Over the past decade, social networking has increasingly influenced the practice of both civil and criminal law. One way to illustrate those influences is to examine a "system" of laws and the parties and lawyers in that system. In this article, we examine how social networking has influenced workers' compensation law, looking at, in particular, the intersection of professional responsibility, discovery, privacy, and evidence with social networking in state workers' compensation systems. Workers' compensation laws are no-fault insurance systems designed to resolve disputes efficiently. Consequently, the rules of evidence are often more relaxed and the rules of discovery often more restricted than in state and federal court litigation. The flexible and self-contained structure of workers' compensation systems provides an ideal backdrop against which to examine how information from social networking sites can be used as evidence to resolve civil disputes. A state's workers' compensation system should use the rules that have traditionally applied to non-electronic information as a starting point to address issues arising from lawyers gathering and introducing into evidence information stored on social networking sites. At the same time, because of the efficiency of workers' compensation law and the large discretion vested in its judges, workers' compensation systems have the potential to be laboratories for new technologies and how they can be used in the resolution of disputes, both inside and outside of workers' compensation.


Four hundred square kilometres of 1 m binned, full coverage swath bathymetry data, integrated with similar resolution onshore topography, have been used to generate a seamless onshore to offshore bedrock map covering an extensive area adjacent to the 'Jurassic Coast' World Heritage site. Analysis of these data provides new insights into the structural development of the Purbeck Monocline Cenozoic inversion structure; in particular, variations in the expression of strain between the hanging-wall block and the fault inversion zone. The footwall to the basin-bounding faults compartmentalized deformation and uplift, and acted as a buttress to compression. The data also show a limited thickness changes within the major lithostratigraphical divisions, and a notable absence of basin-related extensional faulting in the offshore area that is in marked contrast to the more extensively studied onshore region. This indicates that prior to inversion, the basin evolved by intermittent activity on a few major extensional faults. This improved understanding of the development of the basin and inversion structures results from our ability to integrate and quantitatively manipulate these high-resolution and spatially extensive offshore and onshore datasets.


We present global distributions of C 2 H 2 and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) total columns derived from the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) for the years 2008–2010. These distributions are obtained with a fast method allowing to retrieve C 2 H 2 abundance globally with a 5 % precision and HCN abundance in the tropical (subtropical) belt with a 10 % (25 %) precision. IASI data are compared for validation purposes with ground-based Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer measurements at four selected stations. We show that there is an overall agreement between the ground-based and space measurements with correlation coefficients for daily mean measurements ranging from 0.28 to 0.81, depending on the site. Global C 2 H 2 and subtropical HCN abundances retrieved from IASI spectra show the expected seasonality linked to variations in the anthropogenic emissions and seasonal biomass burning activity, as well as exceptional events, and are in good agreement with previous spaceborne studies. Total columns simulated by the Model for Ozone and Related Chemical Tracers, version 4 (MOZART-4) are compared to the ground-based FTIR measurements at the four selected stations. The model is able to capture the seasonality in the two species in most of the cases, with correlation coefficients for daily mean measurements ranging from 0.50 to 0.86, depending on the site. IASI measurements are also compared to the distributions from MOZART-4. Seasonal cycles observed from satellite data are reasonably well reproduced by the model with correlation coefficients ranging from −0.31 to 0.93 for C 2 H 2 daily means, and from 0.09 to 0.86 for HCN daily means, depending on the considered region. However, the anthropogenic (biomass burning) emissions used in the model seem to be overestimated (underestimated), and a negative global mean bias of 1 % (16 %) of the model relative to the satellite observations was found for C 2 H 2 (HCN).


The polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) concentration and intrinsic viscosity of polycarbonate (PC) polymer blends were determined by means of near-infrared (NIR) reflectance and absorption spectrometry coupled with multiple regression analysis. The cross-search method was used in the selection of analytical wavelengths, whereas the correctness of the determinations was confirmed by cross validation. The correlation coefficients between the reference and NIR-determined values for the reflectance and absorption techniques were 0.979 and 0.955, respectively. The apparent number of orthogonal degrees of freedom in the polymer standards was affected by the number of samples employed in the NIR regression analysis.


This paper reports that the angular distribution of directional change of 3T3 cells which followed guiding lines on a substrate and left the guidance at various angles shows a peculiar preference for angles between 30 degrees and 60 degrees. Regarding the phenomenon of cellular guidance itself, 3T3 cells faced with a choice between guiding lines toward different directions seem to explore various options before following one. This observation suggests that the outcome of a probing action and not substrate properties alone can explain the guidance behavior of 3T3 cells.


A speckle interferometer for use at the Cassegrain focus of large telescopes has been constructed and used to observe binary star systems on the 2.5 m Isaac Newton telescope in England. The instrument has a four-stage, magnetically focused EMI image intensifier with a maximum light gain in excess of 106, good resolution, and low background noise. The final images are recorded on 16mm cine film. Both analog optical and digital analyses have been carried out. The digital analysis enables the transfer function of the speckle method to be found and divided into the image power spectrum. Examples are given of experimental results. Binary star separations have been measured for stars as close as 0.1 arc sec and as faint as magnitude 6.


My recent "where to live" conversation with a newly hired colleague yielded an unsurprising list of "possibles": selected blocks of Mount Airy and Germantown, plus the Main Line towns of Bryn Mawr, Ardmore, Haverford, Villanova, Gladwyne, and so forth. Despite my colleague's professed open mind about potential neighborhoods, Jenkintown — my own somewhat obscure and distinctly unfashionable (but much more affordable) suburb — drew a blank stare, as did a dozen other solidly middle-class areas I mentioned. By my calculation, there are over 400 zip codes within a thirty-mile radius of Rittenhouse Square, which is in the center of downtown Philadelphia. The places at the top of my colleague's list comprised eleven zip code locations — a little more than 2 percent of the total. These are among the whitest, wealthiest, and most educated residential areas in and around Philadelphia. Somehow my colleague knew where people like him live and are supposed to live. My colleague's choice of neighborhoods lined up almost perfectly with the precincts Charles Murray dubs the "SuperZips." In Coming Apart: The State of White America, 1960–2010, Murray's magisterial look at inequality in white America, the SuperZips play a central role in the drama of social and economic fragmentation that has unfolded in our country in the past few decades. To set the stage for his cultural and geographical portrait of American non-Hispanic whites, Murray lists four of what he calls the "Founding Virtues," or quintessential attributes he claims that our society must possess to preserve a cohesive and distinctly "American" way of life: marriage, honesty, industriousness, and religiosity (p. 130). Murray argues that on all of these dimensions, and regardless of class, education, location, or background, Americans used to be remarkably similar in outlook, with the vast majority endorsing the basic elements of a "respectable" life to include strong families, respect for law, honesty, probity, hard work, and faith (pp. 140–41). Most people were remarkably successful in maintaining these ideals in their daily lives. A considerable degree of geographical mixing accompanied this consensus, with persons from all income levels living in close proximity and even on the same streets. According to Murray, these conditions no longer prevail (p. 100). In practice, if not always in professed ideals, the American consensus has broken down on many fronts, with American society bifurcating into distinct cultures of upper and lower.


We conducted a reciprocal transfer of nymphs of the burrowing mayfly Hexagenia limbata between two rivers harboring populations of this insect that differed in their cadmium (Cd) concentrations. We measured Cd uptake and loss rates simultaneously in the field at several levels of biological organization: in the gut and body of whole nymphs as well as in three subcellular fractions. The most marked changes in Cd concentrations occurred in the insect's gut, where Cd was largely associated with heat‐stable proteins, a fraction that includes the metal‐binding protein metallothionein. Because most of the Cd that entered nymphs was detoxified in this manner, we would not expect it to have direct toxic effects; however, it would be readily transferred to higher trophic levels. Our data on subcellular partitioning suggest that there is a fast‐exchanging pool of Cd bound to heat‐stable proteins such as metallothionein and a slow‐exchanging pool bound to either or both of the remaining fractions (heat‐denatured proteins; remainder, which includes exoskeleton and granules). Nymphs of H. limbata responded rapidly to changes in bioavailable Cd, which suggests that they would be useful for monitoring changes in ambient Cd for weeks or months in the field. A one‐compartment model successfully explained the changes we observed in nymph Cd values. Furthermore, values of the model constant for Cd loss were close to those reported for Hexagenia rigida in the laboratory, which suggests that accumulation patterns observed in the laboratory can be representative of those measured in nature.


Introduction: Evaluation is a critical issue to achieve the goals of academic education. The aim of this study was to evaluate the achievement level of educational objectives in Babol dental school using the CIPP (content, input, process, and product) model based on the point of view of students. Materials &Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed using a researcher made questionnaire based on CIPP model for three educational groups of pediatrics, orthodontics and restorative dentistry among dental students accepted in 2008 and 2009. Total scores were calculated for each field and categorized as undesirable, relatively desirable and desirable with scores below 50, 51-70 and 71-100, respectively. Statistical analysis was performed using ANONA, T-test and Tukey HSD tests and p<0.05 was considered significant. Results: The mean scores were desirable in all groups. Mean scores allocated to the content, input, process and product areas were not significantly different in the pediatrics, orthodontics and restorative dentistry groups. Conclusion: Based on the student's point of view, the pediatrics, orthodontics and restorative dentistry departments of Babol dental school were successful in achieving educational goals.


The chapters of Fibula, Fabula, Fact – The Viking Age in Finland are intended to provide essential foundations for approaching the important topic of the Viking Age in Finland. These chapters are oriented to provide introductions to the sources, methods and perspectives of diverse disciplines in a way that is accessible to specialists from other fields, specialists from outside Finland, and also to non-specialist readers and students who may be more generally interested in the topic. Rather than detailed case studies, the contributors have sought to negotiate definitions of the Viking Age as a historical period in the cultural areas associated with modern-day Finland, and in areas associated with Finns, Karelians and other North Finnic linguistic-cultural groups more generally. Within the incredible diversity of data and disciplines represented here, the Viking Age tends to be distinguished by differentiating it from earlier and later periods, while the geographical space is quite fluidly defined for this era, which was long before the construction of modern nations with their fenced and guarded borders. Most significantly, the contributions lay emphasis on contextualizing the Viking Age within the complexities of defining cultural identities in the past through traces of cultural, linguistic or genetic features. The volume opens with a general introduction to the topic that is intended to provide a frame of reference for discussion, paralleled by a closing afterward. The following chapters are organized according to three thematic sections which reflect the three aspects of any discussion of the Viking Age in Finland: Time, Space, and People – because any discussion of the 'Viking Age' in 'Finland' is necessarily concerned with individuals, societies and cultures.


Automated analysis of live cells over extended time periods requires both novel assays and automated image analysis algorithms. Among other applications, this is necessary for studying the effect of inhibitor compounds that are designed to block the replication of cancerous cells. Due to their toxicity, fluorescent dyes that bind to the nuclear DNA cannot be used to mark nuclei, and traditional non-toxic nuclear markers do not yield information about the cell cycle phases. Instead, a non-toxic cell cycle phase marker can be used. We previously described a set of image analysis methods designed to automatically segment nuclei in such 2D time-lapse images. While the methods show promise, it is necessary to provide a validation framework for these methods. This paper introduces methods for validating the various stages of the algorithm in order to demonstrate their viability for automatic cell cycle analysis


This paper presents novel algorithms and applications for a particular class of mixed-norm regularization based Multiple Kernel Learning (MKL) formulations. The formulations assume that the given kernels are grouped and employ l1 norm regularization for promoting sparsity within RKHS norms of each group and ls, s≥2 norm regularization for promoting non-sparse combinations across groups. Various sparsity levels in combining the kernels can be achieved by varying the grouping of kernels---hence we name the formulations as Variable Sparsity Kernel Learning (VSKL) formulations. While previous attempts have a non-convex formulation, here we present a convex formulation which admits efficient Mirror-Descent (MD) based solving techniques. The proposed MD based algorithm optimizes over product of simplices and has a computational complexity of O(m2ntot log nmax/e2) where m is no. training data points, nmax,ntot are the maximum no. kernels in any group, total no. kernels respectively and e is the error in approximating the objective. A detailed proof of convergence of the algorithm is also presented. Experimental results show that the VSKL formulations are well-suited for multi-modal learning tasks like object categorization. Results also show that the MD based algorithm outperforms state-of-the-art MKL solvers in terms of computational efficiency.


In Gender-Sensitive Norm Interpretation by Regional Human Rights Law Systems Maria Sjoholm examines the jurisprudence on gender-based harm in the European, Inter-American and African regional human rights law systems, from the viewpoint of feminist legal methods and theories.


Abstract Garnet is a widespread minor accessory mineral in the Late Proterozoic Elat-Quarry granite of southern Israel and is more abundant in the associated pegmatite and aplite. All garnets are dominated by almandine and spessartine end-members. Granite-hosted garnets are zoned with relative enrichment of Mn in the core and Fe in the rim. The chemistry of the garnet in the pegmatite and aplite are comparable to the rim compositions of garnets in the granite, but with a slight Fe-depletion at the rims. Geochemical parameters for the granite indicate fractional crystallization largely of an S-type source magma to a peraluminous composition. In the highly evolved granite magma, Fe is relatively diminished, and only small amounts of biotite can crystallize. Manganese becomes a compatible element forming Mn-rich garnet (cores), and reducing the Mn content in the magma, subsequently leading to Fe-enriched rims. The greater abundance of garnet in the pegmatite and aplite (and its larger crystal-size in the former) relate to the enhanced presence of a hydrous fluid within the magma.The tendency for garnet crystals to concentrate in bands is much more developed in the pegmatite than in the granite, and is associated with the effects of hydrofracturing (fracture-filling), and the crystallization of coarse-grained alkaline feldspars.


The objective of this study is to examine earnings management influence on directors' remuneration. Taking a calculation of the empirical evidence of earnings management, firm performance and directors' remuneration, this study is able to demonstrate that pay-performance is not influenced by earnings management. Data for this study were extracted from the annual reports of 678 non-financial public listed companies in Malaysia for the years of 2009, 2010 and 2011 giving rise to final 2021 observations. The findings highlighted that earnings management played no role in determining the directors' remuneration. However, the findings documented a significant and positive association between the directors' influence and the directors' remuneration. This study contributes to the growing literature by providing evidence which demonstrate that pay-performance was not directly influenced by earnings management but by the influence of the executive directors. More importantly the study documents even under strong governance, Malaysian listed firms are influenced by the executive directors.


The orientation of the near-fault strain accumulation associated with the relative motion between the Pacific and North American plates is better predicted by the orientation of the local faulting than by the orientation of the regional plate motion. This observation follows from consideration of shear strain results from geodetic studies ranging from the Imperial Valley to Shelter Cove along the San Andreas fault system. This set of results includes calculations from regions where the faulting and plate motion are considerably oblique to each other. Both the localization of the strain associated with Pacific-North American motion and the orientation of the associated strain can be simply caused by failure of the lithosphere (as opposed to localization of plate driving forces). Two types of models for the rheology and geometry of lithospheric failure have been prevalent in the geodetic literature: (1) viscoelastic models which are dominated by horizontal layering of the crust, and (2) elastic half-space models with geometry which is dominantly vertical. Horizontal models can accommodate the observed strain results only if postseismic relaxation times are long compared to the repeat times of large earthquakes. Vertical models produce strains which are parallel to the local structure at all times. If the horizontal detachments of the Viscoelastic models exist, they must be at depths 2–3 times the seismogenic thickness. Geologic studies also indicate that major transcurrent features extend, as ductile shear zones, to depths much larger than would be expected in horizontal models. These considerations lead us to favor models with vertical geometries. The vertical structure of these models can be reconciled with laboratory measurements of rock strength through the strain-softening processes associated with flow of composite materials such as quartzo-feldspathic rocks. Independent of the horizontal rheological layering in the starting (low strain) material, progressive deformation will lead to preferential weakening in the plane of shear and to the development of a shear zone which will always be weaker than the surrounding material; thus shear zones such as the San Andreas system develop vertical tabular geometries which extend far below the brittle-plastic transition and which are mechanically persistent.


Incarcerated women report high rates of trauma exposure and substance use. The present study evaluated an integrated treatment program, Helping Women Recover/Beyond Trauma (HWR/BT), supplemented with additional modules on domestic violence, relapse prevention, and a 12-step program. The HWR/BT combined treatment program was compared with a matched comparison sample that did not receive the target treatment. Self-report measures were collected from 95 incarcerated women, with 56 women in the completer sample. Women in the treatment condition attended a 4-month group treatment. Results indicated statistically significant between-group differences, favoring the treatment condition, for negative posttraumatic cognitions. Pre–post, but not between-group, differences were also observed for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and substance-related self-efficacy, whereas no differences were observed for depression, dissociation, tension reduction, or anxious arousal. The present study indicates some promise for specific aspects of the treatment, although results question the overall benefit of the program over standard prison services.


The uptake of distributed infrastructures by scientific applications has been limited by the availability of extensible, pervasive and simple-to-use abstractions which are required at multiple levels -- development, deployment and execution stages of scientific applications. The Pilot-Job abstraction has been shown to be an effective abstraction to address many requirements of scientific applications. Specifically, Pilot-Jobs support the decoupling of workload submission from resource assignment, this results in a flexible execution model, which in turn enables the distributed scale-out of applications on multiple and possibly heterogeneous resources. Most Pilot-Job implementations however, are tied to a specific infrastructure. In this paper, we describe the design and implementation of a SAGA-based Pilot-Job, which supports a wide range of application types, and is usable over a broad range of infrastructures, i.e., it is general-purpose and extensible, and as we will argue is also interoperable with Clouds. We discuss how the SAGA-based Pilot-Job is used for different application types and supports the concurrent usage across multiple heterogeneous distributed infrastructure, including concurrent usage across Clouds and traditional Grids/Clusters. Further, we show how Pilot-Jobs can help to support dynamic execution models and thus, introduce new opportunities for distributed applications. We also demonstrate for the first time that we are aware of, the use of multiple Pilot-Job implementations to solve the same problem, specifically, we use the SAGA-based Pilot-Job on high-end resources such as the TeraGrid and the native Condor Pilot-Job (Glide-in) on Condor resources. Importantly both are invoked via the same interface without changes at the development or deployment level, but only an execution (run-time) decision.


V. ... AND MAKING SUBSTANTIVE MOVES, LIKE AFTERTHOUGHTS Having adopted almost as leisurely a pace as this Article, the Opinion is nearly half done--21 of its 45 pages, 56 of its 123 paragraphs--by the time it reaches what are usually, and here perhaps generously, known as "the merits of the case." (153) As is often the case in legal proceedings, by this point, the answer is all but assured. The Court identifies two major concerns: one "concerning the lawfulness of declarations of independence under general international law, against the background of which ... Security Council resolution 1244 (1999) is to be understood and applied" and another about "the legal relevance of ... 1244 ... [and] whether the resolution creates special rules ... applicable to the issues raised by the ... declaration." (154) The first question asks if general international law says anything about declarations of independence; the other asks if the specific rules created for Kosovo affect the outcome. As we shall see, the Court's analysis quickly disposes of these questions, and where it lingers, it is to a very different purpose--to ensure the question is further, fully emptied of content and of any potential to offend the Security Council or threaten the institutional position of the Court. A. General International Law--Reaching an Inevitable Conclusion, Quickly We have already seen that the rules of general international law relating to secession are formally indeterminate--almost agnostic--even though in practice the field is actually more dogmatically inclined. The Court does not actually address secession, since it has already announced that is not a question it has been asked; rather, it notes, quite accurately, that there is no prohibition against declarations of independence as such: In no case, however, does the practice of States as a whole suggest that the act of promulgating the declaration was regarded as contrary to international law. On the contrary, State practice during this period points clearly to the conclusion that international law contained no prohibition of declarations of independence. (155) And that is about it---one can almost see the analysis grinding to a halt--since, really, what more is there going to be to say, if that is the question? There are few mopping-up operations, mostly further limiting the inquiry's scope: some states had objected that territorial integrity implies a prohibition on secession or declarations of independence--or at least prohibited their having any effect--while others objected that territorial norms prevented other states from recognizing such actions. (156) Addressing these objections together, the Court holds that "the scope of the principle of territorial integrity is confined to the sphere of relations between States." (157) In other words, the question of a declaration of independence's effect, or the legality of other states' recognizing a secessionist entity on another state's territory, are very much issues--but not ones this Court will be addressing. (158) Self-determination likewise is declared outside the scope of inquiry. Several states had advanced a secondary claim that Kosovo had a right to self-determination on a remedial theory (that is, in response to the depredations of Serbia in the 1980s and 1990s), (159) but the Court "considers that it is not necessary to resolve these questions in the present case." (160) As we have seen, the key turn the Court made was to cast the General Assembly's question as a specific one, an evaluation of this declaration in its circumstances, rather than as a general issue of law of the kind considered in Quebec. Yet, although the Court's framing indeed narrows the issue, its effect is the opposite of a detailed analysis--it strips out the specific details of this series of events. The Court chooses to analyze the literal act of declaring independence--not its effect, nor the reactions of other states, nor the causes that might have justified the act--in splendid procedural isolation. …


Musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) are the most common cause of work-related disability with significant financial and medical costs. Drivers have the highest prevalence of MSDs in comparison with other jobs. According to high prevalence of MSDs among drivers especially truck and taxi drivers along with limited available information in the region; we aimed to evaluate MSDs among truck and taxi drivers and compare the results of these two groups. This was a cross-sectional descriptive study of truck and taxi drivers referred to a private occupational health clinic in Kermanshah (West of Iran). A total of 734 participants including366 Truck drivers and 368 taxi drivers, were enrolled in the study consecutively. MSDs were evaluated by means of Nordic questionnaire, a self-administered questionnaire for evaluation of MSDs. Chi square test was used for comparison between two qualitative variables and finally multivariate regression was performed for further data analysis. Among 734 drivers participated in the study, 366 ones were truck driver. Truck drivers were significantly older than taxi drivers (p<0.05). Low back pain was the most observed MSD in both study groups. In the univariate analysis, the knee and neck pain were the only more prevalent symptoms in truck drivers. After adjusting for other variables, vehicle type was significantly associated with MSDs and spinal column pain in addition to knee and neck pain. Truck drivers are more susceptible to develop musculoskeletal symptoms in spine, knee and neck pain than taxi drivers. Improving vehicle structure and lowering vibration, educating truck drivers about correct methods of load handling and obesity prevention may decrease musculoskeletal disorders among truck drivers.


Introduction The purpose of this study was to determine the therapeutic potential of Curcuma longa 30CH when administered to healthy individuals, thus revealing the materia medica of the substance. It was also the aim of this study to compare the existing therapeutic indications of the substance to the proving symptomatology. Methodology The proving took the form of a double-blind placebo controlled study and was conducted by two Master's in Technology: Homoeopathy students using 30 healthy subjects. Twenty four provers were given the active medication and six provers were given the placebo. The remedy was manufactured according to the German Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia in 30CH potency. The proving ran for a period of six weeks. Results The symptoms extracted from the proving were placed in different sections according to the repertory and was compared to the Ayurvedic and Phytotherapeutic indications of Curcuma longa. There were 202 symptoms produced as a result of the remedy, 141 rubrics were formulated using these symptoms. The largest number of rubrics i ii was allocated to the mind, head and dreams section of the repertory, other smaller sections of prominence included the eye, ear, nose and throat sections. A wealth of information was gained once the comparison was made between Curcuma longa 30CH and the Phytotherapeutic and Ayurvedic indications of use. Similarities between the materia medica of Curcuma longa and the Phytotherapeutic indications of use were found to exist with respect to sections such as eye, nose, face, stomach, stool, respiration, back, extremities, skin and generals. Conclusion The administration of Curcuma longa 30C to healthy provers according to the methodological protocol of this study resulted in the production of a variety of defined proving symptoms which comprise the materia medica thereof (first objective of the study). The subsequent comparison of the proving symptoms with the existing indications of Turmeric as an Ayurvedic and Phytotherapeutic medicine (second objective of the study) revealed clear correlations in a variety of defined areas.


DairyMod, EcoMod, and the SGS Pasture Model are mechanistic biophysical models developed to explore scenarios in grazing systems. The aim of this manuscript was to test the ability of the models to simulate net herbage accumulation rates of ryegrass-based pastures across a range of environments and pasture management systems in Australia and New Zealand. Measured monthly net herbage accumulation rate and accumulated yield data were collated from ten grazing system experiments at eight sites ranging from cool temperate to subtropical environments. The local climate, soil, pasture species, and management (N fertiliser, irrigation, and grazing or cutting pattern) were described in the model for each site, and net herbage accumulation rates modelled. The model adequately simulated the monthly net herbage accumulation rates across the range of environments, based on the summary statistics and observed patterns of seasonal growth, particularly when the variability in measured herbage accumulation rates was taken into account. Agreement between modelled and observed growth rates was more accurate and precise in temperate than in subtropical environments, and in winter and summer than in autumn and spring. Similarly, agreement between predicted and observed accumulated yields was more accurate than monthly net herbage accumulation. Different temperature parameters were used to describe the growth of perennial ryegrass cultivars and annual ryegrass; these differences were in line with observed growth patterns and breeding objectives. Results are discussed in the context of the difficulties in measuring pasture growth rates and model limitations.


To study the cellular infiltrate that occurs within the airways of infants with respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis, samples of airways secretions were obtained by bronchial lavage from the lower respiratory tract of infants ventilated for this condition and from the upper airway of non-intubated infants with this disorder using nasopharyngeal aspirates. Cytospin samples were prepared so that differential cell counts could be performed on the cells obtained and alkaline phosphatase-antialkaline phosphatase immunocytochemical analysis of lymphocyte subsets was carried out using a panel of monoclonal antibodies, which included anti-CD3, anti-CD4, anti-CD8, anti-CD19, and anti-TcR gamma delta. Results from the lower and upper airways were similar. Large numbers of inflammatory cells were obtained, of which neutrophils accounted for a median of 93% in the upper airway and 76% in the lower airway. The numbers of CD8 positive cells detected were small and consistently less than CD4 positive cells, median CD4:CD8 ratios being 22.5:1 and 15:1 for the lower and upper airways. CD19 positive cells were rarely observed and no gamma delta positive lymphocytes were detected. These results indicate that neutrophils probably play a major part in causing symptoms in these infants. They do not support the concept that excessive lymphocyte mediated cytotoxic activity is principally responsible for the pathology in respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis.


In this paper, the nanoscale structural and electrical evolution of Ta- and Ti-based contacts was investigated employing several analytical techniques. A correlation between the improvement of the electrical quality of the contacts and the formation of Al-alloyed phases (TaAl3 or TiAl3) during annealing was observed. However, while for the Ti/Al contacts an Ohmic behavior with a contact resistance Rc ∼ 1.8 Ω mm has been achieved after annealing at 500 °C, Ta/Al contacts exhibited a higher contact resistance (Rc ∼ 36.3 Ω·mm) even after annealing at 700 °C. The different electrical behaviour has been explained considering the different interface and the homogeneity of the current transport at a nanoscale level.


Image processing is the collection of ways and techniques to formation of an image as per requirement. It consists of various techniques to load, process, store and compares the images. It gives various scientific proofs to compare the changes in the results. In this paper, we are going to discuss the inpainting and super-resolution method. The basic idea behind the inpainting is repainting the damaged, faded or obliterated sections of an image. Inpainting is nothing but the art of image reconstruction while, doing this two properties of the image have to maintain that are structure and texture property of the image. Existing super-resolution algorithm can be broadly categorized into three classes: reconstruction-based, interpolation-based, and example-based approaches. Here in this paper we are going to study only one method which is exemplar-based technique in comparison of other methods. While doing large image inpainting it needs more time and also complex than less dimension image so in this method before doing inpainting for the input region image get converted into the low resolution image then repainting is applied on the image after that to get fine details and better resolution it is reconverted in super-resolution.


This classic, bestselling study of the !Kung San, foragers of the Dobe area of the Kalahari Desert describes a people's reactions to the forces of modernization, detailing relatively recent changes to !Kung rituals, beliefs, social structure, marriage and kinship system. It documents their determination to take hold of their own destiny-despite exploitation of their habitat and relentless development-to assert their political rights and revitalize their communities. Use of the name Ju/'hoansi (meaning "real people") acknowledges their new sense of empowerment.


Both practitioners and academics are increasingly focusing their attention on the riskiness of firms' tax planning activities. In this study, we examine how external auditors respond to tax risk, measured using the volatility of firms' annual cash and GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles) effective tax rates. Consistent with the notion that tax risk represents a source of engagement risk that is priced by external auditors, we first document a positive association between audit fees and tax risk incremental to fee premiums arising from tax aggressiveness. We also find that knowledge spillover benefits related to the provision of tax nonaudit services moderate this positive association. In supplemental tests, we provide evidence on additional auditor responses to tax risk. In particular, we document that tax risk is positively associated with both audit report lag and the likelihood of the auditor reporting a tax-related material weakness in the client's internal controls. Our findings add to the growing literature at the intersection of corporate taxation and auditing, and to the literature distinguishing between the level and riskiness of firms' tax avoidance strategies.


Background Trials have demonstrated that patients benefit from participation in cancer support groups. However, only a minority of patients join groups. Better understanding of factors predicting patients' intention to join groups and their preferred group formats is required to aid strategies to increase support group attendance and ensure that groups are suited to patients' preferences. Objective To investigate variables predicting patients' intention to join cancer support groups and the support group formats they would find most useful. Design Self-completed questionnaires. Factor analysis of patients' perceptions of support groups and the group formats perceived to be most useful. Comparison of patients intending and not intending to join groups and bi-variate correlation analyses of variables associated with preferred group format, using non-parametric and parametric analysis as appropriate. Setting Recruitment through oncology outpatient clinics shortly after diagnosis. Participant 192 patients with cancer of the colon (105), lung (57) or bladder (30). Of these, 67% were male and 33% female. Main Measures Demographic and clinical variables, perceived social support (MSPSS), perceived control and distress over cancer (IPQ-R), strategies for coping with cancer (Brief COPE), functioning and symptoms (EORTC QLQ C30), views and preferences regarding support groups (questionnaires designed from qualitative patient interviews). Results Variables predicting participants' intention to join a group included worse family support, higher distress, coping through instrumental support seeking and little perceived difficulty in joining. Factors predicting preference for patient-led, emotion-focused groups included being female, higher distress, worse functioning in several domains, and coping through planning, positive reframing, religion, instrumental support seeking, distraction and denial. Preference for professionally led, information-based groups related to active coping and acceptance, lower education and not having a partner. Preferences for both group formats and a general intention to participate were all related to having positive views of groups and being influenced by health professionals' recommendation of groups (all findings at p<0.05). More details of findings, results of multivariate analyses and data on whether patients actually joined a group will be presented at the conference. Conclusion Patients with different characteristics prefer different support group formats. It is therefore important to tailor group formats to the needs of different groups of patients. In all instances positive perceptions of groups and recommendation from a health professionals increased perceived usefulness of groups and patients' intention to join. Both promotion of a positive image of groups and the recommendation of health professionals should therefore help increase support group attendance.


Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) from Rhodamine 6G (R6G) homogenously adsorbed on fractal shaped 170-nm-period square arrays formed by 50-nm-high gold nanoparticles (diameters of 80, 100, or 120 nm are constant within each array), fabricated on a smooth gold film by electron-beam lithography, is characterized using high-resolution Raman microscopy with polarized excitation. Linear reflection spectroscopy verifies that all nanostructures exhibit resonances close to the 532 nm excitation wavelength used for Raman microscopy. The SERS images feature diffraction-limited (~0.35 μm) bright spots corresponding to local SERS enhancements of up to ~120 (relative to that from a smooth gold film), which are influenced by array boundaries, particle diameter, excitation polarization, and detected wavelength. We use six main Raman lines of the R6G spectrum for characterization of multiresonant local-field enhancements that are related to constructive interference of surface plasmon polaritons partially reflected inside the array boundaries.


Hollywood East! The honorific title bestowed upon a bewitching state known for her sandy beaches, warm winter days, and mosquito-filled Everglades. Florida and the Film Industry: A tale of an alluring titan and a powerful behemoth behaving like two lovers enmeshed in an affair, complete with wooing, courting, and rebuffs. A relationship that has lasted over a century and continues to blossom amidst healthy competition, tax incentives, innovative legislation, and cooperation. Florida's commitment to a thriving film industry — through its legislature, government administrative agencies, and incentives — has allowed its economy to grow and its citizenry to flourish, while showcasing Florida to the world.This article chronicles the development of the Florida film and entertainment industry, from its inception to the present day, as a product of environment, opportunity, economics, law, and policy. The film and entertainment industry is one of the most significant contributors to Florida's local, regional, and global image, through depiction of its people, cities, industry, and nature. As an ever-growing contributor to the state's economy through job creation, service industry revenues, and tax collections, Florida's relationship with the film and entertainment industry has gone from an ad hoc approach to a carefully strategized, multi-year effort, fueled by the Florida Film and Entertainment Industry Financial Incentive Program, to encourage the use of the state as a location for all facets of digital, film, and television production.This article will address in Part I the earliest history of film in Florida from the late nineteenth century birth and flourishing through the 1917 transfer to California and revitalization during World War II. Part II considers the state's economic, political, and legal enticements for the film industry to grow in the state and to match the public relations campaign to draw tourism to the Sunshine State. Part III outlines the essence of 1950s blockbuster hits that gave impetus to rules and laws to solidify the state's relationship with the film industry. As commented upon in Part IV, Florida's compelling call to the industry reached New York City and beyond, bringing rare talent that would further expand the industry's reach and hold in Florida. Worthy of Part V's particular focus, mesmerizing Miami reached international recognition as a thriving hub for both television and film from the 1950s onward, and industry contractual practices there set the standard for the entire film and television industry thenceforth. Part VI summarizes the background, legislative authority, and practical efforts of the Governor's Office of Film and Entertainment, followed by the tax incentives under state and federal law which caused the film and television industry efforts in Florida to expand exponentially in the twenty-first century onward in Part VII; specifically with some of the most notable progeny of this effort and their value to state, regional, and the national economies showcased in Part VIII. Part IX highlights how past is prologue for Florida film and television, why current state and federal initiatives will prevent major production efforts from becoming runaway boons to other states and countries, and the demonstrable economic benefits those laws and policies have already produced for Florida in particular, and the United States in general. In conclusion, Part X predicts how faithfulness and fidelity to the film and television industry will continue to reap benefits in a multi-billion dollar relationship continuing into its second century, with over 120 films and television shows to its credit and counting.


CYP2C19 plays a key role in the metabolism of estrogen. Promoter polymorphism of CYP2C19 (*17, -806C>T) causing ultra rapid metabolizer phenotype for estrogen, may reduce the risk of breast cancer . Activating transcription factor ( ATF-2) is plays an important a role in tumorigenesis. Estrogens influence the transcription of ATF-2 which again plays a role in the expression of several tumor suppressor and tumorigenic proteins. ATF-2 acts generally on tumour suppressor genes in mammary tissue but can also undergo estrogen mediated increased phosphorylation acting on tumorigenic genes, thus showing dual actions. We hypothesize that presence of CYP2C19*17 allele may enhance ATF-2 binding to its promoter region, hence may increase the expression of CYP2C19 causing more rapid metabolism of estrogens, protecting from the occurrence of breast cancer. Increased activity of CYP2C19 in the presence of CYP2C19*17 allele may alter the levels of phosphorylated ATF-2 by reducing the estrogen levels, leading to the increased transcription of tumorsupressor genes. This will lead to decreased incidence of breast cancer in individuals carrying CYP2C19*17 allele.


Summary

1
Time to extinction was predicted for a declining population of barn swallow Hirundo rustica in Denmark, using a model that includes demographic as well as environmental stochasticity and that takes the uncertainties in the parameter estimates into account.

2
We apply the concept of population prediction interval (PPI), which is a stochastic interval that includes the unknown variable that may be the extinction time or the population size at some future point of time, with a given probability (1 − α).

3
The lower bound of the upper one-sided prediction interval for the extinction time for α = 0·10 was 22 years.

4
Ignoring uncertainties in the parameter estimates led to a 41% increase in this statistic.

5
Although the estimate of the demographic variance was small compared to other passerines (σd2 = 0·180), a sensitivity analysis showed that it strongly influenced the predicted time to extinction compared to the model ignoring demographic stochasticity. A similar effect on the prediction of the time to extinction was found for the environmental variance σe2. In addition, choosing σe2 = 0 strongly reduced the width of the prediction interval.

6
This demonstrates that reliable population projections require modelling of the environmental as well as the demographic stochasticity, and that the uncertainty in the estimates of the model parameters must be taken into account.


In today's environment of rapidly evolving information and communication technologies (ICTs), technical standardization is said to be confronted by a "minefield" of intellectual property rights (IPRs). Patents and other industrial IPRs that might belong to individual developers of technology have the potential to undermine the collective pursuit of technical standardization that might serve the common interests of the sector or industry. This tension between the individual and the collective, between the development of technology and its diffusion, is however by no means new; it is an inherent feature of standard development as an institution of innovation.

The fact that this tension has only recently been converted into conflict raises a host of interesting questions about standardization in the evolving environment of the 'digital age'. In this chapter, we will address some of these. We are especially interested in the fundamental question concerning the roles of standard development organizations and IPRs in the "technology infrastructure" (Tassey, 1995) and how these roles are "co-evolving" (Nelson, 1995) with the rapidly developing ICT industry. The contention is that this process of coevolution is bringing what are initially complementary functions in the innovation process into increased confrontation.

In this chapter such questions will be explored in terms of innovation-theory in which the role this 'technology infrastructure' plays is explicitly recognized. The discussion of this relationship moreover will be largely presented in terms of a case study, featuring the controversy that arose during the standardization of the now popular GSM system, produced by the European Telecommunication Standards Institute (ETSI).


The distribution of theanine-degrading activity in Wistar rats was examined and this activity was detected only in the kidney. Judging from polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, theanine-degrading enzyme from rat kidney was purified almost to homogeneity. Theanine-degrading activity was co-purified with glutaminase activity, and the relative activity for theanine was about 85% of that for L-glutamine throughout purification. Substrate specificity of purified enzyme preparation coincided well with the data of phosphate-independent glutaminase [EC 184.108.40.206], which had been previously reported. It was very curious that gamma-glutamyl methyl and ethyl esters were more effectively hydrolyzed than theanine and L-glutamine, in view of relative activity and K(m) value. It was suggested that gamma-glutamyl moiety in theanine molecule was transferred to form gamma-glutamylglycylglycine with relative ease in the presence of glycylglycine. On the other hand, purified phosphate-dependent glutaminase did not show theanine-degrading activity at all. Thus, it was concluded that theanine was hydrolyzed by phosphate-independent glutaminase in kidney and suggested that, as for the metabolic fate of theanine, its glutamyl moiety might be transferred by means of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase reaction to other peptides in vivo.


We extend the narrowband Weyl symbol (WS) and the wideband P/sub O/-Weyl symbol (PoWS) for dispersive time-frequency (TF) analysis of nonstationary random processes and time-varying systems. We obtain the new TF symbols using unitary transformations on the WS and the P/sub O/WS. For example, whereas the WS is matched to systems with constant or linear TF characteristics, the new symbols are better matched to systems with dispersive (nonlinear) TF structures. This results from matching the geometry of the unitary transformation to the specific TF characteristics of a system. We also develop new classes of smoothed Weyl symbols that are covariant to TF shifts or time shift and scaling system transformations. These classes of symbols are also extended via unitary warpings to obtain classes of TF symbols covariant to dispersive shifts. We provide examples of the new symbols and symbol classes, and we list some of their desirable properties. Using simulation examples, we demonstrate the advantage of using TF symbols that are matched to the changes in the TF characteristics of a system or random process. We also provide new TF formulations for matched detection applications.


This paper examines the sources of differences in social mobility between the U.S. and Denmark. Measured by income mobility, Denmark is a more mobile society, but not when measured by educational mobility. There are pronounced nonlinearities in income and educational mobility in both countries. Greater Danish income mobility is largely a consequence of redistributional tax, transfer, and wage compression policies. While Danish social policies for children produce more favorable cognitive test scores for disadvantaged children, these do not translate into more favorable educational outcomes, partly because of disincentives to acquire education arising from the redistributional policies that increase income mobility.


Abstract Purpose To propose an integration index of home care delivery to older persons, to study its validity and to apply it to home care services of European cities. Theory Home care delivery integration was based on two dimensions referring to process-centred integration and organisational structure approach. Method Items considered as part of both dimensions according to an expert consensus (face validity) were extracted from a standardised questionnaire used in "Aged in Home care" (AdHoc) study to capture basic characteristics of home care services. Their summation leads to a services' delivery integration index. This index was applied to AdHoc services. A factor analysis was computed in order to empirically test the validity of the theoretical constructs. The plot of the settings was performed. Results Application of the index ranks home care services in four groups according to their score. Factor analysis identifies a first factor which opposes working arrangement within service to organisational structure bringing together provisions for social care. A second factor corresponds to basic nursing care and therapies. Internal consistency for those three domains ranges from 0.78 to 0.93. When plotting the different settings different models of service delivery appear. Conclusion The proposed index shows that behind a total score several models of care delivery are hidden. Comparison of service delivery integration should take into account this heterogeneity.


This dissertation applies the theory of technology accumulation to explain the internationalisation of foreign and West German multinational enterprises (MNEs) into East Germany. This theory shifts the focus from technology transfer to the international diffusion of innovation within the MNE. It rejects the position that all MNEs offer the same technological opportunities to host economies. Yet, most of the existing empirical research on postcommunist transition economies including East Germany applies the traditional technology transfer perspective. Therefore, this dissertation provides a complementary and novel approach. We assume a dynamic interaction between existing location specific technological capabilities within the host country, MNEs' location choice, their internationalisation of R&D and innovation, and the potential for technological spillover effects from MNEs to the host economy. The dissertation exploits information from the IWH FDI micro database on the full population of MNEs that entered East German manufacturing until 2005 and corresponding survey data. Micro econometric estimation results generate a number of novel findings: We can show that existing location specific technological capabilities affect MNEs' general location choice within East Germany. They are not powerful enough to attract MNEs' technological activities. Instead, the location of MNEs' innovation requires the joint presence of technological and industry specialisation within regions, whereas foreign R&D benefits from technological specialisation in combination with a diversified industry structure. Moreover, the location of technological activity differs depending upon the underlying motive for internationalisation. Our findings suggest that the potential for technological externalities from affiliates to local firms is subject to centrally and locally driven technological heterogeneity of MNEs. Existing location specific technological capabilities do not affect the spillover potential. This hints a limited dynamic interaction of ownership and locational advantages in firms' internationalisation. We derive implications for the technology accumulation theory as well as for various fields of science and technology policy.


Summary. We complement the only existing nest description for Ruddy Treerunner Margarornis rubiginosus and include observations of nestbuilding and breeding behaviour. We also compare our data with existing information on nest architecture and breeding biology of the closely related Pearled Treerunner M. squamiger and Spotted Barbtail Premnoplex brunnescens. The nest of Ruddy Treerunner was a pendant closed nest below a single tree branch and was mostly constructed of moss. In the nest base there was a circular entrance and a second cavity. The inner chamber was spherical and the egg cup was mostly constructed of roots, fern scales and other plant fibres. Both adults build the nest and care for chicks. We observed a nest helper and removal of faecal sacs by both adults. Many aspects of nest structure and parental behaviour are similar to those of its sister species, thereby supporting existing genetic data.


Stomach contents were studied for 289 live young crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) less than 180 cm long, collected from coast, river and swamp of Arnhem Land, Melville Island and Grant Island, Northern Territory, Australia; the crocodiles were then released. Tables give orders and families and some generic and specific names for prey or carrion eaten and for 3 parasites on the crocodiles, for a dry and a wet season in 1975-76. Between crocodiles 50 to 120 cm long and those smaller or larger there was no significant difference in the proportion of crocodiles having eaten crabs, shrimps, fish or insects or with empty stomachs, but only the larger crocodiles ate mammals or birds. Frequency of different foods eaten differed significantly with type of habitat or with salinity. Weight of food or incidence of empty stomachs did not differ between seasons, habitats or salinities. Condition of the crocodiles was significantly poorer for those from freshwater swamps than for those from lower mangrove or flood plains, and highest for those from upper mangrove. Main foods in both seasons were crustaceans, mainly crabs of subfamily Sesarminae and shrimps of genus Macrobrachium. The only fish eaten regularly was Pseudogobius sp., a slow-moving fish found by the water's edge. Amphibians were not found in the stomach.


Day, Randal, Gilbert, Kathleen R., Settles, Barbara H., and Burr, Wesley R. Research and Theory in Family Science. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing. 361 pp. Hardcover ISBN 0-534-21780-X, price $40.00. This is a book that is intended for advanced students who have had some background in family science. It would seem most appropriate for graduate students in a family systems/science program as a part of their family research and systems curriculum. The authors are commendably specific about the audience for which this text is intended and also describe the rationale for the organizational structure they use. The authors claim to present a unique organizational structure, and, for the most part, they deliver on that claim. Rather than organizing the text around developmental cycles, the authors have organized the book by the various ways experts have used to view family processes. For example, part I examines "Families in Contexts" and looks at societal values and norms, autonomy and connectedness within families, gender interactions, multicultural family science, and the like. Part II discusses theories and research in family science and does so from a relatively broad base of perspectives, including types of theories, specific family systems theory, functional analyses of family behavior, and "The Science of Family Science." Part In is entitled "Understanding Family Processes" and discusses families from an interactional perspective, including a family systems chapter by David Olson and chapters on families in everyday life, communication in families, families and sexuality, and parenting processes. Parts IV and V, entitled "Challenges and Choices for Families" and "Family Science at Work," discuss a variety of topics, including divorce, remarriage, family loss and grief, parenting experts, and careers in family science. Although the organization of the last two sections is not as cohesive as the first three, they still provide useful information regarding topics of interest to the advanced graduate student in family science. Of note in this book is the overall contextual orientation that is relatively atypical of most family systems texts. Although experts in family relations do well to describe their systems orientation as being one of context, few authors actually play out such orientation in organizing their books. Through reading this book, one gets a sense of what it is like to think systemically and to be aware of context rather than just to be told about it. Even though there is a traditional topical orientation in some sections of this book, the overall organizational thrust is compelling in its uniqueness. I get the strong sense that the authors considered this organizational structure carefully and gave specific instructions to their authors to make reasoned choices that would fit with the overall feel of the book. …


Islands are not always geographical. Some regions of the world can be called "practical islands" on a seasonal basis, if one is to draw the definition of islands from their degree of connectivity, in particular connectivity in transportation. Three insular case studies from the Westfjords (Ingjaldssandur, Djúpavík and Vigur) have been compared to one case study from the Åland Islands (Husö) in an attempt to answer the questions "Why do people choose to move to/stay in geographical and practical islands?", and "What is needed to sustain habitation in geographical and practical islands?" The academic exercise consists of trying to tie the interdisciplinary threads of the Coastal and Marine Management Master's Programme together, with a focus on social sciences, in order to produce policy recommendations from a bottom-up perspective, where the individual matters. For this purpose, interviews have been conducted both with inhabitants of insular regions and decision-makers on different levels concerned with connectivity. It is concluded that the high costs of sustaining habitation and connectivity must be weighed against the importance of cultural heritage, human-nature interactions, people's relationship to the sea, economic diversification and individual rights. It is suggested that practical islands should be treated as such on a seasonal basis and that the historical waterways should not be underestimated.


In recent years, the global health community has been increasingly reporting the problem of 'invisibility' as aspects of health and wellbeing that are often overlooked and ignored, and predominantly affects the most marginalized and precarious people. However, it is unclear how to realistically manage global health invisibility and move forward. In this letter, we reflect on several case studies of invisibility experienced by people in Brazil, Malaysia, West Africa and other transnational contexts. Highlighting the complex nature of invisibility and its interconnectedness with social, political and economic issues and trends, we argue that while local and targeted interventions might provide relief and comfort locally, they will not be able to solve the underlying causes of invisibility. Moving forward, we argue that in dealing with an intersectional issue such as invisibility, twenty-first century global health bioethics could pursue a more 'disturbing' framework, challenging the narrow comforting solutions and sociomaterial inequalities of the sociopolitical status quo. We highlight that comforting and disturbing bioethical frameworks should not be considered as opposing sides, but as two approaches working in tandem in order to achieve the internationally set global health milestones of providing better health and wellbeing for everyone. In doing so, we call for taking seriously insights from sociology, anthropology, postcolonial studies, history, feminist studies and other styles of critical reasoning that have long been disturbing the grand assumptions about people and their conditions, and, practically, to rediscover the ethos of the WHO Alma Ata Declaration, calling for cooperation and support beyond the narrow market logic that dominates the landscape of contemporary global health.


Point defect injection studies are performed to investigate how fluorine implantation influences the diffusion of boron marker layers in both the vacancy-rich and interstitial-rich regions of the fluorine damage profile. A 185 keV, 2.3?1015 cm?2 F+ implant is made into silicon samples containing multiple boron marker layers and rapid thermal annealing is performed at 1000 °C for times of 15–120 s. The boron and fluorine profiles are characterized by secondary ion mass spectroscopy and the defect structures by transmission electron microscopy ?TEM?. Fluorine implanted samples surprisingly show less boron diffusion under interstitial injection than those under inert anneal. This effect is particularly noticeable for boron marker layers located in the interstitial-rich region of the fluorine damage profile and for short anneal times (15 s). TEM images show a band of dislocation loops around the range of the fluorine implant and the density of dislocation loops is lower under interstitial injection than under inert anneal. It is proposed that interstitial injection accelerates the evolution of interstitial defects into dislocation loops, thereby giving transient enhanced boron diffusion over a shorter period of time. The effect of the fluorine implant on boron diffusion is found to be the opposite for boron marker layers in the interstitial-rich and vacancy-rich regions of the fluorine damage profile. For marker layers in the interstitial-rich region of the fluorine damage profile, the boron diffusion coefficient decreases with anneal time, as is typically seen for transient enhanced diffusion. The boron diffusion under interstitial injection is enhanced by the fluorine implant at short anneal times but suppressed at longer anneal times. It is proposed that this behavior is due to trapping of interstitials at the dislocation loops introduced by the fluorine implant. For boron marker layers in the vacancy-rich region of the fluorine damage profile, suppression of boron diffusion is seen for short anneals and then increased diffusion after a critical time, which is longer for inert anneal than interstitial injection. This behavior is explained by the annealing of vacancy-fluorine clusters, which anneal quicker under interstitial injection because the injected interstitials annihilate vacancies in the clusters.


Distributed generation systems have become the new focus of the world and microturbine generation system is one of the systems. The connection of a microturbine generator to a distribution system requires the use of an AC/DC/AC power converter which in turn creates a harmonic problem to the distribution system. A modelling of a microturbine generation system on PSCAD is presented and the harmonic impact of the microturbine generation system on the distribution system is investigated. The necessity of reducing the harmonics injected by the microturbine generation system into the grid is solved by introducing three different types of filters in the system which is a passive filter, an active filter and a hybrid filter. The simulations of the microturbine generation system for each type of filter are done and the waveforms, THD and harmonic spectrum of the grid current with the use of each filter in the system are studied. The study shows that the hybrid filter provides the largest harmonic reduction in the grid current compared to the passive and active filter.


Dog parks have emerged in the last decade or so as places for pet owners living in suburban and urban areas to exercise their dogs. Providing a safe environment for both dog and human is a tremendous challenge. If done correctly a dog park can be that place. In the 1950s and 1960s, some state and regional parks had liberal policies and permitted dogs to run free or off-leash on certain trails, but in most cities and other urban areas, dog owners were required to keep their dog on-leash when the animals left their own premises. The concept of a dog park, an enclosed area devoted exclusively to canine activity, evolved in California in 1979. Dog parks are now found in every state, but Alaska, and in at least six Canadian provinces. These parks generally consist of one or more acres of open grassland surrounded by a chain-link fence. Unfortunately, legal ramifications, design considerations, social and behavioral patterns of dogs, and environmental and health issues relating to dogs and humans have not been adequately addressed in the design of many of these dog parks. The goal of this paper is to provide guidance for those who may want a dog park developed in their town. I have gathered and synthesized information from designers, veterinarians, environmentalists, dog trainers, and a dog behaviorist to develop an approach and tools that the novice dog park implementer will need to execute a project. Six dog parks have been used as case studies to demonstrate what problems may exist and what forethought should go into the design of an optimal dog park. A photographic study has been taken to help demonstrate some of the problems and solutions. Questions given to dog park patrons to help demonstrate the reasons why people take their dog to a 5 dog park and what things can be done to improve the experience. Burlington City, New Jersey was used as a sample urban area that might be in need of a future dog park. Questions were given to a random sampling of Burlington City residents to help determine if a dog park might be needed in the town and what the residents' opinions were about the concept. Disciplines Environmental Sciences Comments Presented to the Faculties of the University of Pennsylvania in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Environmental Studies 2007. This thesis or dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn.edu/mes_capstones/18 DOG PARKS: BENEFITS AND LIABILITIES ENVS 699 – MES Capstone Seminar Laurel Allen May 29, 2007 Photo credit, Laurel Allen The author's collies, from left to right, Ruby, Max and Jake.


The intergalactic medium was reionized before redshift z ∼ 6, most likely by starlight which escaped from early galaxies. The very first stars formed when hydrogen molecules (H2) cooled gas inside the smallest galaxies, minihalos (MHs) of mass between 105 and 108 M☉. Although the very first stars began forming inside these MHs before redshift z ∼ 40, their contribution has, to date, been ignored in large-scale simulations of this cosmic reionization. Here we report results from the first reionization simulations to include these first stars and the radiative feedback that limited their formation, in a volume large enough to follow the crucial spatial variations that influenced the process and its observability. We show that, while MH stars stopped far short of fully ionizing the universe, reionization began much earlier with MH sources than without, and was greatly extended, which boosts the intergalactic electron-scattering optical depth and the large-angle polarization fluctuations of the cosmic microwave background significantly. This boost should be readily detectable by Planck, although within current Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe uncertainties. If reionization ended as late as zov ≲ 7, as suggested by other observations, Planck will thereby see the signature of the first stars at high redshift, currently undetectable by other probes.


Due to the opioid use epidemic and an overwhelmed public child protection system, minor guardianship is an increasingly important tool for relative caregivers seeking to obtain legal authority regarding the children who come into their care because of a parent's crisis. Yet minor guardianship originated in colonial law for an entirely different purpose: to protect legal orphans who had inherited property. Today's guardianship laws are still based on this "orphan model" which does not fit today's reality. This Article is the first to analyze how these outdated guardianship laws are being used as a form of "private child protection" and to propose changes aimed to serve the needs and interests of families in crisis.

Despite its central role in helping families address the care of children today, the use of minor guardianship for child protection has received remarkably little scholarly examination. This Article aims to fill that gap in three ways. First, it traces the transformation of minor guardianship from a probate tool used to protect orphans' property interests to its contemporary use as a way to keep children out of foster care and instead address their care within the family. Second, the Article analyzes the implications for children, parents, and relative caregivers of guardianship's use for private child protection. While families avoid the loss of control and other common problems that accompany involvement in the public child welfare system, family members cannot take advantage of the services and supports that the system can provide. Third, I outline the specific measures that states can and should enact to unlink minor guardianship laws from the "orphan model" and rework them to serve the interests of families in crisis and to reflect the broader policy goals of child protection, including preserving kinship ties.


In recent decades, the immigration of workers and refugees to Europe has increased substantially, and the composition of the population in many countries has consequently become much more heterogeneous in terms of ethnic background. If people exhibit in-group bias in the sense of being more altruistic to one's own kind, such increased heterogeneity will lead to reduced support for redistribution among natives. This paper exploits a nationwide program placing refugees in municipalities throughout Sweden during the period 1985{94 to isolate exogenous variation in immigrant shares. We match data on refugee placement to panel survey data on inhabitants of the receiving municipalities to estimate the causal effects of increased immigrant shares on preferences for redistribution. The results show that a larger immigrant population leads to less support for redistribution in the form of preferred social benet levels. This reduction in support is especially pronounced for respondents with high income and wealth. We also establish that OLS estimators that do not properly deal with endogeneity problems|as in earlier studies|are likely to yield positively biased (i.e., less negative) effects of ethnic heterogeneity on preferences for redistribution. JEL Codes: D31, D64, I3, Z13


Construction projects are risky. A build-operate-transfer (BOT) project is recognised as one of the most risky project schemes. This scheme has been employed rather frequently in the past few decades, in both developed and developing countries. However, because of its risky nature, there have been failures as well as successes. Risk analysis in an appropriate way is desirable in implementing BOT projects. There are various tools and techniques applicable to risk analysis. The application of these risk analysis tools and techniques (RATTs) to BOT projects depends on an understanding of the contents and contexts of BOT projects, together with a thorough understanding of RATTs. This paper studies key points in their applications through reviews of relevant literatures and discusses the application of RATTs to BOT projects. The application to BOT projects is considered from the viewpoints of the major project participants, i.e. government, lenders and project companies. Discussion is also made with regard to political risks, which are very important in BOT projects. A flow chart has been introduced to select an appropriate tool for risk management in BOT projects. This study contributes to the establishment of a framework for systematic risk management in BOT projects.


As the state retracts further in the Netherlands, the role of civil society increases. Only now the impact becomes visible due to changing arrangements in the social domain. Since enormous cuts in the welfare budgets have been implemented; creative innovations by civil initiatives are much needed to cater for welfare and care arrangements. In the Netherlands we see various developments: a group of citizens did become more active in taking care of their social and physical environment and well-being. We see a shift from 'third generation 'civil participation, where citizens contribute to value creation, to the 'fourth generation' civil involvement where citizens are in the driving seat, local government follows, and social professionals facilitate. In the meantime there are many communities where citizens need to be facilitated to gain more ownership over their social and physical environment. These developments put citizens, social professionals and civil servants in new roles, even new identities, that require specific (new) capacities/practices of interaction. As for social professionals a more situational approach is needed with a variety of behavioral practices. Those capacities/practices will not come automatically but must be cultivated and learned by the actors. We have intensified our research about developing these capacities in various collaborative learning settings in community development projects where professionals and citizens (and local government) are involved. Collaborative learning is a way of learning while working together. In our research we are experimenting with this broad concept (Dillenbourg 1999) in various settings, that we see as learning environments. Social professionals are involved in all settings.All learning environments are about enhancing mutual understanding by the actors involved of each other's positions as well as about fostering the learning, reflective, resilient capacities of the community involved (Maton e.a. 1995).In some learning processes the role of citizens(civic learning) gets special attention (Biesta 2011) . In our recent research we gained more insight into the possibilities and limitations of the process of collaborative learning and insight into the learning outcomes of these processes for citizens and social professionals. We would like to share and discuss our experiences and findings in a consumer managed residential homeless and mental care residence; in a field lab in Amsterdam East where the learning proces supposedly contributes to individual and collective empowerment and local democracy, in the context of livingroom talks about ageing where the private space becomes a public playground for democracy and in a more international comparative perspective the challenges of legitimacy social work professionals face when they involve in collaborative learning project.


In Unseen City: The Psychic Lives of the Urban Poor, Ankhi Mukherjee offers a magisterial work of literary and cultural criticism which examines the relationship between global cities, poverty, and psychoanalysis. Spanning three continents, this hugely ambitious book reads fictional representations of poverty with each city's psychoanalytic and psychiatric culture, particularly as that culture is fostered by state policies toward the welfare needs of impoverished populations. It explores the causal relationship between precarity and mental health through clinical case studies, the product of extensive collaborations and knowledge-sharing with community psychotherapeutic initiatives in six global cities. These are layered with twentieth- and twenty-first-century works of world literature that explore issues of identity, illness, and death at the intersections of class, race, globalisation, and migrancy. In Unseen City, Mukherjee argues that a humanistic and imaginative engagement with the psychic lives of the dispossessed is key to an adapted psychoanalysis for the poor, and that seeking equity of the unconscious is key to poverty alleviation.


Stage of development at harvest affects both the yield and quality of green-shelled beans {Phaseolus vulgaris L.).The identification of a morphological marker associated with the occurrence of maximum pod fresh weight would help to increase yield and improve the quality of the crop. Number of days to maximum pod fresh weight was estimated for two whiteseeded bean cultivars by using data from field experiments conducted at Isabela, Puerto Rico, in 1985 and 1986. Based on regression estimates, the earlier maturity cultivar Cuarentena produced maximum pod fresh weight 63 days after planting (DAP) in 1985 and 66 DAP in 1986. 'Arroyo Loro' produced maximum pod fresh weight 68 DAP both years. The percentages of green, yellow and dry pods at the estimated maximum pod fresh weight were similar the two years for Cuarentena but varied for Arroyo Loro. Dry pods are considered undesirable for marketing green-shelled beans. The appearance of the first dry pod was considered to be a useful morphological marker to begin the harvest of green-shelled beans because at least 85% of the estimated maximum pod yield had accumulated when the first dry pod appeared in the cultivars Arroyo Loro and Cuarentena. This morphological marker provides a useful compromise between yield potential and quality of green-shelled beans.


The PerenniAL Acoustic Observatory in the Antarctic Ocean (PALAOA, Hawaiian whale) was set up on the Ekstrom ice shelf, Antarctica in December 2005 near the German Neumayer Station (Boebel et al., 2006). It is intended to record the underwater soundscape in the vicinity of the shelf ice edge over the duration of several years. These long-term recordings will allow studying the acoustic repertoire of whales and seals continuously in an environment almost undisturbed by humans. The data will be analyzed to (1) register species specific vocalizations, (2) infer the approximate number of animals inside the measuring range, (3) calculate their movements relative to the observatory, and (4) examine possible effects of the sporadic shipping traffic on the acoustic and locomotive behaviour of marine mammals. The data, which are largely free of anthropogenic noise, provide also a base to set up passive acoustic mitigation systems used on research vessels. Noise-free bioacoustic data thereby represent the foundation for the development of automatic pattern recognition procedures in the presence of interfering sounds, e.g. propeller noise.


The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act ("Dodd-Frank Act") has broad and deep implications that will touch every corner of the financial services industry, as well as multiple other industries. This article is the first to fully examine shareholder derivative lawsuits filed after a negative "say on pay" vote on executive compensation under the Dodd-Frank Act. The article begins by providing a history of "say on pay" votes and examining the "say on pay" provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act. The article transitions into a discussion of how the Dodd-Frank "say on pay" provisions are currently being utilized by shareholders in derivative lawsuits. Specifically, the article will analyze in detail the legal theories raised and remedies sought by the litigants in the only two post-Dodd-Frank decisions that have been handed down by courts to date. Based on this analysis, the article provides recommendations for companies on how to re-write their "pay for performance" executive compensation policies and how to respond positively and actively to a negative "say on pay" vote on executive compensation. The article concludes by proposing an amendment to the Dodd-Frank Act which, if promulgated, would provide that a second successive negative "say on pay" vote (50% or more of shareholder votes cast against the proposed executive compensation package) on executive compensation would prompt a vote on a "spill" resolution and, if that resolution passes, all directors, except for the managing director, must stand for re-election at a special "spill" meeting within 90 days of the annual shareholder meeting where the "spill" resolution passed.


Abstract. Projections of the response to anthropogenic emission scenarios, evaluation of some greenhouse gas metrics, and estimates of the social cost of carbon often require a simple model that links emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) to atmospheric concentrations and global temperature changes. An essential requirement of such a model is to reproduce typical global surface temperature and atmospheric CO2 responses displayed by more complex Earth system models (ESMs) under a range of emission scenarios, as well as an ability to sample the range of ESM response in a transparent, accessible and reproducible form. Here we adapt the simple model of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 5th Assessment Report (IPCC AR5) to explicitly represent the state dependence of the CO2 airborne fraction. Our adapted model (FAIR) reproduces the range of behaviour shown in full and intermediate complexity ESMs under several idealised carbon pulse and exponential concentration increase experiments. We find that the inclusion of a linear increase in 100-year integrated airborne fraction with cumulative carbon uptake and global temperature change substantially improves the representation of the response of the climate system to CO2 on a range of timescales and under a range of experimental designs.


This study contributes to the search for ways to forge linkages between the formal and informal financial sectors in areas that banks alone are unable, or unwilling to serve. Emerging practices in Ghana suggest that this can be done through process and product innovations. Process changes involve the use of outreach services and mimicking successful practices of the informal sector. Product changes include the linking of savings and credit, building loans into non-rotational savings cycles, and the adoption of fixed ratio credit-saving schemes. Innovations aim at knocking down literacy barriers that deter demand for banking services and limiting the formality of when and where banking must take place. The thrift institutions have been the primary agents of change. Although some initiatives may be problematic, their local experimentation and self-reforming may be the best way to achieve financial deepening. Sound institutional support, increased supervision and field examinations are necessary to encourage innovations, ensure early corrective actions while guiding against excessive risk taking.


A confocal reflectance theta line-scanning microscope demonstrates imaging of nuclear and cellular morphology in human skin and oral mucosa in vivo. The illumination and detection are through a divided objective lens pupil, resulting in a theta-microscope configuration. A line is directly scanned in the pupil and descanned onto a linear detector array such that the theta line scanner consists of only seven main optical components. The experimentally measured lateral resolution is 1.0 microm and optical section thickness is 1.7 microm under nominal conditions at 830 nm wavelength. Through full-thickness human epidermis (i.e., in the dermis) the measured lateral resolution is 1.7 microm and the optical section thickness is 9.2 microm. The lateral resolution, sectioning, and image quality in epidermal (epithelial) tissue is comparable to that of point scanning confocal microscopy.


Acute heart failure (AHF) is an under recognized yet potentially lethal complication after liver transplantation (LT) surgery. The increase in incidence of liver transplantation amongst high‐risk patients and the leniency in the criteria for transplantation, predisposes these patients to postoperative AHF and the antecedent morbidity and mortality. The inability of conventional preoperative cardiovascular testing to accurately identify patients at risk for post‐LT AHF poses a considerable challenge to clinicians caring for these patients. Even if high‐risk patients are identified, there is considerable ambiguity in the candidacy for transplantation as well as optimization strategies that could potentially prevent the development of AHF in the postoperative period. The intraoperative and postoperative management of patients who develop AHF is also challenging and requires a well‐coordinated multidisciplinary approach. The use of mechanical circulatory support in patients with refractory heart failure has the potential to improve outcomes but its use in this complex patient population can be associated with significant complications and requires a stringent risk‐benefit analysis on a case‐by‐case basis.


Certifying compilation is a way to guarantee the correctness of compiler runs. A certifying compiler generates for each run a proof that it has performed the compilation task correctly. The proof is checked in a separate theorem prover. If the theorem prover is content with the proof, one can be sure that the compiler produced correct code. Our notion of compilation correctness is based on a human readable formalization of simulation of systems to ensure the same observable behavior of programs. We focus on certifying code generation translating an intermediate language into assembler code. In previous work we found out that the time spent for checking the proofs is the bottleneck of certifying compilation. We introduced the concept of checker predicates. These are formalized in an executable way within a theorem prover to increase the speed of distinct sub tasks of certificate checking. Once the checker predicates are proved correct we are able to use them instead of traditional proving techniques within our theorem prover environment. In this paper, we present a more elaborate checker predicate for proving the simulation between intermediate and assembler programs correct. In the past this task has turned out to be the most complicated and time consuming task in certificate checking. Our checker predicate uses internally a specially formalized semantics representation of programs which is particularly suited for a fast conduction of proofs in the Coq theorem prover. Using this checker predicate we are able to speed up the task of certificate checking considerably.


Considered by many to be Northrop Frye's magnum opus, The Great Code (1982) reflects a lifetime of thinking about the patterns and meanings of the Bible. In this new edition of The Great Code, Alvin A. Lee presents a corrected and fully annotated version of Frye's text, as well as a comprehensive introduction to help contextualize this important work and guide readers through its allusive passages. Lee's introduction provides a synoptic account of the role of the Bible in Frye's intellectual and spiritual odyssey, as well as a description of how The Great Code as a book came into existence, and an introductory critique of the shape and meaning of the book's argument. The Great Code is culturally allusive to a high degree. It takes much of its inspiration from the Bible itself, including a profusion of biblical passages, but also from the author's extensive reading of a host of other texts from ancient times until the late twentieth century. Lee's extensive annotation illustrates, beyond question, that Frye's knowledge of the Bible and how it has worked in Western culture was at once profound and visionary. This new edition not only re-presents Frye's text in a clear, correct, and fully annotated form, it goes a long way in helping us understand the widespread scholarly and popular reception that met this extraordinary and in some ways revolutionary book and how it can still be richly rewarding for readers.


Placing the uneducated and ignorant at a disadvantage It is trite that as long as all the principles of the Law of contract are satisfied, any contract will be enforceable in a court of law. 'This is the case even if the contract was entered into orally. However, there are a few exceptions to this fundamental rule. As AJ Kerr points out in his book The Law of Sale and Lease 2 ed (Butterworths 1996) at 63


Until recently the majority of data analysis and visualization tools were desktop applications that demanded high requirement hardware to carry out those processes. However, nowadays there is a trend to evolve this kind of applications to service based solutions that can be accessed remotely. Considering the implications that the weather has in the health and the safety of the human beings, authorities require a further knowledge of the weather forecasts and their impacts but they have difficulties to properly understand the raw forecasts since they usually are not experts in the field of meteorology. For this purpose, we have designed and implemented a framework that permits a remote access to weather forecasts. With this tool, the practitioners can access, visualise and interact with the data from a web browser. Furthermore, it contains an image and numeric analysis module that permits the generation of new information what is helpful in decision making processes.


Two years and more have passed since the outbreak of the East Asian Financial crisis in 1997. Although international economic and financial conditions deteriorated somewhat in the wake of the crisis, the world economy escaped a "global slump." Using an intertemporal general equilibrium model in which commodity trade and capital flows link regions and propagate shocks, the authors show that the effects of the crisis were distributed unevenly across nations. Other developed countries suffered the largest blow. Industrial economies, however, went largely unscathed as the crisis impinged but little on them; indeed, they even experienced a boost at the start of the crisis. It follows that fears of adverse effects on industrial economies were largely unjustified.


This paper presents a novel algorithm for the dimensionality reduction which employs compressed sensing (CS) to improve the generalization capability of a classifier, especially for large-scale data. Compared to traditional dimensionality reduction methods, the proposed algorithm makes no use of the problem-dependent parameters, nor does it require additional computation for the eigenvalue decomposition like PCA or LDA. Mathematically, the derived algorithm regards the input features as the dictionary in CS, and selects the features that minimize the residual output error iteratively, thus the resulting features have a direct correspondence to the performance requirements of the given problem. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm can be regarded as a sparse classifier, which selects discriminative features and classifies the training data simultaneously. Experimentally, the CS-based algorithm is tested with a hierarchical visual pattern recognition architecture. The simulation results show that not only does the proposed method utilize only 25% of full features while achieving the test accuracy of the original full architecture, but also its performance is competitive when compared to existing dimensionality reduction methods.