This thesis presents AMR phenotypic evaluation and whole genome sequencing analysis of 288 Escherichia coli strains isolated from different sources (livestock, companion animal, wildlife, food and human) in Italy. Our data reflects general resistance trends in Europe, reporting tetracycline, ampicillin, sulfisoxazole and aminoglycosides resistance as the most common phenotypic AMR profile among livestock, pets, wildlife and humans. Identification of human and animal (livestock and companion animal) AMR profiles in niches with a rare (fishery, mollusc) or absent (vegetable, wild animal, wild boar) direct exposure to antimicrobials, suggests widespread environmental pollution with ARGs conferring resistance to these antimicrobials. Phenotypic resistance to highest priority critically important antimicrobials was mainly observed in food-producing animals and related food such as rabbit, poultry, beef and swine. Discrepancies between AMR phenotypic pattern and genetic profile were observed. In particular, phenotypic aminoglycoside, cephalosporin, meropenem, colistin resistance and ESBL profile did not have a genetic explanation in different cases. This data could suggest the diffusion of new genetic variants of ARGs, associated to these antimicrobial classes. Generally, our collection shows a virulence profile typical of extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) pathotype. Different pandemic and emerging ExPEC lineages were identified, in particular in poultry meat (ST10; ST23; ST69, ST117; ST131). Rabbit was suggested as a source of ST20-ST40 potential hybrid pathogens. Wildlife carried a high average number (10) of VAGs (mostly associated to ExPEC pathotype) and different predominant ExPEC lineages (ST23, ST117, ST648), suggesting its possible involvement in maintenance and diffusion of virulence determinants.
In conclusion, our study provides important knowledge related to the phenotypic/genetic AMR and virulence profiles circulating in E. coli in Italy. The role of different niches in AMR dynamics has been discussed. In particular, food-producing animals are worthy of continued investigation as a source of potential zoonotic pathogens, meanwhile wildlife might contribute to VAGs spread.


Sixteen plant species were sampled over a
known pedogeochemical anomaly at West Hercules, Rosebery.
This orientation survey was conducted to assess the
potential of biogeochemical surveys in the West Coast-type
rainforests. Three species were subsequently
re-sampled in order to determine the most sensitive
plant organ for biogeochemical prospecting.
Both a detailed pilot survey and an independent
trial survey proved that young Nothofagus cunninghamii
leaves accurately and precisely reflected the soil-lead
concentrations. The primary plant-ash data can
be enhanced with the use of selected elemental ratios.
A litter survey down five cut grid lines
showed that plant-litter has great potential for
reflecting elemental concentrations in the soil.
Thirty soil pits were dug and sampled every
ten centimetres, both on and off the pedogeochemical
anomaly.
The samples came from areas with potential
copper, lead and zinc mineralization and analyses have
been restricted to these elements and potential scavengers.
Chemical analyses for carbon, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Fe and
Mn revealed a distinct vertical and horizontal
distribution that could be explained by changes in Eh/pH
environment and presence of "metal scavengers".
A sequential analysis of the soils indicated
which elements were distributed over which soil phases.
Copper was sorbed in the clay while lead and zinc were
occluded in the iron and manganese oxides.


New Zealand, as in other jurisdictions, has a range of recognized trusts that would be familiar to many. These include express trusts, resulting trusts, constructive trusts, and charitable trusts. Perhaps more unfamiliar, at least to those outside New Zealand, are trusts that are unique to the New Zealand legal landscape and that are specific to Maori land. This article explores the relevance, and importance, of such trusts within New Zealand—Aotearoa. In doing so, the author considers a number of these Maori land trusts, and critically evaluates a range of issues, which includes governance; conflict of interest; unsatisfactory conduct; and dysfunction. While Maori land trusts are subject to the general laws of trust, it can be seen from the article how valuable such trusts are in recognizing and protecting Maori interests. As such, their unique nature reflects their fundamental relevance in indigenous culture, and also generally as an effective management tool for much Maori land.


This paper describes an original approach to the analysis and prediction of graylevel textures generated as equilibrium states of Gibbs/Markov random fields. This approach is physically motivated by the analogy that exists between the graylevel textures and the miscibility patterns of multiphase flows. The physics of the situation is captured using miscibility matrices that are related to the co-occurrence matrices classically used for texture discrimination. Simulations are provided to motivate and illustrate our approach.


Purpose: To analyze blunt eye injuries with respect to mode of injury, sites involved and outcome. Method: This was a retrospective study of 32 patients with blunt ocular trauma from 2010 to 2012 in a tertiary care centre. Patient data, mode and extent of injury, management and outcome was noted and analyzed. Result: The commonest age of presentation was 10-20 years (28.125%) and the commonest mode of injury was road traffic accident (28.125%). The most commonly involved structure was conjunctiva (84.375%), followed by lid and adnexa (62.5%). Anterior segment involvement included corneal epithelial defect (7 cases), hyphaema (4 cases), iritis (3 cases) and anterior dislocation of lens (1 case). Posterior segment involvement included vitreous haemorrhage (1 case) and commotio retinae (2 cases). Conclusion: This study reinforces that blunt trauma can cause any extent of damage to ocular structures and the final visual outcome is dependent on the structures injured.


Document Type Book Publication Date 11-2000 Abstract The essays in this collection suggest the similar, and also strikingly dissimilar, strategies of women working within medieval courtly cultures to mitigate traditional patriarchal constraints. Many of the works and authors focus on the courtly aspects of medieval European and Heian culture in which art, literature, and love are the highest pursuits. For both, living is itself art. It supplies instructors and students of world literature, women's studies, and medieval literature with essential, useful analysis in an area that previously has been the territory of specialists. Recommended Citation Stevenson, Barbara, and Cynthia Ho. Crossing the Bridge: Comparative Essays on Medieval European and Heian Japanese Women Writers. Palgrave Macmillan, 2000. Print. This document is currently not available here.


ABSTRACT The authors analyze sustainable cultural landscapes through the lens of ecosystem services. Their case study focuses on transformation of the peri-urban landscape of the Stockholm region, Sweden. Peri-urban landscapes are characterized by diversified and fragmented land uses that are strongly related to urban lifestyles. The rapidly increasing trend for recreational horse keeping is replacing traditional agriculture. Horse keepers' and local government perspectives on horse keeping are examined, as well as the related demand for ecosystem services, which affects the landscape. The article is based on government documents, interviews with local government officials, and field visits to 16 horse-keeping facilities in two municipalities. Horse keeping was found important for sustaining cultural ecosystem services related to a rural cultural landscape and for maintaining traditional agriculture that provides provisioning ecosystem services. However, several differences between traditional agriculture and horse keeping that affect the demand for ecosystem services related to land use were found to shift the focus from provisioning services to recreational services. The authors conclude that horse keeping, as an emerging crosscutting issue in peri-urban landscapes, needs new more integrative planning processes that account for the full range of ecosystem services and links between cultural services and ecosystem functioning.


This article begins by recounting a series of mass surveillance practices conducted by members of the "Five Eyes" spying alliance. While boundary- and intersubjectivity-based theories of privacy register some of the harms linked to such practices I demonstrate how neither are holistically capable of registering these harms. Given these theories' deficiencies I argue that critiques of signals intelligence surveillance practices can be better grounded on why the practices intrude on basic communicative rights, including those related to privacy. The crux of the argument is that pervasive mass surveillance erodes essential boundaries between public and private spheres by compromising populations' abilities to freely communicate with one another and, in the process, erodes the integrity of democratic processes and institutions. Such erosions are captured as privacy violations but, ultimately, are more destructive to the fabric of society than are registered by theories of privacy alone. After demonstrating the value of adopting a communicative rights approach to critique signals intelligence surveillance I conclude by arguing that this approach also lets us clarify the international normative implications of such surveillance, that it provides a novel way of conceptualizing legal harm linked to the surveillance, and that it showcases the overall value of focusing on the implications of interfering with communications first, and as such interferences constituting privacy violations second. Ultimately, by adopting this Habermasian inspired mode of analysis we can develop more holistic ways of conceptualizing harms associated with signals intelligence practices than are provided by either boundary- or intersubjective-based theories of privacy.


This essay offers a feminist response to Mr. Wirenius's provocative critique of Professor MacKinnon. Whether supporting or opposing pornography regulation, feminist legal scholars tend to approach the issue from neither of the traditional positions – First Amendment absolutist or moral censor. Rather, a feminist approach to pornography is informed by an understanding of the profound harm that pornography can and does inflict upon women. Consequently, even for feminists who many oppose pornographic regulation, the choice is not an obvious one, as it seems to be for Mr. Wirenius, between the good of civil libertarianism and the evil of totalitarianism. An alternative response to Mr. Wirenius' question as to why we protect speech that harms is to recognize that we don't – at least no always – and that out commitment to free speech at times collides with other equally important values, including perhaps equality. In light of this selective protection of speech, a First Amendment analysis of pornography regulation depends les upon manipulating categories of non-speech or distinguishing between content and viewpoint regulation than upon understanding the nature of the harm and making a judgment about its significance.


Many historians know of the famous trial of British soldiers involved in the "Boston Massacre" of March 5, 1770, after which two of the soldiers received "benefit of clergy."' Before the justices of the Superior Court of Massachusetts, a jury of New Englanders, none of them Bostonians, found all of the defendants innocent of murder. However, the jury returned a verdict of manslaughter against two defendants, whereupon the convicted soldiers immediately asked the justices for benefit of clergy. Benefit of clergy was granted, and the court ordered the men "burnt in the hand," and released.The Massachusetts court had not unearthed an obscure relic of English law in order to allow the soldiers to escape harsher justice; it had followed a criminal law procedure well established in the colonies as well as in England. The common law generally allowed a convicted felon to be hanged, but first time offenders convicted of manslaughter were frequently branded with a letter "M" for "manslayer" in the "brawn of the thumb" and released without further punishment-after having been granted benefit of clergy. The procedure was an integral part of the criminal common law with the generally understood and accepted purpose of mitigating the harshness of the law in cases where first time offenders were found guilty of lesser felonies. The procedure was used widely in the colonies until after the Revolution.This article has two purposes. First, it demonstrates that benefit of clergy was a fundamental feature of colonial criminal justice in the Chesapeake colonies. An examination of court records, legal treatises, and statutory enactments proves that, as in England, benefit of clergy was a common law procedural right that had an enormous impact on the administration of criminal justice. Second, the Maryland pattern of criminal law reform and prison building closely mirrors the developments in Virginia already examined by Kathryn Preyer. This evidence strengthens the argument that the need to abolish the effects of benefit of clergy was a determining factor in the eighteenth-century reforms in favor of "proportionate" punishments and the substitution of prison sentences of varying lengths for other forms of punishing felons.


A useful pattern in dependently typed programming is to de ne a state transition system, for example the states and operations in a network protocol, as an indexed monad. We index each operation by its input and output states, thus guaranteeing that operations satisfy preand post-conditions, by typechecking. However, what if we want to write a program using several systems at once? What if we want to de ne a high level state transition system, such as a network application protocol, in terms of lower level states, such as network sockets and mutable variables? In this paper, we present an architecture for dependently typed applications based on a hierarchy of state transition systems, implemented in a generic data type ST. This is based on a monad indexed by contexts of resources, allowing us to reason about multiple state transition systems in the type of a function. Using ST, we show: how to implement a state transition system as a dependent type, with type level guarantees on its operations; how to account for operations which could fail; how to combine state transition systems into a larger system; and, how to implement larger systems as a hierarchy of state transition systems. We illustrate the system by implementing a number of examples, including a graphics API, POSIX network sockets, asynchronous programming with threads, and a high level network application protocol.


BACKGROUND
Nonoperative management of chronic tendinopathy of the Achilles tendon insertion has been poorly studied. With the recently demonstrated effectiveness of eccentric loading and of repetitive low-energy shock wave therapy in patients with midsubstance Achilles tendinopathy, the aim of the present randomized, controlled trial was to verify the effectiveness of both procedures exclusively in patients with insertional Achilles tendinopathy.

METHODS
Fifty patients with chronic (six months or more) recalcitrant insertional Achilles tendinopathy were enrolled in a randomized, controlled study. All patients had received treatment, including local injections of an anesthetic and/or corticosteroids, a prescription of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and physiotherapy, without success for at least three months. A computerized random-number generator was used to draw up an allocation schedule. Twenty-five patients were allocated to receive eccentric loading (Group 1), and twenty-five patients were allocated to treatment with repetitive low-energy shock wave therapy (Group 2). Analysis was on an intention-to-treat basis. Primary follow-up was at four months, and afterward patients were allowed to cross over. The last follow-up evaluation was at one year after completion of the initial treatment. The patients were assessed for pain, function, and activity with use of a validated questionnaire (the Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment-Achilles [VISA-A] questionnaire).

RESULTS
At four months from baseline, the mean VISA-A score had increased in both groups, from 53 to 63 points in Group 1 and from 53 to 80 points in Group 2. The mean pain rating decreased from 7 to 5 points in Group 1 and from 7 to 3 points in Group 2. Seven patients (28%) in Group 1 and sixteen patients (64%) in Group 2 reported that they were completely recovered or much improved. For all outcome measures, the group that received shock wave therapy showed significantly more favorable results than the group treated with eccentric loading (p = 0.002 through p = 0.04). At four months, eighteen of the twenty-five patients from Group I had opted to cross over, as did eight of the twenty-five patients from Group 2. The favorable results after shock wave therapy at four months were stable at the one-year follow-up evaluation.

CONCLUSIONS
Eccentric loading as applied in the present study showed inferior results to low-energy shock wave therapy as applied in patients with chronic recalcitrant tendinopathy of the insertion of the Achilles tendon at four months of follow-up. Further research is warranted to better define the indications for this treatment modality.


`Our main feare to have our religion lost, our throats cutted, and our poor countrey made an English province.' As graphically articulated by Robert Baillie, minister of Kilwinning in Ayrshire (and subsequently principal of the university of Glasgow), the apprehensions which motivated the Scots to promulgate the National Covenant on 28 February 1638, were as much nationalist as religious. The primary purpose of this thesis is to argue that although religion, more specifically the imposition of liturgical innovations, was undoubtedly the issue which precipitated the termination of Charles I's thirteen year personal rule, the Scots were collectively reacting against innovatory policies conceived at Court, policies intent on the fundamental restructuring of Scottish government and society as well as the implementation of economic no less than religious uniformity throughout the British Isles. The failure of Charles I was not just a matter of political presentation, though his authoritarian style of government was instrumental in provoking Scots to revolt in defence of civil and religious liberties. The emergence of the Covenanting Movement entailed a substantial rejection of Charles' personal rule both with respect to policy content and political direction. Paradoxically, the elite who manufactured revolution in name of the Covenanting Movement were to draw on lessons learned from Charles I in promoting the central reorientation of Scottish government between 1638 and 1641. During these years, marked ostensibly by the imposition of constitutional checks on absentee monarch in Kirk and State and the replacement of the Court by the National Covenant as the political reference point for Scottish society, the revolutionary essence of the Covenanting Movement demonstrably lay in its organisational capacity to exert unprecedented demands for ideological conformity, military recruitment and financial supply. Accordingly, this thesis is intent on providing not just an exhaustive and detailed reconstruction of mainstream political developments between 1625 and 1641, but also a systematic and comprehensive analysis of the conduct of the personal rule, the emergence of the Covenanting Movement and the radical nature of the Scottish revolution which was to serve as the model for terminating the personal rule of Charles I in England and Ireland. Occasional comparisons and contrasts are drawn where apposite with contemporaneous political developments elsewhere in Europe. A brief introduction sets the scenes with regard to past commentaries on the origin and organisation of the Covenanting Movement during the reign of Charles I. Thereafter, the first three chapters define the flexible nature of the political nation in Scotland and expound its aspirations nationally and internationally in the wake of the union of the Crowns in 1603, aspirations which were compromised politically by James VI's departure south but not undermined critically until the accession of Charles I in 1625 as an absentee monarch ill-versed in the composition of the Scottish body politic and manifestly insensitive to its personal fears of provincialism. The single most fractious yet least comprehensive issue of the personal rule was the Revocation Scheme - Scotland's equivalent to the Schleswig-Holstein question. Although a lord justice-clerk of the last century has complemented Charles I for setting the whole law of tithes (teinds) on a sound footing, the aspects of the Revocation Scheme which mattered to his Scottish subjects were its specious introduction, its authoritarian implementation, its technical complexities and, above all, its wholescale disregard for landed title and privilege. Three chapters have been devoted to unravelling its comprehensive scope but limited impact and another three to its political ramifications, notably its permeation of a climate of dissent and its progressive sapping of the will of the Scottish administration to uphold monarchical authority. Fiscal aspects dominate the next three chapters. Charles' dogmatic pursuit of economic uniformity is identified as marking a critical shift, the moving of the disaffected element within the political nation to open collusion verging on civil disobedience to obstruct the implementation of directives from Court. The pursuit of uniformity, especially evident in Charles' promotion of the common fishing and tariff reform, coupled to his cavalier disregard for the establishment of sound money in Scotland, served not only to induce economic recession but to differentiate between the royal interest and the national interest. This crucial differentiation which was to underwrite the Scottish revolution was simultaneously carried a combustible stage further by Charles' censorious management of his coronation parliament, by his exemplary prosecution of James Elphinstone, Lord Balmerino, as a leader of the disaffected element and by his public endorsement of episcopally inspired campaigns to eradicate nonconformity in the Kirk. The rallying of the disaffected element and their mounting of public demonstrations against liturgical innovations, as manifest by the rioting which greeted readings from the Service Book in Edinburgh during the summer of 1637, form the substance of the next three chapters and are complemented by the subsequent two which trace the progressive emergence of the tables from a vehicular organisation for public protest into a provisional government resolved on a radical interpretation of the National Covenant. In spite of the apparent conservatism of its framing, this document was in essence both a nationalist and radical manifesto to secure the fundamental reordering of government in Kirk and State while reasserting the political independence of the Scottish people. Rather than seek to retread ground well served by political narratives of the Covenanting Movement following its emergence in 1638, the last three chapters prior to the conclusion scrutinise the revolutionary attainments of the elite directing the cause from the first constitutional defiance of Charles I at the general assembly of 1638 through recourse to hostilities between Covenanters and Royalists during the Bishops' Wars of 1639-40. Having brought to bear sufficient military and political pressure to oblige Charles I to concede diplomatic recognition for the Scottish state as an independent identity within the British Isles, a concession furthered by the willingness of the Covenanting leadership to export revolution, the entrenchment of oligarchic control over Scottish affairs was consummated by the parliament of 1641. Because the contrasting political fortunes of Charles I and the Covenanting Movement nationally are appraised summarily in the penultimate chapter, the formal conclusion takes the unconventional format of providing a regional perspective - that of the west of Scotland - to successive government by Crown and Covenant between 1625 and 1641. Although local particularism persisted throughout these sixteen years, there was a significant difference in the regional response to centralised directives before and after 1638. That the grievances of the west tended to coalesce with the rest of Scotland in the course of the personal rule suggests that Charles I, regionally as well as nationally, was the political architect of his own downfall. By way of contrast, despite unprecedented ideological, military and financial demands, the Covenanting Movement retained wholescale support in the west for its national endeavou


Teramac is a massively parallel experimental computer built at Hewlett-Packard Laboratories to investigate a wide range of different computational architectures. This machine contains about 220,000 hardware defects, any one of which could prove fatal to a conventional computer, and yet it operated 100 times faster than a high-end single-processor workstation for some of its configurations. The defect-tolerant architecture of Teramac, which incorporates a high communication bandwith that enables it to easily route around defects, has significant implications for any future nanometer-scale computational paradigm. It may be feasible to chemically synthesize individual electronic components with less than a 100 percent yield, assemble them into systems with appreciable uncertainty in their connectivity, and still create a powerful and reliable data communications network. Future nanoscale computers may consist of extremely large-configuration memories that are programmed for specific tasks by a tutor that locates and tags the defects in the system.


Objective: To investigate Philip Morris's support of US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulation of tobacco products and analyse its relationship to the company's image enhancement strategies. Data sources: Internal Philip Morris documents released as part of the Master Settlement Agreement. Methods: Searches of the Legacy Tobacco Documents Library (http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu) beginning with such terms as "FDA" and "regulatory strategy" and expanding to include relevant new terms. Results: Philip Morris's support for government regulation of tobacco is part of a broader effort to address its negative public image, which has a damaging impact on the company's stock price, political influence, and employee morale. Through regulation, the company seeks to enhance its legitimacy, redefine itself as socially responsible, and alter the litigation environment. Whereas health advocates frame tobacco use as a public health policy issue, Philip Morris's regulatory efforts focus on framing tobacco use as an individual choice by informed adults to use a risky product. This framing allows Philip Morris to portray itself as a reasonable and responsible manufacturer and marketer of risky products. Conclusions: Philip Morris's ability to improve its image through support of FDA regulation may undermine tobacco control efforts aimed at delegitimising the tobacco industry. It may also create the impression that Philip Morris's products are being made safer and ultimately protect the company from litigation. While strong regulation of tobacco products and promotion remain critical public health goals, previous experiences with tobacco regulation show that caution may be warranted.


A subtle transformation in the fundamental cognition of a generation could trigger overwhelming ripples throughout the society. Time as an essential concept went through tempestuous changes in late nineteenth-century Europe because of the revolutionary development in railway system. Art world in cross-century Europe also witnessed unprecedented upheavals. Founder of Metaphysical Painting, Giorgio de Chirico was born to that age and was renowned for his complicated opinion towards modernism. This thesis intends to present how the change in the basic perception of time permeated the society, influenced ways of production, inspired art movements, and got reflected in art works. Railway and universal time systems integrated the world into a whole for the first time. As a result, a universal acknowledgement of simultaneity came into being, which brought along a sense of connection worldwide. With the help of the mass production of clocks, such sense of connection encouraged a new pattern of production, which turned an individual's time into collective social resource. The rapid developments in technology and the unprecedented productivity created social spectacles that could represent the highest standard of the present and a tempting signal that indicated future. Attempting to access the promising future, modern artists tried to be the pioneer of their age by disentangling themselves from academic tradition. Giorgio de Chirico, founder of Metaphysical Painting and a modernist, remained sober and solitary in modernism. Influenced by Nietzsche, de Chirico tried to regain his peace in eternity through metaphysical paintings, and later in his life, through academic tradition.


Architects, building designers, and building owners presently lack sufficient resources for thoroughly evaluating the economic impact of building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV). The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is addressing this deficiency by evaluating computer models used to predict the electrical performance of BIPV components. To facilitate this evaluation, NIST is collecting long-term BIPV performance data that can be compared against predicted values. The long-term data, in addition, provides insight into the relative merits of different building integrated applications, helps to identify performance differences between cell technologies, and reveals seasonal variations. This paper adds to the slowly growing database of long-term performance data on BIPV components. Results from monitoring eight different building-integrated panels over a 12-month period are summarized. The panels are installed vertically, face true south, and are an integral part of the building's shell. The eight panels comprise the second set of panels evaluated at the NIST test facility. Cell technologies evaluated as part of this second round of testing include single-crystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, and two thin film materials: tandem-junction amorphous silicon (2-a-Si) and copper-indium-diselenide (CIS). Two 2-a-Si panels and two CIS panels were monitored. For each pair of BIPV panels, one was insulated on its back side while the back side of the second panel was open to the indoor conditioned space. The panel with the back side thermal insulation experienced higher midday operating temperatures. The higher operating temperatures caused a greater dip in maximum power voltage. The maximum power current increased slightly for the 2-a-Si panel but remained virtually unchanged for the CIS panel. Three of the remaining four test specimens were custom-made panels having the same polycrystalline solar cells but different glazings. Two different polymer materials were tested along with 6 mm-thick, low-iron float glass. The two panels having the much thinner polymer front covers consistently outperformed the panel having the glass front. When compared on an annual basis, the energy production of each polymer-front panel was 8.5% higher than the glass-front panel. Comparison of panels of the same cell technology and comparisons between panels of different cell technologies are made on daily, monthly, and annual bases. Efficiency based on coverage area, which excludes the panel's inactive border, is used for most between panel comparisons. Annual coverage-area conversion efficiencies for the vertically-installed BIPV panels range from a low of 4.6% for the 2-a-Si panels to a high of 12.2% for the two polycrystalline panels having the polymer front covers. The insulated single crystalline panel only slightly outperformed the insulated CIS panel, 10.1% versus 9.7%.


This document describes the applicability of the several protocols
developed under the signalling transport framework. A description of
the main issues regarding the use of the Stream Control Transmission
Protocol (SCTP) and an explanation of each adaptation layer for
transport of telephony signalling information over IP infrastructure
are given. This memo provides information for the Internet community.


Abstract. Intracontinental endorheic basins are key elements of source-to-sink systems as they preserve sediments eroded from the surrounding catchments. Drainage reorganization in such a basin in response to changing boundary conditions has strong implications on the sediment routing system and on landscape evolution. The Ebro and Duero basins represent two foreland basins, which developed in response to the growth of surrounding compressional orogens, the Pyrenees and the Cantabrian mountains to the north, the Iberian Ranges to the south, and the Catalan Coastal Range to the east. They were once connected as endorheic basins in the early Oligocene. By the end of the Miocene, new post-orogenic conditions led to the current setting in which the Ebro and Duero basins are flowing in opposite directions, towards the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. Although these two hydrographic basins recorded a similar history, they are characterized by very different morphologic features. The Ebro basin is highly excavated, whereas relicts of the endorheic stage are very well preserved in the Duero basin. The contrasting morphological preservation of the endorheic stage represents an ideal natural laboratory to study the drivers (internal and/or external) of post-orogenic drainage divide mobility, drainage network, and landscape evolution. To that aim, we use field and map observations and we apply the χ analysis of river profiles along the divide between the Ebro and Duero drainage basins. We show here that the contrasting excavation of the Ebro and Duero basins drives a reorganization of their drainage network through a series of captures, which resulted in the southwestward migration of their main drainage divide. Fluvial captures have a strong impact on drainage areas, fluxes, and their respective incision capacity. We conclude that drainage reorganization driven by the capture of the Duero basin rivers by the Ebro drainage system explains the first-order preservation of endorheic stage remnants in the Duero basin, due to drainage area loss, independently from tectonics and climate.


The soil bacterium Bacillus subtilis can become "competent"--it can take up genetic material from its surroundings. Competence is regulated by the protein ComK, which controls the genes responsible for DNA uptake. However, cells can only transition to competence in a random fashion during a limited period of time at the beginning of the stationary phase of growth. Maamar et al. (see the Perspective by Mettetal and van Oudenaarden) now find that temporal regulation of comK transcription defines the "window of opportunity" during which cells can become competent, and intrinsic noise in gene expression controls the rate at which stochastic transitions to the competent state occur. H. Maamar, A. Raj, D. Dubnau, Noise in gene expression determines cell fate in Bacillus subtilis. Science 317, 526-529 (2007). [Abstract] [Full Text] J. T. Mettetal, A. van Oudenaarden, Necessary noise. Science 317, 463-464 (2007). [Summary] [Full Text]


Preeclampsia is one of the adverse outcomes of pregnancy. The Gram-negative anaerobes harbored in gingival pockets of pregnant women suggest that maternal periodontal disease might be a risk factor. However, the epidemiological studies are oscillating between positive and no association of preeclampsia with chronic marginal periodontitis. The periodontal treatment during pregnancy aiming to suppress the outcome of pathogenic mechanisms developed by periopathogens is thought to be beneficial for the general status of preeclamptic women. Nevertheless, at present, it is not clear to what extent the maternal periodontal disease might be a risk factor of preeclampsia or only an epiphenomenon of the systemic inflammatory response.


Graphics processors (GPUs) are emerging as a promising platform for highly parallel, compute-intensive, general-purpose computations, which usually need support for inter-process synchronization. Using the traditional lock-based synchronization (e.g. mutual exclusion) makes the computation vulnerable to faults caused by both scientists' inexperience and hardware transient errors. It is notoriously difficult for scientists to deal with deadlocks when their computation needs to lock many objects concurrently. Hardware transient errors may make a process, which is holding a lock, stop progressing (or crash). While such hardware transient errors are a non-issue for graphics processors used by graphics computation (e.g. an error in a single pixel may not be noticeable), this no longer holds for graphics processors used for scientific computation. Such scientific computation requires a fault-tolerant synchronization mechanism. However, most of the powerful GPUs aimed at high-performance computing (e.g. NVIDIA Tesla series) do not support any strong synchronization primitives like test-andset and compare-and-swap, which are usually used to construct fault-tolerant synchronization mechanisms. This paper presents an experimental study of fault-tolerant synchronization mechanisms for NVIDIA's Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) without the need of strong synchronization primitives in hardware. We implement a lockfree synchronization mechanism that eliminates lock-related problems like the deadlock and, moreover, can tolerate process crash-failure. We address the experimental issues that arise in the implementation of the mechanism and evaluate its performance on commodity NVIDIA GeForce 8800 graphics cards.


Symmetry of movement actions expands sportsmens' technical-tactical capacity and is considered as an element of greater versatility. The aim of this study was to perform the Special Judo Fitness Test (SJFT) with young judokas on their dominant and non-dominant side and to test whether SJFT could be used to asses' differences in the movement patterns on the dominant and non-dominant body side. The SJFT was used to compare movement patterns on the dominant and non-dominant body side on a sample of 9 young judokas (age 13.78 ± 0.44, height 176 ± 3.8 cm, weight 74.2 ± 6.9 kg, years of training 7.78 ± 0.67). We used paired T-test and set statistical significance at p ≤ 0.05 to determine differences between movement symmetries and SJFT parameters. Main statistical differences were found between performance of SJFT by both body sides 1) in second throwing phase of SJFT t(8) = 3.50, p = 0.008, 2) in total number of combined throws in SJFT t(8) = 2.83, p = 0.022, and 3) in final SJFT INDEX t(8) = -2.57, p = 0.033. The study presented with the results that SJFT could be used as a tool to detect movement asymmetries in judokas when performed on both body sides and the importance of bilateral movement development of judokas. Also, the results of SJFT could be used to further create normative values of SJFT for youth male judokas, since this would contribute to already known normative values of male and female seniors and female youth categories.


Abstract New chitinozoan data are presented from the classical section along the Onny River in the type Caradoc area, and from the deeper-water sections in the Shelve area, including the former British candidate GSSP for the base of the Upper Ordovician Series. The rich and well-preserved chitinozoan fauna of the Onny River has been a standard for 40 years, but new data revise some of the identifications. The assemblages are now attributed to biozones that are more readily applicable for international correlation. The main part of the section can be interpreted as belonging to the originally Baltoscandian Spinachitina cervicornis Biozone, although this is uncertain in the lower part. Within this biozone, the Fungochitina actonica Subzone has been defined. The Onny Formation at the top of the section is equated with the Acanthochitina latebrosa–Ancyrochitina onniensis Biozone; contrary to earlier reports, Acanthochitina barbata is absent. The Lower Wood Brook and Spy Wood Brook section from the Shelve Inlier yielded a great number of moderately to well-preserved chitinozoans, but a low-diversity assemblage. Their ranges have been neatly positioned against the well-known graptolite stratigraphy in the area. A local Eisenackitina rhenana Biozone? has been recognized, allowing us to suggest some international correlations.


Front: Text describes action on various war fronts: U.S.S.R., Southwest Pacific, Italy, Air offensive
 Maps: Central Italy, Rumania/Poland, New Britain Island./ Inset maps: Cassino region; Chieti region.
 Photographs: Delivering supplies to troops in Central Italy, Gen. Eisenhower with Sir Charles Poetal and Sir Arthur Tedder after the Tehran conference, Gen. Sir Bernard L. Montgomery, and Gen. Sir Alan Brooke inspect Nazi prisoners on the Italian front in New Zealand; Germans prepare to evacuate the Crimea, Landing craft are protected by B-25 medium bombers at Arawe. Back: Illustration and photographs show the many ways Army nurses serve.


Tolerance to desiccation in recalcitrant seeds depends on the genetic background and the developmental conditions of the seeds, both of which are relevant to harvest and storage for conservation purposes. The tropical south and south-east Asian species, Baccaurea ramiflora Lour., has recalcitrant seeds and is a locally important resource. We measured germination success and desiccation tolerance of B. ramiflora at different temperatures and light conditions for 76, 86, 96, and 106 days after anthesis to describe seed germination requirements and the relationship between seed development and desiccation tolerance of seeds for storage. We found that light is not an important factor in B. ramiflora seed germination, and that optimal seed germination conditions occur at 30/20 °C. During their development from 76-106 days after anthesis, seeds and their embryonic axes undergo changes in morphological characteristics, germination ability, moisture content, and desiccation tolerance. The best time for collection of B. ramiflora seeds for storage is around 96 days after anthesis, when desiccation tolerance is maximal.


Contemporary archival art practices utilise their artefacts in a variety of
ways. We Are the Road aims to develop an approach to the artefact and strategies of artists moving image production that run contrary to the typical habits of these practices. My approach foregrounds certain
artefact's own internal and pre-existing complexities, separate from the
complexities of an archive. This is distinct from archival art practices that focus on specific histories and their misrepresentation or absence; and practices that critique the archival construct itself. I undertake the research through the production of moving image and sound artworks that seek to adopt and critically reformulate the processes of commercial film production and the artefacts it produces (such as the
location report and the screenplay). This manoeuvre responds to the
notion of instrumentality, criticised in philosophical thinking about
technology, and is further informed by a variety of sources and disciplines, including literary criticism, film theory, and pop-cultural discourses. The artefacts located by this project are the material remains of nontechnical aspects (communities, ideas, events) that have accumulated around the development of moving image and screen-based technological products since the late 20th century, primarily television, the Internet and the digital moving image. Their continued existence as digital files and second-hand products is not the result of an organised recognition of their worth, rather, they have accumulated in the wake of technological advancement as so much junk floating around at the margins of the archive. The intention of the project is not to rehabilitate overlooked materials but to explore the idea that these unheroic fragments and their stubborn specificities actualise moments of lived experience entangled with technology.
We Are the Road pays close attention to the transformation of the
document from record to material in the precise moment of new art
production, which is understood to be an active situation in which
complementary and competing ideas, impulses, and opportunities are at work simultaneously. My research seeks to formulate and negotiate new articulations for such a complex and multi-dimensional experience of the present. As such We Are the Road is aligned with Raymond Williams' assertion in Marxism and Literature (1977 p128) that 'we have indeed to find other terms for the undeniable experience of the present: not only the temporal present, the realization of this and this instant, but the specificity of present being, the inalienably physical.' Importantly, this articulation encompasses how the work I have generated connects to key works and ideas within the field of contemporary artists' moving image, making the moment of production a collapse of origin and destination, reader and maker, audience and producer.


President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief or PEPFAR is the US Government's global strategy for preventing AIDS/HIV. PEPFAR's main prevention program featured the controversial ABC strategy: Abstain, Be faithful, and correct and consistent use of Condoms. This study uses the "difference-in-differences" (DID) estimator to assess impact of ABC on slowing the spread of HIV in PEPFAR's Sub-Saharan recipient countries. Applying DID analysis to a panel of 40 African countries in 2001 and 2009, we found PEPFAR's preventative measuresdid not reduce adult HIV rates. These results call into question the effectiveness of ABC as a HIV preventative strategy in Sub-Saharan Africa.


This paper traces the implementation of Michigan's program for hospital bed reduction through four phases in the critical first 30 months following enactment: standard-setting, plan development, plan approval, and legislative oversight. Procedural complexity and goal conflict complicated implementation from the start: what began as a simple proposal to close unneeded beds soon became enmeshed in efforts to address long-standing issues of equity in access to care. A combination of administrative, political, and economic factors peculiar to Michigan, as well as the more generic problems incurred in applying a regulatory approach to containing medical care costs, contributed to the difficulties encountered in implementing bed reduction. Long-range prospects for the program depend upon whether the modest results it is likely to achieve are deemed to be worth the costs incurred in administering it.


INTRODUCTION
In the vocal arts, it is difficult to determine the exact type of human voice, and it is particularly challenging to identify the voice category of vocalist-beginners because the diapason of the voice has not fully developed. A vocalist often develops his or her voice in an unsuitable tessitura (sings in a wrong voice type) resulting in a loss of sound quality and damage to the voice. An objective metric-based system for the determination of the human voice is needed.
The detection for the correlation between the airflow and vital capacity of the lungs, anthropometric data of the singers and the type of the human voice.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sixty vocalists (ten sopranos, ten mezzo-sopranos, ten altos, ten tenors, ten baritones, and ten basses) were examined during this experimental research. All participants were professional singers who have been very successful singing in their voice category for more than five years. The Jaeger spirograph was used to investigate the volume of the peak expiratory flow of representatives of various voice categories, i.e. by measuring the speed of airflow in a time unit (per second). Measurements were made of height, body weight,  vital lung capacity, and volume of the air flow per second in the big, middle and small bronchial tubes.
To analyse the results, leading indicators of descriptive statistics were calculated, and one-factor disperses analysis (ANOVA) was used in equivalence testing calculations of the average values of morphological qualities. All statistical calculations were performed with the "Statistics" programme (7.0 edition).
RESULTS
The average height of the vocalists: sopranos – 165,8; mezzo-sopranos – 168,1; altos – 175,8; tenors – 180,5; baritones – 187,5; basses – 188,2.
The average weight of the singers (kg): sopranos – 60,2; mezzo-sopranos – 70,5; altos – 74,1; tenors - 87,7; baritones – 91,4; basses – 92,6.
The average vital lung capacity of the singers (L): sopranos – 3,79; mezzo-sopranos – 3,96; altos – 4,35; tenors 5,13; baritones – 6,06; basses – 6,12.
The average peak expiratory flow of the singers per second (L/s): sopranos – 7,44; mezzo-sopranos – 7,43; altos – 8,19; tenors – 9,80; baritones - 11,49; basses – 11,2.
The average volume of the air flow per second in the big bronchial tubes of the singers(L/s): sopranos – 6,49; mezzo-sopranos – 9,29; altos – 7,42; tenors – 7,91; baritones – 10,07; basses – 9,77.
The average volume of the air flow per second in the middle bronchial tubes of the singers (L/s): sopranos – 4,60; mezzo-sopranos – 4,02; altos – 4,96; tenors 4,46; baritones – 5,79; basses – 5,73.
The average volume of the air flow per second in the small bronchial tubes of the singers (L/s): sopranos – 1,98; mezzo-soprano – 1,49; altos – 1,99; tenors – 1,69; baritones – 2,24; basses – 2,17.
There was a correlation between the airflow results e.a. Vital capacity, MEF 75 MEF 50 and PEF and the type of human voice, but there was no correlation between PEF 25 and the type of human voice.
There was a positive correlation between anthropometric data like weight and height and the pitch of the voice.
CONCLUSION
There is a correlation between the type of human voice and a person's height, weight as well as their vital lung capacity and peak expiratory flow. According to our research data, an algorithm could be made for the determination of the type of human voice to avoid voice damage and health problems related to the forced use of the voice in a wrong pitch.


Safety-related Systems (SRS) protect from the unacceptable risk resulting from failures of technical systems. The average probability of dangerous failure on demand (PFD) of these SRS in low demand mode is limited by standards. Probabilistic models are applied to determine the average PFD and verify the specified limits. In this thesis an effective framework for probabilistic modeling of complex SRS is provided. This framework enables to compute the average, instantaneous, and maximum PFD. In SRS, preventive maintenance (PM) is essential to achieve an average PFD in compliance with specified limits. PM intends to reveal dangerous undetected failures and provides repair if necessary. The introduced framework pays special attention to the precise and detailed modeling of PM. Multiple so far neglected degrees of freedom of the PM are considered, such as two types of elementwise PM at arbitrarily variable times. As shown by analyses, these degrees of freedom have a significant impact on the average, instantaneous, and maximum PFD. The PM is optimized to improve the average or maximum PFD or both. A well-known heuristic nonlinear optimization method (Nelder-Mead method) is applied to minimize the average or maximum PFD or a weighted trade-off. A significant improvement of the objectives and an improved protection are achieved. These improvements are achieved via the available degrees of freedom of the PM and without additional effort. Moreover, a set of rules is presented to decide for a given SRS if significant improvements will be achieved by optimization of the PM. These rules are based on the well-known characteristics of the SRS, e.g. redundancy or no redundancy, complete or incomplete coverage of PM. The presented rules aim to support the decision whether the optimization is advantageous for a given SRS and if it should be applied or not.


Abstract The wide ranging, trans-disciplinary interest in technological media suggests the possibility of a new discipline concerned with the history, implications and practice of mediation. Within this context, the field of media art gains a new sense of coherence and identity. Given the lingering tension between media art and mainstream contemporary art, this may lead the latter to assert its disciplinary autonomy. This paper argues against such a move. Media art is better positioned as an integral strand within contemporary art and, more particularly, as a key space of creative enquiry and practice within a generally conceived contemporary art education.


Observations suggest that the Arctic has warmed rapidly in the past few decades compared with observed global-mean temperature increases. Model calculations suggest that changes in short-lived pollutants such as ozone and aerosol may have contributed significantly to this warming. Arctic tropospheric budgets of short-lived pollutants are impacted significantly by long-range transport of gases and aerosols from Europe, Asia and N. America, and in summer by boreal wildfires. Previous assessments based on limited surface observations, have demonstrated that chemistry-transport models have highly variable and generally poor skill in reproducing short-lived pollutant concentrations in the Arctic. This suggests a significant limitation in the ability of models to predict Arctic and hemispheric climate response to changes in mid-latitude emissions. This talk will focus on remote man-made and natural influences on summertime Arctic tropospheric ozone, and how they are represented in models. I will present results from the POLARCAT Model Intercomparison Project (POLMIP), which aims to exploit the large number of observations collected in the Arctic troposphere as part of International Polar Year in 2008, to evaluate a series of state-of-theart global atmospheric chemical transport models. I will show important differences in key processes for transport and chemistry of ozone and precursors in the Arctic between models and compared with observations, and what they may imply about our confidence in model projections of future Arctic composition. A novel Lagrangian method for evaluating these differences in coordinates defined by air mass origins will be demonstrated, which allows improved understanding of key transport patterns and source regions associated with model biases. Finally, I will show some recent work aimed at understanding drivers of variability in boreal wildfire influence on Arctic atmospheric composition.


Ratings curves are commonly used for computing discharge time series from recorded water stages or for hydrograph and sediment graph routing through detention ponds. Numerous studies have demonstrated that these rating curves are often linked with significant uncertainty. Nevertheless, the uncertainty related to the use of these rating curves in sediment estimates has not been investigated so far. Hence, in this work, we assess the impact of using such uncertain discharge rating curves on the estimation of the pond outflow (discharge, sediment concentration and load) from a small detention pond located in a small urban catchment in Poland. Our results indicate that the uncertainty in rating curves has a huge impact on estimates of discharge and sediment fluxes in the outlet from the reservoir, wherein the uncertainty in the inlet rating curve plays a more important role than the uncertainty in the outlet rating curve. Poorly estimated rating curve(s) may thus lead to serious errors and biased conclusions in the estimates and designs of detention ponds. To reduce this uncertainty, more efforts should be made to construct the rating curves at the pond inlet and to gather more data in extreme conditions.


Colonoscopy, as a frequently performed diagnostic and therapeutic procedure, is fairly safe to patients with colorectal disorders generally. Incarceration of a colonoscope refers to the colonoscope is unable to be advanced or withdrawn due to some causes e.g. inguinal hernia, which is an unusual complication during colonoscope procedure. We present a case report of incarceration of the colonoscope in a left inguinal hernia. This case report reiterates the importance of this rare complication of colonoscopy and discusses its etiology and treatment. Clinicians and colonoscopists should be cautious of this possible complication to prevent unfavorable outcomes.


The introduction of new methodologies of teaching-learning in the Spanish University system is a revolution since it supposes to think in a new university, new methods, new role for the students and the faculty staff, material and personnel resources, really, a new University based on the quality of teaching, the learning and the continuous formation. The reform that supposes the European convergence has made in the recent years necessary to adapt the subjects to ECTS system for which the pilot groups and courses have been an extraordinarily valuable element, an indispensable work to reach the organization and the structure of the new Degree Studies and, on the other hand, to try the new methodologies of education and learning. Until now, , the knowledge transmission in the Spanish Universities has been based essentially on the mere exhibition of conceptual contents, having been the work of the student very limited to copy notes, to memorise data and concepts and to reproduce them in written examinations. The new concept of the university studies introduces new practices of quality in teaching that transfer the attention to the process of learning of the student who determine the activity of the teacher changing his role in the process. Therefore, the teacher becomes guide and support of a learning process that necessarily must motivate, foment the work and the self-training, all this related to the reasoning thought and to the professional reality. We understand that implementing the new educational methodology that grants an active paper to the student and a director role, as guide and adviser, to the teacher, implies the use of information and communication technologies that make Virtual Campus UCM an essential tool that it comprises inseparable of the methodology. In our educational work we granted some students works a new dimension in Virtual Campus UCM incorporating them to a web page and, on the other hand, we followed the line of active participation of the students and old students through the presentation of seminaries. Finally, we develope the learning-based problems using two types of cases: 1) cases presented by specialists to be analyzed by the students and used by the teacher as guide to reach objectives of knowledge, 2) cases presented/displayed to the students after its resolution applying principles and procedures.


Ectopic thyroid is considered as one of the developmental anomalies of the thyroid gland. It is usually found in the midline, along the line of descent of thyroid diverticulum. Ectopic thyroid is very rarely found in the lateral part of the neck. During the routine dissection classes for undergraduate medical students, we came across the presence of a laterally placed ectopic thyroid gland. An oval-shaped mass of thyroid tissue was situated on the left side of the neck. It was located superficial to the inferior constrictor muscle, close to its origin from the oblique line of the thyroid cartilage. It was supplied by a branch of superior thyroid artery. Superior thyroid artery arose from the common carotid artery just before its bifurcation into external and internal carotid arteries.


A digital hybrid current mode (HCM) control technique which combines peak current and average current mode (ACM) control methods is studied. The proposed controller consists of three control loops, an analogue fast current loop, a digital slow current loop and an outer voltage loop. For the control method, both continuous and discrete-time models are built. Similarly, a continuous-time model for ACM control is provided for comparison. For both control techniques, a compensator design method is proposed. The control methods are implemented on a 6 W synchronous buck converter with a mixed-signal ARM-based microcontroller. Controller models are verified with the frequency response measurements of the inner and outer loops. In digital HCM control, higher DC gain and phase margin is achieved with the same gain margin compared to digital ACM control. Furthermore, the transient responses of the systems are analysed. When the outer voltage loop is open, 30% faster dynamic response is measured by the digital HCM method. With voltage compensation, comparable dynamic response on the output voltage is achieved without inductor current overshooting by the digital HCM control.


The purpose of this reading is to highlight the importance of play for children's development and to examine the role of parents in supporting children's play in various cultures. Although play is believed to be universal, the amount of attention devoted to play in a particular society depends in part on the cultural beliefs about the nature of childhood, and on the adults' specific goals for their young children. Researchers have found that some parents consider themselves appropriate social partners for their young children, but in many communities it is older siblings and peers who are the children's primary play partners. Regardless of their direct involvement in the on-going play activities, parents often provide support and guidance for children's play. Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. This article is available in Online Readings in Psychology and Culture: http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/orpc/vol6/iss1/3


The maize Suppressor-mutator (Spm) transposable element is subject to epigenetic inactivation in transgenic tobacco, as it is in maize. Spm inactivation in tobacco is correlated with increased methylation of sequences near the element's transcription start site. To determine whether element-encoded gene products can promote the reactivation of an inactive element, we investigated the effects of introducing individual CaMV 35S promoter-driven cDNAs for tnpA, tnpB, tnpC and tnpD, the element's four known protein-coding sequences. Introduction of the tnpA cDNA promoted the reactivation of the inactive resident Spm element, as judged by the appearance of regenerants with very early excision events and transposed elements. By contrast, the tnpB, tnpC and tnpD cDNAs had no affect on the activity of the resident Spm element. Similar results were obtained when the element-encoded cDNAs were introduced either by Agrobacterium-mediated retransformation or by a genetic cross. Reactivation of an inactive Spm by the tnpA cDNA is accompanied by reduced methylation of several methylation-sensitive restriction sites near the element's transcription start site. Maintenance of the reactivated Spm element in an active state requires the continued presence of the tnpA cDNA. Elimination of the tnpA cDNA locus by genetic segregation generally results in decreased element activity, as judged by a low frequency of excision events, and is accompanied by increased methylation of the element's 5'-end. Exceptions resembling the phenomenon of "presetting" are also observed in which progeny plants that did not receive the tnpA cDNA locus after meiotic segregation maintain high excision activity and exhibit low methylation levels.


In a globalised world the intercultural dialogue and the interaction – different from integration - among different peoples and cultures is more and more necessary. The article deals with the issue of interculturality, considered an intelligence to live together in the diversity.  The intelligence to do it is found on the basis of an approach to the processes of integration of Latin American countries that must be based on mutual dialogue, learning and enrichment, in order to promote the human development by mechanisms of intercultural communication – able to lead to the valorisation of their own things– and by the relation with the different, understood as bioethical, intercultural and prudential fundaments. The article analyzes the Latin-American thought on the matter, so addressing problems relevant for all the world and for the Mediterranean basin in particular.


Economics of information security has recently become a rapidly growing field of research that is vitally important for managing the decisions and behaviors in cyberspace security. This field provides valuable insights not only for security experts, but also for policy makers, business managers, economists and psychologists.In this paper, we are going to discuss the emergence and evolution of economics of information security; where it came from, where it is today and its future directions. Research conducted for this survey explores the literature on economic issues in information security and review the advantages, drawbacks, and future research directions to set the scene that the assessment and analysis of the economics of information security publications followed it. Furthermore, we provide a structured discussion and overview of selected sets of works and highlight the models and theories in this field by organizing the presented works into six main categories namely information security investment, trust and privacy, network security, malicious program and malware economics, penetration testing and digital forensics and software security. Additionally, this survey aims to familiarize readers with major areas of this field already in hand to indicate the gaps and overlooked issues in the economics of security.


In recent decades, many accidents involving pressure vessels and piping components (PVP) have occurred in North-America. Several studies have been conducted to understand their causes and find suitable solutions to reduce their frequency. Most of the researches have focused on the technical causes of these accidents and the subsequent implementation of safety management strategies. These researches highlight that the main technical causes are leak and rupture. From this standpoint, it is important to deepen the study of leaks and ruptures accidents. In Alberta alone, the Alberta Energy Regulator (AER) demonstrated that more than 15 root causes initiated leak and rupture failures in PVP since 1990.
 This paper presents an analysis of the frequency of accidents, their severity, their causes and the risk associated in the Alberta petrochemical industry from 2008 to 2017. This study proposes an exponential decay to estimate the frequency of accidents involving PVP and identifies the most important causes based on a severity analysis. The results based on the developed model show that there is a good agreement between the predicted and observed accidents frequency from 2008 to 2017. The severity analysis results show that the main factors contributing to accidents are corrosion, construction deficiency and overpressure. Finally, the proposed model of frequency and severity of observed and predicted PVP failures needs improvements to better predict the risks and be useful for prevention.


World War I was the catalyst for a fundamental reconstruction of the American military paradigm. For the first time in its history, the United States participated with an alliance in a war against a first class enemy that posed no direct threat to the American homeland. During the subsequent interwar period, the Army and the Navy focused on developing the doctrines and technologies that would support the lessons they learned from World War I. The Army Paradigm When the United States entered World War I in April 1917, its Army, still largely a frontier constabulary, was clearly unprepared. The Army traditionally relied on mobilizing militia and volunteers to swell the ranks of its small Regular Army for a quick war against a third-rate power like Mexico or Spain, a woefully inadequate procedure for a modern war. As in the Civil War, the nation had to resort to conscription to meet its huge manpower needs. By war's end in 1918, the Army counted 3,685,458 soldiers in its ranks, compared to a 1914 strength of 98,544. I Further complicating mobilization was the fact that the United States did not have an industrial base that could arm its Army. Consequently, the American Army had to rely on its allies for virtually all of its war materiel. The American Expeditionary Force (AEF) was not ready for even modest offensive operations until May 1918. Its major campaign of the war, the Meuse-Argonne Offensive, started on 26 September and ended with the Armistice in November. This campaign was against a German Army exhausted and demoralized by a series of abortive offensives. Nevertheless, the campaign provided the Americans with the practical battle experience from which they would assess their performance and the adequacy of their doctrine. The Army's limited, but highly favorable, experience in World War I seemed to reinforce the conviction that its doctrine, based on the importance of the transition from trench combat to offensive "open warfare," was essentially correct. Fire superiority was deemed essential, as was the efficient operation of the combined arms. Other major lessons involved increasing the number of modern weapons in the Army and the importance of managing the vast logistical requirements of mass armies and modern warfare. (2) The Army captured the doctrinal lessons of World War I in its 1923 revision of the Field Service Regulations. Key points included: The ultimate objective of all military operations is the destruction of the enemy's armed forces by battle. Decisive defeat in battle breaks the enemy's will to war and forces him to sue for peace. (3) Concentration of superior forces, both on the ground and in the air, at the decisive place and time, creates the conditions most essential to decisive victory and constitutes the best evidence of superior leadership. (4) Decisive results are obtained only by the offensive. Only by means of a relentless pursuit of the beaten enemy can the full fruits of victory be obtained. ... The object of the pursuit is the annihilation of the hostile forces. (5) Superior fire constitutes the best protection against loss as well as the most effective means of destruction. (6) The Army also made a decision about the type of enemy that it would prepare to fight that fundamentally influenced both its warfighting doctrine and organizational structure. In the future the Army focused exclusively on preparing to fight: an opponent organized for war on modern principles and equipped with all the means of modern warfare" since "An army capable of waging successful war under these conditions will prove adequate to any less grave emergency with which it may be confronted." (7) These principles, implemented by a mass army created around the nucleus of a small Regular Army and rapidly expanded by mobilized reserves and conscripts and armed by American industry, formed the basis of the doctrinal paradigm for the Army during the interwar period. …


Strain comparison studies have been critical to the identification of novel genetic and molecular mechanisms in learning and memory. However, even within a single learning paradigm, the behavioral data for the same strain can vary greatly, making it difficult to form meaningful conclusions at both the behavioral and cellular level. In fear conditioning, there is a high level of variability across reports, especially regarding responses to the conditioned stimulus (CS). Here, we compare C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice using delay fear conditioning, trace fear conditioning, and a nonassociative condition. Our data highlight both the significant strain differences apparent in these fear conditioning paradigms and the significant differences in conditioning type within each strain. We then compare our data to an extensive literature review of delay and trace fear conditioning in these two strains. Finally, we apply a number of commonly used baseline normalization approaches to compare how they alter the reported differences. Our findings highlight three major sources of variability in the fear conditioning literature: CS duration, number of CS presentations, and data normalization to baseline measures.


Objectives Against a backdrop of rising levels of obesity, we describe and estimate associations of body mass index (BMI), age and gender with time to revision for participants undergoing primary total hip (THR) or knee (TKR) replacement in the UK. Design Population-based cohort study. Setting Routinely collected primary care data from a representative sample of general practices, including linked data on all secondary care events. Participants Population-based cohort study of 63 162 patients with THR and 54 276 with TKR in the UK General Practice Research Database between 1988 and 2011. Primary and secondary outcomes Risk of THR and TKR revision associated with BMI, age and gender, after adjusting for the competing risk of death. Results The 5-year cumulative incidence rate for THR was 2.2% for men and 1.8% for women (TKR 2.3% for men, 1.6% for women). The adjusted overall subhazard ratio (SHR) for patients with THR undergoing subsequent hip revision surgery, with a competing risk of death, were estimated at 1.020 (95% CI 1.009 to 1.032) per additional unit (kg/m2) of BMI, 1.23 (95% CI 1.10 to 1.38) for men compared with women and 0.970 (95% CI 0.967 to 0.973) per additional year of age. For patients with TKR, the equivalent estimates were 1.015 (95% CI 1.002 to 1.028) for BMI; 1.51 (95% CI 1.32 to 1.73) for gender and 0.957 (95% CI 0.951 to 0.962) for age. Morbidly obese patients with THR had a 65.5% increase (95% CI 15.4% to 137.3%, p=0.006) in the subhazard of revision versus the normal BMI group (18.5–25). The effect for TKR was smaller (a 43.9% increase) and weaker (95% CI 2.6% to 103.9%, p=0.040). Conclusions BMI is estimated to have a small but statistically significant association with the risk of hip and knee revision, but absolute numbers are small. Further studies are needed in order to distinguish between effects for specific revision surgery indications.


This study reads the Songs of Ascents (Psalms 120-134) from the perspective of the concept of "space" and argues that they form as a single, interrelated unit that tells a meaningful "story". By applying the principles of"critical spatiality" the spatial orientation of each poem is analysed. The conclusion is reached that the poems can be grouped together in five triads of three poems each. By mapping "space" and relating it to the content of the poems in the context of Book V of the Psalter, the "story" of these poems can be discerned. It is a meaningful story with a sad beginning but a happy end. The happy end resides especially in the expectation that YHWH "ascends" with his people towards the eschathological and Messianic future.


The main high-level coal-fields of South Africa have an extreme length from north to south of not less than 400 miles; the breadth at the widest part is over 200 miles, but the average breadth is about 140 miles ; therefore the coal-fields cover, wholly or in part, an area of about 56,000 square miles. The map (fig. 1) is intended to give only a general idea of the form and extent of the coal-bearing rocks of this country, where they occur at the higher elevation. Its boundary-lines may include some outliers as parts of the main mass; but two known outliers are shown near the northern limit of the field. This area consists of an elevated plateau, having a precipitous face to the south and east, and a gradual undulating slope to the north-west, carved into broad deep valleys and rounded hills. The south and east margin is formed by the Stormberg and the Drakensberg mountains, which have a general altitude ranging between 6000 and 8000 feet, with occasional peaks rising to 9000 or 10,000 feet above the sea. They have a "drop" of about 2000 feet, forming a precipice inaccessible, except by a few passes, on the seaward side. There are numerous minor ranges and spurs, more or less transverse to the direction of the main lines. The highest part of the slope west of the mountain has an elevation of from 4500 to 5500 feet; it is called the "High Veldt," in the Transvaal, and


A multidisciplinary study of some extensively cored boreholes together with the new 1/25.000 geological mapping of Wallonia led us to propose a new lithostratigraphic canvas for Belgian Lorraine. This area is located on the N-E border of the Paris Basin, south of the Ardennes; the studied stratigraphic interval covers the Keuper to the Toarcian. Each of the new lithostratigraphic units is interpreted by macroscopic and microscopic sedimentological observations. Detailed palynological and claystratigraphical analyses were also performed, providing additional stratigraphical, palaeoecological and sedimentological data. The Habay Formation (conglomerates and red mudstones) is a fluvial unit, with immature channel conglomerates and paleosoils. The Attert Formation (dolomitic marls with gypsum and pseudomorphs) exhibits an evaporitic trend. The Mortinsart Formation (sands and marls) corresponds to a restricted marine unit, evolving towards an alluvial plain (Levallois Member). The second cycle begins with the Jamoigne Formation (bioturbated marls and limestones), a marine subtidal restricted unit, evolving towards a more sandy series (Metzert Member). The base of the third cycle corresponds to the rest of the Luxembourg Formation, composed by a superposition of sand waves. The Ethe Formation (laminar mudstones and marls) marks a deepening of the basin and the outset of marine dysaerobic conditions. The Aubange Formation (bioturbated marls with sandstones and limestones) is characterized by the reappearance of a normal benthic fauna. The Grandcourt Formation (laminar mudstones and marls) marks a return to open marine dysaerobic conditions. The Mont-Saint-Martin Formation (marls, sandy marls and oolitic ironstone) is a highly regressive unit, while the Longwy Formation (limestones) marks the initiation of a carbonate platform.


With the Second Vatican Council there is an increase in the specific attention given by the Church's Magisterium to the means of social communicagtions, or as they are most commonly called "the mass media". Inevitably within this framework the questions also need to be dealt with of the moral responsibilities, duties and rights of the "media" when it comes to the human and civil (and ecclesial) rights to a good name and to privacy. This article resarches and presents, in organic fashion, the Church's authoritative teaching, arising from her patrimony of reason and faith.


The utilization of low frequency ultrasound (US) offers a straightforward and powerful tool for the production of nanostructured materials, in particular for structurally stable, highly crystalline, and shape-controlled catalytic materials. Herein, we report an unconventional strategy for the synthesis of CuO nanoleaves within 5 min of US irradiation. The as-obtained CuO nanoleaves were found to be selective in the base-free aqueous oxidation of glycerol to dicarboxylic acids (78% yield of tartronic and oxalic acids), in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and under mild reaction conditions. Density Functional Theory (DFT) investigations revealed a synergy between the CuO catalyst and H2O2 in maintaining the structural integrity of the catalyst during the reaction, creating alternative efficient pathways for the selective formation of dicarboxylic acids. Isotope labeling experiments using H218O2 further confirmed that oxygen from hydrogen peroxide, not from CuO, was preferentially incorporated into the dicarboxylic acid, significantly preserving the monoclinic structure of the CuO catalyst.


We present a framework for understanding the effects of automation and other types of technological changes on labor demand, and use it to interpret changes in US employment over the recent past. At the center of our framework is the allocation of tasks to capital and labor—the task content of production. Automation, which enables capital to replace labor in tasks it was previously engaged in, shifts the task content of production against labor because of a displacement effect. As a result, automation always reduces the labor share in value added and may reduce labor demand even as it raises productivity. The effects of automation are counterbalanced by the creation of new tasks in which labor has a comparative advantage. The introduction of new tasks changes the task content of production in favor of labor because of a reinstatement effect, and always raises the labor share and labor demand. We show how the role of changes in the task content of production—due to automation and new tasks—can be inferred from industry-level data. Our empirical decomposition suggests that the slower growth of employment over the last three decades is accounted for by an acceleration in the displacement effect, especially in manufacturing, a weaker reinstatement effect, and slower growth of productivity than in previous decades.


'Unearthing' is a problematic task for historians. To some extent it assumes continuity between the past and the present, and that matters identified by whatever means as 'traditions' in the present were understood that way in the past. It is a backward looking task, rather than an exploration of understandings at a moment in time. Rather than 'unearthing', this article seeks to start at the beginning and to think about how things get going in colonies. It pays attention to foundations and to questions of institutional design. This article draws on literature on legal transplants, and examines one example of a legal transplant in New Zealand: the Resident Magistrates' Court, focusing in particular on its civil jurisdiction. If not the 'number eight wire' approach, it is a recognition of pragmatism - the ways in which legal forms, both discursive and institutional, circulated Empire and are made and remade in new times and places in response to local circumstance.


Purpose: Hepatitis C (HCV) is a chronic disease that affects an individual's physical, financial, social, and emotional well-being throughout the illness. Although extensive literature is available on experiences of patients with hepatitis C in developed countries, very little exists in developing countries, particularly in Pakistan. This article describes experiences of patients living with HCV in Karachi, Pakistan. Method: Using descriptive exploratory design, data were collected through semistructured interviews from 10 patients with HCV. The interviews were tape recorded and transcribed verbatim. Findings: The three categories—perceptions and misperceptions, challenges and sufferings, support and shortcomings—were subsumed under the theme "deadly, dangerous, and devastating." Conclusion and implications for practice: Patients with HCV experience profound challenges that are influenced by their level of education, financial capacity, cultural norms, family support, and the sensitivity of health care professionals. Several cultural practices existing in Pakistan identify the need for public awareness. The findings on health care professionals have implications for nursing and allied health continuing education.


In this work, we successfully synthesized SnS2 nanoparticles, a hollowed-out netty MoS2 (nMoS2) nanostructure, a flower-like MoS2 (fMoS2) nanostructure, an nMoS2@SnS2 heterostructure, and an fMoS2@SnS2 heterostructure via a simple and facile hydrothermal process. We used powder X-ray diffractograms to verify purity and crystalline phases of the as-prepared samples. Additionally, the structures and morphologies of as-prepared components were checked by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) assembled with this original heterostructure as a counter electrode (CE) displayed a splendid power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 7.63% along with stable catalytic performance for triiodide reduction. This is better than other DSSCs including: SnS2 CE (6.67%), nMoS2 CE (5.78%), fMoS2 CE (5.37%), and fMoS2@SnS2 CE (7.08%). According to our experimental results, we believe that the outstanding performance of nMoS2@SnS2 heterostructures for a DSSC is because of their characteristic crystal structure, which may contribute to playing a heterogeneous and synergistic effect between the active materials, optimize dispersity of the samples, avoid recombination of electron–hole pairs to accelerate velocity of triiodide reduction, and enhance stability in a I3−/I− electrolyte. Hence, the nMoS2@SnS2 heterostructure can play a better role in DSSCs with excellent performance and superior stability as an efficient CE.


This article explores the use of visual imagination and reflexivity in the creation of poetry as a form of action inquiry. The power of poetry to help inquire into and illuminate new understandings is demonstrated in the creative and imaginative use of imagery, similes and metaphors contained within the choice of words and the connections made to them. Through my work with managers and staff in organisations, using poetry I have come to understand that the poetic words used not only hold the possibility of explaining and describing experiences, they validate the range of associated emotions and can also influence actions when new meanings and understandings are reached. I have found that the process of action inquiry encourages and facilitates reflexivity. For the purpose of this article I have chosen to focus on work-life balance – an issue that many find challenging at different stages in their working lives.


Hydrazides with the general formula R-CO-NHNH2, have received a lot of attention due to their applications in biological, organic synthesis and analytical chemistry fields. The preparation of fatty hydrazides from palm oil has been developed in this research. Fatty hydrazides (FH) and fatty phenyl hydrazides (FPH) were successfully synthesized from palm oil as a raw material by one-step lipase catalyzed reaction. FTIR and CHN elemental analyses were carried out to determine the presence of the hydrazides in the products. The method offers several advantages such as renewable and abundant of raw materials, simple reaction procedure and high yield of products.
The application of the products as a reagent was carried out based on the ability of the FH and FPH to form complexes with some metal ions. FH was successfully used as an extractant for extraction and separation of copper(II). The separation of Cu(II) is possible from other metal ions such as Co(II), Cr(VI), Ni(II), Zn(II) and Fe(III) at pH 5.5-6.5. A preconcentration method was proposed for the determination of Cu(II) in water samples. It was shown that the extraction from aqueous phase containing Cu(II) with organic phase containing FH and then stripping the organic phase with 2 M of HCl solution give a solution of Cu(II) 10 fold in concentrations.
FH was also successfully used as an extractant for extraction and separation of Mo(VI). This metal successfully separated from other metal ions such as Ni(II), Co(II), Al(III), Fe(III) and Mn(II). Quantitative stripping of Mo(VI) ion from the organic phase can be carried out using 2 M ammonium hydroxide. This proposed method was applied for the recovery of Mo(VI) from synthetic mixture and the results showed that more than 90% recovery of Mo(VI) is achieved and the metal ion solution is free from the impurities.
FH and FPH were also evaluated as an extractant for extraction and separation of gold(III) from chloride media. This metal was extracted quantitatively from hydrochloric media at 0.001-0.1 M into the organic phase. Gold(III) was successfully separated from Cu(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), Co(II) and Fe(III) by using FH or FPH. Quantitative stripping of gold(III) from the organic phase can be carried out using 2.0 M thiourea in 1.0 M HCl solution. The extraction and separation of gold(III) by FH or FPH was applied to separate and recover pure gold(III) from synthetic mixtures. FPH synthesized from palm olein was also successfully used as a new reagent for the determination of V(V) by spetrophotometric method. The method is based on the colored complex of vanadium(V)-FPH. The metal ion forms dark brown colored complex which has an absorption maximum at 405 nm. Beer's law is valid over the concentration range of 0.2-20 mg/L and the limit of detection of this method is 0.01 mg/L. The characteristics of this developed method are simple, good selectivity, high sensitivity and rapid.


Objective: To quantify the increase in workload associated with multidisciplinary team meetings for radiologists in a tertiary care hospital over a period of 15 months. Methods: Data was collected prospectively regarding number of multidisciplinary team meetings, number of clinical cases discussed, number of individual imaging studies reviewed, and preparation time of residents, senior registrar and consultants and the delivery time of meeting. Results: Total 223 meetings were held over 15 months (April 2014 to June 2015) for 12 clinical specialty areas. There were 1120 clinical case discussions and a total of 2759 documented individual imaging studies reviewed. Resident's preparation time was 74.6 hours/month, senior registrar's preparation time was 47.93 hours/month, consultant's preparation time was 18.67 hours/month and the total duration time for meetings was 18 hours/month. Conclusion: Multidisciplinary team meetings now represent a significant workload of radiology and has reduced the time for other academic activities within the department.


The success of neural networks has driven a shift in focus from feature engineering to architecture engineering. However, successful networks today are constructed using a small and manually defined set of building blocks. Even in methods of neural architecture search (NAS) the network connectivity patterns are largely constrained. In this work we propose a method for discovering neural wirings. We relax the typical notion of layers and instead enable channels to form connections independent of each other. This allows for a much larger space of possible networks. The wiring of our network is not fixed during training -- as we learn the network parameters we also learn the structure itself. Our experiments demonstrate that our learned connectivity outperforms hand engineered and randomly wired networks. By learning the connectivity of MobileNetV1we boost the ImageNet accuracy by 10% at ~41M FLOPs. Moreover, we show that our method generalizes to recurrent and continuous time networks. Our work may also be regarded as unifying core aspects of the neural architecture search problem with sparse neural network learning. As NAS becomes more fine grained, finding a good architecture is akin to finding a sparse subnetwork of the complete graph. Accordingly, DNW provides an effective mechanism for discovering sparse subnetworks of predefined architectures in a single training run. Though we only ever use a small percentage of the weights during the forward pass, we still play the so-called initialization lottery with a combinatorial number of subnetworks. Code and pretrained models are available at this https URL while additional visualizations may be found at this https URL.


Extreme wind speed analysis has been carried out conventionally by assuming the extreme series data is stationary. However, time-varying trends of the extreme wind speed series could be detected at many surface meteorological stations in China. Two main reasons, exposure change and climate change, were provided to explain the temporal trends of daily maximum wind speed and annual maximum wind speed series data, recorded at Hangzhou (China) meteorological station. After making a correction on wind speed series for time varying exposure, it is necessary to perform non-stationary statistical modeling on the corrected extreme wind speed data series in addition to the classical extreme value analysis. The generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution with time-dependent location and scale parameters was selected as a non-stationary model to describe the corrected extreme wind speed series. The obtained non-stationary extreme value models were then used to estimate the non-stationary extreme wind speed quantiles with various mean recurrence intervals (MRIs) considering changing climate, and compared to the corresponding stationary ones with various MRIs for the Hangzhou area in China. The results indicate that the non-stationary property or dependence of extreme wind speed data should be carefully evaluated and reflected in the determination of design wind speeds.


Title of Document: (RE)MAPPING THE BLACK ATLANTIC: VIOLENCE, AFFECT, AND SUBJECTIVITY IN CONTEMPORARY CARIBBEAN WOMEN'S MIGRATION LITERATURE Barbara L. Shaw, Doctor of Philosophy, 2007 Directed By: Professor Deborah Rosenfelt, Department of Women's Studies This dissertation is a project of literary reclamation, canonical revision, cultural analysis, and interdisciplinary remapping. Drawing on American studies, women's studies, postcolonial studies, and Caribbean studies, particularly performance theory and recent theoretical work on affectivity, it analyzes the negotiations of protagonists who move back and forth between and among cultures and nations, exploring complex possibilities for subjectivity, identity, and citizenship within worlds of domestic and neocolonial violence. Collectively, America's Dream, The Line of the Sun, Geographies of Home, Breath, Eyes, Memory, and The Unbelonging re-map Gilroy's influential theory of the Black Atlantic in three ways: by tracing the legacies of colonization in relation to interpersonal violence; by rewriting national narratives of the metropole from migrant Caribbean women's perspectives; and by including Puerto Rico, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic, as well as Jamaica, within its purview. While arguing for the complex personhood of these migrant protagonists and elucidating their legacies of pain and healing, alongside their victimization and resistance, this dissertation also provides a materialist analysis of cultural production, examining how these books circulate as objects in the global/local economy of book selling and distribution. Through a small-scale ethnographic study of independent publishers, alongside a material and visual cultural analysis of the book covers, it analyzes the politics of publication and canonization of Caribbean women's literature. By centering the Caribbean and its diaspora in an American Studies project, this dissertation pushes the boundaries of the discipline beyond the examination of cultures in the United States or American imperialism in other nations. (Re)Mapping the Black Atlantic asks not only that the Caribbean be considered part of the Americas, but also that the relational aspects of migration between the Caribbean on the one hand, and the United States and Britain on the other, become part of the new cartographies of American Studies. (RE)MAPPING THE BLACK ATLANTIC: VIOLENCE, AFFECT, AND SUBJECTIVITY IN CONTEMPORARY CARIBBEAN WOMEN'S MIGRATION LITERATURE


Abstract
Max Weber and the Austrian School of Economics share many of the same intellectual influences as well as a similar commitment to a social science characterized by methodological individualism, methodological subjectivism, and value-freedom. Although many of the links between Weber and the Austrian school have been explored, one area of agreement between Weber and Mises that is yet to be explored is their shared understanding of the nature of the market. This chapter attempts to close this gap by examining the pictures of the market in Weber's Economy and Society and Mises' Human Action. We find that both portrayals share important features. These include similarities regarding (i) the nature of the market; (ii) the market's autonomous logic; (iii) the impersonality of the market; and (iv) the market in society.


Abstract While the South African media on the whole underwent significant shifts after the demise of apartheid, repositioning was especially acute on the part of the Afrikaans-language press, which during the apartheid years largely served as legitimising institutions for apartheid and now had to adapt to the changing democratic political and social environment. This repositioning coincided with a liberal consensus in the news media in general, in terms of which individual rights, independence of the media and freedom of speech were emphasised. What complicated matters for the Afrikaans media was the need to retain the loyalty of primarily white Afrikaans readers, who remained attractive to advertisers, while having to orientate itself in relation to the new centres of political power in the country. The precarious balance between the liberal consensus of individual rights and freedom of expression on the one hand, and the imperative to carry a torch for Afrikaans cultural identity in the new dispensation, comes to light in news coverage of a recent racist incident at a historically white, Afrikaans university. This article will seek to explore editorial comment on the incident in selected Afrikaans media, to indicate how the event was interpreted and presented as an individual transgression, rather than a systemic and historically determined problem.