Written by the former chairman and managing director of the American Institute in Taiwan, this book sheds new light on key topics in the history of U.S.-Taiwan relations. It fills an important gap in our understanding of how the U.S. government addressed Taiwan and the Taiwan Strait issue from the early 1940s to the present. One theme that runs through these essays is the series of obstacles erected that denied the people of Taiwan a say in shaping their own destiny: Franklin Roosevelt chose to return Taiwan to mainland China for geopolitical reasons; there was little pressure on the Kuomintang to reform its authoritarian rule until Congress got involved in the early 1980s; Chiang Kai-shek spurned American efforts in the 1960s to keep Taiwan in international organizations; and behind the ROC's back, the Nixon, Carter, and Reagan administrations negotiated agreements with the PRC that undermined Taiwan's position. In addition to discussing how the United States reacted to key human rights cases from the 1940s to the 1980s, the author also discusses the Bush and Clinton administrations' efforts to preserve U.S. interests while accommodating new forces in the region. All these episodes have an enduring relevance for the people of Taiwan, and in his conclusion the author discusses where the relationship stands today. The book includes related documents that helped shape the U.S.-Taiwan relationship.


The difficulties that faced many manufacturing firms were attributed by Skinner (1969) to the inadequate attention given by top managers to the manufacturing function. He proposed a holistic framework of manufacturing strategy development that link manufacturing with corporate strategy. This work of Skinner is the first of three stages in the progression of thinking with respect to the strategic role of manufacturing as pointed out by Hum and Leow (1993). The other two stages being the demand of manufacturing to support and be consistent with corporate strategy (Wheelwright, 1978), and the present thinking that manufacturing can lead other functional areas in its contribution to the development of corporate strategy.

This research is concerned with the current understanding of the strategic role of manufacturing which was provided by Wheelwright and Hayes (1985). They suggested that even though strategic manufacturing effectiveness is developed along a continuum, there are four identifiable stages that can indicate a firm's position. Furthermore, they suggested that strategic manufacturing effectiveness can be operationalised through the emphasis that firms place on manufacturing choices and decisions; there are factors that affect strategic manufacturing effectiveness; and the higher the level of strategic manufacturing effectiveness, the better the firm's performance.

With respect to the factors affecting manufacturing effectiveness, Wheelwright and Hayes (1985) perceived five such dimensions. They are the attitude of top managers towards manufacturing, the involvement of manufacturing managers in setting the strategic direction of the firm, the emphasis on formulating manufacturing strategy, manufacturing proactiveness, and the co-ordination between manufacturing and other functions.

The framework of Wheelwright and Hayes (1985) is a diagnostic tool that is used to appraise manufacturing's role within a firm. However, the relationships among its constituents have not been examined in detail before. This research develops a model that clearly identifies such dimensions and how they influence manufacturing effectiveness. Also, the notion that there are four identifiable stages is investigated. Moreover, mediating effects of the types of industry, the sizes of firms, and the types of production process on manufacturing effectiveness are also examined.

The results from hypotheses testing indicated the significance of the attitude of top managers towards manufacturing and the involvement of manufacturing managers in setting the strategic direction of the firm as being the key factors that influence the process of acquiring strategic manufacturing effectiveness.


"The Penguin Book of Irish Poetry" features the work of three Nobel laureates - W.B. Yeats, Samuel Beckett and Seamus Heaney - as well as Jonathan Swift, Oscar Wilde, Thomas Moore, Patrick Kavanagh, Louis MacNeice, Eavan Boland and James Joyce. It also includes epigrams, traditional verses and Old Irish songs, with 250 new English translations by the greatest poets currently working, including Seamus Heaney and Ciaran Carson. Reflecting everything from Ireland's rich history of writing about the land, to its untypical prominence of women in and writing its poetry, and the abundance of oppositions that have preoccupied its verse through the ages (from Christian and pre-Christian attitudes, to Gaels and Vikings, Nationalism and Unionism, Catholicism and Protestantism, the Irish and English languages), this is an inclusive and masterfully arranged collection of Irish verse. "The Penguin Book of Irish Poetry" is an indispensable and important guide to the country's unparalleled literary culture.


Designed for the "U.S. Since 1945" course, this comprehensive survey presents the World War II experience as a backdrop for understanding recent developments and events in American history. The text features four principal, interwoven themes: the pervasive impact of the Cold War; the effects of social-protest movements among African Americans, women, and other groups; the sources and impact of economic, demographic, and cultural changes; and a thorough examination of politics.


In this short report on language data and RDF tools, we describe the transformation process that we undertook to convert spreadsheet data about a group of endangered languages and where they are spoken in West Africa into an RDF triple store. We use RDF tools to organize and visualize these data on a world map, accessible through a web browser. The functionality we develop allows researchers to see where these languages are spoken and to query the language data. This type of development not only showcases the power of RDF, but it provides a powerful tool for linguists trying the solve the mysteries of the genealogical relatedness of the Dogon languages.


ABSTRACT The following paper assesses the roles played by semiotics in graphic design and in graphic design education, which both reflects and shapes practice. It identifies a series of factors; graphic design education methods and culture; semiotic theories themselves and their application to graphic design; the two wings of Peircian semiotics and Saussurian semiology and their incompatibilities; semiology's linguocentrism, its affinity to cultural criticism and its seminal role in cultural and social anthropology, structuralism, poststructuralism and deconstruction. It examines the uses and criticisms of semiotics and semiology in design, their use in graphic design education, and their operationalization within technical communication and human factors as paths that might be applied to graphic design. INTRODUCTION This paper reflects an effort to understand semiotics within graphic design and graphic design education and its apparent lack of broad visibility. There are many possible reasons including defects in the theories, difficulty in understanding them or their obscure terminology, difficulty in applying them, or it could be that graphic designers are averse to semiotic theories or theories in general. The history of semiotics in design indicates that there is no one underlying problem, but a series of antinomies or contradictions. Semiotics is a young field and not well worked out. Semiotic theories have been separated into the two schools of Peirce and Saussure. Saussure's is a theory based on language, not visual or sensory communication. Peirce can be applied to the broad range of communication, but it is difficult to understand, having a strange vocabulary. One might like to combine them, but there are some thorny incompatibilities between them. Peircian semiotics also needs a bridge to graphic design, but there is not the critical mass of people within graphic design to build it, and no one can build it for them. Graphic designers are largely averse to theory and the scholarly publications that could establish and develop a semiotics that would be appropriate to graphic design. Semiotics and semiology are very much alive and used elsewhere. Semiology was a part of graphic design for much of the last century. It has provided a continuing critical base for social theory, deconstructlon and "the interpretive turn" in the humanities. Semiotics is used in technical communication and semiotic concepts are used in human factors to decompose and analyze interpretation. Semiotics can serve as a framework to unify quickly developing but scattered literatures in naturalistic thinking as they are relevant to design. The semiotic model of diagrammatic thinking has made possible a comprehensive understanding not only of diagrams, but the principles behind visual and spatial thinking. It demonstrates the profound importance of graphical communication in the human leap from experiences in the world to the ability to think about those experiences in abstract terms: to make order of what is and imagine what could be (Stjernfeld, 2007). THE CULTURE OF GRAPHIC DESIGN EDUCATION Graphic design has a longstanding and close relationship to the visual fine arts and the studio/atelier tradition of instruction by apprenticeship as practiced eighty years ago at the Bauhaus and at the Schule fur Gestaltung Basel, now the Basel School of Design, which until recently functioned as a "vocational level school" (Maier, 1977; Visual Communication Institute, 2009). Vocational and atelier models share a non-intellectual approach to education, In which the knowledge acquired is largely tacit and not available for examination, even by the knower (Polanyi, 1966). As Dietmar Winkler has chronicled, the Bauhaus worked to rationalize formal aspects of design to be more in tune with industrial society, but in their own practice and teaching they were traditional. Hans Meyer in 1928 and Mies van der Rohe in 1930, had been steeped in the trade school tradition, which saw non-applied research and intellectual pursuit as the dilettante activity of the rich and aristocratic. …


This paper demonstrates that automatic framing of TV shows is an interesting and tractable domain for both Computer Vision and Artiicial Intelligence. Our basic goal is to build intelligent robotic cameras (SmartCams) able to frame subjects and objects in a TV studio upon verbal request from a TV director. To cope with the problem of relating visual imagery to symbolic knowledge about the scene, we propose the use of an architecture based on two levels of representation. High level approximate world models roughly describe the objects and the occurring actions. Low level view representations are obtained by vision routines selected according to the present state of the world, as described by the approximate models. The approximate world models are updated by contextual information extracted from the script of the TV show and by processing the imagery gathered by wide-angle, low-resolution cameras monitoring the studio. Our Intelligent Studio is composed of one or more SmartCams which share the representations of an approximate world model of the studio. A prototype has been implemented, and some examples of the cameras' responses to diierent requests are shown in the domain of a cooking show.


PURPOSE
To evaluate the association between elevated levels of plasma pentraxin 3 (PTX3) and the development and/or progression of diabetic retinopathy (DR).

METHODS
In this case-control study, 92 diabetic patients with DR (group 3), 30 diabetic patients without DR (group 2), and 41 normal subjects (group 1) were enrolled. Log-transformed values of plasma PTX3 and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) concentrations were measured and used in our analysis. For subgroup analysis, group 3 was divided into four subgroups: mild, moderate, severe nonproliferative, and proliferative DR.

RESULTS
In our 163 participants, average plasma PTX3 levels were 916.1 ± 532.2, 1093.7 ± 1034.2, and 1817.9 ± 1776.9 pg/mL for groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The duration of diabetic mellitus (DM), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), log hsCRP, and log PTX3 were significantly different between the three groups (P = 0.008, P < 0.001, P = 0.046, and P < 0.001, respectively). In subgroup analysis, plasma log PTX3 levels increased in correlation with the severity of DR (R = 0.372, P < 0.001). Multivariate logistic analysis showed that the correlation between DR development and duration of DM and log PTX3 values was significant (P = 0.014 and P = 0.025, respectively), whereas correlation with log hsCRP values was not significant in univariate analysis (P = 0.129). The receiver operating characteristic curves of DR development were plotted using log PTX3 and log hsCRP values, and the area under the curves was found to be 0.721 (P = 0.001) and 0.614 (P = 0.087), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS
Plasma PTX3 is positively associated with DR development and progression, and may be a more accurate predictor of DR development than hsCRP.


Visceral lipid accumulation, organ hypertrophy and a reduction in skeletal muscle strength are all signs associated with the severity of obesity related disease. Intermittent fasting (IF) and high-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE) are natural strategies that, individually, can prevent and ameliorate obesity along with metabolic syndrome and its associated diseases. However, the combinatorial effect of IF and HIIF on energetic metabolism is currently not well understood. We hypothesized that their combination could have a potential for more than strictly additive benefits. Here, we show that two months of every-other-day intermittent fasting regimen combined with a high-intensity intermittent exercise protocol (IF/HIIE) produce a synergetic effect, preventing fat accumulation, enhancing physical performance and optimizing energy production. The IF/HIIE group presented increased glucose uptake, lower levels of serum insulin and a global activation of hexokinases in skeletal muscle, heart and liver comparing to control, IF and HIIE groups. IF/HIIE synergism led to activation of the FoF1 ATP synthase and promoted a more oxidative profile of mitochondria in observed skeletal muscle. Additionally, high-resolution respirometry of muscle fibers showed that animals in the IF/HIIE group presented characteristics suggestive of augmented mitochondrial mass and efficiency. Finally, an important reduction in serum oxidative stress markers were observed in IF/HIIE group. These findings provide new insights for the implementation of non-pharmaceutical strategies to prevent/treat metabolic syndrome and associated diseases.


Targeted advertising can benefit consumers through lower prices for access to websites. Yet, if consumers dislike that websites collect their personal information, their welfare may go down. We study competition for consumers between websites that can show targeted advertisements. We find that more targeting increases competition and reduces the websites' profits, but yet in equilibrium websites choose maximum targeting as they cannot credibly commit to low targeting. A privacy protection policy can be beneficial for both consumers and websites. If consumers are heterogeneous in their concerns for privacy, a policy that allows choice between two levels of privacy will be better. Optimal privacy protection takes into account that the more intense competition on the high-targeting market segment also benefits consumers on the less competitive segment. Consumer surplus is maximized by allowing them a choice between a high targeting regime and a low targeting regime which affords more privacy.


During the 2013 and 2014 growth seasons, 526 single spore isolates of Botrytis cinerea were collected from naturally infected 'Thompson Seedless' table grape flowers from fifteen orchards in three regions of the Central Valley of Chile. The isolates were tested for resistance to azoxystrobin, boscalid, fenhexamid, fludioxonil and pyrimethanil. Among the 526 isolates, 106 (20.15%) were sensitive to all fungicides tested; from north to south, the frequency of sensitive isolates in the regions of Valparaiso, Metropolitana and O'Higgins ranged from 48.15% to 21.1% and 5.88%, respectively. Four hundred and twenty isolates (79%) showed resistance to single or multiple fungicides, 134 (25.4%) were simultaneously resistant to azoxystrobin and pyrimethanil. No fludioxonil-resistant isolates were found, indicating that fludioxonil has great potential for gray mold control in table grapes in Chile. From sixty randomly selected B. cinerea isolates, only the azoxystrobin-resistant isolates carried the G143A point mutation; according to the cytochrome b ( cyt b ) gene structure, the third intron Bcbi-143/144 was only detected in the azoxystrobin-sensitive isolates. The H272R and H272Y point mutations in the succinate dehydrogenase subunit B ( sdhB ) gene were associated only with the boscalid-resistant isolates. The F412S and F412V point mutations were found in the sequenced erg27 gene of randomly selected fenhexamid-resistant isolates. These results contribute to the knowledge of B. cinerea fungicide resistance for table grape vine crops in Central Chile, particularly for the development of multiple-resistance and the associated resistance mechanisms of azoxystrobin, boscalid and fenhexamid-resistant isolate populations. Antiresistance strategies are discussed in a general manner.


Abstract Though litium ceramic materials such as Li2O, LiA1O2, Li2ZrO3, Li4SiO4, and Li2TiO3, are considered as the candidates for breeding materials in the blanket of a D-T fusion reactor, the release behavior of the bred tritium in these solid breeder materials has not been fully understood yet. We have pointed out that it is essential to understand such mass transfer steps as diffusion of tritium in the grain, absorption of water in the bulk of grain, and adsorption of water on the surface of grain, together with two types of isotope exchange reactions for estimation of the tritium inventory in a uniform solid breeder blanket under the steady-state condition. The rate of isotope exchange reaction-1 on Li2TiO3 is quantified in this study, where pebbles of Li2TiO3 from CEA, KHI, and NFI are used. It is observed in this study that the rate of isotope exchange reaction on Li2TiO3 becomes 2∼3 order smaller than other solid breeder materials when it is placed in the hydrogen atmosphere at high temperature. It is also observed that the color of Li2TiO3 changed to black in accordance with decrease of reaction rate. The observation obtained at the release experiment of bred tritium performed in Kyoto University Reactor that chemical form of tritium becomes HTO at the high temperature even when hydrogen of 100 Pa is added to the purge gas can be explained by decrease of isotope exchange reaction rate. Tritium inventory in the Li2TiO3 blanket in various conditions are also discussed in this paper.


The initial stage of liquid phase sintering, involving liquid penetration, agglomerate separation, particle spreading and growth has been investigated in experiments using tungsten heavy alloys. The particle composites used were produced by hot isostatic pressing (HIP) of pure powder mixtures of W-Ni-Fe-(Co). By using different HIP temperatures, volume fractions of tungsten, alloying elements like Cobalt and Sulphur or excluding Iron from the matrix, liquid penetration, agglomerate separation and particle growth conditions were affected. The investigations were performed mainly under microgravity (sounding rockets or parabolic trajectories by airplanes) but at short sintering times or at infiltration of solid tungsten, they were done at normal gravity. The liquid penetration of the tungsten agglomerates is explained by initial wetting under non-equilibrium conditions, due to the reaction between the liquid matrix and the particles, and a decrease of interfacial energy. The dissolving of tungsten gives a pressure drop in the penetrating liquid and a driving force for the liquid movement by a suggested parabolic penetration model. For cold worked tungsten, a penetration theory was proposed, where an internal stress release in the penetrated tungsten grains creates space for the advancing liquid. The spreading of the tungsten agglomerates is explained by an interagglomerate melt swelling due to a Kirkendall effect. The liquid matrix undergoes a volume increase since the diffusion rates of Ni-Fe are higher than for W and initial concentration gradients of W and Ni, Fe exists. The suggested model by Kirkendall is also used for an analysis of the interaction behaviour between solid particles and a solidification front and inclusion behaviour in iron base alloys during teeming and deoxidation. The average tungsten particles size decrease initially since part of the tungsten particles is dissolved when the non-equilibrium matrix phase is melting. When equilibrium is reached, the tungsten particles grow in accordance with the Ostwald ripening process by an approximately 1/3 power law. Larger particle fraction of particles showed a higher growth rate, due to shorter diffusion distances between the particles. Cobalt, sulphur and absence of iron in the matrix were found to increase the growth rate of the tungsten particles due to a higher surface tension between the solid tungsten particles and the matrix melt.


Reflective practice has always been highlighted as an important concept in language teacher education, and quickly became a core component as well as an approach to effective teaching and learning. In terms of teacher education and language training programmes, it has generally been presented as a core component in such courses and has usually been varied in its uses. It also emerged as a crucial aspect in creating quality educators and teachers. However, there has always been a lack of consensus over what reflective practice means, and what it entails in different teaching and learning contexts. This has led to a difficulty in terms understanding how it operates, particularly, in teacher education courses. Based on both the literature underlying this concept and an interest to add to its understanding in the educational field, this paper sheds light on understanding the concept of reflection in the CELTA (Certificate of English language teaching to Adults) course through the eyes of teacher trainees. The study, thus, aims primarily at exploring CELTA trainees' perceptions of the concept and examining how reflection is conceptualised in such a course. To be able to generate meanings, reflection in this study has been looked at using a qualitative research methodology. In this sense, observations during two CELTA courses were conducted. Interviews with the CELTA trainees also took place by the end of each course. Observations were mainly concerned with the teaching practice and the feedback sessions taking place afterwards. Interviews, however, dealt with uncovering participants' views and perceptions of reflection. Both the observations and interviews allowed a closer look at what the participants' views are regarding reflection and as the research progressed, an understanding of how this concept is positioned in the course is generated. Based on the collected data, this paper will be concerned with presenting an initial analysis of the findings and delivering a general account of the participants' understandings of reflection.


Abstract. Glaciological and geodetic methods provide independent observations of glacier mass balance. The glaciological method measures the surface mass balance, on a seasonal or annual basis, whereas the geodetic method measures surface, internal, and basal mass balances, over a period of years or decades. In this paper, we reanalyse the 10 glaciers with long-term mass-balance series in Norway. The reanalysis includes (i) homogenisation of both glaciological and geodetic observation series, (ii) uncertainty assessment, (iii) estimates of generic differences including estimates of internal and basal melt, (iv) validation, and, if needed, (v) calibration of mass-balance series. This study comprises an extensive set of data (484 mass-balance years, 34 geodetic surveys, and large volumes of supporting data, such as metadata and field notes). In total, 21 periods of data were compared and the results show discrepancies between the glaciological and geodetic methods for some glaciers, which are attributed in part to internal and basal ablation and in part to inhomogeneity in the data processing. Deviations were smaller than 0.2 m w.e. a −1 for 12 out of 21 periods. Calibration was applied to 7 out of 21 periods, as the deviations were larger than the uncertainty. The reanalysed glaciological series shows a more consistent signal of glacier change over the period of observations than previously reported: six glaciers had a significant mass loss (14–22 m w.e.) and four glaciers were nearly in balance. All glaciers have lost mass after the year 2000. More research is needed on the sources of uncertainty to reduce uncertainties and adjust the observation programmes accordingly. The study confirms the value of carrying out independent high-quality geodetic surveys to check and correct field observations.


Short bowel syndrome is a condition marked by weight, fluid, and nutrient loss in the absence of adequate small intestine length. In adults this is usually the result of surgical intestinal resection for Crohn's disease, acute bowel infarction, radiation strictures, and adhesive obstruction. Patients with a residual small bowel length of 100 cm (normal 600 cm) or less usually require parenteral nutrition for survival. Prior to the discovery of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) in 1968 by Dudrick and colleagues, patients with short bowel often died as a result of fluid and nutritional deficiency. 2 During the past three decades we have learned that parenteral nutrition can be given in the home environment (home parenteral nutrition (HPN)) with good results. However, there are complications associated with long term HPN which include catheter sepsis, liver injury, and bone disease. Daily administration of HPN also requires dedication and planning by patients with regard to sterile catheter technique and travel away from the usual home environment. HPN can be expensive if given over an extended period of time. Fortunately for some patients, the remaining small intestine undergoes clinically significant structural and functional changes (intestinal adaptation) following surgical resection which may eliminate the need for lifelong TPN. The process of intestinal adaptation can be observed clinically by documentation of weight, fluid, and electrolyte stabilisation. Over a 3–12 month period following resection, patients usually declare their need for lifelong TPN. Various medical and surgical treatments have been attempted over the past 20 years to increase the surface area of the residual small intestine with the aim of increasing fluid and nutrient absorption. Perhaps the most interesting was the published work of Byrne et al in 1995. 5 These investigators treated eight patients with short bowel syndrome who had been dependent on TPN for many years, with human recombinant growth hormone, glutamine, and a high carbohydrate/low fat diet for three weeks. They reported a significant increase in total caloric, carbohydrate, protein, and fluid absorption. However, they found no change in fat absorption however. In a subsequent study using the same treatment, where the end point was discontinuation of TPN rather than nutrient or fluid absorption, they were able to wean 40% of their patients oV TPN. Unfortunately, evaluating only this end point does not directly answer the question of whether the treatment was solely responsible for the positive eVects observed as absorptive studies were not performed. It is possible that these patients were not truly "TPN dependent" and the same results could have been found with conventional treatment alone. These two studies have been criticised for not including a placebo arm and making this method of treatment commercial without more objective data. In this issue of Gut a group of investigators from Copenhagen who have a great deal of experience in short bowel syndrome report their results in eight short bowel patients treated with growth hormone, glutamine, and their usual diet (see page 199). Unlike the previous studies, this was a randomised placebo controlled trial. They did not find a significant increase in fluid or caloric absorption in those patients with and without colons compared with placebo. Their reasons for not choosing to use a high carbohydrate/ low fat diet given their earlier results are not clear. The lack of positive findings compared with the study of Byrne et al may be a reflection of diet and not growth hormone and glutamine. The results of Szkudlarek et al are consistent with the work from our institution using the same experimental design. However, we used a high carbohydrate/low fat diet throughout the study. Although we reported a transient increase in body weight in those treated compared with placebo, we later reported the body composition data in this same group of patients and found that extracellular fluid retention, most likely from growth hormone, was responsible for the eVects observed. Similarly, Szkudlarek et al reported side eVects from extracellular fluid retention in all eight patients. One patient required surgery for severe carpal tunnel syndrome. One observation consistent in this current study as well as in those of Byrne et al and Scolapio et al is that fat absorption was unchanged. I believe this is a good indication that treatment with growth hormone and glutamine has little if any clinical eVect on small bowel absorption. Five years and two randomised controlled studies later, I believe the findings reported by Byrne et al are the result of meticulous dietary counselling and not necessarily those of growth hormone and glutamine.


The purpose of this qualitative multiple participant case study was to understand the impact of a nine month collaborative literacy coaching (CLC) initiative on middle and high school content teachers' sense of efficacy for literacy teaching.  The CLC design used here consisted of a required three-hour weekly cadre session that incorporated brainstorming, implementation and reflection of strategies and routines used.  An after school study group, one-on-one coaching and "field trip" opportunities were available and used as well. Data including transcripts of weekly cadres meetings, individual interviews, and initial and follow-up questionnaires allowed three teachers to describe how the CLC initiative affected them.  Despite varied grade levels taught, experiences, strengths, and weaknesses, each case benefitted from the CLC in unique ways.  Teachers identified particular components of the CLC that impacted efficacy development across all cases: collaboration, resources, time, and coaching.  Indeed, the process of influencing teachers' self-efficacy is complex and idiosyncratic.


In Newfoundland and Labrador schools there is a mode of delivering the curriculum which enables students to experience the world of work while still in high school. Co-operative education is a course of study that gives hands-on-training while connecting school curriculum to work skills. This study investigates the relationship between co-operative education and student educational motivation by investigating five motivational theories. -- The investigation was designed and conducted using a framework based on five theories, namely: B. Weiner's (1990) Attribution Theory, E. L. Deci and R. M. Ryan's (1985a, ) Self-Determination Theory, C. Dweck and E. Elliot's (1988) Goal Theory, M. Covington's (1984) Self-Worth Theory, and A Bandura's Self-Efficacy Theory (1977). One hundred and sixty-nine co-operative education students from twelve high schools on the Avalon Peninsula volunteered to participate in the study. A qualitative methodology was used to conduct the focus group sessions and to analyze the data collected during the sessions. -- The intent of the study was to determine if the co-operative education structure was different than a traditional classroom structure, what effects co-op has on student motivation, which elements of co-operative education influenced student motivation, were the learning experiences at a co-operative education placement different than the learning experiences in a traditional classroom setting, were these differences in the learning experiences due to the program's structure, the co-operative employer or the co-operative teacher. During the investigation the five educational motivational theories' confirmed that co-op was a mode of delivering the curriculum that fostered and enhanced student motivation and that this mode of delivery was structured differently than the traditional classroom activities. The findings confirmed that the co-operative education experiences obtained at the workplace influenced the students' educational motivation. Ninety-seven (57%) of the students reported that the combination of co-op program, the co-op placement and the co-op teacher had the greatest influence on their motivation while fifty-nine (32%) students replied that only the element of co-op placement had the greatest influence on their motivation. The remaining seventeen (11%) co-op students responded that the co-op teacher/monitor had the most influence on their motivation. It became evident during the study that there was a significant relationship between the motivation research and the elements of co-operative education. -- One hundred and sixty-nine students reported that their learning experiences and behaviours were different at the work place than in school and these differences allowed the students to change their attitudes and behaviors towards learning and achieving in school Students reported that they needed to have the same type or similar learning experiences in school. -- One hundred and sixty-two students reported they had a positive learning experience and the seven who disclosed their placement was not a great place to learn did not tell their co-operative teacher because they wanted to stay at the placement for various personal reasons. The students who had a positive learning experiences reported that the reasons were many, however, all students agreed that the following reasons were very important to a positive learning experience: how the teacher/employer taught the tasks and skills, the positive attitudes of their employers and teachers towards students' success/failure, self-worth, self-efficacy, and self determination, and the positive role modeling that was evident by both teachers and employers. It did not matter if the experiences were at the placement with an employer or in the integration sessions with the teacher, what mattered was that the learning experience needed to have teachers/employers that had a positive attitude and a learning environment that fostered confidence, belongingness, value and worth.


Basement gneiss inliers within the Scottish Caledonides have been conventionally correlated with the Archaean Lewisian Gneiss Complex of the Caledonian foreland. Alternatively, the inliers could represent allochthonous terranes accreted to Laurentia before or during the Caledonian orogeny. Secondary ionization mass spectrometry U–Pb zircon dating indicates that the Ribigill, Borgie, Farr and Western Glenelg basement inliers are characterized by late Archaean protolith ages, and a period of isotopic disturbance in the late Palaeoproterozoic. The data are broadly consistent with correlation between the inliers and components of the Lewisian Gneiss Complex of the Caledonian foreland. The c. 2900 Ma protolith ages support correlation of the Borgie and Farr inliers with the Assynt terrane, and a younger, c. 2800 Ma age for the Ribigill inlier supports correlation with the Rhiconich terrane. None of the studied inliers shows a complete match of protolith and early metamorphic histories with any of the Lewisian basement terranes, but differences between the inliers and the foreland are no greater than those recorded within the foreland basement terranes themselves. Therefore, it remains probable that the dated inlier gneisses formed a distal part of the Laurentian margin prior to final telescoping during the Caledonian orogeny.


Grecian foxglove (Digitalis lanata L.) is an ornamental plant rich in cardiac glycosides, which stimulates heart activities and achieves greater attention for propagation through various traditional methods and modern tissue culture using gamma irradiation alone and in combination with polyamines. The recent study aimed to screen and select the effective doses and concentrations of irradiation and polyamines, respectively, for better growth traits of Digitalis lanata. The D. lanata seeds were irradiated with gamma-ray doses (0, 25, 50 grays [Gy]), and the spermidine (SPD) was used with various concentrations (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mg L-1). The results showed the superiority of gamma radiation with a dosage of 50 Gy by achieving the highest average germination rate of 100% (7.10 seeds day-1). In the rooting experiment, results further indicated that the radiation treatment (50 Gy) also excelled over other treatments, giving the highest percentage of rooting and root number, and root length, as well as, fresh and dried weights of root total, with values of 65.80%, 41.18 roots plant-1, 3.83 cm, 1.90 mg, and 0.90 mg, respectively compared with neutral (control) treatment. Concerning the effect of polyamine, the concentration of 1.5 mg L-1 proved to lead by producing the highest percentage of rooting and root number, roots length, as well as, fresh and dried weights of root total, amounting to 73%, 54.18 roots plant-1, 4.21 cm, 2.25 mg, and 1.19 mg, respectively compared with control. Low-dose gamma irradiation affected the seed germination and growth traits of D. lanata. The individual use of spermidine (polyamine) also enhanced the root number and length.


Background HER2/neu (HER2) is a significant prognostic marker for breast carcinomas. Recently, new guidelines defining HER2 genetic heterogeneity (GH) were published by the College of American Pathologists. Aims To determine the prevalence of HER2 GH as defined in primary invasive breast carcinoma, to determine its relationship with prognostic variables and to investigate its impact on concurrent axillary metastasis. Methods 235 consecutive infiltrating breast carcinomas were evaluated for GH (defined as presence of 5–50% of neoplastic cells with HER2/CEP17 ratio >2.2) using fluorescence in situ hybridisation. Pathological features of carcinomas with GH were compared with those lacking GH. GH was also evaluated in a subset of 37 paired primary carcinomas and its concurrent axillary nodal metastases using dual in situ hybridisation. Results HER2 GH was noted in 27% of HER2 negative breast carcinomas. These carcinomas demonstrated aggressive characteristics (larger size, higher grade and greater incidence of lymph node metastasis) in comparison with HER2 negative cases without GH. Higher levels of GH were associated with the equivocal HER2 status. GH was maintained in the concurrent lymph node metastases with some variations; however, two cases with clusters of HER2 amplified cells in the primary carcinoma showed HER2 amplification in the nodal metastasis. Conclusions HER2 GH is present in 27% of breast carcinomas, portends an aggressive phenotype and contributes to the equivocal HER2 status. Evaluation of the HER2 status in nodal metastasis of select primary carcinomas with GH may be beneficial before treatment selection.


The aim of this study was to study the effect of ozonized saline solutions administered intraperitoneally in rabbits suffering from severe acute pancreatitis with infected necrosis. The acute pancreatitis was induced by infusion of sodium taurocholate into the main pancreatic duct and in the next 24 h, a cecal fistula was created to obtain infection of the pancreatic necrosis with intestinal germs. The rabbits were divided into 3 groups of study and each of them underwent continuous peritoneal lavage 2 times a day for 5 days with simple saline (control group), ozonized saline solution 5 mg/L (group A) and respectively ozonized saline solution 9 mg/L processed under an intense electric field (group B). Serum level of C-reactive protein and total peroxides, bacterial content of the peritoneal liquid and tissue specimens from the pancreas and the peripancreatic area were evaluated. Six days after the induction of pancreatitis all surviving animals were sacrificed. Serum levels of C-reactive protein and total peroxides in rabbits treated with ozonized saline solution were significantly lower as compared to those of rabbits belonging to the control group. Regarding bacterial growth, a significant decrease was obtained in the peritoneal liquid or even no bacterial growth in groups A and B. Histological examination of the tissue showed specific pancreatic changes in all the groups, but less expressed in groups A and B. No significant differences were encountered between rabbits treated with different ozone concentrations. Intraperitoneal ozone therapy is effective in the amelioration of acute pancreatitis by means of laboratory analysis and decreased bacterial growths.

 Key words: Severe acute pancreatitis, ozone-therapy, infection of pancreatic necrotic tissues, intense electric fields.


Thermochromic vanadium dioxide (VO2) exhibits a semi-conducting to metallic phase transition at about 68°C, involving strong variations in electrical and optical properties. A simple method was proposed to prepare VO2 thin films from easily gained V2O5 thin films. The detailed thermodynamic calculation was done and the results show that V2O5 will decompose to VO2 when the post annealing temperature reaches 550°C at the atmospheric pressure of less than 0.06Pa. The initial V2O5 films were prepared by sol-gel method on fused-quartz substrates. Different post annealing conditions were studied. The derived VO2 thin film samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The electrical resistance and infrared emissivity of VO2 thin films under different temperatures were measured. The results show that the VO2 thin film derived from the V2O5 thin film annealed at 550°C for 10 hours is pure dioxide of vanadium without other valences. It was observed that the resistance of VO2 thin film with thickness about 600nm can change by 4 orders of magnitude and the 7.5-14μm emissivity can change by 0.6 during the phase transition.


Gentrification, the influx of high-income dwellers into low-income neighborhoods, has in the past decade become a serious cause of concern to low-income tenants in older American cities. Although gentrification has had some positive effects, one important negative effect has been the displacement of existing neighborhood residents. Various schemes have been suggested to combat displacement caused by gentrification. One strategy entails seeking legislative relief in the form of rent control and condominium-conversion laws to directly curb the influx of high-income residents; another makes use of rent vouchers and public housing to ameliorate the effects of displacement. This Article analyzes an alternative strategy: the use of Eviction Free Zones (EFZs) to prevent the displacement of low-income tenants in gentrifying neighborhoods. In contrast to strategies that rely on legislative intervention, the EFZ strategy can be applied directly in the neighborhood, by local community groups and legal services lawyers, through enforcement of the implied warranty of habitability (IWH) and other legal remedies already available to tenants. To create an EFZ, local community groups and legal services lawyers target a neighborhood on the verge of gentrification, and work with tenants to prevent or delay evictions. Their goal is to make eviction a difficult and expensive process for landlords, slow gentrification, and ultimately block displacement. In the long run, the EFZ strategy may benefit poor tenants by maintaining both the quantity and affordability of existing low-income housing. Part I of this Article discusses gentrification and the social problems associated with it. Part II describes the mechanics of the EFZ strategy: the legal tools for preventing evictions, how they are used, and by whom. Part III analyzes, through the use of an economic model, the potential long-run economic impact of the EFZ strategy and discusses, in terms of this model, when and how an EFZ should be put into effect. The Article concludes that Eviction Free Zones can, under certain circumstances, be an effective strategy for community activists and legal services lawyers to combat the destructive effects of


Problem: While agricultural injury has been identified among the major causes of occupational injury mortality and morbidity, data have been limited pertinent to the magnitude, consequences, and potential risk factors for animal-related injuries -a major source of morbidity among agricultural operations. Methods: Demographics, exposure, and injury data were collected for 1999 and 2001 among agricultural households in a five-state region. Causal models facilitated survey design, data analyses, and interpretation of results; directed acyclic graphs guided multivariate modeling. Results: From 7,420 households (84% response of eligible), a total of 5,045 injury events were reported; 1,016 (20.1%) were animal-related. Multivariate analyses revealed increased risks for those < 20 years; residents of all states compared to Minnesota; all age groups compared to 0–4 years; > 0 hours worked; and prior agricultural injury history. For those 20+ years, increased risks were identified for: South Dakota residents; males; > 0 hours worked; and prior agricultural injury history. For those cases < 20 and 20+ years of age, 58% and 46%, respectively, resulted in lost work time on their agricultural operations (31% and 50%, one week or more). Conclusions: Animal-related injury has a major impact on the agricultural industry. Results serve as a basis for interventions and further research. Impact on Industry: The impact of animal-related injuries on the agricultural industry appears significant; among age groups < 20 and 20+, 85% and 82%, respectively, had some resulting restriction. For all events combined, 29% and 30%, respectively, involved restriction from one week to 3+ months; 12% and 15% involved restriction for one month or more. Among those < 20 and 20+ years of age, 58% and 46%, respectively, lost work time on their own agricultural operation as a result of injuries associated with their own operation; 22% and 15% lost one week or more. Moreover, of the non-agriculturerelated injuries, 31% and 50% resulted in lost work time on their own operation; 15% and 28%, respectively, lost one week or more. Restrictions such as these can affect the productivity of the operation, resulting in financial impacts, especially on small operations that have few people to manage the required tasks.


This essay reframes the recovery and canonization of Zora Neale Hurston's novel Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937) in the late 1970s and early 1980s in relation to the US economic restructuring and military invasion of the Caribbean in that same period. Focusing on Paule Marshall's novel Praisesong for the Widow (1983) and Audre Lorde's biomythography Zami (1982), the essay demonstrates how US black feminist literature used Hurston's work as a stimulant and script for representing the Caribbean as a free zone of individual autonomy and desire outside of hegemonic and cultural nationalist gender and sexual binds. By juxtaposing the spatiotemporalities and affects of these fantasies alongside those of Ronald Reagan's speeches and CIA literature produced in the wake of the Grenada invasion, the essay shows how these Hurstonian fantasies of the Caribbean worked to both mask and enable the US government's destruction of Caribbean revolutionary and anticolonial societies in the name of the freedoms and intimacy neoliberal capitalism purported to offer.


BACKGROUND
Measurement of peptide/protein concentrations in biological samples for biomarker discovery commonly uses high-sensitivity mass spectrometers with a surface-processing procedure to concentrate the important peptides. These time-of-flight (TOF) instruments typically have low mass resolution and considerable electronic noise associated with their detectors. The net result is unnecessary overlapping of peaks, apparent mass jitter, and difficulty in distinguishing mass peaks from background noise. Many of these effects can be reduced by processing the signal using standard time-series background subtraction, calibration, and filtering techniques.

METHODS
Surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization (SELDI) spectra were acquired on a PBS II instrument from blank, hydrophobic, and IMAC-Cu ProteinChip arrays (Ciphergen Biosystems, Inc.) incubated with calibration peptide mixtures or pooled serum. TOF data were recorded after single and multiple laser shots at different positions. Correlative analysis was used for time-series calibration. Target filters were used to suppress noise and enhance resolution after baseline removal and noise rescaling.

RESULTS
The developed algorithms compensated for the electronic noise attributable to detector overload, removed the baseline caused by charge accumulation, detected and corrected mass peak jitter, enhanced signal amplitude at higher masses, and improved the resolution by using a deconvolution filter.

CONCLUSIONS
These time-series techniques, when applied to SELDI-TOF data before any peak identification procedure, can improve the data to make the peak identification process simpler and more robust. These improvements may be applicable to most TOF instrumentation that uses analog (rather than counting) detectors.


Aggregators rely on votes, and links to select and present subsets of the large quantity of news and opinion items generated each day. Opinion and topic diversity in the output sets can provide individual and societal benefits, but simply selecting the most popular items may not yield as much diversity as is present in the overall pool of votes and links. In this paper, we define three diversity metrics that address different dimensions of diversity: inclusion, non-alienation, and proportional representation. We then present the Sidelines algorithm – which temporarily suppresses a voter's preferences after a preferred item has been selected – as one approach to increase the diversity of result sets. In comparison to collections of the most popular items, from user votes on Digg.com and links from a panel of political blogs, the Sidelines algorithm increased inclusion while decreasing alienation. For the blog links, a set with known political preferences, we also found that Sidelines improved proportional representation. In an online experiment using blog link data as votes, readers were more likely to find something challenging to their views in the Sidelines result sets. These findings can help build news and opinion aggregators that present users with a broader range of topics and opinions.


The objective of the research was to identify the effect of the concentration of hydrochloric acid (HCl) on yield and the characteristics of gelatin from buffalo hide. A completely randomized design was used with various concentrations of HCl treatment 0.3M, 0.6M, 0.9 M, 1.2 M and 1.5M, and four times replication, followed by least significant difference test. The HCl concentration gave significantly effect (P<0.05) on yield, viscosit y , pH, gel strength and redness of gelatin. The highest yield (29.17%) was obtained at a concentration of HCl 0.9M. The highest gel strength and viscosity at concentration of 1.2M,  were  293.41g  bloom  and  22.17  cp,  respectivel y .  The  pH  of  the  gelatin  were  5.08  to  5.52.  The lightness  level  (L*)  was  6 9.92-70.97,  whereas  the  redness ranged (a*)  from  0.55  to  1.54  and  the  yellowness  ranged  (b*) from 17.54 to 19.59. The moisture, protein and ash concentrations of gelatin were 7.05±0.07-8.92±0.06%, protein content of 83.38±0.06 -91.11±0.03%, and the ash content 0.53 ± 0.04 to 1.23 ± 0.09%, respectively. Based on the spectra absorption of infrared were detected four areas amides: amide A (3402.43-3448.72 cm-1), amide I (1635.65 cm-1), amide II (1527.62 cm-1) and amide III (1242.16 cm-1). The differences in the concentration of HCl had impact on yield, characteristics and secondary structure of buffalo hide gelatin. The HCl concentration at 0.9M was the optimum condition to obtain the highest yield. The characteristics of buffalo hide gelatin after pretreatment using hydrochloric acid had met the standards of GMIA (2012) .


This study analyses the samples collected annually (2012 to 2018) on circalittoral and bathyal soft bottoms (30 to 800 m) by the MEDITS surveys in the northern Alboran Sea (including Alboran Island) and the Gulf of Vera to determine the composition, structure and distribution of decapod crustacean assemblages. A total of 94 decapod crustacean species were identified. Non-metric multidimensional scaling showed depth to be the main factor for distinguishing four main decapod assemblages: the inner shelf (30-100 m depth), outer shelf (101-200 m), upper slope (201-500 m) and middle slope (501-800 m). PERMANOVA analyses revealed further significant depth-related differences between three established geographical sectors of the study area (northern Alboran Sea, Gulf of Vera and Alboran Island). Generalized additive model analyses were used to assess the bathymetrical, geographical and environmental effects on the ecological indices of each assemblage. Results showed that depth and the geographical effect were the main drivers in all cases. Decreases in abundance and increases in species richness, Shannon-Wiener diversity and Pielou's evenness indices with depth were detected. This study shows the primacy of depth and geographical effect on the distribution of decapod species in the study area, in alignment with findings from other parts of the Mediterranean Sea.


In this paper I shed light on the multi-purposive nature of debates in the European Parliament. As a case in point, I examine a debate on immigration in the wake of a migratory crisis in the Italian island of Lampedusa in early 2011. I analyze the points of view argued for by MEPs, aiming at identifying the different institutional goals that are typically pursued and characterizing the ways in which these goals shape the argumentative exchanges. The link between the multiple goals communicators have and the discourse choices they make can be assumed on the basis of previous research (see Craig 1990; Jacobs et al. 1991; Tracy 1984; Tracy and Coupland 1990). In line with the pragma-dialectical view of argumentative discourse taking place in the context of more or less institutionalized argumentative activity types (van Eemeren 2010), institutional goals are understood as those goals that can be attributed to arguers on the basis of the type of activity in which they are engaged. In identifying the institutional goals, I follow Craig (1986, 1990) and consider not only goals which are intentional, formal, and directly responsible for a certain discourse choice, but also goals which are functional, strategic, and only indirectly responsible for discourse choices. The analysis shows that the MEPs pursued three kinds of goals: goals that are 1) assigned to them by the occasion of the debate; 2) related to the powers of Parliament; and 3) associated with the different identities they assume in Parliament. While the pursuit of the occasion-related and powers-related goals gave rise to multiple simultaneous discussions, the pursuit of the identity-related goals guided the MEPs' choices and formulations in these discussions.


Information workers are often involved in multiple tasks and activities that they must perform in parallel or in rapid succession. In consequence, task management itself becomes yet another task that information workers need to perform in order to get the rest of their work done. Recognition of this problem has led to research on task management systems, which can help by allowing fast task switching, fast task resumption, and automatic task identification. In this paper we focus on the latter: we tackle the problem of automatically detecting the tasks that the user is involved in, by identifying which of the windows on the user's desktop are related to each other. The underlying assumption is that windows that belong to the same task share some common properties with one another that we can detect from data. We will refer to this problem as the task assignment problem.To address this problem, we have built a prototype named Swish that: (1) constantly monitors users' desktop activities using a stream of windows events; (2) logs and processes this raw event stream, and (3) implements two criteria of window "relatedness", namely the semantic similarity of their titles, and the temporal closeness in their access patterns.In addition to describing the Swish prototype in detail, we validate it with 4 hours of user data, obtaining task classification accuracies of about 70%. We also discuss our plans on including Swish in a number of intelligent user interfaces and future lines of research.


Australia's extraordinary contribution to World War I extended well beyond its military forces to the expertise of its universities and professional men and women. Scientists and engineers oversaw the manufacture of munitions and the development of chemical weapons. Doctors sustained soldiers in the trenches, and treated the physically and psychologically damaged. Public servants, lawyers and translators were employed in the war bureaucracy, while artists and writers found new modes to convey the trauma of war. The graduates and staff of Australia's six universities-Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide, Tasmania, Queensland and Western Australia and Queensland-were involved in this expansion of expertise. But what did these men and women do after the guns were silenced? How were the professions and universities transformed by the immediate and longer-term impacts of the war? The First World War, the Universities and the Professions examines how the technical and conceptual advances that occurred during World War I transformed Australian society. It traces the evolving role of universities and their graduates in the 1920s and 1930s, the increasing government validation of research, the expansion of the public service, and the rise of modern professional associations and international networks. While the war contributed to greater specialisations in traditional professions such as teaching or medicine, it also stimulated new jobs and training-whether in economics, anthropology or graphic art. This volume provides a new account of the interwar years that places knowledge and expertise at the heart of the Australian story. Its four sections-The Medical Sciences; Science and Technology; Humanities, Social Sciences and Teaching; and The Arts: Design, Music and Writing-highlight how World War I disrupted and shaped the careers of individuals as well as the development of Australian society and institutions.


The choice of the sediment size fraction in the analysis of fossil planktonic foraminifera is of
great importance in determining the composition of assemblages. In past studies several size
fractions have been utilised. Imbrie and Kipp (1971) stated that "smaller fractions give rise to too
many uncertainties in the identification of small specimens and require too long to process. Large
mesh size yield undesiderable loss of small species, and small specimens of larger species". The
adoption of coarser sieve meshes has the effect to reduce the percentages of small sized (usually
living in cold waters) species (Be and Hutson, 1977). In a comparison between >63 μm and >150
μm size-fraction of planktonic foraminifera assemblages from NW Atlantic Ocean, Smart (2002),
stated that because particular smaller species are either under-represented or even absent from the
larger (>150 μm) size-fraction, the smaller (>63 μm) size-fraction must be included in studies of
planktonic foraminifera. Di Donato et al. (2008) highlighted in the >150 μm size fraction of a core
from the Tyrrhenian Sea, a great loss of the small-sized species Turborotalita quinqueloba in glacial
samples, where this species is very abundant. This caused an increase in warm water species such as
Globigerinoides ruber, apparently reaching typical Holocene values in some full glacial levels.
From the above mentioned statements, it is clear that treatment changes can strongly influence the
results of palaeoclimatic reconstructions based on planktonic foraminiferal assemblages.
As stated by Aitchison (1986, 1992) scale invariance and subcompositional coherence are
fundamental properties of the compositional data analysis (CODA). The main goal of this paper is
to verify if the variable relationships pointing out from CODA of foraminiferal assemblages are or
not influenced by the size fraction and, more in general, to test the robustness of CODA respect to
treatment changes related to different preparation techniques for the analysis of planktonic
foraminifera


Silky sharks (Carcharhinus falciformis) represent a major component of global shark catch, both directly and as bycatch, and populations are declining as a result. An improved understanding of their movement ecology is needed to support conservation efforts. We deployed satellite and acoustic tags (2013–2018) and analyzed historical fisheries records (1997–2009), to investigate the spatial ecology of silky sharks in the central Indian Ocean and a large Marine Protected Area (MPA; 640,000 km2) around the Chagos Archipelago. We observed high fidelity to the MPA, and a sustained diurnal association with a seamount complex, with individuals moving off at night and returning at sunrise. Yet, we also observed large-scale divergent movements in two satellite tagged individuals and documented the furthest recorded displacement distance for a satellite tagged silky shark to date, with one individual moving from the MPA to the Kenyan coast—a displacement distance of 3,549 km (track distance ∼4,782 km). Silky sharks undertook diel vertical migrations and oscillatory diving behavior, spending > 99% of their time in the top 100 m, and diving to depths of greater than 300 m, overlapping directly with typical deployments of purse seine and longline sets in the Indian Ocean. One individual was recorded to a depth of 1,112 m, the deepest recorded silky shark dive to date. Individuals spent 96% of their time at liberty within water temperatures between 24 and 30°C. Historic fisheries data revealed that silky sharks were a major component of the shark community around the archipelago, representing 13.69% of all sharks caught by longlines before the fishery closed in 2010. Over half (55.88%) of all individuals caught by longlines and purse seiners were juveniles. The large proportion of juveniles, coupled with the high site fidelity and residence observed in some individuals, suggests that the MPA could provide considerable conservation benefits for silky sharks, particularly during early life-history stages. However, their high mobility potential necessitates that large MPAs need to be considered in conjunction with fisheries regulations and conservation measures in adjacent EEZs and in areas beyond national jurisdiction.


Introduction: After cellulose, lignin represents the most abundant biopolymer on earth that accounts for up to 18-35 % by weight of lignocellulose biomass. Today, it is a by-product of the paper and pulping industry. Although lignin is available in huge amounts, mainly in form of so called black liquor produced via Kraft-pulping, processes for the valorization of lignin are still limited [1]. Due to its hyperbranched polyphenol-like structure, lignin gained increasing interest as biobased building block for polymer synthesis [2]. The present work is focused on extraction and purification of lignin from industrial black liquor and synthesis of lignin-based polyurethanes.


Winckelmann's thought and writing are routinely acknowledged to have had a profound influence on the artistic practices of the half-century after his death, known under the label 'Neoclassicism'. Standard accounts of modernism in the arts, however, assume that this influence came to an abrupt end around 1815. According to such accounts, the anti-classical reaction that followed the Battle of Waterloo and the demise of Neoclassicism was itself a motive force in the generation of modern art and modernism. This paper argues, on the contrary, that Winckelmann's ideas not only remained relevant, but gained in power through the generations after the fall of Napoleon. Mediated by critics and artists among whom Walter Pater and Frederic Leighton serve as the principal examples, Winckelmann's thought made a decisive contribution to twentieth-century modernism. In particular, the articulation in both criticism and artistic practice of ideas about classical form, indebted to Winckelmann, had a subtler and more complex impact on the modernist doctrine of 'formalism' than literary or art historians have acknowledged. A renewed attention to classical form will help future scholars to write a more nuanced account of modernism in the visual arts. More importantly, it will call attention to artistic projects that have been excluded from histories of modern art due to reductive assumptions that classicism and modernism are inherently contradictory. The paper concentrates on Frederic Leighton as a case study of an artist whose historical importance and aesthetic merit have been occluded by reductive thinking of this kind.


Scheduling is often a difficult task specially in complex systems. Few tools are targeted at both modeling and scheduling of the systems. In controller synthesis, a scheduler is seen as a controller to
manage shared resources and timing requirements of a system. This paper proposes a time Petri net-based approach for controller synthesis and finding a scheduler using stopwatch. The solution suggested
here is particularly interesting for preemptive scheduling purposes. This paper deals with time Petri nets with controllable and uncontrollable transitions and assumes that a controllable transition can be suspended and retrieved when necessary. In fact, the paper supposes that every controllable transition can be associated with stopwatch. With this hypothesis, the objective is to model a system by time Petri nets and calculate subintervals where the system violates the given property. Then, the controller associates the corresponding controllable transitions with stopwatch to suspend them in their bad subintervals. The interesting advantage of this solution is that this approach synthesizes an ordinary time Petri net model before adding stopwatch. Therefore, complicated computations and overapproximations required during controller synthesis of time Petri nets associated
with stopwatch are avoided.


Flow‐based approaches to solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) have been pursued since the method's early days, with anticipated gains in speed, reaction monitoring, and ease of automation. Here, we discuss how these advantages are being realized by synthesis at elevated temperature, facilitated by a 'preheat/activation' loop. This important modification both accelerates peptide synthesis—providing a wealth of new data from in‐line monitoring—and in conjunction with an optimized protocol, extends the length of peptides routinely accessible by stepwise synthesis. Streamlined synthesis of longer peptides will address a major challenge in chemical protein synthesis: preparation of peptide segments for use in chemical ligation. The context of recent results in flow‐based SPPS is discussed, highlighting remaining challenges and future opportunities.


Using representative and geocoded data from the Swiss Household Panel and the Swiss Business Census, we estimate the effect of sports activity on health care utilization and health. Because sports activity is likely correlated with unobserved determinants of health care utilization and health, we use the number of sports facilities within 6 miles of the individual's residence as an instrument. We find that doing sports at least once a week significantly reduces the number of doctor visits, overweight and sleeping problems. The magnitudes of these effects are larger in the IV estimations than in OLS estimations, which are biased toward zero due to reporting errors in sports activity and an omitted variable bias. To know the magnitudes of the causal effects is crucial for any kind of cost-benefit analysis of promoting individual sports activity.


Superhydrophobic surfaces generate very high contact angles as a result of their microstructure. The impact of a water drop on such a surface shows unusual features, such as total rebound at low impact speed. We report experimental and numerical investigations of the impact of approximately spherical water drops. The axisymmetric free surface problem, governed by the Navier–Stokes equations, is solved numerically with a front-tracking marker-chain method on a square grid. Experimental observations at moderate velocities and capillary wavelength much less than the initial drop radius show that the drop evolves to a staircase pyramid and eventually to a torus. Our numerical simulations reproduce this effect. The maximal radius obtained in numerical simulations precisely matches the experimental value. However, the large velocity limit has not been reached experimentally or numerically. We discuss several complications that arise at large velocity: swirling motions observed in the cross-section of the toroidal drop and the appearance of a thin film in the centre of the toroidal drop. The numerical results predict the dry-out of this film for sufficiently high Reynolds and Weber numbers. When the drop rebounds, it has a top-heavy shape. In this final stage, the kinetic energy is a small fraction of its initial value.


The temporal relationship between meltwater pulse 1a (mwp-1a) and the climate history of the last deglaciation remains a subject of debate. By combining the Greenland Ice Core Project d18O ice core record on the new Greenland ice core chronology 2005 timescale with the U/Th-dated Barbados coral record, we conclusively derive that mwp-1a did not coincide with the sharp Bolling warming but instead with the abrupt cooling of the Older Dryas. To evaluate whether there is a relationship between meltwater injections, North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) formation, and climate change, we present a high-resolution record of NADW flow intensity from Eirik Drift through the last deglaciation. It indicates only a relatively minor 200-year weakening of NADW flow, coincident with mwp-1a. Our compilation of records also indicates that during Heinrich event 1 and the Younger Dryas there were no discernible sea level rises, and yet these periods were characterized by intense NADW slowdowns/shutdowns. Clearly, deepwater formation and climate are not simply controlled by the magnitude or rate of meltwater addition. Instead, our results emphasize that the location of meltwater pulses may be more important, with NADW formation being particularly sensitive to surface freshening in the Arctic/Nordic Seas.


To quantify the effects of photochemistry on the biological lability of dissolved organic carbon in a terrestrially influenced system, a quarterly sampling effort was undertaken at three estuarine locations along the coast of Georgia, producing a total of 15 apparent quantum yield (AQY) spectra for biologically labile products (BLPs). Prefiltered samples were irradiated and then inoculated with natural microbial communities isolated from the same sample. Oxygen consumption was used as a proxy for community carbon utilization over 10–12 d dark incubations. Seasonal microbial response to irradiated samples ranged from ‒21% to +155% relative to dark controls. AQY spectral shapes were not consistent over the data set, nor were there any apparent patterns in season or location. Progressive photon dose experiments showed that increasing irradiation length strongly decreased the total biolabile product as assayed with microbial community oxygen consumption, as well as altering the spectral shape of the AQY spectra. A conceptual model is presented to explain this dependence on photon dose, by illustrating the competition between the photochemical production and photochemical destruction of BLPs. The varying dependence on photon dose is fundamentally different from published results for other photochemical products and further complicates attempts to quantify the total effect of photochemistry on organic carbon cycles in natural environments.


Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is among the pulse's species of greatest economic and social importance. This legume is strategic for the food security and health of millions of people in the world. Cowpea is rich in nutraceuticals compounds such as dietary fibre, antioxidants and polyunsaturated fatty acids and polyphenols, whose health benefits and use in the food industry have been extensively studied. However, research on the identification of functional proteins from cowpea, their metabolic functions and applications in the food, health and other industries are still scarce. In this chapter, a critical review of the most recent and important research about functional cowpea proteins. We objective was identify and systematize information about the nature and functions of these proteins, as well as their use and applications in food, health and other industries. Cowpea seed proteins are highly versatile and offer direct health benefits such as reducing the incidence of cardiovascular disease and some types of cancer. The proteins of cowpea are also used in material science for the development of new technologies such as development of special fabrics for protection against ultraviolet rays and microencapsulation of ascorbic acid.


Objective The Genetic Absence Epilepsy Rats from Strasbourg (GAERS) are an inbreed Wistar rat strain widely used as a model of genetic generalised epilepsy with absence seizures. As in humans, the genetic architecture that results in genetic generalized epilepsy in GAERS is poorly understood. Here we present the strain-specific variants found among the epileptic GAERS and their related Non-Epileptic Control (NEC) strain. The GAERS and NEC represent a powerful opportunity to identify neurobiological factors that are associated with the genetic generalised epilepsy phenotype. Methods We performed whole genome sequencing on adult epileptic GAERS and adult NEC rats, a strain derived from the same original Wistar colony. We also generated whole genome sequencing on four double-crossed (GAERS with NEC) F2 selected for high-seizing (n = 2) and non-seizing (n = 2) phenotypes. Results Specific to the GAERS genome, we identified 1.12 million single nucleotide variants, 296.5K short insertion-deletions, and 354 putative copy number variants that result in complete or partial loss/duplication of 41 genes. Of the GAERS-specific variants that met high quality criteria, 25 are annotated as stop codon gain/loss, 56 as putative essential splice sites, and 56 indels are predicted to result in a frameshift. Subsequent screening against the two F2 progeny sequenced for having the highest and two F2 progeny for having the lowest seizure burden identified only the selected Cacna1h GAERS-private protein-coding variant as exclusively co-segregating with the two high-seizing F2 rats. Significance This study highlights an approach for using whole genome sequencing to narrow down to a manageable candidate list of genetic variants in a complex genetic epilepsy animal model, and suggests utility of this sequencing design to investigate other spontaneously occurring animal models of human disease.


Background: Professional appearance contributes to first impression. Attire and appearance could be subject to cultural sensitivity. Moreover, they also could be perceived differently according to gender and pediatric practice. Attires have to be less intimidating and child friendly in pediatric dentistry. Parents harbor conscious and unconscious biases when it comes to the clinical demeanor of dental staff in a hospital. Dental staff needs to focus on their attire which would help in building quick rapport and trust in children and parents. This study portrays the perceptions of parents towards the dental staff in pediatric department in a hospital. Aims and objective: To assess parental attitudes towards dental assistant attire, to find out effect of positive changes that would make children and their parents more comfortable. Methodology: Data was collected using a validated questionnaire from 101 parents attending the Department of Pediatric Dentistry. Results: This study revealed that parents place a great deal of emphasis on dental staff attire. Parents mainly favored formal attire as they believed in "targeted attire to improve likelihood of rapport" (TAILOR). Parent's ranked multicolored apron with buttons closed with the name tags on the left side. They preferred the male assistants to be clean shaven and females to have tied hair and groomed nails with minimal accessories. 89% of the parents felt that assistants could play the role of oral educators. Conclusion: The results obtained from this study can help dental staff decide what is appropriate to wear in pediatric dental clinic so as to minimize anxiety and improve delivery of health care. Professionalism is multi-factorial and is vital in engendering a way of comfort and confidence during treatment. The nonverbal communication attributed to an attire/appearance can play a major role in the child-dentist relationship. Making small changes in one's appearance can have a big impact on decreasing the anxiety levels of the child.


Part of the increasing burden of climate change can be attributed to the increase of the population with high susceptibility to environmental challenges, due to population ageing trend worldwide. This implies that the pool of population with an age-related decline of physiological reserve capacity, deteriorated immune system response, and reduced cognitive capacity is increasing. Therefore, in order to cope with the upcoming challenges of environmental deterioration and climate change, it is necessary to enhance the adaptive capacity of the society. This involves improving our understanding of the influence of environmental factors in the health of the population, and the susceptibility of population subgroups, such as the elderly. In this thesis I examined some of the most urgent health issues that potentially will affect the susceptibility of elderly population under the upcoming challenges of climate change. This includes the seasonal variation of lifestyle factors, cardiovascular risk factors, cognition, and antibiotic resistance and exposure to air pollution.
The objectives of this thesis was first, to examine the seasonal variation and explored potential underlying mechanisms of seasonality of lifestyle factors, cardiovascular risk factors, and cognition in the Rotterdam Study; as well as the seasonality of antibiotic resistance using a systematic review of the literature. Second, to examine the exposure to air pollution according to mode of transport in two systematic reviews and to describe the estimation and preliminary findings of the exposure to air pollution among a population-based cohort of adult participants living in the Ommoord district in Rotterdam.
The burden of the seasonal variation of cardiovascular risk factors, insulin resistance, antimicrobial resistance, and cognition is expected to increase, as the susceptibility of the population to environmental deterioration and changes in daily temperature rises, as a consequence of population aging trend. This trend will increase the pool of population with declined physiological reserve capacity, deteriorated immune system response, and reduced cognitive capacity. Therefore, to improve the adaptive capacity of the society to climate change, it is urgently
needed to understand the mechanisms underlying the seasonal variation of these health outcomes. Additionally, it is suggested that promoting the shift from motorized to active commuting may help to increase the levels of physical activity of the population as well as to reduce the traffic-related pollution, such as air pollution and noise. Nevertheless, stakeholders need to account for the risks associated to commuting actively, such as higher inhalation of air pollution, in order to improve safety. Futures studies based on our estimations of air pollution exposure in a large population-based cohort of participants living in Rotterdam will help to elucidate the health effects of traffic-related air pollution exposure in an aging population


Aim To explore the effects of exercise (water-based or land-based) and/or manual therapies on pain in adults with clinically and/or radiographically diagnosed hip osteoarthritis (OA). Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed, with patient reported pain assessed using a visual analogue scale (VAS) or the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) pain subscale. Data were grouped by follow-up time (0–3 months=short term; 4–12 months=medium term and; >12 months=long term), and standardised mean differences (SMD) with 95% CIs were used to establish intervention effect sizes. Study quality was assessed using modified PEDro scores. Results 19 trials were included. Four studies showed short-term benefits favouring water-based exercise over minimal control using the WOMAC pain subscale (SMD −0.53, 95% CI −0.96 to −0.10). Six studies supported a short-term benefit of land-based exercise compared to minimal control on VAS assessed pain (SMD −0.49, 95% CI −0.70 to −0.29). There were no medium (SMD −0.23, 95% CI −0.48 to 0.03) or long (SMD −0.22, 95% CI −0.51 to 0.06) term benefits of exercise therapy, or benefit of combining exercise therapy with manual therapy (SMD −0.38, 95% CI −0.88 to 0.13) when compared to minimal control. Conclusions Best available evidence indicates that exercise therapy (whether land-based or water-based) is more effective than minimal control in managing pain associated with hip OA in the short term. Larger high-quality RCTs are needed to establish the effectiveness of exercise and manual therapies in the medium and long term.


This article proposes a 7E model of the human mind, which was developed within the cognitive paradigm in religious studies and its primary expression, the Cognitive Science of Religion (CSR). This study draws on the philosophically most sophisticated currents in the cognitive sciences, which have come to define the human mind through a 4E model as embodied, embedded, enactive, and extended. Introducing Catherine Malabou's concept of "plasticity," the study not only confirms the insight of the 4E model of the self as a decentered system, but it also recommends two further traits of the self that have been overlooked in the cognitive sciences, namely the negativity of plasticity and the tension between giving and receiving form. Finally, the article matures these philosophical insights to develop a concrete model of the religious mind, equipping it with three further Es, namely emotional, evolved, and exoconscious.


Using state-level variation in the timing of political reforms, we find that an increase in female representation in local government induces a large and significant rise in documented crimes against women in India. Our evidence suggests that this increase is good news, driven primarily by greater reporting rather than greater incidence of such crimes. In contrast, we find no increase in crimes against men or gender-neutral crimes. We also examine the effectiveness of alternative forms of political representation: large scale membership of women in local councils affects crime against them more than their presence in higher level leadership positions.


This article explores the antecedents of Americans' perceptions of global threat, which may influence people's policy preferences and ultimately public policy. Three predictors of global threat perceptions are in focus: news media use, global knowledge and global experience. Using the 2004 Survey of Attitudes and Global Engagement, it is discovered that media use best explains global threat perceptions, but its impact is largely conditional on the characteristics of the individual and on the type of threat.


The complex relationship between Syria and Lebanon is the political fulcrum of the Middle East, and has dominated headlines since the withdrawal of French colonial forces from the Levant in 1943. One of the great paradoxes of this relationship is how two such very different political systems emerged in what many Syrian and Lebanese people see as one society. At the time of independence, it was assumed that only the divide-and-rule strategies of foreign powers kept the Arab peoples artificially separated. In this major new book, Youssef Chaitani examines how, despite the prevalence of Arab nationalism and the regression of imperial interference, Syria and Lebanon became more divided, rather than more integrated in the post-independence period. Drawing on untapped sources from the archives of Western foreign offices and the local press, Chaitani uncovers the strategies and motivations of both countries' elites during this period, and produces conclusions which have major implications for our understanding of Arab nationalism, as well as the complexities of the Syrian-Lebanese relationship.


ABSTRACT Gas distribution mapping (GDM) learns models of the spatial distribution of gas concentrations across 2D/3D environments, among others, for the purpose of localizing gas sources. GDM requires run-time robot positioning in order to associate measurements with locations in a global coordinate frame. Most approaches assume that the robot has perfect knowledge about its position, which does not necessarily hold in realistic scenarios. We argue that the simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) algorithm should be used together with GDM to allow operation in an unknown environment. This paper proposes an SLAM-GDM approach that combines Hector SLAM and Kernel DM + V through a map merging technique. We argue that Hector SLAM is suitable for the SLAM-GDM approach since it does not perform loop closure or global corrections, which in turn would require to re-compute the gas distribution map. Real-time experiments were conducted in an environment with single and multiple gas sources. The results showed that the predictions of gas source location in all trials were often correct to around 0.5–1.5 m for the large indoor area being tested. The results also verified that the proposed SLAM-GDM approach and the designed system were able to achieve real-time operation. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT


This book focuses on the current legal protection for agricultural biotechnological inventions in Europe, the U.S. and Malaysia. It has been a subject of debate whether plants and agricultural biotechnological inventions which includes plants, transgenic plants and plant varieties, can be the subject of patent protection, in addition to or as an alternative to the protection afforded by plant variety rights. Biotechnological patents have been criticized for granting an excessive scope of protection to proprietors, whereas plant variety rights have been slighted for not providing enough protection. The book incorporates the deliberation on the current system as practised in Malaysia, the interface between the patent regime and plant variety rights over agricultural biotechnological inventions as there are possible overlaps between the two systems, notwithstanding the exclusivity of protection of plant varieties under the plant variety right system. The author looks at the prospect for Malaysia as a developing country to enhance its current IPRs framework and legislation in order to develop its agricultural biotechnology industry.


Narrative AI needs to model more than just action. In this paper, we investigate the Belief-Desire-Intention (BDI) agent architecture to allow plots to be modelled in terms of character motivation. This allows authors to focus on elements of the character model which are highly relevant to plot. We describe an extended implementation of the ConGolog agent programming language which includes BDI syntax and semantics. Using this language, we provide an example of how plot could be advantageously modelled in terms of character motivation.


Research in bioethics largely relies on interviews and surveys, which engage participants with scenarios that are distal in time and place to an actual situation. However, context and embodiment are relevant to moral decision-making. Due to the potential to immerse participants in a simulated environment, purpose-built games and scenarios might prove valuable as empirical tools. As a case study of gamifying bioethics, we describe the co-design and implementation of "What Lies Ahead?", a digital role-play scenario for research with adolescents. "What Lies Ahead?" engages young people with ethical issues related to predictive technologies in psychiatry. As preliminary evidence of the validity of this gamified approach, we report qualitative results suggesting that the role-play was immersive, and elicited authentic responses and reflective thinking in adolescent participants. Even though application of game-play mechanics is rare in bioethics, we find digital role-play to be a powerful tool that collects data through real-time, realistic scenarios.


By the end of the twentieth century, a subfield of anthropology known as critical development studies emerged in large part due to the work of James Ferguson and Arturo Escobar as a critique of post-colonial development programs and NGOs of the West that were at work in much of the developing world most notably sub-Saharan Africa. Development was largely panned by these early researchers as a means by which Western powers habituated problems in the developing world so as to create a profitable industry of development. Contemporary anthropological inquiries have called for an increasingly field-based approach to the study of development so as to better understand how development organizations are managed and regarded in their host communities. Many anthropologists such as Gardner, Lewis, and Mosse argue that organizations which successfully integrate into their communities and actively seek local perspectives and participation are more likely to defy post-colonial anthropological stereotypes about development organizations. This paper adds to a growing literature on these organizations by examining the role that one small community based organization (CBO) is playing in a predominately black township of Durban, South Africa. The Umkhumbane Schools Project (USP) is an American-South African joint program aimed at improving mathematics and science scores among underserved high school youth in five secondary schools in Cato Manor Township. An examination of the problems schools face in Cato Manor, the structure and history of USP, and perspectives on the program's success reveal that the organization has integrated within Cato Manor as it continues with mixed results to create key participatory roles for South African educators, students, parents, and community members. This paper explores the challenges CBOs face in implementing their programs and grapples with how to define and measure CBO success all while attempting to move anthropological exploration of development beyond critique and towards an increasingly qualitative measure for understanding the humanity of development.


Traditional addiction studies have focused specifically on the use of chemical substances, while more recent studies have begun to focus on behavioral processes. Process addiction is an addiction to a natural and in many cases essential behavior such as eating and sex. Acquired continued and compulsive overeating is one process addiction similar to other activities or behaviors, such as excessive video gaming, pathological gambling, hyper-sexuality or excessive internet use where the addict shows loss of control, an inability to stop or modify the activity, and a range of signs and symptoms that can be as debilitating as those associated with substance abuse or addiction. Individuals with process addiction would meet criteria for addiction if their substance of abuse was considered a drug. They present characteristics like other addicts, have a chronic and relapsing course and often the addiction leaves them with loss of health, happiness and a difficulty treating the disease. Gambling has been the least contentious process addiction and will appear in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Food and sex have been the most difficult for the field to consider as addictions. However, food may have the clearest, long-standing scientific research behind it. In this review, we provide a summary of the literature on process (behavior) addictions and a discussion of food addiction, as well as pathological gambling and internet addiction disorder.


Introduction: Diarrhoea is the second most common cause of deaths among children less than 5 years of age (15%) and half of the cases occur from 6 to 12 months of age. Deaths among hospitalised children, are mostly among the malnurished, demanding urgent diagnostic, therapeutic and nutritional intervention. Aim: To sensitise practicing pediatricians about such double dangers as high index of suspicion helps in early diagnosis and prompt intervention. Case: Eight month old baby presented with acute gastroenteritis (AGE) for 2 days. Exclusively breast-ded upto 6 monts of age. The child was treated with WHO recommended standard of care for AD such as oral rehydration solution (ORS), Zinc and usual complimentary feeds, including formula milk which the baby was on for last 2 months. Did show some initial improvemnt but worsened by week end; with large explossive stools, abdominal distension and perianal excoriation. Managed as secondary lactose intolerance post-viral AGE. Cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA) was thought unlikely in absence of any history of diarrhoea despite top feeds. Continued Zinc and complimentary feeding, but replaced formula milk with soy based feed. Th baby improved over next 4 days, started gaining weight and was discharged. Conclusion: Formula-fed infants with secondary lactose intolerance, when changed to lactose-free diet, may have early resolution of diarrhea and less scope of treatment failure. Being cheaper, Soy is considered a better alternative for short-term use in selected cases in developing countries as ours.


An F, population, derived from an intraspecific cross between twoAlstroemeria aurea accessions, was used to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) involved in ornamental and morphological characteristics. One QTL for leaf length was mapped on linkage group three of both parents near marker E+ACCT/M+CGCA-I165 explaining 20% and 14.8% phenotypic variation. Two putative QTL were detected on leaf width on A002-3 and A002-6. One QTL and three putative QTL, involved in the leaf length/width ratio were identified accounting for 46.7% of the phenotypic variance in total. Significant interaction was observed between two QTL, S+AC/M+ACT-I162 and S+AC/M+AGA-1465 in a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). For the main color of the flower one QTL and putative QTL accounted for up to 60% of phenotypic variance suggesting simple genetic control of flower color. A two-way ANOVA of these QTL suggested an epistatic interaction. A QTL was detected for color of the inner side of outer lateral tepal with 26.5% of the phenotypic variance explained. This QTL was also associated with main color of the flower just below the 95% threshold value. Two QTL were detected with the Kruskal-Wallis test for the tip color of inner lateral tepal near QTL for other flower color traits. Consequently flower color traits were significantly correlated. A QTL and a putative QTL for the flower size was mapped near marker E+ACCG/ M+CGCT-I193 and E+ACCG/M+CGCG-197, respectively. One putative QTL was detected for the stripe width of the inner lateral tepal.


Proponents of Basic Needs Theory (BNT; Deci & Ryan, 2002) contend that the mechanism underpinning psychological well-being is the fulfillment of basic psychological needs with their fulfillment addressed in an independent (Deci & Ryan, 2002) or balanced manner (Sheldon & Niemiec, 2006). The purpose of this investigation was to explore the associations between the fulfillment of basic psychological needs and two forms of psychological well-being, namely hedonic and eudaimonic indices. Employing purposive sampling and a cross-sectional design, collegiate volleyball players (N = 219; nfemales = 127) completed a battery of self-report instruments assessing psychological need satisfaction and well-being toward the mid-to-end portion oftheir competitive season. Aligned with BNT (Deci & Ryan, 2002) tenets and study hypotheses, results demonstrated that basic psychological need fulfillment was associated with psychological well-being in the context of volleyball. Albeit minimal, balanced need fulfillment was generally predictive of well-being indices beyond independent need contributions with suppressor effects noted. In sum, the results of the present investigation generally coincide with previous sport based BNT (e.g., Reinboth & Duda, 2006) and balanced need satisfaction (e.g., Sheldon & Niemiec, 2006) literature. Additional BNT support has been garnished and suggests that the fulfillment of the basic psychological needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness may be targeted as the mechanisms to facilitate athletes' psychological well-being. Along with Ryan and Deci's (2007) recommendations, the outcomes of this investigation highlight the need for further empirical study ofBNT's tenets in the realm of sport including assessments of balanced need satisfaction as well as varied hedonic and eudaimonic indices.