The Citadel of legal education stands besieged by attacks from students and practitioners alike regarding the lack of defined skill training in contemporary legal education. The belief is that graduates of law schools are not adequately prepared to practice law. This challenge to the model of legal education is not new. Law schools have historically focused on theory using readings and questioning to create the foundation and knowledge base of law and lawyering. That foundation has been shaken by diminished course requirements and an increase in attracting students and faculty by giving them the freedom to choose electives they may desire. At the same time, gaping holes in core knowledge requirements necessary to practice law may result. Students are under increasing financial pressures and uncertain futures. They face a myriad of distractions that affect the learning process and classroom attendance. Students have limited immersion and are barely insulated from the distractions of the world around them. Law school courses can bridge some of these issues if they are configured to engage the students and bring them back to the classroom in both body and spirit, as active participants in the learning experience. Law schools must focus their attention on requiring courses that provide a full and functional knowledge base necessary for all lawyers. They must, in this required course paradigm, include clear skill opportunities in courses, seminars, practicums, clinics, and, as this Article suggests, the newly formed Law School Law Firm, staffed by academic practitioners and requiring participation from all students in the final year. The Law School Law Firm should also provide the possibility of a fourth year of study, with tuition covered by the earnings of the Law Firm, as well as a stipend to qualified students who would earn an LL.M. in Practice and be deemed "certified for practice." This transition can bridge fluctuations in the market place for employment opportunities and produce "practice ready" graduates. The future of the law, education, and practice is clearly what we make of it today.


We propose a simple model based on the Drude–Lorentz theory of carrier transport to account for the details of the ultrashort terahertz pulses radiated from small photoconductive semiconductor antennas. The dynamics of the bias field under the influence of the space-charge field from the accelerated carriers is included in the model. We consider in detail the optical system used to image the terahertz radiation onto the terahertz detector, and we calculate the frequency-dependent response of the detector. The proposed model is compared with several different experiments, each focusing on different parameters of the model. Agreement between experiment and model is found in all cases, supporting the validity of this simple and appropriate model.


Leaf litter breakdown is a fundamental process in aquatic ecosystems, being mainly mediated by decomposer-detritivore systems that are composed of microbial decomposers and leaf-shredding, detritivorous invertebrates. The ecological integrity of these systems can, however, be disturbed, amongst others, by chemical stressors. Fungicides might pose a particular risk as they can have negative effects on the involved microbial decomposers but may also affect shredders via both waterborne toxicity and their diet; the latter by toxic effects due to dietary exposure as a result of fungicides' accumulation on leaf material and by negatively affecting fungal leaf decomposers, on which shredders' nutrition heavily relies. The primary aim of this thesis was therefore to provide an in-depth assessment of the ecotoxicological implications of fungicides in a model decomposer-detritivore system using a tiered experimental approach to investigate (1) waterborne toxicity in a model shredder, i.e., Gammarus fossarum, (2) structural and functional implications in leaf-associated microbial communities, and (3) the relative importance of waterborne and diet-related effects for the model shredder.
Additionally, knowledge gaps were tackled that were related to potential differences in the ecotoxicological impact of inorganic (also authorized for organic farming in large parts of the world) and organic fungicides, the mixture toxicity of these substances, the field-relevance of their effects, and the appropriateness of current environmental risk assessment (ERA).
In the course of this thesis, major differences in the effects of inorganic and organic fungicides on the model decomposer-detritivore system were uncovered; e.g., the palatability of leaves for G. fossarum was increased by inorganic fungicides but deteriorated by organic substances. Furthermore, non-additive action of fungicides was observed, rendering mixture effects of these substances hardly predictable. While the relative importance of the waterborne and diet-related effect pathway for the model shredder seems to depend on the fungicide group and the exposure concentration, it was demonstrated that neither path must be ignored due to additive action. Finally, it was shown that effects can be expected at field-relevant fungicide levels and that current ERA may provide insufficient protection for decomposer-detritivore systems. To safeguard aquatic ecosystem functioning, this thesis thus recommends including leaf-associated microbial communities and long-term feeding studies using detritus feeders in ERA testing schemes, and identifies several knowledge gaps whose filling seems mandatory to develop further reasonable refinements for fungicide ERA.


There has been a large amount of research bearing, in some way, on the relationship between family factors and criminal behavior. Not surprisingly, a large number of quantitative reviews―or meta-analyses―have tried to take this literature into account. Our goal was to ascertain the relative strength and consistency of family factors as a predictor and as a target for delinquency and crime prevention treatment. This paper describes the results of a systematic search for these meta-analyses to meet those goals. Using a variety of methods, we find 26 relevant meta-analyses published in English between 1984 and 2005. These meta-analyses fell into five general categories: (1) meta-analyses of longitudinal studies; (2) meta-analyses of offender recidivism prediction studies; (3) meta-analyses of specific family factors and crime; (4) meta-analyses of family-based interventions; and (5) broader reviews that included a breakdown for family-based strategies. These meta-analyses indicate a smaller but non-trivial role for family factors in the onset of delinquency and the continuation of offending as adults. Moreover, particular family-based treatment programs appear to reduce subsequent offending behavior.


Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is the most prevalent symptomatic primary immunodeficiency and belongs to the class of predominantly antibody deficiencies. For the positive diagnosis of CVID the following criteria must be fulfilled: a) serum levels of Ig G and at least one of the classes IgA and IgM at least 2 standard deviations below the average for age; b) patient age ≥ 4 years at diagnosis and c) any other defined causes of hypogammaglobulimenia (primary or secondary) have been excluded. Recent sets of diagnostic criteria additionally include clinical, serum immunology, immunophenotype, and histological characteristics that support the diagnosis of CVID (i.e. they increase the diagnostic probability).


Leaders of news media firms worldwide are pressured to innovate. To keep on keeping on the same track, while technology platforms evolve, advertisers' options increase and audience preferences change around you, is not a realistic option. But shifting focus carries significant risks, and the rewards are uncertain. Deciding what to change and how to go about changing it is certainly not straightforward. So, just how are news media managers tackling the challenge? To find answers, the Innovation Research Group and WAN-IFRA again surveyed executives at member organisations in 10 languages. Responses to the 7th annual study conducted over the third quarter of 2016 came from nearly 250 decision-makers in 65 countries across six continents. The majority (82 per cent) are at organisations that are in private hands, while 6 per cent worked in government-owned media firms and 4 per cent were in public service organisations without direct political control.
By far the largest group of respondents, 43 per cent, sit in C-suites, serve on boards, or own their companies. Other responses came from editorial, commercial, and technology managers, as well as from a very small number (2 per cent) of consultants and academics (the methodology is detailed below).
Whatever their company profile, however, they are involved, and wherever they are based, most of those surveyed agree that the single biggest risk to their organisation's success is not the loss of advertising revenues – though 65 per cent report traditional advertising income declines and many fret about their financial futures. "Not diversifying our revenue sources from the traditional print advertising into TV and digital advertising models," said an editorial manager from Kenya. "Business Model sustainability over the next years," is the biggest concern of a senior executive from Brazil. Technology platforms aren't the respondents' primarily worry either – though they are troubled by the power search and social media companies have on how content is discovered, as well as the roles of platforms and advertising exchanges in how income is delivered. "Where people consume news – social media/ other web," was the top concern of an editorial manager from the United Kingdom. "Loss local advertising to Google & Co.," said a top manager from Germany. Political instability isn't their No 1 concern either – though some fear the actions of elected and unelected politicians. "Political polarization," said an editorial manager from Malta. "Prosecution for criticizing the government," said an editorial manager from Russia. "Brexit," said a technology manager from the United Kingdom. Indeed, the respondents to this year's survey do not see any single external factor as posing the greatest threat to their businesses. Instead, they are most anxious about what was going on inside their organisations. News media executives worldwide say the single biggest risk to their future success is this: their organisation's reluctance to innovate. "Habits [are] changing faster than we can innovate," answered an editorial executive from the United States. "The biggest risk is that senior management does not make decisions quickly," said an editorial manager from Bolivia. They are right to be concerned.
Our study participants expect that their firms will need to radically change their business models if they are to meet future expectations. And there is no time to waste. Seventy per cent say that over the next 12 months up to 30 per cent of their income should come from non-traditional media activities (i.e. other than content sales and advertising) if they are to reach their financial goals. That figure flips exactly when we asked for their medium-term outlook. Seven out of 10 respondents expect that over the next five years more than 30 per cent of their firm's income will need to come from diverse revenue streams if they are to be successful.


The significance of the minimal secretory capacity of pancreatic β-cells for the stability of the plasma glucose level was studied in 20 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Changes in plasma concentrations of major counterregulatory hormones in response to hypoglycemia were also investigated in these patients to clarify their contribution to diabetic brittleness. β-Cell function was evaluated on the basis of elevation of plasma C-peptide immunoreactivity (CPR) during the intravenous glucagon test with a highly sensitive assay for plasma CPR that could detect as little as 0.03 ng/ml. After stimulation with glucagon, a significant increase in plasma CPR was observed in 10 of the patients whose β-cell function had been evaluated as completely depleted by a conventional assay for plasma CPR. A clear inverse correlation was found between the secretory capacity of pancreatic β-cells measured in this way and the degree of glycemic instability (r = −.74, P < .01). Infusion of insulin at a rate of 0.15 U.kg−1.h−1 for 60 min caused a continuous decrease in the plasma glucose level, resulting in neuroglycopenia in 7 of the 10 CPR nonresponders but only 2 of the CPR responders. During insulin-induced hypoglycemia, plasma glucagon immunoreactivity did not increase in the CPR nonresponders but increased significantly in the CPR responders. A positive correlation was found between the minimal residual β-cell capacity and the responsiveness of α-cells to hypoglycemia (r = .65, P < .01).In contrast to the difference in the responses of their pancreatic α-cells to hypoglycemia, the two groups showed more or less the same responses of plasma epinephrine, norepinephrine, growth hormone, and cortisol to hypoglycemia. Total lack of insulinogenic reserve inevitably results in loss of automatic regulation of the circulating insulin level and seems to be a major factor in causing hyperlability of diabetic control. The lack of β-cell function may be related causally to pancreatic α-cell dysfunction, which also contributes in part to metabolic variability in brittle diabetes.


Despite its great importance in patent litigation and recent interest derived from the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit's en banc Phillips opinion, claim construction - the process of giving a patent claim meaning through defining its terms - is largely an unsettled and uncertain area of patent law. In part, this uncertainty may be due to the Federal Circuit's failure to provide adequate guidance on the process. This Article suggests that the Federal Circuit should clarify its claim construction jurisprudence, looking to the science of linguistics to provide bases for an improved set of guidelines that will improve certainty in patent law. This Article argues that claim construction should instead track the way in which we, as readers of a language, attempt to understand what is being conveyed via the written word. First, there is a base level of conventional understanding from which all interpretation starts, an understanding that either a priori exists based on our earlier encounters with the word or is obtained from a dictionary in cases where we lack previous knowledge. Second, from this conventional understanding, we construct the actual meaning of the term based on a number of linguistic clues, both internal to the document and external from our prior experiences. In particular, there are at least five notions from linguistics that can help shape a more consistent claim construction methodology: 1) every reader, including a judge, possesses a mental lexicon with a common sense (or conventional) understanding of word meaning which is a point from which to start when interpreting claims; 2) there is an appropriate place for dictionary usage, which is to inform the judge's common sense understanding about a word where he has none; 3) patent claims have their own grammar which must inform the syntactical and contextual analysis, but may also skew the reader's common understanding that was obtained either from a mental lexicon or from a dictionary; 4) regardless of the common sense understanding, the PHOSITA must be returned to the analysis and changes made to the law to effectuate the return of the PHOSITA; and 5) extensive resort to the specification and prosecution history to divine the patentee's intent is inappropriate.


Cellular electrophysiological consequences of acute ischemia superimposed on healed myocardial infarction were studied in isolated, coronary-perfused cat left ventricles 2-4 months after ligation of multiple distal tributaries of the left anterior descending and circumflex coronary arteries. Oxygenated Tyrode's solution was perfused through the left anterior descending and circumflex coronary arteries, and the preparations were superfused with Tyrode's solution gassed with 95% N2-5% CO2. Transmembrane action potentials were recorded from the endocardial cells in normal and infarcted zones. There were no significant differences in measured action potential variables and refractory periods between cells in the normal and infarcted zones before acute ischemia. When coronary perfusion was discontinued ("ischemia"), resting potential, action potential amplitude, and action potential duration were reduced, and the refractory period was shortened progressively in cells of the normal zone. However, the action potential changes were less prominent, and the refractory period was unchanged in cells in the infarcted zone. As a result, there were significant differences in resting membrane potential, action potential amplitude, action potential duration, and refractory period between cells in the normal and infarcted zones at 10 minutes of ischemia. These differences became larger as the ischemic period was prolonged. Spontaneous rapid ventricular activity was observed during the last 20-30 minutes of ischemia in four of eight preparations with healed myocardial infarction, whereas no spontaneous rapid ventricular activity was recorded in any of six normal heart preparations. Our data suggest that superimposition of acute ischemia on healed myocardial infarction produces electrophysiological inhomogeneities that may enhance arrhythmogenesis.


An aggregate medium access control (MAC) service data unit (A-MSDU) contains multiple subframes with a single sequence number. Hence, it has a major drawback in environments with high error rates because if any subframes are corrupted, then the entire A-MSDU will be lost. In addition, performance of the A-MSDU depends strongly on the choice of parameters, such as frame size, modulation level, coding rate, and spatial mode. In this paper, a novel link-adaptation mechanism, dubbed physical (PHY)supported frame aggregation (PSFA), is proposed over IEEE 802.11 networks, and its performance is analyzed. The proposed PSFA technique is based on a cross-layer interaction that enables joint optimization of various parameters between the PHY and MAC layers. This paper derives a new packet error rate (PER) expression for convolutionally coded multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) systems as an example. Then, this PER expression is used to efficiently estimate the link quality, given the channel conditions and system parameters, and most importantly, it is able to facilitate a parametric study of the cross-layer interaction. In the proposed PSFA algorithm, we present a rule for selecting the parameters so that MAC throughput is maximized. It is shown analytically and verified using Monte Carlo simulations that this choice of parameters can improve throughput performance significantly and also ensure quality of service (QoS) requirements compared to existing conventional algorithms.


Many web services aim to track clients as a basis for analyzing their behavior and providing personalized services. Despite much debate regarding the collection of client information, there have been few quantitative studies that analyze the effectiveness of host-tracking and the associated privacy risks. In this paper, we perform a large-scale study to quantify the amount of information revealed by common host identifiers. We analyze month-long anonymized datasets collected by the Hotmail web-mail service and the Bing search engine, which include millions of hosts across the global IP address space. In this setting, we compare the use of multiple identifiers, including browser information , IP addresses, cookies, and user login IDs. We further demonstrate the privacy and security implications of host-tracking in two contexts. In the first, we study the causes of cookie churn in web services, and show that many returning users can still be tracked even if they clear cookies or utilize private browsing. In the second, we show that host-tracking can be leveraged to improve security. Specifically, by aggregating information across hosts, we uncover a stealthy malicious attack associated with over 75,000 bot accounts that forward cookies to distributed locations.


Measurements are presented of the production of primary K0S and Λ particles in proton-proton collisions at s√=7  TeV in the region transverse to the leading charged-particle jet in each event. The average multiplicity and average scalar transverse momentum sum of K0S and Λ particles measured at pseudorapidities |η|<2 rise with increasing charged-particle jet pT in the range 1–10  GeV/c and saturate in the region 10–50  GeV/c. The rise and saturation of the strange-particle yields and transverse momentum sums in the underlying event are similar to those observed for inclusive charged particles, which confirms the impact-parameter picture of multiple parton interactions. The results are compared to recent tunes of the pythia Monte Carlo event generator. The pythia simulations underestimate the data by 15%–30% for K0S mesons and by about 50% for Λ baryons, a deficit similar to that observed for the inclusive strange-particle production in non-single-diffractive proton-proton collisions. The constant strange- to charged-particle activity ratios with respect to the leading jet pT and similar trends for mesons and baryons indicate that the multiparton-interaction dynamics is decoupled from parton hadronization, which occurs at a later stage.


To understand the Kurdish diaspora in London requires answering two interrelated questions of Kurdish forced migration history and Kurdish cultural identity. Thus, this study firstly examines the history of Kurdish forced migration and displacement, exploring a common historical argument which positions the Kurds as powerless victims of the First World War (WW1). To this end it looks critically at the post-WW1 era and the development of the modern nation state in the Middle East, namely Turkey, Iraq and Syria. This first part sets out the context for explaining and gaining a better understanding of the systematic sociopolitical marginalisation which led to the forced migration of the Kurds from the 1920s onwards.
Secondly, this study evaluates the integration experiences of some members of the Kurdish diaspora in London, who have settled in this city since the1990s.1Furthermore, this part attempts to describe the shifting position of the Kurds from victims in the Middle East, with trends in ethnic integration, and their negotiations of multiculturalism in London. This capital city has historically held a promise and attraction for many migrants of becoming Londoners, and this now includes Kurdish-Londoners.
Moreover, the comparison is made between the positions and perspectives of the first generation that came to Britain in the 1990s and the second generation Kurds born in Britain in this period. This allows an exploration of the notion of identity and ideas of home and belonging in light of contemporary changes and concomitant theories of diaspora and refugee studies, and, where necessary, challenges those ideas. Therefore, with the dual questions of history and identity in mind, this study attempts to innovate in terms of its methodology.
The methodological chapter discusses the need for a particular epistemology; that is a more explicit method of combining diaspora history and diaspora identity. Evidence from previous academic work suggests that questions of Kurdish history and Kurdish cultural identity are inextricably linked. This study's research method is based on ethnographic fieldwork and the collection of qualitative data through 25 one-to-one semi-structured interviews, with participants selected from across different sections of the Kurdish diaspora community(ies) in London. In order to test and clarify complex conceptual issues three focus group meetings were also organised which were held within community settings (one in North London, one in South London, and one in Central London at Birkbeck College, University of London). An important complementary factor in my systematic access to relevant and reliable data about refugee integration in London was my active advocacy and case work, from 2004 to 2014, at an NGO in South East London supporting refugee integration. This work involved 20 Kurdish refugee families and individuals.2
Finally, this study attempts to uncover the gaps in existing literature and to critically highlight the dominance of policy and politics driven research in this field, thereby justifying the need for a new approach. This approach recognises flexible, multiple and complex human cultural behaviors in different situations through consideration of the lived experiences of members of the Kurdish diaspora in London. This lived experience approach is useful in gaining an understanding of the complex processes and stages undertaken in becoming part of the diaspora and also part of London. The stages as reflected in the personal narratives include initial arrival in London and encounters with the British state's immigration and integration policies, the actual process of rebuilding individual or family life, and new home making through the on-going challenges, shifts and negotiations of identities. That is, the slow process of becoming a Kurdish-Londoner.


Purpose: The successful design and innovation of eHealth solutions directly involve end users in the process to seek a better understanding of their needs. This article presents user-innovated eHealth solutions targeting older persons with hearing impairment. Our research question was: What are the key users' needs, expectations, and visions within future hearing rehabilitation service delivery?Method: We applied a participatory design approach to facilitate the design of future eHealth solutions via focus groups. We involved older persons with hearing impairment (n = 36), significant others (n = 10), and audiologists (n = 8) following 2 methods: (a) human-centered design for interactive systems and (b) user innovation management. Through 3 rounds of focus groups, we facilitated a process progressing from insights and visions for requirements (Phase 1), to app such as paper version wireframes (Phase 2), and to digital prototypes envisioning future eHealth solutions (Phase 3). Each focus group was video-recorded and photographed, resulting in a rich data set that was analyzed through inductive thematic analysis.Results: The results are presented via (a) a storyboard envisioning future client journeys, (b) 3 key themes for future eHealth solutions, (c) 4 levels of interest and willingness to invest time and effort in digital solutions, and (d) 2 technical savviness types and their different preferences for rehabilitation strategies.Conclusions: Future eHealth solutions must offer personalized rehabilitation strategies that are appropriate for every person with hearing impairment and their level of technical savviness. Thus, a central requirement is anchoring of digital support in the clients' everyday life situations by facilitating easy access to personalized information, communication, and learning milieus. Moreover, the participants' visions for eHealth solutions call for providing both traditional analogue and digital services.Supplemental Material S1. Screenshots of the interactive digital prototype translated to English. Publisher Note: This article is part of the Special Issue: Internet and Audiology. Nielsen, A. C., Rotger-Griful, S., Kanstrup, A. M., & Laplante-Levesque, A. (2018). User-innovated eHealth solutions for service delivery to older persons with hearing impairment. American Journal of Audiology, 27(3S), 403–416.


In the relationship of design and nature, movement is one of the major concepts that can be considered in every design scale. Therefore, this study tries to reveal the various integration of movement notion/ concept into design problems in architectural design education, aiming to use movement data as a design parameter. Space, time and movement are a very complex triple to articulate in a design problem but at the same time, the analysis of movement notion and search for its impacts in design, stretch the students' way of design thinking. Regarding the above statement, three courses are conducted as a series of design studios, within Istanbul Kemerburgaz University (IKBU) Department of Architecture. The case studies focused in this paper based on design projects take place during ARCH 101-Basic Design, ARCH 284-Introduction to Digital Design and ARCH 301-Architectural Design courses between 2014 and 2016. These courses aim to develop a common ground for a computational way of thinking in the curricula. Regarding this aim; all three courses are designed within a similar methodology that targets the integration of (1) capturing/recording (2) analyzing, and (3) embodying/materializing/articulation of movement into design process. Finally, this paper is an experimental study on using movement data in design process of architectural design education. The results of the studios are compared within their processes, and it has been observed that when design experience increases, students tend to spend more time in materializing the design rather than capturing and analyzing the movements.


The current work intends to improve the cavitation erosion prediction methodology in hydro turbines by the use of onboard vibration measurements taken on the rotating shaft. For that, a measuring campaign in two similar Francis turbine prototypes has been carried out. In particular, one machine is a well known case of severe erosion on all the blades meanwhile the second machine does not present any erosion at all. A miniature telemetry system has been mounted on the shaft in both cases to transmit the signal from an onboard accelerometer to a receiving antenna. Simultaneously, measurements have also been taken on fixed parts of the machine such as the turbine guide bearing and the guide vane. First, the analysis of the results serves to validate the detection techniques applied to the onboard signals. Then, it is discussed whether the use of the vibrations from the shaft as an alternative to the bearing ones should be an advantage to infer the absolute erosive forces taking place on the runner blades.


Malaysian Government wanted to replace the Sales and Service Tax with Goods and Services Tax (GST). The government would only introduce once everyone understand and familiar with the tax. This study is aimed to identify the determinants of attitudes towards the proposed GST among managers of manufacturing companies in Malaysia. Four (4) variables were used to measure determinants of attitude comprising awareness, understanding, preparedness and probable area of difficulties. A survey was carried out to acquire the data from 1,500 managers of manufacturing companies throughout Malaysia via questionnaire. Only 210 responded where nine (9) questionnaires were unusable giving a 13.4% (201) response rate. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics on the demographic variables and five (5) constructs. Test of reliability and validity were also done on the five (5) variables. All the items in the five (5) constructs have mean score of above 3.00. Both the cronbach alpha value and KMO value have more than 0.70 for all the five (5) constructs. The study has a compatibility matching of 41.8% variance (R square) and significant (P<0.00) which shows that the determinants in attitude towards the proposed GST can be explained by the four (4) variables; awareness, understanding, preparedness and probable area of difficulties variables. The findings also found that that the four (4) variables are significant and positively related to attitude towards the proposed GST. Thus this study provides important and valuable inputs for the Government to implement strategic plan to enhance GST knowledge among managers of manufacturing companies in Malaysia in so that GST can be introduced without obstacles. Keywords: Attitude, Awareness, Understanding, Preparedness, Probable Area of Difficulties JEL Classifications: H20, H25


Throughout the 20th and in the beginning of the 21st century, many artists take up a double role as both art practitioner and writer. In recent years, scholars and the general public have become increasingly interested in artists' writings. A growing number of collected writings by many major 20th and 21st century artists is now being published in carefully edited publications. What is much less present, however, is a focus on how to understand these artists' writings. That is the aim of the present volume, which contains contributions by artists, academics and curators who undertake a reflection on artists' writings from the 20th and the 21st centuries. Emphasizing the visual arts, including performance art, Not a day Without a Line focuses on artists' writings that do not resemble the more explanatory kinds of writings by art critics, art philosophers or art historians, but which challenge our understanding of them as a text or an instance of reflection. The intricate relations between writing and art practice, between text and image, and between writing and the life of the artist, are important factors in what could be called the artist's methodological promiscuity in writing.


A figure-of-merit (FOM) of an auto-stereoscopic display system is introduced and adopted to characterize the system performance. This FOM takes into account of the ratio of the signal to the noise arising from the crosstalk from the adjacent channels as well as the brightness uniformity of viewing areas; hence, it is directly related to the glasses-free 3D viewing comfort. With a steadily improving FOM as a target, the genetic algorithm is applied to optimize the optical system, giving rise to substantially improved characteristics of an auto-stereoscopic display system. The numerical simulation is verified with an experiment of a multi-view auto-stereoscopic display unit. It is shown that the system can provide a high fidelity of the display effect with the crosstalk ratio being reduced from around 5% to nearly 1%, which is a very low value obtainable for an auto-stereoscopic system.


Advancement in wearable devices has allowed users to easily capture and monitor their physical activity data. There is a growing interest in using the data captured by these devices for self-management of chronic diseases. However, wearable devices in the market today are generally designed for people with no physical restrictions who try to get fit. Wearable devices like Fitbit and Jawbone UP recommend users to take 10,000 daily steps [30, 22]. Fitbit sets this as a default recommended goal for its users. However, this recommended goal is not appropriate for people with chronic pain such as people living with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Currently, this group of people lack appropriate health and fitness tools to help them collect and manage their activity data without having to customize multiple settings with the tools available on the market today. People with RA struggle to be physically active because of the pain caused the inflammation around one or more joints in the body. This inflammation causes significant discomfort for them to be physically active [1]. Doctors tend to encourage patients to achieve certain activity goals every day to keep their muscle strong and joints flexible. When one is not physically active or tend to avoid physical activity, their muscles get weaker and they lose flexibility in their joints. Thus, people with RA are encouraged to be physically active to help manage and maintain the disease [11, 19, 47, 60, 71]. We developed a non-intrusive reminder as a Chrome browser extension called "FitViz-Ad" to help arthritis patients track exercise and measure if they are meeting the activity goals set by their doctors. FitViz-Ad replaces online advertisements with reminders for the users to get up and walk around if they have been sedentary for too long. We conducted a usability study to evaluate FitViz-Ad as a non-intrusive reminder by recruiting fourteen healthy participants for a 2-week study. Participants were required to wear a Fitbit tracker for the duration of the study which their physical activity data was collected and analyzed. Each participant was then interviewed at the end of the study about their experience and thoughts on the extension. Results from the study showed no significant increase in participants' physical activity while using FitViz-Ad, however qualitative results from the interviews showed that participants were more aware of their physical activity during the study.


The impact of BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) and other emerging economies on the field of international development has seen traditional donor nations wrestle with fundamental shifts in the geometry and makeup of the donor community. This has resulted in asymmetrical power relations in organizations such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) finding new modes of expression, as the one-way flows of cultural imperialism have given way to the multidirectional uncertainties of globalization. We question how the traditional aid donor community has taken this new geometry into account using discourses surrounding South-South cooperation as a focal point for analysis. The analysis engages with evolving discourses of indifference, skepticism, fear, integration, and conciliation, revealing complex tensions between the OECD's Development Assistance Committee membership, BRICS, and the motivations for aid effectiveness debates.


Crafting design in Italy is the first book to examine the role that craft played in post-war Italian design, one the most celebrated design episodes in the twentieth century. Craft was vital to the development of Italian design, and it has been so far overlooked.

This book examines the multiple ways craft shaped Italian design from 1945 to the 1980s in the context of bigger socio-economic, cultural and political change; from post-war reconstruction to the economic 'miracle' of the 1960s, to the rise of the countercultural Radical Design movement and advent of postmodernism. It consists of case studies on design areas including product, furniture, fashion, glass and ceramics to bring to light previously unknown makers and objects as well as re-examine design 'icons' such as Gio Ponti's Superleggera chair and Ettore Sottsass's Memphisware. It also offers a model for analysing design and craft's relationship in other contexts, including today.


The crisis in Greece and other mainly southern Eurozone countries has been discussed primarily as a fiscal issue. Current account deficits of the same countries have received less attention in spite of the relatedness of current account and fiscal deficits. We argue that the failure of many countries within the Eurozone to develop adequate internal adjustment mechanisms is also an important factor behind the crisis. After reviewing the major perspectives that have been offered on the crisis, we present data that support our argument by demonstrating the lack of price and cost convergence in the Eurozone since 1999. Ironically, it seems that the surplus countries have carried out more of the adjustment pointed to by the endogenous optimum currency area (OCA) theory than the deficit countries. We recommend that the responsibility of a 'European Debt Surveillance Authority' should include surveillance of intra-euro payment flows, imbalances and adjustment in labour and goods markets, and setting benchmarks for the Eurozone guarantees of sovereign debt based on ability to adjust internally. Thereby, a potential moral hazard problem of an implicit Eurozone guarantee of countries' sovereign debt could be avoided.


We present herein an improved assay for detecting the presence of extracellular proteases from microorganisms on agar plates. Using different substrates (gelatin, BSA, hemoglobin) incorporated into the agar and varying the culture medium composition, we were able to detect proteolytic activities from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Micrococcus luteus and Serratia marcescens as well as the influence that these components displayed in the expression of these enzymes. For all microorganisms tested we found that in agar-BHI or yeast extract medium containing gelatin the sensitivity of proteinase detection was considerably greater than in BSA-agar or hemoglobin-agar. However, when BSA or hemoglobin were added to the culture medium, there was an increase in growth along with a marked reduction in the amount of proteinase production. In the case of M. luteus the incorporation of glycerol in BHI or yeast extract gelatin-agar induced protease liberation. Our results indicate that the technique described here is of value for detecting extracellular proteases directly in the culture medium, by means of a qualitative assay, simple, inexpensive, straight forward method to assess the presence of the proteolytic activity of a given microorganism colony with great freedom in substrate selection.


Approximately 3 million work-related injuries were reported by private industries in 2011, and primary care physicians provided care for approximately one out of four injured workers. To appropriately individualize the treatment of an injured worker and expedite the return to work process, primary care physicians need to be familiar with the workers' compensation system and treatment guidelines. Caring for an injured worker begins with a medical history documenting preexisting medical conditions, use of potentially impairing medications and substances, baseline functional status, and psychosocial factors. An understanding of past and current work tasks is critical and can be obtained through patient-completed forms, job analyses, and the patient's employer. Return to work in some capacity is an important part of the recovery process. It should not be unnecessarily delayed and should be an expected outcome communicated to the patient during the initial visit. Certain medications, such as opioids, may delay the return to work process, and their use should be carefully considered. Accurate and legible documentation is critical and should always include the location, date, time, and mechanism of injury.


As schools start investigating and investing in the idea of 1:1 iPads and tablets, are there any lessons that can be learnt from recent 1:1 laptop deployments? In Australia, since 2008, 1:1 laptops have been introduced into every secondary school. This study reports on a survey designed to investigate frequency and type of laptop use, and the alignment of teacher and student perceptions of that use. Data was obtained from 14 secondary schools from the Catholic Education Office Sydney, involving responses from 1245 Grade 10 science students and 47 science teachers. As part of the analysis, bubble graphs are used to visually represent a teacher's alignment/misalignment with their students' self-reported practices. Results show student and teacher perceptions of use were usually relatively aligned though sometimes very contrasting. The alignment was measured with the use of a 'Misalignment Index'. Three distinct types of teacher/student alignment or misalignment emerge from a graphical analysis of the data. Of the teachers and students sampled, some 30% of teachers were highly aligned, 55% had medium alignment and 15% were badly misaligned with their respective students. Potential uses of the Misalignment Index and analysis tools are discussed.


Gaze, pointing, and reaching movements are thought to provide a window to internal cognitive states. In the case of numerical cognition, it has been found that the left-right deviation of a reaching movement is modulated by the relative magnitude of values in a number comparison task. Some have argued that these patterns directly reflect the representation of a logarithmically compressed mental number line (direct mapping view). However, other studies suggest that the modulation of motor outputs by numerical value could be a more general decision-making phenomenon (response competition view). Here we test the generality of interactions between the motor system and numerical processing by comparing subjects' reach trajectories during two different nonverbal tasks: numerosity comparison and facial expression comparison. We found that reaching patterns were practically identical in both tasks – reach trajectories were equally sensitive to stimulus similarity in the numerical and face comparisons. The data provide strong support for the response competition view that motor outputs are modulated by domain-general decision processes, and reflect generic decision confidence or accumulation of evidence related to mental comparison.


"The government of Uganda, with help from its development partners, is designing and implementing policies and strategies to address poverty, land degradation, and declining agricultural productivity. Land degradation, especially soil erosion and depletion of soil nutrients, is widespread in Uganda and contributes to declining productivity, which in turn increases poverty. The report has four major objectives: (1) to examine the causes of land degradation in Uganda; (2) to identify the determinants of income strategies and land management decisions and their impacts on agricultural productivity, soil erosion, and household income; (3) to assess the trade-offs and complementarities among these different objectives; and (4) to analyze the soil nutrient depletion in eastern Uganda to determine the factors that influence it." from Text


One of the most important outcrops of uppermost Cretaceous (Campanian–Maastrichtian) sedimentary rocks in the southern high latitudes occurs within the James Ross Island group, northeastern Antarctic Peninsula. These rocks comprise a 1500–2000 m thick sequence of predominantly shallow marine clastic sediments that were deposited within a retro-arc basin. They are virtually undeformed and have yielded prolific invertebrate and vertebrate faunas, and a wide range of plant taxa. Campanian–Maastrichtian strata are contained within two component formations of the Upper Cretaceous-lower Tertiary Marambio Group. The lower Santa Marta Formation is approximately 1100m thick and has three constituent members. Ammonites within the Santa Marta Formation indicate an early to late Campanian age assignment. Dinoflagellates suggest that the lower levels of the formation may range into the Santonian Stage. In the northern James Ross Island to Vega Island region there is a conformable transition into the overlying López de Bertodano Formation. Here the basal Cape Lamb Member is unconformably overlain by the Sandwich Bluff Member. Although there are some lithological and fauna1 discrepancies, which are attributed to marked lateral facies changes across the basin, it is believed that the Cape Lamb Member can be correlated with the lower to middle regions of the 1200 m thick sequence of undifferentiated López de Bertodano Formation lithologies exposed on Seymour Island. Molluscan data indicate a late Campanian–Palaeocene age range for this upper formation. Dinoflagellates again suggest that the lowest beds may be slightly older. The correlation presented provides the basis for a formal subdivision of the Campanian and Maastrichtian stages in the southern high latitudes. It has also revealed two major basin shallowing events (in the late Campanian–early Maastrichtian and latest Maastrichtian, respectively) and the existence of a major fault/fault zone across southeastern James Ross Island. The improved temporal framework will aid late Cretaceous palaeoclimatic and palaeobiological studies in Antarctica.


Opportunities for researchers to interact with their global counterparts have improved dramatically since the advent of the knowledge era. To ensure that South Africa continues to meet international standards, the South African national research and development strategy, published in 2002, invited role players to find ways of increasing economic growth and improve the quality of life of all South Africans. Many relatively small, disconnected information projects with various funding streams were initiated to meet this e-Research challenge. However, the authors see a threat to sustainability and the need for a coherent information and knowledge support system and therefore propose a 'Team South Africa' approach, with high-level participation and commitment, to overcome certain current disparities in e-Research support across the system and disciplines, that will be to the benefit of all researchers and research groups.


INTRODUCTION The promise of a rapid transformation of Central and Eastern Europe (1) toward free market systems (2) has piqued the interest of Western investors and has spurred an in-flow of capital into an otherwise moribund economic region. (3) Many Western investors correctly view Eastern Europe as offering both low labor and related production costs and a natural gateway to the markets of Western Europe. (4) Indeed, since the profitability of many Western investments depends on relatively low production costs and export sales to the European Communities, the opportunity for investment in Eastern European production facilities has been widely viewed as a welcomed business development. (5) Notwithstanding these acknowledged economic incentives for investment, however, most investors have also come to recognize that political and economic uncertainty continues to darken the skies over Eastern Europe. Much has already been written on the likely effect of this political and economic uncertainty on Western investment in Eastern Europe. (6) Yet comparatively little has been written about the other side of the coin--namely the prospects for an unimpeded flow of goods and services from Eastern Europe to the markets of the West. Although the European Economic Community (EEC or Community) (7) will be the natural export market for the goods produced by most of these investments, exports to the Community, including antidumping, (8) countervailing, (9) and safeguard measures (10) and possibly, state-aids remedies. (11) The ECC can levy duties on dumped goods entering the Community (12) and has special standards for imports from non-market economies. (13) Before the recent changes in Eastern Europe, the EEC consistently classified every Eastern European nation as a "non-market economy" (NME). (14) Unfortunately, the EEC has yet to announce any specific program for their eventual graduation to free-market status. Imports from the East therefore will continue to face the risk of having antidumping duties imposed on them on a restrictive NME basis until the EEC changes its classification of Eastern European countries. The EEC can also take action against subsidies granted by foreign governments. (15) Pervasive cross-subsicization was an essential characteristic of the state-owned, centrally-planned economies of Eastern Europe during the communist era. (16) For various reasons, however, the EEC generally has not enforced countervailing duty laws to counter these subsidy practices. (17) Yet there is little reason for complacency. It is likely that Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland will eventually conclude separate bilaterel "association agreements" with the EEC and agree to prevent the granting of most state aids to private enterprises. (18) Under current practice, if the EEC Commission determines that a member-state government improperly grants an aid, it can direct the government to require repayment of that aid. (19) Thus, if current EEC disciplines are extended to Eastern Europe, there is a risk that the EEC may impose countervailing duties on imports from Eastern European countries or take action against any subsidies granted after a bilateral association agreement takes effect. Finally, the EEC may also impose safeguard measures to protect its industries against a surge in imports. (20) Although the EEC traditionally has replied on this protective device less than antidumping duties, (21) increased exports by competitive Eastern European producers could easily provoke safeguard protection. This Article will examine the potential effect of EEC antidumping, countervailing, and safeguard practices on the flow of goods from Eastern Europe. It will also discuss EEC internal controls of state aids and the possibility that such controls could be extended to Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland. Since the only certainty in the region is that some form of change will occur over the short- and medium-terms, this Article will not attempt to predict either the eventual outcome or the exact risk of an EEC measure impacting any particular Western investment. …


In this paper, we present an extension of Shaw's (1988) and Englin and Shonkwiler's (1995) count data travel cost models corrected for on-site sampling to a panel data setting. We develop a panel data negative binomial count data model that corrects for endogenous stratification and truncation. We also incorporate a latent class structure into our panel specification which assumes that the observations are drawn from a finite number of segments, where the distributions differ in the intercept and the coefficients of the explanatory variables. Results of this model are compared to some of the more common modelling approached in the literature. The chosen models are applied to revealed and contingent travel data obtained from a survey of visitors to a beach on the outskirts of Galway city in Ireland. The paper argues that count data panel models corrected for on-site sampling may still be inadequate and potentially misleading if the population of interest is heterogeneous with respect to the impact of the chosen explanatory variables.


In this work, we demonstrate the implementation of the micromagnetic equations for the description of ferromagnetic thin films in COMSOL Multiphysics. We apply our model to magnetoresistive sensors consisting of several soft ferromagnetic layers and their response to magnetic particles. The magnetization dynamic of the particles needs to be described in a similar manner, though due to size effects it is possible to reduce the description to a set of ordinary differential equations. The signal will be discussed in respect to the particle position as well as the influence of antiferromagnetic ordering in particle clusters that are within detection range.


In this paper we present an algebraic framework to represent finite state machines (FSMs) in single-layer recurrent neural networks (SLRNNs), which unifies and generalizes some of the previous proposals. This framework is based on the formulation of both the state transition function and the output function of an FSM as a linear system of equations, and it permits an analytical explanation of the representational capabilities of first-order and higher-order SLRNNs. The framework can be used to insert symbolic knowledge in RNNs prior to learning from examples and to keep this knowledge while training the network. This approach is valid for a wide range of activation functions, whenever some stability conditions are met. The framework has already been used in practice in a hybrid method for grammatical inference reported elsewhere (Sanfeliu and AlquCzar 1994).


In 2016, Statistics Canada released the results of the most recent census. For the first time ever, the proportion of Canadians aged 65-plus years surpassed the proportion aged 15 and under. The increase in the proportion of older adults was viewed as further evidence of the faster rate of aging of Canada's population. Such demographic shifts are not unique to Canada; many industrialized nations around the world are experiencing similar changes in their populations. Increases in the older adult population in many countries might produce beneficial outcomes by increasing the potential for intergenerational contact and exposure to exemplars of successful aging. Such positive intergenerational contact could counter prevailing age stereotypes and improve intergenerational relations. On the other hand, such increases in the number of older adults could be viewed as a strain and potential threat to resources shared with younger age groups. The possibility of increased intergenerational conflict makes it more important than ever before to understand how older adults are stereotyped, how those stereotypes can produce different kinds of biased behavior toward them, and what the impact of those stereotypes are on older adults themselves.
 Social-cognitive age representations are complex and multifaceted. A common stereotype applied to older people is one of warmth but incompetence, often resulting in paternalistic prejudice toward them. However, such benevolent prejudice, characterized by warm overtones, can change to hostile bias if older adults are perceived to violate prescriptive norms about age-appropriate behavior. In addition to coping with age prejudice, older adults also have to deal with the deleterious effects of negative age stereotypes on their day-to-day function. Exposure to negative aging stereotypes can worsen older adults' cognitive performance in a number of contexts. As well, age stereotypes can be incorporated into older adults' own views of aging, also leading to poorer outcomes for them in a variety of domains. A number of interventions to counteract the effects of negative aging stereotypes appear promising, but more work remains to be done to reduce the impact of negative aging stereotypes on daily function in later life.


To achieve detection, monitoring, and automation of starch graft copolymerzation at any time, the investigation is being made according to luminescence of free radicals produced in the reaction. The investigations on the fluorescence spectra of starch-water suspension excited by ultraviolet (UV) light and its characteristics contribute to study the characteristics and mechanisms of free radicals coming into being, emitting, and disappearing. Fluorescence spectra of starch, dextrose, sucrose, and maltose excited by 260-nm light are compared and their similarities further verify that this fluorescence comes from the transition from nonbonding, namely n electrons in the hetero-atom (O) of the functional group (C-O-C) called ether linkage, to the antibonding orbital 'sigma'*. The functional group is a part of six-membered ring structure in starch molecule. Meanwhile, the experimental results indicate that relative peak intensity of fluorescence emitted by 1% starch suspension comes to climax when starch suspensions with different concentrations are excited by the same wavelength.


Summary 1. The distribution and dynamics of a host-specific moth Wheeleria spilodactylus were studied between 1998 and 1999 at a hierarchy of spatial scales: geographic (c. 8000 km2), regional (c. 35 km2), subregional (mean c. 12 km2) and local (c. 0·03 km2). We tested the hypothesis that resource quantity and isolation would assume different levels of importance at different scales of analysis, with respect to habitat occupancy and population turnover. 2. Experimental releases in occupied and empty habitats showed that W. spilodactylus dispersal was very rare over distances in excess of 100 m, and that relatively large plants were more likely to be colonized. 3. The host-plant distribution was very fragmented and the moth did not occupy the entire distribution of its host-plant at any of the spatial scales studied. At most spatial scales, occupancy decreased with isolation and increased with habitat quantity. 4. Colonization was most likely to occur in non-isolated habitat patches at the regional scale, in patches with large numbers of plants at the subregional scale, and in patches with large plants at the local scale. Relatively isolated populations were more likely to go extinct at the subregional scale of analysis. 5. At a geographic scale, the distribution apparently depends on metapopulation persistence, which itself depends principally on the amount of habitat in each region. At regional and subregional scales, distributions and dynamics reflect colonization–extinction dynamics within metapopulations; these are affected by the interaction of habitat quantity (number and size of host-plants) and isolation. At the local scale, distributions and dynamics are affected by relatively frequent movements of individuals between resource patches (influenced by behavioural choices). 6. Long-term metapopulation dynamics of the moth also reflect population dynamics of its disturbance-dependent host-plant Marrubium vulgare. The metapopulation dynamics of the moth are superimposed on the dynamics of its host.


Quaternary phosphonium cationic starch (St-g-AM/ATPPB) flocculant was synthesized by using corn starch and acrylamide (AM), allyl triphenyl phosphonium bromide binary (ATPPB) through simultaneous gamma-irradiation. The chemical structure of the copolymer was characterized by FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) and (1)H NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) technologies. The effects of the absorbed dose in the range of 1 to 6 kGy, AM/ATPPB ratio and starch/(AM + ATPPB) ratio on grafting and flocculation were investigated. At a starch:AM:ATPPB wt ratio of 1:1.4:0.93, the graft ratio of AM/ATPPB reached maximum values at 3 and 6 kGy, and the cationic degree of St-g-AM/ATPPB increased with absorbed dose, while the turbidity reduction reached a maximum value at 5 kGy. At 3 kGy using a starch:(AM + ATPPB) wt. ratio of 1:2.33, the graft ratio of AM and ATPPB increased with AM/ATPPB ratio, while the cationic degree and turbidity reduction reached maximum values at AM:ATPPB wt. ratios of 1:0.67 and 1:0.5, respectively. At a constant AM:ATPPB wt. ratio of 1:0.67 and 3 kGy, the grafting ratio increased with starch/(AM + ATPPB), while the cationic degree and turbidity reduction simultaneously reached maximum values at a starch:(AM + ATPPB) wt. ratio of 1:2.67. Further study revealed that the higher the absorbed dose or the lower the starch/(AM + ATPPB) ratio, the lower the optimal flocculant concentration.


Surface soil moisture is of great importance to the disciplines of agriculture, hydrology and meteorology. Over the past three decades, researchers have made significant advances in developing the algorithms and techniques for retrieving soil moisture by remote sensing, a technique which measures the emitted, reflected and/or scattered electromagnetic radiation from the land surfaces. A large number of remote sensing approaches have been developed and tested to measure soil moisture. Among them, passive microwave remote sensing (at L-band) has been demonstrated as the most promising tool for global soil moisture estimation. However, passive microwave soil moisture retrieval is highly dependent on the availability of ancillary surface parameters such as vegetation water content and surface roughness. It is difficult to characterise these information at the scale of L-band radiometer footprints (40 km) globally by ground measurement. Nevertheless, global information on vegetation water content can potentially be obtained from optical sensing technologies, while surface roughness can potentially be characterised by active microwave sensors, because of the high sensitivity to water absorption and surface roughness respectively. Up to now there has been research about retrieving soil moisture using passive or active microwave observations individually. However, no research has incorporated active-derived roughness into the passive retrieval model, in order to improve the passive soil moisture retrieval accuracy. Therefore, this research aimed to characterise surface roughness from active measurements, and then apply these information to passive soil moisture retrieval accuracy improvement. This research is mostly based on field data collected from the Soil Moisture Active Passive Experiments (SMAPEx) as part of this PhD. First, estimation of the vegetation water content needed in the passive microwave emission model for calculation of the vegetation optical depth was explored. This information was retrieved from MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)-derived vegetation indices, using empirical formulations developed from historical field and satellite data sets. Subsequently, the Tau-Omega Model, which is the most frequently used passive emission model for vegetated surfaces, was evaluated using the SMAPEx airborne brightness temperature and ground soil moisture data sets, together with the vegetation water content developed from the previous step. This provided a baseline soil moisture map for the entire study area. Moreover, results showed that the default model parameters provided by SMAP ATBD (the Algorithm Theoretical Basis Documents of the Soil Moisture Active Passive mission) provided a soil moisture accuracy of 0.11 m³/m³ for cropland and 0.06 m³/m³ for grassland. After calibration with ground soil moisture data, the results could be improved to 0.06 m³/m³ for cropland and 0.05 m³/m³ for grassland. Last, the active microwave retrieval of surface roughness and its usefulness in passive microwave retrieval of soil moisture was explored. In order to improve the passive soil moisture retrieval accuracy through roughness, the relationship between the passive roughness parameter, HR, and the active roughness parameter standard deviation of surface height, SD, was clarified. Existing relationships have only focused on ground measured SD. However, no research has related HR to SD retrieved from active microwave measurements. Therefore, a new formulation was developed to relate SD to HR using remotely sensed and field data. An iterative algorithm combining an active microwave (Oh) model and a passive microwave (Tau-Omega) model has been developed to retrieve soil moisture and surface roughness simultaneously. The new roughness formulation developed in the previous step was then applied here to relate surface roughness in the active and passive models. Results showed that the iterative algorithm could achieve a soil moisture accuracy of 0.085 m³/m³ for cropland and 0.05 m³/m³ for grassland, without relying on any model calibration. This result outperformed the retrieval accuracy when using default HR from the SMAP ATBD by 0.02 m³/m³ for cropland and 0.01 m³/m³ for grassland, suggesting that use of active microwave data for surface roughness estimation can lead to more accurate near-surface soil moisture mapping globally.


The importance of Transforming Growth Factor β (TGFβ) signalling during early development has been well established. In particular, Nodal ligands have been shown to play essential roles for the specification and the patterning of the mesendoderm, axes formation and organogenesis. Activin ligands, like Nodal, signal by inducing the phosphorylation of the intracellular signal transducers Smad2 and Smad3. However, the roles of Activins during embryonic development are much less understood. Here, we report that during Xenopus tropicalis development two waves of Smad2 phoshorylation can be observed, first during gastrulation and then a second one after neurulation. Using a knock-down approach, we show that the second wave of Smad2 phosphorylation depends on activinβa (actβa) and activinβb (actβb) expression. Knocking down the expression of actβa, or treating the embryos with a chemical inhibitor inhibiting TGFβ receptor I (TGFβRI) activity after neurulation result in a decrease of the expression of endothelial cell markers and a lack of blood flow in Xenopus tadpoles. Taken together these data suggest that Activin ligands play an important role during vascular development in Xenopus tropicalis embryos.


Abstract The Drug Addiction Treatment Act of 2000 (DATA 2000) was established to create a new paradigm for medication-assisted treatment of persons with opiate addiction in the United States. Before enactment of DATA 2000, the use of opioid medications to treat patients with opioid addiction was permissible only in federally approved treatment programs, ie, "methadone clinics." The only medications permitted were Schedule II drugs (eg, methadone hydrochloride and l-α-acetylmethadol [LAAM]), which could only be dispensed, not prescribed. Under provisions of DATA 2000, qualified physicians in a medical office and other appropriate settings outside the opioid treatment program system may prescribe and/or dispense Schedule III, IV, and V opioid medications for treating persons with opioid addiction if such medications have been specifically approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for that indication. Opioid addiction treatment programs were commonly known as methadone clinics. Such programs now may also dispense buprenorphine hydrochloride and the buprenorphine hydrochloride-naloxone combination. The information in this article is extracted (with revision) from: Center for Substance Abuse Treatment. Clinical Guidelines for the Use of Buprenorphine in the Treatment of Opioid Addiction. Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series 40. DHS Publication No. (SMA) 04-3939. Rockville, Md: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2004. The Clinical Guidelines document is in the public domain except for material indicated as reprinted from a copyrighted source. The author served on both the Expert Panel and the Consensus Panel that produced the guidelines, available in portable document format at http://buprenorphine.samhsa.gov/Bup%20Guidelines.pdf. In refreshing this article for on-line only publication, two illustrative case presentations of anecdotal patients have been added.


The Audible Past explores the cultural origins of sound reproduction. It describes a distinctive sound culture that gave birth to the sound recording and the transmission devices so ubiquitous in modern life. With an ear for the unexpected, scholar and musician Jonathan Sterne uses the technological and cultural precursors of telephony, phonography, and radio as an entry point into a history of sound in its own right. Sterne studies the constantly shifting boundary between phenomena organized as "sound" and "not sound." In The Audible Past, this history crisscrosses the liminal regions between bodies and machines, originals and copies, nature and culture, and life and death.

Blending cultural studies and the history of communication technology, Sterne follows modern sound technologies back through a historical labyrinth. Along the way, he encounters capitalists and inventors, musicians and philosophers, embalmers and grave robbers, doctors and patients, deaf children and their teachers, professionals and hobbyists, folklorists and tribal singers. The Audible Past tracks the connections between the history of sound and the defining features of modernity: from developments in medicine, physics, and philosophy to the tumultuous shifts of industrial capitalism, colonialism, urbanization, modern technology, and the rise of a new middle class.

A provocative history of sound, The Audible Past challenges theoretical commonplaces such as the philosophical privilege of the speaking subject, the visual bias in theories of modernity, and static descriptions of nature. It will interest those in cultural studies, media and communication studies, the new musicology, and the history of technology.


Structural elements are subjected to variable amplitude/spectrum fatigue loading where
tensile overloads and compressive underloads may occur randomly. Depending on the magnitude
of these loads, localized plastic deformation may occur at notches leading to residual stresses.
These residual stresses have been known to significantly alter the fatigue life. In a spectrum,
overloads may seldom occur in blocks and the effects of single overload cycles on the fatigue life
must be investigated. In the present investigation, 2024-T3 clad aluminum sheet specimens with
a gage width of 0.75" and circular hole diameter of 0.161" were subjected to constant amplitude
fatigue loading with periodic overloads. The theoretical net stress concentration factor based on
net section stress for each of the specimens is 2.48. Constant amplitude fatigue tests were
conducted to determine SN curves at mean remote stress levels of 3ksi and 6ksi. Periodic tensile
overloads of 44ksi, 35ksi and 20ksi were applied to constant amplitude loading blocks of 40ksi,
30ksi, 20ksi and 15ksi, each with a mean stress of 6ksi. The overload cycles reached the
compressive load level prior to transitioning to the constant amplitude portion of the loading.
The period between the overloads was varied at 10 cycles, 50 cycles, 100 cycles, 1,000 cycles
and 5,000 cycles of constant amplitude loading.
The experimental results showed an increase in the number of cycles to failure when the
periodic tensile overloads were applied after every 100 cycles, 1,000 cycles and 5,000 cycles,
and if frequent reverse yielding did not occur, as compared to the number of cycles to failure in
the case of constant amplitude loading without overloads. In the analytical approach, Miner"s
rule was first used to estimate the cycles to failure. The study incorporated notch residual stresses
into the Miner"s rule in an effort to improve the life estimation. Neuber"s rule was used to
estimate residual stresses due to overloads. Two ideal conditions of strain hardening were
considered – isotropic hardening and kinematic hardening – to establish a stress-strain curve for one cycle of loading.
The results showed improved estimation of cycles to failure, when residual stresses were included in Miner"s rule and if no reverse yielding occurred at the notch while fatigue loading. The loading that showed such a trend was maximum constant amplitude stress of 15ksi and a mean stress of 6ksi on which an overload of 20ksi was periodically applied. An improvement of 17% - 19% was obtained for a periodicity of 50 cycles or greater. In other cases of loading, if reverse yielding occurred at every cycle or frequently between cycles (periodicity of 10 cycles to 100 cycles) during fatigue then this caused detrimental damage and the specimen experienced a reduction in life.


A pilot study was established to evaluate the most effective, economical, and practical method to treat vactor solids (material extracted from roadway catchment basins) and street sweepings. Eleven piles of contaminated solid materials ranging in size from 1.25 to 5 cu yd (0.96 to 3.82 cu m) were treated using a matrix of conditions involving frequency of turning, fertilizer addition, peroxygen addition, and surfactant amendment. The treated piles, which were evaluated over 400 days, showed no difference in total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) levels relative to the control piles that were neither aerated nor fertilized. The results of this study show that the most economical treatment of vactor solids can be achieved using intrinsic bioremediation; i.e., letting the contaminants of vactor solids and street sweepings biodegrade naturally. If sufficient land is available such a treatment scheme would require minimal operation and maintenance costs while providing an environmentally-acceptable fill product at the end of treatment.


There are several problems encountered when trying to determine the location of a mobile phone, including whether you are in an urban or rural environment. Also, it is well known that some positioning technologies work better than others depending on the environment they are in. For example, GPS works well in rural areas but not as well in urban areas, GSM positioning accuracy can be acceptable in urban areas with the right triangulation technology, but is less accurate in rural areas. Positioning with other technologies such as WiFi, Bluetooth, and Semacode all have their own advantages and disadvantages as well, depending on the overall environment in which they are used. One research task of the ICiNG project is to address these issues and introduce the next logical step for freely available mobile positioning, advancing the pioneering work done by Place Lab at Intel. The EU-FP6 ICiNG project component that initiates this advance is called the ILC (ICiNG Location Client). The ILC integrates all the above location finding technologies into one positioning module. This paper outlines the technique we developed to combine these technologies and the architecture used to deploy them on a mobile phone. With all these technologies finally available on one device, it is now possible to employ a personal positioning system that can work effectively in any environment. Another important advantage of the ILC is its ability to do this without any direct communication with outside sources, so users need not worry about "big brother" tracking their every movement. The ILC only "listens" for, and makes use of, radio signals that are freely available in the current environment, and does not actively connect to any external network or other services to triangulate its position.


Missionary Christianity absorbed many pre-Christian religious beliefs. Evidence for this syncretic process is found in the Anglo-Saxon charm Wio Foertice, which co-opted pagan concepts, thereby creating a folk-Christianity which was peculiar to England. Similar syncretic processes took place elsewhere with the spread of Christianity, as in the case of post-Columbian Catholicism in Mexico. Key Words: Christianity, Anglo-Saxon paganism, Aztec/Mayan mythology, religious syncretism, Holda, Valkyrie, Virgin of Guadalupe. While there can be little doubt that the Old English Metrical Charm Wio Foerstice2 is the product of a Christian society, at the root and throughout the poem there are allusions to an old pagan culture. These allusions are not simply "pagan survivals" and the Christian nature of the charm is not simply a matter of "colouring".3 It is important to always keep before us as a caution E. G. Stanley's The Search for Anglo-Saxon Paganism, in which we are reminded "for a long time Old English literature was much read in the hope ot discovering in it a lost world of pre-Christian antiquity, for the reconstruction of which the Old English writings themselves do not provide sufficient fragments." At another point in his study, however, while discussing the use of "Lord" in Wio Foerstice he acknowledges the possibility of Christian interpolation, and so, pagan core, in the charm: "in the context of the Charm, however, there is perhaps greater justification for this view".5 But Wio Foerstice is thoroughly Christian because everything with a "pagan past"6 has been co-opted in the world of the charm by its Christianity. Like folk-Christianities throughout the world, Anglo-Saxon Christianity was a syncretism of the old religion and the new, producing a newer Christianity, "a Christianity peculiar to England"7 and "a syncretic Germanic Christianity."8 Some examples of similar syncretic artifacts are Saint Demetria who was once the Goddess Demeter9 and the distinctive Catholicism of Meso-America, which consists of large measures of Aztec, Maya, and other aboriginal religions along with the elements brought from Spain (these latter elements themselves influenced by the Islam of the Moorish period of Iberian history). Octavio Paz summarizes and analyzes one aspect of Mexican Catholicism as follows: It is no secret to anyone that Mexican Catholicism is centered about the cult of the Virgin of Guadalupe. In the first place, she is an Indian Virgin; in the second place, the scene of her appearance to the Indian Juan Diego was a hill that formerly contained a sanctuary dedicated to Tonantzin, "Our Mother," the Aztec goddess of fertility. We know that the Conquest coincided with the apogee of the cult of two masculine divinities; Quetzalcoatl, the self-sacrificing god, and Huitzilopochtli, the young warrior-god. …


Until recently homoeopathic remedies have been studied and understood by considering each remedy in isolation (Scholten, 1993). In the last few years a new method of understanding homoeopathic remedies, called group analysis, has emerged (Sankaran, 2002). This method involves an understanding of remedies in terms of characteristics common to a group of related remedies (Leisegang, 2007). Remedies are grouped according to natural classifications. Using the information available in computer repertories, searches are systematically performed to identify rubrics which are common within the group. This type of data analysis yields common characteristics which can be applied to lesser understood groups of remedies. This study was an investigation of the common characteristics of the remedies from the Class Aves, using the method according to Sankaran. The investigation was carried out by applying the group analysis method to the available data. Remedies from the Class Aves are relatively new additions to the materia medica, with the first of these proved in 1995. There is relatively little information available about this group and thus group analysis would be a valuable method of understanding these remedies (Fraser, 2009). A search was performed to determine which bird remedies were best represented in the repertory program iv Radar 10. Based on these results the sample group was selected. The rubrics of these remedies were then analysed to determine common sensations within the group. These sensations were then defined and synonyms were determined. These common sensations were then confirmed by searching for the keywords and synonyms in the available data. Second and third order analyses were performed based on the results. The resultant sensations were also compared with those proposed by Shore (2004) and Fraser (2009), to determine whether these theories on bird characteristics are consistent. Pathological tendencies of the Class Aves were found to involve the throat, female reproductive area, eyes and vision, skin, musculoskeletal system and mental disorders. Clinically there was strong indication for these remedies in cases of depression and anxiety, acne and dermatitis, dysmenorrhoea and disorders of vision such as blurred vision and eyestrain. The results of this study appeared to confirm the validity of theories on group analysis according to Sankaran (2002). The results further confirmed many of the characteristics attributed to the bird remedy group by Shore (2004) and Fraser (2009). Several new common characteristics of remedies from the Class Aves were deduced from the results of the analysis. The study also produced a proposed vital sensation and showed evidence linking several sensations in the process of reaction to the vital sensation.


Probabilistic model checking is a recent extension of traditional model-checking techniques for the integrated analysis of both qualitative and quantitative properties of systems which exhibit stochastic behaviour. In this paper we apply probabilistic model checking to study the effect of credit card companies on people's lives. We use the probabilistic model checking tool PRISM as the formal framework. This approach allows us to obtain performance measures on various policies. It allows us to obtain performance measures on various policies such as changes in the interest rate and its effect on the credit card loan entitlement of the card user, the effect of different repayment policies on the user's spending ability in the short and long run, the effect of different interest rates and different spending preferences on the loan in the short run, and the effect of different spending preferences and different repayment policies on the remaining balance in the long run. From the study we investigate the level of loans and the amount of instalments after which the card holder goes through a cycle of interest repayment only. That is he/she can not use the card to withdraw money any more but has to make interest payments on the debt.


Artificial intelligence can be a key tool in the context of assisting in the diagnosis of dermatological conditions, particularly when performed by general practitioners with limited or no access to high resolution optical equipment. This study evaluates the performance of deep convolutional neural networks (DNNs) in the classification of seven pigmented skin lesions. Additionally, it assesses the improvement ratio in the classification performance when utilized by general practitioners. Open-source skin images were downloaded from the ISIC archive. Different DNNs (n=8) were trained based on a random dataset constituted by 8,015 images. A test set of 2,003 images has been used to assess the classifiers performance at low (300 x 224 RGB) and high (600 x 450 RGB) image resolution and aggregated clinical data (age, sex and lesion localization). We have also organized two different contests to compare the DNNs performance to that of general practitioners by means of unassisted image observation. Both at low and high image resolution, the DNNs framework being trained differentiated dermatological images with appreciable performance. In all cases, accuracy has been improved when adding clinical data to the framework. Finally, the lowest accurate DNN outperformed general practitioners. Physicians accuracy was statistically improved when allowed to use the output of this algorithmic framework as guidance. DNNS are proven to be high performers as skin lesion classifiers. The aim is to include these AI tools in the context of general practitioners whilst improving their diagnosis accuracy in a routine clinical scenario when or where the use of high-resolution equipment is not accessible.


Fiscal corruption refers to calculative actions and decisions of individuals and corporate bodies which inhibit economic development and sustainability in developing economies. As a consequence, addressing fiscal corruption and related anti-social tax practices have become integrated part of tax reform in recent years aimed at redesigning the tax structure and improving tax administration. This paper uses rational choice theory to explore the choice to break rules from the perspective of individual actor incentives and calculations. Evidence shows that through illegal and fiscal corrupt schemes, tax officials and corporate and individual taxpayers are major actors in depriving the Government of Nigeria and governments of a number of developing countries of huge revenues. This has a detrimental impact on the development and revenue sustainability in Nigeria. The paper therefore argues for radical reform in order to reduce the opportunities for corruption in tax administration and to change the incentive st...


OBJECTIVE
To compare proposed new cutoff points for four obesity indicators-waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and body mass index (BMI)-with their current cutoff points to determine which are better standards predicting 5-year incidence of hypertension (HT) and diabetes mellitus (DM) among premenopausal women.

DESIGN
Data were obtained from the 2002 and 2007 Survey on the Prevalence of HT, Hyperglycemia and Hyperlipidemia in Taiwan conducted by the Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taiwan. Premenopausal women were grouped based on the proposed cutoff points versus reference cutoff points for obesity indicators.

PARTICIPANT
A total of 1466 premenopausal women aged between 20 and 57 years old were recruited.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE
Five-year incidence of HT and DM.

RESULTS
Our new obesity indicator cutoff points-WHtR 0.49, WC 74.7 cm, WHR 0.79 and BMI 22.3 kg/m2-were better predictors for 5-year HT incidence in premenopausal women compared with those of current standards, but were not significantly different for DM. Among the four obesity indicators, WHtR and WC were optimal for their 5-year predictive ability for HT and DM in premenopausal women.

CONCLUSIONS
To avoid too many cutoff points for practitioners to adopt and memorize, the proposed new cutoff points were recommended preferentially to prevent the incidence of HT and DM in premenopausal women.


Fe^(2+)- and Mn^(2+)-rich tourmalines were used to test whether Fe^(2+) and Mn^(2+) substitute on the Z site of tourmaline to a detectable degree. Fe-rich tourmaline from a pegmatite from Lower Austria was characterized by crystal-structure refinement, chemical analyses, and Mossbauer and optical spectroscopy. The sample has large amounts of Fe^(2+) (~2.3 apfu), and substantial amounts of Fe^(3+) (~1.0 apfu). On basis of the collected data, the structural refinement and the spectroscopic data, an initial formula was determined by assigning the entire amount of Fe^(3+) (no delocalized electrons) and Ti^(4+) to the Z site and the amount of Fe^(2+) and Fe^(3+) from delocalized electrons to the Y-Z ED doublet (delocalized electrons between Y-Z and Y-Y): X(Na_(0.9)Ca_(0.1)) ^Y(Fe^(2+)_(2.0)Al_(0.4)Mn^(2+)_(0.3)Fe^(3+)_(0.2)) ^Z(Al_(4.8)Fe^(3+)_(0.8)Fe^(2+)_(0.2)Ti^(4+)_(0.1)) ^T(Si_(5.9)Al_(0.1))O_(18) (BO_3)_3^V(OH)_3 ^W[O_(0.5)F_(0.3)(OH)_(0.2)] with α = 16.039(1) and c = 7.254(1) A. This formula is consistent with lack of Fe^(2+) at the Z site, apart from that occupancy connected with delocalization of a hopping electron.
The formula was further modified by considering two ED doublets to yield: ^X(Na_(0.9)Ca_(0.1)) ^Y(Fe^(2+)_(1.8)Al_(0.5)Mn^(2+)_(0.3)Fe^(3+)_(0.3)) ^Z(Al_(4.8)Fe^(3+)_(0.7)Fe^(2+)_(0.4)Ti^(4+)_(0.1)) ^T(Si_(5.9_Al_(0.1))O_(18) (BO_3)_3 ^V(OH)_3 ^W[O_(0.5)F_(0.3)(OH)_(0.2)]. This formula requires some Fe^(2+) (~0.3 apfu) at the Z site, apart from that connected with delocalization of a hopping electron. Optical spectra were recorded from this sample as well as from two other Fe^(2+)-rich tourmalines to determine if there is any evidence for Fe^(2+) at Y and Z sites. If Fe^(2+) were to occupy two different 6-coordinated sites in significant amounts and if these polyhedra have different geometries or metal-oxygen distances, bands from each site should be observed. However, even in high-quality spectra we see no evidence for such a doubling of the bands. We conclude that there is no ultimate proof for Fe^(2+) at the Z site, apart from that occupancy connected with delocalization of hopping electrons involving Fe cations at the Y and Z sites.
A very Mn-rich tourmaline from a pegmatite on Elba Island, Italy, was characterized by crystal-structure determination, chemical analyses, and optical spectroscopy. The optimized structural formula is ^X(Na_(0.6)□_(0.4)) ^Y(Mn^(2+)_(1.3)Al_(1.2)Li_(0.5)) ^ZAl_6 ^TSi_6O_(18) (BO_3)_3 ^V(OH)_3 ^W[F_(0.5)O_(0.5)], with α = 15.951(2) and c = 7.138(1) A. Within a 3σ error there is no evidence for Mn occupancy at the Z site by refinement of Al ↔ Mn, and, thus, no final proof for Mn^(2+) at the Z site, either.
Oxidation of these tourmalines at 700–750 °C and 1 bar for 10–72 h converted Fe^(2+) to Fe^(3+) and Mn^(2+) to Mn^(3+) with concomitant exchange with Al of the Z site. The refined ^ZFe content in the Fe-rich tourmaline increased by ~40% relative to its initial occupancy. The refined YFe content was smaller and the distance was significantly reduced relative to the unoxidized sample. A similar effect was observed for the oxidized Mn^(2+)-rich tourmaline. Simultaneously, H and F were expelled from both samples as indicated by structural refinements, and H expulsion was indicated by infrared spectroscopy. The final species after oxidizing the Fe^(2+)-rich tourmaline is buergerite. Its color had changed from blackish to brown-red. After oxidizing the Mn^(2+)-rich tourmaline, the previously dark yellow sample was very dark brown-red, as expected for the oxidation of Mn^(2+) to Mn^(3+). The unit-cell parameter α decreased during oxidation whereas the c parameter showed a slight increase.


Juvenile myasthenia gravis is a chronic autoimmune disorder which occurs when serum antibodies combine with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors at the muscle membrane of the motor endplate imparing the neuromuscular transmission. It results in early muscle fatigability with progression to a complete paralysis during repetitive muscle contraction (movements) or steady muscle contraction (postures), and less common persistent paralysis at rest. The cranial nerves, mainly the one innervating the extraoccular and palpebral levator, are the most susceptible to permanent weakness and paralysis at rest. Initial clinical presentations are generalized, ocular and respiratory forms. The diagnosis is suspected through medical history of abnormal fatigability and corroborated by physical examination, repetitive nerve stimulation of an affected but not complete paralyzed muscle, correction of fatigability by the intravenous administration of acetylcholine esterase inhibitors, and by the presence of serum acetylcholine receptors antibodies (ACRA). The long term treatment is symptomatic (acetylcholine inhibitors) and etiopathogenic (immunosupresor drugs, plasmapheresis, intravenous gamma globulin and thymectomy. Spontaneous or post symptomatic and etiopathogenic treatment remissions occur from 1 to 10 years. Fatality is rare but children are at high risk during myasthenia crisis.


J L Milne

Dr J L Milne, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; email@example.com

What are the experiences of men after laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP)?

Qualitative descriptive study.

Alberta, Canada.

19 men (age 46–76 y), who had LRP in the past 3 years, a variety of postoperative experiences, and were able to articulate these experiences, were recruited from a randomised controlled trial (RCT) and letters sent from surgeons' offices.

5 individual and 3 focus group interviews (3, 5, and 6 members) were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim. Data from interviews and accompanying field notes were analysed inductively.

(1) Men spoke of the importance of backgrounding oneself, or being informed about their condition and treatment before meeting with the urologist. This preparation allowed them to understand what the urologist was saying and thus, feel more in control. Information was obtained from videos, textbooks, and the internet. They asked the urologist to explain treatment options, including how the tumour would be removed and then sought first-hand personal knowledge …


Geographic routing is a useful and scalable point-to-point communication primitive for wireless sensor networks. However, previous work on geographic routing makes the unrealistic assumption that all the nodes in the network are awake during routing. This overlooks the common deployment scenario where sensor nodes are duty-cycled to save energy. In this paper we investigate several important aspects of geographic routing over duty-cycled nodes. First, we extend existing geographic routing algorithms to handle the highly dynamic networks resulting from duty-cycling. Second, we provide the first formal analysis of the performance of geographic routing on duty-cycled nodes. Third, we use this analysis to develop an efficient decentralized sleep scheduling algorithm for reducing the number of awake nodes while maintaining both network coverage and a (tunable) target routing latency. Finally, we evaluate via simulation the performance of our approach versus running existing geographic routing algorithms on sensors duty-cycled according to previous sleep scheduling algorithms. Our results show, perhaps surprisingly, that a network of duty-cycled nodes can have slightly better routing performance than a static network that uses comparable energy. Our results further show that, compared to previous algorithms, our sleep scheduling algorithm significantly improves routing latency and network lifetime.


Unfavorable effects of unethical treatments and transactions have been under serious consideration both academically and professionally. The question of how to improve ethical sensitivity in decision-making has begun to attract more and more attention. Thus, professionals have tried to consider developing ethical leadership in their organizations substantially, while scholars have begun to study its possible antecedents and outcomes. Emphasizing practical implications of ethical leadership, this study aims to analyze leaders' behaviors based on their ethical decisions, their adoption level of ethical leadership, the degree that they have integrated ethics into their management styles, and their relations with the followers and subordinates. In this respect, authors investigate ethical leadership studies in top organizational behavior journals and categorize these studies according to their implications. The practical implications of these studies, which are related to ethical leadership, are examined in detail to excerpt a common idea about this specific style of leadership and its consequences in various industries.


This article re-examines energy and nutrition available to British working-class households in the late 1930s using individual household expenditure and consumption data. We use these data to address a number of questions. First, what was the extent of malnutrition in late 1930s Britain? Second, how did the incidence change over time? Third, what were the nutritional consequences of the school meals and school milk schemes? We conclude that, for working households, energy and nutritional availability improved significantly compared with current estimates of availability before the First World War. These improvements were not equally shared, however. In the late 1930s, homes with an unemployed head of household had diets that provided around 20 per cent less energy than their working counterparts and female-headed households had diets that provided around 10 per cent fewer kcal per capita than the average male-headed household. The availability of most macro- and micronutrients showed similar relative reductions. State interventions designed to improve diet and nutrition, such as school meals and school milk, made children's diets significantly healthier, even if they did not eliminate macro- and micronutrient deficiencies completely. Not surprisingly, they made the greatest difference to children in households where the head of household was unemployed.