3 Minute Thesis presented at the Cranfield Doctoral Network Annual Event 2018.The world economy is only 9.1% circular leaving a vast "Circularity Gap". The linear economy model favored by economies is characterized by resource scarcity, price inflation and degraded ecosystems. Implementing remanufacturing as a circular approach is a viable way to prolong the useful life of an end-of-use product or its parts, conserving the raw material content and the value added during the processes required to manufacture new products. Despite its environmental and economic benefits, remanufacturing is associated with many challenges. According to the European Remanufacturing Network, key challenges of remanufacturing includes lack of accurate, timely and consistent product knowledge, as highlighted in a 2015 survey of 188 European remanufacturers. Another key challenge with the concepts of remanufacturing is the limited availability of theory and literature on strategic decision-making. With more data being produced by electric vehicles, this adds to the information complexity already experienced in remanufacturing.It is therefore difficult to implement real-time and accurate remanufacturing for the shop floor; there are no papers that focuses on this within the context of electric vehicle environment. To address this problem, a novel data-driven remanufacturing decision-making framework (d-RDMF) was developed for the remanufacturing of fuel cells (FCs) in electric vehicles. The development of this d-RDMF was based upon extensive literature review and case studies with representatives of selected remanufacturing companies. Parameters required for FCs remanufacturing were identified via interviews and ranked via Pareto Chart. A simple CLD and SFD were modelled in order to simulate and understand data and information driven-schemes in remanufacturing. Findings show that a greater collaboration is needed between remanufacturers and the OEM throughout the remanufacturing process to achieve the optimal value of remanufacturing. Also, average capacity utilization increases from 56% to 81% with sensor enabled components on FCs. The research findings were validated by respondents.


The evaluation of text simplification (TS) systems remains an open challenge. As the task has common points with machine translation (MT), TS is often evaluated using MT metrics such as BLEU. However, such metrics require high quality reference data, which is rarely available for TS. TS has the advantage over MT of being a monolingual task, which allows for direct comparisons to be made between the simplified text and its original version. In this paper, we compare multiple approaches to reference-less quality estimation of sentence-level text simplification systems, based on the dataset used for the QATS 2016 shared task. We distinguish three different dimensions: gram-maticality, meaning preservation and simplicity. We show that n-gram-based MT metrics such as BLEU and METEOR correlate the most with human judgment of grammaticality and meaning preservation, whereas simplicity is best evaluated by basic length-based metrics.


Understanding the physical-chemical features of liquid, gas and solid phases in natural analogue
 reservoirs of Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) site is fundamental as they can provide key
 data for building up both conceptual and numerical modeling of reaction path for gas-water-rock
 interaction in high pCO2 systems. The aim of this work is improve the knowledge about these
 processes, by employing appropriate methods for compositional data on a case study, focusing on
 the solid (minerals) phases.
 In the early eighties, the PSS1 well (Eastern Tuscany, Central Italy), drilled down to almost
 5,000 m for oil exploration by ENI (Italian National Agency of Hydrocarbons), intercepted a high
 pressure (≈700 bar) CO2 reservoir at the temperature of 120 °C. The reservoir rocks in the fertile
 horizon, located at about 3,800 m, consist of altered volcanic deposits interbedded with gypsumdolomite-bearing
 evaporites ("Burano Formation"). Surveys for determining the actual paragenesis
 of volcanic rocks, carried out on the drill core samples, corresponded to the top of CO2 reservoir
 (3,864-3,871 m depths from surface on the PSS1 bore-well log). Quartz, Ca-Fe-Mg carbonates, clay
 minerals (illite and chlorite series) and Fe-Ti oxides were found as principal mineralogical phases.
 Electron Microprobe Analysis on the carbonates has allowed to recognize the presence of ankerite
 and calcites.
 Compositional data, related to atomic % content of Ca, Fe, and Mg in carbonates minerals, were
 transformed by using Isometric Log-Ratio balances, whilst the variability affecting the data pattern
 was investigated in simple binary diagrams. The stoichiometric substitution processes governing the
 presence of Ca, Fe and Mg in carbonates were modeled by using regression techniques in the new
 space defined by ilrs coordinates. Results have evidenced the different role of Fe and Mg in
 substituting or not Ca in both carbonate minerals of these CO2-bearing reservoir rocks


Cells sense the availability of oxygen and activate signaling pathways that promote an appropriate physiological response such as decreased metabolic oxidative phosphorylation or increased proliferation of blood vessels. Hypoxia also causes various stem or progenitor cells to remain in an undifferentiated state. Gustafsson et al. conducted experiments that show that this latter response to hypoxia is mediated by an interaction between the oxygen-sensing mechanisms of the cell with the Notch signaling pathway, a well-known signaling pathway important in the control of development. Cells use prolyl hydroxylases to sense oxygen, and these enzymes control gene transcription by influencing the activity of the transcription factor HIF-1α (hypoxia-inducible factor-1α). Notch is a receptor that undergoes proteolytic cleavage to release the intracellular domain (ICD), which moves to the nucleus, where it interacts with other proteins to regulate transcription. The authors found that effects of hypoxia on differentiation of cultured mouse muscle precursor cells or primary rat neural stem cells depended on Notch signaling and was prevented by an inhibitor of the protease that generates the Notch ICD. Hypoxia also increased expression of known Notch target genes. The authors propose that HIF-1α may directly interact with the Notch ICD. Indeed, in vitro immunoprecipitation studies showed that the two proteins can physically interact. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses showed that HIF-1α is recruited to promoters of Notch-responsive genes in cells exposed to hypoxia, provided that Notch signaling was also activated. These results help explain the mechanisms that couple oxygen sensing to control of differentiation. Tumor formation is one instance in which responses to hypoxia are critical, and the authors thus suggest that it may be useful to examine whether Notch and HIF-1α also work together under these circumstances. M. V. Gustafsson, X. Zheng, T. Pereira, K. Gradin, S. Jin, J. Lundkvist, J. L. Ruas, L. Poellinger, U. Lendahl, M. Bondesson, Hypoxia requires notch signaling to maintain the undifferentiated cell state. Dev. Cell 9, 617-628 (2005). [PubMed]


This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of three land use management (natural forest, crop land and natural fallow) and soil depth on soil organic carbon fractions. The study was carried out in Toungo and Jada, Adamawa State, Nigeria. Three transects were cut 100 m apart in each of the study sites and four sampling plots of 20 m × 20 m in dimension were laid in alternate positions along each transect at 50 m interval. Soil samples were collected at depth of 0-15, 15-30, 30-45 and 45-60 cm and at three points along the diagonal of each plot using a 3 cm diameter soil auger. Soil contents of mineral-associated organic carbon fraction were higher than the particulate organic carbon pool in all land use management systems. Surface soil (0-15 cm) total organic carbon (TOC) content was highest under the natural forest (1.94%) and lowest in the cropland (1.46%). From the results it was noted that, natural forest had capacity for increasing soil organic carbon to an appreciable concentration. Fallow contribution to soil organic carbon was minimal. This could be attributed to several factors such as wind erosion, grazing, bush burning and cutting of vegetation for fuel wood. The contents of total, particulate and mineral-associated soil organic carbon was significantly influenced by land use management and soil depth. All the different land use types showed highest accumulation of the various carbon fractions in the surface layer (0-15cm). This high level of organic carbon stock in the surface layer could be due to the slow of mixing of the soil.

 Key words: Land use, carbon fraction, forest, mineral, particulate organic carbon.


Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was conducted to map the Rk gene in tobacco which conditions resistance to races 1 and 3 of the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita. Resistant burley tobacco genotype NC 528, containing the Rk gene, and the susceptible cultivar Ky 14 were screened with 1,500 random decamers. A low rate of genetic polymor-phism (<10%) was detected among these lines. Two populations (F1 and F3) of maternally de-rived doubled haploid (MDH) lines of burley tobacco, developed from the cross NC 528 × Ky 14, were used to map the Rk gene. NC 528, Ky 14, three Rk-resistant (Rk-R) DNA bulks, andthree Rk-susceptible (Rk-S) bulks generated from F1-derived MDH individuals were screenedwith the primers that amplified bands polymorphic between Rk-R and Rk-S lines. A total of 67 F1MDH lines and 59 F3MDH lines were screened with the primers that amplified bands polymorphic between Rk-R bulks and Rk-S bulks to confirm linkage between candidate markers and the Rk gene. Sixteen RAPD markers were positioned at six loci in a map 24.1 centimorgans long. Six RAPD markers, including one identified in the F3MDH population, were mapped at the Rk locus.


Chapter 1: Introduction to Physical Geography Chapter 2: The Geographers' Tools Chapter 3: Earth-Sun Geometry and the Seasons Chapter 4: The Global Energy System Chapter 5: Global Temperature Patterns Chapter 6: Atmospheric Pressure, Wind, and Global Circulation Chapter 7: Atmospheric Moisture and Precipitation Chapter 8: Air Masses and Cyclonic Weather Systems Chapter 9: Global Climates and Global Climate Change Chapter 10: Plant Geography Chapter 11: The Global Distribution and Character of Soils Chapter 12: Earth s Internal Structure, Rock Cycle, and Geologic Time Chapter 13: Tectonic Processes and Landforms Chapter 14: Weathering and Mass Movements Chapter 15: Groundwater and Karst Landscapes Chapter 16: Fluvial Systems and Landforms Chapter 17: Glacial Geomorphology: Processes and Landforms Chapter 18: Arid Landscapes and Eolian Processes Chapter 19: Coastal Processes and Landforms Chapter 20: Population Growth and Environmental Impacts


Previous work has documented that speaking one's native language with an accent distinct from the mainstream is associated with lower wages. In this study, we seek to estimate the causal effect of speaking with a distinctive regional accent, disentangling the effect of the accent from that of omitted variables. We collected data on workers' speech in Germany, a country with wide variation in regional dialects. We use a variety of strategies in estimation, including an instrumental variables strategy in which the instruments are based on research findings from the linguistics of accent acquisition. All of our estimators show that speaking with a distinctive regional accent reduces wages by an amount that is comparable to the gender wage gap. We also find that workers with distinctive regional accents tend to sort away from occupations that demand high levels of face-to-face contact, consistent with various occupational sorting models.


Background and Purpose— The purpose was to test the hypothesis that increased oxygen extraction fraction (OEF), a marker of severe hemodynamic impairment measured by positron emission tomography, is an independent risk factor for subsequent ischemic stroke in this population. Methods— Adults with idiopathic moyamoya phenomena were recruited between 2005 and 2012 for a prospective, multicenter, blindly adjudicated, longitudinal cohort study. Measurements of OEF were obtained on enrollment. Subjects were followed up for the occurrence of ipsilateral ischemic stroke at 6-month intervals. Patients were censored at the time of surgical revascularization or at last follow-up. The primary analysis was time to ischemic stroke in the territory of the occlusive vasculopathy. Results— Forty-nine subjects were followed up during a median of 3.7 years. One of 16 patients with increased OEF on enrollment had an ischemic stroke and another had an intraparenchymal hemorrhage. Three of 33 patients with normal OEF had an ischemic stroke. On a per-hemisphere basis, 21 of 79 hemispheres with moyamoya vasculopathy had increased OEF at baseline. No ischemic strokes and one hemorrhage occurred in a hemisphere with increased OEF (n=21). Sixteen patients (20 hemispheres), including 5 with increased OEF at enrollment, were censored at a mean of 5.3 months after enrollment for revascularization surgery. Conclusions— The risk of new or recurrent stroke was lower than expected. The low event rate, low prevalence of increased OEF, and potential selection bias introduced by revascularization surgery limit strong conclusions about the association of increased OEF and future stroke risk. Clinical Trial Registration— URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00629915.


The burning of fossil fuels not only causes CO2 emissions but at the same time impairs local environmental quality such as ambient air quality. The present paper analyzes the possible distortion arising from international trade in CO2 emissions when local externalities persist. It is theoretically derived that the maximal possible distortion is determined by the difference in factor endowment and population density of the trading regions. Moreover, an empirical illustration for Switzerland shows that a rich country buying emission rights sustains a welfare loss.


The specific sediment yield (SSY) from watersheds is the result of the balance between natural, scale-dependent erosion and deposition processes, but can be greatly altered by human activities. In general, the SSY decreases along the course of a river as sediments are trapped in alluvial plains and other sinks. However, this relation between SSY and basin area can actually be an increasing one when there is a predominance of channel erosion relative to hillslope erosion. The US Geological Survey (USGS) conducted a study of suspended sediment in the Iowa River basin (IRB), Iowa, and the Yazoo River basin (YRB), Mississippi, from 2006 through 2008. Within each river basin, the SSY from four largely agricultural watersheds of various sizes (2.3 to 35,000 km2 [0.9 to 13,513 mi2]) was investigated. In the smallest watersheds, YRB sites had greater SSY compared to IRB sites due to higher rain erosivity, more erodible soils, more overland flow, and fluvial geomorphological differences. Watersheds in the YRB showed a steady decrease in SSY with increasing drainage basin area, whereas in the IRB, the maximum SSY occurred at the 30 to 500 km2 (11.6 to 193 mi2) scale. Subsurface tile drainage and limits to channel downcutting restrict the upstream migration of sediment sources in the IRB. Nevertheless, by comparing the SSY-basin size scaling relationships with estimated rates of field erosion under conservation and conventional tillage treatments reported in previous literature, we show evidence that the SSY-basin size relationship in both the IRB and YRB remain impacted by historical erosion rates that occurred prior to conservation efforts.


The John Rylands Library's recently rediscovered Spencer Album 8050 contains a proof state of the Battle of the Romans and the Sabines, an engraving pivotal in the short-lived but ambitious collaboration between Jacopo Caraglio (1500–65) and Rosso Fiorentino (1495–1540) in Rome. This proof impression was first printed in black ink, and then densely covered with hand-drawn ink. A comparison between the new proof state and previously identified states of the engraving using a novel technical approach involving long-wave infrared light to isolate the printed lines optically indicates that the Spencer proof state precedes any other known state of the engraving. The use of penwork and printing on this early proof and subsequent proof states demonstrates how Caraglio and Rosso saw drawing and printing as intimately connected, iterative steps in the print's production.


The amazing versatility of chicken lets you quickly prepare it in a stir-fry, grill it to perfection outdoors on a summer's day, or slowly simmer it in a satisfying pot of chicken noodle soup. Williams-Sonoma Collection "Chicken" offers more than 40 easy-to-follow recipes, including both classic favorites and fresh new ideas. In these pages, you'll find chicken dishes designed to suit any occasion from a casual lunch to a hearty Sunday dinner. This beautifully photographed recipe collection, appealing to both novice and experienced cooks, will become an essential addition to your kitchen bookshelf. ""It is my hope that cooking your way through this book deepens the pleasure you take in the kitchen!"""


Often people tell me "the reason for the increase in obesity is because we're just not as active as we used to be". But, is this true? A 2012 study looking at changes in physical activity from various countries around the world, found that total physical activity had only slightly decreased -whilst occupational physical activity may have decreased, leisure time activity had increased (e.g. gym and fitness classes, running, cycling and 'Warrior' races to name a few). So why was there a slight decrease in physical activity overall? The explanation was that 'knowledge' workers spend a large portion of their time sitting.


Much of the risk perception literature relies on the important but unstated assumption that manipulating public opinion to conform to scientific assessments of risk could help the public and, in turn, policymakers make better decisions about whether and how to regulate. This paper argues that the assumption fails in the context of certain "multilayered" risks, or risks that pose tiered policy choices - not just whether to regulate in the first instance, but how to respond to derivative risks arising from the first set of regulatory changes. Examining the debate about the role of nuclear power in the United States' approach to climate change, the paper observes that first- and second-tier risks often differ in character, or require different types of regulatory solution (market-based versus command-and-control). Due to these variations, the public may hold starkly different views about regulation of each tier, and those views may be differently "sticky" - that is, differently susceptible to persuasion. In the context of the nuclear power debate, this tiering of opinion has perverse implications. The first-tier risks of nuclear power are those associated with individual reactors, including the risks of accident or terrorist attack; the second-tier risks are those associated with mining, transport, processing, storage, and disposal of radioactive materials. Recent work asserts that despite entrenched public fear of nuclear power, it may be possible to induce people to support construction of low-emissions reactors as a strategy for mitigating climate change. But even if policymakers could employ the risk education strategies discussed in the literature to shift public opinion in favor of economic incentives for nuclear reactor development, there is no reason to think such strategies would be equally effective at changing attitudes toward second-tier risks and the command-and-control regulations necessary to address them. To the contrary, many people would likely continue to oppose certain types of government action on these latter problems, even assuming the complete success of the hypothesized first-tier education strategy. As a result, the United States could find itself with a thriving nuclear power sector, but without the political will to address the grave collateral risks. These observations lead to two conclusions, one related to the nuclear power example, and one to risk regulation more broadly. First, differently sticky public attitudes toward first- and second-tier nuclear risks and their regulatory solutions may defeat any effort to respond to climate change by significantly and safely increasing U.S. reliance on nuclear power. Second, efforts to change public risk perceptions may not advance a regulatory agenda, and may even prove counterproductive. Specifically, where multiple risk layers exist, a successful first-tier education effort and consequent policy changes could create or expose second-tier risks that defy regulatory solution, leaving policymakers stranded at the abrupt and unexpected end of a half-built bridge. Depending on the gravity of the second-tier risks, this regulatory dead end could be one that neither policymakers nor the public would have chosen ex ante.


Abstract The global diffusion and reification of resilience – as the innate acceptance of vulnerability and suffering – has become an increasingly common feature in global development and humanitarian discourses. The advocacy of Disaster Risk Reduction represents a central technique of this global ontology of resilience that aims to influence the individual, the society and the state. This article explores how this global worldview of resilience is received by local rationalities of resilience in the Caribbean. This is achieved by examining Caribbean art as a re-presentational form of identity that shapes distinct ontological understandings of insecurity and vulnerability, which subsequently affects the possibilities of subjectivisation which lead towards local creative resistance or a global consent of suffering.


INTRODUCTION informed consent is necessary for invasive procedures as a document that guarantees the ethical health relationship and patient safety. AIMS to analyze whether we have and use informed consent documents for paracentesis in our hospitals and to obtain data on the technique. METHODS a descriptive observational study was performed during December 2019, via a cross-sectional survey disseminated through social networks, aimed at specialists and residents of gastroenterology. RESULTS two hundred and three anonymous surveys were included (55.2 % gastroenterologist and 44.8 % residents) from 74 hospitals in 34 Spanish provinces. Ninety respondents (44.3 %) stated that they had the document in their centers. Of these, 29 (32.2 %) always provided it, 31 (34.4 %) provided it sometimes and 21 (23.3 %) never. Seventy-two professionals (35.5 %) answered that they did not have it and 41 (20.5 %) selected "unknown". Of these, 77 (68.1 %) considered it was necessary to create this document, 31 (27.4 %) did not think it was necessary and five (4.4 %) did not answer. With regards to the technique, 173 (85.2 %) performed paracentesis under direct visualization and 30 (14.8 %) were eco-guided on most occasions. One hundred and nine (53.7 %) always applied local anesthetic, 80 (39.4 %) sometimes and 14 (6.9 %) did not. One hundred and sixty-seven respondents (82.3 %) considered it to be a simple technique versus 36 (17.7 %) who thought that it was of intermediate complexity. In terms of risk, 150 (73.5 %) considered it was low and 52 (25.6 %), medium. Ninety-nine (48.8 %) experienced minor complications and 37 (18.2 %) experienced major complications. CONCLUSIONS paracentesis is a common technique in digestive services and could be associated with complications, even though it is considered to be simple and safe. Due to the important intra- and inter-hospital variability that this technique presents, we consider standardized training in this technique is necessary, as well as the creation, spread and use of informed consents.


An important issue for the speci cation and design of software architectures is how to combine the analysis capabilities of multiple architectural de nition languages (ADLs) and their supporting toolsets. In this paper, we describe our experience of integrating three ADLs: Wright, Rapide, and Aesop. We discovered that it is possible achieve interoperability in ADL tools for a non-trivial subset of the systems describable by these languages, even though the languages have di erent views about architectural structure and semantics. To carry out the integration we used the Acme architectural interchange language and its supporting tools.


I N 2017, WE celebrated 50 years of the ACM A.M. Turing Award, known simply as the Turing Award. The list of Turing Award winners (http://amturing.acm. org), starting from Alan Perlis in 1966, "for his influence in the area of advanced computer programming techniques and compiler construction," to Sir Tim Berners-Lee in 2016, "for inventing the World Wide Web, the first Web browser, and the fundamental protocols and algorithms allowing the Web to scale," offers a bird-eye view of the highlights of computing science and technology over the past 50 years. Justifiably, the Turing Award is often accompanied by the tagline "The Nobel Prize in Computing." How did this prestigious award come to be? The early history of the Turing Award is somewhat murky. The minutes of meetings of ACM Council from the mid1960s shed some, but not complete light on this history. The Turing Award was not originally created as a "big prize," but rather a lecture given at the annual ACM meeting. In August 1965, ACM Council considered and tabled a proposal that "the National ACM Lecture be named the Allen [sic] M. Turing Lecture." In December 1965, ACM Council adopted the motion that "A.M. Turing be the name of the National Lectureship series." In a 1966 meeting, ACM Council voted to name Alan Perlis as first lecturer. The minutes shed no light on why the lectureship was named after Alan Turing. The historical record is also not clear on how a lectureship turned into a major award. Perhaps there is a lesson here for ACM to keep better minutes of its Council's meetings! From today's perspective, however, we can wonder whether ACM Council was justified in 1966 in naming its National Lecture after Turing. Today, Turing is widely regarded as one of the most outstanding scientists of the 20 century, but that was not the case in 1966. The question, therefore, can be posed as follows: Had Turing been alive in 1966 (he died in 1954), would he have been selected for ACM's first National Lecture? A debate about Turing's accomplishments has been going on for quite a while. In 1997, in an after-dinner speech in Cambridge, U.K., Maurice Wilkes, the 1967 Turing Award winner (for designing and building the EDSAC, the first stored-program computer in 1949), offered some biting comments about Turing: "However, on a technical level, of course I did not go along with his ideas about computer architecture, and I thought that the programming system that he introduced at Manchester University was bizarre in the extreme. ... Turing's work was of course a great contribution to the world of mathematics, but there is a question of exactly how it is related to the world of computing." (See Wilkes's complete comments at https://goo.gl/XkjM7n.) The controversy about Turing's accomplishments flared again over the last few years. In a 2013 Communications' editorial (https://goo.gl/SpkhKw) I argued that "The claims that Turing invented the stored-program computer, which typically refers to the uniform handling of programs and data, are simply ahistorical." In response to this editorial, Copeland et al. argued in the 2017 Turing Guide (https://goo.gl/DjC8uk) that "Vardi is ignoring the fact that some inventions belong equally to the realm of mathematics and engineering. The Universal Turing Machine was one such, and this is part of its brilliance." So who is right? When it comes to historical interpretation, the same facts may lead different people to different interpretations, but one should pay attention to the facts! In August 2017, Leo Corry published an article in Communications on "Turing's Pre-War Analog Computers: The Fatherhood of the Modern Computer Revisited" (https://goo.gl/M7jCaj) in which he carefully examined the purported connection between the "Universal Turing Machine," as introduced in Turing's 1936 paper and the design and implementation in the mid-1940s of the first stored-program computers. He concluded "There is no straightforward, let alone deterministic, historical path leading from Turing's 1936 ideas on the Universal Machine to the first stored-program electronic computers of the mid-1940s." But the debate about how much credit Turing should get for the idea of the stored-program computer diminishes, in my opinion, from Turing's actual contributions. The Turing Machine model offered a robust definition of computability that has been studied, refined, and debated since 1936, giving rise in the 1960s to computational complexity theory, a gem of theoretical computer science. Turing's philosophical examination in 1950 of the possibility of machine intelligence is lucid and incisive today as it was then. Finally, we learned in the 1970s about Turing's critical contributions to computing-aided code breaking. Would Turing have won the Turing Award? My answer is, he should have! Follow me on Facebook, Google+, and Twitter.


SUMMARY: The effects of different gaseous regimes on the growth rate and extracellular enzyme location in vitro of colonies of Phlebia radiata, Phlebia rufa and Coriolus versicolor are reported. The two Phlebia species showed similar growth, extracellular enzyme and pH responses to gaseous composition (N2, O2 and CO2), but the responses of C. versicolor differed. Whilst maximum extension rates were obtained for all species under atmospheric gaseous composition, maximum biomass production occurred at 5% (v/v) O2 with 20% (v/v) CO2 for the Phlebia species and at 5% O2 with 60% CO2 for C. versicolor. The Phlebia species had a coenocytic margin (5–6 mm width) under atmospheric conditions, which increased in width with increasing percentage of CO2. Laccase and peroxidase activity were present throughout the septate region, but not in the coenocytic zone. With C. versicolor laccase and peroxidase activities appeared throughout the colony, but were more intense in the peripheral region, under all gaseous regimes. A laser densitometer, normally used to visualize proteins on electrophoresis strips, was used to estimate profiles of biomass and laccase-α-naphthol activity within colonies. Surface pH changed little in colonies of C. versicolor but dropped by over 1 pH unit from the margin inwards with the Phlebia species. The significance of these results is discussed in terms of ecological strategy and developmental versatility.


The Global Atmospheric Watch research station at Mace Head (Ireland) offers the possibility to sample some of the cleanest air masses being imported into Europe as well as some of the most polluted being exported out of Europe. We present a statistical cluster analysis of the physical characteristics of aerosol size distributions in air ranging from the cleanest to the most polluted for the year 2008. Data coverage achieved was 75% throughout the year. By applying the Hartigan-Wong k -Means method, 12 clusters were identified as systematically occurring. These 12 clusters could be further combined into 4 categories with similar characteristics, namely: coastal nucleation category (occurring 21.3 % of the time), open ocean nucleation category (occurring 32.6% of the time), background clean marine category (occurring 26.1% of the time) and anthropogenic category (occurring 20% of the time) aerosol size distributions. The coastal nucleation category is characterised by a clear and dominant nucleation mode at sizes less than 10 nm while the open ocean nucleation category is characterised by a dominant Aitken mode between 15 nm and 50 nm. The background clean marine aerosol exhibited a clear bimodality in the sub-micron size distribution, with although it should be noted that either the Aitken mode or the accumulation mode may dominate the number concentration. However, peculiar background clean marine size distributions with coarser accumulation modes are also observed during winter months. By contrast, the continentally-influenced size distributions are generally more monomodal (accumulation), albeit with traces of bimodality. The open ocean category occurs more often during May, June and July, corresponding with the North East (NE) Atlantic high biological period. Combined with the relatively high percentage frequency of occurrence (32.6%), this suggests that the marine biota is an important source of new nano aerosol particles in NE Atlantic Air.


The Technology for Emerging Markets (TEM) group at Microsoft Research India seeks to address the needs and aspirations of people in the world's developing communities. Our research targets people who are just beginning to use computing technologies and services as well as those for whom access to computing still remains largely out of reach. Most of our work falls under the rubric of the relatively young field of Information and Communication Technology for Development (ICTD or ICT4D). Reflecting the interdisciplinary nature of ICTD, TEM is a multidisciplinary group engaged in a range of technical and social-science research. We work in the areas of cultural anthropology, sociology, political science, economics, and psychology, all of which help us understand the social context of technology and how it relates to communities and individual users. We combine this understanding with technical research in hardware and software to devise solutions for underserved communities in rural and urban environments around the world.


Foreword. Preface. Acknowledgments. Introduction. Chapter 1. On Trading Strategies. Why This Book Was Written. Who Will Benefit from this Book? The Goals of this Book. The Lay of the Land. Chapter 2. The Systematic Trading "Edge". Discretionary Trading. Raising the Bar. Verification. Quantification. Risk and Reward. The Performance Profile. Objectivity. Consistency. Extensibility. The Benefits of the Historical Simulation. Positive Expectancy. The Likelihood of Future Profit. The Performance Profile. Proper Capitalization. A Measure of Real-Time Trading Performance. The Benefits of Optimization. The Benefits of the Walk-Forward Analysis. The Advantages of a Thorough Understanding. Confidence. Strategy Refinement. Chapter 3. The Trading Strategy Development Process. Two Philosophical Approaches to Strategy Development. The Scientific Approach. The Path of Empirical Development. An Overview of the Trading Strategy Design Process. Step 1: Formulate the Trading Strategy. Step 2: Translate the Rules into a Definitive Form. Step 3: Preliminary Testing. Step 4: Optimize the Trading strategy. Step 5: the Walk Forward Analysis(t). Step 6: Trade the System. Step 7: Evaluate Real-Time Performance. Step 8: Improving the System. Chapter 4. The Strategy Development Platform. The Scripting Language. Diagnostics. Reporting. Optimization. The Objective Function. Speed. Automation. Walk Forward Analysis(t). Portfolio Analysis. In Conclusion. Chapter 5. The Elements of Strategy Design. The Three Principle Components of a Strategy. Entry and Exit. Risk Management. Position Sizing. An Overview of a Typical Trading Strategy. A Trade Equals an Entry and an Exit. Entry Filters. The Management of Risk. Trade Risk. Strategy Risk. Portfolio Risk. The Management of Profit. The Trailing Stop. Profit Targets. Position Sizing. Advanced Strategies. Summary. Chapter 6. The Historical Simulation. The Essential Reports. The Performance Summary. The Trade List. The Equity Curve. Performance by Period. The Importance of Accuracy. Software Limitations. Rounding Issues. Phantom Trades. Price Orders. Realistic Assumptions. Price and Trade Slippage. Opening Gap Slippage. Opening and Closing Range Slippage. Slippage Due to Size. The Significance of Slippage. Limit Moves. Major Events and Dates. Historical Data. Stock Prices. Cash Markets. Futures Markets. The Continuous Contract. The Perpetual Contract. Adjusted Continuous Contracts. The Size of the Test Window. Statistical Requirements. Sample Size and Statistical Error. How Many Trades? Stability. Degrees of Freedom. Frequency of Trading. Types of Markets. The Bull Market. The Bear Market. The Cyclic Market. The Congested Market. Efficient Markets. The Life Cycle of a Trading Strategy. Window Size and Model Life. Chapter 7. Formulation and Specification. Formulate the Trading Strategy. Specification - "Translate" The Idea Into A Testable Strategy. Make a Vague Idea Precise. Chapter 8. Preliminary Testing. Verification of Calculations and Trades. Calculations. Trading Rules. In Summary. Theoretical Expectations. Preliminary Profitability. The Multi-Market and Multi-Period Test. Selecting the Basket. Determining the Length of the Test Period. Segmenting the Data. The Test. The Results of the Test. Chapter 9. Search and Judgment. Search Methods. The Grid Search. The Prioritized Step Search. Hill Climbing Search Algorithms. Multi-Point Hill Climbing Search. Advanced Search Methods. Simulated Annealing. Genetic Algorithms. Particle Swarm Optimization. General Problems with Search Methods. The Objective Function. A Review of a Variety of Evaluation Methods. Multiple Evaluation Types. Chapter 10. Optimization. Optimization contra Overfitting. A Simple Optimization. The Optimization Framework. The Parameters. The Scan Range. The Historical Sample. The Objective Function. The Optimization Evaluation. A Multi-Market and Multi-Period Optimization. The Evaluation of the Optimization. The Robust Trading Strategy. The Robust Optimization. The Statistically Significant Optimization Profile. The Distribution of the Optimization Profile. The Shape of the Optimization Profile. How Does the Strategy Respond to Optimization? Does the Strategy Deserve Further Development? Chapter 11. Walk-Forward Analysis. Is the Trading Strategy Robust? Robustness and Walk-Forward Efficiency. The Cure for Overfitting. A More Reliable Measure of Risk and Return. Assessing the Impact of Market Changes. The Best Parameter Set for Trading. The Theory of Relevant Data. Peak Performance. Statistical Rigor. Shifting Markets. The Varieties of Market Conditions. The Walk-Forward. The Role of the Walk Forward. Setting Up a Walk-Forward. An Example of a Walk-Forward Test. The Walk-Forward Analysis. The Purpose of the Walk-Forward Analysis. An Example of a Walk-Forward Analysis. Is the Strategy Robust? What Rate of Profit Should We Expect? What Is the Risk? Walk-Forward Analysis and the Portfolio. Chapter 12. The Evaluation of Performance. The Trading Strategy as an Investment. The Dimension of Risk. Compare the Strategy to the Alternatives. Maximum Drawdown and Trading Risk. Maximum Drawdown in Context. Maximum Drawdown and the Trader. Maximum Run up and the Trader. Trading Capital and Risk. Risk Adjusted Return. Reward to Risk Ratio. Model Efficiency. Consistency. Patterns of Profit and Loss. Chapter 13. The Many Faces of Overfitting. What Is Overfitting? The Abuse of Hindsight. The Case of the Overfit Forecasting Model. The Case of the Overfit Trading Model. The Symptoms of an Overfit Trading Model. The Causes of Overfitting. Degrees of Freedom. Measuring Degrees of Freedom. Degrees of Freedom, Sample Size and Startup Overhead. Trade Sample Size. Optimization Error #1 - Over Parameterization. Optimization Error #2 -Over Scanning. The Big Fish in a Small Pond Syndrome. The Walk-Forward Test. Chapter 14. Trading the Strategy. The Mental Aspects of Trading. Return on Investment. Poor Strategy. Market Contraction. Unseen Market Conditions. In Conclusion. Maximum Risk. Real-time and Evaluation Performance. Comparing the Evaluation and Trade Profile. Understanding the Test Profile Performance Quirks. The Windfall Profit. The Losing Run. Flat Production. In Conclusion. Notes. Index.


The authors studied the contribution of seven clusters of Lazarillo‐expressing cells to the primary axon scaffold of the brain in the grasshopper Schistocerca gregaria from 26% to 43% of embryogenesis. Each cluster, which was numbered according to when Lazarillo expression first appeared, was uniquely identifiable on the basis of its stereotypic position in the brain and the number of Lazarillo‐expressing cells it contained. At no time during embryogenesis was Lazarillo expression found in brain neuroblasts: It was found only in progeny. For ease of analysis, axogenesis was followed in a cell cluster that contained only a single Lazarillo‐expressing cell (the lateral cell) in the dorsal median domain of the brain midline. Bromodeoxyuridine incorporation revealed the presence of only a single midline precursor cell in this region during embryogenesis. Intracellular injection of Lucifer yellow into the lateral cell at various ages showed that there was no dye coupling to the midline precursor or to the nearby term‐1‐expressing primary commissure pioneers. The lateral cell is not related lineally to these cells and most likely differentiates directly from the neuroectoderm of the brain midline. Lazarillo expression appears at the onset of axogenesis as the lateral cell projects an axon laterally toward the next Lazarillo‐expressing cell cluster. The cells of this target cluster direct axons into separate brain regions, thereby establishing an orthogonally organized scaffold that the lateral cell axon follows as it navigates away from the brain midline. The primary axon scaffold of the brain results from a stepwise interlinking of discrete brain regions, as exemplified by axons from neighboring Lazarillo‐expressing cell clusters. J. Comp. Neurol. 419:394–405, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


The theory of exterior differential systems provides a framework for systematically addressing the typically non-linear, and frequently overdetermined, partial differential equations that arise in differential geometry. Adaptation of the techniques of microlocalization to differential systems have led to recent activity on the foundations of the theory; in particular, the fundamental role of the characteristic variety in geometric problems is now clearly established. In this book the general theory is explained in a relatively quick and concrete manner, and then this general theory is applied to the recent developments in the classical problem of isometric embeddings of Riemannian manifolds.


p53 acts as the single most vital gene in cancer as a single mutation that can lead to tumorgenesis. p53 function has been further diversified by the discovery of various isoforms of p53. p53 (also known as protein 53 or tumor protein 53), is a tumor suppressor protein that is encoded by the TP53 gene in case of humans. p53 is very vital in multicellular organisms, where it maintains the cell cycle and thus act as a tumor suppressor that is associated in suppressing cancer. p53 has been described as "the guardian of the genome" because of its role in conserving stability by preventing genome mutation. Integrin-associated signalling is a critical in signalling network in mammalian cells. Several molecules are concerned in this signalling network like the RTK, Ras, Src-family kinase, Notch, Wnt, and Raft/caveolae-mediated signalling pathways are associated to integrin signalling. Integrin signalling is also related with direct involvement of tumor formation, angiogenesis, metastasis, lipid rafts and attachment to distant tissues are largely coupled with integrin signalling. Recent data has indicated that integrin expression and its functions are tightly synchronized by epigenetic mechanisms. Alterations in these epigenetic regulation patterns are regularly associated with the development of various diseases, including cancer. Here we are trying to correlate the impact of p53 & β1 integrin in leukemia cell.


Background: Developments in language acquisition research are coalescing on earlier and earlier stages of infant development as the crucial times and the critical importance of speech addressed to infants during the preverbal period is well established. Mother's vocal/verbal input and imitation rates are predictive of later language development in both typically and atypically developing children (Meltzoff 2002; Masur & Olson 2008) yet comparatively little is known about the input received in this early pre-verbal stage before 12 months (Gros-Louis 2007). The acoustic and prosodic characteristics of maternal infant directed speech have been well documented but little systematic research has been carried out into the syntactical and grammatical aspects of that speech input.

Objectives: To compare maternal Infant Directed Speech characteristics in face-to-face interaction with infants at genetic risk of autism with maternal speech to typically developing low-risk controls.

Methods: This paper presents one set of findings from a longitudinal study of mother-infant interaction over the course of a nine month period. Nineteen mother-infant dyads participated, of whom nine infants, including twins, are at genetic risk for autism spectrum disorder. Using a prospective observational design, dyads were videorecorded in naturalistic face-to-face interaction every 4 weeks for a period of nine months when the infant was aged between 3 and 15 months. 142 five-minute samples of maternal speech and vocalisations were selected and transcribed and approximately 10,000 utterances were analysed on a range of measures of quantity, quality and complexity.

Results: Results indicate differences in the linguistic environments of the high-risk infants in interaction, in terms of quantity of speech input, lexical diversity and clausal complexity of linguistic input. Although there were few statistically significant differences for most characteristics, given the sample size, on many of the measures mothers of at-risk infants could be differentiated from mothers of TD infants. The mothers of at-risk infants are consistently making additional modifications to their speech when interacting with their infant.

Conclusions: Two conclusions are drawn. First, typical patterns of maternal input and response are disrupted by the high-risk status of the infants, evidenced, for example, by increased use of compensatory, attention-getting, vocal but non-meaningful, linguistic devices, zero clause utterances, and very frequent use of the infant's name. This is at the expense of more complex and diverse linguistic constructions. These attention getting-and-keeping devices may be a function of the mother's heightened awareness of the infant's risk status and her interaction with the older sibling with ASD. It has been suggested (Johnson 2010) that this persistence in relation to engaging the infant in interaction may serve to promote joint attention development and this will be analysed in relation to the infants' performance on the ESCS at 12 and 18 months. Second, a subset of the high-risk infants themselves can be identified as behaving differently in interaction and are providing fewer feedback opportunities for mother to create tailored linguistic environments over time.


The cross-section and time series model used in this study yielded a number of important estimates for OJ and GJ demand. The own- and cross-price elasticities were, in general, similar to those found in past studies. The dummy variable estimates to control for city size, seasonality and other city specific trends appear reasonable, suggesting this modeling approach, and perhaps other variants, is useful for analyzing combined city data over time. The promotional estimates of the study support previous findings that featuring and displays significantly increase demand. Features and displays together have the largest impact. Price discounts have the smaller impacts but their magnitudes are larger than found in previous studies. Finally, although both the OJ and GJ promotional impacts were relatively large, those for GJ were larger than those for OJ.


A review of published literature was made to establish the fundamental aspects of rolling and allow an experimental programme to be planned. Simulated hot rolling tests, using pure lead as a model material, were performed on a laboratory mill to obtain data on load and torque when rolling square section stock. Billet metallurgy and consolidation of representative defects was studied when modelling the rolling of continuously cast square stock with a view to determining optimal reduction schedules that would result in a product having properties to the high level found in fully wrought billets manufactured from large ingots. It is difficult to characterize sufficiently the complexity of the porous central region in a continuously cast billet for accurate modelling. However, holes drilled into a lead billet prior to rolling was found to be a good means of assessing central void consolidation in the laboratory. A rolling schedule of 30% (1.429:1) per pass to a total of 60% (2.5:1) will give a homogeneous, fully recrystallized product. To achieve central consolidation, a total reduction of approximately 70% (3.333:1) is necessary. At the reduction necessary to achieve consolidation, full recrystallization is assured. A theoretical analysis using a simplified variational principle with experimentally derived spread data has been developed for a homogeneous material. An upper bound analysis of a single, centrally situated void has been shown to give good predictions of void closure with reduction and the reduction required for void closure for initial void area fractions 0.45%. A limited number of tests in the works has indicated compliance with the results for void closure obtained in the laboratory.


Cracks often occur when nano-hydroxyapatite bone scaffolds are fabricated with selective laser sintering, which affect the performance of scaffolds. In this study, a small amount of poly (l-lactide acid) (PLLA) was added into nano-hydroxyapatite (nano-HAP) powder by mechanical blending in order to improve the sintering properties. The nano-HAP powder combined with 1wt % PLLA was sintered under different laser power (5W, 7.5W, 10W, 12.5W, 15W and 20W). The fabricated scaffolds were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Micro Hardness Tester. The results showed that nano-HAP particles grew up quickly with the laser power increasing, and there were many strip-like cracks on the surface of sintering zone. The cracks gradually reduced until disappeared when the laser power increased to 15W, together with a great improvement of density. Large pores were observed on the specimen when the laser power further increases, accompanied with the decomposition of HAP into β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) and tetracalcium phosphate (TTCP). And the optimum parameters were eventually obtained with laser power of 15W, scanning speed of 1000 mm/min, powder bed temperature of 150oC, laser spot diameter of 2 mm and layer thickness of 0.2 mm. We summarized that the molten PLLA enhanced the particle rearrangement of nano-HAP by capillary force and may absorb thermal stress in laser sintering process, while PLLA would be oxidized gradually until completely excluded from the sintered nano-HAP scaffolds, which was confirmed by FTIR analysis. This study provides a novel method to improve the sintering properties of nano-HAP with no adverse effects which would be used in the application of bone tissue engineering potentially.


Energy harvesting converts ambient energy to electrical energy that can be used to power, for example, sensors and sensor systems. Variable reluctance (VR) energy harvesting is a suitable candidate for the conversion of rotary kinetic motion, an energy form commonly found in industrial applications. The implementation of a VR energy harvester (VREH), however, has a significant effect on its performance and is not well studied. In this paper, we therefore conduct a survey on different structures of VREHs. Six existing structures, previously used in VR sensors, are presented and analyzed according to their approaches for magnetic flux change improvement. Together with a newly proposed structure, these structures are evaluated based on a finite element analysis, and their results are compared. It is demonstrated that the choice of structure considerably affects the power output of the harvester and is dependent on the improvement approaches the structure utilizes. The newly proposed structure outperforms all existing structures with respect to power output and power density, which comes at a cost of higher parasitic torque generation. A 53-fold power improvement over the reference and an 1.2-fold power improvement over the next best structure is observed. As a result, applications of VR energy harvesting become viable even at low angular velocities.


Managing Geriatric Health Services provides an overview of the many disciplines related to geriatric health administration as well as specialty topics in long-term care. Ideal for students studying geriatric health services administration, as well as active professionals currently working in the field, Managing Geriatric Health Services thoroughly examines core topics such as administration, nursing, and rehabilitative therapies. It also covers specialty topics, including spirituality, dementia, quality assurance, oral history, and ethical issues. This text examines the various jobs within the continuum of care from an administrative and management standpoint, and also looks at the various roles or disciplines within long-term care and the specific challenges to each. With contributions from experienced professionals in the field, this book includes an entire section of interdisciplinary case study examples and reflection exercises. Individual chapters include learning objectives, key terms, chapter-specific case studies, and chapter summaries, Key Features: * Discussion questions in each chapter engage the reader in learning and understanding the topics presented. * Interdisciplinary case studies allow the reader to see the practical application of the concepts presented. * Chapters are supported by current research from prominent experts in the field. * A unique chapter on Oral Histories explores the aging process and the value of reminiscing. Instructor Resources: PowerPoint LEcture Slides, Test Bank


Sir Gerard Leslie Makins Clauson (1891–1974) worked most of his life as a civil servant and conducted academic research in his spare time. 1 Only after retiring in 1951 at the age of 60 was he able to devote his full attention to scholarly endeavours, which were primarily focussed on Turkish languages. Thus as a scholar, today he is primarily remembered for his contribution to Turkish studies, and his Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth-Century Turkish is still an essential reference tool in the field. 2 Yet in addition to his study of Turkish and Mongolian linguistics, he also worked on a number of other Asian languages, including Tangut. Even though his extensive list of publications includes a small number of items related to Tangut studies, 3 he devoted an incredible amount of time and effort to studying the language and to compiling a dictionary. He never finished the dictionary but deposited a draft version along with his notes in seven large volumes at the Library of the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), so that they would be available to anyone who wished to study Tangut and perhaps continue his research. Eric Grinstead, who used the dictionary when working on the Tangut manuscripts at the British Museum, called it "a paragon of excellence" in comparison with high level of errors in dictionaries available at the time. 4 Indeed, the erudition of Clauson's dictionary is obvious even upon a cursory look at the manuscript version and had it ever been published, it would have undoubtedly made a major impact on scholarship. This paper introduces the available material in an attempt to shed some light on an unknown episode in the history of Tangut studies, a promising start that due to a variety of reasons never reached its potential.


The aim of the study was prosocial behaviors of 5-6 years old children were investigated with regard to parental acceptance-rejection, peer relationships, general social development and social skills. The participants of the study included 277 5-6-year-old Turkish children and their parents. The Child Behavior Scale, Social Skills Form, Marmara Developmental Scale (Social Development Subscale), The Victimization Scale and Parental Acceptance-Rejection Questionnaire (PARQ) (Mother Form Father Form) were used in the study. Based on the study results, family variables (parental acceptance-rejection), different dimensions of social development (social development levels and social skills levels) and variables about peer relationships (aggression, exclusion, fear-anxiety, hyperactivity, victimization-distractibility) were determined to be highly associated with prosocial behaviors. The study results related to family variables revealed the significant effect of parental acceptance-rejection on prosocial behaviors. Key words: Prosocial behaviors, social development, social skills, parental acceptance-rejection, peer relationships Peer relationships are an effective tool in children's attainment of social, emotional, linguistic, mental and physical skills. Researches demonstrate that majority of these skills are acquired during peer interactions. Especially the peer relations in preschool period affect children's development both in this period and subsequent years to come (Buhs L Ladd, Kochenderfer, & Coleman, 1996, 1997). Peer relationships are shaped by various behaviors. One of these behaviors is prosocial behaviors, which indicate voluntary behaviors exhibited for the benefit of others and shaped by emotional consistency and social competence. These behaviors may include sharing, guiding, being polite, protecting from danger and violence, empathizing, collaborating, providing help and support. These behaviors not only constitute social skills but are also important components of social competence (Cunningham, 1993; Feldman, 2005; Gulay, 2010; Hawley, 2002; Hay & Pawlby, 2003; Musser & Diamond, 1999; Persson, 2005). Lack of positive social behaviors is the determinant of negative behaviors in ensuing years. It has been determined that children who exhibit harmful behaviors towards their environment tend to adopt less social behaviors. It has also been observed that children who develop positive social behaviors are satisfied with their life, establish long lasting friendships, are accepted and loved by their peers, become academically successful, and that collaboration and cooperation are experienced at a high level in peer groups participated by such children (Hay & Pawlby, 2003; Kostelnik et al., 2005; Ladd & Profilet, 1996). There are several factors that affect the development of positive social behaviors: family, temperament, gender, age, cultural expectations, experience, and various social skills such as language and sharing. In this study, prosocial behaviors of 5-6 years old children were investigated with regard to parental acceptance-rejection, peer relationships, general social development and social skills. Parents' behaviors that set an example for their children, the guidance, explanations and advices they offer to their children, and their reinforcement of positive behaviors affect the development of social behaviors. In addition, it is reported that sensitive, warm, considerate, receptive, responsible, protective and rewarding behaviors towards the child have an improving effect on positive social behaviors. Highly affectionate, receptive and democratic parental attitudes are known to support positive social behaviors. In terms of the relationship with the mother, children who build a confident bond with their mothers learn positive social behaviors more easily. The general family atmosphere (divorce, loss of a parent, disapproval of social behaviors, etc. …


527 organizations have been and continue to be an expedient medium for regulation of political activities. 527's have had a bad press, being commonly depicted as tax exempt havens through which big money may flow - outside of ordinary strictures such as those of the Federal Elections Campaign Act - into political campaigns. Thus regulation, such as that of the 2000 Act ... to require 527 organizations to disclose their political activities or The 527 Reform Act of 2005 now pending in Congress, is seen as necessary. Regulation of this sort falls on speech ordinarily subject to constitutional protection. However, inasmuch as a tax exemption is a public subsidy, Congress, it is thought, may here regulate free of ordinary First Amendment constraints, according to the axiom that Congress has no duty to subsidize speech. These suppositions respecting 527's are, however, misleading to false. 527 organizations are associations subject to taxation under Sec. 527 of the Internal Revenue Code. This section was enacted in 1975 not to exempt these associations from taxation but to identify and tax their income, which income usually consists of interest earned on deposited funds (dues and contributions). Dues and contributions themselves were not taxed, not because they were exempted from taxation but because these items - consistent with history, practice, and economic theory - are not income. Thus, 527's are not tax-exempt organizations, they do not feed at the public trough, and they should not be removed from ordinary First Amendment protection according to the axiom that Congress has no duty to subsidize speech. Also, 527's are not exempt from ordinary regulation, as that of FECA. Numbers of them are subject to FECA and routinely comply with its disclosure requirements. On they other hand, a number of 527's are not subject to FECA, not because they are 527's but rather because of First-Amendment driven limits (respecting issue advocacy and political committees) to the coverage of that Act. The First Amendment, then, is the loophole, not 527's. In the end, 527 is a neutral tax classification and a 527 organization is simply an association involved in electoral politics, local, state, or federal, that has over $100 in interest income on deposited funds. This includes smallish organizations, earnestly involved in advocacy of various sorts, from local school bonds to conservation issues. These 527's are not of the secret slush fund model offered for 527-based regulation. They are of the civic-minded, civic-building model that ordinarily enjoys First Amendment protection.


A steady theory is presented for gravity currents propagating with constant speed into a stratified fluid with a general density profile. Solution curves for front speed versus height have an energy-conserving upper bound (the conjugate state) and a lower bound marked by the onset of upstream influence. The conjugate state is the largest-amplitude nonlinear internal wave supported by the ambient stratification, and in the limit of weak stratification approaches Benjamin's energy-conserving gravity current solution. When the front speed becomes critical with respect to linear long waves generated above the current, steady solutions cannot be calculated, implying upstream influence. For non-uniform stratification, the critical long-wave speed exceeds the ambient long-wave speed, and the critical-Froude-number condition appropriate for uniform stratification must be generalized. The theoretical results demonstrate a clear connection between internal waves and gravity currents. The steady theory is also compared with non-hydrostatic numerical solutions of the full lock release initial-value problem. Some solutions resemble classic gravity currents with no upstream disturbance, but others show long internal waves propagating ahead of the gravity current. Wave generation generally occurs when the stratification and current speed are such that the steady gravity current theory fails. Thus the steady theory is consistent with the occurrence of either wave-generating or steady gravity solutions to the dam-break problem. When the available potential energy of the dam is large enough, the numerical simulations approach the energy-conserving conjugate state. Existing laboratory experiments for intrusions and gravity currents produced by full-depth lock exchange flows over a range of stratification profiles show excellent agreement with the conjugate state solutions.


: Rapid changes in global climate are likely to alter species assemblages and environmental characteristics resulting in novel ecosystems. The ability to predict characteristics of future ecosystems is crucial for environmental planning and the development of effective climate change adaptation strategies. This paper presents an approach for envisioning novel ecosystems in future 5 climates. Focusing on riparian ecosystems, we use qualitative process models to predict likely abiotic and biotic changes in four case study systems: tropical coastal floodplains, temperate streams, high mountain streams and urban riparian zones. We concentrate on functional groups rather than individual species and consider dispersal constraints and the capacity for genetic adaptation. Our scenarios suggest that climatic changes will reduce indigenous diversity, facilitate non-indigenous 10 invasion (especially C4 graminoids), increase fragmentation and result in simplified and less distinctive riparian ecosystems. Compared to models based on biota-environment correlations, process models built on mechanistic understanding (like Bayesian belief networks) are more likely to remain valid under novel climatic conditions. We posit that predictions based on species' functional traits will facilitate regional comparisons and can highlight effects of climate change on ecosystem 15 structure and function. Ecosystems that have experienced similar modification to that expected under climate change (for example, altered flow regimes of regulated rivers) can be used to help inform and evaluate predictions. By manipulating attributes of these system models (for example, magnitude of climatic changes or adaptation strategies used), implications of various scenarios can be assessed and optimal management strategies identified.


Contents -- Beginnings of Design -- Egypt and Mesopotamia -- Crete and Greece -- Ancient Rome -- Design in the Ancient East and Ancient -- Cultures of India and Persia -- Byzantine Design -- Design in the Near East -- Romanesque -- Gothic -- Oriental Design -- Introduction to the Renaissance -- Renaissance Europe -- Renaissance Design in England and the -- Low Countries of Europe -- Baroque and Rococo Design -- Neoclassical and Empire Design -- Indigenous Design in South America -- Colonial Design in North America -- English Colonial Design in North America -- Postcolonial and Federal American Design -- Industrial Revolution -- Victorian Era -- Arts and Crafts -- Art Nouveau -- Eclectic Design of the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries -- Modernism in Europe -- Art Deco -- Twentieth Century Design to World War II -- Post-World War II Design -- Oriental Design from the 17th Century to Modern Times -- 20th Century Latin American Design -- African Design


Presented in this publication are the results of a major study of the petroleum resources of the world as analyzed by total petroleum systems. The distribution and volumes of resources available in these systems are critically important for the future of the world's economies. Geologic insights gained from studying these 149 systems and their constituent assessment units in 128 provinces and 96 countries, exclusive of the United States, allow a new look at petroleum accumulations and the rocks that are intimately associated with them. The geographic distributions of oil and natural gas systems show significant differences. Lists of new areas of potential and new estimates of resources make this a must-have addition to the petroleum geologist's library.


BACKGROUND
Thirty-day readmissions are common in patients receiving hemodialysis and costly to Medicare. Because patients on hemodialysis have a high background hospitalization rate, 30-day readmissions might be less likely related to the index hospitalization than in patients with other conditions.

METHODS
In adults with Medicare receiving hemodialysis in the United States, we used multinomial logistic regression to evaluate whether prior hospitalization burden was associated with increased 30-day readmissions unrelated to index hospitalizations with a discharge date from January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2014. We categorized a hospitalization, 30-day readmission pair as "related" if the principal diagnoses came from the same organ system.

RESULTS
The adjusted probability of unrelated 30-day readmission after any index hospitalization was 19.1% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 18.9% to 19.3%), 22.6% (95% CI, 22.4% to 22.8%), and 31.2% (95% CI, 30.8% to 31.5%) in patients with 0-1, 2-4, and ≥5 hospitalizations, respectively. Cardiovascular index hospitalizations had the highest adjusted probability of related 30-day readmission: 10.4% (95% CI, 10.2% to 10.7%), 13.6% (95% CI, 13.4% to 13.9%), and 20.8% (95% CI, 20.2% to 21.4%), respectively. Renal index hospitalizations had the lowest adjusted probability of related 30-day readmission: 2.0% (95% CI, 1.8% to 2.3%), 3.9% (95% CI, 3.4% to 4.4%), and 5.1% (95% CI, 4.3% to 5.9%), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS
High prior hospitalization burden increases the likelihood that patients receiving hemodialysis experience a 30-day readmission unrelated to the index hospitalization. Health care payers such as Medicare should consider incorporating clinical relatedness into 30-day readmission quality measures.


Objective: To find the minimum effective concentration required by remifentanil to inhibit circulatory response due to pneumoperitoneum during laparoscopic surgery in elderly patients.
Methods: ASA grade I/II patients aged 65-80 years old who received elective laparoscopic colon surgery were selected. All patients received Target-Controlled Infusion (TCI) of propofol, with a target plasma concentration of 3.5 μg/ml. They were administrated with 0.9 mg/kg rocuronium after loss of consciousness, inserted with laryngeal mask 2 minutes later and given plasma TCI with remifentanil before the start of surgery to determine its concentration using the sequential method. If mean arterial pressure and/or heart rate of a previous patient increased by >20% within five minutes after pneumoperitoneum compared with before pneumoperitoneum, the current patient was administered with remifentanil at a higher concentration. If the values increased by <20% within five minutes, the current patient was a lower concentration of remifentanil. The target concentration ratio of adjacent effect-site compartments was 1.2. The TCI target plasma concentration (EC50) of remifentanil for inhibiting the hemodynamic fluctuations of 50% of elderly patients after pneumoperitoneum was calculated using the sequential method.
Results: With the sequential method, EC50 of remifentanil for suppressing the hemodynamic response to laparoscopic pneumoperitoneum was 2.67 ng/ml and the 95% confidence interval was 2.61-2.72 ng/ml.
Conclusion: In combination with propofol during TCI, remifentanil at the target plasma concentration of 2.67 ng/ml can inhibit 50% of elderly patients from circulatory fluctuations caused by laparoscopic pneumoperitoneum.


This is a collaborative submission from a group of academics based in the UK with expertise in information technology law and related areas. The preparation of this response has been funded by the Information Technology Think Tank, which is supported by the Arts and Humanities Research Council and led by the SCRIPT/AHRC Centre for Research in Intellectual Property and Technology, University of Edinburgh. This response has been prepared by Ms Judith Rauhofer and Dr Christopher Marsden, University of Essex. Important contributions to preparing the response were also made by Dr Ian Brown, Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford and Professor Burkhard Schafer, University of Edinburgh. In addition, this response is submitted by the following individuals: Dr Abbe Brown, SCRIPT, University of Edinburgh, and Professor Abdul Paliwala, University of Warwick


We investigate the atomic structure of Sn dimer chains grown on the Si(1 0 0) surface using non-contact atomic force microscopy (NC-AFM) at cryogenic temperatures. We find that similar to the native Si(1 0 0) dimer structure, the ground state of the Sn dimer structure is buckled at low temperature. At 5 K we show that the buckling state of the Sn dimers may be controllably, and reversibly, manipulated with atomic precision by close approach of the tip, without modification of the underlying substrate buckling structure. At intermediate cryogenic temperatures we observe changes in the configuration of the dimer chains in the region where the tip-sample interaction is very weak, suggesting that the energy barrier to transit between configurations is sufficiently small to be surmounted at 78 K.


We estimate minimum energy magnetic fields (Bmin) for a sample of galaxies with measured gas surface densities, spanning more than four orders of magnitude in surface density, from normal spirals to luminous starbursts. We show that the ratio of the minimum energy magnetic pressure to the total pressure in the ISM decreases substantially with increasing surface density. For the ultraluminous infrared galaxy Arp 220, this ratio is ~10-4. Therefore, if the minimum energy estimate is applicable, magnetic fields in starbursts are dynamically weak compared to gravity, in contrast to normal star-forming spiral galaxies. We argue, however, that rapid cooling of relativistic electrons in starbursts invalidates the minimum energy estimate. We assess a number of independent constraints on the magnetic field strength in starburst galaxies. In particular, we argue that the existence of the FIR-radio correlation implies that the synchrotron cooling timescale for cosmic-ray electrons is much shorter than their escape time from the galactic disk; this in turn implies that the true magnetic field in starbursts is significantly larger than Bmin. The strongest argument against such large fields is that one might expect starbursts to have steep radio spectra indicative of strong synchrotron cooling, which is not observed. However, we show that ionization and bremsstrahlung losses can flatten the nonthermal spectra of starburst galaxies even in the presence of rapid cooling, providing much better agreement with observed spectra. We further demonstrate that ionization and bremsstrahlung losses are likely to be important in shaping the radio spectra of most starbursts at GHz frequencies, thereby preserving the linearity of the FIR-radio correlation. We thus conclude that magnetic fields in starbursts are significantly larger than Bmin. We highlight several observations that can test this conclusion.


In this study, a Central Composite Face Centered (CCF) design was employed to study the individual and interaction effects of demographic characteristics on the spread of HIV in South Africa. The demographic characteristics studied for each pregnant mother attending an antenatal clinic in South Africa, were mother's age, partner's age, mother's level of education and parity. HIV status of an antenatal clinic attendee was found to be highly sensitive to changes in pregnant woman's age and partner's age, using the 2007 South African annual antenatal HIV and syphilis seroprevalence data. Individually the pregnant woman's level of education and parity had no significant effect on the HIV status. However, the latter two demographic characteristics exhibited significant effects on the HIV status of antenatal clinic attendees in two way interactions with other demographic characteristics. Using HIV as the optimization objective, the following summary statistics were obtained, R2 = 0.99 and two-factor interactions (2FI) model F-value of 63.77. The model F-value of 63.77 implied the 2FI model was significant and there was only a 0.01% chance this model value could occur due to noise. The model 'Lack of Fit' value of 0.01 implied that the 'Lack of Fit' was not significant relative to the pure error and thus there was a 99.88% chance that this 'Lack of Fit' F-value could occur due to noise. An adeq. precision value of 25 was obtained, suggesting that this 2FI model could be used to navigate the design space. A 3D response surface plot indicated that the highest rate of HIV positive individuals was obtainable at the highest age of the pregnant women and lowest age of their partners.


This paper outlines the strategies employed by the Graduate Programmes Department of the University of the West Indies Open Campus to build capacity among academic staff to facilitate their transition to online teaching and learning. The strategies covered relate to course development and delivery, including activities that emerge at the interface of these two areas. The paper also briefly addresses the monitoring and facilitating skills required in this context. The paper concludes with a few recommendations, including the need for open discussion on the way forward for dual mode institutions.


In normal ways all the Industrial or Electrical machineries are controlled by the manual operation. Hence there is step by step progress but most of the time there is not actually instant co-operation between system and operator in case of emergency or fault type situation .Therefore we are designing a system where there exits communication between system and operator. For this we are using Transformer, microcontroller, analog to digital converter. As we know Distribution transformer is a major component of power system and its correct functioning is vital to system operations. To reduce the risk of unexpected failure and the ensuing unscheduled outage, on-line monitoring has become the common practice to assess continuously the condition of the transformer with. This paper presents design and implementation of a system to monitor and record key operation of a distribution transformer like overvoltage, over current, temperatures, rise or fall of oil level. Which based on Wireless protocol. Sensors, including a Temperature Detector and a Liquid level sensor performs according to manufacturers" specifications are calibrated and tested by power distribution monitoring offices. The system is installed at the distribution transformer site and by measuring above parameters it will help the utilities to optimally utilize transformers and identify problems before any catastrophic failure.


Currently, the world is facing a continuous process of integration in di fferent aspects and fi nancial markets are no exception to this development. Despite the fact that global integration is gradual, one can fi nd some specfi c events that might help to accelerate this trend. This paper shows that after the fi nancial crisis of 2008, which mainly occurred in the United States, the Latin American stock markets exhibit a higher level of convergence, measured by the correlation between the annual returns of their stock market indices. Additionally, we find convergence in the coe ficient of sensitivity between Latin American and U.S. stock markets, using dynamic linear models at the regional level. In particular, we uncover consistent movements in the levels of sensitivity between the daily annual returns of the Latin American indices and the S&P index after the fi nancial crisis. This kind of convergence might be a positive sign to accelerate the integration process in Latin America stock markets, which has had a slow development since its beginning a few years ago.


How a program is written has implications in the energy consumption of the running system, with economical and environmental consequences. In this context, understanding the energy consumption of operations on data-structures is crucial when optimizing software to execute under power constricted environments. Existing studies have not focused on the different components of energy consumption that processors expose, rather considering the global consumption. To understand the relationship between CPU and memory energy consumptions with execution time, we instrument a microbenchmark suite to collect such values, and we analyze the results. Our benchmark suite is comprised of 16 implementations of functional sequences, collections and associative collections while measuring detailed energy and time metrics. We further investigate the energy consumption impact of using different compilation optimizations. We have concluded that energy consumption is directly proportional to execution time. Additionally, DRAM and Package energy consumptions are directly proportional, with the DRAM representing between 15 and 31% of the total energy consumption. Finally, we also conclude that optimizations can have both a positive or a negative impact on energy consumption.


The fundamental theorem of welfare economics asserts that under conditions of perfect competition Pareto efficiency will obtain. This has provided the conceptual basis for the market failure approach to regulation, which focuses on failure to satisfy the conditions for perfect competition as potentially justifying government intervention in markets. The approach is evaluated in the context of a number of key characteristics of the industries of the New Economy. Three areas of regulatory focus are examined: policy approaches relating to competition, intellectual property, and information privacy. It is apparent that the applicability of the market failure approach is open to question, particularly in regard to competition policy. The exploitation by dominant market players of what may be termed "natural" barriers to entry resulting from some of the characteristic features of the New Economy (scale and scope economies, network effects and consumer lock-in) should be judged in the light of Schumpeterian competition rather than that of neoclassical perfect competition. The difficulty facing regulatory authorities is how to differentiate between situations requiring intervention and those that do not. The discussion of intellectual property highlights the fact that, in general, government intervention is not necessarily the only or even the best solution to instances of market failure. Finally, the case of information privacy illustrates how the spillover effects of regulatory actions in one jurisdiction can impact on other jurisdictions and necessitate coordination in a globalised economy. The need for countries to cooperate and coordinate their policies is perhaps the key conclusion of the analysis.


Abstract. We present a new geologic-time and basin-spatial scale model of the continental margin methane cycle. The model, SpongeBOB, is used to simulate evolution of the carbon cycle in a passive sedimentary continental margin in response to changing oceanographic and geologic forcing over a time scale of 200 million years. The geochemistry of the sediment column is altered by the addition of vertical high-permeability channels intended to mimic the effects of heterogeneity in the real sediment column due to faults, and produces results consistent with measured pore-water tracers SO42− and 129I. Pore water dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentrations are consistent with chemical weathering (CaCO3 formation from igneous rocks) at depth within the sediment column. The carbon isotopic composition of the DIC is consistent with a methane production efficiency from particulate organic carbon (POC) of 50%, which is somewhat lower than redox balance with the H / C of organic matter in the model. The hydrate inventory in the model is somewhat less sensitive to temperature than our previous results with a one-dimensional model, quite sensitive to reasonable changes in POC, and extremely sensitive to the ability of methane bubbles to rise within the sediment column, and how far gas-phase methane can get through the sediment column before it redissolves when it reaches undersaturated conditions. Hydrate formation is also sensitive to deep respiration of migrating petroleum. Other phenomena which we simulated had only a small impact on the hydrate inventory, including thermogenic methane production and production/decomposition of dissolved organic carbon.


Friction has been widely used as a measure of slipperiness. However, controversies around friction measurements remain. The purposes of this paper are to summarize understanding about friction measurement related to slipperiness assessment of shoe and floor interface and to define test conditions based on biomechanical observations. In addition, friction mechanisms at shoe and floor interface on dry, liquid and solid contaminated, and on icy surfaces are discussed. It is concluded that static friction measurement, by the traditional use of a drag-type device, is only suitable for dry and clean surfaces, and dynamic and transition friction methods are needed to properly estimate the potential risk on contaminated surfaces. Furthermore, at least some of the conditions at the shoe/floor interface during actual slip accidents should be replicated as test conditions for friction measurements, such as sliding speed, contact pressure and normal force build-up rate.


AN EPIC SWINDLE is the inside story of how Liverpool FC came within hours of being re-possessed by the banks after the shambolic 44-month reign of American owners Tom Hicks and George Gillett. It is the tale of a civil war that dragged Britain's most successful football club to its knees, through the High Court and almost into administration. Players Steven Gerrard and Jamie Carragher tell of their anger at the broken promises, as well as their pain at watching loyal fans in open revolt. Manager, chief executive, board members, leading fans and journalists reveal the turmoil at a revered sporting institution run by two men at war with each other, who trampled Liverpool's cherished traditions into the gutter. No story sums up the naked greed at the heart of modern football quite like Hicks' and Gillett's attempt to turn a buck at Liverpool. No-one has had as much access to the truth, or tells it with as much passion, wit and insight as Brian Reade. AN EPIC SWINDLE is the riveting story of how close one of the great football clubs came to financial implosion.


The neutral axis (NA) for a beam with isotropic, homogeneous material coincides with the geometrical centroid of the cross section. For wood beams, it is often assumed that the NA is at the centroid of the beam as well. Wood, however, is neither isotropic nor homogeneous. A multitude of anatomical features such as grain direction, grain pattern, knots, and so on provide wood with its orthotropic properties and in turn cause deviations in the location of the NA from the centroid of the beam. Knowledge of the true location of the NA would help one gain a better understanding of the mechanical behavior of wood beams. The objective of this study was to continue developing a protocol to optically analyze the NA in wood beams. Moreover, this study characterized the changes in the location of the NA with the presence of single and multiple knots in the beam. To characterize the location of the NA and its subsequent movement due to the presence of knots, a digital image correlation technique was applied to full-size lumber beams, which were loaded in flexure. The NA location was determined using longitudinal strain plots. The location and move- ment of the NA varied greatly between specimens and was affected by different patterns and types of knots in those specimens. In this testing, the average location of the NA in a nominal 2 � 4 clear beam was 50.7 % of the depth above the tension side. With multiple knots, the results revealed more complex, qualitative behav- ior. In some beams the knots in tension and the knots in compression had very nearly equal effects on the NA and, in fact, offset each other with very little movement in the local location of the NA. In other cases, when the knots were placed close together longitudinally, the NA showed little to no movement. This work marks significant progress in developing a protocol for optically understanding the effect of knots on the NA and can be used for other beam sizes and species.


The Routledge Handbook of Immigration and Refugee Studies offers a comprehensive and unique study of the multi-disciplinary field of international migration and asylum studies. Utilising contemporary information and analysis, this innovative Handbook provides an in depth examination of legal migration management in the labour market and its affect upon families in relation to wider issues of migrant integration and citizenship.

With a comprehensive collection of essays written by leading contributors from a broad range of disciplines including sociology of migration, human geography, legal studies, political sciences and economics, the Handbook is a truly multi-disciplinary book approaching the critical questions of:

Migration and the labour market
Integration and citizenship
Migration, families and welfare
Irregular migration
Smuggling and trafficking in human beings
Asylum and forced migration

Organised into short thematic and geographical chapters the Routledge Handbook of Immigration and Refugee Studies provides a concise overview on the different topics and world regions, as well as useful guidance for both the starting and the more experienced reader. The Handbook's expansive content and illustrative style will appeal to both students and professionals studying in the field of migration and international organisations.


This study compared the effectiveness of data based and creative dance pedagogies in relation to motor skill performance and self-concept of mentally retarded students. Subjects (N=35) were moderately mentally retarded males and females, ages 11 to 16 years, in special education classes. Their mean age was 12.88 years in the data based group and 13.47 years in the creative dance group. Excluding testing, the study lasted 8 weeks. Each group received 40 lessons of 30 minutes each. Data based pedagogy was based on the work of Dunn, Morehouse, and Dalke (1979), and creative dance pedagogy was based primarily on the work of Riordan (Fitt & Riordan, 1980). Pretest and posttest data were collected through administration of the Data Based Dance Skills Placement Test, selected subtests of the Cratty Six-Category Gross Motor Test, and the Martinek-Zaichkowsky Self-Concept Scale. Multivariate analysis of covariance revealed no difference between pedagogies. The group means indicated improvement in dance skill perfo...


In this paper we investigated and compared the developmental curve of four different agreement configurations in Italian (Determiner – Noun, Subject – Verb, Subject – Predicative Adjective, Clitic – Past Participle). These configurations can be considered to be more or less local, in accordance to the notions of phase (Chomsky 2001) and structural adjacency at the interfaces (Rizzi 2006b). We put forth the hypothesis that the timing of full mastery of the different configurations in acquisition respects the following ranking: D–N > S–V > S–Adj > ClPart, where less local configurations are expected to be fully mastered later than more local configurations. We test this prediction experimentally through a forced choice task with Italian children of age three, four and five.


This article investigates the experiences in knowledge development and sharing of a group of migrant teachers from different Asian countries who are teaching in secondary schools in Hong Kong. Seeing dispositions as the key to professionalization and professional contributions, it explores the possibilities and challenges in harnessing the professional value of their transnational disposition. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to investigate the participants' position in the workplace, negotiations of the local curriculum and classroom practice, and professional interactions with colleagues and parents. The findings show that these teachers actively respond to invisibility and marginalization by drawing from their transcultural disposition to creatively but cautiously transform pedagogical practices and discourses. It is found that the presence of migrant professionals in local context provides opportunities for critical reflexivity and transnational awareness among local professionals. It is implied that the changes in thinking and awareness may lead to broad-based ideological and structural changes, which in turn promotes productive knowledge exchange.


The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) was the most significant piece of federal tax legislation passed in thirty years. Not surprisingly, the TCJA has spurred the states to rethink their tax systems. This rethinking of state taxes was necessary even before the TCJA. To date, the states have primarily considered reforms that respond to the capping of the State and Local Tax (SALT) deduction, and the current proposals, if enacted and successful, would only return the states to where they were in 2017, which is to say to quite mediocre revenue systems. This Article, the first in a series, argues that the TCJA should provide the final motivation to move the states to reform their tax systems in fundamental ways that made sense even before the passage of the TCJA. The reform that is the focus of this Article is the implementation of entity-level consumption taxes. The states should have implemented such taxes long ago for a number of reasons. Prominent among such reasons is that the United States under-taxes the consumption tax base generally and, if well-designed, a low-rate entity-level tax is not likely to spur much additional evasion. The passage of the TCJA makes such a tax more appealing because this tax would be imposed on business entities, and businesses can still deduct state and local taxes. Thus, this proposal represents a response to the new SALT cap. Two other complementary reforms are developed. First, states should tax the windfall given to certain unincorporated businesses by the TCJA. This too can be a form of SALT workaround, as the tax on the windfall can be reduced for those taxpayers hurt by the capping of the SALT deduction. Finally, states should bolster their laws governing the apportioning of the income of multistate corporations. These laws already govern the apportionment of the state corporate income and would also control the apportionment of the tax base for the two new taxes proposed in this Article (namely, a new tax on consumption and on the federal windfall).


Among the many beautiful, unexpected and sometimes revolutionary discoveries to emerge from subatomic physics, probably none is more bizarre than an elementary particle known as the 'neutrino'. More than a trillion of these microscopic phantoms pass unnoticed through our bodies every second, and indeed, through the entire Earth - but their properties remain poorly understood. In recent years, exquisitely sensitive experiments, often conducted deep below ground, have brought neutrino physics to the forefront. In this talk, we will explore the neutrino - what we know, what we want to know, and how one experiment in a New Mexico mine is trying to get there.


New metamorphic pressure-temperature (P-T) paths and Lu-Hf garnet ages reveal a temporal correlation between Middle to Late Jurassic retroarc underthrusting and arc magmatism in southwestern North America. P-T paths were determined for 12 garnet porphyroblasts from six samples from the Chloride Cliff area of the Funeral Mountains in southeastern California. The composite path shows a pressure increase from 4.2 to 6.5 kbar as temperature increased from 550 to 575 °C, followed by a pressure decrease to 5.1 kbar during a further increase in temperature to 590 °C. Lu-Hf garnet ages from a pelitic schist (167.3 ± 0.7 Ma) and a garnet amphibolite (165.1 ± 9.2 Ma) place these P-T paths in the Middle Jurassic. We interpret the near-isothermal pressure increase portion of the P-T path to have developed during thrust-related burial, similar to lower grade rocks at Indian Pass, 8 km to the southeast, where garnet P-T paths show a pressure increase dated by the Lu-Hf method at 158.2 ± 2.6 Ma. We interpret the pressure decrease portion of the composite P-T path from the Chloride Cliff area to reflect exhumation contemporaneous with cooling in the Indian Pass area documented from muscovite 40Ar/39Ar step-heating ages of 152.6 ± 1.4 and 146 ± 1.1 Ma.
 The conditions and timing of metamorphism determined for the Indian Pass and Chloride Cliff areas, and isogradic surfaces that cut across stratigraphy, support the interpretation that the strata were dipping moderately NW during metamorphism, parallel to the thrust ramp that buried the rocks. Burial likely resulted from top-SE motion along the Funeral thrust, which was later reactivated as a low-angle normal fault with opposite motion to become the currently exposed Boundary Canyon detachment that was responsible for Miocene and possibly older exhumation.
 The part of the burial history captured by garnet growth occurred ∼6 m.y. before the 161 Ma peak of high-flux magmatism in the arc. Burial was contemporaneous with metamorphic ages from the western Sierra Nevada metamorphic belt, with the possible timing of accretion of arc terranes in northern California, and with the initiation of Franciscan subduction. Burial ages are also similar in timing with generally E-W crustal shortening in the retroarc that produced the East Sierra thrust system, the Luning-Fencemaker fold and thrust belt, the possible early history of the Central Nevada thrust belt, and the western thrusts of the southern Sevier belt. The timing of tectonic burial documented in this study and of high-flux magmatism in the arc supports the interpretation that the development of a coherent arc-trench system in the Early Jurassic resulted in the underthrusting of melt-fertile material beneath the arc along west- to northwest-dipping faults such as the Funeral thrust in the Jurassic, which penetrated the basement to the west as well as the roots of the magmatic arc, leading to increased magmatism.