Recently, fast neural networks for object/face detection were presented in [1-3]. The speed up factor of these networks relies on performing cross correlation in the frequency domain between the input image and the weights of the hidden layer. But, these equations given in [1-3] for conventional and fast neural networks are not valid for many reasons presented here. In this paper, correct equations for cross correlation in the spatial and frequency domains are presented. Furthermore, correct formulas for the number of computation steps required by conventional and fast neural networks given in [1-3] are introduced. A new formula for the speed up ratio is established. Also, corrections for the equations of fast multi scale object/face detection are given. Moreover, commutative cross correlation is achieved. Simulation results show that sub-image detection based on cross correlation in the frequency domain is faster than classical neural networks. KEYWORDSConventional Neural Networks, Fast Neural Networks, Cross Correlation in the Frequency Domain.


The first laparoscopy-assisted gastrectomy for gastric cancer was performed in Japan in 1991. In the ensuing 20 years, at first through a process of trial and error, then through the sharing of master surgeons' accumulated experience, the procedure has been honed and refined to its current high level. From the beginning, it soon became evident that this much less invasive form of gastrectomy, in comparison with traditional open surgery, led to improved quality of life for postsurgical patients, and use of the procedure spread rapidly among gastric surgeons. Early on, however, there were calls for the establishment of standard techniques and procedures to be followed, with a recognized need to improve the level of safety and the quality of lymph node dissection for local control in cancer treatment. Towards that end, the Laparoscopy-Assisted Gastrectomy Club was formed in 1999. In the following year, because both Japan and Korea experience a high rate of gastric cancer, specialists from those two nations came together to form the Japan-Korea Laparoscopic Gastrectomy Joint Seminar, to facilitate and encourage the exchange of vital information. The result has been to achieve an evolving consensus among specialists in the field of endoscopic surgery in Japan and Korea with expertise that can be shared worldwide. A compilation of the current state-of-the-art is now presented in this volume, with accompanying DVD, which will be of great value to all endoscopic surgeons who perform laparoscopic gastrectomy.


We have previously shown that supplementing cultured porcine pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAEC) with exogenous oleic acid (18:1ω9) alters the fatty acid composition of the cells and reduces oxidant‐mediated cytotoxicity. Because the mechanisms by which lipid alterations modulate oxidant susceptibility have not been defined, the ability of 18:1 to reduce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)‐mediated PAEC dysfunction was evaluated. PAEC monolayers on polycarbonate filters were incubated for 3 h in maintenance medium supplemented with either 0.1 mM 18.1 in ethanol vehicle (ETOH) or with an equivalent volume of vehicle alone. Twenty‐four hours later monolayers were treated for 30 min with 50 or 100 μM H2O2 in Hanks' balanced salt solution (HBSS) or with HBSS alone (nonoxidant control). As a functional index of PAEC monolayer integrity, the permeability of monolayers to albumin was then measured for 3 h. Treatment with 100 μM H2O2 caused cytotoxicity and progressive increases in PAEC monolayer permeability that were attenuated by 18:1 supplementation, whereas 50 μM H2O2 caused only a transient increase in permeability without cytotoxicity. Supplementation with 18:1 also attenuated H2O2‐induced reductions in PAEC adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content and disruption of PAEC microfilament architecture. The ATP content of PAEC monolayers was reversibly reduced in the absence of oxidant stress by incubation with glucose‐depleted medium containing deoxyglucose and antimycin A. Metabolic inhibitor‐induced ATP depletion increased monolayer permeability and altered cytoskeletal architecture, alterations that resolved during recovery of PAEC ATP content. These results demonstrate that ATP depletion plays a critical role in barrier dysfunction and suggests that the ability of 18:1 to reduce oxidant‐mediated PAEC dysfunction and injury may relate directly to its ability to preserve PAEC ATP content. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


Scholars who have discussed Josephus' political philosophy have largely focused on his concepts of aristokratia or theokratia. In general, they have ignored his concept of kingship. Those that have commented on it tend to dismiss Josephus as anti-monarchical and ascribe this to the biblical anti-monarchical tradition. To date, Josephus' concept of kingship has not been treated as a significant component of his political philosophy. Through a close reading of Josephus' longest text, the Jewish Antiquities, a historical work that provides extensive accounts of kings and kingship, I show that Josephus had a fully developed theory of monarchical government that drew on biblical and Greco-Roman models of kingship. Josephus held that ideal kingship was the responsible use of the personal power of one individual to advance the interests of the governed and maintain his and his subjects' loyalty to Yahweh. The king relied primarily on a standard array of classical virtues to preserve social order in the kingdom, protect it from external threats, maintain his subjects' quality of life, and provide them with a model for proper moral conduct. While monarchical government depended largely on the personal power of the king, the king was obligated to uphold Mosaic Law, which would affirm his allegiance to Yahweh and prevent him from governing tyrannically. The one area in which the king shared power with another authority figure was in administering cult. Josephus held that the ideal king largely delegated responsibility over cultic rituals to the priesthood. Josephus was therefore not antimonarchical; he had a hybrid theory of monarchical rule that constituted a substantial component of his broader political thought. In addition to casting light on an overlooked aspect of Josephus' theory of government, my thesis also demonstrates that Josephus' historical writings provide essential information about his political philosophy. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Ancient History First Advisor Wilker Julia


While the potential of pluripotent cells and their role in the future of regenerative
medicine has rapidly evolved since the derivation of human embryonic stem cells in
1998, ethical issues surrounding the derivation and clinical use of pluripotent cells still
remain. Somatic cell reprogramming offers an ethically preferred, potentially patient
specific method for deriving pluripotent cells, but this technology is based on integration
of genes that have been linked to oncogenesis and therefore limit clinical usefulness.
This project, started in late 2005, has explored new methods towards achieving
somatic cell reprogramming with the specific goal of reprogramming human somatic
cells without altering genomic DNA. Through the use of cytoplasm from pluripotent
cells, total RNA from pluripotent cells, and specific mRNAs coding for known
reprogramming factors, attempts to reprogram somatic cells were made, along with the
goal to better understand the process of reprogramming and the associated gene
expression changes that catalyse it.
To gauge reactivation of the embryonic genome, an Oct4-GFP fibroblast reporter line
was successfully established. A protocol for the isolation of membrane encapsulated,
nuclear DNA free pluripotent cell cytoplasm, or cytoplasts, was developed. Following
fusion of cytoplasts to somatic reporter cells resulted in temporary OCT4 activation, but
no pluripotent cells were isolated. Subsequently, an electroporation protocol was
developed and optimised to transfect total RNA and total mRNA from pluripotent cells
into somatic cells, in place of cytoplasts. This method successfully showed temporary
upregulation of key pluripotency genes, but not full reversion to a pluripotent state.
In 2006, it was shown that only four factors (OCT4, SOX2, cMYC, and KLF4) are
required for somatic cell reprogramming, but the issue of DNA manipulation remained.
Synthetically produced mRNA coding for the key reprogramming factors was then
made and transfected into human fibroblast cells. It was found that transfected mRNA
can successfully upregulate specific genes of interest, including pluripotency factors, in
a more controlled and predictable manner than DNA. Although mRNA only causes
upregulation for 3-4 days, in some cases lasting changes on endogenous expression of
pluripotency genes were detected, including OCT4. This work shows that mRNA
transfection can be a useful tool for temporary upregulation of specific gene expression
and, with further optimisation, may provide a method for catalysing somatic cell
reprogramming without genetic alteration. Additionally, mRNA has potential as an
important tool for differentiation, transdifferentiation, and pluripotency studies.


Pyramidal cells and interneurons expressing parvalbumin (PV), somatostatin (SST), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) show cell-type-specific connectivity patterns leading to a canonical microcircuit across cortex. Experiments recording from this circuit often report counterintuitive and seemingly contradictory findings. For example, the response of SST cells in mouse V1 to top-down behavioral modulation can change its sign when the visual input changes, a phenomenon that we call response reversal. We developed a theoretical framework to explain these seemingly contradictory effects as emerging phenomena in circuits with two key features: interactions between multiple neural populations and a nonlinear neuronal input-output relationship. Furthermore, we built a cortical circuit model which reproduces counterintuitive dynamics observed in mouse V1. Our analytical calculations pinpoint connection properties critical to response reversal, and predict additional novel types of complex dynamics that could be tested in future experiments.


Tests of the present-value model of the current account are frequently rejected by the data. Standard explanations rely on the "usual suspects" of non-separable preferences, shocks to fiscal policy and the world real interest rate, and imperfect international capital mobility. We confirm these rejections on post-war Canadian data, then investigate their source by calibrating and simulating alternative versions of a small open economy, real business cycle model. Monte Carlo experiments reveal that, although each of the suspects matters in some way, a "canonical" RBC model moves closest to the data when it features exogenous world real interest rate shocks.


Acritarchs are reported from Lower Cambrian sections in the area of Lake Mjosa in southern Norway that previously yielded poor skeletal faunas. These skeletal faunas constitute in part the grounds for the fauna! biozonation of the Lower Cambrian in Baltoscandia. Compared with other previously investigated sections in Baltoscandia and Greenland, the Lake Mjosa sections produced numerically sparse assem blages of acritarchs. Taxonomically, they are readily comparable to assemblages from the platform areas of eastern Europe in the USSR and Poland which establish the basis for previously detined 'stages' and acritarch biozones. They can also be compared to assemblages from sequences in the remaining fragments of shelf areas of the early Palaeozoic Iapetus Ocean bordering the present-day North Atlantic (e.g. the Scandinavian Caledonides, Spitsbergen, East and North Greenland, and Scotland). In southern Baltoscandia acritarch assemblages comparable to the Talsy 'stage' ( = Skiagia ornata acritarch zone) were recovered only from Lower Cambrian sequences in areas that during early Cambrian times presumably underwent considerable subsidence along the Teisseyre/Tornqui st Lineament. In other areas, including southern Norway, the earliest recovered diagnostic assemblage is consistent with a Vergale 'stage' age ( = Micrhystridium dissimilare zone). Acritarch evidence from the Vardal Sandstone Member and the Ringsaker Quartzite Member is poor. However, the virtually barren quartzarenites of the Hardeberga Sandstone in southern Sweden, which are correlated with the Ringsaker Quartzite Member on lithological and ichnofaunal grounds, yielded abundant Talsy 'stage' age-diagnostic acritarchs. A new acritarch


Abstract Proactive interference (PI) is the tendency for information learned earlier to interfere with more recently learned information. In the present study, we induced PI by presenting items from the same category over several trials. This results in a build-up of PI and reduces the discriminability of the items in each subsequent trial. We introduced emotional (e.g. disgust) and neutral (e.g. furniture) categories and examined how increasing levels of PI affected performance for both stimulus types. Participants were scanned using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) performing a 5-item probe recognition task. We modeled responses and corresponding response times with a hierarchical diffusion model. Results showed that PI effects on latent processes (i.e. reduced drift rate) were similar for both stimulus types, but the effect of PI on drift rate was less pronounced PI for emotional compared to neutral stimuli. The decline in the drift rate was accompanied by an increase in neural activation in parahippocampal regions and this relationship was more strongly observed for neutral stimuli compared to emotional stimuli.


Observations of globular clusters (GCs) and field stars in the halos of the giant elliptical galaxy Cen A and the spiral galaxy M31 show a large range of cluster-to-star number ratios ('specific frequencies'). The cluster-to-star ratio decreases with increasing metallicity by a factor of 100-1000, at all galactocentric radii and with a slope that does not seem to depend on radius. In dwarf galaxies, the GCs are also more metal-poor than the field stars on average. These observations indicate a strong dependence of either the cluster formation efficiency or the cluster destruction rate on metallicity and environment. We aim to explain these trends by considering various effects that may influence the observed cluster-to-star ratio as a function of metallicity, environment and cosmological history. We show that both the cluster formation efficiency and the maximum cluster mass increase with metallicity, so they cannot explain the observed trend. Destruction of GCs by tidal stripping and dynamical friction destroy clusters over too small a range of galactocentric radii. We show that cluster destruction by tidal shocks from giant molecular clouds in the high-density formation environments of GCs becomes increasingly efficient towards high galaxy masses and, hence, towards high metallicities. The predicted cluster-to-star ratio decreases by a factor 100-1000 towards high metallicities and should only weakly depend on galactocentric radius due to orbital mixing during hierarchical galaxy merging, consistent with the observations. The observed, strong dependence of the cluster-to-star ratio on metallicity and the independence of its slope on galactocentric radius can be explained by cluster destruction and hierarchical galaxy growth. As a result, we find that the metallicity-dependence of the cluster-to-star ratio does not reflect a GC formation efficiency, but a survival fraction. (Abridged)


With its rapidly growing population and large industrial base, the megacity of Karachi, Pakistan, has been subjected to an increasing amount of ambient particulate matter (PM). Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in Karachi was collected every 24 hours from January 8 to January 29, 2006. The samples were extracted and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometric detector (TQD) and time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometer. The daily PM2.5 levels ranged from 99.5 to 251.1 µg m–3 with a mean of 177.4 µg m–3, averaging 4–10-fold higher than the WHO guideline for 24-hour averaged PM2.5 (25 µg m–3). We found that the day-of-the-week variations of PM2.5 demonstrate Sundays have significantly lower concentrations (with a t-based confidence level of 95%), indicating that weekly behavioral patterns affect local PM2.5 concentrations. A significant negative correlation was found between the daily concentrations of levoglucosan, a biomass burning tracer, and the average daily temperatures (r = –0.589, p = 0.004), implicating heating as a major source of biomass burning emissions. Results indicate that polyaromatic hydrocarbons, hopanes, steranes, and alkanes are mainly emitted from fossil fuels and the combustion of carbonaceous materials. Organosulfates (OSs) and sulfonates were also quantified; significant correlations between OSs and sulfonates indicate a common source and/or similar formation mechanisms, while correlations with hopanes, steranes, and levoglucosan suggest their emission from primary sources such as fossil fuels and biomass burning. Qualitative analysis suggests the presence of a C6–C9 alkyl sulfate series. Through this study, the chemical composition and origin of the organic fraction of PM2.5 in Karachi has been evaluated for the first time, and the results indicate a strong anthropogenic influence on combustion emissions, particularly those from biomass and fossil fuel burning.


The aim of this research is to paint silk fabric with batik technique using five natural dyes from margosa bark, lac, mango leaves, marigold and otaheite gooseberry bark. The pre-mordant and after-mordant techniques were used in this work. Ten mordants, Aluminum potassium sulphate, Copper (II) sulphate, Sodium dichromate, Tannic acid, Tartaric acid, Tin (II) chloride and Calcium acetate-monohydrate were applied. The batik fabrics were characterized in color strength, rubbing fastness, washing fastness, light fastness and stiffness. The result indicated that silk fabric painted with natural dye from margosa bark could use all 10 mordants to improve color strength and gave various shades of color. The silk fabric painted with natural dye from lac could not use all 10 mordants to improve color strength, but it gave various shade. The silk fabric painted with natural dye from mango leaves, marigold and otaheite gooseberry bark showed that almost 10 mordants gave higher color strength and various shade. The mordanting technique would give good fastness and reduce the stiffness of batik fabric.


Intensive efforts have been devoted to the development of new materials for safe and efficient hydrogen storage. Among them, ammonia-borane appears to be a promising candidate due to its high gravimetric hydrogen storage capacity. Ammonia-borane can release hydrogen on hydrolysis in aqueous solution under mild conditions in the presence of a suitable catalyst. Herein, we report the synthesis of ruthenium(0) nanoparticles stabilized by dihydrogenphosphate anions with an average particle size of 2.9 ± 0.9 nm acting as a water-dispersible nanocatalyst in the hydrolysis of ammonia-borane. They provide an initial turnover frequency (TOF) value of 80 min−1 in hydrogen generation from the hydrolysis of ammonia-borane at room temperature. Moreover, the high stability of these ruthenium(0) nanoparticles makes them long-lived and reusable nanocatalysts for the hydrolysis of ammonia-borane. They provide 56,800 total turnovers and retain ~80% of their initial activity even at the fifth catalytic run in the hydrolysis of ammonia-borane at room temperature.


Organisms are often capable of modifying their development to better suit their environment. Under adverse conditions, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans develops into a stress‐resistant alternative larval stage called dauer. The dauer stage is the primary survival stage for C. elegans in nature. Large‐scale tissue remodeling during dauer conveys resistance to harsh environments. The environmental and genetic regulation of the decision to enter dauer has been extensively studied. However, less is known about the mechanisms regulating tissue remodeling. Changes to the cuticle and suppression of feeding in dauers lead to an increased resistance to external stressors. Meanwhile reproductive development arrests during dauer while preserving the ability to reproduce once favorable environmental conditions return. Dramatic remodeling of neurons, glia, and muscles during dauer likely facilitate dauer‐specific behaviors. Dauer‐specific pulsation of the excretory duct likely mediates a response to osmotic stress. The power of C. elegans genetics has uncovered some of the molecular pathways regulating dauer tissue remodeling. In addition to genes that regulate single remodeling events, several mutants result in pleiotropic defects in dauer remodeling. This review details the individual aspects of morphological changes that occur during dauer formation and discusses molecular mechanisms regulating these processes. The dauer stage provides us with an excellent model for understanding phenotypic plasticity and remodeling from the individual cell to an entire animal. WIREs Dev Biol 2017, 6:e278. doi: 10.1002/wdev.278


A picture is worth a thousand words, and in design metric estimation, a word may be worth a thousand features. Pictures are awarded this worth because of their ability to encode a plethora of information. When evaluating designs, we aim to capture a range of information as well, information including usefulness, uniqueness, and novelty of a design. The subjective nature of these concepts makes their evaluation difficult. Despite this, many attempts have been made and metrics developed to do so, because design evaluation is integral to innovation and the creation of novel solutions. The most common metrics used are the consensual assessment technique (CAT) and the Shah, Vargas-Hernandez, and Smith (SVS) method. While CAT is accurate and often regarded as the "gold standard," it heavily relies on using expert ratings as a basis for judgement, making CAT expensive and time consuming. Comparatively, SVS is less resource-demanding, but it is often criticized as lacking sensitivity and accuracy. We aim to take advantage of the distinct strengths of both methods through machine learning. More specifically, this study seeks to investigate the possibility of using machine learning to facilitate automated creativity assessment. The SVS method results in a text-rich dataset about a design. In this paper we utilize these textual design representations and the deep semantic relationships that words and sentences encode, to predict more desirable design metrics, including CAT metrics. We demonstrate the ability of machine learning models to predict design metrics from the design itself and SVS Survey information. We demonstrate that incorporating natural language processing (NLP) improves prediction results across all of our design metrics, and that clear distinctions in the predictability of certain metrics exist. Our code and additional information about our work are available at http://decode.mit.edu/projects/nlp-design-eval/.


The Arctic is experiencing an increased frequency of extreme events which can cause landscape-scale vegetation damage. Extreme event-driven damage is an important driver of the decline in vegetation productivity (termed 'Arctic browning') which has become an increasingly important component of pan-Arctic vegetation change in recent years. A limited number of studies have demonstrated that event-driven damage can have major impacts on ecosystem CO2 balance, reducing ecosystem carbon sink strength. However, although there are many different extreme events that cause Arctic browning and different ecosystem types that are affected, there is no understanding of how impacts on CO2 fluxes might vary between these, or of whether commonalities in response exist that would simplify incorporation of extreme event-driven Arctic browning into models. To address this, the impacts of different extreme events (frost-drought, extreme winter warming, ground icing and a herbivore insect outbreak) on growing season CO2 fluxes of Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE), Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (Reco) were assessed at five sites from the boreal to High Arctic (64°N-79°N) in mainland Norway and Svalbard. Event-driven browning had consistent, major impacts across contrasting sites and event drivers, causing site-level reductions of up to 81% of NEE, 51% of GPP and 37% of Reco. Furthermore, at sites where plot-level NDVI (greenness) data were obtained, strong linear relationships between NDVI and NEE were identified, indicating clear potential for impacts of browning on CO2 balance to be consistently, predictably related to loss of greenness across contrasting types of events and heathland ecosystems. This represents the first attempt to compare the consequences of browning driven by different extreme events on ecosystem CO2 balance, and provides an important step towards a better understanding of how ecosystem CO2 balance will respond to continuing climate change at high latitudes.


The unprecedented growth of Internet users has resulted in an abundance of unstructured information on social media including health forums, where patients request health-related information or opinions from other users. Previous studies have shown that online peer support has limited effectiveness without expert intervention. Therefore, a system capable of assessing the severity of health state from the patients' social media posts can help health professionals (HP) in prioritizing the user's post. In this study, we inspect the efficacy of different aspects of Natural Language Understanding (NLU) to identify the severity of the user's health state in relation to two perspectives(tasks) (a) Medical Condition (i.e., Recover, Exist, Deteriorate, Other) and (b) Medication (i.e., Effective, Ineffective, Serious Adverse Effect, Other) in online health communities. We propose a multiview learning framework that models both the textual content as well as contextual-information to assess the severity of the user's health state. Specifically, our model utilizes the NLU views such as sentiment, emotions, personality, and use of figurative language to extract the contextual information. The diverse NLU views demonstrate its effectiveness on both the tasks and as well as on the individual disease to assess a user's health.


Data envelopment analysis (DEA) and multilevel modelling (MLM) are applied to a data set of 54,564 graduates from UK universities in 1993 to assess whether the choice of technique affects the measurement of universities' performance. A methodology developed by Thanassoulis and Portela (2002; Education Economics, 10(2), pp. 183–207) allows each individual's DEA efficiency score to be decomposed into two components: one attributable to the university at which the student studied and the other attributable to the individual student. From the former component, a measure of each institution's teaching efficiency is derived and compared to the university effects from various multilevel models. The comparisons are made within four broad subjects: pure science, applied science, social science and arts. The results show that the rankings of universities derived from the DEA efficiencies which measure the universities' own performance (i.e., having excluded the efforts of the individuals) are not strongly correlated with the university rankings derived from the university effects of the multilevel models. The data were also used to perform a university-level DEA. The university efficiency scores derived from these DEAs are largely unrelated to the scores from the individual-level DEAs, confirming a result from a smaller data set (Johnes, 2006a; European Journal of Operational Research, forthcoming). However, the university-level DEAs provide efficiency scores which are generally strongly related to the university effects of the multilevel models.


This paper presents a concept recognition system for European and national legislation. Current named entity recognition (NER) systems do not focus on identifying concepts which are essential for interpretation and harmonization of European and national law. We utilized the IATE (Inter-Active Terminology for Europe) vocabulary, a state-of-the-art named entity recognition system and Wikipedia to generate an annotated corpus for concept recognition. We applied conditional random fields (CRF) to identify concepts on a corpus of European directives and Statutory Instruments (SIs) of the United Kingdom. The CRF-based concept recognition system achieved an F1 score of 0.71 over the combined corpus of directives and SIs. Our results indicate the usability of a CRF-based learning system over dictionary tagging and state-of-the-art methods.


ABSTRACT This exploratory article commences by noting views from the literature that in areas like remote Australia, small to medium-sized tourism enterprises operated by Indigenous people struggle with geographical distance, lack of business capabilities and other factors. These perspectives provide basis to explore remote tourism enterprise use of relational practices that "configure" external resources to improve competitiveness. The article investigates relational practices carried out by small to medium-sized tourism enterprises operated by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people to achieve stability in the challenging contexts of remote Australia. Findings identify that relational practices implemented by these enterprises provide multiple ways of creating shared value to boost competitiveness. These include: referrals, industry value chains, cooperation, marketing and meetings. Through a liberal and diversified approach to relational practices, these enterprises create value chain opportunities from within remote Australia, while they also establish and maintain connections with broader tourism systems. Implications from these findings are raised and directions for future inquiry are identified.


New seismic refraction data were collected across the western Svalbard continental marginoff Kongsfjorden (Ny ?lesund) during the cruise leg ARK15/2 of RV Polarstern. The use ofon- and offshore seismic receivers and a dense airgun shot pattern provide a detailed viewof the velocity structure of SvalbardOs continental interior, the continent-ocean transition,and oceanic crust related to the northern Knipovich Ridge and the Molloy Ridge.The Caledonian central and western terranes of Svalbard are not distinguishable on the basisof seismic velocity structure. Below a 7 to 8 km thick Paleozoic sedimentary cover the crystallinecrust reveals a three-layer structure with seismic velocities ranging between 6.1 and 6.9 km/s.The geological suture between the terranes is imperceptible. The middle and upper crust belowthe Tertiary Forlandsundet Graben shows striking low velocities. This can be related to theEarly Paleozoic convergent transpressive movements between Svalbard and northern Greenland,followed by an extensional (relaxing) phase. We argue that a brittle-fractured rock formation ispresent below the graben, which also buries a sedimentary Paleozoic core.The continent-ocean transition can be classified as a sheared margin formed at the continentalpart of the Spitsbergen Fracture Zone. Moderate crustal thinning is achieved only to the westof the low velocity zone below the Forlandsundet Graben. This leads to the assumption thattranstensional rift movements since Oligocene were decoupled from the central terraneof Svalbard. The Moho dips with an angle of 45° eastwards at the continent-ocean transitionthat exhibits higher seismic velocities of 7.2 km/s on the continental side. These can beinterpreted as minor mantle-derived intrusions, probably induced by convection due to thejuxtaposition of cool continental and hot oceanic lithosphere.The oceanic crust generated at the Knipovich Ridge and the Molloy Ridge is thin (2 to 4 km),compared to the global mean, and is characterised by the absence of oceanic layer 3. Theseobservations can be ascribed to conductive cooling of the ascending mantle due to theextremely low divergence rate and the neighbouring cool continental crust. The underlyingmantle is slightly serpentinized below the Knipovich Ridge segment, reflected by low seismicvelocities of ~7.7 km/s. A thicker sequence of syn- and post rift sediments and sedimentaryrocks are observed on the Molloy Ridge oceanic segment, which results from greater subsidencerelative to the Knipovich Ridge segment.


In the field of addiction research, the possibility of ancestral exposure to psychoactive compounds has generally been excluded. A paleobiological approach to the human diet, however, illustrates the potential utility of historical data in interpreting modern-day addictive behaviors. Low-level dietary exposure to ethanol via ingestion of fermenting fruit has probably characterized the predominantly frugivorous anthropoid lineage for about 40 million years. Potentially adaptive primate behaviors associated with the natural occurrence of ethanol include the olfactory use of ethanol plumes to localize fruit crops, the use of ethanol as an appetitive stimulant to facilitate rapid consumption of transient nutritional resources, and the physiological exploitation of the caloric benefits of ethanol. Such behavioral and energetic advantages probably pertain to all animal taxa that consume fermenting fruit, and may have been retained in modern humans in spite of considerable dietary diversification over the last several million years. In contemporary human environments, excessive consumption of ethanol would then represent maladaptive cooption of ancestrally advantageous behaviors given essentially ad libitum access to a compound otherwise found only within scarce nutritional substrates. Epidemiologically demonstrated health benefits of low-level alcohol consumption are consistent with an ancient and potentially adaptive exposure of primate frugivores to this most common of the psychoactive substances.


This work was carried out to investigate the odorants found in ten varietal wines from different international grape cultivars (Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Pinot noir, Tempranillo, Sauvignon blanc, Riesling, Chardonnay, Pinot gris, Pinot blanc and Gewurztraminer) grown in northwest Spain. Monoterpenes, alcohols, fatty acids, ethyl esters, acetates and volatile phenols were determined by gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that Gewurztraminer white wines had the highest concentration of volatile compounds (35.7 mg/L). Monoterpenes, linalool, terpineol, citronellol and nerol were detected only in Riesling and Gewurztraminer white wines. In the red wines, Cabernet Sauvignon followed by Merlot wines showed the highest concentration of total volatile composition (55.60 mg/L and 50.90 mg/L respectively), characterised by a higher concentration of alcohols. Based on the individual odour threshold, white Gewurztraminer and red Pinot noir wines showed the highest total OAV value. ANOVA has shown significant differences among wines. Principal component analysis performed a grouping of the monovarietal wines – Sauvignon blanc-Pinot blanc-Riesling and Pinot gris gris-Gewurztraminer in the white wines, and Cabernet Sauvignon-Tempranillo in the red wines.


Increasing cooling demands in buildings call for innovative environmentally friendly systems to cope with remaining loads after the application of passive design strategies. Solar cooling technologies present interesting assets, but their application in the built environment remains greatly limited. Hence, this chapter seeks to assess their potential for widespread application, identifying possibilities and current bottlenecks for the architectural integration of solar cooling technologies in facades.
The assessment is based on a state-of-the-art review and discussion of key attributes for facade integration of selected technologies; and a qualitative evaluation of their suitability to respond to main product related barriers for the integration of building services identified in Chapter 4. An overview of the cooling principles behind the operation of the assessed technologies was presented in Chapter 3, so this chapter focuses exclusively on key aspects to overcome barriers related to the technical feasibility, physical integration, durability, performance, and aesthetics of future integrated concepts.
Results show that the suitability of the assessed technologies varies according to each particular barrier. Hence, no technology currently fits all required aspects. Nonetheless, the use of thermoelectric modules and compact units based on absorption technologies are regarded as the most promising for the development of either integral building components, or modular plug & play systems for facade integration. In any case, this is heavily conditioned to further efforts and explorations in the field to overcome identified challenges and knowledge gaps.


Nutrition can play an essential role in the health of elite young athletes as well as exercise performance. Children and adolescents need adequate energy intake to ensure proper growth, development, and maturation. In addition, the requirements may further increase with increasing exercise training. There are, however, several metabolic differences that result in slightly different advice for young versus adult athletes. For example, younger athletes generally rely more on fat as a fuel, have smaller glycogen stores and have a limited glycolytic capacity. This would imply reduced carbohydrate requirements but a greater capacity to oxidize fat. There are also differences in thermoregulation, although the exact impact on fluid requirements is not clear. The limited evidence suggests that acute energy and fluid imbalances can be detrimental to performance and there may be benefits of ingesting carbohydrate and fluid during exercise, especially during more prolonged exercise. Exogenous carbohydrate oxidation rates have been reported to contribute more to energy expenditure in children. This may, however, simply be a reflection of the fact that the oxidation of this carbohydrate is not limited by body size, but by absorption. Absorption rates are likely to be similar in children and adults and therefore exogenous carbohydrate oxidation rates should be comparable. The relative contribution will therefore be higher because of the lower absolute intensities in children. There are a large number of questions still unanswered and sports nutrition advice to the elite young athlete is largely extrapolated from the adult population. Therefore, more research is needed in the years to come to give better advice to these young athletes.


Abstract. Rivers connect the land and the oceans, acting as both active pipes and containers transporting carbon and other substances from terrestrial ecosystems to aquatic ecosystems. Meanwhile, rivers can release huge amounts of CO2 to the atmosphere. However, estimates of global riverine CO2 emissions remain greatly uncertain owing to the absence of a comprehensive spatially and temporally CO2 emissions measurement, especially in river source regions. In this study, riverine partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) and CO2 efflux (FCO2) in the Yellow River source region under different landcover types, including glaciers, permafrost, wetlands, and grasslands, were investigated in April, June, August, and October 2016. The relevant chemical parameters and environmental parameters, including pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC), were analyzed to explore the main control factors of riverine pCO2 and FCO2. The results showed that the rivers in the Yellow River source region were a net CO2 source, with the pCO2 ranging from 181 to 2441 μatm and the FCO2 from −221 to 6892 g C m−2 yr−1. Both the pCO2 and FCO2 showed strong spatial and temporal variations. The average FCO2 in August was higher than that in other months, with the lowest in October. In alpine climates, low temperature conditions played a crucial role in limiting biological activity and reducing CO2 emissions. The lowest FCO2 values (−221 g C m−2 yr−1) were observed in the glacier and permafrost regions. By integrating seasonal changes of water surface area, the total CO2 efflux was estimated at 0.37 ± 0.49 Tg C yr−1, which is significantly higher than previous studies. Although it is still a small proportion of CO2 emissions compared with the whole Yellow River Basin, but there is a huge carbon emissions potential. Since the permafrost in the source region of the Yellow River is rich in large amounts of ice and organic carbon, the continuously increasing temperature due to global warming will accelerate not only the mobilization of organic carbon in permafrost, but also the degradation of organic carbon by soil microorganisms. As a consequence, huge amounts of CO2 release from soils and rivers is anticipated.


This Article identifies and addresses a growing contradiction at the heart of United States energy policy. States are the traditional energy regulators and energy policy innovators — a role that has only grown more important without a settled federal climate policy. But federal regulators and market pressures are increasingly demanding integrated national and international energy markets. Deregulation, the rise of renewable energy, the shale revolution, and new sources of motor fuel precursors like crude and ethanol have all increased interstate energy trade. The Article shows how integrated national energy markets are driving states to regulate imported fuel and electricity based on how it was produced elsewhere. That is, states that import energy are now exporting their energy regulations to cover production in their trading partners. But exported regulation has its own problems: it threatens to splinter interstate markets, undercutting the federal push for integrated and efficient energy markets; and it violates the Constitution's dormant commerce clause. Indeed, these innovative exported regulations are now caught up in litigation across the country.The Article argues that, to preserve states' role, while also maintaining a national energy market, Congress should empower the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission to immunize non-discriminatory state laws from commerce clause scrutiny if, and only if, they do not threaten to splinter interstate energy markets. The project considers how these federal regulators might assess state energy laws in three salient areas: regulation of imported electricity, regulation of imported fuel, and regulation of energy export and supply chains.


Kagan and Snidman 1 investigated processes mediating early reactivity to stimulation in a longitudinal study of 94 four-month-old infants who displayed a combination of either high motor activity and frequent crying, or low motor activity and infrequent crying. Fearful behavior assessed at 9 and 14 months of age was examined in relation to these two infant typologies. Eyeball analysis, which was confirmed statistically using chi-square analysis, revealed that 40% of low motor activity infants displayed "low fear" (which was arbitrarily defined as one or fewer fears) at both 9 and 14 months, versus 0% of high motor activity infants. When UniODA was applied to these data it identified statistically reliable effects at 9and 14-months: the strongest effect occurred at 14 months. Applying CTA to these data revealed that a multiattribute model wasn't feasible.


Objective:We report non transplant surgical procedure (preserving autologous heart operation) for the patients with dilated cardiomyopathy( DCM), clinical outcomes, and the factor of predict prognosis. Patient and method:Since May 2000, 258 patients received surgical procedure for 11 years. Surgical procedures:We performed mitral surgery (plasty or replacement) for the patients with more than mild mitral regurgitation (MR). We performed papirally muscule plication since 2005, and we performed 2nd chordal cutting since 2008, for the patients with MR due to mitral tethering. The surgical left ventricular reconstruction( SVR) was performed for the patients with dilated left ventricular. We use spackle tracking echocardiography to decide the type of SVR since 2008. Result:Hospital death was 18.2%, and late cardiac death was 27.5%.Almost the cause of death was congestive heart failure and ventricular arrhythmia. Five years survival was 58%, 10 years survival was 39%.Preoperative condition, emergent operation, inotropic support, intra aortic balloon pumping(IABP),affect the prognosis. But left ventricular size did not affect it. Conclusion:Surgical treatment for the patient with DCM should be performed with stable preoperative condition.


Multifractal processes have recently been proposed as a new formalism for modeling the time series of returns in finance. The major attraction of these processes is their ability to generate various degrees of long memory in different powers of returns—a feature that has been found in virtually all financial data. Initial difficulties stemming from nonstationarity and the combinatorial nature of the original model have been overcome by the introduction of an iterative Markov-switching multifractal model which allows for estimation of its parameters via maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian forecasting of volatility. However, applicability of MLE is restricted to cases with a discrete distribution of volatility components. From a practical point of view, ML also becomes computationally unfeasible for large numbers of components even if they are drawn from a discrete distribution. Here we propose an alternative generalized method of moments (GMM) estimator together with linear forecasts which in principle is applicable for any continuous distribution with any number of volatility components. Monte Carlo studies show that GMM performs reasonably well for the popular binomial and lognormal models and that the loss incurred with linear compared to optimal forecasts is small. Extending the number of volatility components beyond what is feasible with MLE leads to gains in forecasting accuracy for some time series.


The transformation optics technique is employed in this paper to design two optical devices - a two-dimensional polarization splitter and a three-dimensional polarization rotator for propagating beams. The polarization splitter translates the TM- and the TE-polarized components of an incident beam in opposite directions (i.e., shifted up or shifted down). The polarization rotator rotates the polarization state of an incoming beam by an arbitrary angle. Both optical devices are reflectionless at the entry and exit interfaces. Design details and full-wave simulation results are provided.


Background: This cross sectional study was conducted to evaluate the effect of γ-rays and electron-beam irradiation with a commercial toxin binder-milbond-TX on the performance, feed components, and meat quality of Japanese quails challenged with aflatoxin B1. Methods: Overall, 168 One-d-old chicks (Japanese quails) were allocated to eight treatments with three replicates based on a completely randomized design in a 2×4 factorial arrangement. Two levels of aflatoxin (Zero and 2 ppm) were considered as the essential factor. The secondary factor was involved in four levels (Control, 27 k Gy doses of γ-rays, electron-beam irradiation, and 0.3% commercial toxin binder-milbond-TX). Results: In vitro condition showed that experiment diets do not have any effect on meat quality and feed components such as malondialdehyde, protein, fat, ash, and the dry matter. However, the highest and the lowest levels of feed intake and body weight gain were observed in the 7th treatment (2-ppm aflatoxin B1 + electron-beam irradiation) and the 2nd treatment (2-ppm aflatoxin B1 alone), respectively in 1-15 and 29-42 days (P≤0.05). In addition, the highest liver weight (1.73), spleen (0.57) and bursa (0.18) were seen in the second treatment (2 ppm aflatoxin B1) alone (P≤0.05) at the age of 42 days. Conclusion: γ-rays and electron-beam irradiation plus commercial toxin binder-milbond-TX can be used for aflatoxin B1 absorption in poultry diets.


This guide provides students with an overview of resources available to assist them in gathering information related to social change and social movements.


Previous studies have explored the effect of earthquakes and terrorist attacks on birth outcomes. These events are unexpected and obvious sources of distress, but could affect fetal health through multiple channels. Using data from the National Vital Statistics System for the period 1969–2004, we estimate the relationship between prenatal exposure to the Super Bowl and low birth weight. Although sporting events can elicit intense emotions, they do not pollute the environment or threaten viewers with direct physical harm. We find that Super Bowl exposure is associated with a small, but precisely estimated, increase in the probability of low birth weight.


Muscle diversification in the Drosophila embryo is manifest in a stereotyped array of myofibers that exhibit distinct segment-specific patterns. Here it is shown that the homeotic genes of the Bithorax complex control the identities of abdominal somatic muscles and their precursors by functioning directly in cells of the mesoderm. Whereas Ultrabithorax (Ubx) and abdominal-A (abd-A) have equivalent functions in promoting the formation of particular muscle precursors in the anterior abdominal segments, Abdominal-B (Abd-B) suppresses the development of these same myogenic cells in the posterior region of the abdomen. When expressed in the same mesodermal cells, however, either UBX or ABD-A can override the inhibitory influence of ABD-B, suggesting that these factors may compete in the regulation of common downstream genes. Furthermore, targeted ectopic expression of Ubx or abd-A indicates that these homeotic genes influence muscle cell fates by autonomous action in mesodermal cells. Muscle identity also appears to be sensitive to the level of UBX in myogenic precursors. Finally, these experiments reveal that homeotic cues specific to both the mesoderm and the ectoderm cooperate to specify the pattern of muscle attachment sites.


This book provides a comprehensive yet short description of the basic concepts of Complex Network theory. In contrast to other books the authors present these concepts through real case studies. The application topics span from Foodwebs, to the Internet, the World Wide Web and the Social Networks, passing through the International Trade Web and Financial time series. The final part is devoted to definition and implementation of the most important network models.
The text provides information on the structure of the data and on the quality of available datasets. Furthermore it provides a series of codes to allow immediate implementation of what is theoretically described in the book. Readers already used to the concepts introduced in this book can learn the art of coding in Python by using the online material. To this purpose the authors have set up a dedicated web site where readers can download and test the codes. The whole project is aimed as a learning tool for scientists and practitioners, enabling them to begin working instantly in the field of Complex Networks.


Some metaphor scholars have proposed that certain notable metaphorical expressions in speech and writing may have been deliberately composed, and quite consciously employed for their special rhetorical purposes. Deliberate metaphors are different from conventional ones, which are typically produced automatically and thoughtlessly, something that speakers and listeners, authors and readers, tacitly recognize when they engage in metaphoric discourse. This article explores some of these common assumptions about deliberate metaphor in light of contemporary research in cognitive science on meaning, consciousness and human action. My claim is that deliberate metaphors, contrary to the popular view, may not be as 'deliberate' in their creation and use as is traditionally believed, and therefore are not essentially different from other forms of metaphoric language. Moreover, engaging in deliberative thought processes is often exactly the wrong way to create novel, apt verbal metaphors.


This study is on how one higher education institution included the United Kingdom Professional Standards Framework, developed by the Higher Education Academy, as a strategic benchmark for teaching and learning. The article outlines the strategies used to engage all academic (and academic-related) staff in achieving relevant professional recognition under the framework and highlights the need for such a project to be driven by visible and consistent commitment from senior management. A survey of participants highlights the benefits to be gained by entrants to the profession from participation in an accredited course, and by more established professionals from the individual entry route. While a significant proportion of participants expressed scepticism about the benefits of work towards recognition, findings indicate a significant degree of peer development underpinning activities which enhanced individual and group confidence, supported developing practice on an ongoing basis and were believed to be relevant to students and other stakeholders.


Abstract Medellín, a city in Colombia, is known for its resurrection from the status of the most dangerous city in the world to that of the most innovative one (awarded in 2013). The paper discusses the achievements of Medellín as a Smart City, which include, among others, the popularisation of Internet usage, optimisation of the urban transportation system with a reduction in traffic accidents, development of a mass transportation system with a cable car for a famous city in the developing world, improved security, together with an efficient crime reporting system and environmental risk monitoring. The potential risks involved in the implementation of ICT in city management are also discussed, related mostly to social exclusion and the actual distribution of the benefit coming from the Smart City. When compared with European cities, the additional barriers that the Colombian city needs to overcome are very high social inequalities, endemic crime, and topographic difficulties. This Latin American perspective can make clearer the difference between the Smart City in cities of the Global North vs Global South.


Over the past few years, there have been several changes in the US and Canadian refugee policies, as well as changes in international refugee law and global sentiments towards refugees. In this thesis, I will be analyzing the Safe Third Country Agreement (STCA) between the US and Canada, which came into force in 2004. I will look at the debates and arguments that surrounded the STCA during its early stages and how those debates have evolved since its implementation. I will be exploring whether these changes are extensive enough to render the STCA ineffective. I will also unpack the meaning of major concepts and terms within the 1951 Refugee Convention and the 1967 Protocol. I hope to determine to what extent these new developments have affected the status of the STCA, whether it should be suspended or eliminated, and what that would mean for security and border management strategies.


In the sample data of soil contaminants, the existence of nondetects is a common phenomenon. Due to their small values, they are always ignored. However, they form an essential part of the sample distribution and arbitrary changes of their values will affect the properties of the distribution, for example, the 95% upper confidence limit of the mean (95UCLM), which is an important index in risk assessment, is strongly related with the sample distribution. Statistical analysis methods for nondetects involve substitution by half of the detection limit (DL/2), maximum likelihood estimation (MLE), Kaplan-Meier and regression on ordered statistics (ROS). The significance of nondetects was examined in this study. Two large data sets of cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg) containing censored observations in Annedal's park were used, where the censored observations were known from the laboratory. Large data sets were subsampled into small data sets with different sample sizes and censoring levels. The 95UCLM value of each data set was calculated by use of the statistical software ProUCL 4.1.00. Through comparison, it was found that in most cases the 95UCLM value calculated with lab values was lower than that of the censored observation for each data set. The difference in 95UCLM values between the data set with nondetects and the data set with lab values varied in each sample and was found to be related to sample size and to the censoring level. The higher the censoring level was, the bigger the 95UCLM value difference became. Either too small or too large a sample size would reduce the difference between the 95UCLM values. This result helps in certain cases, when the 95UCLM value of the sample data is a little lower than the threshold; using the lab values instead of nondetects to recalculate the 95UCLM value may supply a manageable and economic tool to classify the contaminated area.


Currently there are strong efforts worldwide in developing the circular economy as a part of societies' work toward the global sustainable development goals.  However, moving toward the a more circular economy without the guiding support of priorities in resource management, while paved with good intentions, can be inherently risky. We argue that the current split between the governance and priority orders for primary resources and secondary resources needs to be reassessed for an effective (from a SDG perspective) circular economy development.  For example, while primary resources are governed by e.g. primary market mechanisms and product standards, the prevalent governance of secondary resources is that of a priority order exemplified by the waste hierarchy.  In this article, we elaborate on a proposal for broadening our focus from end of pipe priorities to general resource priorities. Such priorities need to assess our resource management strategies from generational time perspectives – focusing on the long term functionality of both our general resources stocks (capital) and our resource flows.  The proposed broader resource principles are exemplified and evaluated through a few case studies of major impact areas.
In conclusion, we argue that impacts such as toxicity in the anthroposphere, resource criticality, and greenhouse gas emissions can be addressed in a more effective manner via an evaluation of resource priorities through a systems perspective.


Soil slope instability concerning highway infrastructure is an ongoing problem in Iowa, as slope failures endanger public safety and continue to result in costly repair work. Characterization of slope failures is complicated, because the factors affecting slope stability can be difficult to discern and measure, particularly soil shear strength parameters. While in the past extensive research has been conducted on slope stability investigations and analysis, this research consists of field investigations addressing both the characterization and reinforcement of such slope failures. The current research focuses on applying an infrequently-used testing technique comprised of the Borehole Shear Test (BST). This in-situ test rapidly provides effective (i.e., drained) shear strength parameter values of soil. Using the BST device, fifteen Iowa slopes (fourteen failures and one proposed slope) were investigated and documented. Particular attention was paid to highly weathered shale and glacial till soil deposits, which have both been associated with slope failures in the southern Iowa drift region. Conventional laboratory tests including direct shear tests, triaxial compression tests, and ring shear tests were also performed on undisturbed and reconstituted soil samples to supplement BST results. The shear strength measurements were incorporated into complete evaluations of slope stability using both limit equilibrium and probabilistic analyses. The research methods and findings of these investigations are summarized in Volume 1 of this report. Research details of the independent characterization and reinforcement investigations are provided in Volumes 2 and 3, respectively. Combined, the field investigations offer guidance on identifying the factors that affect slope stability at a particular location and also on designing slope reinforcement using pile elements for cases where remedial measures are necessary. The research findings are expected to benefit civil and geotechnical engineers of government transportation agencies, consultants, and contractors dealing with slope stability, slope remediation, and geotechnical testing in Iowa.


Seizure-related apnea is common and can be lethal. Its mechanisms however remain unclear and preventive strategies are lacking. We postulate that brainstem spreading depolarization (SD), previously associated with lethal seizures in animal models, initiates apnea upon invasion of brainstem respiratory centers. Seizure-related apnea is common and can be lethal. Its mechanisms however remain unclear and preventive strategies are lacking. We postulate that brainstem spreading depolarization (SD), previously associated with lethal seizures in animal models, initiates apnea upon invasion of brainstem respiratory centers. To study this, we assessed effects of brainstem seizures on brainstem function and respiration in male and female mice carrying a homozygous S218L missense mutation that leads to gain-of-function of voltage-gated CaV2.1 Ca2+ channels and high risk for fatal seizures. Recordings of brainstem DC potential and neuronal activity, cardiorespiratory activity and local tissue oxygen were performed in freely behaving animals. Brainstem SD occurred during all spontaneous fatal seizures and, unexpectedly, during a subset of nonfatal seizures. Seizure-related SDs in the ventrolateral medulla correlated with respiratory suppression. Seizures induced by stimulation of the inferior colliculus could evoke SD that spread in a rostrocaudal direction, preceding local tissue hypoxia and apnea, indicating that invasion of SD into medullary respiratory centers initiated apnea and hypoxia rather than vice versa. Fatal outcome was prevented by timely resuscitation. Moreover, NMDA receptor antagonists MK-801 and memantine prevented seizure-related SD and apnea, which supports brainstem SD as a prerequisite for brainstem seizure-related apnea in this animal model and has translational value for developing strategies that prevent fatal ictal apnea. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Apnea during and following seizures is common, but also likely implicated in sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). This underlines the need to understand mechanisms for potentially lethal seizure-related apnea. In the present work we show, in freely behaving SUDEP-prone transgenic mice, that apnea is induced when spontaneous brainstem seizure-related spreading depolarization (SD) reaches respiratory nuclei in the ventrolateral medulla. We show that brainstem seizure-related medullary SD is followed by local hypoxia and recovers during nonfatal seizures, but not during fatal events. NMDA receptor antagonists prevented medullary SD and apnea, which may be of translational value.


In the field of activities of the local bureau of the Foresttechnical Service of Torrent and Avalanche Control for the Burgenland and Southern Lower Austria regional studies are gaining importance as an instrument of natural hazard management. In the scope of such studies up to now hydrologic regions such as river basins have been the working unit. This means that the processes were predefined and the field of interest has been chosen by geographic matters. For the geographic region "BUcklige Welt – WEchselLAnd" (BUWELA), we find a quite homogenous area, with different processes causing alpine natural hazards. This area covers different hydrologic units contributing to different supraregional river basins and thus exceeds the classic way of demarcation of project areas. Therefore in a first step the scientific basics for the whole area of about 1300 km2 are set up. The work of this first phase of the project is done by scientific institutions, which will deliver a global interdisciplinary database, describing the background for the processes occurring within the project area. In a second step process analyses will be put into effect. After a spatial distribution of type and intensity of relevant processes is known, the requirements for natural hazard management at the state of the art are given. With the knowledge of the different processes and their interaction protection strategies can be found by investigating the dealing of humans and society with these hazards. Finally this will lead to hazard mapping as well as development of regional protection strategies and detailed planning of measures. This new approach will turn over the procedure of natural hazard management from a bottom up to a top down viewpoint which allows implementing the regional interaction of various natural processes and allows decision makers to concentrate mitigation measures on the process itself instead of treating the symptoms of it.


Although a few researchers mention that involving interpreters can have an impact on the research process and research findings, little is published regarding methods of assessing the interpretation work's quality and impact. The impact of lay volunteer interpreters used in audiorecorded semistructured interviews on collecting data and the data quality and subsequent analysis is examined. A new systematic approach is presented comparing original interview transcripts (conducted with volunteer interpreters) with independent transcripts, reinterpretations by professional interpreters. Findings indicate that involving volunteer interpreters had an impact on the validity and reliability of a portion of the data, the subsequent analysis, and some practical research aspects. Researchers involving interpreters should pay careful attention to the interpreters' influence on the research, the data produced, and critically bring this to bear in their analysis and interpretation. The systematic comparative approach is a cost-effective tool that can be used successfully to examine the influence's effects.


Biometric surveillance is any technology which measures and analyzes human physical and/or behavioural characteristics for authentication, identification, or screening purposes. Identification is an essential part of our lives. Identification of authentic candidate is essential in E-commerce, in keeping track of criminals, in airport and railway surveillance and many more aspects of the modern world. However identification of a person can be challenging especially when the person is not cooperating. This leads to classify the identification techniques broadly in to two categories: Passive and Active. In this current study an approach has been proposed combining the ear and face biometrics for the purpose of identification of a person using SIFT (Scale Invariant Feature Transform). The proposed multi biometric system achieves a recognition accuracy of 99.9958%.


The Lago Bianco dam is a concrete gravity wall, which was built in 1911. The height of the dam was increased from 12 m to 16 m in 1942. Several conventional sensors accurately monitor the dam, including extensometers, piezometers, thermocouples, joint meters, GPS and geodetic instruments. Although the already existing sensors are adequate for monitoring the dam, an additional distributed fiber optics monitoring sensor system (DFOS) has been installed: The main goal was to verify the measurements of the conventional sensors, in particular strain, temperature and concrete crack development but with significantly higher spatial resolution. The DFOS were installed in a two dimensional grid on the downstream side of the dam and it was interrogated for more than four months on different time intervals. The DFOS enabled accurate and precise distributed measurements of the variation of temperature and strain of the dam surface. The collected data are in good agreement with the local measurements of the conventional sensors. Additionally, the DFOS allow for a more comprehensive understanding of the dam mechanical behaviour.


Character issue became a serious aspects through out the world, it plays a big role for most of the the country. The Government of Indonesia through education seeks to strengthen the character that built identity of the Indonesian nation.
 However, in reality there is a need for maximum effort and not just in theoretical way in instilling this character education. One of them is by using a variety of learning methods that directly instill a character of once. One of the appropriate
 learning methods is Problem Based Learning (PBL). This study aims to instill the character of tolerance in Primary School PisanganBaru 01 with Classroom Action method. Based on observations made by the researchers,results shown that the character of
 the students tolerance is in a low state. After the research was developed using PBL method, it was found that there was an increase in the aspects of tolerance character and student learning activity. In first cycle mean of character of tolerance
 and learning activity is in moderate category whereas in second cycle mean of character of tolerance and student learning activity is in high category


We present a novel method to generate high-quality simplicial meshes with specified anisotropy. Given a surface or volumetric domain equipped with a Riemannian metric that encodes the desired anisotropy, we transform the problem to one of functional approximation. We construct a convex function over each mesh simplex whose Hessian locally matches the Riemannian metric, and iteratively adapt vertex positions and mesh connectivity to minimize the difference between the target convex functions and their piecewise-linear interpolation over the mesh. Our method generalizes optimal Delaunay triangulation and leads to a simple and efficient algorithm. We demonstrate its quality and speed compared to state-of-the-art methods on a variety of domains and metrics.


A global initiative designed to strengthen research into non-communicable diseases and improve collaboration between rich and poorer countries has been launched in London.

The Centre for Global Non-Communicable Diseases at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine aims to foster new studies and ensure research evidence is acted upon by policymakers.

Neil Pearce, its director, said, "Non-communicable diseases are becoming incredibly important globally, and while there's a lot happening it's not particularly well coordinated.

"We need researchers in different diseases and different countries—low, middle income, and high income—to communicate more with each other. We can …


We present a new self-regulating methodology for coordinating distributed team work called Algorithmic Autoregulation (AA), based on recent social networking concepts and individual merit. Team members take on an egalitarian role, and stay voluntarily logged into so-called AA sessions for part of their time (e.g. 2 hours per day), during which they create periodical logs - short text sentences - they wish to share about their activity with the team. These logs are publicly aggregated in a website and are peer-validated after the end of a session, as in code review. A short screencast is ideally recorded at the end of each session to make AA logs more understandable. This methodology has shown to be well-suited for increasing the efficiency of distributed teams working on Global Software Development (GSD), as observed in our reported experience in actual real-world situations. This efficiency boost is mainly achieved through 1) built-in asynchronous on-demand communication in conjunction with documentation of work, products, and processes, and 2) reduced need for central management, meetings or time-consuming reports. Hence, the AA methodology legitimizes and facilitates the activities of a distributed software team. It thus enables other entities to have a solid means to fund these activities, allowing for new and concrete business models to emerge for very distributed software development. AA has been proposed, at its core, as a way of sustaining self-replicating hacker initiatives. These claims are discussed in a real case-study of running a distributed free software hacker team called Lab Macambira.


With the ever increasing quantities of electronic data, there is a growing need to make sense out of the data. Many advanced database applications are beginning to support this need by integrating domain knowledge encoded as ontologies into queries over relational data. However, it is extremely difficult to express queries against graph structured ontology in the relational SQL query language or its extensions. Moreover, semantic queries are usually not precise, especially when data and its related ontology are complicated. Users often only have a vague notion of their information needs and are not able to specify queries precisely. In this paper, we address these challenges by introducing a novel method to support semantic queries in relational databases with ease. Instead of casting ontology into relational form and creating new language constructs to express such queries, we ask the user to provide a small number of examples that satisfy the query she has in mind. Using those examples as seeds, the system infers the exact query automatically, and the user is therefore shielded from the complexity of interfacing with the ontology. Our approach consists of three steps. In the first step, the user provides several examples that satisfy the query. In the second step, we use machine learning techniques to mine the semantics of the query from the given examples and related ontologies. Finally, we apply the query semantics on the data to generate the full query result. We also implement an optional active learning mechanism to find the query semantics accurately and quickly. Our experiments validate the effectiveness of our approach.


Synthesis of Pyrimidino-4,6-(2,4-Diazepine) derivatives were achieved by green and one pot synthesis using 1,2-diketones and 4,6-diamino Pyrimidines as the precursor of condensation reaction and CTAB as the cationic surfactant. For the purpose of determining the efficiency of substituent on 1,2-diketones, three different forms of diketones were used viz., Benzil, 4,4'-dimethyl Benzil and 4,4'-difluoro Benzil. The results showed that the use of 4,4'-difluoro Benzil, was better among the three Benzils, considering its yield and the time consumption. All the three types of Benzodiazepine derivatives so obtained were independently used for evaluating their anxiolytic, sedative and hypnotic activity using albino mice as the subject. When the resultant Pyrimidino-benzodiazepines was compared with standard Diazepam, the following results were obtained: Sedative and Hypnotic activity >Standard Diazepam, but Anxiolytic activity< Standard Diazepam. In most cases, Fluoro substituted Diazepine show deviation in activity. The results in locomotor activity suggest the appreciable alertness of the mice when exposed to Pyrimidine based Diazepine drugs.


Doxycycline hyclate (DOX) is a broad-spectrum anti-infective drug that can be administered for post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) following exposure to aerosolized spores of Bacillus anthracis and it may be used for acute radiation syndrome (ARS). Because of this public health importance, several federal, state, and local public health and emergency response stakeholders stockpile doxycycline tablets or capsules as medical countermeasures (MCMs). A robust and efficient ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination and quantification of doxycycline hyclate and its impurities to enhance the efficiency of control strategies over the product lifecycle. The chromatography was performed on a Waters UPLC system using an Acquity BEH C18 (2.1 × 50 mm, 1.7 μm) column maintained at 55 °C. Doxycycline and its degradation and synthetic impurities were eluted isocratically with 75 mM ammonium acetate, 4 mM EDTA (pH 8.8) and acetonitrile (97 : 3) as the mobile phase with a flow rate of 1.2 mL min−1 and ultraviolet detection at 270 nm. Baseline separation of the analytes was achieved in 6 min. The UPLC method was demonstrated to be stability-indicating after forced degradation studies were conducted on doxycycline hyclate under standard stress conditions of oxidation, photolysis and hydrolysis. The method was validated according to United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) General Chapter 〈1225〉 and was found to be selective, robust, accurate, precise, and reproducible for the simultaneous in vitro quantitation of doxycycline hyclate and its degradation impurities. The method was successfully applied for the quality assessment of current marketed doxycycline hyclate products.


The main contribution of this thesis is a methodology for designing, implementing and verifying realistic file systems with evidence of its effectiveness by application to a non-trivial flash file system. The goal of this research is to demonstrate that an implementation level machine-checked proof of correctness of a file system can be done at reasonable cost. Our approach leverages Cogent, a purely functional, memoryand typesafe language we helped design, that bridges the gap between verifiable formal model and low-level code. Cogent takes a modular file system implementation as input and generates a C implementation and a formal proof that links it to its corresponding generated Cogent specification. Cogent specifications inherit the purely functional aspect of the input source code, and thus they proved much easier to reason about than the C code directly. In order to prove the correctness of complex file system components at reasonable cost, we decompose the functionality into a set of components such that the correctness of each can be proven in isolation. The component proofs are mechanically composed into a theorem that holds on the C implementation by refinement. To validate our approach, we designed and implemented BilbyFs, a modular flash file system. We formally specified BilbyFs' file system operations in Isabelle/HOL, and proved the functional correctness of two key operations: sync() and iget(). BilbyFs' design demonstrates the practicality of aggressive modular decomposition, and its Cogent implementation highlights the benefits and feasibility of using a linearly-typed language to implement a realistic file system. Our verification results show that we can exploit our modular design to reason about implementation components in isolation, and that overall our methodology drastically reduces the effort of verifying file system code.


ABSTRACT Limiting genome replication to once per cell cycle is vital for maintaining genome stability. Inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) with the specific inhibitor RO3306 is sufficient to trigger multiple rounds of genome reduplication. We demonstrated that although anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) remained inactive during the initial G2 arrest, it was activated upon prolonged inhibition of CDK1. Using cellular biosensors and live-cell imaging, we provide direct evidence that genome reduplication was associated with oscillation of APC/C activity and nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling of CDC6 even in the absence of mitosis at the single-cell level. Genome reduplication was abolished by ectopic expression of EMI1 or depletion of CDC20 or CDH1, suggesting the critical role of the EMI1-APC/C axis. In support of this, degradation of EMI1 itself and genome reduplication were delayed after downregulation of PLK1 and β-TrCP1. In the absence of CDK1 activity, activation of APC/C and genome reduplication was dependent on cyclin A2 and CDK2. Genome reduplication was then promoted by a combination of APC/C-dependent destruction of geminin (thus releasing CDT1), accumulation of cyclin E2-CDK2, and CDC6. Collectively, these results underscore the crucial role of cyclin A2-CDK2 in regulating the PLK1-SCFβ-TrCP1-EMI1-APC/C axis and CDC6 to trigger genome reduplication after the activity of CDK1 is suppressed.


The society would like to thank the following individuals who served as outside reviewers of submitted manuscripts during 2013. The caliber and timeliness of reviews are principal determinants of the quality of the Journal, and we deeply appreciate the expertise and assistance provided by these colleagues. We also wish to express our special gratitude to the Editorial Board (listed on the inside front cover) for their outstanding cooperation and assistance. * indicates a colleague who completed more than 1 review.


How does the use of social networking sites (SNSs) affect social capital offline and online? The increasing popularity of SNSs such as Facebook (FB) implies a significant change in the way we interact with others. In an extensive longitudinal study (N = 311), carried out in Norway between 2008 - 2010, we examined the relationship between FB use and social capital, with a focus on interpersonal interaction, including face-to-face (F2F) interaction. Our findings suggest that overall FB use does not significantly affect offline capital, despite a significant increase in the use of FB from 2008 to 2010, after controlling for age, gender and education. However, different types of communication strategies on FB correlate with various kinds of F2F interaction. Importantly, FB users who focus on FB communication with their close friends, also interact more frequently with their close friends F2F, compared to those using FB to communicate with "online strangers". The results also indicate that FB has become an important tool for keeping in touch with family members and existing friends rather than forming new connections.


It is increasingly acknowledged that, in order to sustainably manage global freshwater resources, it is critical that we better understand the nature of human–hydrology interactions at the broader catchment system scale. Yet to date, a generic conceptual framework for building models of catchment systems that include adequate representation of socioeconomic systems – and the dynamic feedbacks between human and natural systems – has remained elusive. In an attempt to work towards such a model, this paper outlines a generic framework for models of socio-hydrology applicable to agricultural catchments, made up of six key components that combine to form the coupled system dynamics: namely, catchment hydrology, population, economics, environment, socioeconomic sensitivity and collective response. The conceptual framework posits two novel constructs: (i) a composite socioeconomic driving variable, termed the Community Sensitivity state variable, which seeks to capture the perceived level of threat to a community's quality of life, and acts as a key link tying together one of the fundamental feedback loops of the coupled system, and (ii) a Behavioural Response variable as the observable feedback mechanism, which reflects land and water management decisions relevant to the hydrological context. The framework makes a further contribution through the introduction of three macro-scale parameters that enable it to normalise for differences in climate, socioeconomic and political gradients across study sites. In this way, the framework provides for both macro-scale contextual parameters, which allow for comparative studies to be undertaken, and catchment-specific conditions, by way of tailored "closure relationships", in order to ensure that site-specific and application-specific contexts of socio-hydrologic problems can be accommodated. To demonstrate how such a framework would be applied, two socio-hydrological case studies, taken from the Australian experience, are presented and the parameterisation approach that would be taken in each case is discussed. Preliminary findings in the case studies lend support to the conceptual theories outlined in the framework. It is envisioned that the application of this framework across study sites and gradients will aid in developing our understanding of the fundamental interactions and feedbacks in such complex human–hydrology systems, and allow hydrologists to improve social–ecological systems modelling through better representation of human feedbacks on hydrological processes.


This book is an edition and translation of one of the most important and celebrated sources of Old Norse-Icelandic mythology and heroic legend, namely the medieval poems now known collectively as the Poetic Edda or Elder Edda.
 Included are thirty-six texts, which are mostly preserved in medieval manuscripts, especially the thirteenth-century Icelandic codex traditionally known as the Codex Regius of the Poetic Edda. The poems cover diverse subjects, including the creation, destruction and rebirth of the world, the dealings of gods such as Óðinn, Þórr and Loki with giants and each other, and the more intimate, personal tragedies of the hero Sigurðr, his wife Guðrún and the valkyrie Brynhildr.
 Each poem is provided with an introduction, synopsis and suggestions for further reading. The Old Norse texts are furnished with a textual apparatus recording the manuscript readings behind this edition's emendations, as well as select variant readings. The accompanying translations, informed by the latest scholarship, are concisely annotated to make them as accessible as possible.
 As the first open-access, single-volume parallel Old Norse edition and English translation of the Poetic Edda, this book will prove a valuable resource for students and scholars of Old Norse literature. It will also interest those researching other fields of medieval literature (especially Old English and Middle High German), and appeal to a wider general audience drawn to the myths and legends of the Viking Age and subsequent centuries.


We are expatriate doctors living at 3900 metres in the Mount Everest region of Nepal and running a health care system serving a population of 10 000. The area is remote, mountainous, and roadless, with the villages scattered along high valleys. Over the past 32 years a health system of one hospital and eight health clinics has been established so that most residents are within an hour's walk of a health clinic or hospital.

The area is popular with tourists. Last year 19 000 visitors came into the Sagarmartha National Park where Mount Everest, the hospital, and five of the eight health clinics are located. Inevitably, there are many doctors and other healthcare professionals amongthem.

> Can you realistically treat chronic disease after a single consultation?

Although the presence of the hospital is well publicised, many doctors touring the area hold ad hoc clinics along the trail. They often conduct these clinics just …


As people all over the world adopt machine translation (MT) to communicate across languages, there is increased need for affordances that aid users in understanding when to rely on automated translations. Identifying the information and interactions that will most help users meet their translation needs is an open area of research at the intersection of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) and Natural Language Processing (NLP). This paper advances work in this area by drawing on a survey of users' strategies in assessing translations. We identify three directions for the design of translation systems that support more reliable and effective use of machine translation: helping users craft good inputs, helping users understand translations, and expanding interactivity and adaptivity. We describe how these can be introduced in current MT systems and highlight open questions for HCI and NLP research.


The theory of integral quadratic constraints (IQCs) allows verification of stability and gain-bound properties of systems containing nonlinear or uncertain elements. Gain bounds often imply exponential stability, but it can be challenging to compute useful numerical bounds on the exponential decay rate. In this work, we present a modification of the classical IQC results of Megretski and Rantzer [13] that leads to a tractable computational procedure for finding exponential rate certificates. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method via a numerical example.


Abstract. Over the last decades 3D modelling has been a fast growing field in Geographic Information Science, extensively applied in various domains including reconstruction and visualization of cultural heritage, especially monuments and traditional settlements. Technological advances in computer graphics, allow for modelling of complex 3D objects achieving high precision and accuracy. Procedural modelling is an effective tool and a relatively novel method, based on algorithmic modelling concept. It is utilized for the generation of accurate 3D models and composite facade textures from sets of rules which are called Computer Generated Architecture grammars (CGA grammars), defining the objects' detailed geometry, rather than altering or editing the model manually. In this paper, procedural modelling tools have been exploited to generate the 3D model of a traditional settlement in the region of Central Zagori in Greece. The detailed geometries of 3D models derived from the application of shape grammars on selected footprints, and the process resulted in a final 3D model, optimally describing the built environment of Central Zagori, in three levels of Detail (LoD). The final 3D scene was exported and published as 3D web-scene which can be viewed with 3D CityEngine viewer, giving a walkthrough the whole model, same as in virtual reality or game environments. This research work addresses issues regarding textures' precision, LoD for 3D objects and interactive visualization within one 3D scene, as well as the effectiveness of large scale modelling, along with the benefits and drawbacks that derive from procedural modelling techniques in the field of cultural heritage and more specifically on 3D modelling of traditional settlements.


The Reserve Bank's operations involve a variety of financial risks, which influence the appropriate amount of capital the Bank should hold. This article outlines some of the approaches used to help formulate advice on the Bank's capital needs. Recent innovations have been designed to reduce the pro-cyclicality of those estimates, and to encompass a wider range of risks.


This article explores the global implementation of the FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific management and data stewardship, which provide that data should be findable, accessible, interoperable and reusable. The implementation of these principles is designed to lead to the stewardship of data as FAIR digital objects and the establishment of the Internet of FAIR Data and Services (IFDS). If implementation reaches a tipping point, IFDS has the potential to revolutionize how data is managed by making machine and human readable data discoverable for reuse. Accordingly, this article examines the expansion of the implementation of FAIR Guiding Principles, especially how and in which geographies (locations) and areas (topic domains) implementation is taking place. A literature review of academic articles published between 2016 and 2019 on the use of FAIR Guiding Principles is presented. The investigation also includes an analysis of the domains in the IFDS Implementation Networks (INs). Its uptake has been mainly in the Western hemisphere. The investigation found that implementation of FAIR Guiding Principles has taken firm hold in the domain of bio and natural sciences. To achieve a tipping point for FAIR implementation, it is now time to ensure the inclusion of non-European ascendants and of other scientific domains. Apart from equal opportunity and genuine global partnership issues, a permanent European bias poses challenges with regard to the representativeness and validity of data and could limit the potential of IFDS to reach across continental boundaries. The article concludes that, despite efforts to be inclusive, acceptance of the FAIR Guiding Principles and IFDS in different scientific communities is limited and there is a need to act now to prevent dampening of the momentum in the development and implementation of the IFDS. It is further concluded that policy entrepreneurs and the GO FAIR INs may contribute to making the FAIR Guiding Principles more flexible in including different research epistemologies, especially through its GO CHANGE pillar.


Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine the direct and conditional indirect effects of employees' perception of psychological contract fulfillment on their positive voice, i.e., promotive voice and prohibitive voice, through the integrated framework of the social exchange theory and the group value model.

Design/methodology/approach
Using a two-source data collection from the employee and supervisor, cross-sectional data were collected from 234 participants working in one of the leading non-profit organizations in Pakistan. After initial data screening, a confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to test for the factorial validity of the employed measures with AMOS. The hypothesized relationships were tested in regression analysis with Statistical Package for the Social Sciences.

Findings
The results of this study supported the integration of the social exchange theory with the group value model in explaining the direct and indirect positive effects of employees' perception of psychological contract fulfillment on their promotive and prohibitive voices through the mediation of organizational identification (OID). Furthermore, it was also recorded that the indirect effect was conditional on the employees' perception of the relative psychological contract fulfillment which significantly moderated the direct relationship between psychological contract fulfillment and OID. However, no such effect was recorded for the moderating effect of power distance orientation between OID and the both voices.

Originality/value
In addressing the recently published research calls, this study broadens the horizon of existing research on psychological contract and employee positive voice by investigating the mediating and the moderating factors that influence this relationship.


Protein biosynthesis in Pisolithus - Eucalyptus grandis ectomycorrhiza was related to the stage of ectomycorrhizal development using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of proteins labelled by in vivo incorporation of 35S radiolabelled amino acids. Nineteen-day-old seedlings were radiolabelled and the primary root was divided into 1-cm segments. With increasing distance from the tip of the primary root, the lateral roots developed as follows: segment 1, no lateral tips; segment 2, three lateral tips, 1-4 days old; segment 3, five lateral tips, 3-8 days old; segment 4, five lateral tips, 7-12 days old. Six-day-old ectomycorrhizas were fully formed with a mantle and Hartig net. During ectomycorrhizal development, there was a decrease in all plant proteins and differential accumulation of fungal proteins. The apical segment of the primary root had a biosynthesis profile very similar to that of noninoculated roots By contrast, the other segments of the primary root, with attached lateral roots, had biosynthesis profiles that were similar to those of the free-living hyphae. Thus, plant biosynthesis was shown to be predominantly associated with the primary root meristem. The domination of the fungal partner in the protein biosynthesis of developing ectomycorrhiza is probably a consequence of stimulated fungal growth and the corresponding decrease in plant meristematic activity. Ectomycorrhizal development was associated with a differential accumulation of fungal polypeptides and the appearance of a group of symbiosis-related acid fungal polypeptides between 27 and 37 kDa. As the polypeptides were present in a similar magnitude throughout ectomycorrhizal development (lateral tips 1-12 days old), it is suggested that they function as structural proteins associated with mantle formation.


We consider the effects of textures on the collective-mode spectrum of /sup 3/He. Our result for the frequency splitting of the real-squashing-mode doublet agrees well with the measurements of Shivaram et al. The smooth disappearance of the doublet and the nonlinear evolution of the real-squashing-mode frequencies at low magnetic fields are explained in terms of a crossover to the dispersion-dominated regime when (qv/sub F/)/sup 2//..delta..>..gamma..H.


Abstract A major ductile extensional structure throwing down several kilometres to the ESE probably marks the southern portion of the NW Caledonian orogenic margin in Scotland. This structure, the Sound of Iona Fault, is probably related to the intensely mylonitized zones that cut the Lewisian and adjacent Iona Group (?Torridonian) metasedimentary cover on Iona. The fault-related mylonites predated the 414±3 Ma Ross of Mull Granite and are inferred to have postdated the c.425 Ma Moine Thrust. It is concluded that the Sound of Iona Fault is one of the many late Caledonian faults in Scotland, but is exposed at a deeper structural level than normal. Its position at the orogenic margin of the Caledonides is similar to that of the Loch Gruinart Fault on Islay, hinting that (a) major steep fault(s) may be a significant feature of the largely concealed Caledonian margin south of Skye