Once humans landed on the Moon on July 20, 1969, the goal of space exploration envisioned by United States President John F. Kennedy in 1961 was already being realized. Achievement of this goal depended on the development of technologies to turn his vision into reality. One technology that was critical to the success of this goal was the harnessing of nuclear power to run these new systems. Nuclear systems provide power for satellite and deep space exploratory missions. In the future, they will provide propulsion for spacecraft and drive planet-based power systems. The maturation of technologies that underlie these systems ran parallel to an evolving rationale regarding the need to explore our own solar system and beyond. Since the Space Race, forward-looking analysis of our situation on Earth reveals that space exploration will one day provide natural resources that will enable further exploration and will provide new sources for our dwindling resources and offset their increasing prices or scarcity on Earth. Mining is anticipated on the Moon for increasingly valuable commodities, such as thorium (Th) and samarium (Sm), and on selected asteroids or other moons as a demonstration of technology at scales never before imagined. In addition, the discovery of helium-3 on the Moon may provide an abundant power source on the Moon and on Earth through nuclear fusion technologies. However, until the physics of fusion is solved, that resource will remain on the shelf and may even be stockpiled on the Moon until needed. It is clear that nuclear power will provide the means necessary to realize these goals while advances in other areas will provide enhanced environmental safeguards in using nuclear power in innovative ways, such as a space elevator or by a ramjet space plane to deliver materials to and from the Earth's surface and personnel and equipment into space and a space gravity tractor to nudge errant asteroids and other bodies out of collision orbits. Nuclear systems will enable humankind to expand beyond the boundaries of Earth, provide new frontiers for exploration, ensure our protection, and renew critical natural resources while advancing spin-off technology on Earth. During the past ten years, China, Japan, India, and other countries have mounted serious missions to explore the Moon and elsewhere. Recent exploration discoveries by Japan on the Moon may mark the beginning of a new race to the Moon and into space to explore for and develop natural resources, including water (from dark craters to make hydrogen for fuel and oxygen, etc.), nuclear minerals (uranium, thorium, and helium-3), rare-earth minerals, and other industrial commodities needed for use in space and on Earth in the decades ahead.


The late Mohawkian through early Cincinnatian (Ordovician) Trenton Group carbonates and coeval siliciclastic succession of the central Mohawk Valley, New York State, were deposited in a foreland basin during the Taconic orogeny. Development of this facies mosaic records changes in stacking patterns that took place during episodic basin deepening and simultaneous carbonate-ramp shallowing along a ramp to basin transect located on the distal slope of the foreland basin. Differential rates of subsidence across the region produced accommodation rates that increased by an order of magnitude from west to east. High rates of siliciclastic sediment supply and even higher subsidence rates resulted in a thick, deep-water succession in the eastern part of the study region. The coeval Trenton Group succession in the west formed under conditions of moderate sediment supply and lower subsidence rate, resulting in a net shallowing-upward succession. These relationships suggest that active margin tectonism was the proximate cause of the Mohawk Valley facies architecture.


My research explores the notion of creativity in the context of informal work. Existing literature on the subject has primarily focused on identifying the factors which enhance or constrain creativity in the organisational or work context. Most research has been developed and implemented in western contexts such as the United States or Europe, and there is limited explanation available of creativity in non-western contexts. There is also no research explicitly directed at explaining creativity in the informal sector, which presents a gap in the literature. I have therefore sought to enrich this literature by constructing a conceptual perspective that explains creative engagement in informal work, a methodology to explore this concept, and stories that illustrate how this occurs.
I have constructed my conceptual perspective of creativity by drawing on de Certeau's (1988/1984) notion of creative tactics. I propose that creativity is the tactical subversion of space within an order, where a person uses constraints to their advantage, to take action. This involves the ability to engage in plurality, use what one has at hand, and take advantage of chance opportunities that arise. In order to explore my conceptual perspective, I carried out my research during the post-2000 crisis in Zimbabwe because there was a high prevalence of informal work during this time. I have developed my methodology - focused narrative ethnography - to capture the perspectives and dynamic engagement of people working in the informal sector, and intensively collected data in the form of narratives, observations, and visual material. In addition, I have written a series of stories to illustrate the different ways in which this occurs. These reflect changing attitudes and practices of work, as well as artistic and communal engagement in informal work.
My findings reflect three main perspectives. First, informal work is a space that enables creative action. Second, creative engagement is a complex process that occurs in moments of creative action, wherein a person tactically uses their constraints to their advantage. Third, these moments shift and change in relation to the ongoing and changing nature of constraint that is inherent in many contexts of lnformal work. A further finding is that several parallels can be drawn between the literature referring to survival during difficult situations and my explanation of creativity, so it may be a useful addition to the vocabulary of work-related creativity literature. My findings are important because I highlight at the most basic level what people go through to identify opportunity, and my perspective of creativity may thus provide fresh insights into other areas linked to creativity, such as innovation or entrepreneurship.


Driving Groupon's business to the next level is the move from Ruby on Rails to Node.js. The step to Node is part of I-Tier, a larger project that will allow Groupon to horizontally scale applications by moving towards a service oriented architecture and to a more performant stack to serve Web requests. As Groupon continues to converge, connect and globalize, Node.js will continue to play an important role in the technology transformation that will drive Groupon forward. This Nodetalk will share key learnings and major takeaways from these efforts and outline the resulting business impact. SPEAKER: Sean McCullough, Engineer, Groupon From Node Summit 2013 (December 3, 2013)


The paper deals with the expression of benefactives in Laz, an endangered South Caucasian language spoken in North-East Turkey. Laz has two ways of encoding benefactives: an applicative derivation and a postposition ( šeni ). In the preliminary sections, I present the system of cross-referencing affix es, the major alignment types and the system of valency operators. Then I describe the morphosyntax and semantics of the applicative derivation and the postposition used to encode beneficiaries, before some tentative remarks about the factors that may condition the choice between the applicative and the postposition. Both the applicative and the postposition have a range of other functions: the applicative may express the recipient, the locative and the possessor; the postposition may express the cause, the purpose and also has the meaning 'about, concerning'.


A series of experiments were conducted to determine the effects of rainbow trout serum (RTS), taken from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) that have never experienced infectious pancreatic necrosis disease, on infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, 109 IPNV isolates belonging to various subtypes and having various degrees of virulence were passed in the presence and absence of 1% RTS on rainbow trout gonad (RTG-2) cell line. Moreover, brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were challenged with four virulent Buhl subtype isolates passed 11 times in the presence and absence of 1% RTS. Avirulent isolates of IPNV were inhibited from replication on RTG-2 cells even after a single passage in the presence of 1% RTS, whereas isolates having a high degree of virulence were consistently resistant to RTS. Moreover, in vivo the level of inhibition was related with virulence of the virus (P < 0.0001). Serum inhibition of RTS on IPNV growth in vivo and in vitro is not dependent on the virus serotype. The effect of RTS presence on virus virulence in virus propagation was variable even in the same serotype.


In this paper, we propose a predictive regression model for longitudinal images with missing data based on large deformation diffeomorphic metric mapping (LDDMM) and deep neural networks. Instead of directly predicting image scans, our model predicts a vector momentum sequence associated with a baseline image. This momentum sequence parameterizes the original image sequence in the LDDMM framework and lies in the tangent space of the baseline image, which is Euclidean. A recurrent network with long term-short memory (LSTM) units encodes the time-varying changes in the vector-momentum sequence, and a convolutional neural network (CNN) encodes the baseline image of the vector momenta. Features extracted by the LSTM and CNN are fed into a decoder network to reconstruct the vector momentum sequence, which is used for the image sequence prediction by deforming the baseline image with LDDMM shooting. To handle the missing images at some time points, we adopt a binary mask to ignore their reconstructions in the loss calculation. We evaluate our model on synthetically generated images and the brain MRIs from the OASIS dataset. Experimental results demonstrate the promising predictions of the spatiotemporal changes in both datasets, irrespective of large or subtle changes in longitudinal image sequences.


Kara Joyner, Advisor This study tested competing theories of assimilation by examining the patterns of union formation (i.e. marriage, cohabitation, single, ethnic / racial intermarriage and ethnic / racial inter-cohabitation) among non-Hispanic American whites, non-Hispanic African Americans and Jamaican women aged 18 – 44 years in the year 2000. The study also examined how union formation patterns differ across groups of Jamaican women (i.e. born and living in Jamaica, 1 generation Jamaican immigrants, 1.5 generation Jamaicans, 2 generation, and beyond). It is important to study West Indian union formation patterns since the West Indian immigration rate has been increasing. The black West Indian population in the U.S. grew by about 67% between 1990 and 2000. The growth rate of the black West Indian population is greater than that of other established groups such as the Cubans and Koreans (Logan & Deane, 2003). This study focused specifically on Jamaicans since the bulk of the West Indian migrants is from Jamaica (Peach, 1995). Moreover, they represent both the diversity of modes of incorporation in the U.S. and the range of occupational backgrounds and immigrant status among contemporary immigrants (from professionals and entrepreneurs to laborers, refugees and unauthorized migrants). I used the Reproductive Health Survey 2002 for the analysis of the Jamaican women in Jamaica and the Census 2000 (5% PUMS) for the analysis of non-Hispanic white American and non-Hispanic African women. I also used the National Survey of Family Growth 2002 (NSFG 2002) to assess data quality and for purposes of comparison. I found that Jamaican women's union formation patterns followed the segmented assimilation model where marriage rates tended to decline across generation and cohabitation rates tended to increase across generation that resembled more the union formation patterns of non-Hispanic African American women. Also, I found that out partnership increased across generation where Jamaican women had much greater odds of out partnering with a non-Hispanic African American partner compared to partnering with a non-Hispanic white American partner.


To work effectively with clients, witnesses, judges, mediators, arbitrators, experts, jurors, and other lawyers, attorneys must have a good understanding of how people think and make decisions, and must possess good people skills. Yet, law schools have tended to teach very little, directly, about human behavior, and current critiques of legal education do not focus on the importance of psychological insights to attorneys. In particular, lawyers and legal education have not taken full advantage of the great strides that have been made in the field of scientific psychology in recent decades. Similarly, psychologists are not doing as much as they might to apply their discipline to all aspects of law. Law and psychology texts and courses often focus primarily on criminal rather than civil law and practice, and place their emphasis on the psychology of juries, eyewitness testimony, interrogation, and trials. This Article begins to fill some of the gaps that exist in the application of psychology to legal practice, focusing on psychological insights that are important to the endeavor of interviewing and providing initial counseling to clients in civil cases. Law students commonly graduate from law school understanding little if anything about perception, memory, communication, cognitive heuristics, or decision-making. While good lawyers ultimately pick up some of this information through experience, there is no reason to leave new lawyers to flounder based on a lack of understanding of these psychological principles. Further, even experienced lawyers can benefit from more explicit study of psychology. While the best lawyers may have intuited some of what will be discussed here, some of the findings are counterintuitive, and even experienced lawyers can improve their approach to interviewing and counseling by drawing on relevant psychology.


Aim: Nanotechnology and nanomedicine revolutionized the pharmaceutical market, medicine, and biology. The simple size comparison gives an idea of using nanoparticle as very small probes that would allow us to observe the cellular machinery without introducing too much interference. "Nanosizing" drugs decrease toxicity and reduces the needed dose. Nanoparticles are used for site-specific drug delivery, imaging, treating illnesses, and diseases such as cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, ocular diseases, respiratory diseases, and diabetes mellitus. Recent studies indicate the positive impact of selenium nanoparticles on different organ systems. They have antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-carcinogenic properties, and selenium nanoparticles characterized by good permeability in tissues and low toxicity. Nowadays, there are different ways of preparing nanoparticles, but most of them are related to difficult, toxic, and expensive procedures. Materials and Methods: Pure selenium metal powder was used and synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by JEOL JSM-6510 LV scanning electron microscope (SEM), Zeiss Ultra 55 SEM, and JOEL JEM-100SX transmission electron microscope; also by dynamic light scattering (Thermo Scientific Nicolet iS50 - Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy [FTIR]) and Malvern Instruments Zeta Sizer Nano ZS. To reduce the size of the selenium powder, we used planetary ball mill DECO-PBM-V-0.4L and Ultrasonic Homogenizer UZDN-1 U4.2. Results and Discussion: Pure selenium grinded powder was characterized in JEOL JSM-6510 LV SEM and wet grinded in Deco planetary ball mill further size reduction to 2–10 μm was confirmed by SEM. Selenium powder suspension was irradiated using ultrasonic homogenizer and characterized for intensity and size of nanoparticles with dynamic light scattering FTIR. Average Zeta potential of -35.05 mV has been recorded. Toxic dose of 5000 mg/kg of selenium nanoparticles has been established as per accordance to OECD guidelines. Conclusion: Safe, simple, and cost-effective SeNPs have been developed for the effective treatment of disease such as diabetes with opening of new prospective further in nanotechnology and nanosized drug delivery system.


In this letter, a two-channel airborne experimental interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) designed for terrain height estimation is exploited to acquire the ability of ground moving target indication (GMTI). Due to the hybrid baseline of this system, the interferometric phase changes with the target motion as well as the terrain height. The fluctuation of the interferometric phase worsens the performance of the clutter suppression and the radial velocity estimation. In order to resolve this problem, a GMTI method with three steps is proposed. After two steps are used to eliminate the local flat-Earth phase and the cross-track interferometric phase of the scene, respectively, an adaptive filtering method is used to suppress the stationary clutter with the benefit of calibrating the sensor responses. A conventional constant false alarm rate detector is then used to indicate the moving targets. The validity of the proposed method is demonstrated with real data collected using an experimental airborne InSAR system.


Safety of nuclear power plants became a primary concern after the Fukushima accident. Public perception and attitude towards nuclear power has been considered an important factor that can influence the future development of nuclear energy. However, there are few empirical researches studying those issues. To explore those issues, this paper uses data collected from sets of interviews with college students in South Korea. The findings indicate that, among different views, there is one relatively 'popular' view about nuclear energy: useful and dangerous. The Fukushima accident increased people's suspicions about the safety of nuclear energy and influenced people's emotions and behaviours towards nuclear power plants. Furthermore, the findings suggest that nationalism and pragmatic culture, and regional context must be considered in order to understand people's attitude and behaviours. Implications of the research findings and suggestions for further research are also discussed.


Abstract PIV measurements in the near-field region of a jet flow emanating from a round synthetic jet actuator into quiescent air were conducted over a range of operating conditions. The primary purpose of this work was to investigate the nature of synthetic jets at different operating conditions and to examine the jet flow parameters that dictate the behaviour of synthetic jet actuators. The effects of varying diaphragm displacement and oscillatory frequency for fixed actuator geometry were studied. It was observed that the characteristics of synthetic jets are largely determined by the Reynolds number and stroke length. An increase in the former is observed to increase the strength of consecutive vortex rings that compose a synthetic jet, whereas an increase in the latter results in an increase in relative vortex ring spacing and for further increases in stroke length, shedding of secondary vortices. Correlations were also made between the operating parameters and the performance parameters most effective for flow control and which therefore determine the impact of a synthetic jet on an external flow. Relations of time-averaged dimensionless mass flux, momentum flux and circulation with the jet flow conditions were established and found to widely support an analytical performance prediction model described in this paper. It is anticipated that the experimental data obtained in this study will also contribute towards providing a PIV database for macro-scale synthetic jet actuators.


Orchestrating resources in 5G and beyond-5G systems will be substantially more complex than it used to be in previous generations of mobile networks. In order to take full advantage of the unprecedented possibilities for dynamic reconfiguration offered by network softwarization and virtualization technologies, operators have to embed intelligence in network resource orchestrators. We advocate that the automated, data-driven decisions taken by orchestrators must be guided by considerations on the cost that such decisions involve for the operator. We show that such a strategy can be implemented via a deep learning architecture that forecasts capacity rather than plain traffic, thanks to a novel loss function named $\alpha$-OMC. We investigate the convergence properties of $\alpha$-OMC, and provide preliminary results on the performance of the learning process in case studies with real-world mobile network traffic.


Sour skin is a major onion disease caused by the bacterium Burkholderia cepacia (B. cepacia). It not only causes substantial economic loss from diseased onions but also could lead to pulmonary infection in humans. It is critical to prevent onions infected by sour skin from entering storage rooms or being shipped to fresh vegetable markets. This paper reports the development of a hyperspectral imaging method for early detection of onions infected by sour skin. In this study, near-infrared hyperspectral reflectance images of 40 Vidalia sweet onions were taken in 2 nm increments from 950 nm to 1650 nm, before and after they were inoculated with B. cepacia. Inoculated onion samples were scanned every day after inoculation for 7 days, while the hyperspectral images scanned before inoculation were used as controls. Spectral signatures of onion hyperspectral images were extracted from selected regions of interest. Based on the principal component analysis conducted on spectral signatures of control and inoculated samples, two optimal spectral bands (1070nm and 1400nm) were selected to construct ratio images, which better revealed the difference between the control and inoculated samples. Mean ratio values at three different areas on the onion surface (flesh body area, root or neck area, and the whole onion area) were calculated from ratio images and used as inputs for classification models. The three spatial features of mean ratio values obtained from band-ratio images were proved to be good indicators of sour skin-infected onions. When comparing two classifiers, The back-propagation neural network (BPNN) models performed better (95% accuracy) than support vector machine (SVM) classifiers (85%-90%) in discriminating control samples and inoculated samples on day 6 after inoculation. Then, the optimal BPNN classifier using three spatial features of band-ratio images was applied to classify hyperspectral images of tested onion samples over the period of 1-7 days after inoculation, respectively. The results of tests showed that the near-infrared hyperspectral reflectance imaging technique could detect sour skin-infected onions effectively from day 4 to day 7 after inoculation by achieving overall classification accuracies of 80%, 85%, 95%, and 100%, respectively.


Our contemporary understanding of the modern city relies on a
widely held consensus that its existence is the inevitable and natural outcome
of economic and industrial growth. We take the city to be a habitat proper to
modern civilisation, as well as an indexical measurement and representation
of its development. Following this, the practice of town planning enters as a
providential and cultivating force, guiding and articulating a scientific
adjustment of the disorder created by industrial urbanisation, in the direction
of an ordered and governable environment. This narrative forms the basis for
what I will call the 'developmentality' of town planning.
This thesis is a comprehensive critique and re-examination of the
historical concepts of planning and urbanisation from the standpoint of
'developmentality'. The thesis takes a critical approach to the history of
British urbanisation, going against the grain of conventional planning
histories, which tend to emphasise a liberal narrative of teleological
progression and achievement, with clear institutional and juridical markers.
On the contrary, the following thesis argues for a new epistemology of town
planning that emphasises the extent to which it has been a discourse on the
very biological nature of the modern city and the biopolitical governance of its
spaces.
The thesis argues that this biopolitical condition of urbanism in
Britain can be retraced to the sanitary reform movement of the midnineteenth
century, where an increasingly urgent notion of public health
became the rationale for an expanded administrative, engineering, and
architectural programme. Elaborated in the Garden Cities and Regional
Planning movements of latter decades, biological doctrines are reiterated
time and again as the rationale for myriad regulatory interventions and
positivist planning theories. By the turn of the twentieth century, town
planning not only insists on a therapeutic intervention into the pathological
spaces of the city, it also projects a new image of the city: one planned and
organised around the urban as a vector of health.
In the elaboration of this programme, planning not only attends to the
problem of growth, it also remakes the city in the image of an organic system
and recasts the city dweller as an embedded subject within a holistic and
technologically serviced milieu. The biological premise and hygienic project
of planning extends from the very notion of the normal and the pathological
city, through to the infrastructural logic of urbanism as an endless
propagation of the prosthetics of modern habitation. Through a series of
critical analyses, the thesis will argue for a new reading of the history of town
planning, one in which its very locus and legitimacy is to be found in the
urban spatialisation of biological concepts.


Frequency-modulation (FM) spectroscopy permits high-resolution, high-sensitivity, easily calibrated absorption measurements of atomic and molecular species and narrow spectral features in solids. This paper reviews some important developments in laser FM spectroscopy, from its inception as a spectroscopic tool to the demonstration of quantum-limited absorption measurements, emphasizing the sensitivity limitations caused by residual amplitude modulation (RAM). Moreover, a detailed account is presented of a new double-beam, single-detector technique that efficiently suppresses the RAM and permits quantum-limited performance to be achieved in laser FM spectroscopy. We also include some recent results of the first reported FM spectroscopic investigations of the NO2 molecule.


Artificial reinforcement learning (RL) is a widely used technique in artificial intelligence that provides a general method for training agents to perform a wide variety of behaviours. RL as used in computer science has striking parallels to reward and punishment learning in animal and human brains. I argue that present-day artificial RL agents have a very small but nonzero degree of ethical importance. This is particularly plausible for views according to which sentience comes in degrees based on the abilities and complexities of minds, but even binary views on consciousness should assign nonzero probability to RL programs having morally relevant experiences. While RL programs are not a top ethical priority today, they may become more significant in the coming decades as RL is increasingly applied to industry, robotics, video games, and other areas. I encourage scientists, philosophers, and citizens to begin a conversation about our ethical duties to reduce the harm that we inflict on powerless, voiceless RL agents.


The analysis of value, value ascription mechanisms, and their motivating and influencing factors is useful for decision making processes of both customers and providers. In particular, enterprise modeling can greatly benefit from a proper understanding of value-related notions. Nonetheless, existing value models mainly focus on the value exchange between subjects, disregarding the understanding of "what" value is and of "why" something is valuable. In order to exploit the benefits of value analysis, a precise and rigorous conceptualization, based on foundational ontologies, is needed. To this aim, we present and discuss here a preliminary core ontology of value ascription and we discuss the main issues.


Power density constraints are limiting the performance improvements of modern CPUs. To address this we have seen the introduction of lower-power, multi-core processors such as GPGPU, ARM and Intel MIC. To stay within the power density limits but still obtain Moore's Law performance/price gains, it will be necessary to parallelize algorithms to exploit larger numbers of lightweight cores and specialized functions like large vector units. Track finding and fitting is one of the most computationally challenging problems for event reconstruction in particle physics. At the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC), for example, this will be by far the dominant problem. The need for greater parallelism has driven investigations of very different track finding techniques such as Cellular Automata or Hough Transforms. The most common track finding techniques in use today, however, are those based on the Kalman Filter. Significant experience has been accumulated with these techniques on real tracking detector systems, both in the trigger and offline. They are known to provide high physics performance, are robust, and are in use today at the LHC. We report on porting these algorithms to new parallel architectures. Our previous investigations showed that, using optimized data structures, track fitting with Kalman Filter can achieve large speedups both with Intel Xeon and Xeon Phi. We report here our progress towards an end-to-end track reconstruction algorithm fully exploiting vectorization and parallelization techniques in a realistic experimental environment.


The article begins with the assumption that modernity is undergoing a profound change. The focus is on the structural transfor- mation of two typical modern institutional regimes: the academic disci- pline and the territorial nation-state. Their demise as the predominant institutional forms in the realms of science and politics signals the end of the modern project—or at least the need for its profound redefini- tion. It is suggested that such a redefinition entails a radical conceptual shift in the social sciences and that the meta-theoretical expression of this shift can be designated as 'dialogical pluralism'. At a theoretical level, both modernization theories and the recent program of 'multiple modernities' are rejected. A plural modernity, with several distinct vari- eties, seems a more promising perspective.


Following the IAEA Technical Meeting on 'Advanced Methodologies for the Analysis of Materials in Energy Applications Using Ion Beam Accelerators', this paper reviews the current status of ion beam analysis (IBA) techniques and some aspects of ion-induced radiation damage in materials for the field of materials relevant to fusion. Available facilities, apparatus development, future research options and challenges are presented and discussed. The analysis of beryllium and radioactivity-containing samples from future experiments in JET or ITER represents not only an analytical but also a technical challenge. A comprehensive list of the facilities, their current status, and analytical capabilities comes alongside detailed descriptions of the labs. A discussion of future issues of sample handling and the current status of facilities at JET complete the technical section. To prepare the international IBA community for these challenges, the IAEA technical meeting concludes the necessity for determining new nuclear reaction cross-sections and improving the inter-laboratory comparability by defining international standards and testing these via a round-robin test.


Previous studies introduced, examined, and tested a variety of registration-free transformations, specifically the diagonal, whitening/dewhitening, and target CV (covariance) transformations, that temporally evolve spectral signatures under varying conditions. Target spectral signatures were transformed using imagery of spatially overlapping regions from datasets collected at different times. This letter shows that these previously studied registration-free transformations can be described using a single general equation and form a subset of a family of valid transforms. Further, this letter finds only a small reduction in target detection results from using nonoverlapping but similar regions to transform target signatures in matched filter searches. The diagonal, whitening/dewhitening, and target CV transformations appear in this formulation as having integral exponent parameter n (n = 0, 1, 2, respectively). These transformed target signatures, used in matched filter searches, were tested on images taken from two very different data collects using different sensors, targets, and backgrounds. In one dataset, the transform was applied to multispectral images taken from an airborne longwave infrared sensor binned to 30 bands. The other dataset used images of a variety of targets that were collected using broad-band, bore-sighted, staring array sensors sensitive to visible, shortwave infrared, midwave infrared, and longwave infrared wavelengths. Transformation performance was tested using target-to-clutter ratio (TCR) and receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve. Transforms with exponents between 0 and 2 yielded the largest TCR and remained relatively constant. Optimal exponents for the transformation were target dependent for both datasets. Further, only minimal reduction in TCR was observed for transforms (O < n < 2) that had no shared overlapping regions, although the areas used to transform the spectral signatures shared similar content (trees, roads, etc.).


The chapter guides readers through the underlying social processes of mentoring. It provides an understanding of the influence of thoughts; feelings and behaviour in social contacts on the initiation and maintenance of mentoring relationships. The chapter describes how the concept of self fosters mentoring and goes on to explain the role of social perception in the formation of the relationship. It then examines mentoring as a social learning phenomenon and considers the social exchange perspective of mentoring relationships.


OF THESIS This thesis examines the nature of the supplementary relationship between Husserlian phenomenology and deconstruction. Chapter 1 gives an account of the strategies and aims of deconstruction, determining these to be an attempt to respond, using 'other names', to the other which is excluded by phenomenology/philosophy in its attempts to master its own limits. In Chapter 2, it is found that alterity is encountered by phenomenology on its own thresholds, informing the genetic turn in phenomenology which is necessitated as a result of the inquiries into the temporal constitution which founds the possibility of an object's being given as such to consciousness. Furthermore, it is shown how the possibility of the genetic turn resides in the indication relation examined in the phenomenology of signification. Chapter 3 focusses on the deconstruction of phenomenology, and investigates the double movement in phenomenology which the deconstruction reveals, taking time and language as guiding threads. On the one hand, the genetic turn appears to reveal a founding alterity, which, on the other hand, phenomenology strives to suppress in accordance with its adherence to its own 'principle of principles'. It is argued that the deconstruction aims to accord phenomenological respect to the alterity uncovered by phenomenological descriptions. This is done through thematising certain operative concepts, concepts which remain unthemtised in phenomenology precisely because such thematisation would reveal a founding non-presence intolerable to phenomenology. Deconstruction supplements phenomenology to the extent that it attempts to name, on the fissured margins of phenomenology, the radical alterity uncovered by phenomenology in a way which does not reduce the very otherness of the alterity. However, in the final Chapter, it is argued, from the perspective of Levinas, that Derrida does not in fact manage to find a sense for founding alterity in phenomenology which is 'beyond metaphysics'. The thesis concludes by arguing that, in order to achieve its strategic aims, as detailed in Chapter 1, the deconstruction of phenomenology needs to be ethically supplemenred, one example of such an ethically supplemented deconstructive reading of Husserl being found in some of the most recent texts of Levinas.


S-Nitrosylation of an AMPA receptor subunit contributes to activity-dependent regulation in channel activity. Regulation of activity-dependent responsiveness in glutamatergic synapses involves NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptors. Stimulation of NMDA receptors leads to the phosphorylation of the GluA1 subunit of the AMPA receptor and increased channel conductance and increased endocytosis of the receptors. Activation of NMDA receptors also stimulates the production of nitric oxide (NO), which has many roles in the regulation of synaptic activity. Selvakumar et al. showed in transfected HEK293 cells and in primary neuronal cultures that the phosphorylation of GluA1 at Ser831 was enhanced by NO, an effect that depended on NO modification primarily of Cys875. Single-channel analysis of HEK293 cells [expressing neuronal nitric oxide synthase, GluA1 or GluA1 C875A (both GluA1 subunits also had a mutation that limited receptor desensitization), and the intracellular AMPA receptor binding protein stargazing] showed that the GluA1 C875A mutant channels were less responsive to the presence of calcium-calmodulin kinase II and that the mutant channels had reduced basal conductance. Endocytosis experiments performed with hippocampal cultures expressing a fluorescent protein-tagged form of GluA1 or GluA1 C875A showed that NMDA failed to stimulate endocytosis of the mutant receptor subunit and coimmunoprecipitation experiments indicated that the interaction with the endocytotic clathrin adaptor protein AP2 was compromised in the mutant GluA1. Thus, S-nitrosylation of the GluA1 subunit contributes to the activity-dependent regulation of phosphorylation and trafficking of AMPA receptors. B. Selvakumar, M. A. Jenkins, N. K. Hussain, R. L. Huganir, S. F. Traynelis, S. H. Snyder, S-nitrosylation of AMPA receptor GluA1 regulates phosphorylation, single-channel conductance, and endocytosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 110, 1077–1082 (2013). [Abstract] [Full Text]


This is a critical comparison of two important figures, one ancient and one contemporary, in the Indian religious landscape: Gotama Buddha and Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar. Such comparison of their key ideas and practices is warranted for two reasons. First, Sarkar, a neo-Hindu thinker and reformer, has both praised the Buddha's humanism and criticized the Buddhist doctrine of the Four Noble Truths, and it is of interest to examine exactly where Sarkar stands in relation to the Buddha and to Buddhism as a whole. It is particularly interesting to examine in what ways Sarkar's teachings are an attempt to find an alternative to Buddhism. Second, it is of academic interest to explore the accuracy of Sarkar's interpretations of the Buddha's teachings and the problem of their acceptability to Buddhists. This essay argues for the commensurability of the Sarkarian and Buddhist emancipatory ethic despite real doctrinal and practical differences, and suggests that Sarkarian and Buddhist approaches can each contribute to the alleviation of human suffering both individual and collective.


This Retraction follows an Expression of Concern relating to this article previously published by Portland Press. This article is being retracted from Bioscience Reports at the request of the authors following receipt of a notification from a reader, alerting the Editorial Office to potential issues surrounding the scientific validity of this paper, including identical image panels that appear across multiple publications. Figure panels 3C and 3D contains identical images with the following papers: 'The Long Non-coding RNA LINC01705 Regulates the Development of Breast Cancer by Sponging miR-186-5p to Mediate TPR Expression as a Competitive Endogenous RNA' (Figure 7C and 7D respectively; https://doi.org/10.3389/ fgene.2020.00779), 'Circular RNA circ-0016068 Promotes the Growth, Migration, and Invasion of Prostate Cancer Cells by Regulating the miR-330-3p/BMI-1 Axis as a Competing Endogenous RNA' (Figure 2C and 2D respectively; https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2020.00827), and 'LncRNA SNHG4 promotes osteosarcoma proliferation and migration by sponging miR-377-3p' (Figure 2D; https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fmgg3. 1349). Figure panels 3E and 3F share identical images with those of article 'Long Non-Coding RNA ELFN1-AS1 Promoted Colon Cancer Cell Growth and Migration via the miR-191-5p/Special AT-Rich Sequence-Binding Protein 1 Axis' (Figure 3C; (https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffonc.2020.588360). The authors wish to retract the article. The Editor-in-Chief and Editorial Board agree with the retraction.


Introduction Chronic respiratory diseases cause a significant health and economic burden around the world. In Canada, Aboriginal populations are at increased risk of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). There is little known, however, about these diseases in the Canadian Métis population, who have mixed Aboriginal and European ancestry. A population-based study was conducted to quantify asthma and COPD prevalence and health services use in the Métis population of Ontario, Canada's largest province. Methods The Métis Nation of Ontario Citizenship Registry was linked to provincial health administrative databases to measure and compare burden of asthma and COPD between the Métis and non-Métis populations of Ontario between 2009 and 2012. Asthma and COPD prevalence, health services use (general physician and specialist visits, emergency department visits, hospitalizations), and mortality were measured. Results Prevalences of asthma and COPD were 30% and 70% higher, respectively, in the Métis compared to the general Ontario population (p<0.001). General physician and specialist visits were significantly lower in Métis with asthma, while general physician visits for COPD were significantly higher. Emergency department visits and hospitalizations were generally higher for Métis compared to non-Métis with either disease. All-cause mortality in Métis with COPD was 1.3 times higher compared to non-Métis with COPD (p = 0.01). Conclusion There is a high burden of asthma and COPD in Ontario Métis, with significant prevalence and acute health services use related to these diseases. Lower rates of physician visits suggest barriers in access to primary care services.


In the contemporary competition state, many peripheral regions are in decline. Tourism is increasingly considered as a savior for regions lagging behind. The EU has launched several programs with the ambition to stimulate growth and employment in peripheral areas which are used in tourism development projects. In this paper a longitudinal analysis of changes in Swedish tourism guest nights with an attempt to assess the spatial changes that have taken place in the light of this new regional tourism policy are carried out. The aim is to investigate if tourism and tourism policy contributes to level out disparities between regions. The analysis is based on statistics on Swedish guest nights, on employees in the accommodation sector and on EU funds. Although there are exceptions, the main findings indicate that the potential for creating sustainable rural tourism growth through tourism policy seems to be much less than the popular discourse suggests.


Abstract In 2009–2015, the Justice and Development Party (AKP) put forward several initiatives to end insurgency in Kurdish majority areas. However, successive "openings" failed to make progress. The electoral and international goals of the AKP gradually became incongruent with the peace process, and the AKP espoused heavy-handed tactics in July 2015. The ups and downs of the process in 2009–2015 show that it was already fragile. Some causes of this fragility were external to the AKP, such as the opposition parties' eagerness to use the process to poach nationalist voters and the PKK's violence. However, I argue that the contradictory nature of the AKP's narrative was also a crucial factor. The party's earlier narrative required the strict separation of two layers: security policies to fight terrorists and democratization policies to address the legitimate grievances of citizens. However, the intersubjective strategies that it experimented later required a gray area between these two fields. The AKP, instead of changing strategies, has constructed a three-layered, contradictory narrative.


A principal step towards solving diverse perception problems is segmentation. Many algorithms benefit from initially partitioning input point clouds into objects and their parts. In accordance with cognitive sciences, segmentation goal may be formulated as to split point clouds into locally smooth convex areas, enclosed by sharp concave boundaries. This goal is based on purely geometrical considerations and does not incorporate any constraints, or semantics, of the scene and objects being segmented, which makes it very general and widely applicable. In this work we perform geometrical segmentation of point cloud data according to the stated goal. The data is mapped onto a graph and the task of graph partitioning is considered. We formulate an objective function and derive a discrete optimization problem based on it. Finding the globally optimal solution is an NP-complete problem; in order to circumvent this, spectral methods are applied. Two algorithms that implement the divisive hierarchical clustering scheme are proposed. They derive graph partition by analyzing the eigenvectors obtained through spectral relaxation. The specifics of our application domain are used to automatically introduce cannot-link constraints in the clustering problem. The algorithms function in completely unsupervised manner and make no assumptions about shapes of objects and structures that they segment. Three publicly available datasets with cluttered real-world scenes and an abundance of box-like, cylindrical, and free-form objects are used to demonstrate convincing performance. Preliminary results of this thesis have been contributed to the International Conference on Autonomous Intelligent Systems (IAS-13).


Customer oriented design is more and more important. Quality Function Deployment is often used as a tool to better catch customer wants and has them translated into design specifications. The design specifications are then translated into design specifications of the production system. QFD is not always a sufficient tool to sustain the product management team through this translation process. The solution is found in adding elements from the method of the Scientific Design Process to QFD. In SDP, the following levels in design specifications are used: function, task, properties, and physical state. Process knowledge is the direct link between these design specifications for the product and the means of production. The design activity comprises decomposition in functions matched to a composition in tasks. The integration of SDP into QFD will reduce the number of iterations. The chance of a substantial number of design changes in retrospect is diminished and time to market reduced. Significant implication for R&D management is that it has to pay more attention to process knowledge.


Abstract Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and the pharmacological treatment thereof have both been shown to affect mitochondrial function in a number of tissues, and each may cause specific organ pathology through specific mitochondrial pathways. HIV has been shown to kill various tissue cells by activation of mitochondrial apoptosis. Nucleoside analogues, used extensively to treat HIV infection, are known to influence a number of steps affecting mitochondrial DNA integrity. This review describes the basic physiology, pharmacology and pathophysiology of HIV infection and the nucleoside analogues regarding mitochondrial function and discusses the progress made in this field with respect to the measurement of these effects and the prediction of potential drug toxicity.


The consequences of cybersecurity attacks can be severe for nation states and their people. Recently many nations have revisited their national cybersecurity strategies (NCSs) to ensure that their cybersecurity capabilities is sufficient to protect their citizens and cyberspace. This study is an initial attempt to compare NCSs by using clustering and topic modelling methods to investigate the similarity and differences between them. We also aimed to identify underlying topics that are appeared in NCSs. We have collected and examined 60 NCSs that have been developed during 20032016. By relying on institutional theories, we found that memberships in the international intuitions could be a determinant factor for harmonization and integration between NCSs. By applying hierarchical clustering method, we noticed a stronger similarities between NCSs that are developed by the EU or NATO members. We also found that public-private partnerships, protection of critical infrastructure, and defending citizen and public IT systems are among those topics that have been received considerable attention in the majority of NCSs. We also argue that topic modeling method, LDA, can be used as an automated technique for analysis and understanding of textual documents by policy makers and governments during the development and reviewing of national strategies and policies.


The purpose of the current study was to explore the genetic and environmental association between working memory and different behavioral aspects of the attention network (i.e., executive attention, alerting attention, and orienting attention), using a twin design. Data were from 131 monozygotic (39% male) and 173 same-sex dizygotic (44% male) twins. Individual differences in working memory performance and behavioral measures of executive attention, alerting attention, and orienting attention were found to be moderately heritable. A modest nonshared environmental effect was found for all variables. Individual differences in working memory were significantly correlated with variability in executive and alerting attention, but not orienting attention. All of the association between working memory and executive as well as alerting attention was statistically mediated by genetic influences, indicating a common genetic mechanism or mechanisms underlying the links between working memory and certain behavioral indicators of attention.


In the summer of 1956, food writer Clementine Paddleford took a trip out west. By that time Paddleford was one of the most famous food writers in America. She authored a daily column for the New York Herald-Tribune, a weekly column for a Sunday newspaper supplement that was distributed across the country, and had, until a few years previously, written a monthly column for Gourmet. Her columns featured the favorite foods from men and women across the country, both famous and nonfamous, and she traveled to their kitchens to interview them. She averaged tens of thousands of miles of travel each year. Her trip west in 1956 took her to five states and dozens of people's homes. When she returned she prepared a memo about the trip for the staff of the newspaper she worked at, outlining the trends she observed. With a journalist's eye she described the popularity of coffee, dieting, and flambeed dishes, including a Lamp Post cocktail, "a sort of Martini made with lime juice and floating a half lime shell, green side turned in and this filled with dark rum, ignited!" She also noted the popularity of outdoor grilling: Everywhere the Barbecue. No longer a new thing, once a fad, now a "solid" in the way of entertaining. I doubt if ever again fried meats will be in the running. Almost every western home has an outdoor barbecue and usually a second built into the kitchen for cold weather use. Now the barbecue moves into smart dining rooms in restaurants. Charcoal broiled meats are featured served from the barbecue centered in the dining room and presided over by a chef in high hat. This trend I have noted taking hold a bit in New York, moreso however, in our nearby country inns, but the west leads. (Paddleford 1) Clementine Paddleford caught the grilling craze at the point of moving from popular pastime to a dish legitimate enough to be served in "smart dining rooms in restaurants." Its popularity at that particular moment was due to a number of trends unique to postwar America. The rise of suburbs, the popularity of the outdoors and the West, and new perceptions of the role of men in the family - all of these things contributed to the spectacular popularity of outdoor grilling. Outdoor grilling was not, of course, a new idea in the 1950s. Humans have cooked over open flame for thousands of years, and even in countries like America in the early twentieth century, where most cooking was done indoors on a stove, food was sometimes cooked outdoors over an open flame. Numerous cookbooks early in the century discussed outdoor cooking. One of them, Horace Kephart's Camp Cookery (from 1910), placed outdoor grilling in a context typical for the time: cooking outdoors was done when groups of people (usually men) were outdoors for long periods of time. Living off the land, Kephart makes clear, is preferable to carrying unnecessary pounds of food, and to prove the point he outlines the weight of the water in canned, fresh, and dried peaches. He is no Spartan minimalist, though, and appears to be appealing more to the Teddy Roosevelts of the time than the Lewis and Clarks. For example, his instructions for cooking opossum are not simply to clean the animal and grill it, but to clean and parboil it for a few hours while steaming some sweet potatoes, and then to put the meat and sweet potatoes into a Dutch oven. "Bake slowly until brown and crisp. Serve hot, without gravy. Bourbon whiskey is the only orthodox accompaniment" (Kephart 71-72). The book also included recipes for salmon (creamed, scalloped, or on toast), potatoes (steamed, baked, boiled, mashed, or stewed), flapjacks, coffee, tea, kidneys, and bone marrow. Kephart does not present outdoor grilling as a special type of cooking; it is only one of a number of ways to prepare food, and his discussions of cooking various types of meat make it apparent that it is not always the most preferable way to cooking food. This is not unusual. When prewar cookbook authors wrote about cooking outdoors they saw grilling as one of a number of ways of preparing food. …


How does algorithmic finance operate in society as it crosses the threshold into the hands of lay investors? This article builds on original ethnographic research into a new class of algorithmic trading programs known as 'roboadvisors'—inexpensive, automated, digital financial platforms that enable ordinary people to invest very small minimum amounts and that rely to a large extent on passive, index strategies that follow the prescripts of Modern Portfolio Theory. The main argument of the article is that roboadvisors, representing an ethos of 'low-finance', are actively constructing passive investors by disciplining them through technologies that embody canonical models of financial economics. Roboadvisors and their algorithms reconfigure their users and objectify them through automating investment decisions and enforcing a principle of 'don't do' vis-à-vis the market. Implications that bear on agency, market structure and regulatory regimes are discussed.


Recently, an approach for global sustainability, the planetary-boundary approach (PBA), has been proposed, which combines the concept of tipping points with global-scale sustainability indicators. The PBA could represent a significant step forward in monitoring and managing known and suspected global sustainability criteria. However, as the authors of the PBA describe, the approach faces numerous and fundamental challenges that must be addressed, including successful identification of key global sustainability metrics and their tipping points, as well as the coordination of systemic individual and institutional actions that are required to address the sustainability challenges highlighted. We apply a previously published framework for systematic and strategic development toward a robust basic definition of sustainability, i.e., the framework for strategic sustainable development (FSSD), to improve and inform the PBA. The FSSD includes basic principles for sustainability, and logical guidelines for how to approach their fulfillment. It is aimed at preventing unsustainable behavior at both the micro, e.g., individual firm, and macro, i.e., global, levels, even when specific global sustainability symptoms and metrics are not yet well understood or even known. Whereas the PBA seeks to estimate how far the biosphere can be driven away from a "normal" or "natural" state before tipping points are reached, because of ongoing violations of basic sustainability principles, the FSSD allows for individual planners to move systematically toward sustainability before all impacts from not doing so, or their respective tipping points, are known. Critical weaknesses in the PBA can, thus, be overcome by a combined approach, significantly increasing both the applicability and efficacy of the PBA, as well as informing strategies developed in line with the FSSD, e.g., by providing a "global warning system" to help prioritize strategic actions highlighted by the FSSD. Thus, although ongoing monitoring of known and suspected global sustainability metrics and their possible tipping points is a critical part of the evolving sustainability landscape, effective and timely utilization of planetary-boundary information on multiple scales requires coupling to a strategic approach that makes the underlying sustainability principles explicit and includes strategic guidelines to approach them. Outside of such a rigorous and systems-based context, the PBA, even given its global scale, risks leading individual organizations or planners to (i) focus on "shares" of, e.g., pollution within the PBs and negotiations to get as high proportion of such as possible, and/or (ii) awaiting data on PBs when such do not yet exist before they act, and/or (iii) find it difficult to manage uncertainties of the data once such have arrived. If global sustainability problems are to be solved, it is important that each actor recognizes the benefits, not the least self-benefits, of designing and executing strategies toward a principled and scientifically robust definition of sustainability. This claim is not only based on theoretical reasoning. A growing number of sectors, businesses, and municipalities/cities around the world are already doing it, i.e., not estimating "allowed" shares of, say fossil CO2 emissions, but gradually moving away from unsustainable use of fossil fuels and other unsustainable practices altogether.


In 2005, a new Personal Development, Health and Physical Education (PDHPE) Years 7–10 Syllabus will replace the current syllabus and be implemented with Year 7 and Year 9 students in NSW secondary schools. Informed by contemporary research, the new syllabus represents changes to both the content and the teaching strategies traditionally utilised by teachers. One area that has undergone major changes within the syllabus has been that of the teaching of games, with the move towards a Game Sense framework. It is expected that the implementation of the new syllabus will also be accompanied by a variety of traditional professional development opportunities for teachers. What is also now possible given the affordances of information and communication technologies is online delivery that has the potential to increase teachers' level of confidence and readiness for implementing a Game Sense approach. This paper discusses the planning and development of a Game Sense online resource within the ActiveHealth framework (www.activehealth.uow.edu.au), a new Physical and Health Education Web resource for teachers. Principles for guiding the development of online teaching resources for practicing and pre-service teachers will also be discussed. The results of a small pilot study designed to investigate teachers perceptions of the effectiveness of such a resource indicate that it is of benefit to teachers in developing a deep understanding of Game Sense, however greater consideration will need to be given to the quality of the learning resources and learning support structures should no face to face opportunities exist.


An inwardly rectifying K+ conductance closely resembling the human ether-a-go-go-related gene (HERG) current was identified in single smooth muscle cells of opossum esophageal circular muscle. When cells were voltage clamped at 0 mV, in isotonic K+ solution (140 mM), step hyperpolarizations to -120 mV in 10-mV increments resulted in large inward currents that activated rapidly and then declined slowly (inactivated) during the test pulse in a time- and voltage- dependent fashion. The HERG K+ channel blockers E-4031 (1 μM), cisapride (1 μM), and La3+ (100 μM) strongly inhibited these currents as did millimolar concentrations of Ba2+. Immunoflourescence staining with anti-HERG antibody in single cells resulted in punctate staining at the sarcolemma. At membrane potentials near the resting membrane potential (-50 to -70 mV), this K+ conductance did not inactivate completely. In conventional microelectrode recordings, both E-4031 and cisapride depolarized tissue strips by 10 mV and also induced phasic contractions. In combination, these results provide direct experimental evidence for expression of HERG-like K+ currents in gastrointestinal smooth muscle cells and suggest that HERG plays an important role in modulating the resting membrane potential.


The Apc gene encodes the Adenomatous polyposis coli tumour suppressor protein, the germ line mutation of which characterizes Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP), an autosomal syndrome characterized by multiple colorectal lesions. Inactivation of the Apc gene is recognized as a key early event in the development of colorectal cancers and leads to the deregulation of the Wnt pathway and the activation of TCF/LEF target genes. This project focuses on the proto-oncogene c-Myc as it is a key Wnt target gene which is activated following loss of Apc in vivo. This upregulation is noteworthy as c-Myc is implicated in stem cell survival, proliferation, apoptosis and tumourigenesis. Previous studies have shown c-Myc dependency for both apoptosis and proliferation following activation of the Wnt pathway, however little is known about the role c-Myc plays in inducing apoptosis following DNA damage in vivo. To study this I have conditionally deleted c-Myc from the intestinal epithelium and examined the response of intestinal enterocytes following DNA damage. Remarkably, following DNA damage, c-Myc deficient enterocytes were unable to upregulate p53 and induce apoptosis, which was mechanistically due to an upregulation of MDM2. Taken together, results from this study showed for the first time in vivo, a key role for c-Myc in inducing apoptosis following DNA damage through control of p53.
 Previous studies from this lab have shown that within the intestinal epithelium, c-Myc is absolutely required for the hyper-proliferative phenotype that is observed following loss of Apc. Therefore one of the key aims of this thesis is to look downstream of c-Myc in order to delineate how c-Myc induces and controls this proliferation. Given that one of the key postulated functions of c-Myc is the transcriptional repression of p21, this thesis examines this hypothesis by investigating the significance of the upregulation of p21 following c-Myc deletion in Apc deficient intestinal enterocytes. To do this, I have generated triple knockout (TKO) intestines by intercrossing p21 knockout mice to mice where we can conditionally delete both Apc and c-Myc within the murine intestinal epithelium. Surprisingly, the levels of proliferation were the same between double knockout Apc Myc and TKO intestines, which had markedly less proliferation than Apc deficient intestines. However, unlike double knockout enterocytes, TKO intestinal enterocytes no longer moved up the crypt-villus axis and failed to generate villus. To examine which of these phenomena were key to tumourigenesis (differentiation or proliferation), we investigated whether TKO intestines could form intestinal adenomas and found that even in the absence of p21, c-Myc deficient cells were unable to form tumours. Taken together we have identified a novel role for p21 in driving differentiation following Apc and Myc deletion. This is consistent with the expression of p21 in the normal crypt at the crypt villus junction. Remarkably this function of p21 is independent of its key role as a cell cycle inhibitor.
Moreover, this study also examined the importance of the upregulation of the Cyclin D/CDK4 complexes following Apc loss and their role in c-Myc dependent proliferation. Results from these studies showed that Cyclin D2 is required for efficient proliferation immediately following loss of Apc as well as for tumourigeneis in the Apc Min/+ mouse. Taken together, results from these studies showed that the upregulation of Cyclin D2 and CDK4 are c-Myc dependent and that the upregulation of these complexes are key for Wnt driven proliferation and tumourigenesis. Lastly, in this study I have examined whether Apc loss within the intestinal epithelium, where it is a bona fide tumour suppressor gene, can provoke senescence, and compared this to the ability of Apc gene deletion to trigger senescence in the renal epithelium, where it is not mutated in human cancer. This study showed that deletion of Apc within the renal epithelium invoked a p21 dependent senescence response, and Apc deficient renal epithelial cells were cleared and very rarely initiated tumourigenesis. However, combined Apc and p21 gene deletion rapidly initiated tumourigenesis, with all mice developing renal carcinoma by 2 months of age. In contrast to Apc deficient intestinal epithelium, this process was unaffected by loss of c-Myc. However within the intestinal epithelium, deletion of Apc did not invoke senescence, but lead to a highly proliferative, p21 independent response. Combined Apc and p21 gene loss had no impact on either the short term phenotypes of Apc loss or upon tumourigenesis.
 Taken together these results show for the first time that Apc loss in vivo can invoke a senescence program but in a context dependent fashion. This implies escape from senescence is not a crucial pathway in colorectal cancers that are initiated by Apc loss, and goes to explain why renal carcinoma is not observed in FAP patients who are germline heterozygous for APC. Therefore the aims for this thesis are:

• To investigate the role of c-Myc in inducing apoptosis within the intestinal crypt, and whether this is p21 dependent?

• To investigate the role of p21 in causing senescence of Apc deficient cells, and whether this is c-Myc dependent?

• To determine the functional importance of repression of p21 by c-Myc in Apc deficient cells.

• To determine the significance of Cyclin D2 upregulation within Apc deficient cells.


This paper explores, both formally and empirically, the political accountability mechanisms that lie behind the varying levels of public corruption and of effective governance taking place across nations. The first section develops a principal-agent model in which good governance is a function of the extent to which citizens can hold political officials accountable for their actions. Although policy-makers may have strong incentives to appropriate parts of the citizens' income, well-designed institutions (those increasing both informational flows and elite competitiveness) boost political accountability and reduce the space left for the appropriation of rents. The following sections of the paper test the model. The presence of democratic mechanisms of control and an increasingly informed electorate, measured through the frequency of newspaper readership, explain considerably well the distribution of corrupt practices and governmental ineffectiveness in three types of data sets: a large cross-section of countries in the late 1990s for which an extensive battery of governance indicators has been recently developed by Kaufmann et al. (1999a); a panel data set for the period 1980-95 and about 100 nations on corruption and bureaucratic quality based on experts' rankings; and corruption data for the cross-section of US states in the period 1977-95.


In this study, subcooled flow boiling was experimentally investigated in micro tubes/channels, whose surfaces were enhanced by various methods. In all the experiments, deionized (DI) water was used as the working fluid. In the first study, initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) method was employed to coat the inner walls of stainless steel hypodermic microtubes having inner diameter of 502 μm with polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate (pHEMA)/polyperfluorodecylacrylate (pPFDA) coatings. This coating altered wettability along the surface of the microchannels and also offered high porosity. To investigate the effect of wettability, the experiments were accomplished for both hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends of the microtubes such that one end corresponded to the most hydrophilic (pHEMA) location, while the other end corresponded to the most hydrophobic (pPFDA) location. The results were compared to the results with the bare surface microtube. The experimental results revealed a remarkable increase in subcooled boiling heat transfer with the coatings, while the highest heat transfer coefficients were attained for the pHEMA coated (hydrophobic inlet and hydrophilic outlet) outlet case with a maximum heat transfer enhancement ratio of ~64%. The reason for the enhanced heat transfer with the coated microtubes can be attributed to the increased nucleation site density and bubble release as well as enhanced convection and bubble motion near the surface due to the variation in wettability along the length. The results showed that gradient pHEMA/pPFDA coatings obtained by iCVD method can be utilized as a viable surface enhancement method in microscale cooling applications. In the second study, a horizontal microchannel made of Aluminum (Al) with a length of 14 cm, width of 1.5 cm, and depth of 500 μm was utilized to investigate subcooled boiling heat transfer. Environmentally friendly and simple methods of sanding with sandpapers in different grit sizes and immersion in boiling DI water were used to prepare the micro and nano structured (hierarchical) Al alloy 2024 plates (150 × 150 mm) which were integrated near the exit of the microchannel. The experiments were carried out at different mass fluxes of 70, 100, and 125 kg/m²s. The results revealed that plates sanded with grit sizes of 400 and 1000 enhanced heat transfer coefficients while plates sanded with grit sizes of 36 and 60 deteriorated heat transfer coefficients compared to the untreated plate. The reason for heat transfer enhancement was related to an increase in both the heating surface area and active nucleation sites. A high speed camera was used for visualizing bubble departures in boiling experiments.


It is well established that neural networks with deep architectures perform better than shallow networks for many tasks in machine learning. In statistical physics, while there has been recent interest in representing physical data with generative modelling, the focus has been on shallow neural networks. A natural question to ask is whether deep neural networks hold any advantage over shallow networks in representing such data. We investigate this question by using unsupervised, generative graphical models to learn the probability distribution of a two-dimensional Ising system. Deep Boltzmann machines, deep belief networks, and deep restricted Boltzmann networks are trained on thermal spin configurations from this system, and compared to the shallow architecture of the restricted Boltzmann machine. We benchmark the models, focussing on the accuracy of generating energetic observables near the phase transition, where these quantities are most difficult to approximate. Interestingly, after training the generative networks, we observe that the accuracy essentially depends only on the number of neurons in the first hidden layer of the network, and not on other model details such as network depth or model type. This is evidence that shallow networks are more efficient than deep networks at representing physical probability distributions associated with Ising systems near criticality.


Analysis of demand for outdoor recreation is the initial necessary step in
the planning process of the development and for the management of outdoor
recreation. Demand analysis can help in ascertaining the value of outdoor
recreation compared to other alternative uses of the resources.
The demand for outdoor recreation domestic visitors in Langkawi is
influenced by several factors. -A modified travel cost model is specified and used
to estimate the demand for outdoor recreation. Modification of the Clawson
model is made in terms of the inclusion of the opportunity cost of travel time, the
effects of substitutes, income, and the quality factors. With a semi-disaggregated
functional form, the model is estimated using the OLS technique; and the results
conform to theory and 1. wimi. information. The value of time in travel is
estimated at 92.2 percent of the average income of the consumer. The availability
of substitute sites affects demand for outdoor recreation in Langkawi. The quality variable however, is not significant in determining the demand for outdoor
recreation in Langkawi.
The economic value of Langkawi as a recreational centre, estimated using
the modified travel cost model is appr6ximately $51 mil. To this effect,
development efforts that are being carried out to make Langkawi a prime
tourism-outdoor recreational centre in the country is justified.


In this study PTEs, [potentially toxic elements (Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn)] were investigated in the upper layer of floodplain soils that occurred as a result of accident in the area of two mine tailings in Northwestern Romania. A large amount of sediment was deposited on the soil of floodplains along the Hungarian section of River Tisza, which could represent a threat to the environment. Floodplain soil samples were collected from four locations in Hungary from an area of the river stretching to about 250 km. BCR (Bureau Communautaire de Référence) sequential extraction method was used to analyze both post-flood and present samples. Most of the analyzed elements (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) were found in the residual fraction, but there is a notable soluble amount in hydroxylammonium chloride extractable fraction. The results allow a comparison of the changes that have taken place over time, in addition to serving as a basis for further studies.


Abstract In order to better control fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) attacking Cucurbitaceae on Reunion Island (21°6 S/ 55°36 E), biological characteristics (seasonal fluctuation, relative abundance, sex ratio) of communities roosting in corn borders were investigated. The study was conducted in austral summer across a range of altitudes (750–1150 m) corresponding to the main areas of cucurbit cropping. Living adults were recorded roosting on corn planted within or around cucurbit fields. Results showed a high variability in seasonal fluctuation of populations according to local conditions. Bactrocera Cucurbitae (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tephritidae) was the least abundant species (27%) compared to Dacus ciliatus Loew (36%) and Dacus demmerezi Bezzi (37%). Relative abundance of B. Cucurbitae was lowest (< 18%) in high altitude sites (above 1000 m), where D. demmerezi was the most prevalent species (> 56%). Dacus ciliatus showed variable relative abundance (from 18 to 51%) depending on the experimental design (varying in location and in year). Sex ratio was also very variable from one species to another and from one experimental design to another.


This thesis presents a comparative empirical study of fixed collocational patterns in written academic English. The fixed collocational pattern is a continuous string of words which is found to occur frequently in language data. This study uses lexical analysis software to study an electronic corpus of academic research articles in an attempt to identify and compare the forms and discourse functions of fixed collocational patterns in different disciplines.

In comparative studies of the language of different academic disciplines there are two ways of collecting comparable amounts of corpus data, both of which are problematic. One approach is to subdivide existing normative (Sinclair 2005) corpora in order to allow comparisons to be made between different disciplines. The amount of data in each resulting subcorpus is often
unequal, however, and results might be biased in favour of the subcorpus with the greatest number of texts or tokens. The other approach is to balance the number of tokens in each subcorpus by using incomplete text samples. This can mean that individual subcorpora do not completely represent all areas of the discourse, and some fixed collocational patterns which perform discourse functions relating to these areas may as a result be missed by the researcher.

This study attempts to establish what might be a comparable amount of data by investigating fixed collocational patterns in two different comparative corpora. First it identifies fixed collocational patterns in an equal number of tokens in each discipline, i. e. an isolexical comparison. It then identifies fixed collocational patterns in an equal number of texts in each discipline, i. e. an isotextual comparison. The findings indicate that the same fixed collocational patterns are frequent in both versions of the corpus, and so what is frequent isolexically is also
frequent isotextually. This suggests that an isotextual corpus is more suitable for comparative studies of the discourse functions of fixed collocational patterns, since it allows their functions to be investigated across similar numbers of communicative acts rather than across similar
amounts of language.

The thesis then compares these isotextual fixed collocational patterns with the results from two previous studies of an isolexical collocational pattern, the lexical bundle (Biber et al. 1999), one of which (Biber 2006) used data from a different academic genre, the other (Hyland 2008) data from three academic genres. There then follows a case study of the relationship between the lexical, semantic, and textual environments of the fixed collocational pattern in the case of the and its discourse functions. The thesis concludes by outlining areas of future research into fixed collocational patterns which have been suggested by the results of this study.


The thesis approaches the development, stability and change of party systems in Hungary, Poland and the Czech and Slovak Republics since the collapse of communism from a comparative politics perspective, thereby raising questions about whether party systems have developed, about the peculiarity of these systems and about the factors that drive party system development and change. The analysis of East Central European party systems therefore invites questions about party systems theory in general, hypothesising that parties are becoming increasingly independent of extra-parliamentary constraints. Applied to East Central Europe, this suggests that party system development has been driven by the parties, principally their strategic choices under conditions of economic and political transition. Nationalism provides a further dimension without which post-communist party competition and coalition building cannot be fully understood. The comparative politics analysis of the four East Central European party systems warrants a three-level set of conclusions. First, the Lipset-Rokkan cleavage model is re-worked, with particular focus on the definition and structure of cleavages (including non-structural cleavages) and the context in which they are translated in to political competition; the newly negotiated rules of the game; the comparatively weak links between voters and parties; the organisation and structure of the parties; and most significantly, party strategy as the key driver behind party system development, stability and change. Second, come the 1997/98 series of elections, the four party systems had developed from anarchic competition to party systems characterised by a degree of stability and predictability in terms of party competition and co-operation. Third, and finally, the project concludes that party system change and stability is driven primarily by the political parties. If comparative West European politics is influencing analyses of East Central European party systems, the East Central European experience has prompted re-working of comparative party system theory. And the parties have stolen the show.


PURPOSE
The therapeutic regimen for cranial arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) often involves both stereotactic radiosurgery and adjunct endovascular embolization. Embolization agents often contain radiopaque contrast to assist the neurointerventionalists, leading to concerns regarding the dosimetric effects of these contrast agents. This study investigated dosimetric properties of n-butyl cyanoacrylate (n-BCA) plus lipiodol (NPL) with and without tantalum powder.

METHODS
The NPL was provided cured from the manufacturer (Codman Trufill; Codman & Shurtleff, Inc., Raynham, MA) with and without tantalum. Attenuation measurements were made for the samples with and without tantalum powder and compared to the attenuation of a water substitute using a 6MV photon beam. Effective linear attenuation coefficients (ELAC) were derived from the attenuation measurements and measured sample thicknesses. Interface effects were investigated using a parallel plate ion chamber placed at set distances below fixed samples. Finally, Hounsfield units were measured using our department's standard stereotactic radiosurgery CT protocol.

RESULTS
For a 3cm square field, the ELAC was 0.0428 1/cm and 0.0474 1/cm for NPL without and with tantalum respectively, compared to 0.0461 1/cm for the water substitute. Non-density corrected dose calculations would Result in errors of -0.33% and 0.13% per cm thickness of NPL without and with tantalum, respectively. Interface effects compared to water were less than 1.3% for both embolization materials. CT values at 120 kVp were 2082 HU and 2358 HU for NPL without and with tantalum, respectively.

CONCLUSION
The dosimetric properties of NPL are very close to those of water for therapeutic energies. Therefore, treating the entire intracranial space as uniform in composition will Result in typically less than 1% dosimetric errors. However, due to the high attenuation of both embolization agents for diagnostic energies, artifacts may occur that necessitate MR imaging to accurately identify the spatial extent of the region to be treated.


The need for higher integration and lower cost personal communication systems (PCS) has motivated extensive efforts to develop CMOS RF integrated circuits which meet the performance requirements of current and future standards such as IS-95, GSM, DECT, etc. However, power losses associated with on-chip inductor, device, and package parasitics have impeded the full integration of power-efficient CMOS RF ICs. In this paper, we describe a custom CAD synthesis and optimization tool which enables RF chip/package design for optimum circuit performance. A fully-integrated CMOS power amplifier (PA) illustrates the efficacy of this approach.


Monkeys were well trained to perform a variety of point-to-point reaching movements in virtual reality. We systematically varied the timing and location of the visualized hand position to study the way that visual feedback is used during the initial phase of reaching. The results showed that the monkey learned a discrete strategy based on the information from vision of the hand during the reach. This information was used in a different phase of the task after a stereotypic processing delay to reach the target correctly. Here, I demonstrate that reaching movement was affected by a gradual and orderly changed flash distance (at which point the flash was shown), but it was not affected when the order of the flash distance was randomly assigned. This suggested that the flash could not create a clear effect to the reaching every time. Second, I have show that a misplaced location of flash could not make the hand produce the hypothetical adjustment which counterbalanced the perceived error. This suggested that the flash had to contain correct information in order to be used by the monkey. Finally, I showed that the monkey was able to utilize the flash in the spatial rotation center-out task (the flash was displaced to either side of its proper location). This paper provides a novel behavior task for monkeys' movement correction experiment, and it is a useful tool to achieve the long-term goals of understanding the connection between M1 neurons and early correction stimulus.


Reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) genotypes contain varying amounts of indole alkaloids which are negatively associated with grass palatability to ruminants and which are potentially toxic to animals. Forage researchers need knowledge of the influence of environmental factors such as soil fertility on alkaloid concentration to aid control of these anti-quality components of reed canarygrass. We conducted seven experiments to determine whether the alkaloids of reed canarygrass could be modified byinherent soil fertility or by application of nutrient elements to fertile and infertile soils. Mean alkaloid concentrations in four clones of reed canarygrass were doubled by growing the clones in an infertile peat, compared to a fertile mineral soil. Supplying the deficient nutrients (especially P and K) to an infertile peat significantly reduced alkaloids of grass growing in the soil, provided N levels did not exceed 240 kg/ha. Ammonium sources of N (NH₄Cl and urea) caused greater alkaloid concentrations in reed canarygrass than did a nitrate source (NaNO₃), while grass supplied with both sources (NH,NO3) had an intermediate alkaloid concentration. Relatively low levels of N (as low as 60 kg N/ha) applied to fertile mineral or peat soils caused increased alkaloids in grass clones inherently high in alkaloids. However, over 240 kg N/ha were required to significantly elevate alkaloid concentration in reed canarygrass growing in an infertile peat, and up to 225 kg N/ha in solution culture did not affect alkaloid concentration in a low-alkaloid clone. We concluded that N fertilization is likely to increase alkaloid problems of reed canarygrass in situations where alkaloids are already high, but that practical levels of N (up to at least 200 kg/ha) will probably not increase alkaloid concentrations of those strains inherently low in alkaloids. Fertilization of infertile soils with deficient nutrients (other than N) may cause reduction in alkaloid concentration of reed canarygrass, even though P, Mn, or Cu individually did not affect alkaloids. None of the fertilizer elements changed the type of alkaloids (gramine, DMT, or 5-MeO-DMT) of the various clones and seed sources used in the seven experiments, indicating that this variable was genetically controlled.


Abstract A sample of adults (N = 666) was interviewed 6 months after the devastating 1999 floods and mudslides in Mexico. Comparisons between sample data and population norms pointed to significant postdisaster elevations in physical health symptoms across a variety of domains. With age, gender, and predisaster mental health and living conditions controlled, severity of exposure was related to higher physical symptoms. The effects of severity of exposure dropped out of the equations when postdisaster posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms were taken into account. The effects of acute PTSD on health symptoms were largely, but not completely, accounted for by concurrent depressed affect, with criterion symptoms reflecting intrusion and arousal most likely to show a specific effect. Although previous research examined stressors from the distant past, here the role of PTSD as a mediator of the trauma–health relation was demonstrated with recent disaster exposure and acute PTSD, in a very different population.


This paper explores the impact of corporate governance on the demand for intermediated debt (asset finance, bank debt, non-bank private debt) and non-intermediated debt (public debt) in the Australian debt market. Relative to other countries the Australian debt market is characterised by higher proportions of intermediated or private debt with a lower inherent level of information asymmetry in that private lenders have greater access to financial information (Gray, Koh & Tong 2009). Our firm level, cross-sectional evidence suggests that higher corporate governance impacts demand for debt via the mitigation of default risk. However, this relationship is not uniform across all debt types. Intermediated debt such as bank and asset finance debt are more responsive to changes in governance-default risk relationship than non-bank and non-intermediated debt. The implication is that a firm's demand for different debt types will reflect its governance-default risk profile.


Reconfigurable antennas allow to meet the increasing demands of modern RF communication systems for reconfiguration capabilities, such as beam-steering, multi-band operation, polarization flexibility or frequency agility. Active reflectarrays may represent a valuable solution to satisfy the above tasks. This paper reviews several experimental implementations of reconfigurable reflectarray designs developed in recent years. The paper describes the approaches adopted in the realization of active reflectarray designs, mainly focusing on their bandwidth performances. Future challenges in the design of wideband reconfigurable reflectarrays are also outlined.


We have temporally characterized, dispersion compensated and carrier-envelope phase stabilized 1.4-cycle pulses (3.2 fs) with 160 µJ of energy at 722 nm using a minimal and convenient dispersion-scan setup. The setup is all inline, does not require interferometric beamsplitting, and uses components available in most laser laboratories. Broadband minimization of third-order dispersion using propagation in water enabled reducing the compressed pulse duration from 3.8 to 3.2 fs with the same set of chirped mirrors. Carrier-envelope phase stabilization of the octave-spanning pulses was also performed by the dispersion-scan setup. This unprecedentedly simple and reliable approach provides reproducible CEP-stabilized pulses in the single-cycle regime for applications such as CEP-sensitive spectroscopy and isolated attosecond pulse generation.


Abstract A new yttrium-zirconium-pillared montmorillonite (Y-Zr-MMT), was synthesized, characterized and used as a Ce catalyst support. The Y-Zr-MMT is a good support for dispersing cerium active sites and it is responsible for the high activity in the total oxidation of acetone, toluene and ethyl acetate. The Y-Zr-MMT shows greater advantages than the conventional alumina/cordierite honeycomb supports such as large specific surface area, lower cost and easier preparation. Catalytic tests demonstrated that Ce/Y-Zr-MMT (Ce loading 8.0%) was the most active, with the total oxidation of acetone, toluene and ethyl acetate being achieved at 220, 300 and 220°C, respectively. The catalyst displayed better activity for the oxidation of acetone and ethyl acetate than a conventional, supported Pd-catalyst under similar conditions. The special structure of the yttriumdoped zirconium-pillared montmorillonite can strengthen the interaction between the CeO2 and Zr-MMT support and improve the dispersion of the Ce particles, which enhances the catalytic activity for the oxidation of VOCs. The new catalyst, 8.0%Ce/Y-Zr-MMT, could be promising for industrial applications due to its high catalytic activity and low cost. The support and the catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and BET specific surface area measurements.


Introduction: The provision of rapid diagnosis results from positive blood cultures is important for clinical management of sepsis. Using conventional method as a reference method in laboratory, time needed for bacterial identification are 24 hours longer because it has to deal with primary isolation step. Objectives: This study investigated the accuracy of direct inoculation technique of bacteria from positive blood culture vials to biochemical test tubes without primary isolation step to identify Enterobacteriaceae, second most common causative agent of sepsis.Methods: The study was conducted at the Microbiology Laboratory Medical Faculty of Diponegoro University. This is a diagnostic study. As the study sample, blood cultures in BACTEC bottles from Dr. Kariadi General Hospital Semarang with bacterial growth in it. Inclusion criteria was Gram-negative rod bacteri, staining results from BACTEC blood culture bottles, and as a exclusion criteria, there are more than one colony found on blood agar and Mac Conkey agar and showed positive result in oxidation test. Identification of bacteria based on biochemical table of Enterobacteriaceae. Data were analyzed with a 2x2 table.Results: Thirty two samples included in this study. Ten samples (31%) were excluded. Twenty one from twenty two (95%) study samples accurately identified to the genus level by direct inoculation method.Conclusion: The results showed that the direct inoculation method provides an acceptable genus identification, with a potential saving of 24 hours compared with conventional methods.


The distribution of Langerhans dendritic cells in tobacco smoke related human
lung cancer, tobacco smoke induced Langerhans cells changes during cutaneous
and pulmonary carcinogenesis in mice were investigated. While dendritic cells
were rare in normal lung, their density was marked in bronchioalveolar, well and
moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinomas. Small cell lung cancer and
poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma showed the lowest density. High
density of dendritic cells in lung tumours was associated with marked tumour
infiltrating lymphocytes and favourable survival.
Exposure of mice to tobacco smoke increased the density of zinc-iodide-osmium
positive pulmonary Langerhans cells. Pulmonary Langerhans cell granulomatosis
and a proliferative alveolar and bronchial epithelial tumour-like lesions were
observed. The density of pulmonary Langerhans cells returned to that of the
control level after ceasing exposure to tobacco smoke and the interstitial
granulomatous lesions disappeared, but the bronchial epithelial metaplasia did not
reverse. The ultrastructure of the zinc-iodide-osmium positive cells was similar to
that of pulmonary Langerhans cells.
Tobacco smoke condensate increased the density, changed the morphology and
impaired the function of epidermal Langerhans cells. This was associated with skin
tumour development.
While examining human lung lesions S100 positive DC were observed migrating
into tumours. So these cells and their relation to LDC were further examined in
blood. Metrizamide enriched dendritic cells isolated from human blood, were S100
positive, co-expressed CD45 and were non-phagocytic. Their diameter was larger
than that of CD3 positive T lymphocytes and smaller than CD14 positive
monocytes. The ultrastructural features were consistent with that of blood
dendritic cells. Their number slightly decreased with age, equal numbers were
observed in both sexes and formed 0.09 ± 0.07 cells x 10 9 per litre of blood.


This presentation will discuss how recent findings in photobiology about the correlation between lighting and the human circadian system can prospectively be applied to architectural design, with a focus on healthcare and housing environments. Outcomes of photobiology research were used to define threshold values for illumination in terms of spectrum, intensity, and timing of light at the human eye, and were translated into goals for simulation – and ultimately for building design. While no actual recommendations can - or should - yet be made because of our limited understanding of the effects of exposure to light on human health and circadian organization, especially during daytime, we can still discuss the relevance of some critical design parameters to electric lighting or – to a greater extent – to daylighting.