As numerical simulations in mixing become pervasive, an analysis of errors becomes crucial. Purposely discretized examples with exact analytical solutions provide a reference point from which to judge the soundness of numerical solutions. Three types of errors are identified and examined: discretization, time integration, and round-off, with emphasis on the first two. Theoretical derivations and numerical examples for 2-D, steady (regular) and time-periodic (chaotic) flows indicate that errors, in general, behave as material lines. In regular flows, their magnitude increases, on the average, with at most t{sup 2}, while in chaotic flows it increases exponentially. Errors tend to align with the direction of the streamlines in regular flows and with manifolds in chaotic flows. As a result, even though exact and calculated trajectories diverge exponentially fast in chaotic flows, overall mixing patterns are reproduced, at least qualitatively, even when the velocity fields do reproduce qualitatively the main features of a line as it is deformed by the flow, although the error in its length may be more than 100%. It is concluded that accurate quantitative information, such as the location of periodic points or the length of a deformed line, can be obtained from numerical simulations. However, robust application ofmore » standard numerical analysis tools, such as mesh refinement, is necessary, which in turn, can lead to nearly prohibitive computational costs.« less


Objective: This study seeks to review current and relevant literature on global Angle class III malocclusion prevalence. Materials and Methods: The electronic databases PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Review were searched using specific inclusion criteria to obtain applicable articles. All pertinent references were also examined for acceptability. Results: A total of 20 articles were identified using the inclusion criteria. The prevalence of Angle class III malocclusion ranged from 0 to 26.7% in different populations reported in the literature examined. Meta-regression analysis showed no statistically significant association between prevalence rates and the method of assessment, age group and year of the study. However, much of the study-to-study variation (approximately 40%) could be explained by population. Conclusion: These results suggest that the prevalence of Angle class III malocclusion varies greatly within different races and geographic regions. Chinese and Malaysian populations have a higher prevalence of Angle class III malocclusion compared to other racial groups, while Indian populations have a lower prevalence than all other racial groups examined.


The concept of remote control and monitoring becomes an essential feature in many
systems nowadays. Remote control allows clients to control their homes from any
places, whereas remote monitoring provides the clients the ability to monitor their home
or premises when they are away. The key advantage of this application is client has the
ability to control and monitor their home remotely for security and safety reasons.
From the analysis have been made, in Malaysia, Internet subscribers are growing rapidly
from one year to another. The demand of having remote technology using Internet has
made this area favourable, thus, it is chosen to be studied and discussed extensively in
this thesis. A method of developing a remote control and monitoring system based on
distributed data acquisition using the Internet is established. This system is based on
client/server system in which the host computer where the program is installed, is set as
a server where static IP address is assigned. For the purpose of control and monitoring
tasks, the main program that consists the status of appliances is displayed. It is a user friendly system with good graphical user interface (GUI). The program is developed
using the features in LabVIEW version 6i and its Internet Developer Toolkit. The I/O
modules attached to the appliances are connected directly to the server via serial port.
These I/O modules are based on the concept of data acquisition system (DAQ). The
appliances can be controlled from the client PC by browsing the server website. Some
necessary data are required to be sent to the server. Once the server is running,
monitoring capability is enabled.
Generally, this system is part of smart technology that has been developed to increase
our quality of life, provide convenience environment and also act as an active partner in
managing our busy life. It is a very user-friendly system with good GUI that gives a
client an easy working environment. In a nutshell, this system gives a better security for
the homes owner by giving them an authority to control and monitor their house from
anywhere.


Using the spectra of 22,923 high-redshift quasars from the Baryon Oscillation Spectrosocpic Survey (BOSS) subset of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), the authors detect evidence of the primordial baryonic acoustic oscillations (BAOs) in the matter power spectrum. The detection further endorses the currently accepted Λ-CDM model of cosmology based upon the existence of dark energy (Λ) and cold dark matter (CDM). Additionally, the use of the continuous wavelet transform to calculate the power spectrum has many advantages over traditional Fourier methods and independently corroborates previous detections.


Background Low body mass index (BMI) and weight loss are associated with a poorer prognosis for patients with COPD but are potentially reversible.1 Nutritional assessments should be key part of patient management and respiratory nurses are in a good position to undertake these. Guidelines1 recommend referral to a dietician for those patients with an abnormal BMI (<20 or >25) and those with a low BMI given nutritional supplements. Methodology An electronic survey using closed ended questions was emailed to 533 respiratory nurses in the UK. 177 responses (33%) were returned from across primary, secondary and community sectors. Those nurses not managing COPD patients were asked not to respond. Results 88% reported using weight and BMI to assess patients, with 85% undertaking an assessment at least once or twice year. Only 32% used any further screening tool. 94% of nurses have access to a dietician and 85% of nurses are able to refer directly, but highlight long waiting times. Despite this, 54% refer less than half of patients they identify with an ongoing nutritional problem. 16% are unable to get nutritional supplements for their patients but, where available, 96% had access to a range of supplements. Reasons cited were the need for a dietician referral first and GPs reluctance to prescribe supplements. 65% reported not having any specific criteria for referral to a dietician and 87% felt a specific simple practical tool would help manage this group of patients. 42% felt overall that malnourished patients were managed poorly in their area (see Abstract P39 table 1).Abstract P39 Table 1 How well do you feel malnourished patients are managed in you area? (%) Very well Well Poorly Very poorly 4.1 54.1 40 1.8 Discussion Respiratory nurses conduct nutritional assessments with COPD patients and the majority appear to have access to a dietician. Yet, despite this, referral to specialist dietetic services is low. This may be due to perceived lack of dietician services or long waiting times. Improved awareness, education and training among respiratory nurses regarding nutritional assessment together with improved access to dietetic services would seem to be priorities for the future in order to meet current recomendations.1


The firm's stock of human capital is an important determinant of its ability to innovate. As such, any increase in this stock through firm-sponsored training might lead to more innovation. The author tests this hypothesis using detailed data on firms' human capital investments and innovation performance from the Canadian Workplace and Employee Survey, 1999–2006. The regression results, including workplace fixed effects and allowing for time-varying productivity shocks, demonstrate that more training leads to more product and process innovation, with on-the-job training playing a role that is as important as classroom training. Results from an event history analysis show, however, that this impact fades over time.


A unique stepped-piston engine was developed by a group of research engineers at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), from 2003 to 2005. The development work undertaken by them engulfs design, prototyping and evaluation over a predetermined period of time which was iterative and challenging in nature. The main objective of the program is to demonstrate local R&D capabilities on small
engine work that is able to produce mobile powerhouse of comparable output, having low-fuel consumption and acceptable emission than its crankcase counterpart of similar displacement. A two-stroke engine work was selected as it posses a number of technological challenges, e.g. increase in its thermal efficiency and emission, which upon successful undertakings will be useful in assisting the group in future powertrain undertakings in UTM. In its carbureted version, the single-cylinder air-cooled engine incorporates a three-port transfer system and a dedicated crankcase breather. These features will enable the prototype to have high induction efficiency and to behave very much a two-stroke engine but equipped with a four-stroke crankcase lubrication system. After a series of analytical work the engine was subjected to a series of laboratory trials. It was also tested on a small watercraft platform with promising indication of its
flexibility of use as a prime mover in mobile platform. In an effort to further enhance its technology features, the researchers have also embarked on the development of an add-on auxiliary system. The system comprises of an engine control unit (ECU), a direct-injector unit, a dedicated lubricant dispenser unit and an embedded common rail fuel unit. This support system was incorporated onto the engine to demonstrate the finer points of environmental-friendly and fuel economy features. The outcome of this complete package is described in the report, covering the methodology and the final characteristics of the mobile
power plant.


Abstract:  Climate warming at the Palaeocene/Eocene boundary (c. 55.8 Ma) had significant permanent affects on paratropical and warm‐adapted vegetation types. Pollen and spore records which document vegetation turnover from the eastern US Gulf Coast have all been taken from sediments of marginal marine depositional environments. Pollen and spores (sporomorphs) are preserved excellently in these marginal marine depositional environments but these assemblages contain grains transported from many different vegetation types and over huge geographic distances. Currently it is unclear whether the turnover from important paratropical areas like the US Gulf Coast is a reflection on actual vegetation change in the local region or from source areas far away in the continental interior. Sporomorph data from 20 former swamps (lignites) from the Nanafalia, Tuscahoma and Hatchetigbee formations in Mississippi and Alabama, USA, are used to test the fidelity of the marine sporomorph record across the Palaeocene–Eocene transition. Data show that extinction is noted in the swamp record (≥7 per cent of Palaeocene taxa) and that swamps were susceptible to immigration in the Early Eocene with the first occurrences of Brosipollis spp. (Burseraceae), Dicolpopollis spp. (Palmae), Nuxpollenites psilatus (Loranthaceae) and Platycarya spp. (Juglandaceae). Swamps have higher within‐sample diversity in the Eocene but higher among‐sample diversity in latest Palaeocene–earliest Eocene samples, which parallels exactly diversity trends estimated from marine sporomorph assemblages. Palms also increase in abundance in the Eocene. The swamp data demonstrate that the flora growing in these ancient paratropical forests was diverse (c. 120 taxonomic groups) but incorporated an unusual admixture of plants with modern tropical affinities together with those that now live in modern temperate to subtropical North America.


Studies on life history and stock structure of marine species have evolved in the Azores region during the last 40 years. This information is essential to feed fishery stock assessment models that fit available data to determine current stock status and provide advice on the optimum (sustainable) exploitation. However, most of these data are only available in a fragmented manner in several scientific papers, books, theses and reports. In some cases, these sources of information are difficult to access. The present document aims to gather and summarize biological, ecological and fisheries-related information for the main commercially exploited species in the Azores. The species treated here have previously been selected as priority stocks for assessment and monitoring at regional level by applying a standard framework aligned with the ICES and FAO recommendations. They are: the blackspot seabream Pagellus bogaraveo, veined squid Loligo forbesii, blue jack mackerel Trachurus picturatus, blackbelly rosefish Helicolenus dactylopterus, red porgy Pagrus pagrus, forkbeard Phycis phycis, European conger Conger conger, alfonsino Beryx decadactylus, splendid alfonsino B. splendens, parrotfish Sparisoma cretense, silver scabbardfish Lepidopus caudatus, red scorpionfish Scorpaena scrofa, Atlantic chub mackerel Scomber colias, blacktail comber Serranus atricauda, offshore rockfish Pontinus kuhlii, amberjacks nei Seriola spp., common mora Mora moro, common spiny lobster Palinurus elephas, black scabbardfish Aphanopus carbo, rough limpet Patella aspera, thornback ray Raja clavata, and Mediterranean slipper lobster Scyllarides latus. The document is presented as concisely and effectively as possible. An overview table of the current data available is presented by stock.


For over two decades, scientific and political communities have debated whether and how to act on climate change. The present paper revisits these debates and synthesizes the longstanding arguments. Firstly, it provides an overview of the development of international climate policy and discusses clashing positions represented by sceptics and supporters of action on climate change. Secondly, it discusses the market-based measures as a means to increase the win-win opportunities and to attract profit-minded investors to invest in climate change mitigation. Finally, the paper examines whether climate protection policies can yield benefits both for the environment and the economy. The paper suggests the possibility of building environmental and climate policies around development priorities that are vitally important for developing countries and stresses the need for using sustainable development as a framework for climate change policies.


Selecting the best set of tools to produce certain geometrical shapes/features in sheet metal punching is one of the problems that has a great effect on product development time, cost and achieved quality. The trend nowadays is, where at all possible, to limit design to the use of standard tools. Such an option makes the problem of selecting the appropriate set of tools even more complex, especially when considering that sheet metal features can have a wide range of complex shapes. Another dimension of complexity is limited tool rack capacity. Thus, an inappropriate tool selection strategy will lead to punching inefficiency and may require frequent stopping of the machine and replacing the required tools, which is a rather expensive and time consuming exercise. This work demonstrates that the problem of selecting the best set of tools is actually a process of searching an explosive decision tree. The difficulty in searching such types of decision trees is that intermediate decisions do not necessarily reflect the total cost implication of carrying out such a decision. A new approach to solve such a complex optimisation problem using the Monte Carlo Simulation Methods has been introduced in this thesis. The aim of the present work was to establish the use of Monte Carlo methods as an "assumptions or rule free" baseline or benchmark for the assessment of search strategies. A number of case studies are given, where the feasibility of Monte Carlo Simulation Methods as an efficient and viable method to optimise such a complex optimisation problem is demonstrated. The use of a Monte Carlo approach for selecting the best set of punching tools, showed an interesting point, that is, the effect of dominant "one-to-one" feature/tool matches on the efficiency of the search. This naturally led on to the need of a search methodology that will be more efficient than the application of the Monte Carlo method alone. This thesis presents some interesting speculations for a hybrid approach to tool selection to achieve a better solution than the use of the Monte Carlo method alone to achieve the optimum solution in a shorter time.


An invaluable resource for linguists, learners and users of Lithuanian, this is the first dictionary of the language generally available in the West for a number of years. Special supplemental section includes a guide to Lithuanian pronunciation and grammar. Over 25,000 entries in each section make this a standard reference.


The paper addresses how the temporary staffing industry secures social security and a degree of employment stability in three non-liberal market economies with a well developed temp work sector and several decades of industry regulation. Until the 1980s unions in Germany, Japan and the Netherlands effectively opposed the deregulation of the staffing industry. Restrictions placed on the temporary staffing industry institutionalized an employment-type alternative to the US-style form of registered and on-call temp staffing. In the face of high unemployment in the 1990s unions participated in de-regulatory drives aimed at expanding the role of the industry in troubled national labor markets. In most cases, deregulation dismantled key dimensions of the employment type of staffing, and unions shifted their efforts to securing equal treatment of temporary staff. To date, legislation has fallen short of mandating equal treatment, and in the best cases (Germany and the Netherlands) collective bargaining has taken on the role of securing equal wages for temporary staff. Japan, Germany and the Netherlands represent three different degrees of industry de-regulation, with the best case of equal treatment of temps in the Netherlands, and the deepest segmentation of temporary and regular workers in Japan. In comparison to Germany and Japan, Dutch unions early on engaged in regulating temporary staffing services. The early experience of regulating rather than rejecting contingent labor and the density of neo-corporatist institutions for social bargaining in the Netherlands means that Dutch unions have developed stronger capacities for regulating contingent employment despite the weak organization of contingent workers. Unions in Japan and Germany have only recently developed capacities for representing contingent labour, but the significant weakening of social bargaining in both countries is associated with growing labor market segmentation between temporary and regular employees.


Abstract Both communist party officials and western observers have typically interpreted the composition of modernist music in the Eastern Bloc as an act of dissidence. Yet in the German Democratic Republic (GDR), the most consequential arguments in favor of modernism came from socialists and party members. Their advocacy of modernism challenged official socialist realist doctrine, but they shared with party bureaucrats the conviction that music ought to contribute to the development of socialist society. Such efforts to reform musical life from a Marxist-Leninist standpoint were typical of the first generation of East Germany9s intelligentsia, who saw socialist rule as the only guarantee against the reemergence of German fascism. Two of East Germany9s most prominent composers, Hanns Eisler and Paul Dessau, routinely used the twelve-tone method in works carrying an explicitly socialist text. During preparations for the 1964 Music Congress, aesthetician Guunter Mayer drew from Eisler9s Lenin Requiem and Dessau9s Appell der Arbeiterklasse to argue that modernist techniques were highly appropriate for giving expression to contemporary social conditions. The efforts of these socialists to reconcile modernist techniques with their understanding of socialism undermine basic divisions between communism and capitalism, complicity and dissent, and socialist realism and western modernism.


A novel feature selection strategy for improved face recognition in images with variations due to illumination conditions, facial expressions, and partial occlusions is presented in this dissertation. A hybrid face recognition system that uses feature maps of phase congruency and modular kernel spaces is developed. Phase congruency provides a measure that is independent of the overall magnitude of a signal, making it invariant to variations in image illumination and contrast. A novel modular kernel spaces approach is developed and implemented on the phase congruency feature maps. Smaller sub-regions from a predefined neighborhood within the phase congruency images of the training samples are merged to obtain a large set of features. These features are then projected into higher dimensional spaces using kernel methods. The unique modularization procedure developed in this research takes into consideration that the facial variations in a real world scenario are confined to local regions. The additional pixel dependencies that are considered based on their importance help in providing additional information for classification. This procedure also helps in robust localization of the variations, further improving classification accuracy. The effectiveness of the new feature selection strategy has been demonstrated by employing it in two specific applications via face authentication in low resolution cameras and face recognition using multiple sensors (visible and infrared).
The face authentication system uses low quality images captured by a web camera. The optical sensor of the web camera is very sensitive to environmental illumination variations. It is observed that the feature selection policy overcomes the facial and environmental variations. A methodology based on multiple training images and clustering is also incorporated to overcome the additional challenges of computational efficiency and the subject's non involvement. A multi-sensor image fusion based face recognition methodology that uses the proposed feature selection technique is presented in this dissertation. Research studies have indicated that complementary information from different sensors helps in improving the recognition accuracy compared to individual modalities. A decision level fusion methodology is also developed which provides better performance compared to individual as well as data level fusion modalities. The new decision level fusion technique is also robust to registration discrepancies, which is a very important factor in operational scenarios.
Research work is progressing to use the new face recognition technique in multi-view images by employing independent systems for separate views and integrating the results with an appropriate voting procedure.


The N2/Ar saturation ratio (ΔN2/Ar) in seawater provides a powerful constraint on water column and benthic denitrification. To use ΔN2/Ar as a tracer of denitrification, accurate knowledge of the influence of abiotic processes, such as air-sea heat flux related to diffusive gas exchange, turbulent mixing, sea-level pressure variation, and bubble injection, on the distribution of these two gases in the upper ocean is required. To this end, we investigate the contribution of each of these abiotic processes to the seasonal evolution of N2 and Ar saturation anomalies and ΔN2/Ar in the western subarctic Pacific using a one-dimensional model. Variations in surface heat flux and sea-level pressure tend to create an undersaturation of N2 and Ar in the mixed layer from winter to early spring, when the mixed layer depth reaches its maximum; this undersaturation is carried to depths below the mixed layer. Mixing induces a small supersaturation of both gases in and below the mixed layer. Because these processes affect both gases in a very similar manner, they lead to only very small ΔN2/Ar anomalies in and below the mixed layer. In contrast, bubble-mediated gas exchange leads to higher supersaturation of N2 than Ar, and it accounts for almost all the ΔN2/Ar anomalies in and below the mixed layer. The contribution of bubble-mediated gas exchange thus needs to be well understood when using ΔN2/Ar as a tracer for oceanic denitrification.


Purpose: Children with hearing loss who require special school placement may have a wide range of audiometric configurations. Since such children will vary in auditory status their amplification requirements may also be diverse. This study examined the audiological records of 231 children attending four schools for hearing impaired children in Hong Kong to gain an understanding of common audiometric patterns found in the school children and their auditory rehabilitation needs. Method: Data on the children's aetiology of hearing loss, hearing status, tympanometric findings and the electroacoustic characteristics of their hearing aids were obtained. For 424 children's ears considered having essentially sensorineural hearing loss, k-means cluster analysis methods were used to categorize audiometric configuration groups Results: Cluster analysis that indicated that five distinct audiometric configurations could be found among the school children. Different clusters contained children who had differing amplification needs. The study analysed a number of parameters to check fitting outcomes, including average prescribed gain, frequency-specific measured versus prescribed gain, prescribed frequency response, measured versus prescribed frequency response and the predicted aided thresholds for the children. Conclusion: The amplification needs associated with these five configurations, including recommended prescription gain, maximum power output and possible signal processing strategies, were considered. The clustering algorithm approach proved useful as a means of grouping distinctive audiometric profiles.


MDSCs promote TH17 differentiation and systemic lupus erythematosus via arginase-1 production in patients and humanized mice. Looping in myeloid-derived suppressor cells Suppressing misdirected or overactive immune responses is a critical approach for treating autoimmune diseases such as system lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, Wu et al. now report that one immunosuppressive cell type, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), actually contribute to SLE pathogenesis. There are increased numbers of MDSCs in patients with SLE, and these cells produce elevated levels of arginase-1 compared with MDSCs from healthy controls. What's more, these arginase-1–producing MDSCs contribute to the development of TH17 cells, which are pathogenic in SLE. These data suggest that targeting MDSCs may be a therapeutic strategy for TH17-mediated autoimmune diseases. Expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) has been documented in some murine models and patients with autoimmune diseases, but the exact role of MDSCs in this process remains largely unknown. The current study investigates this question in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Patients with active SLE showed a significant increase in HLA-DR−CD11b+CD33+ MDSCs, including both CD14+CD66b− monocytic and CD14−CD66b+ granulocytic MDSCs, in the peripheral blood compared to healthy controls (HCs). The frequency of MDSCs was positively correlated with the levels of serum arginase-1 (Arg-1) activity, T helper 17 (TH17) responses, and disease severity in SLE patients. Consistently, in comparison with MDSCs from HCs, MDSCs from SLE patients exhibited significantly elevated Arg-1 production and increased potential to promote TH17 differentiation in vitro in an Arg-1–dependent manner. Moreover, in a humanized SLE model, MDSCs were essential for the induction of TH17 responses and the associated renal injuries, and the effect of MDSCs was Arg-1–dependent. Our data provide direct evidence demonstrating a pathogenic role for MDSCs in human SLE. This study also provides a molecular mechanism of the pathogenesis of SLE by demonstrating an Arg-1–dependent effect of MDSCs in the development of TH17 cell–associated autoimmunity, and suggests that targeting MDSCs or Arg-1 may offer potential therapeutic strategies for the treatment of SLE and other TH17 cell–mediated autoimmune diseases.


Reinvestigation of a partial vertebral column from the Kimmeridgian La Caja Formation of Mexico, housed in the University of Linares (Mexico), and previously attributed to a dinosaur, proves to be from a very large pliosaurid plesiosaur. This specimen represents the first plesiosaur described from the Jurassic of Mexico. Its length has been estimated at 15 metres and, as a juvenile, is considered to be one of the largest Jurassic marine reptiles. The remains of this animal are here described. The morphology of the vertebral column is not diagnostic beyond family level. Large pliosaur vertebrae of a similar size are known from the Upper Jurassic of Europe, and are often referred to the genera Liopleurodon or Simolestes but these identifications are based only upon the size of the centra and have no taxonomic justification. A portion of rostrum with teeth was discovered together with the vertebral column but is unfortunately now lost. The Mexican pliosaur fills geographical and chronological gaps between western Tethys and South American pliosaurs, and is an additional support to the hypothesis of a Hispanic corridor linking at least temporarily the NW European marine province with the western South American marine (Pacific) realm during the late Jurassic.


The fluid flow and heat transfer inside a concrete thermal energy storage module is simulated for various heat transfer fluid flow rates and inlet temperatures. The storage performance of the module is characterized based on the volume-averaged temperature and normalized energy distribution through the block versus time. In the turbulent flow regime, induced mixing in the pipe strongly enhanced the performance of the module compared to the laminar regime. The block was able to fully charge and discharge in a turbulent flow regime, whereas that behavior was not present in the laminar flow regime.
 Varying the heat transfer temperature had an effect on the time rate of change of temperature as well as the charge times. As the thermal gradient increased, the initial time rate of temperature in the block increased as well as the charge time. Since the block has higher theoretical energy at a larger gradient, power over a longer duration is necessary to reach a saturation point. By characterizing the thermal performance of the module, the effect of material properties and operational parameters can be studied in order to design a module that can meet the needs of a power generation plant.


We present in this paper a simulation-based comparison of two single-rate multicast congestion control schemes (TFMCC and PGMCC) against our proposed adaptive smooth multicast protocol (ASMP). ASMP consists of a single-rate multicast congestion control, which takes advantage of RTCP sender (SR) and receiver reports (RR). The innovation in ASMP lays in the "smooth" transmission rate, which is TCP-friendly and prevent oscillations. The smooth behavior is naturally well suited to multimedia applications as high oscillations of the sending rate may create distortions of audio-video (AV) encoders and decoders. Simulation results, which are conducted with the network simulator ns2 software, showed that ASMP can be regarded as a serious competitor of TFMCC and PGMCC. In many cases, ASMP outperforms TFMCC in terms of TCP-friendliness and smooth transmission rates, while PGMCC presents lower scalability than ASMP.


ABSTRACT Classical immunohistochemical parametters (IHC) are useful in the prognostication of the risk of distant relapse of early breast cancer patients. However, its performance is suboptimal due to the limitations of the techniques (non-automatized proccess, issues with tissue simple fixation, deparaffinization, etc). These techniques are semiquantitative and have somewhat artificial cutt-offs of positivity. Besides, although IHC parameters are moderately accurate in predicting benefit with hormonal treatment, they are poor predictors of response to chemotherapy. Genomics platforms are automatized multigene profiles, based on the RNA expression of 12 to 70 genes. Oncotype Dx is a 21-gene assay that classifies ER-positive breast cancers in three categories of risk of relapse (low, intermediate and high); there is level IB evidence (evidence based on retrospective analysis of at least two prospective trials) that Oncotype Dx provides relevant prognostic information beyond classical clinicopathological parametters and predicts response to chemotherapy in ER-positive early breast cancer. Two prospective trials (TAYLOR-X and RxPONDER) are validating the clinical utility of Oncotype Dx in patients with intermediate recurrence score. Mammaprint is a 70-gene platform that classifies early breast tumors in two prognostic subgroups with different outcomes in absence of treatment. Patients whose tumors belong to the high-risk group seem to obtain significant benefit with chemotherapy. The MINDACT trial is prospectively validating the clinical utility of Mammaprint in early breast cancer. Endopredict is a decentralized assay, currently performed in 16 molecular labs in Germany, Switzerland and Austria, that provides the expression of 8 tumor genes and 3 normalization genes. It classifies tumors in two risk groups (low vs. high). Prosigna (PAM-50) is a 46-gene platform that provides the risk of recurrence of ER-positive early breast cancers. The test also identifies the breast cancer inrtrinsic subtypes (LumA, LumB, Basal-like, HER2-E). Prosigna is performed in local laboratories with the help of the nCOUNTER technology. Disclosure: Dr Martin has served as an advisor of Genomic Health, and Agendia. He has been involved in the clinical development of Oncotype Dx, Endopredict and Prosigna. He is inventor of a patent related to PAM-50.


While Electronic Medical Record (EMR) systems continue to improve the efficacy of healthcare delivery in the West, they have yet to be widely deployed in the developing world, where more than 90% of the global disease burden exists. The benefits afforded by an EMR notwithstanding, there is some skepticism regarding the feasibility of operationalizing an EMR system in a low-resource setting. This dissertation challenges these preconceptions and advances the understanding of the problems faced when implementing EMR systems to support healthcare delivery in a developing-world setting.
Our methodology relies primarily on eight years of in-field experimentation and study. To facilitate a better understanding of the needs and challenges, we created a pilot system in a large government central hospital in Malawi, Africa. Learning from the pilot we developed and operationalized a point-of-care EMR system for managing the care and treatment of patients receiving antiretroviral therapy, which we put forth as a demonstration of feasibility in a developing-world setting.
The pilot identified many unique challenges of healthcare delivery in the developing world, and reinforced the need to engineer solutions from scratch rather than blindly transplant systems developed in and for the West. Three novel technologies were developed over the course of our study, the most significant of which is the touchscreen clinical workstation appliance. Each of the novel technologies and their contribution towards successful implementation are described in the context of both an engineering and a risk management framework. A small comparative study to address data quality concerns associated with a point-of-care approach concluded that there was no significant difference in the accuracy of data collected through the use of a prototype point-of-care system compared to that of data entered retrospectively from paper records. We conclude by noting that while feasibility has been demonstrated the greatest challenge to sustainability is the lack of financial resources to monitor and support EMR systems once in place.


[ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] Selecting the top ten southern jazz musicians proved to be a more difficult task than I expected. Some of the choices are obvious, others perhaps less so. Had I used other criteria, some selections might well have been different. But when I chose to base my list on their significance to the historical development of jazz, many brilliantly talented musicians and personal favorites did not make the cut. Except for the top two places, which would have been the same in any case, I have arranged my selections by chronology rather than by their popularity or my critical assessment. Numbers eight through ten are great New Orleans pioneers. It is difficult to imagine what jazz would have become without them. Reeling off feathery arpeggios with his right hand against complex counter-rhythms by his left, the pianist, composer, and bandleader Jelly Roll Morton (10) synthesized the blues, ragtime, and marching band traditions that created jazz and anticipated the big-band arrangements that would follow. The cornetist and bandleader King Oliver (9) was the most influential of the early jazz musicians. Famed for his subtle, laid-back lyricism and his beautiful, burnished tone, he created a sensation in Chicago as he took the authentic accent of jazz north. The fierce attack, romantic tone, and bravura embellishments of Sidney Bechet (8) on the clarinet and especially the soprano saxophone took him even further, earning an awesome international reputation for jazz in general and himself in particular. Each of them, in his own way, evoked the great musicians of the past and influenced the great musicians who would follow. Numbers five through seven belong to three southern musicians who made basic and crucial contributions to jazz during the big band era. The pianist and bandleader Fletcher Henderson (7) reached back into African call-and-response patterns to develop the rift, which afforded a means for musicians to maintain improvisation as a defining feature of jazz as it moved into the big band era. The unamplified strumming of the guitarist Freddie Green (6) in Count Basie's rhythm section not only made it the swingingest band in jazz history but also played a key role in making swing a defining attribute of jazz. The ecstatic wails, melancholy moans, and bellicose growls of the trumpeter James "Bubber" Miley (5) transformed Duke Ellington's band from one that played the notes on the page with the sounds that came with the horn into an inimitable jazz band that expressed in music what Ellington would come to call "pride in black culture and history" as well as "what it is to be black in this country." The third and fourth positions are postmodern tenor saxophonists. …


Most techniques for computer classification of multispectral scanner data involve a "single-stage" approach in which every pixel in the data is classified in a single step, using a single set of training statistics and a single set of wave length bands. Hierarchical classifiers, on the other hand, involve a sequence of classification steps, each of which can involve a different wavelength band or combination of wavelength bands. In addition, at each step in the classification process only one spectral class or a specific group of spectral classes are separated from all other classes in the d~t~. Since a relatively small number of wave length bands are involved at each step, and (after the initial step) only a portion of the data is being classified at each step, such hierarchical classifiers are computationally very efficient. How ever, as compared to single stage classifiers, the effectiveness of hierarchic~l classifiers in terms of classification accuracy is not clear, especially when dealing with multi-temporal data sets. In this study, Landsat-1 MSS data sets ohtained in June1q7~ and February 1974 over the Monroe Reservoir and Hoosier National Forest in central Indiana were used. After digitally registering the two data sets, four classification procedures were compared. The first consisted of a standard single stage maximum likelihood classification using an eight channel training statistics deck (four wavelength bands from each two dates). The second utilized the 4 best channels of the 8 available. The third involved the Layered hierarchical classifier and the same eight channel training statistics. The fourth approach utilized the Layered classifier again, but the data from the two d~tes were treated independently for the purpose of developing training statistics. 062585 The results indicate that the Layered cla~sifier is a more effective and efficient approach for classification of multitemporal/multispectral scanner data. The classification accuracies we~e relatively high for all four classifications, but the Layered classifier required only one third of the CPU time used in the single stage classification.


The African continent is extremely diverse in culture – despite its comparatively small geographical size. Correspondingly, its indigenous architecture is far from homogeneous, and even though, all over the continent there are outstanding examples of what may be termed international-style architecture, for that very reason, they are far from being representative of the people's folk building culture. Most of the literature available to a global reading public on the subject-matter, has been produced by non-Africans, and from frequently non-architectural perspectives; as such, they may not fully capture the socio-cultural/ socio-spatial import of African builtform. African architects are yet to convincingly define what constitutes architecture in their own contemporary local contexts, and showcase it. The paper focuses on Nigeria's residential building culture. It examines the influences of British colonial architectural practices and the Afro-Brazilian style (which they facilitated), on the traditional architecture of the south. It sets forth the transition to vernacular practices and the transformations engendered – particularly in the light of rural, semi-urban and highly-urbanized variants. It is submitted that what comes closest to a vernacular prototype, is a floor-plan comprising four rooms or more, directly opening out on to an exaggerated centrally-positioned corridor, with conveniences and utilities to the back of the house. Architectural embellishment, initially highly ornate in the original Afro-Brazilian stylistic prototype, has become extremely minimal. "Meaning", both in its functional and symbolic contexts, is presented as being inherent in both the traditional and vernacular expressions of Nigerian architecture, north and south of the country. Of necessity, such meanings are also undergoing transformation, and are culturallydetermined. The paper queries the rationale behind expecting there to be an "African architecture" – as there are no other continental parallels. Rather, where stereotypes do exist, they are either culture-based, or pertain to a limited geographical location – not a continental sprawl. As such, the paper submits that African architecture should be appraised from the view-point of such pre-disposing phenomena as cultural background, or/ and socio-physical factors generating such – as is the case with the architecture of other regions of the world.


OBJECTIVE
To determine sensitivity and specificity of western blot testing (WBT) of CSF and serum for diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) in horses with and without neurologic abnormalities.

DESIGN
Prospective investigation.

ANIMALS
65 horses with and 169 horses without neurologic abnormalities.

PROCEDURE
CSF and serum from horses submitted for necropsy were tested for Sarcocystis neurona-specific antibody with a WBT. Results of postmortem examination were used as the gold standard against which results of the WBT were compared.

RESULTS
Sensitivity of WBT of CSF was 87% for horses with and 88% for horses without neurologic abnormalities. Specificity of WBT of CSF was 44% for horses with and 60% for horses without neurologic abnormalities. Regardless of whether horses did or did not have neurologic abnormalities, sensitivity and specificity of WBT of serum were not significantly different from values for WBT of CSF. Ninety-four horses without EPM had histologic evidence of slight CNS inflammation.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
The low specificity of WBT of CSF indicated that it is inappropriate to diagnose EPM on the basis of a positive test result alone because of the possibility of false-positive test results. The high sensitivity, however, means that a negative result is useful in ruling out EPM. There was no advantage in testing CSF versus serum in horses without neurologic abnormalities. Slight CNS inflammation was common in horses with and without S neurona-specific antibodies in the CSF and should not be considered an indication of CNS infection with S neurona.


Cecil John Rhodes made a fortune from diamonds and gold, became prime minister of the Cape, and had a country named after him, but his ambitions were far greater than that. When he was still in his twenties, after a meeting with General Gordon of Khartoum, Rhodes set up a Secret Society with the aim of establishing a new world order. The society, disciplined on Jesuit-style rules, became Rhodes's lifelong obsession, and after his death it lived on and grew under the leadership of his executor, Lord Alfred Milner.
 The society played a key role in the governance of Britain during the Great War and the peace terms to end it, and it was linked to appeasement initiatives involving Hitler, the Duke of Windsor and Mrs Simpson before World War II. Echoes of the Secret Society survive in different guises to this day, including the Royal Institute of International Affairs (Chatham House) and the Rhodes Scholarships.
 In The Secret Society, Robin Brown unpacks this astonishing and largely unknown history. He brings Rhodes, his companions and his successors to life by drawing from diaries and letters, and sheds new light on Rhodes's homosexuality. Ranging from the diamond mines of Kimberley to the halls of power in Westminster, and peopled with characters such as General Gordon, Leander Starr Jameson, W.T. Stead, Olive Schreiner, the Princess Radziwill, Joseph Chamberlain and David Lloyd George, this book is a page-turner that will make you see the world, both past and present, in a different light.


Aeris is a global technology partner with a proven history of helping companies unlock the value of IoT. For more than a decade, we've powered critical projects for some of the most demanding customers of IoT services. Aeris strives to fundamentally improve businesses by dramatically reducing costs, accelerating time-to-market, and enabling new revenue streams. Built from the ground up for IoT and road tested at scale, Aeris IoT Services are based on the broadest technology stack in the industry, spanning connectivity up to vertical solutions. As veterans of the industry, we know that implementing an IoT solution can be complex, and we pride ourselves on making it simpler. ABOUT THE AUTHOR Syed Zaeem Hosain | Chief Technical Officer


(ABSTRACT) The DNA microarray is a powerful tool to study expression levels of thousands of genes simultaneously. Often, cDNA libraries representing expressed genes of an organism are available, along with expressed sequence tags (ESTs). ESTs are widely used as the probes for microarrays. Designing custom microarrays, rich in genes relevant to the experimental objectives, requires selection of probes based on their sequence. We have designed a probe selection method, called GeneSieve, to select EST probes for custom microarrays. To assign annotations to the ESTs, we cluster them into contigs using phrap. The larger contig sequences are then used for similarity search against known proteins in model organism such as Arabidopsis thaliana. We have designed three different methods to assign annotations to the contigs: bidirectional hits (BH), bidirectional best hits (BBH), and unidirectional best hits (UBH). We apply these methods to pine and potato EST sets. Results show that the UBH method assigns unambiguous annotations to a large fraction of contigs in an organism. Hence, we use UBH to assign annotations to ESTs in GeneSieve. To select a single EST from a contig, GeneSieve assigns a quality score to each EST based on its protein homology (PH), cross hybridization (CH), and relative length (RL). We use this quality score to rank ESTs according to seven different measures: length, 3 proximity, 5 proximity, protein homology, cross hybridization, relative length, and overall quality score. Results for pine and potato EST sets indicate that EST probes selected by quality score are relatively long and give better values for protein homology and cross hybridization. Results of the GeneSieve protocol are stored in a database and linked with sequence databases and known functional category schemes such as MIPS and GO. The database is made available via a web interface. A biologist is able to select large number of EST probes based on annotations or functional categories in a quick and easy way. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my adviser Dr.Lenwood Heath for being a constant source of inspiration and encouragement. I thank him for being patient enough to listen to and solve the smallest and most trivial problems I came up with and for providing me all the resources I needed for my research. I would like to thank Dr.Ruth Grene for introducing me to the world of biology and for helping me understand the biological concepts essential for this research.ating GeneSieve web interface and …


Types of rural-urban gaps exist and seem expand in China, although agriculture and rural lives have obtained significant enhancement since the "opening and reforming" policy started in 1980. Amongst these gaps, digital gap is critical itself, and may widen other gaps. How to promote agricultural informationization (agri-informationization) effectively and efficiently is a great challenge to Chinese government and Chinese people nowadays. Meanwhile, the agri-informationization also brings opportunities with new markets, new technology and new rural culture, etc. Firstly, this article introduces the background about Chinese rural areas and rural economy in brief. Secondly, it gives focus on typical types of information service models and information technical models which appearing in the process of agri-informationization. Thirdly, the problems and challenges are analyzed. Finally, the article ends up with a conclusion section. We wish the information service models and technical models introduced here be meaningful references for multiple stakeholders, such as police-makers, basic-level officers, farmers, and information companies, in China and in other developing countries.


Increasing tourism in northern Finland produces challenges for tourist centres, their land use plans and sustainable development. Increasing activities in areas that are sensitive to environmental changes need solutions for sustainable land use. Equipment to minimize environmental effects, and the planning of ecologically, culturally, and visually sustainable built up areas at popular tourist centres on the Yllas and Levi fells are investigated in the LANDSCAPE LAB project. The project is partly financed by the EU LIFE Environment and the Geological Survey of Finland is involved as a partner. Geological factors such as the quality and composition of bedrock, the maturity of the matrix of surficial sediments, and geomorphology affect the resistance to erosion in different geoenvironments. In Fennoscandia, the glacial erosion has been intensive and the terrain is composed of eroded hill slopes and glacial landforms. Traditionally, in Finland, erosion resistance of nature trails has focused on vegetation and trampling resistance. The erosion rate is studied mainly by measuring the width and depth of the path and the amount of exposed roots and stones. Geological factors are not studied for nature trails, but geology and geological factors are the basic elements affecting resistance to erosion and should be included in land use planning. Careful planning and monitoring are the keys to creating visually impressive and geologically sustainable nature trails.


Flat-top sharp optical filters of gigahertz bandwidth are realized using stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS). Pump chirp control of the SBS process enables versatile programming of the filter shape and bandwidth. The operating wavelength of the filters is tunable, and their frequency response is inherently aperiodic. Full widths at half maximum of 1.3-2.5 GHz are demonstrated, with a filtering selectivity up to 30 dB and an rms ripple of 0.5-1 dB. The filters are used to convert double sideband to single sideband (SSB) modulations for 1-GHz-wide linear-frequency-modulated (LFM) signals of arbitrary radio-frequency carrier. Such SSB modulation is highly instrumental for photonic implementations of true time delay, for example, in antenna beam-forming. The peak-side-lobe ratio of the processed LFM signal was -32 dB; its main lobe was broadened by only 4%. The integrated side-lobe ratio, which is limited by noise from spontaneous Brillouin scattering, was better than 21 dB, which is a sufficient value for most systems. The technique results in a large modulation index and does not lead to harmonic distortions.


The aim of this article is to explore the linkage between Generation Y's career expectations and aspirations on the one hand and employee engagement on the other. The article includes primary work on the views of Generation Y undergraduate students with work experience in the hospitality industry. The questionnaire was developed by the authors to focus expressly on identified aspects of Generation Y's views on their careers. Across two universities in Scotland, the views of 122 respondents with work experience mainly in the hospitality industry are analysed. The Generation Y respondents in this study signal that their early experiences in the hospitality industry act to discourage them from pursuing careers in this sector. This is a generation that is apparently self-centred and demanding. It seems to have high initial career expectations and higher aspirations still for long-term careers that the hospitality industry can do more to meet. Expectations and aspirations centre mainly on their personal career development, or employability factors. They involve both employee and employer inputs, notably determination to succeed and good pay respectively. While based on a relatively modest sample size, the article suggests pointers to hospitality industry employers on how to engage Generation Y in order to support business performance. Above all, graduate recruitment and career development that is clear, structured, fair and equal is sought by Generation Y, especially for females. By responding to Generation Y and with further research, hospitality organisations may be better placed to attract and retain Generation Y graduates. More, they may encourage employee engagement.


PLANT AND EQUIPMENT SPENDING by American business is projected to rise by more than 10 percent in 1970, accordinig to the first quarter survey of the Office of Business Economics and the Securities and Exchange Commission (OBE-SEC). While such a rise does not amount to a boom, it does appear surprisingly large in the face of stagnation in the growth of real gross national product, declining profits, sagging stock prices, low capacity utilization in manufacturing, repeal of the investment tax credit, and bond yields that were at record highs in late January and February when the survey was made. If realized, these reported anticipations (plans reported by businesses but adjusted upwards to reflect systematic underestimations in the past) would amount to the seventh largest percentage increase in the twentythree years the survey has been conducted (behind 1951, 1956, the years 1964-66, and 1969). Although at the current rate of increase of the investment price deflator, about 4 percent of the rise would reflect price increases, the real growth would be substantially greater than that predicted for the economy as a whole. Coming on top of an 11.5 percent rise in 1969, the advance would carry business spending to a volume, measured as a proportion of predicted gross national product, that would place 1970 alongside the boom years of 1956 and 1957.


The aim of this thesis is to further develop the theoretical understanding of the growth of knowledge intensive business organizations. The overall aim is to understand the growth challenges of emerging firms in the knowledge-based economy. In particular this thesis addresses several aspects of the growth of small bioscience based firms. In a world characterized by global markets and rapid information transfer, the existence of firms can no longer be justified by established products and defence of old positions. The traditional logic of economic activities and industrial organization has instead increasingly been replaced by dynamic Schumpeterian competition in which firms compete based upon knowledge and innovations. This thesis depart in the emergent theories of evolutionary economics which focus on economic action and firm behaviour in a restless disequilibrium and endogenous technological change (Nelson and Winter 1982). Within such a restless capitalistic society, new firms play a central role in economic development. As a consequence, economic as well as management researchers has increased their interest in entrepreneurship and industrial dynamics. The emergence and growth new firms have been found to relate to both the introduction and diffusion of new knowledge, innovations, as well as generators of new employment. The growth of new firms is hence vital to understand from the perspective of industrial dynamic throughout the process of Schumpeterian competition and technological evolution and in the longer perspective, economic growth.

The thesis is structured around the general, puzzling phenomenon of the relative absence of growing firms within this specific technological and industrial context. In order to investigate the research problem a theoretical framework is put together along two main dimensions. The first consists of a review of the research field of firm growth including such as entrepreneurial and organizational aspects. The second dimension provides a theoretical outline regarding the specific industrial and institutional environment and thus presents a context in which these new firms evolve. The focus within this thesis is primarily on the growth of the individual business organizations. The initial research problem centres around the empirically evident relative low growth rates of bioscience based firms. As a consequence of this low growth rate of firms, the industrial dynamics is instead shaped by entries of new actors, creating a highly turbulent industry. According to the dominant theories of the firm, the reasons for performing activities within the institutional form of a business organization, resulting in economic advantages of being inside the boundaries. Such knowledge and innovation based competition should be seen in the context of the firm's unique trajectory and as a process of accumulation of associated specific capabilities and distinctive competences. Innovation is thus a process of knowledge accumulation of both internal and external learning, influenced by the specific context in which the firm resides. The lack of growth of new knowledge intensive firms within this specific industry is thus found in the complexities of knowledge accumulation as generating firm capabilities for further actions. The pressure on innovativeness and the ability for firms both to foster and take advantages of knowledge raises several issues regarding growth of knowledge intensive business organizations.

Altogether understanding firm growth within this context might potentially be seen as role models for increasingly knowledge intensive firms within other industries. Even with more modest implications such findings might have profound effect when limited to the studied industrial context.


The marine fish production in India has progressively risen to the tune of 2.7 million t in
2000 due to the introduction of larger mechanized boats, motorisation of the country crafts,
modernization in harvesting sector coupled with extension of fishing to deeper grounds
since the late 1950s. The average annual marine fish production of India for the period
1985 to 2003 was 2.5 million t of which the pelagics contributed 1.4 million t accounting
for 51% against a potential yield of 1.92 million t of this group from the Indian EEZ
During the last decade pelagic resources contributed 46-56% (avg. 51%) of the total marine
fish production. Almost 70% of the production was obtained from within the 50 m depth
zone. As per the revalidation, annual potential yield from the EEZ of India is 3.9 million t,
out of which 2.21 million t are from within the 50 m depth zone and 1.69 million t from
beyond it (Anon, 1991). The current yield from 0-50m depth zone is at the optimum level,
and hence does not offer any scope for increasing the yield and in fact this zone requires
regulatory management for sustaining the yield. Therefore, the region beyond 50 m depth
has to be the focus of expansion.


The investigation of gender differences in perception of sexual harassment among students was necessitated by the need to address interpersonal violence as a psychosocial problem. Though it has attracted much attention by universities in developed countries, it is not the case in Nigeria where the level of awareness among students and staff is low while the problem exists. The survey utilized a 12item sexual harassment scale designed for the research. Data collection involved a sample of 420 respondents (both male and females) who are students in various faculties in the University of Ibadan. Findings revealed a high perception of sexual harassment on all the items, and females were higher than the males on all the sexual harassment items (t=2.57, df=418, p<.05). This confirmed the predicted hypothesis that male and females differ in their perception of what constitute sexual harassment in the university. The need to establish a center to handle sensitization of the university community about the contents and consequences of sexual harassment on one hand, and its prevention and control on the other was recommended.


Abstract Kleberite, ideally Fe3+Ti6O11(OH)5, is a new mineral (IMA 2012-023) from Tertiary sands at Königshain, Saxony, northeast Germany. It is also found in heavy mineral sands from the Murray Basin, southeast Australia and at Kalimantan, Indonesia. It occurs as rounded anhedral to euhedral translucent grains, 0.04-0.3 mm across, which are generally red-brown, but grade to orange with decreasing iron content. Associated minerals include ilmenite, pseudorutile, 'leucoxene', tourmaline and spinel. The density measured by pycnometry is 3.28 g cm-3, which is lower than the calculated density of 3.91 g cm-3, due to intragrain porosity which is not penetrated by the immersion fluid. The intragrain pores, of median diameter 18 nm, are partially filled with impurity phases including kaolinite, diaspore and quartz. Kleberite grains have a uniaxial (-) character, but localized regions are weakly biaxial (-) with 2V close to zero. The mean refractive index, calculated from reflectance measurements, is 2.16(3). The mean empirical formula from electron-microprobe analyses of 15 Königshain kleberite grains is Fe1.013+Mg0.06Ti6O11.2(OH)4.8[Al0.59Si0.31P0.04O1.60·1.8H2O], where the formula element in square brackets represents impurities in the pores. Kleberite forms over a compositional range with [Ti]/[Fe + Ti] atomic ratios from 0.8-0.9. It has monoclinic symmetry, P21/c, with a = 7.537(1), b = 4.5795(4), c = 9.885(1) Å , β = 131.02(1)º. The six strongest lines in the powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern [listed as d in Å (I)] are as follows: 1.676(100), 2.170(82), 2.466(27), 1.423(22), 3.933(8), 2.764(9). The structure was refined by the Rietveld method on powder XRD data to Rp = 6.3, Rwp = 8.1, RB = 4.0. Kleberite is isostructural with tivanite; their structural formulae are [Ti34+ ⃞][Ti34+ Fe3+]O11(OH)5 and Ti44+ ][V43+]O12(OH)4, respectively. Kleberite has dominant Ti4+ in place of V3+ in the M(2) metal-atom site. The related mineral pseudorutile, [Ti4][(Fe3+,Ti)4](O,OH)16, with Fe3+ > Ti4+ has dominant Fe3+ in this site. Kleberite grains from different localities commonly contain residual MgO-rich ferrian ilmenite. The chemical and physical relationships between the ilmenite and coexisting kleberite are used to evaluate different alteration mechanisms involving selective leaching of divalent oxides from ilmenite and pseudomorphic replacement reactions, respectively.


With ongoing attempts to reforest both cut-over and abandoned agricultural land in the lower Mississippi alluvial plain, it has become evident that there exists a need for an efficient regeneration system that makes biological and economic sense. Also, there is a need to address how to minimize oomoetitkm from invading weeds, to deter predation by small mammals, and to achieve adequate tree establishment. This study was designed as a randomized complete block experiment with treatments arranged as factors (3 species X 2 levels of protection X 4 weed control treatments) wlth three replications. to assess efficacy of seedling protection and weed control to improve seedling growth and survival. The study was conducted on a cleared area in the Delta Experimental Forest, Stoneville, MS. Three tree species, Nuttall oak (Quemus &&//ii Palmer), green ash (Fmxhus pennsylvanica Marsh.). and persimmon (Diospyros Virginia L) were planted as 1-O bareroot seedlings in March 1997. Each treatment plot had 25 seedlings, spaced at 0.75 meters X 0.75 meters. Shelter protection was installed on half of the seedlings. Shelters were 1 meter tall, 15 centimeter diameter plastic tree shelters. Each shelter treatment (with or without shelter) received one of four weed control treatments: mechanical mowing (gas-powered weed ctilter), fabric mat (woven, black polypropylene material), chemical herbicide (Oust, suffometurcin-rnethyl at 210 grams per hectare), or undisturbed (control). Response of shelters and weed control treatments on seedling survival, height and diameter were followed for one growing season. Seedlings in shelters had greater survival (98 percent) than seedlings without shelters (93 percent). For all three species, height growth was significantly greater for sheltered seedlings (43 centimeters) compared to unsheltered seedlings (15 centimeters). For the unsheltered seedlings, fabric mat weed control increased survival relative to chemical weed control. All seedlings had significantly greater height and dieter growth under the fabric mat weed control compared to growth under'the other treatments except for unsheltered oak seedlings.


Collection of microbial biomass and extraction of DNA are the first steps of many mole- cular approaches for examining uncultured microbes in aquatic ecosystems. Because of the difficul- ties of using large samples (up to 20 l) and the occasional ineffectiveness of DNA isolation proce- dures, we examined an alternative approach, 'filter PCR', which consists of filtering small volumes through polycarbonate filters and using sections of a filter directly in PCR. Positive amplification was achieved with as little as 25 µl of coastal seawater, corresponding to about 10 000 bacterial cells, although larger volumes (1 to 10 ml, depending on bacterial abundance) gave more consistent results. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) revealed few differences in the 16S rRNA amplicons from filter PCR and from the standard approach using DNA isolated from several liters of coastal seawater. A clone library of 16S rRNA amplicons from filter PCR was slightly more diverse than a clone library constructed by the standard approach. These results allow us to explore variation in microbial community structure over a range of spatial scales and to examine the relative evenness of microbial communities in aquatic habitats. Our results indicate that filter PCR is as effective as the standard approach in retrieving bacterial genes from uncultured microbes in aquatic environments.


Abstract:This essay places modern theories of universal suffrage in dialogue with instruments designed to make the voice of the people sensible: colored ballots, daguerreotypes, automatic voting booths. It does so to argue that the expanding franchise across the nineteenth and twentieth centuries came at an unexpected price: as suffrage expanded, the idea of popular voice contracted. Early struggles for suffrage identified the vox populi's manifestation with the egalitarian transformation of everyday life, but the twentieth century witnessed its contraction into liberal theories of preference aggregation. The universalizing itinerary of suffrage therefore came at the cost of an emaciated democratic imagination.


When experiencing an information need, users want to engage with an expert, but often turn to an information retrieval system, such as a search engine, instead. Classical information retrieval systems do not answer information needs directly, but instead provide references to (hopefully authoritative) answers. Successful question answering systems offer a limited corpus created on-demand by human experts, which is neither timely nor scalable. Large pre-trained language models, by contrast, are capable of directly generating prose that may be responsive to an information need, but at present they are dilettantes rather than experts – they do not have a true understanding of the world, they are prone to hallucinating, and crucially they are incapable of justifying their utterances by referring to supporting documents in the corpus they were trained over. This paper examines how ideas from classical information retrieval and large pre-trained language models can be synthesized and evolved into systems that truly deliver on the promise of expert advice.


The continuous development of simple and practical cell cryopreservation methods is of great importance to a variety of sectors, especially when considering the efficient short‐ and long‐term storage of cells and their transportation. Although the overall success of such methods has been increased in recent years, there is still need for a unified platform that is highly suitable for efficient cryogenic storage of cells in addition to their easy‐to‐manage retrieval. Here, a paper‐based cell cryopreservation method as an alternative to conventional cryopreservation methods is presented. The method is space‐saving, cost‐effective, simple and easy to manage, and requires no additional fine‐tuning to conventional freezing and thawing procedures to yield comparable recovery of viable cells. It is shown that treating papers with fibronectin solution enhances the release of viable cells post thawing as compared to untreated paper platforms. Additionally, upon release, the remaining cells within the paper lead to the formation and growth of spheroid‐like structures. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the developed method works with paper‐based 3D cultures, where preformed 3D cultures can be efficiently cryopreserved.


THESE LETTERS AND poems are invaluable fragments of a
living conversation that portrays the indomitable power in
humans to stay alive in the face of certain death — to stay alive
even in death. Reading through the treasure trove of the letters
and poems compiled here as The Last Writings of Ken Saro-Wiwa
evoked such intense memories of his resolute struggles against
an oil behemoth and a deaf autocratic government. His crusade
frames one of the most tumultuous periods of Nigeria's history;
his tragic story evokes anger and demands action to resolve the
crises that hrst led the Ogoni people to demand that Shell clean
up Ogoni or clear out of the territory. It was his leadership, in
great part, that forced Shell out of Ogoni in January 1993.
These letters are a testament of hope. Being one side of robust
conversations between two persons that many would hnd
unlikely as close friends, we learn the lessons that indeed 'friends
love at all times and brothers (and sisters) are born for adversity',
as a proverb in the Bible states. This is where we must applaud
Sister Majella McCarron for preserving and making public these
letters that Ken Saro-Wiwa wrote to her between 20 October 1993
and 14 September 1995.


The concept of inductive bias can be broken down into the underlying assumptions of the domain, the particular implementation choices that restrict or order the space of hypotheses considered by the learning program (the bias choices), and the inductive policy that links the two. We define inductive policy as the strategy used to make bias choices based on the underlying assumptions. Inductive policy decisions involve addressing trade offs with respect to different bias choices. Without addressing these tradeoffs, bias choices will be made arbitrarily. From the standpoint of inductive policy, we discuss two issues not addressed much in the machine learning literature. First we discuss batch learning with a strict time constraint, and present an initial study with respect to trading off predictive accuracy for speed of learning. Next we discuss the issue of learning in a domain where different types of errors have different associated costs (risks). We show that by using different inductive policies accuracy can be traded off for safety. We also show how the value for the latter tradeoff can be represented explicitly in a system that adjusts bias choices with respect to a particular inductive policy.


How do you foster the development of foundational research skills in first-year undergraduate music students? This was the dilemma facing Vanderbilt University music librarians and faculty. Although first-year students take an introductory survey course in music literature intended to prepare them for the more demanding courses in the music history and literature core, they were not acquiring the basic information-literacy skills required to successfully complete research papers and assignments. A solution to this problem was to implement a four-semester integrated music information-literacy program that emphasized library instruction for first-year students. To promote the integral role of the library in student learning, the author embedded herself in all three sections of the initial survey course for first-year students. By attending all class meetings, teaching in-class information-literacy sessions, and evaluating assignments, students came to view the author as trusted partner in their educational process. The author details her experiences as an embedded librarian, examining the benefits and challenges of providing instruction to first-year students in this setting. The collaborative process between faculty and librarian in designing the information-literacy components is emphasized, and the tools used to evaluate student progress towards desired music information-literacy outcomes is shared. Also discussed is the importance of regular assessment of the information-literacy program, a process that resulted in revisions that improved the program.


Introduction: On the basis of research and clinical observations, obsessive –compulsive disorder (OCD) and obsessive –compulsive symptoms (OCS) occur in a considerably high proportion of patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. According to the results of different epidemiological studies, investigators suggest schizo-obsessive subtype. The aim of the study was to evaluate diagnostic validity of schizo-obsessive subtype by determining the prevalence of OCD/ OCS in the patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and its relation to some of clinical characteristics of these patients. Methods: A total of 91 patients with the diagnosis of schizophrenia spectrum disorder were assessed via the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, fifth edition (DSM-V) using Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, x 2 and independent t-test. Results: Results showed that the prevalence of OCS in this study was 47.17% and the prevalence of OCD was 18.66%. Obsessive compulsive contamination had the highest prevalence in this sample. Compared with psychotic patients without OCD/OCS, the patients with OCD/COS had earlier onset of psychosis, higher numbers of hospitalizations and higher numbers of drugs and suicide attempts. Also, the prevalence of OCD/OCS in the patients with first-episode psychosis was 15.62%. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it seems that schizo-obsessive subtype has diagnostic validity. To confirm this hypothesis, it is necessary that longitudinal studies are planned from early stages of psychosis to long-term consequences.


Asbestos, thalidomide, and smog in the environment have all given spectacular evidence of the power of man-made chemical substances to harm people. Phenobarbitone, paracetamol, DDT and penicillin are chemicals that have given large benefits for small risk. Epidemiological evidence allows us to consider dose, response and cost for some of these. For new chemicals we try to assess risk before human exposure starts, using model test systems. The tests are based on studies of substances known to have caused harm to man. The methods of risk and benefit assessment are not perfect, so that post-exposure surveillance is necessary for new and old drugs, pesticides and industrial and environmental chemicals. Risk assessment then takes the form of a continuous review of chemical use, as the relative risks, costs, benefits and alternatives change with developing technology. Those at the exposure end may have interests that conflict with the interests of the rest of society, so that any evaluation process for the risks should include a process for winning the agreement of the people at risk. The case of 2, 4, 5-T shows how the scientifically difficult and socially fragile process of risk assessment and evaluation can easily be disrupted. We need more systematic processes of quantification and more robust processes for evaluation of risks from chemicals.


It is generally accepted that human appetite is under multifactorial control, and that investigation of each facet implicated in appetite regulation is required to develop understanding in this area. The current research aimed to investigate subjective appetite ratings and ad libitum food intake in response to manipulated preloads, while simultaneously measuring the hormone and metabolite response and gastric emptying rate of those preloads. This tripartite approach was then used to explore the relationship between the gastrointestinal hormones GLP-1 and CCK, and appetite. Manipulated preloads differing in their carbohydrate and fat content were used to investigate the post-prandial response. Increasing the carbohydrate and energy content of a preload was shown to decrease ad libitum food intake, although there were no obvious effects on subjective appetite ratings. In addition the secretion of GLP-1, GIP, insulin and glucose were significantly increased as preload carbohydrate and energy content increased. The gastric emptying of the preload was slower as carbohydrate and energy content increased. The manipulation of preload fat and energy content showed a similar pattern of response, with decreased ad libitum energy intake and delayed gastric emptying as preload fat and energy content increased. Hormone and metabolite responses showed significant increases in CCK and GLP-1 with increasing preload fat and energy content. To investigate further the role of GLP-1 in the regulation of human appetite, appetite responses during a GLP-1 infusion were assessed against a saline control. The infusion of GLP-1 did not have a significant effect on self rated appetite or ad libitum energy intake, and was not supportive of a major role for GLP-1 as a satiety hormone in man. However GLP-1 infusion significantly delayed gastric emptying of a water load, supporting the role of GLP-1 as a regulator of gastric emptying. The role of CCK in human appetite was similarly investigated, using an infusion of the CCKA receptor antagonist loxiglumide against a saline control. Loxiglumide infusion significantly increased ad libitum energy intake, and significantly increased the rate of gastric emptying of a high energy liquid preload. The infusion was also found to significantly increase GLP-1 and insulin responses, and the increased ad libitum energy intake was observed in spite of high GLP-1 levels with loxiglumide infusion. The ad libitum test meal intake data from the manipulated preload studies showed that a small number of subjects did not adjust their intake according to preload energy intake. Thus the role of habitual exercise levels on food intake response was assessed to determine if this poor response was related to lifestyle differences. Individuals who participated in regular recreational exercise were found to better adjust ad libitum energy intake in response to manipulated preloads than those who undertook no regular recreational exercise. These data provide support a role for exercise in the regulation of food intake. Taken together these data provide evidence that the differing hormonal responses to manipulated preloads are involved in the regulation of appetite response. Investigations of the roles of GLP-1 and CCK in appetite suggest that CCK is a more potent regulator of appetite than GLP-1. The role of exercise in determining the appetite response to manipulated preloads suggests that the investigation of lifestyle differences is also of importance in the understanding of human appetite.


The use of defensive behaviors to avoid predation increases the likelihood of survival. Snake species have evolved numerous and diverse antipredatory behaviors to fit a variety of natural histories. Understanding how snakes react to simulated predation events can help us understand their ecology. I conducted behavioral trials on 11 colubrid and dipsadid species ( individuals) in the Republic of Panama to examine patterns of antipredation behavior. The level of aggression and number of antipredatory behaviors exhibited during simulated predation was positively correlated with body size. To complement these results, data from previously published studies were used to assess these patterns with a larger sample of Neotropical colubrids and dipsadids ( species). Indeed, the level of aggression and number of antipredatory behaviors known for each species was positively correlated with body size. However, the positive association between the number of antipredatory behaviors known for a species and body size was driven largely by colubrids and not dipsadids. Larger snakes may be more intimidating to potential predators, therefore making aggressive defensive behaviors more likely to be successful. Larger snakes also may encounter a higher diversity of predators and may benefit from the ability to choose from a suite of defensive behaviors specific to certain contexts. Although this study suggests two interesting patterns in the defensive behaviors of Neotropical colubrids and dipsadids, comparative studies of the interactions between snakes and their predators are needed to better understand the pressures driving variation in snake antipredation behavior.


"In her new chic outfit, she looks like anything but a stewardess working. But work she does. Hard, too. And you hardly know it. " So read the text of a 1969 newspaper advertisement for Delta Airlines featuring a picture of a brightly smiling blond stewardess striding confidently down the aisle of an airplane cabin to deliver a meal.

From the moment the first stewardesses took flight in 1930, flight attendants became glamorous icons of femininity. For decades, airlines hired only young, attractive, unmarried white women. They marketed passenger service aloft as an essentially feminine exercise in exuding charm, looking fabulous, and providing comfort. The actual work that flight attendants did—ensuring passenger safety, assuaging fears, serving food and drinks, all while conforming to airlines' strict rules about appearance—was supposed to appear effortless; the better that stewardesses performed by airline standards, the more hidden were their skills and labor. Yet today flight attendants are acknowledged safety experts; they have their own unions. Gone are the no-marriage rules, the mandates to retire by thirty-two. In Femininity in Flight , Kathleen M. Barry tells the history of flight attendants, tracing the evolution of their glamorized image as ideal women and their activism as trade unionists and feminists.

Barry argues that largely because their glamour obscured their labor, flight attendants unionized in the late 1940s and 1950s to demand recognition and respect as workers and self-styled professionals. In the 1960s and 1970s, flight attendants were one of the first groups to take advantage of new laws prohibiting sex discrimination. Their challenges to airlines' restrictive employment policies and exploitive marketing practices (involving skimpy uniforms and provocative slogans such as "fly me") made them high-profile critics of the cultural mystification and economic devaluing of "women's work." Barry combines attention to the political economy and technology of the airline industry with perceptive readings of popular culture, newspapers, industry publications, and first-person accounts. In so doing, she provides a potent mix of social and cultural history and a major contribution to the history of women's work and working women's activism.


G.H., a well-to-do Rio sculptress, enters the room of her maid, which is as clear and white 'as in an insane asylum from which dangerous objects have been removed'. There she sees a cockroach - black, dusty, prehistoric - crawling out of the wardrobe and, panicking, slams the door on it. Her irresistible fascination with the dying insect provokes a spiritual crisis, in which she questions her place in the universe and her very identity, propelling her towards an act of shocking transgression. Clarice Lispector's spare, deeply disturbing yet luminous novel transforms language into something otherworldly, and is one of her most unsettling and compelling works. Clarice Lispector was a Brazilian novelist and short story writer. Her innovation in fiction brought her international renown. References to her literary work pervade the music and literature of Brazil and Latin America. She was born in the Ukraine in 1920, but in the aftermath of World War I and the Russian Civil War, the family fled to Romania and eventually sailed to Brazil. She published her first novel, "Near to the Wildheart" in 1943 when she was just twenty-three, and the next year was awarded the Graca Aranha Prize for the best first novel. Many felt she had given Brazillian literature a unique voice in the larger context of Portuguese literature. After living variously in Italy, the UK, Switzerland and the US, in 1959, Lispector with her children returned to Brazil where she wrote her most influential novels including "The Passion According to G.H". She died in 1977, shortly after the publication of her final novel, "The Hour of the Star".


The paper discusses access to electronic information resources by students of Federal Colleges of Education in Eha-Amufu and Umunze. Descriptive survey design was used to investigate sample of 526 students. Sampling technique used was a Multi sampling technique. Data for the study were generated using questionnaire and data were analyzed using frequency tables and percentages. The finding shows that the students have access to the electronic information resources; prominent among challenges militating against students access to the electronic information resources are poor internet connectivity, erratic power supply, lack of skills to access the resources while strategies to improve access to the electronic information resources are improved internet connectivity, provision of steady power supply, training of the students on the necessary skill to access electronic information resources. The major recommendation are; colleges of Education should improve its budgetary allocation to enable the library subscribe to more electronic information resources in other to enhance students access, alternative sources of power should be provided, College libraries should include ICT/web training in their curriculum to train student at all level on the relevant skill needed to access the web etc.


When aluminum is immersed in pure water, hydrogen evolves at the cathode in pure water where there is no oxygen, although hydrogen dose not evolve in pure water with oxygen present. Based upon the fact, the effect of hydrogen evolved at the cathode on aluminum corrosion was investigated in relation to oxygen concentration in pure water in the present study. The length of incubation period, which is the time from the beginning of the corrosion test to a sharp increase in the corrosion amount, is almost constant regardless of the oxygen concentration. However, the corrosion period which begins right after the incubation period and continues until the saturation point is reached varies depending on the oxygen concentration. When the oxygen concentration is low, the amount of hydrogen at the cathode is large and small pits through the barrier layer spread rapidly over the entire surface, resulting in increase in the corrosion amount. From these results, it is thought that the hydrogen evolved by the cathode reaction greatly affects the deterioration of barrier layer and the aluminum corrosion.


Posture body variation is one of the ways in which humans skillfully and naturally augment their motion and strength capabilities along specific task-space directions in order to successfully perform complex manipulation tasks. Posture variation also has a significant role in robot manipulation, where manipulability arises as a useful criterion to analyze and control the robot dexterity as a function of its joint configuration. In this context, this paper introduces the promising idea of manipulability transfer, a method that allows robots to learn and reproduce desired manipulability ellipsoids from expert demonstrations. The proposed framework is built on a tensor-based formulation of Gaussian mixture model that takes into account that manipulability ellipsoids lie on the manifold of symmetric positive definite matrices. This geometry-aware method is used to design a manipulability-based redundancy resolution that allows the robot to modify its posture so that its manipulability ellipsoid coincides with the desired one. Experiments in simulation validate the functionality of the proposed approach, which extends the robot learning capability beyond trajectory, force and impedance learning approaches.


An important topic for studies of STS and globalization are the ways "global" institutions create and attempt to implement health guidelines and safety standards to address risks associated with new technologies. In the following discussion this topic is examined through a case study of the activities of the World Health Organization's Electric and Magnetic Field Project (WHO EMF Project). EMF exposures are associated with telecommunications and electrical infrastructure, most notably high voltage power-lines, radio and cell towers and the use of mobile telephones. The controversy over setting international safety standards and health guidelines has simmered for a number of decades. The mainstream "regulatory science" position has been that it is unlikely EMF's constitute a significant health risk and therefore minimal regulatory intervention or significant precautionary considerations are required. A small but persistent stream of scientific studies nevertheless have continued to raise significant health concerns and have led to calls for regulators to build stronger precautionary approaches into EMF standards and guidelines. The WHO EMF project was established in 1996 in an attempt to discourage this situation leading to different nation states adopting strong precautionary approaches and developing a diversity of national EMF safety standards and health guidelines. In the following discussion I will explore the history of the WHO EMF Project and the strategies it has used to pursue its goal of global harmonization of EMF science, safety standards and guidelines.  Three important strategies used by the WHO EMF Project have involved: appeals to technological determinism, developing bespoke models for sound science, and setting the boundaries between science and policy to attempt to exclude their opponents from the policy making arena.


Abstract Oregon State University has recently conducted a complete core conversion analysis as part of the Reduced Enrichment for Research and Test Reactors Program. The goals of the thermal-hydraulic steady-state analysis were to calculate natural-circulation flow rates, coolant temperatures, and fuel temperatures as a function of core power, as well as peak values of fuel temperature, cladding temperature, surface heat flux, critical heat flux ratio, and temperature profiles in the hot channel for both the highly enriched uranium and low-enriched uranium cores. RELAP5-3D Version 2.4.2 was used for all computational modeling during the thermal-hydraulic analysis. This is a lumped parameter code forcing engineering assumptions to be made during the analysis. A single-hot-channel model's results are compared to results produced from more refined two- and eight-channel models in order to identify variations in thermal-hydraulic characteristics as a function of spatial refinement.


Poor adherence to medication regimens is a well-documented phenomenon in clinical practice and an ever-present concern in clinical trials. Little is known about adherence to inhaled medication regimens over extended periods. The present paper describes the 2-yr results of the Lung Health Study (LHS) program, which was developed to maintain long-term adherence to an inhaled medication regimen in 3,923 special intervention participants (as measured by self-report and medication canister weight). The LHS is a double-blind, multicenter, randomized controlled clinical trial of smoking intervention and bronchodilator therapy (ipratropium bromide or placebo) for early intervention in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). At the first 4-mo follow-up visit, nearly 70% of participants reported satisfactory or better adherence. Over the next 18 mo, self-reported satisfactory or better adherence declined to about 60%. Canister weight classified adherence as satisfactory or better in 72% of participants returning all canisters at 1 yr, and in 70% of the participants returning all canisters at the 2-yr follow-up. Self-reporting confirmed by canister weight classified 48% of participants at 1 yr as showing satisfactory or better adherence. Overusers were 50% more likely than others to misrepresent their true smoking status, suggesting that canister weights indicating overuse may be deceptive. Results of multiple logistic regression analysis indicate that the best compliance was found in participants who were married, older, white, had more severe airways obstruction, less shortness of breath, and fewer hospitalizations, and who had not been confined to bed for respiratory illnesses.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)


The advance of quality of life and pharmaceutical technology, the enhancement of national income, and the extension of national life expectancy have "aging" become a general socioeconomic phenomenon in China. In many developed countries, people would utilize health food for reducing physical resistance enhancement or drug dependence resulted from drugs taken for curing diseases. Especially, health food is popularized among people with chronic diseases or risks of chronic diseases. Members of Fujian senior-citizen University, as the research subjects, are distributed 300 copies of questionnaire. After deducting invalid and incomplete ones, 206 copies are valid, with the retrieval rate 69%. The research results show significant effects of product knowledge on perceived value, remarkable effects of perceived value on purchase intention, notable effects of product knowledge on purchase intention, and partial mediation of perceived value on the relationship between product knowledge and purchase intention. Suggestions are proposed according to the results, expecting to provide important reference for the marketing of health food industry.


In Red Hangover Kristen Ghodsee examines the legacies of twentieth-century communism twenty-five years after the Berlin Wall fell. Ghodsee's essays and short stories reflect on the lived experience of postsocialism and how many ordinary men and women across Eastern Europe suffered from the massive social and economic upheavals in their lives after 1989. Ghodsee shows how recent major crises—from the Russian annexation of Crimea and the Syrian Civil War to the rise of Islamic State and the influx of migrants in Europe—are linked to mistakes made after the collapse of the Eastern Bloc when fantasies about the triumph of free markets and liberal democracy blinded Western leaders to the human costs of "regime change." Just as the communist ideal has become permanently tainted by its association with the worst excesses of twentieth-century Eastern European regimes, today the democratic ideal is increasingly sullied by its links to the ravages of neoliberalism. An accessible introduction to the history of European state socialism and postcommunism, Red Hangover reveals how the events of 1989 continue to shape the world today.