact analysis should be applied.


To the Editor: Balamuthia mandrillaris is a free-living ameba that has a worldwide distribution in soil and was first reported in 1990 (1). Approximately 200 B. mandrillaris meningoencephalitis cases have been described, mostly from warm climate areas in South America. Its prevalence in the United States is estimated to be 1 case/year (2). However, B. mandrillaris meningoencephalitis has not been reported in Africa, and only 4 cases have been reported in Europe (3–6). Transmission occurs through the respiratory tract or the skin or by organ transplant, and the incubation period varies from weeks to months after primary infection (7). After an indolent, subacute phase with aspecific symptoms, the amebae invade the central nervous system, and illness rapidly progresses, leading almost invariably to death (7). Because B. mandrillaris is difficult to detect in soil, its specific geographic distribution around the world is unknown and is estimated on the basis of where illnesses have been reported (7). This report addresses fatal B. mandrillaris meningoencephalitis in a woman from the Netherlands who had visited The Gambia.

In December 2013, a previously healthy 61-year-old white woman in the Netherlands sought care for fever, headaches, and muscle pains she had experienced for 1 week. That year, she had traveled 4 times to The Gambia, the last visit being 1 month before her hospitalization (Technical Appendix Table 1). After she returned from her visit in September 2013, fatigue, diarrhea, fever, and pustular skin lesions on her back and lower extremities developed. A wound swab culture showed Staphylococcus aureus, for which she was treated successfully with oral clarithromycin and topical fucidin ointment.

On admission in December, her physical and neurologic examination results were unremarkable. Malaria was excluded; because of persisting headaches, a cerebral computed tomography scan without contrast was performed but showed no abnormalities. In the following days, high fevers, altered mental status, and nuchal rigidity without focal neurologic deficits developed. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination showed mononuclear pleocytosis, highly elevated protein levels, and low glucose levels (Technical Appendix Table 2). Serial cerebral computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging scans showed development of an asymmetric hydrocephalus and diffuse leptomeningeal and subependymal contrast enhancement, especially around the brainstem, without signs of intracerebral mass lesions (Technical Appendix Figure).

Presumed diagnosis was tuberculous meningitis, and she was treated with tuberculostatic drugs (isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol) combined with intravenous acyclovir, ceftriaxone, and co-trimoxazole for other infectious causes of meningoencephalitis. Despite external lumbar and ventricular (both lateral ventricles and fourth ventricle) CSF drainage, her neurologic condition deteriorated. Multiple cranial nerve palsies developed, and she became comatose and died 11 days after admission.

Informed consent for postmortem examination was obtained, and macroscopic pathologic examination showed uncal and cerebellar herniation caused by increased intracranial pressure. Microscopic brain tissue examination showed signs of acute granulomatous inflammation, multiple hemorrhagic infarctions, and angiitis in the presence of numerous amebic trophozoites and cysts (Figure), which showed granulomatous hemorrhagic necrotic amebic meningoencephalitis. Real-time PCR and subsequent sequencing on brain biopsy and CSF specimens showed B. mandrillaris to be the causative ameba (8,9).

Figure

Postmortem pathologic findings for woman in the Netherlands who died of Balamuthia mandrillaris meningoencephalitis after returning from travel to The Gambia. A) Macroscopic coronal central section scan showing hemorrhagic necrotizing lesions of the subependymal, ...

The infection could have been acquired in The Gambia or the Netherlands because the patient had intensive soil contact in The Gambia, where she frequently cultivated land, and in the Netherlands, where she worked in glass horticulture. She may have been infected through the skin after contact with contaminated soil, but her skin lesions were atypical for B. mandrillaris, and postmortem examinations failed to identify B. mandrillaris except in the central nervous system.

The lack of reported B. mandrillaris cases from Africa might indicate a low number of postmortem examinations and little access to advanced diagnostics, rather than a low environmental prevalence of B. mandrillaris. The few reported cases in Europe might be related to lack of awareness and to clinical signs and symptoms that mimic tuberculous meningitis: a lymphocytic pleocytosis with an elevated protein level and a low glucose level in CSF, together with a hydrocephalus and subependymal and leptomeningeal contrast enhancement on magnetic resonance imaging (10). Also, B. mandrillaris meningoencephalitis imaging findings are often nonspecific, including cerebral edema, hydrocephalus, multiple space-occupying and ring-enhancing lesions, leptomeningeal enhancement, or formation of mycotic aneurysms (2). Furthermore, amebic trophozoites are seldom detected in CSF by microscopy (2,3). Consequently, B. mandrillaris meningoencephalitis could be underdiagnosed, especially where this infection has no or only sporadic reports.

B. mandrillaris should be considered in refractory or unexplained cases of meningoencephalitis, even outside the Americas and in immunocompetent patients. Detecting B. mandrillaris by PCR in CSF seems most likely to enable early diagnosis and timely treatment. However, appropriate therapy is not well defined; success has been sparsely reported with the simultaneous use of azoles, flucytosine, pentamidine, sulfazidine, macrolide antimicrobial drugs, phenothiazines, and miltefosine (2,7,10).

Technical Appendix. Timeline of relevant events, laboratory investigations during hospitalization, and imaging results for Dutch traveler who died of Balamuthia mandrillaris meningoencephalitis after returning from The Gambia.

Click here to view.(248K, pdf)


Nowadays, making use of big data is becoming mainstream in different enterprises and industry sectors. The medical sector is no exception. Specifically, medical services, which generate and process enormous volumes of medical information and medical device data, have been quickening big data utilization. In this chapter, we present a concept of an intelligent integrated system for direct support of decision making of physicians. This is a work in progress and the focus is on decision support for pharmacogenomics, which is the study of the relationship between a specific person's genetic makeup and his or her response to drug treatment. Further, we discuss a research direction considering the current shortcomings of clinical decision support systems.


The purpose of this research is to better understand the nature of the coachathlete relationships within New Zealand Football's National Female under 17s, Under 20s and the Senior Women's team (the 'Football Ferns'). The coach-athlete relationship plays a pivotal role in the coaching process and both parties form close relationships with a high degree of interdependence. Better Sport Psychology has had less to say about the contexts and significant external determinants within the intrapersonal factors are seen to vary; amongst these is the coach. This study adopts a constructivist approach that draws upon a theoretical framework as proposed by Jowett and colleagues (Jowett, 2009; Jowett & Meek, 2000; Jowett & Cockerill, 2003; Jowett & Ntoumanis, 2004) exploring multiple interdependent relationships with coachathlete dyads. A mixedmethod approach will be facilitated in this study to combine both quantitative and qualitative analysis. The participants consisted of a purposive sample of approximately 67 New Zealand national representative female football players and their respective head coaches. Quantitative research was facilitated by implementing a 22 item Coach Athlete Questionnaire (CART-Q) to investigate the nature of the inter-relationship constructs of Closeness (emotions), Commitment (cognitions), Complementarity (behaviours) and Co-orientation (perceptual consensus) in the coach-athlete dyad. Descriptive statistics and magnitude based analysis was undertaken to identify key variables which were followed up in qualitative interviews. Qualitative data was gathered by facilitating a small number of semi structured interviews to examine the nature of critical similarities and differences between CART-Q constructs and the performance context of interest in more depth and using thematic analysis. ii The findings of this study indicate that there are significant similarities and difference in the perceptions of athletecoach dyadic relationships and these can be viewed with the premise that the uniqueness of high performance sport in New Zealand shapes the contextual nuance of the athletecoach relationship. iii Abstract i List of Figures v List of Tables vi Terminology vii Attestation of Authorship viii Acknowledgements ix Ethics Approval xi Chapter


Since its inception half a century ago, DRAM has required dynamic/active refresh operations that block read requests and decrease performance. We propose refreshing DRAM in the background without stalling read accesses to refreshing memory blocks, similar to the static/background refresh in SRAM. Our proposed Nonblocking Refresh works by refreshing a portion of the data in a memory block at a time and uses redundant data, such as Reed-Solomon codes, in the block to compute the block's refreshing/unreadable data to satisfy read requests. For proof of concept, we apply Nonblocking Refresh to server memory systems, where every memory block already contains redundant data to provide hardware failure protection. In this context, Nonblocking Refresh can utilize server memory system's existing per-block redundant data in the common-case when there are no hardware faults to correct, without requiring any dedicated redundant data of its own. Our evaluations show that on average across five server memory systems with different redundancy and failure protection strengths, Nonblocking Refresh improves performance by 16.2% and 30.3% for 16gb and 32gb DRAM chips, respectively.


There is no such thing as "proportionality review" in American administrative law, but instead, a number of doctrines that courts deploy to evaluate agency exercises of discretion. In some respects, these frameworks for review resemble proportionality in operation, but there are also notable differences. This essay surveys the doctrines governing judicial review of administrative discretion in the United States, highlighting three distinguishing features of the American approach. First, American judicial review is characterized by a high degree of unpredictability, not only with respect to outcomes, but often with respect to what framework of review is applicable. Second, while classical proportionality review is designed to detect and correct a particular kind of administrative failure — an overreach, in which the government uses measures that are excessive in relation to the ends they are designed to achieve — the American approach is more symmetrical, in that the agency bears the same burden of justification whether it is claimed that its actions go too far or not far enough. Third, reviewing courts in American administrative law tend to "proceduralize" substantive review, focusing more on the agency's failures to thoroughly ventilate the relevant issues than the merits of the agency's conclusions, with consequences both for the burdens agencies face before reviewing courts and for the ultimate ability of agencies to realize favored policy options.


In a recent examination of the flow of investor's cash into and out of the various different fund categories for various different periods. What was concluded was that money was still going into money market funds, even with the recent massive rally in equity markets. In this article I will look at the flows into / out of retail equity funds (Domestic General, Growth, Value and Large Cap funds) and compare this to their performance in order to determine if there is any correlation between the performance of a fund and its resultant flows.


Red Lake in the Hăsmas (Curmăturii) Mountains was formed by the natural barrage of the Bicaz brook in 1837. The north-western slope of the Ghilcos Mountain, covered with gravel, slide as a result of the alteration layer water saturation following the abundant rains in that period. The lake has an "L" shape, or the shape of a leg with the foot oriented towards north. Red Lake is supplied by several brooks with permanent character: Oii, Ghilcos, Verescheu, Suhard. As a result of the measurements we made in the summer of 2009, using Leica Total Station and sonar, the following data were obtained: area 12.01 hectares; perimeter 2905.79 m; maximum length 1361.72 m; maximum width 160.24 m; maximum altitude upstream in the south 965.199 m; maximum altitude upstream in the north 966.041 m; maximum depth 10.50 m etc. The greatest depths, of 10.5 m, are recorded in the central sector, close to the outlet of the two arteries. In a transversal profile, the western bank is steeper and hard (lithologically), and the eastern bank is mild and crumbly (landslide diluvium). In the same way the submerse slopes are maintained as well. New techniques of analysing the hydro-morphological parameters for a lacustrine basin have been used. Methods specific to land geomorphology (slope inclination, slope orientation etc) have also been used. The cartographic representation, as a new thing in the field, is suggestive, and helps in elaborating an interdisciplinary interpretation, of a limno-ecological nature.


The paper examines the impact of selected structural adjustment policies on food production in Zambia. Using a four-year panel of post-harvest data, a system of six crops, two variable inputs and three fixed inputs is estimated. The resulting supply responses suggest a negatively sloped supply curve for sorghum and millet, which is attributed to the presence of credit constraints. Simulations are conducted to asses the impact of the removal of subsidies and exchange rate controls. The results indicate that these policies have led to increased food production although the magnitude of the increase is in general not very large. The results also indicate a significant fall in fertilizer use. Information, credit and distance to markets are also very important variables for food production. Deliberate efforts are needed to develop both input and output markets and to provide more formal credit institutions targeted at small-scale farmers.


Objectives. To study the effect of maternal HIV status on perinatal outcome at Mowbray Maternity Hospital (a secondary-level hospital in Cape Town) and its satellite community midwife obstetric units. Design. A retrospective descriptive and comparative study.Setting. Public sector maternity facilities serving historically disadvantaged populations. Subjects. All deliveries at Mowbray Maternity Hospital and its referral midwife obstetric units from January to December 2008. Outcome measures. Stillbirth, early neonatal death, perinatal mortality and neonatal encephalopathy rates in HIV-positive and HIVnegative subjects. Results. There was a total of 18 870 deliveries at the units studied, 3 259 (17.2%) of them to HIV-positive mothers. The stillbirth rate in the HIV-positive population was 17.1/1 000 births, compared with 8.3/1 000 in the HIV-negative population (odds ratio (OR), 2.07, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.5 - 2.8). The early neonatal death rate in the HIV-positive population was 4.6/1 000 live births, compared with 3.1/1 000 in the HIV-negative population (OR 1.46, 95% CI 0.8 - 2.6). The perinatal mortality rate in the HIV-positive population was 21.7/1 000 births, compared with 11.7 in the HIV-negative population (OR 1.91, 95% CI 1.4 - 2.5). A comparison of the pattern of primary obstetric causes of perinatal mortality showed that infection, intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR) and antepartum haemorrhage (APH) were significantly more common as causes for perinatal death in the HIV-positive population. The risk of neonatal encephalopathy in the HIV-exposed population was 4.9/1 000 live births compared with 2.07 in the HIV-negative group (OR 2.36, 95% CI 1.28 - 4.35). The 1 643 women (8.7% of total deliveries) who were not tested for HIV were at particularly high risk of adverse perinatal outcome. This group included women who had either declined testing or not attended for antenatal care. Conclusion. The perinatal mortality rate in the group of HIV-exposed mothers was significantly higher than that in the HIV-negative group due to a higher stillbirth rate. Infection, IUGR and APH were significantly more common obstetric causes for mortality in the HIV-infected population. The risk of neonatal encephalopathy was also significantly higher in the HIV-positive population. SAJOG • January 2012, Vol. 18, No. 1


Hubertus F. Jahn, Armes Russland: Bettler und Notleidende in der russischen Geschichte vom Mittelalter bis in die Gegenwart (Russia's Poor: Beggars and the Needy in Russian History from the Middle Ages to the Present). 250 pp., illus., tables. Paderborn: Ferdinand Schoningh, 2010. ISBN-13 9783506769299. 34.90 [euro]. Natal'ia Vadimovna Kozlova, Liudi driakhlye, bol'nye, ubogie v Moskve XVIII veka (The Infirm, the Sick, and the Poor in 18th-Century Moscow). 359 pp., illus., tables. Moscow: ROSSPEN, 2010. ISBN-13 978-5824315011. Social history grounded in archival and statistical sources has fallen on hard times in recent decades, yet the genre remains the most effective approach to understanding the history of the "lower classes" of society--in this case, the poor, sick, destitute, and disabled who were unable to support themselves through agricultural, artisanal, factory, commercial, or domestic labor. The books reviewed here make valiant use of the methods of social history to paint a sympathetic picture of the most downtrodden and arguably the most silent groups in Russian society beginning in the Middle Ages and continuing to the present. The book by N. V. Kozlova, which covers the Moscow poor in the 18th century, is due to its relatively narrow focus the more detailed and richly documented of the two studies. Kozlova has produced a fine example of the modern Russian monograph, which has revived and flourished since the collapse of the Soviet Union. (1) Free of communist ideological constraints and deeply embedded in archival sources, monographs such as this now provide the kind of detailed nuts and bolts information that scholars outside Russia need to do their job of "translating" Russian history for their own publics and language groups. Equally important, in contrast to the uncertainties and difficulty of verification experienced during the Soviet period, the present-day reader can feel infinitely more confident about the quality and reliability of the research on which he or she hopes to rely. Perhaps for the first time in recorded history, scholars inside and outside Russia are working together for the progress of knowledge about Russia. Kozlova's book begins with an examination of government policy and the forms of poor relief available in Russia from roughly the second half of the 17th century on. Although there is evidence of government involvement in poor relief already in the reign of Tsar Ivan IV (1533-84), there is little information about any measures taken. Regardless, moreover, of whether assistance came from the prince, the church, or private persons, it aimed to fulfill Christian teachings about love of the poor. Beginning in the reign of Fedor Alekseevich (1676-82), and with greater intensity under Tsar Peter I (1682/89-1725), the government not only participated in organizing assistance for the poor but also set about trying to eliminate poverty, or at least remove the sight of beggars from the city streets. Peter I actually went so far as to forbid begging and the direct giving of alms, though as always with the Tsar Reformer, his main concern was to purge the poor of any ablebodied men who might be capable of serving in the army, farming the land, or laboring in factories and mines. Kozlova rarely connects her data to broad questions of state building and social organization (for example, the development of soslovie arrangements), but her legal and archival materials show that official efforts to bind the Russian population for purposes of taxation and conscription--efforts that dated back to the Ulozhenie of 1649--were closely related to regulation of the poor, especially the government's desire to eliminate vagrancy by distinguishing individuals who were truly needy and deserving of help from those whose labor could be utilized. The instrumental rationality of government policy did not undermine long-standing traditions of Christian charity and love, but it did add another dimension to the history of poor relief in imperial Russia. …


This paper discusses methods for efficient implementation of algorithms for determination of Fixed-polarity Galois field (FPGF) expressions for q- valued logic functions (q-prime). Calculations of coefficients in FPGF expressions can be most efficiently performed in terms of space and time, if conversion of an expression for a given polarity into the expression for another polarity is done along the so-called extended dual polarity route. However, there are many possible extended dual polarity routes which differ in the associated processing rules. The complexity of whatever software or hardware resources required for calculations of FPGF expressions depends on the number of different processing rules required along a route. In this paper, we introduce the notion of homogeneous extended dual polarity routes and show that calculations along these routes can be performed with a reduced number of processing rules required. Due to that, both hardware and software implementation of the procedure for determination of all possible FPGF expressions for a given function is considerably simplified.


This chapter develops a framework to explore examples of adaptation options that could be used to ensure that the ecosystem services provided by forests are maintained under future climates. The services are divided into broad areas within which managers can identify specific management goals for individual forests or landscapes. Adaptation options exist for the major forest regions of the world but the scientific basis for these adaptation options and their potential effectiveness varies across regions. Because of the great variation in local conditions, no recommendations can be made that are applicable to an entire domain. The choice of management option will depend on the likely changes occurring in the forest, the management objectives of that forest, its past management history and a range of other factors. Local managers must have sufficient flexibility to choose the most appropriate suite of management options for their conditions. The current failure to implement fully the multi-faceted components of sustainable forest management is likely to limit the ability of forest management to adapt to climate change. Forest managers will need to plan at multiple spatial and temporal scales and will need to adopt adaptive collaborative management as their primary form of management. Careful monitoring and evaluation will be required, with a change in focus from outputs to outcomes.


Euphausia superba (hereafter 'krill') and copepods are major zooplankton taxa in the Southern Ocean, but there is little information on how they interact. This paper investigates their coincidence across a wide range of temporal and spatial scales to examine whether copepod distribution is related to that of krill. During 2 summers of high krill abundance near South Georgia (1996 and 1997) copepod abundance was <40% of that during an abnormally low krill year (1994). No such depletion was found north of the Polar Front, where krill were rare. Analysis of 2 mesoscale data sets showed that krill, rather than food or environmental factors, were most strongly implicated in copepod distribution. An area of persistently high krill abundance just north of South Georgia was characterised by exceptionally few copepods. Fine-scale relationships between patches of krill and copepods were studied with a Longhurst Hardy Plankton Recorder. Within krill swarms copepod abundance was low, but more dispersed krill associated with high concentrations of copepods. Copepods also appeared to live deeper and to make more extensive vertical migrations when krill were present. The inverse relationship between krill and copepod abundances thus occurred repeatedly and across a wide range of scales. The facts that krill swarms are mobile and were unrelated to hydrography further suggest that the inverse relationship was caused by krill. This could arise from competitive exclusion, direct predation or both. Evidence for competition is that South Georgia copepods rely on high phytoplankton biomass for recruitment and krill can remove this. Predation is suggested by the fact that crustaceans were found in krill guts in this region during both summer and winter. During the 1996 summer, experimentally derived predation rates on copepods, combined with krill biomass values, suggested a significant impact on small copepods. Therefore we suggest that copepod numbers can be controlled by a combination of competition and predation by krill.


Four feeding experiments were conducted to evaluate the growth and survival
of Mystus nemurus larvae under different diets and feeding regimes. First experiment
evaluated the influence of the gradual and direct weaning techniques on growth and
survival of the larvae. Newly hatched live food (Artemia nauplii) was provided to all
treatments at the start of exogenous feeding. For gradual weaning scheme, the live
food was gradually decreased on day 4 or 6 until the larvae were on 100% artificial
diet. In contrast the larval diet was shifted from live food to 100% artificial diet
starting day 6 or 10 for direct weaning scheme while the controls were fed on Artemia throughout the study. This study showed that gradual weaning at day 4 of
exogenous feeding gave better growth and survival rate comparable to the controls
and seemed to be the most economically and biologically viable techniques for
feeding M. nemurus larvae.
The second experiment was conducted to study the effect of feed particle size
on feeding behavior and ultimately growth and survival of larvae. Different feed
particle sizes were administered at different stages of weaning. In Treatment I, the
larvae were given an assorted size «425-700µm) diet at the start of weaning
onwards. Larvae on Treatment II were given different sizes of diet for different
period. i.e. <425µm at the start of weaning (day 4) to day 8, 425-600µm from day 9
to day 12 and 600-700µm from day 13 to day 16. The two treatments were also
tested without any weaning or live food while the control was similar to Experiment
I. Treatment I gave the best growth and survival rate equivalent to the control.
Continuos feeding of a wide range of feed particle size during larviculture seemed to
benefit the uneven growth rate in M. nemurus larvae. Treatments without weaning
gave inferior growth and total mortality after day 8.


The "proton sponge hypothesis" postulates enhanced transgene delivery by cationic polymer-DNA complexes (polyplexes) containing H+ buffering polyamines by enhanced endosomal Cl- accumulation and osmotic swelling/lysis. To test this hypothesis, we measured endosomal Cl- concentration, pH, and volume after internalization of polyplexes composed of plasmid DNA and polylysine (POL), a non-buffering polyamine, or the strongly buffering polyamines polyethylenimine (PEI) or polyamidoamine (PAM). [Cl-] and pH were measured by ratio imaging of fluorescently labeled polyplexes containing Cl- or pH indicators. [Cl-] increased from 41 to 80 mm over 60 min in endosomes-contained POL-polyplexes, whereas pH decreased from 6.8 to 5.3. Endosomal Cl- accumulation was enhanced (115 mm at 60 min) and acidification was slowed (pH 5.9 at 60 min) for PEI and PAM-polyplexes. Relative endosome volume increased 20% over 75 min for POL-polyplexes versus 140% for PEI-polyplexes. Endosome lysis was seen at >45 min for PEI but not POL-containing endosomes, and PEI-containing endosomes showed increased osmotic fragility in vitro. The slowed endosomal acidification and enhanced Cl- accumulation and swelling/lysis were accounted for by the greater H+ buffering capacity of endosomes containing PEI or PAM versus POL (>90 mm versus 46 H+/pH unit). Our results provide direct support for the proton sponge hypothesis and thus a rational basis for the design of improved non-viral vectors for gene delivery.


The role of global capital in relation to human social systems has assumed enormous proportions in liberalised, deregulated markets. States attempt to nationalise it, financial centres spring up in its wake, and INGOs attempt to deal with its de-territorialising, supranational characteristics. A global adjudication system (arbitration) has been introduced to safeguard and buttress its flow. The power of Islamic capital has generated numerous sites of legal contestation and negotiation, ranging from gateway financial centres, international law firms and transnational financial institutions, all of which interact in the production of Islamic financial law (IFL). The process of producing IFL illustrates complex fields of action driven by power dynamics, neoliberal paradigms and the institutional momentum of the global economy. The municipal legal systems under study in this book (the United Kingdom, Bahrain, United Arab Emirates and the Dubai International Financial Centre) illustrate globalisation's acceleration of legal, economic and social production.


This paper presents the development of a quaternion-based nonlinear event-triggered control for the attitude stabilization of Flying robots. Firstly, it is proved the existence of a Control Lyapunov Function. Unlike some previously proposed schemes, the aim of this paper is to propose a new and simpler event function. The control law ensures the asymptotic stability of the closed-loop system to the desired attitude. The approach is validated in real-time using a quadrotor mini-helicopter. The experiments show that the event driven controller reduces the control update without deteriorating the closed-loop system performance.


ABSTRACT As interactive and immersive forms of performance have proliferated, performance scholars have devoted increasing attention to gaming practices in order to describe the types of agency that these forms offer to their participants. This article seeks to problematise links that have been drawn between interactive performance and games, however, arguing that discussions of gaming in relation to performance are often limited to a textual paradigm which conceives game play as the exploratory uncovering of performance texts rather than the generative creation of emergent play narratives. This argument will be advanced by making three propositions: firstly, that performance practitioners and scholars who wish to draw upon games in their work should move beyond a textual paradigm to develop an understanding of how games can be understood as systems. Secondly, the article will propose that if the enhancement of participatory agency is desired, participatory performance designs might usefully respond to the cultural particularity of those involved. Thirdly, the article will argue that although system-based design can imply connotations of top-down control, participatory performance design can be reconceived as a 'curatorial' practice that creates contexts for play that is co-created by participants, affirming their agency in shaping the emergent content of the work.


Reconsolidation is a process in which re-exposure to a reminder causes a previously acquired memory to undergo a process of destabilisation followed by subsequent restabilisation. Different molecular mechanisms have been postulated for destabilisation in the amygdala and hippocampus, including CB1 receptor activation, protein degradation and AMPA receptor exchange; however, most of the amygdala studies have used pre-reexposure interventions, while those in the hippocampus have usually performed them after reexposure. To test whether the temporal window for destabilisation is similar across both structures, we trained Lister Hooded rats in a contextual fear conditioning task, and 1 day later performed memory reexposure followed by injection of either the NMDA antagonist MK-801 (0.1 mg/kg) or saline in order to block reconsolidation. In parallel, we also performed local injections of either the CB1 antagonist SR141716A or its vehicle in the hippocampus or in the amygdala, either immediately before or immediately after reactivation. Infusion of SR141716A in the hippocampus prevented the reconsolidation-blocking effect of MK-801 when performed after reexposure, but not before it. In the amygdala, meanwhile, pre-reexposure infusions of SR141716A impaired reconsolidation blockade by MK-801, although the time-dependency of this effect was not as clear as in the hippocampus. Our results suggest the temporal windows for CB1-receptor-mediated memory destabilisation during reconsolidation vary between brain structures. Whether this reflects different time windows for engagement of these structures or different roles played by CB1 receptors in destabilisation across structures remains an open question for future studies.


Electric propulsion systems using electrospray ion sources are a scalable and high specific impulse technology which could enable small spacecraft to perform high ΔV missions. This paper presents an overview of a recently developed source design which achieves 10's of μN of thrust at less than 1 W of input power with a specific impulse up to ∼3000 s. Demonstration devices, fabricated conventionally without microfabrication methods yet with an active area of ∼1 cm 2 , emit positive and negative ion beams from an ionic liquid passively supplied from a coupled porous reservoir. Directly measured thrusts (up to ∼28 μN ) from two simultaneously operating thruster modules are shown to be consistent with summing the calculated total force from each module. The two particle beams are configured to be at opposite polarity, in progression towards a charge neutralized system without a dedicated neutralizer. Influences of reservoir pore size and filling state are discussed in the context of performance and lifetime. Specifically, recent results have demonstrated that increasing the reservoir pore size can induce significant droplet or heavy particle populations within an otherwise ionic beam. Large reductions in specific impulse and propulsive efficiency due to these transitions are discussed here. For example, the calculated specific impulse of a negative EMI-BF4 beam could be reduced from ∼2800 s to ∼700 s by changing the reservoir pore size alone. Meanwhile, capillary actions within the reservoir aid in containing liquid via a negative Laplace pressure, thereby preventing lifeending liquid to extractor grid bridges/shorts. Finally, the technology status is reviewed through highlighting critical developments required to arrive at a functional, and applicable, propulsion system.


Abstract This paper analyzes how the legalization of same-sex marriage in the U.S. affected same-sex couples in the labor market by using data from the American Community Survey. Access to marriage led to amendments in tax, health insurance, and adoption laws that could have encouraged some same-sex partners to specialize in household production and decrease their labor supply. Nevertheless, estimates from a difference-in-difference model show that the individual and joint probabilities of being employed increased among same-sex couples. Additional evidence suggests that these changes in employment were driven by improvements in attitudes and lower discrimination against sexual minorities following the introduction of marriage equality.


The field of Cultural Heritage has inspired, in the course of last few years, an interest more and more important on behalf of scientific community that deals to survey. The idea that knowledge of a site doesn't apply only to its history but must necessarily include its characteristics of position, shape and geometry, is gathering pace. In Geomatic science the field of cultural heritage benefits to an integrated approach of techniques and different technologies. Every cultural site in fact, is a case in itself, with its own characteristics, problems and specificness. Current techniques offer opportunity to achieve new ways of representation and visualization of cultural site, with the aim of a better metric description. This techniques are powerful tools for analysis of sites and supports to activity of reconstruction and repair. Biggest expectations in this field is laser three-dimensional scanning technique; a system which is able to operate in a methodical way in speed of acquisition and in possibility to access data in real time. Documentation and filing of state of a monument or site is essential in case of reconstruction or conservative project. Possibility to detect very complex geometries with great accuracy allows an in depth study of constructive techniques, making analysis of geometrical details easier which is, with traditional techniques, difficult to achieve. Biggest problems about use of laser scanner survey are graphic outputs for restorers and architects, in fact they often don't know real potential of this techniques, methodologies and functionalities and they expect traditional outputs such as floor plans, cross sections and front elevation of cultural asset. Present study is focused on finding a workflow to support activity of study, restoration and conservative project of cultural heritage, extracting automatically (or with a limited manual operation) graphic outputs from laser scanner survey. Some procedure was tested on two case study the Siviller Castle (XV century), situated in Villasor, a city near Cagliari (Sardinia, Italy) and the tower bell of Mores, near Sassari (Sardinia, Italy). The cultural sites were surveyed with laser scanner Focus 3D by Faro and to process clouds point we were used the JRC 3D Reconstructor software


Direct electronic interfaces between biological systems and solid-state devices offer considerable advantages over traditional optical interfaces by reducing system costs and affording increased signal levels. Integrating sensor transduction onto a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) chip provides further advantages by enabling reduction of parasitics and improved sensor density. We present two sensing platforms that demonstrate the range of capabilities of CMOS-based bioelectronics. The first platform electrochemically images signaling molecules in multicellular communities, while the second focuses on single-molecule, high-bandwidth sensing using carbon nanotube field-effect transistors.


The founders of sociomateriality argue that the difficulty of maintaining distinctions between material and social entities, increasingly encountered empirically, also necessitates a commitment to inseparability at the ontological level. Yet reservations have been voiced that this proposal is contrary to experience, incoherent, and of little practical use. While not denying the phenomenon, the critics insist that the ontological commitment to separated entities must be maintained. We show that Heidegger's work in Being and Time (1927, 1962) provides a careful exploration of ontological inseparability that reveals it to be plausible, coherent, and useful. Although his terminology is alien, Heidegger's analysis proceeds from everyday experiences to provide a plausible account of ontological inseparability. His work provides a coherent ontology that treats inseparability as fundamental, but also shows that our familiar dualist experience of the world, far from justifying ontological separation, is actually derivative. We demonstrate the usefulness of Heidegger's concepts with a case. Instead of proceeding from a priori separated categories meaningful to the researcher, Heidegger's concepts allow investigation of what IT "is" when involved in particular user worlds. We conclude that IS must engage with the "being of IT" if it wants to adequately deal with the increasing ubiquity of IT in practice.


For over three decades, western women9s historians have been working not just to challenge male biases within western history scholarship but also to create a more multicultural inclusive narrative. Paradoxically, however, the overarching narrative of western women9s history continues to sideline women of color and to advance a triumphalist interpretation of white women in the West. This essay argues that a multicultural approach has not provided an adequate framework for understanding women and gender in the American West. Instead, western women historians must "decolonize" our narrative and our field through seriously considering the West as a colonial site. To do so, we must employ the tools and theories that scholars of gender and colonialism worldwide have developed to analyze other comparable colonial contexts and projects.


Market liberalization, though an important element in economic reforms in developing countries in the past two decades, has been accused of harming the poor through higher food prices, layoffs in formerly state-owned enterprises, and the erosion of social safety net programs. Since the 1980s Viet Nam has relaxed a number of government controls over rice production and marketing, stimulating large increases in rice production. Yet the government retains control over rice exports and internal rice trade. Rice Market Liberalization and Poverty in Viet Nam, Research Report 114, analyzes whether further loosening of state controls in Viet Nam's rice markets would help or hurt the poor and draws lessons for other countries.


This paper is based on community-level data from 188 villages in rural Madagascar. The survey that was conducted in 1997 made extensive use of long-term recall questions ascertaining changes during the past 10 years in rice yields, wages, population, soil fertility, and other pertinent variables of rural development. We find that—on average for all villages—the yields of irrigated rice, the major food crop, and real agricultural wages declined, while the communities expanded their upland area by nearly a quarter and experienced deteriorating fertility of their upland soils. These patterns are consistent with the wide-held belief that rural areas in Madagascar have witnessed increased poverty, economic stagnation, and a continued degradation of the natural resources. Yet, the five agroecological regions in our sample exhibit quite different patterns of rural development, and at least one of them has experienced increases in yields and wages. From a policy perspective, it is important to better understand the driving forces of such diverse rural change. The overall decline in rural wages over the past 10 years is expected to have contributed to increased poverty, food insecurity and malnutrition in rural areas, as rural wage laborers traditionally belong to the poorest of the poor in Madagascar. In this paper, we present an econometric analysis of the determinants of and interdependencies between the three components of sustainable development: economic growth, environmental sustainability, and poverty alleviation.


The development and survival or disappearance of civilizations has been based on the performance of soils to provide food, fibre, and further essential goods for humans. Amongst soil functions, the capacity to produce plant biomass (productivity function) remains essential. This function is closely associated with the main global issues of the 21st century like food security, demands of energy and water, carbon balance and climate change. A standardised methodology for assessing the productivity function of the global soil resource consistently over different spatial scales will be demanded by a growing international community of land users and stakeholders for achieving high soil productivity in the context of sustainable multifunctional use of soils. We analysed available methods for assessing the soil productivity function. The aim was to find potentials, deficiencies and gaps in knowledge of current approaches towards a global reference framework. Our main findings were (i) that the soil moisture and thermal regime, which are climate-influenced, are the main constraints to the soil productivity potential on a global scale, and (ii) that most taxonomic soil classification systems including the World Reference Basis for Soil Resources provide little information on soil functionality in particular the productivity function. We found (iii) a multitude of approaches developed at the national and local scale in the last century for assessing mainly specific aspects of potential soil and land productivity. Their soil data inputs differ, evaluation ratings are not transferable and thus not applicable in international and global studies. At an international level or global scale, methods like agro-ecological zoning or ecosystem and crop modelling provide assessments of land productivity but contain little soil information. Those methods are not intended for field scale application to detect main soil constraints and thereby to derive soil management and conservation recommendations in situ. We found also, that (iv) soil structure is a crucial criterion of agricultural soil quality and methods of visual soil assessment like the Peerlkamp scheme, the French method "Le profil cultural" and the New Zealand Visual Soil Assessment are powerful tools for recognising dynamic agricultural soil quality and controlling soil management processes at field scale. We concluded that these approaches have potential to be integrated into an internationally applicable assessment framework of the soil's productivity function, working from field scale to the global level. This framework needs to serve as a reference base for ranking soil productivity potentials on a global scale and as an operational tool for controlling further soil degradation and desertification. Methods like the multi-indicator-based Muencheberg Soil Quality Rating meet most criteria of such a framework. This method has potential to act as a global overall assessment method of the soil productivity function for cropping land and pastoral grassland but needs further evolution by testing and amending its indicator thresholds.


The Australian nation is a work in progress. So conclude the authors whose views are represented in this most recent offering in the ANZSOG monograph series, Australia Under Construction: Nation-building past, present and future. From its beginnings as a settler society through to present day concerns about 'broadbanding the nation', the nation-building narrative has resonated with Australians. The very idea of nation-building has both excited the popular imagination about what we might achieve as a society and a nation, and has occasioned despair about missed opportunities. The eleven authors contributing to this monograph reflect on these, and other themes from a variety of perspectives. They challenge our understanding of the term 'nation-building', reflect on its contemporary relevance as a framework for public policy and even re-appraise the contribution of past 'iconic' nation-building endeavours. To this subject the authors bring intelligence, wit and a healthy disdain for sacred cows. A stimulating read for anyone interested in the history, challenges and prospects of nation-building in Australia.


This week's issue of Science's STKE, published in conjunction with a Special Issue of Science on virology, describes viral mechanisms for manipulating signaling pathways in the host cell to ensure their own replication and survival. Münter et al. focus on how viruses and other pathogens manipulate tyrosine kinase- and Rho guanosine triphosphatase-mediated pathways; Barry and Früh discuss how viruses manipulate cullin RING ubiquitin ligases to evade host defenses; and Hayward et al. compare mechanisms whereby Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesviruses (KSHV) interact with the Wnt and Notch signaling pathways. In a Review in Science, García-Sastre and Biron discuss the interplay between virus offenses and host defenses, focusing on the role of the type I interferons.


It was the height of the Gilded Age and J. Pierpont Morgan controlled the fate of railroads, corporations, and governments. The wealthy and influential were said to tremble before his blinding intellect and intimidating gaze, yet he deferred to one man: Anthony J. Drexel. Drexel - whose name is familiar today only through the university he founded and his recently canonized niece and protegee, Katharine - was the most influential financier of the nineteenth century. The second son of an Austrian emigre, Anthony Drexel (1826-1893) soon established himself as the preeminent financial mind in the Philadelphia currency brokerage his father began in 1838. Shunning publicity, self-promotion, and high-profile public accolades (he declined President Ulysses S. Grant's invitation to become Secretary of the Treasury), Drexel initiated a partnership with J. P. Morgan and his father, Junius, that became the most powerful financial combination of its age. At a time when the United States did not have a central bank, the government as well as large-scale commercial ventures relied on financiers to raise the enormous sums of money necessary to build railroads, construct factories, and fight major wars. With branches and partnerships in London, Paris, Chicago, and New York, all benefiting from their leader's reputation for impeccable integrity, Drexel's firms were able to steer American business through the most extraordinary long-term economic growth of any nation in world history, as well as through four devastating depressions, an enlightening lesson in the cyclical nature of the U.S. economy. "This solid biography is well documented, thoughtful, and analytical; it displays a thorough knowledge of the sources and is engaging to read...Highly recommended." - "Library Journal". "Drexel served as Morgan's mentor and molded him into one of the world's most powerful bankers." - "Investor's Business Daily". "Among the many examples he gives of Drexel's influence, the most surprising is that Drexel's money and mentoring created the legendary J. P. Morgan." - "Philadelphia Inquirer". "Rottenberg uncovers the full story of this powerful and elusive figure, who cultivated the young Morgan and brokered the nation's extraordinary growth." - "Bloomberg Personal Finance". Drexel and his firm quietly pioneered many of the financial and business strategies that we now take for granted, such as trading national currencies, guaranteeing credit for travelers abroad, rewarding workers based on individual initiative, and offering "sweat equity" to deserving employees who could not afford to buy stock. By cultivating Morgan's self-confidence and allowing his younger business partner to become the public face for the firm, Drexel was able to avoid attention and, instead, nurture his extended family. Today, Anthony J. Drexel's influence and accomplishments are mostly forgotten or credited to others, but after decades of detective work and careful research, Dan Rottenberg has succeeded in writing the first biography of this exceptionally influential and elusive man. Since Drexel gave no interviews, kept no diaries, held no public offices, and destroyed most of his personal papers, Rottenberg had painstakingly to track down every reference and anecdote he could find and, in the process, discovered 150 previously unknown letters and cables in Drexel's hand. Drexel believed that there is no limit to what one can accomplish if one doesn't mind who gets the credit, but as "The Man Who Made Wall Street" shows, the balance has finally been paid in full.


Abstract Solution calorimetric measurements have been made on 17 synthetic fluorapatite-chlorapatite crystalline solutions at 50°C in 20.0 wt% HCl under isoperibolic conditions. Analysis of the calorimetric data indicates that heats of mixing across the series may reach values as high as 8.3 kJ/mol. Normally such a high degree of thermodynamic nonideality would be associated with immiscibility, yet no such miscibility gap is indicated by either synthetic or natural fluor-chlorapatite specimens. Based on full chemical analyses, all Cl-rich samples (XCl > 0.65) of this study have halogen deficiencies that imply the presence of 4-11 mol% vacancies in the anion sites, which are interpreted to be associated with oxyapatite substitution. Separate analysis of data for the vacancy-free samples produces a linear fit for enthalpy of solution vs. composition, which yields an alternative interpretation of thermodynamic ideality. Together these models define the limits of enthalpy behavior for the fluor-chlorapatite system


Among the changes the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act of 2005 brings to the Bankruptcy Code are a host of new burdens on small business debtors attempting to reorganize under Chapter 11. This Article examines those provisions affecting small business debtors and outlines suggestions for navigating through the new requirements without jeopardizing a small business's chances for a successful and expeditious reorganization. In particular, this Article argues for the formation of active prepetition creditors' committees for those businesses that intend to seek Chapter 11 protection. Finally, this Article suggests that a potential solution to the problems faced by small business lies in expanding Chapter 12 to permit non-agricultural small businesses to fall within its protection.


Sesquioxidic reddish soils are one of the major agricultural soils in Ethiopia. They are
intensively cultivated for coffee. Accurate and detailed information on the nature and
properties of these soils is necessary to improve and sustain their agricultural
productivity. To achieve this objective, ten representative pedons developed from
different parent materials of volcanic and metamorphic origin in Sidamo highlands,
Ethiopia, were investigated.
Feldspar and ferromagnesians are the dominant minerals in the basalt, whereas quartz,
feldspar and minor amounts of hornblende phenocrysts embedded in a groundmass of
volcanic ash and glass are dominant in the ignimbrites and rhyolite. Zeolites
(clinoptilolite and mordenite) were discovered in substantial amounts in the ignimbrites.
The soil texture, profile depth and morphology of the soils vary according to parent
material groups. The soil pH values range from 4.2 to 6.8 and due to leaching of bases;
soils developed under udic moisture regime have the lowest pH. The pHNaF values are
generally less than 9.4, indicating that the soils are not allophanic. The cation exchange
capacity (CEC) varies according to parent material groups in the order of ignimbrite >
rhyolite > basalt > gneiss with the value of 4.0 to 39.6 cmolc/kg soil. Exchangeable
cations and available micronutrients content of the surface soils are higher than the
subsurface soils. This is attributed to the cycling of nutrients by the plants. Available
phosphorus (P) is low (< 6 mg P/kg soil) and it is the most limiting nutrient for crop
production in the area, although copper and potassium are marginal. The P sorption
studies indicated that the soils are high P sorbing soils, with the subsurface soils have
higher P sorption capacity than the surface soils. The P sorption characteristics of the
soils have significant positive correlation with clay content and different forms of Fe and
Al, and negative correlation with soil pH. The P requirement of the surface soils varies
from 41 to 142 mg P kg-1 soil.
The sand and silt fractions are dominated by quartz and varied amounts of feldspar. The
clay fractions are dominated by kaolinite and minor amounts of illite. The relative
abundance of illite and feldspar is higher in the soils from younger geological units
(ignimbrites). Iron (Fe) is dominantly in crystalline form, whereas aluminium (Al) is in
amorphous from in the soils. Hematite, maghemite and goethite are the common Fe-oxide
minerals in the clay fractions. The relative abundance of goethite is higher in soils from
higher altitudes (cooler and wetter environments). The Al substitution for Fe in hematite
and goethite varied from 7 to 24 and from 14 to 39 mole % Al, respectively.
The relative proportion and distribution of coarse to fine materials (c/f-ratio) varied
according to parent material groups from open porphyric in basaltic soils to single spaced
porphyric in gneissic soils. Microlaminated clay coatings are abundant in soils derived
from the younger geological units (ignimbrites) compared to basaltic and gneissic soils.
The pedogenetic processes in the soils were mainly related to the weathering of primary
minerals, clay illuviation, bioturbation and translocation of Fe-oxides to saprolitic layers.
Halloysite is mainly restricted in the saprolitic layers, whereas kaolinite is dominant in
the soil solum.
The Chuko and Morocho pedons, derived from Quaternary ignimbrites and characterized
by appreciable clay illuviation in the B horizons are classified as Kandic Paleustalfs (Soil
Survey Staff, 1999) or Profondic Lixisols (WRB, 1998), whereas the Dengora pedon
derived from similar material is classified as Typic Rhodustult or Hyperdystric Acrisol
due to low base saturation. The rest of the soils, due to uniform clay distribution with
depth and presence of horizons of very low CEC (oxic horizon) are classified as Oxisols
(Eutrustox, Eutrudox, Haplustox, Hapludox and Kandiudox) or Ferralsols (Humic
Ferralsol, Rhodic Ferralsol and Hypereutric Ferralsol).
The surface charge of the soils is dominated by permanent negative charge with minor
amounts of variable charge. There is an increase in AEC and a decrease in CEC with soil
depth, indicating higher potential leaching losses of cations. Comparison of the
fingerprint (FP) and the compulsive exchange methods indicated that the FP method can
satisfactorily predict the basic nutrient retention capacity of the soils


Monitoring a location and movement an object are very important thing in some business. This action aims to ensure an valuable object  safety and also to keep a good management on time performance for excellent services. A business for example transportation services and delivery services were determinted by on time performance also to know where asset of company are located. Growth in programming for mobile technology is very significant and also mobile data technology for example GSM network. GPS technology can be applicated  to know  where position an object have located. GSM network is growing to use for so many people for mobile data and mobile internet access in anywhere and anytime. Development between third technology will have result an application system  for monitoring an movement object like bus or taxi. Hopefully this is can be a good result an application system to manage object movement and monitoring very easy.This is can make corporation build  and excelent services for customers and they will be aware to use them services. Keywords : GSM, GPS, Object, Internet, mobile, tracking


Abstract Child death is a common topic in Victorian literature, with many writers focusing on the pain that comes with the loss of a child. George MacDonald also includes child death in his writing, but in a very different way; MacDonald's works tend to portray death in a much more positive manner, straying away from the sadness surrounding a death and instead focusing on journeys of purification for the characters, with death simply as a transition into the next stage of life. MacDonald combines his religious beliefs with his interest in chemistry and alchemy to create these purifying journeys, each of which involve one or more of the classical elements: water, earth, fire, and air. The essay explores how MacDonald uses each element as a vehicle for sharing his beliefs about life and death. The use of the element of water in "The Light Princess" and "The Golden Key" can relate to both the alchemical and Christian traditions of baths or baptism as symbolic of leaving behind old ways and becoming renewed. In The Princess and the Goblin, MacDonald uses the element of earth to represent burial and rebirth, and he uses fire to relate the alchemical concept of fire as a strong purifying agent with the Christian idea of baptism by fire. The element of air actually takes the form of a character in At the Back of the North Wind, which is reminiscent of the concept that the path to achieving the philosopher's stone is representative of coming to Christ for purification. All of the purifying journeys clearly portray MacDonald's belief that death is not an end, but a continuation of the journey of life. This article is available in Crossing Borders: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Undergraduate Scholarship: http://newprairiepress.org/ crossingborders/vol1/iss1/4 The Journey to Death: Elemental Imagery in the Works of George MacDonald


We investigate the magnification due to refraction of the apparent horizontal sizes of finite celestial bodies, such as the Sun or Moon. Two models are discussed and compared with the earlier works of Biot and Chauvenet. It is shown that the apparent horizontal size of the object varies with respect to its true horizontal size as a function of altitude or zenith distance, from a reduction of about 0.0276% at the zenith, to an amplification of about 0.0045% when the object appears just at the horizon (namely, when the true altitude γ is negative and related to the corresponding refraction R by γ=−R). It is also shown that the apparent horizontal size is equal to the true size when the true altitude γ is related to the corresponding refraction R by γ=−R/2. Thus, the total magnification (and reduction) range for differently sized objects is about 0.032%–0.033% and depends on the refraction.