The genetic variability and population structure of four populations of sheep breeds namely, Santa Ines, Barbados Blackbelly, Malin and the Dorset-Malin cross, was investigated using the Random Amplified Polymorphic
DNA-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RAPD-PCR). Eight 10-meroligonucleotide primers of arbitrary sequence (OPD-03, OPD-09, OPD-11, OPD-12, BRL-02, BRL-03, BRL-05, BRL-06) were used to amplify discrete regions of the sheep
genome from 30 individuals per breed. The amplified product was electrophoresed using agarose gels to reveal banding patterns that could differentiate between individuals. These primers revealed a total of 65 DNA markers with a range in size of 228-1,871 bp. Of these markers, 38 or 58.5%
were polymorphic while 27 or 42.5% were monomorphic. Primer OPD-09 amplified seven bands but all bands were 100% monomorphic in the four breeds. Two markers, BRL03.1 and BRL03.5 were found to be common and exclusive for the wool sheep breeds. Genetic distance was calculated using both the Dice's and Jaccard's similarity indices. High genetic values were seen within the Santa Ines breed (Dice: 0.0930; Jaccard: 0.1682) while the least variable population was the Dorset-Malin cross (Dice: 0.00693; Jaccard: 0.1280). Genetic distance values for Barbados Blackbelly and Malin was calculated as 0.0748 (Dice)/O.1378 (Jaccard) and 0.0813 (Dice)/O.0813 (Jaccard) respectively. The neighbour-joining and the UPGMA trees based on the Dice's and Jaccard's similarity indices showed little or no consensus on the clustering of the individuals in each population. Genetic distance between populations ranged from 0.1040 to 0.1357
based on the Dice's algorithm while the distance based on the Jaccard's algorithm ranged from 0.1875 to 0.2381. Greatest similarity was observed between Santa Ines and Barbados Blackbelly breeds (Dice: 89.6%; Jaccard: 81.2%) while the Santa Ines and the Dorset-Malin cross were the least similar (Dice: 86.4%; Jaccard: 76.2%). The neighbour-joining and UPGMA analysis showed the Santa Ines and Barbados Blackbelly to be closely linked, while the hair sheep breeds were closely related to the Malin. The Dorset-Malin cross was genetically furthest away from the rest of the breeds. Consensus tree produced after 100 bootstrapping show a confidence level of 78% between the Santa Ines and Barbados Blackbelly branch and a 61% confidence level between the hair sheep breeds and the Malin. Total number of phenotypes per primer ranged from 1 (OPD-09) to 62 (BRL-06). The Santa Ines population had a total of 61 phenotypes, which was the largest, followed by Barbados Blackbelly (56), Malin (54) and Dorset-Malin (43). All primers (except OPD-09) had phenotypes common either to
the hair sheep or wool sheep breeds. The analysis of molecular variance showed that four out of the seven
polymorphic primers (OPD-11, OPD-12, BRL-03, and BRL-06) were able to detect variance among fleece type, among populations and among individuals in a population. Primers OPD-03 and BRL-02 were unable to detect significant variance among the hair and wool breeds, while primer BRL-05 was unable to detect significant variance among the populations. Primer OPD-11 detected the highest variance among individuals (91.08%) while primer BRL-02 detected the lowest variance among individuals (8.46%). Overall data showed 74% variance among individuals within population, 20% variance among populations and 4% variance among fleece
types. The genetic variability and structure of the four populations of sheep were identified through the RAPD-PCR assay. Such information is necessary in order to devise breeding or crossbreeding programs for the development of the sheep industry.


The London theatres arguably were the central cultural institutions in England during the Romantic period, and certainly were arenas in which key issues of the time were contested. While existing anthologies of Romantic drama have focused almost exclusively on "closet dramas" rarely performed on stage, The Broadview Anthology of Romantic Drama instead provides a broad sampling of works representative of the full range of the drama of the period. It includes the dramatic work of canonical Romantic poets (Samuel Coleridge's Remorse, Percy Shelley's The Cenci, and Lord Byron's Sardanapalus) and important plays by women dramatists (Hannah Cowley's A Bold Stroke for a Husband, Elizabeth Inchbald's Every One Has His Fault, and Joanna Baillie's Orra). It also provides a selection of popular theatrical genres-from melodrama and pantomime to hippodrama and parody-most popular in the period, featuring plays by George Colman the Younger, Thomas John Dibdin, and Matthew Gregory Lewis. In short, this is the most wide-ranging and comprehensive anthology of Romantic drama ever published. The introduction by the editors provides an informative overview of the drama and stage practices of the Romantic Period. The anthology also provides copious supplementary materials, including an Appendix of reviews and contemporary essays on the theater, a Glossary of Actors and Actresses, and a guide to further reading. Each of the ten plays has been fully edited and annotated.


Based on almost three years of ethnographic research living in Rio de Janeiro's suburbios, I consider how the senses comes to matter and how Pentecostalism, margins, smells, and soaps are put to work to construct new kinds of affective space. To do so, I track the way in which a fragrance composed of runoff waste from an international flavor and fragrance company has come to be understood as "pieces of grace," or divinely given fragments of prosperity. I argue that the forms of racial and spatial governance that enable something like repurposed waste to become pieces of grace form part of a larger story of the sensorium of the suburbios. In contending with Rio's racialized urban landscape and how it is sensed and made sense of, I look to what I call the salvific sensorium, a kind of sensed space and territory that exists by engaging the senses with a divine alterity that reconfigures worth and temporality. It is affectively generative, if fleetingly so, and capacious enough to be open to both optimism and its cruelties.


Background Chronic stress may conceivably require plasticity of maternal physiology and behavior to cope with the conflicting primary demands of infant rearing and foraging for food. In addition, social rank may play a pivotal role in mandating divergent homeostatic adaptations in cohesive social groups. We examined cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) oxytocin (OT) levels and hypothalamic–pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis regulation in the context of maternal social stress and assessed the contribution of social rank to dyadic distance as reflective of distraction from normative maternal–infant interaction. Methods Twelve socially housed mother–infant bonnet macaque dyads were studied after variable foraging demand (VFD) exposure compared to 11 unstressed dyads. Dyadic distance was determined by behavioral observation. Social ranking was performed blindly by two observers. Post-VFD maternal plasma cortisol and CSF OT were compared to corresponding measures in non-VFD-exposed mothers. Results High-social rank was associated with increased dyadic distance only in VFD-exposed dyads and not in control dyads. In mothers unexposed to VFD, social rank was not related to maternal cortisol levels, whereas VFD-exposed dominant versus subordinate mothers exhibited increased plasma cortisol. Maternal CSF OT directly predicted maternal cortisol only in VFD-exposed mothers. CSF OT was higher in dominant versus subordinate mothers. VFD-exposed mothers with "high" cortisol specifically exhibited CSF OT elevations in comparison to control groups. Conclusion Pairing of maternal social rank to dyadic distance in VFD presumably reduces maternal contingent responsivity, with ensuing long-term sequelae. VFD-exposure dichotomizes maternal HPA-axis response as a function of social rank with relatively reduced cortisol in subordinates. OT may serve as a homeostatic buffer during maternal stress exposure.


The primary compliance vector (PCV) captures the dominant kinematic behavior of a compliant mechanism. Its trajectory describes large deformation mechanism behavior and can be integrated in an optimization objective in detailed compliant mechanism design. This paper presents a general framework for the optimization of the PCV path, the mechanism trajectory of lowest energy, using a unified stiffness characterization and piecewise curve representation. We present a meaningful objective formulation for the PCV path that evaluates path shape, location, orientation, and length independently and apply the framework to two design examples. The framework is useful for design of planar and shell compliant mechanisms that traverse a specified mechanism trajectory and that are insensitive to load perturbations.


Groundwater samples (54) collected from different geological units (alluvium, Tertiary, ophiolite, and Hawasina) located in the transboundary groundwater basin in north Oman at the United Arab Emirates (UAE) borders were analyzed for general hydrochemistry and water isotopes, and subsets thereof were analyzed for 14C and 3H and 87Sr/86Sr. The chemical composition, percentage of modern carbon (pmc), δ2H, δ18O, and 87Sr/86Sr of the groundwater in the study area progressively change from the recharge zone in the elevated area of the North Oman Mountains (NOM) to the flat plains at the UAE borders. While the water-rock interaction is the dominant process controlling the groundwater chemistry, evaporation and groundwater mixing affect the hydrochemistry at the UAE borders. Therefore, groundwater evolves from carbonate-dominant in the NOM into sodium chloride-dominant close to the UAE borders. It is also evident that groundwater lateral recharge from the ophiolites into the alluvium retains the chemical affinity of the ophiolites. Groundwater dating (high pmc), homogeneous 87Sr/86Sr ratios, and enriched δ2H and δ18O demonstrate the presence of modern recharge in the shallow zones of the ophiolites and alluvium. However, deep zones and areas at the UAE border contain older groundwater form during cooler and wetter climatic conditions as supported by the depleted δ2H and δ18O and lower 87Sr/86Sr ratios and pmc. Furthermore, the data clearly showed that modern groundwater mixes with older groundwater along the flow path from the NOM into the UAE border. Modern recharge occurs as lateral recharge from NOM and direct recharge in the plain area. The current findings support future development of aflaj system along NOM slopes and shallow wells in the plain areas.


Vav and Dbl are members of a novel class of oncogene proteins that share significant sequence identity in a approximately 250-amino-acid domain, designated the Dbl homology domain. Although Dbl functions as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) and activator of Rho family proteins, recent evidence has demonstrated that Vav functions as a GEF for Ras proteins. Thus, transformation by Vav and Dbl may be a consequence of constitutive activation of Ras and Rho proteins, respectively. To address this possibility, we have compared the transforming activities of Vav and Dbl with that of the Ras GEF, GRF/CDC25. As expected, GRF-transformed cells exhibited the same reduction in actin stress fibers and focal adhesions as Ras-transformed cells. In contrast, Vav- and Dbl-transformed cells showed the same well-developed stress fibers and focal adhesions observed in normal or RhoA(63L)-transformed NIH 3T3 cells. Furthermore, neither Vav- or Dbl-transformed cells exhibited the elevated levels of Ras-GTP (60%) observed with GRF-transformed cells. Finally, GRF, but not Vav or Dbl, induced transcriptional activation from Ras-responsive DNA elements (ets/AP-1, fos promoter, and kappa B). However, like Ras- and GRF-transformed cells, both Vav- and Dbl-transformed cells exhibited constitutively activated mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) (primarily p42MAPK/ERK2). Since kinase-deficient forms of p42MAPK/ERK2 and p44MAPK/ERK1 inhibited Dbl transformation, MAPK activation may be an important component of its transforming activity. Taken together, our observations indicate that Vav and Dbl transformation is not a consequence of Ras activation and instead may involve the constitutive activation of MAPKs.


Context: Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is a potentially malignant oral disorder leading to increased fibrosis in the sub-epithelial layer. The collagen in the condition has been a subject of intense scrutiny in an attempt to understand the pathogenesis of the disease. Aim: The present study aims to quantify and qualify the collagen fibers in different histological grades of OSF using picrosirius red stain under the polarizing microscope. The quantification of the fibrosis was carried out using image analysis software and the fibers were graded according to staining hue and intensity into their respective subtypes. Comparison was done with normal mucosa, scar/keloid tissue samples. Materials and Methods: The present study included OSF (n = 50) of differing histological grades, keloid/scar (n = 4) and normal mucosa (n = 6) as control cases. Histological assessment was performed on hematoxylin and eosin stained sections. Picrosirius red stained slides were observed under a polarizing microscope for assessment of collagen subtypes. Quantification of collagen was done under polarizing microscope and image parameters were analyzed using ProReg® Capture Pro 2.8.8 (Lawrence and Mayo India Pvt Ltd, 2011) image analysis software. Results: The epithelial thickness in OSF, scar and keloid is less than that of normal mucosa and progressive decrease in the epithelial thickness is seen in the successive stages of OSF. The fibrosis increases with increasing grades of OSF, was higher in scar and keloid and was highly statistically significant. Type I collagen was more predominant in all stages of OSF, in normal oral mucosa and scar/keloid tissue samples as compared with type III. Though quantitative analysis of the collagen types I and III is possible, with picrosirius red qualitative analysis is an arduous task. The specificity of detection of collagen subtypes was acceptable with the picrosirius red stain, but the sensitivity left a lot to be desired.


The Hopkinson rate consists of an energy charge for every kilowatthour of electricity a customer uses, plus an additional demand charge, a peak-demand charge on the maximum usage during the month. Historically, industries in North America have generally been charged a Hopkinson rate for electricity use. In 1983, for example, 97 percent (see Blinder [1984]) of the publicly owned electric utilities in North America had demand charges in their commercial/industrial rate structure, whereas only 11 percent had time-of-day rates. However, with the exception of papers by Corio and Trimnell (1978) and Veall (1981), the focus of empirical research on industrial firms (like the focus of research in the residential sector) has been on examining the impact of time-of-use rates (e.g. Chung [1978], Chung and Aigner [1981], and Panzar and Willig [1979]).


Governance of a social enterprise, if incorporated well, helps safeguard the mission of the enterprise while allowing the management team to meet the demands of such various stakeholders as investors, employees, clients and beneficiaries, as well as comply with public policies and regulations.Yet few social enterprises use governance as a means to reach their highest potential. Likewise, board members of social enterprises often feel that they have more to offer than the social enterprise currently engages them. This is an egregious missed opportunity.No one governance mechanism fits all social enterprises. Rather, governance should be dynamic and adapt to the changing needs of the management team, the operating and regulatory environment, and the larger goals and vision of the social enterprise over its lifespan.With this in mind, the Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurship, along with the Technische Universitat Munchen and the European Business School, has created a guidebook for social entrepreneurs on corporate governance.The guidebook offers practical advice on how to design governing boards and committees, what can be done with existing structures once set up to ensure they best serve the social enterprise, and how to transition effectively the governance structures as the needs of the social enterprise change.It also offers social entrepreneurs an opportunity to evaluate the needs, focus and personality of their social enterprise with the aim of determining which systems, processes, mechanisms and structures of governance will help their organization achieve its goals.


We investigate one possible explanation for observed rates of corrupt behavior namely that individual decision makers who frequently engage in illegal actions may underestimate the overall probability of being caught. This might in particular be true for petty corruption where small amounts of bribes are involved and the detection rate is rather low. To abstract from confounding effects of reciprocal behavior, we design an experiment where a public official decides upon accepting a bribe that leads to a higher present period income while facing the risk of being audited and being left with a considerable lower income in all subsequent periods. Because risk attitudes might differ when putting earned versus endowed income at risk, we compare treatments where participants either receive an endowment beforehand, or earn their income by conducting a real effort task in every period. Independent of the treatments we already find high rates of corruption in very early periods. Risk attitudes measured with a subsequent lottery-choice experiment do not correlate with the behavior observed in the corruption experiment. We explain our findings by a systematic underestimation of the overall probability of being audited. Although detection probability is small in each period, the probability of being caught only once is substantially high when engaging in corrupt behavior on a regular basis. Our findings have important political implications because the underestimation of the total risk involved in engaging in corrupt behavior might nullify measures to fight petty corruption by increased governmental auditing.


Oral cancer patients report severe function-induced pain; severity is greater in females. We hypothesize that a neutrophil-mediated endogenous analgesic mechanism is responsible for sex differences in nociception secondary to oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Neutrophils isolated from the cancer-induced inflammatory microenvironment contain β-endorphin protein and are identified by the Ly6G+ immune marker. We previously demonstrated that male mice with carcinogen-induced oral SCC exhibit less nociceptive behavior and a higher concentration of neutrophils in the cancer microenvironment compared to female mice with oral SCC. Oral cancer cells secrete granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), a growth factor that recruits neutrophils from bone marrow to the cancer microenvironment. We found that recombinant G-CSF (rG-CSF, 5 μg/mouse, intraperitoneal) significantly increased circulating Ly6G+ neutrophils in the blood of male and female mice within 24 h of administration. In an oral cancer supernatant mouse model, rG-CSF treatment increased cancer-recruited Ly6G+ neutrophil infiltration and abolished orofacial nociceptive behavior evoked in response to oral cancer supernatant in both male and female mice. Local naloxone treatment restored the cancer mediator-induced nociceptive behavior. We infer that rG-CSF-induced Ly6G+ neutrophils drive an endogenous analgesic mechanism. We then evaluated the efficacy of chronic rG-CSF administration to attenuate oral cancer-induced nociception using a tongue xenograft cancer model with the HSC-3 human oral cancer cell line. Saline-treated male mice with HSC-3 tumors exhibited less oral cancer-induced nociceptive behavior and had more β-endorphin protein in the cancer microenvironment than saline-treated female mice with HSC-3 tumors. Chronic rG-CSF treatment (2.5 μg/mouse, every 72 h) increased the HSC-3 recruited Ly6G+ neutrophils, increased β-endorphin protein content in the tongue and attenuated nociceptive behavior in female mice with HSC-3 tumors. From these data, we conclude that neutrophil-mediated endogenous opioids warrant further investigation as a potential strategy for oral cancer pain treatment.


This study aims at enhancing the students' participation and achievement in the process of teaching and learning writing skill through the application of contextual teaching and learning (CTL) approach with its seven components. The method used in this study was the cyclic model of Kemmis and McTaggart classroom action research, in which the quantitative data collected were analysed by using descriptive statistics, while the qualitative data were described in words. The research findings show that the use of CTL could increase the students' learning participation and improve their performance in writing skill. The students were highly motivated and contented with the process of teaching and learning writing skill. In addition, the result of this study also shows that all expected success indicators designed (>75) could be reached over in the second cycle. First, the number of students actively participating in the teaching and learning writing process increased from 62.5% to 82.1% (cycle 1 through cycle 2). Second, the number of students who felt pleasure in the process of teaching and learning rose from 84.7 (cycle 1) to 93.9 (cycle 2). Third, the number of students whose quality of paragraph could reach the criteria of learning mastery also increased from 42.8% to 85.7%. Forth, the number of students who can do all the tasks assigned by the teacher during the teaching and learning process went up from 71.4% to 89.2%. The experts' opinions and the research findings reveal that CTL is effective to improve the students' learning participation and achievement in writing skill.


Voluntary agreements in various forms are being increasingly regarded as an instrument to substitute or complement regulating and pricing instruments. As, from a theoretical point of view, this instrument has strong proponents and opponents, it is important to make a careful analysis of the achievements of current voluntary agreements and their specific advantages or drawbacks in their specific objective and social context. The following paper analyses the voluntary agreements of the German economy with respect to CO2 emission targets, achievements up to 1995, the monitoring process implemented, as well as the foreseeable progress up to 2005. The analysis distinguishes among the industrial branches (where trade associations signed the declaration for their member companies), the electricity supply sector and the remaining energy sector (gas and water supply, municipal supply companies, mineral oil trade), which, for the first time, has declared reduction targets for their clients. For voluntary agreements to become as successful as regulating and economic instruments, it is important for all the parties involved to see the declarations as a process which transforms the quantitative goals into moving targets.


There is general agreement that sustainable management is needed to regulate social behaviour for civil society and environmental management for such global issues as climate change and the oceans. Uniquely, markets are assumed by current World Trade Organisation philosophy and policy - 'non-discrimination against imports' - to be virtually exempted from human responsibility to manage them, as if they alone are capable of sustainable self-determination. The argument of this Paper is that Agrarian Advocacy is needed internationally to link farmer conservation within sustainable farm livelihoods, natural resource conservation management, national food security and land heritage connections in each place. Currently unmanaged trading threatens these vital connections. Creatively co-ordinated management making connections is advocated, including an international Highway Code for trading.


Previous research on the Five-Factor model (Big Five) reports a relationship between personality traits and liberal values, and the trait Agreeableness has demonstrated the strongest relationship. The HEXACO model offers a complement to the Five-factor model with an additional sixth trait of Honesty-Humility. Previous research on the Honesty-Humility trait has reported mixed results with liberal values, and this study set out to resolve this. The work presented here explored the relationship between the Honesty-Humility trait on facet-level (Sincerity, Fairness, Greed-avoidance and Modesty) and liberal values (equality for women, minorities, and socio-economical groups). Data from Swedish students (N = 202), known for their individualistic and liberal mindset, were sampled. There was an overall positive correlation between Honesty-Humility and the strength of liberal values (r = .36), and Honesty-Humility predicted liberal values beyond Agreeableness. We discuss these results in terms of the significance of traits and values in a culture that promotes both individualism and equality.


Several studies were done investigating thyroid function in patients with epilepsy. However the results of different studies were conflicting or controversial. This study aimed to evaluate thyroid hor monal changes and their relationship to thyroid volume in epileptic adults on long-term treatment with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). This study included 135 adults with idiopathic epilepsy with mean age of 32.32±4.34years, duration of illness of 10.52±5.08 years and on treatment with carbamazepine (CBZ), valproate (VPA) or CBZ+VPA for a mean duration of 8.66±3.32years. The serum levels of free thyroxine (fT4), triiodothyronine (fT3), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were assessed. Thyroid volume was measured using ultrasonography. Compared to control subjects, patients had significant lower fT4 ( p<0.01) and fT3 (p<0.01) and higher levels of TSH (p<0.0001). The majority of patients with reduced fT4 also had reduced fT3 and increased TSH levels. Nearly 26% of the patients had enlargement of the thyroid gland (p<0.001). Patients on polytherapy had more thyroid volume compared to patients on monotherapy (p<0.05) and patients on VPA had more thyroid volume compared to patients on CBZ (p<0.03). All patients were clinically euthyroid. Significant cor relations were identified between fT4 concentrations and duration of illness, dose, serum level and duration of AEDs treatment, fT3 and TSH concentrations and between thyroid volume and fT4, fT3 and TSH concentrations. In conclusion, CBZ and VPA as mono- or polytherapies may cause thyroid hormonal and structural abnormalities. Thyroid enlargement is due to associated subclinical hypothyroidsm. This data have implications suggesting prevention strategies.


There are various causes of facial canal enlargement. From congenital anomalies to neoplasms, many pathologic conditions should be considered. However, normal variants of vascular anatomy can also result in facial canal enlargement on temporal bone imaging. In order to avoid unnecessary procedures and complications, such as bleeding and facial nerve injury, this possibility should also be taken into account. A case of a 50-year-old male who was diagnosed with facial canal enlargement because of venous engorgement in the facial canal is herein described.


Global Corporate Citizenship (GCC) continues to become increasingly popular in large cor- porations. However, this concept has rarely been con- sidered in small and medium size enterprises (SMEs). A case study of a Norwegian clothing company illustrates how GCC can be also applied to small companies. This case study also shows that SMEs can be very innovative in exercising corporate citizenship, without necessarily fol- lowing the patterns of large multinational companies. The company studied engages as partner in some voluntary labor initiatives promoted by the government, employs people in marginal situations, and exerts influence for the adoption of good working conditions in its supply chain. Environmental issues and actions of solidarity are also considered within a global scope. Ethics of care and concern for specific aspects of the common good seem crucial as GCC drivers in this company, as do personal values, character, and leadership of the owner-manager of the firm.


We report the monitoring of oxygen partial pressure (pO2) in the liquid phase in cell cultures with a luminescence quenching based fiber optic oxygen sensor. The sensitivity of the fiber optic oxygen sensor was evaluated in the gas phase and the sensor was calibrated in the liquid phase before monitoring cell culture pO2 with a luminescence phase detection system. In these experiments, porcine kidney (PK-15) cells were used as the cell samples and the experimental results showed that the sensor is suitable for monitoring of pO2 in gas and liquid phases. In addition, we found that in cell cultures exposed to ambient air, measured pO2 values in the liquid phase differed according to the different cell densities in the culture. Under conditions of low pO2 in the gas phase and high cell density, the cell metabolism reduces the pO2 in the liquid phase to values lower than those of the gas headspace, indicating that the cellular oxygen uptake rate exceeds the oxygen diffusion rate. Therefore there is a need for direct pO2 monitoring in a cell culture, particularly in static high density cell culture systems where oxygen mass transfer is limited.


We describe a type of scanning electron microscope that works by directly imaging the electron field-emission sites on a nanotip. Electrons are extracted from the nanotip through a nanoscale aperture, accelerated in a high electric field, and focused to a spot using a microscale Einzel lens. If the whole microscope (accelerating section and lens) and the focal length are both restricted in size to below 10 mu m, then computer simulations show that the effects of aberration are extremely small and it is possible to have a system with approximately unit magnification at electron energies as low as 300 eV. Thus a typical emission site of 1 nm diameter will produce an image of the same size, and an atomic emission site will give a resolution of 0.1-0.2 nm (1-2 angstrom). Also, because the beam is not allowed to expand beyond 100 nm in diameter, the depth of field is large and the contribution to the beam spot size from chromatic aberrations is less than 0.02 nm (0.2 angstrom) for 500 eV electrons. Since it is now entirely possible to make stable atomic sized emitters (nanopyramids), it is expected that this instrument will have atomic resolution. Furthermore the brightness of the beam is determined only by the field emission and can be up to 1 x 10(6) times larger than in a typical (high energy) electron microscope. The advantages of this low energy, bright-beam electron microscope with atomic resolution are described and include the possibility of it being used to rapidly sequence the human genome from a single strand of DNA as well as being able to identify atomic species directly from the elastic scattering of electrons. (C) 2009 American Institute of Physics. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3058602]


On the assumption of a color space of constant negative curvature, von Schelling has given simple formulas for the color metric coefficients. An attempt has been made to fit such formulas to newly available color-discrimination data for 12 normal observers. A least-squares analysis indicates that Y should be replaced with the quantity, Y′=Y−0.085X+0.011Z, in the special role assigned to luminance by von Schelling. Corresponding to this change, coordinates x′=X/(X+Y′+Z), y′=Y′/(X+Y′+Z) yield the simplest formulas for the coefficients of the expression for color difference: ΔS=(g11Δx′2+2g12Δx′Δy′+g22Δy′2+g33ΔY2/Y2)12.Least-squares fitting of the experimental data to von Schelling's formulas yielded: g11=g33/(10x′2-6.886x′+2.083+2.5y′-16.66x′y′+19.6y′2).g12=g11(0.3443-x′)/y′.g22=g11[0.09+(0.3443-x′)2]/y′2.These formulas are the best approximations obtainable on the assumption of a color space of constant negative or zero curvature. However, they give such poor approximations to the experimental data that it is concluded that the assumption of a color space inherently more complicated than a space of constant curvature would be required to fit the data to a closeness commensurate with the experimental reproducibility.


Regulation by litigation has driven U.S. merger regulation to crisis. The reliance on private lawsuits to police disclosures and potential conflicts of interest in mergers, takeovers, and other control transactions has resulted in the filing of claims after every major transaction. However, it has failed to achieve meaningful benefits for shareholders and has instead deprived them of potentially valuable rights. Regulation by litigation has devolved into attorney rent-seeking, and the raft of substantive and procedural reforms aimed at resolving the crisis has failed.
There is an alternative to regulation by litigation. Drawing upon the code and panel-based models of merger regulation in the United Kingdom and Ireland, this Article explores whether a regulatory model might be better at protecting shareholder interests in merger transactions. A regulatory alternative holds a number of significant advantages, including greater speed, responsiveness, certainty, and lower administrative costs. In light of these potential advantages, it is remarkable that no U.S. state has experimented with a code and panel-based model of merger regulation. We explain the persistent difference between the U.S. and Anglo-Irish models by reference to interest group politics and, in particular, the power of the bar to influence corporate law reforms in the United States.


Lidars and cameras are the sensors most commonly used for Simultaneous Localization And Mapping (SLAM). However, they are not effective in certain scenarios, e.g. when fire and smoke are present in the environment. While radars are much less affected by such conditions, radar and lidar have rarely been compared in terms of the achievable SLAM accuracy. We present a principled comparison of the accuracy of a novel radar sensor against that of a Velodyne lidar, for localization and mapping. We evaluate the performance of both sensors by calculating the displacement in position and orientation relative to a ground-truth reference positioning system, over three experiments in an indoor lab environment. We use two different SLAM algorithms and found that the mean displacement in position when using the radar sensor was less than 0.037 m, compared to 0.011 m for the lidar. We show that while producing slightly less accurate maps than a lidar, the radar can accurately perform SLAM and build a map of the environment, even including details such as corners and small walls.


At some point, every one of us has contemplated more environmentally sustainable ways of living and working, from simple acts like recycling a soda can to bigger changes in business strategy and public policy. However, when we try to have a conversation about our ideas beyond "the choir" of environmental advocates, someone has branded us as a "holier than thou" jerk, or we have refrained from speaking or acting because we worry they might. We get stuck and only maybe later notice that we had a choice in the matter. Preparing students to create a sustainable world requires equipping them to carry on effective conversations and dialogue with a multitude of stakeholders.This paper explores various pitfalls of the sustainability discourse, why we get stuck in them, and how we can escape them. It points out how advocates for the "flourishing of human and other life forever" undermine that flourishing in the way we engage with people every day. We discuss paradoxes or the persistent tensions and ambivalences we all experience that generate the pitfalls. When we distinguish these pitfalls and paradoxes, we can identify them in our lives and our conversations. We are then free to explore pathways out of and around what would otherwise remain latent traps. Pathways lead to greater authenticity, stronger relationships, and higher effectiveness. They contribute to a transformation of the sustainability "movement" or dialogue – to support the flourishing of our lives in the pursuit of the flourishing of all life.This work exists in four forms: a working paper, an interactive workshop and course curriculum, a "train the trainer" workshop, and an ongoing qualitative research study. This paper introduces the pitfalls, pathways, and paradox models and, once further developed, will discuss preliminary results of their use in the classroom.


[1] The purpose of this paper is to examine the mechanism that controls the variation of surface energy partitioning between latent and sensible heat fluxes at a temperate deciduous forest site in central Missouri, USA. Taking advantage of multiple micrometeorological and ecophysiological measurements and a prolonged drought in the middle of the 2005 growing season at this site, we studied how soil moisture, atmospheric vapor pressure deficit (VPD), and net radiation affected surface energy partitioning. We stratified these factors to minimize potential confounding effects of correlation among them. We found that all three factors had direct effects on surface energy partitioning, but more important, all three factors also had crucial indirect effects. The direct effect of soil moisture was characterized by a rapid decrease in Bowen ratio with increasing soil moisture when the soil was dry and by insensitivity of Bowen ratio to variations in soil moisture when the soil was wet. However, the rate of decrease in Bowen ratio when the soil was dry and the level of soil moisture above which Bowen ratio became insensitive to changes in soil moisture depended on atmospheric conditions. The direct effect of increased net radiation was to increase Bowen ratio. The direct effect of VPD was very nonlinear: Increased VPD decreased Bowen ratio at low VPD but increased Bowen ratio at high VPD. The indirect effects were much more complicated. Reduced soil moisture weakened the influence of VPD but enhanced the influence of net radiation on surface energy partitioning. Soil moisture also controlled how net radiation influenced the relationship between surface energy partitioning and VPD and how VPD affected the relationship between surface energy partitioning and net radiation. Furthermore, both increased VPD and increased net radiation enhanced the sensitivity of Bowen ratio to changes in soil moisture and the effect of drought on surface energy partitioning. The direct and indirect effects of atmospheric conditions and soil moisture on surface energy partitioning identified in this paper provide a target for testing atmospheric general circulation models in their representation of land-atmosphere coupling.


Ayurvedic formulations have often been redesigned to address the biomedical disorders of a new global clientele. This has developed a holistic approach to the medical cultures and heterodox epistemologies, which have then allowed the creation of new "traditional" products that suit the demands of the market. In India, these new formulations fall under the category of "Ayurvedic Patent Medicines," which are distinct from classical and textual formulations already in the public domain. Patented medicines are the objects of specific systems of appropriation and protection that have not only gained central stage in the country but also have influenced international regulatory bodies. This study investigates the factors that have influenced the manufacturers to produce patent drugs for promoting Ayurveda tourism. The study based on 270 samples units of researchers and experts in the state of Kerala. The results obtained show that market factors, investment factors and economic factors have great influence on manufacturers in production of patent drugs.


During the past two decades a number of studies have attempted to assess cross-nationally the impact of government spending on economic growth (Castles and Dowrick, 1988; Korpi, 1985; Marlow, 1986; McCallum and Blais, 1987; Saunders, 1985; Weede, 1986a, 1986b, 1991). Most of these studies have assessed the impact of government consumption spending or, more commonly, total social welfare spending. Few studies, however, have attempted to specifically assess the impact of the largest component of social welfare spending, public pension expenditures, on rates of economic growth. Determining the impact of pension spending on economic growth has potentially important social policy implications. An important factor in the future of the welfare state may well be whether its programs hinder or facilitate economic development. The coincidence of declining economic growth and rapidly rising social spending in the industrial democracies during the past two decades has led many to implicate this spending as a cause of economic difficulties. If expenditures on social programs are widely believed to be detrimental to economic growth, support for those programs may wane. As the largest component of social welfare spending, public pension programs may be an especially important factor in determining the direction of whatever effects government spending has on economic growth. This paper investigates the relationship between public pension expenditures and economic growth in the affluent democracies for the years 1960-1988. We measure the effects on economic growth of both aggregate pension expenditures and average per recipient benefit levels. Previous studies have shown that the size of a nation's population is a major factor in the size of its social welfare and public pension budget (Holzman, 1988; Pampel and Williamson, 1985, 1988; Williamson and Pampel, 1993). Nations with larger elderly populations will have larger public pension budgets even if their per recipient benefit levels are lower than those of other nations. To distinguish the effects of the total size of public pension programs from their generosity, attention must be paid to the per recipient benefit levels as well as aggregate spending levels. Theoretical and empirical analyses of the economic impacts of public pension programs focus largely, but not exclusively, on savings rates, labor supply, and income redistribution. Though there are likely economic growth consequences for income redistribution brought about by public pensions there is little published work in that area. Instead, attention to the redistributional impact of pension schemes primarily concerns the net effect of transfers on income levels of the aged and the intergenerational transfer of wealth.(1) In contrast to the work on redistribution, much of the work on the savings and labor supply impacts of public pension programs is directly related to economic growth, at least implicitly. Savings rates, as they translate into capital investment, and labor supply are primary components of economic growth. The economic growth concern of public pensions programs is how those programs alter savings and work incentive structures for both beneficiaries and taxpayers. Mainstream neo-classical theory is ambivalent about the impact of public pension expenditures on economic growth, primarily because microeconomic responses to the receipt of those benefits are varied (Aaron, 1982; Danziger, Haveman, and Plotnick, 1981). Some of the actual responses consumers and workers have to the prospect of guaranteed public pension benefits might be growth promoting, while others might be growth retarding. As a way of highlighting the difficulties encountered in trying to anticipate the economic impact of public pensions, Aaron presents three theoretical models of the savings and labor supply behavior of individuals. The central issue distinguishing these three models is their assumption of the time horizon on which individuals base their behaviour. …


The article analyzes the daily life at the "Francis Joseph" University of Kolozsvar/Cluj in the academic year 1914-1915, at the start of the First World War. Based predominantly on the annual report and other documents written by Professor Marki Sandor, the rector of the university at the time, our study reveals the extent of the war's impact upon the teaching process, as well as other administrative or financial difficulties encountered by the academic staff and the students who continued to attend the courses.
In the first few months following the outburst of the war various initiatives in favor of those fighting on the military theatres appeared in the academic world of Kolozsvar/Cluj. For example, by means of posters glued to the walls of the University, Rector Marki urged the students to volunteer for training as officers in special military schools. The appeal had a good echo: by 26 October, 132 young people had already shown interest in enrolling, being registered on the lists of records made for this purpose. The deadline for inclusion on these lists was then extended until 15 November 1914. The rector even wished that such a school would be created in the city of Kolozsvar/Cluj, but he was unsuccessful. Another interesting idea that was implemented at the university was to collect money for the Transylvanian families whose members were sent to the front. Through volunteer donations, the efforts of the academic staff managed to raise the impressive sum of 14,722 crowns in the academic year 1914-1915.
The university was also directly affected by the war and was faced with numerous hardships. Thus, the article describes in detail which academic buildings were used for the war effort, namely for hospitals or for the accommodation of the army troops, instead of hosting teaching and research activities. For example, from December 1914 to July 1915, a number of 5,390 wounded and sick soldiers were cared for in the Kolozsvar/Cluj University Hospitals and at the Pasteur Academic Institute. Out of these, 2,233 soldiers were healed, 1975 were partially healed and transferred to other hospitals, and 126 of them died. Meanwhile, the clinics equally provided medical care to the local civilian population, treating almost four thousand people.
Last but not least, this article pays special attention to the way the professors and the students regarded the evolution of the war. On the one hand, the military events highlighted the need for academic reforms, more precisely for adapting the institution to the new social and political conditions. On the other, the war offered many opportunities for the academics, and in particular for rector Marki Sandor, to discuss or reflect upon the best collective attitudes people must adopt during those hard times.
Consequently, this research offers new and interesting perspectives regarding the university life during the Great War, opening the possibility of/paving the way for further comparative studies in this field. In total, a number of 2,236 people from the University of Kolozsvar/Cluj directly parti¬cipated in the war in 1914-1915, namely 40 teachers, 1726 students, 340 physicians and 170 technical employees, and 105 of those who enlisted died on the battlefield. It was a great human toll paid by this prestigious Transylvanian institution, a toll that would only rise in the following years of the war, as Austro-Hungary and the other Central Powers were progressively defeated by the Entente.


A purpose of this dissertation is to understand how pre-service teachers locate and problematize their whiteness within teacher education programs. This dissertation studied and attempted to locate these curricular "interventions" by analyzing selected teacher education program curricula, interviewing pre-service education students and their teachers in UNCG ELC 381 and interrogating the researcher's positionality as a white student/scholar/researcher through a critical autoethnography. Employing a feminist and post-formalist framework, the researcher looked for self-reflective practices within teacher education curricula, opportunities to unlearn and examine student intentions, how teacher education programs can construct and facilitate the point of intervention and how these interventions are sustained towards an ongoing critical self-reflective practice. The research revealed limited opportunities for critical self-reflection of white pre-service teachers, thereby maintaining the status quo. Through a deeper examination of "ruptures" within the curriculum and through the critical autoethnography, the researcher proposes a move towards a pedagogy of conocimiento, in the tradition of Gloria Anzaldua, to sustain initial confrontations of whiteness and inform the practice of anti-oppressive educators.


This book explores how the inhabitants of southern France made sense of the ravages of successive waves of plague, the depredations of mercenary warfare, and the violence of royal succession during the fourteenth century. Many people, the book finds, understood both plague and war as the symptoms of spiritual sicknesses caused by excessive sin, and they sought cures in confession. The book draws on a rich evidentiary base of sixty-eight narrative testimonials from the canonization inquest for Countess Delphine de Puimichel, which was held in the market town of Apt in 1363. Each witness in the proceedings had lived through the outbreaks of plague in 1348 and 1361, as well as the violence inflicted by mercenaries unemployed during truces in the Hundred Years' War. Consequently, their testimonies unexpectedly reveal the importance of faith and the role of affect in the healing of body and soul alike. Faced with an unprecedented cascade of crises, the inhabitants of Provence relied on saints and healers, their worldview connecting earthly disease and disaster to the struggle for their eternal souls. The book illustrates how medieval people approached sickness and uncertainty by using a variety of remedies, making clear that "healing" had multiple overlapping meanings in this historical moment.


Thin layer chromatography, with its history as a simple and effective means to identify compounds in a mixture, has motivated research to improve upon its foundations and develop novel techniques to further increase its speed and resolution while maintaining its simplicity. Simultaneous chromatography and electrophoresis (SCE) is a novel two-dimension separation technique that combines an electric field orthogonal to capillary action on a TLC plate. The simplicity of TLC is retained and separation is improved by allowing compounds to be separated according to both their charge-to-mass ratio and polarity. This work investigates how pH of both the mobile and stationary phases alter SCE separations. Additionally, different apparatus designs used to introduce and control mobile phase flow are evaluated. The highest-quality separations are achieved by applying pressure to the TLC plate during analysis.


The use of distance courses in learning is growing exponentially. To better support faculty and students for teaching and learning, distance learning programs need to constantly innovate and optimize their IT infrastructures. The new IT paradigm called "cloud computing" has the potential to transform the way that IT resources are utilized and consumed in education and is expected to have a large impact on educational computing during the next few years. With its focus on helping distance learning administrators and practitioners to understand cloud computing and to make plans for successful cloud adoption, this paper provides insights into the adoption of cloud computing for distance learning, based on a thorough review of the literature about cloud computing. Implications and considerations for additional research are provided as well.


Following the trend of repurposing library space to meet modern user needs, Western University is undergoing a planned revitalization and renovation of its largest library on campus. As a result, 500,000 items will need to be shifted to other locations or off-site storage. In this session we will outline the impact of metadata work in shifting this large collection of material to a shared print preservation storage facility, in coordination with Western University's Keep@Downsview partnership (https://downsviewkeep.org/). Keep@Downsview is a partnership of five universities to preserve the scholarly record in Ontario in a shared, high-density storage and preservation facility. We will demonstrate the importance of collaboration and communication between Collections Librarians and Metadata Librarians to improve identification of materials for shared print preservation. While past Charleston conference presentations have discussed weeding legacy print collections, this session will focus on the importance of metadata matching processes. Speaking from experience at Western University, we will identify the types of tools and skills that we use to facilitate this work (such as MarcEdit, Excel, Python, OpenRefine, Google Sheets, and regular expressions). In highlighting the value of metadata for collections based projects, attendees will walk away with talking points to advocate for quality metadata at their institution and with vendors.


Part I of this Article briefly traces the history of the Supreme Court's Eleventh Amendment jurisprudence, focusing in particular on the opinions developing the doctrines of implied waiver and abrogation. Part II makes the case that the doctrine of implied waiver retains validity after Seminole Tribe, at least with respect to federal statutes passed pursuant to the Spending Clause that condition the receipt of federal funds on the states' waiver of the Eleventh Amendment and statutes passed under Congress's other Article I powers that regulate an activity voluntarily undertaken by the states. Finally, Part III considers other potential constitutional impediments to the resurrection of the implied waiver doctrine, examining both the scope of Congress's authority under the Spending Clause and, more generally, the Tenth Amendment's protection of state sovereignty. The Article concludes that although Seminole Tribe prevents Congress from unilaterally abrogating the states' Eleventh Amendment immunity when it acts under Article I, nothing bars Congress from using its Article I powers to solicit state waivers of the Eleventh Amendment.


Twin screw machines can be used as expanders for variety of applications. This paper describes how the performance of an oil free twin screw air expander of 3/5 lobe configuration was estimated by use of full 3D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) applying a procedure similar to that used for screw compressors. The grid generator SCORG© was employed for pre-processing of the moving domains between the rotors while the stationary grids for the ports were derived from a commercial grid generator. Flow calculations were carried out using the ANSYS CFX® solver. Pressure-angle diagrams, mass flow rates and expansion power at different operating conditions were estimated and compared with experimental test results. The overall performance predictions obtained by simulation agreed very well with measured data. It was concluded that correct design of the high pressure port is vital in order to obtain optimum power output. Leakage flows have a significant effect on screw expander efficiency and have the greatest influence at low speeds and high filling pressures.


High dietary salt is considered to cause about 30% of cases of hypertension.1 Globally, approximately one quarter of the adult population has hypertension, a leading risk factor for premature death. By 2025 it will affect 1.56 billion adults in the world and more than 90% of those aged 80 years or more will develop hypertension. High salt intake is also linked to other important diseases (such as gastric cancer, obesity, kidney stones and osteoporosis). Based on its impact on blood pressure and gastric cancer, high dietary salt is estimated to be the seventh leading risk factor for premature death in the United States of America and the second leading risk factor in Chile.2,3 High salt intake in low-income countries also has a similar burden of illness and disability. The World Health Organization has recommended reducing salt intake to less than 5 g per day (less than 2000 mg/day) in adult populations.4

Mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency impairs cognitive and motor function and severe iodine deficiency causes hypothyroidism with marked mental and growth retardation.5 The main strategy recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and the International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (ICCIDD) for correction of iodine deficiency is universal salt iodization.6 Salt iodization to prevent iodine deficiency is a major global public health triumph; it is estimated about 70% of the global population now has access to adequately iodized salt.5 Salt is generally used as the vehicle for providing iodine because it is consumed by most of the population at fairly constant levels throughout the year and its taste and appearance is not affected by iodization.

Salt iodization is a highly cost-effective intervention that can be used in low-resource settings. The estimated costs of salt iodization programmes are 0.02 United States dollars (US$) to US$ 0.05 per person per year, resulting in a cost of US$ 34–36 per disability-adjusted life year gained (i.e. the cost to avert one year lost due to ill-health, disability or early death caused by iodine deficiency).5 Adverse effects of iodization of salt are uncommon, occur when natural dietary sources of iodine have been adequate and are limited to the rare occurrence of hyperthyroidism.5 Currently recommended average levels of iodine added to salt are within the range of 20–40 mg/kg, based on an estimated average salt consumption of 5–10 g/day in adult populations.6 These levels are safe up to salt intakes of around 25 g/day when the iodine dietary supply is low (as it is in most typical diets in the world).

Concerns have been raised that programmes to reduce dietary salt could adversely impact programmes to prevent iodine deficiency disorders (and vice versa).7 However, iodine levels can be increased in salt to adjust for the recommended reduction in dietary salt to less than 5 g/day.7 To adequately adjust the salt fortification programmes, policy-makers should take into account the food consumed, salt and iodine food sources, iodine nutritional requirements of the population and vulnerable subpopulations (young children, pregnant and lactating women). Clearly there is a substantial need to coordinate salt reduction with salt iodization programmes to avoid iodine deficiency. However, each programme involves different public-health communities. We strongly believe that close collaboration between these different groups could enhance both the salt reduction and iodine supplementation programmes. Active nongovernmental organization advocacy is needed with clear messaging on what is required by government, the public and the food industry, including government engagement and oversight of the programmes, evaluation/surveillance, and ongoing negotiations and interactions with the food and salt industries. Many aspects of these activities are common to both programmes therefore there is an opportunity to share and leverage resources and approaches to be more effective and efficient.

However, if the programmes to reduce dietary salt and iodine supplementation programmes are not coordinated, they have the potential to confuse policy-makers, the food industry and the public, thereby impeding the health goals. Some countries have selected other methods of providing supplemental iodine than through salt fortification, because use of salt in homes has been replaced by the salt in industry-processed foods. We believe that potential incompatibility of the two programmes is not a valid reason for selecting alternative methods, because the salt used by the food industry should be iodized and at the same time be subject to salt reduction programmes.

The Expert Committee convened by the Pan American Health Organization on Optimizing Dietary Salt and Iodine is developing a framework to outline the different actions that are required, planning meetings of larger stakeholder groups and developing a proposal to study the implementation of collaborative salt iodization–salt reduction programmes in countries of the Americas with different economic and nutritional profiles that could serve as model programmes for other countries.


This thesis examines the ways in which user-generated content (UGC) has been used by BBC journalists to cover the conflict in Syria, and how journalistic working practices have altered. The data collection methods included a content analysis of news reports about Syria which aired on BBC World News TV from 2011 to 2014, staff interviews and newsroom observations. Syria has been a challenging story to report as often news organisations have had very little, if any, presence in the country, forcing journalists to rely on UGC produced inside the country to depict events. Results show the task of sourcing UGC and putting it through a verification process involved a steep learning curve for many BBC journalists during the Arab uprisings and remains a complex process. Journalists and producers had to adapt to new ways of locating content, particularly on digital platforms, developing new skills to enable them to carry out 'social media newsgathering'. In doing so they harnessed expertise from across the BBC, including BBC Arabic and BBC Monitoring. These changes have happened as the BBC has created more digital news products. However, there were systematic failings in the ways that BBC News passed on information about the UGC used in its news reports to its audiences, particularly verification warnings and the crediting of content. While journalists have become more social media and technology savvy, UGC is still not fully understood by BBC newsrooms, though it is regularly used to cover breaking stories and news. This thesis contributes to a body of literature examining how UGC is used by news outlets and also revisits established theories to consider the extent to which journalists continue to be information gatekeepers or 'gatewatchers' when audiences have access to news on numerous social, mobile and digital platforms.


This investigation of health care professionalisation uses a case study method to further
knowledge on the topic. The subject of the case study is osteopathy in the United
Kingdom. Data analysis comprised a qualitative thematic approach, which was interpreted
from a sociological perspective, focussing on the developments that were central to a
professionalisation process. The primary event in the professionalisation of osteopathy in
the United Kingdom was the Osteopaths Act 1993.


As the practice of occupational therapy evolves, so too should the resources that aid clinicians, faculty, and students in learning and achieving the skill of effective documentation. Documentation Manual for Occupational Therapy: Writing SOAP Notes, Third Edition is designed to provide each part of the documentation process, while the worksheets are designed to let you practice each step as you learn it. Crystal A. Gateley and Sherry Borcherding take the Third Edition and broaden the scope of the text to include SOAP notes relevant to pediatric practice, driving assessment, balance, assistive technology, positioning and mobility, and other practice settings. Additionally, the authors have introduced in this updated edition, the COAST method of goal writing that emphasizes client-centered and occupation-based intervention and documentation. Also included in the Third Edition, new online instructor's material that includes videos, scenarios, corresponding documentation, sample grading rubrics, and assignments As in the previous editions, Documentation Manual for Occupational Therapy: Writing SOAP Notes, Third Edition focuses specifically on documentation of client performance in occupational therapy practice. The proven "how to" strategy of this workbook translates the SOAP note process into a step-by-step sequence. Features of the Third Edition Include: * Worksheets designed to practice individual skills as well as the entire SOAP note process * New chapter on reimbursement, legal, and ethical consideration * New chapter on general guidelines for documentation * Instructor's material that includes videos, scenarios, corresponding documentation, sample grading rubrics, and assignments * Additional on-line resources available with new book purchase * Current information including AOTA's Centennial Vision, the Occupational Therapy Practice Framework: Domain & Process, 2nd Edition, and other AOTA Official Documents Instructors in e


People with intellectual disabilities in the Netherlands can apply for intensive care and support under the Long-term Care Act (WLZ) and for less intensive forms of care under the Social Support Act (Wmo), and under the Youth Act. This care and support is available not only for people with an IQ of below 70 (with a mild, moderate or severe intellectual disability), but also for people with an IQ between 70 and 85 combined with everyday problems such as difficulties with social interaction, at work or in self-care. This group are referred to in this report as having a borderline intellectual disability. This exploratory international comparison is concerned mainly with this group and the group with a mild intellectual disability (IQ between 50 and 70). Earlier research by SCP has shown that the growth in demand for care is concentrated in these groups. We investigated whether this also applies in three other regions, namely Ontario, Flanders and England. We interviewed numerous international experts in the field of intellectual disability care, and also drew on statistics, scientific literature and policy documents.


Background/Context School choice reforms could strengthen parents' influence on school behaviors, since schools must appeal to parents in order to operate. If parents' desires for schools differ from the broader public's desires for schools, then schools might pursue different goals and activities in systems emphasizing school choice. One popular hypothesis is that school-choosing parents, more than the public, want schools to prioritize their own students' private interests over more collective social, economic, and political interests. Purpose/Objective We compare parents' desires for their own children's schools with the U.S. public's desires for public schools. We make these comparisons with respect to the abstract goals that schools pursue, as well as schools' more tangible behaviors. Population/Participants/Subjects We administered an online survey to nationally representative samples of parents and adults. We administered a second online survey to a national sample of adults. Intervention/Program/Practice The article consists of two studies. Study 1 compares parents' and the public's beliefs about which abstract goals schools should prioritize. Respondents were randomly assigned to consider either schools in their community, schools around the country, or, if they had children, their own children's schools. They chose from goals that prioritized their students' professional achievement ("Private Success"), the economy's needs ("Shared Economic Health"), and more collective social and political needs ("Democratic Character"). Study 2 compares parents' and the public's beliefs about how schools should actually behave. Respondents were randomly assigned to consider either schools in their community, schools around the country, or their own children's schools. We asked about the basic structure and content of the school day, how schools should teach, and how to evaluate school performance. Research Design The studies consist of randomized experiments and related statistical analysis. Findings/Results We find remarkably little difference between parents' desires for their children's schools and the public's desires for public schools. This is true both for the abstract goals that schools pursue and for schools' more tangible behaviors. Conclusions/Recommendations Our findings suggest that the hypothesis that parents want schools to focus on their students' private success at the expense of more collective goals is over-simplified. It may be, for example, that parents want their children to be well rounded in ways that also serve more collective social, political, and economic interests. We observe divisions in Americans' views of the goals that schools should pursue, but these divisions are more connected to their political affiliation than parent status (with Republicans more focused than Democrats on Private Success).


The kinetics of model contaminant 4-chloronitrobenzene (4-ClNB) reduction by Fe(II) in aqueous suspensions containing either or both goethite (α-FeOOH) nanoparticles and kaolinite (Al2Si2O5(OH)4) were quantified to elucidate the effects of nonreactive clay minerals on the attenuation of nitroaromatic groundwater contaminants by iron oxide nanoparticles. Increasing the amount of kaolinite in the presence of goethite decreased the reduction rate of 4-ClNB and competitive Fe(II) adsorption on kaolinite occurred. Cryogenic transmission and scanning electron microscopy (cryo-TEM and cryo-SEM) images did not reveal significant loss of accessible reactive surface area as a result of heteroaggregation. Sequential-spike batch reactors revealed that in the presence of kaolinite, 4-ClNB reduction rate decreased by more than a factor of three with extended reaction as a result of kaolinite dissolution and subsequent incorporation of Al and Si in goethite or on the goethite surface. The reactive sites residing on the {110} faces were comparatively more reactive in the presence of a large loading of kaolinite, resulting in shorter and wider goethite particles after reaction. These results elucidate the mechanisms by which nonreactive clays affect the reactions of Fe(II)/iron oxides in groundwater systems and indicate that nonreactive clays are not passive components.


Spatial econometric specifications pose unique computational challenges to Bayesian analysis, making it difficult to estimate models efficiently. In the literature, the main focus has been on extending Bayesian analysis to increasingly complex spatial models. The stochastic efficiency of commonly used Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) samplers has received less attention by comparison. Specifically, Bayesian methods to analyze effective sample size and samplers that provide large effective size have not been thoroughly considered in the literature. Thus, we compare three MCMC techniques: the familiar Metropolis-within-Gibbs sampling, Slice-within-Gibbs sampling, and Hamiltonian Monte Carlo. The latter two methods, while common in other domains, are not as widely encountered in Bayesian spatial econometrics. We assess these methods across four different scenarios in which we estimate the spatial autoregressive parameter in a mixed regressive, spatial autoregressive specification (or, spatial lag model). We find that off-the-shelf implementations of the newer high-yield simulation techniques require significant adaptation to be viable. We further find that the effective sizes are often significantly smaller than nominal sizes. In addition, we find that stopping simulation early may understate posterior credible interval widths when effective sample size is small. More broadly, we suggest that sample information and stopping rules deserve more attention in both applied and basic Bayesian spatial econometric research.


The project CY 2014-2017-Lot2 is a dietary survey conducted in Cyprus at National level. The project was funded through an EFSA procurement under the EU Menu Project. The aim of the project is dual: the collection of detailed, harmonised and high-quality food consumption data of the adolescent and adult population in Cyprus (10-74 years old including pregnant women) according to EFSA specific requirements and the description of the collected data according to EFSA FoodEx2 food classification system. In total 812 people (adolescents 10-17 years old, adults 18-64 years old, and elderly 65-74 years old), participated in the survey, as well as 204 pregnant women. The method of random stratified sampling was applied for the selection of the participants using the list of Cyprus postal codes. Food consumption information was collected for two non-consecutive days, using the method of the 24-hour dietary recall method. Additionally, short food frequency questionnaire was applied in order to collect information on the consumption of food groups such as vegetables, legumes, dairy, meat, fish, poultry, oils and nuts and the consumption frequencies of food supplements. Information on weight, height and physical activity levels of participants was also collected during the survey. For participants aged 10-75 years old the response rate was relatively low 47% but with high participation rate 99%. For the pregnant women response and participation rates were 90% and 98% respectively. Food consumption data were recorded in the "Greek Diet" Software and coded according to EFSA FoodEx2 food classification system. Quality control was applied at each stage of the survey ensuring the credibility of the collected data. © European Food Safety Authority, 2018


Although climate change is reported to be an important issue for European citizens, market relevance of climate-friendly labelled products remains limited. Various barriers such as low knowledge, distrust in labels, time preference and uncertainty/risk prevent consumers from acting according to their ethical attitudes. The aim of this contribution is to better understand the factors which influence consumers' purchase behaviour of climate-friendly labelled products with emphasis on knowledge, trust in labels and time preference. Based on the data obtained by an online survey with 6007 respondents in six European countries (DE, ES, FR, IT, NO, UK) in July 2015 a multinomial regression was conducted. Dependent variable was the actual buying frequency of climate-friendly food. Higher subjective knowledge had a positive impact while lack of trust in labels negatively influenced the probability of purchasing climate-friendly products. Test persons with higher time preference were less likely to buy climate-friendly products and vice versa. This is in line with theoretical considerations according to which the present saving of money and pleasure gains are valued higher than the possible benefits resulting of less future impacts of climate change. In contrast, the effects of different indicators of risk attitudes were ambiguous.


The TAC supply-chain game presents automated trading agents with challenging decision problems, including procurement of supplies across multiple periods using multiattribute negotiations. The procurement process involves substantial uncertainty and competition among multiple agents. Our agent, Deep Maize, generates requests for components based on deviations from a reference inventory trajectory defined by estimated market conditions. It then selects among supplier offers by optimizing a value function over potential inventory profiles. This approach offered strategic flexibility and achieved competitive performance in the TAC-03 tournament.


Mandatory building airtightness testing has come gradually into force in European countries, mostly because of the increasing impact of building leakage on the overall energy performance of low-energy buildings. Therefore, because of related legal and financial issues, the reliability of the airtightness test has become a crucial issue and has raised the question of the fan calibration process. Stake-holders need to find the right balance between cost for testers and test reliability. While some manufacturers recommend a 4 years frequency for calibration, fan calibration is required every year in UK and every 2 years in France. In these 2 countries building airtightness testing are mandatory. The objective of this paper is to evaluate fan deviation over years. This evaluation has been done through the analysis of calibration certificates issued by certified bodies. According to these certificates the fan deviation is low but not negligible with 5% of the fan varying of more than 8.5% compared to manufacturer coefficients. It has also been observed that: • Low-used and well-stored fans deviate less than daily used ones. • Configurations measuring large flowrate deviate less than configurations that measure small flowrates. • A significant difference of deviation is observed according to the background test pressure during calibration (30 or 50 Pa); Besides, conclusions cannot be drawn without taking into account the calibration uncertainty mentioned in the certificates. Therefore this paper is completed by a discussion about the uncertainties stated by the calibration laboratories and the need for an appropriate level in regard with the maximum permissible error when a verification report is required.


The distributed environment has often been described as unpredictable and variable, thus exposing hosted applications to potential reliability and performance related problems. The Web service architecture lacks support for applications to handle potential problems (including system overloading, insufficient performance, and security threats). This paper proposes and describes an implemented mechanism to address the lack of a formalized infrastructure for handling some of the potential problems, using the mobile agent technology. In particular, we propose a nomadic and adaptive Web service infrastructure, which facilitates applications to autonomously react to operational issues arising during execution. Further, the process of Web service relocation is also demonstrated and implementation has also been discussed.


Volume I comprises a review of the literature about children and young people with Coeliac Disease, a common autoimmune disease characterised by an immune response to the protein gluten, found in wheat, barley and rye. It also comprises a qualitative research paper detailing interviews with young people that aimed to tap their lived experiences of the disease. The final part of Volume I comprise a public domain briefing paper summarising both the literature review and research paper. The literature review considers the evidence for problems with adherence to treatment (a lifelong diet free from gluten) for young people with Coeliac Disease as well as psychological effects of having the disease in childhood. Studies of parental views were also included. The results suggested that there is some element of psychological distress associated with having CD in childhood, and that adherence to the treatment appears to be influenced by age and gender. Studies of parents' views about their child's Coeliac Disease suggested that parents' belief in their ability to manage the disease is important to how young children adhere to treatment. The research project describes how 5 children and young people were recruited and interviewed about their experiences of living with Coeliac Disease. The resulting data were analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis and two themes were subsequently identified. These themes related to identity as a young person with Coeliac Disease and to perceptions about food. Volume II comprises five Clinical Practice Reports: Clinical Practice Report 1 describes the "challenging behaviour" of a 42 year old man with learning disabilities. Subsequently, formulations of this behaviour from a behavioural and a systemic perspective are presented. Clinical Practice Report 2 is a service evaluation conducted in the Heart of Birmingham that aimed to measure outcomes for adults with a learning disability, as well as considering outcomes separately for different ethnic groups. Clinical Practice Report 3 is a case study of a 16 year old girl with anger difficulties using CBT within the Solihull Approach model. Clinical Practice Report 4 describes cognitive-behavioural intervention with a 39-year old man suffering with anxiety as a result of residual psychotic symptoms. Clinical Practice Report 5 was an oral presentation of a piece of clinical work completed with staff at a day hospital for older adults, conducted in order to help the staff adjust in their move to a new location.


Environmental and sanitary conditions play a major role on the quality of fresh produce. The Wholesale Produce Market (WPM) in Doha is an open-air market located in close proximity to the livestock market and slaughterhouse. Currently, there is no data available on establishing the link between the microbial quality of produce sold at this market and environmental factors affecting the quality of produce. Therefore, this pilot study was carried out to evaluate the effect of environmental conditions (e.g.; seasonal temperature, humidity, hygiene conditions of the market) on the microbial quality of produce sold at the WPM. Triplicate samples of different produce samples (e.g.; tomato, lettuce, parsley, cucumber, and green onion) were collected monthly starting from July 2016 to June 2017. Selective media were used to determine the target microorganisms (e.g.; total aerobic bacteria-PCA, total E.coli - MCA, total Listeria – LSA, total coliform - EMB, total Staphylococcus - BPA, total Salmonella - XLT4, and total fungal growth – PDA). The colonies identified as presumptive target organisms were isolated and identified using molecular techniques. The results indicated that produce samples (especially parsley, green onion, and lettuce) tested in this study were highly contaminated with various microorganisms based on the PCA, MCA, and EMB counts. The microbial analysis of produce samples revealed that the most dominant strains in summer months (47°C daytime and 25°C nighttime) were Bacillus, Enterococcus, and Klebsiella. While, Pseudomonas and Enterobacter were the most abundant species during the winter months (24°C daytime, 12°C nighttime). In addition, Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Fusarium were the most commonly isolated fungal species during the months of November-January. It is clear that environmental conditions, such as temperature and humidity are the major factors affecting the growth of different microorganisms in fresh produce. Although no pathogenic target bacteria were detected in the produce samples at WPM, the relatively high PCA and EMB counts demonstrate the need to improve the sanitary conditions at this major produce market in Qatar.


Detecting duplicate bug reports helps reduce triaging efforts and save time for developers in fixing the same issues. Among several automated detection approaches, text-based information retrieval (IR) approaches have been shown to outperform others in term of both accuracy and time efficiency. However, those IR-based approaches do not detect well the duplicate reports on the same technical issues written in different descriptive terms. This paper introduces DBTM, a duplicate bug report detection approach that takes advantage of both IR-based features and topic-based features. DBTM models a bug report as a textual document describing certain technical issue(s), and models duplicate bug reports as the ones about the same technical issue(s). Trained with historical data including identified duplicate reports, it is able to learn the sets of different terms describing the same technical issues and to detect other not-yet-identified duplicate ones. Our empirical evaluation on real-world systems shows that DBTM improves the state-of-the-art approaches by up to 20% in accuracy.


Nano-porous ceramics have potential applications as diverse as biomedical implants, catalysis, and armors. This work shows that insitu Nano-porous Polymer Derived Ceramics (PDC) can be produced in Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) using solid state Friction Stir Processing (FSP). Direct insertion of cross-linked polymer into the metal by FSP in solid state is a significant step toward inserting different chemistry of polymer precursors to generate a variety of in-situ porous structures in Polymer Derived (PD)-MMC. The PDC route is an efficient and cost effective way to produce SiCNbased PD-MMC and tailored pore architecture suitable for high temperature applications. Microstructural observations indicate a uniform distribution of ~100 nm size pores in the ceramic phase after pyrolysis.


The geosciences are increasingly utilizing a systems approach to quantify spatial and temporal dynamics among multiple subsystems, their couplings, and their feedbacks. This systems approach demands novel strategies for experimentation and observation in the "natural laboratory" rather than in simple controlled experiments and thus relies heavily on Earth system observations and observation networks. Current and forthcoming examples of Earth system observatories include the Critical Zone Observatories (CZOs), the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON), EarthScope, FLUXNET, National Water Information System/National Water-Quality Assessment (NWIS/NAWQA), and others. These networks are designed to observe complex processes across a wide range of temporal and spatial scales to synthesize scientific understanding of the fundamental interactions across the interfaces of society, hydrology, ecology, atmospheric sciences, and geosciences.


This paper aims to provide the overview needed to include krill in food-web models and to guide modellers to key sources of data. It describes the strengths of each method of sampling krill, i.e. with nets (for historical time series, demographic information and live krill), acoustics (distribution, time series, biomass and swarm-scale information), the fishery (sustained sampling in one place and wide area and time coverage) and via predators (long time series, demographic indices). Each data source has caveats and more efforts to combine them are recommended. Observations that krill occupy the underice layer, the 0–10 m layer, the deeper water column and the benthos have fundamental implications, both for assessing biomass and for modelling the food web. Temporally, the intense (order of magnitude) interannual variability in krill population size within the southwest (SW) Atlantic sector is a major scale of variability, driven by sea-ice and climate effects on recruitment. This variability masks top–down predation controls that may operate over multi-decadal scales. Growth in spring, summer and autumn is now fairly well quantified, but mortality remains an enigma. We are still not yet confident which are the major predators of krill but studies increasingly suggest that they are not currently birds or mammals. Krill feed across three trophic levels and can control food populations through locally high grazing impact and nutrient regeneration. They also have fundamental regional differences in overwintering strategies, on-shelf/off-shelf distributions, relationships with sea-ice and diet. Whether this reflects 'subpopulations' with regionally specific life cycles is still unclear. However, caution is urged when scalingup food-web models and their parameterisations, either from individual to schooling krill, or from one region to another.


The technique of small angle solution scattering has been revolutionized in the last two decades. Exponential increases in computing power, parallel algorithm development, and the development of synchrotron, free-electron X-ray sources, and neutron sources, have combined to allow new classes of studies for biological specimens. These include time-resolved experiments in which functional motions of proteins are monitored on a picosecond timescale, and the first steps towards determining actual electron density fluctuations within particles. In addition, more traditional experiments involving the determination of size and shape, and contrast matching that isolate substructures such as nucleic acid, have become much more straightforward to carry out, and simultaneously require much less material. These new capabilities have sparked an upsurge of interest in solution scattering on the part of investigators in related disciplines. Thus, this book seeks to guide structural biologists to understand the basics of small angle solution scattering in both the X-ray and neutron case, to appreciate its strengths, and to be cognizant of its limitations. It is also directed at those who have a general interest in its potential. The book focuses on three areas: theory, practical aspects and applications, and the potential of developing areas. It is an introduction and guide to the field but not a comprehensive treatment of all the potential applications.


This book provides a new approach to patristic sources on the earliest Jewish Christians. It shows the artificial nature of the church fathers' discourse and challenges the widely accepted theory of three Jewish-Christian gospels, bringing the Gospel of the Hebrews closer to its synoptic cousins.


Trace metals associated with nanoparticles are known to possess reactivities that are different from their larger-size counterparts. However, the relative importance of small relative to large particles for the overall distribution and biouptake of these metals is not as well studied in complex environmental systems. Here, we have examined differences in the long term fate and transport of ceria (CeO2) nanoparticles of two different sizes (3.8 vs 185 nm), dosed weekly to freshwater wetland mesocosms over 9 months. While the majority of CeO2 particles were detected in soils and sediments at the end of nine months, there were significant differences observed in fate, distribution, and transport mechanisms between the two materials. Small nanoparticles were removed from the water column primarily through heteroaggregation with suspended solids and plants, while large nanoparticles were removed primarily by sedimentation. A greater fraction of small particles remained in the upper floc layers of sediment relative to the large particles (31% vs 7%). Cerium from the small particles were also significantly more bioavailable to aquatic plants (2% vs 0.5%), snails (44 vs 2.6 ng), and insects (8 vs 0.07 μg). Small CeO2 particles were also significantly reduced from Ce(IV) to Ce(III), while aquatic sediments were a sink for untransformed large nanoparticles. These results demonstrate that trace metals originating from nanoscale materials have much greater potential than their larger counterparts to distribute throughout multiple compartments of a complex aquatic ecosystem and contribute to the overall bioavailable pool of the metal for biouptake and trophic transfer.


Monitoring of metabolic compounds, such as glucose and lactate, is extensively reported in literature, especially for clinical purposes. Instead, the application of such technologies for monitoring metabolites in cell cultures has not been explored. From one side, such devices can provide information to the current state-of-the-art of cell lines, particularly those which are not fully known, as stem and embryonic cells. On the other hand, those systems can pave the way to fully automation for growing cell cultures, when coupled with robots for feeding. Among different presented strategies to develop biosensors, carbon nanotubes exhibit great properties, particularly suitable for biosensing. In this work nanostructured electrodes by using multi-walled carbon nanotubes are presented for the detection of glucose and lactate. Firstly, some results from simulations are illustrated in order to foresee the behavior of carbon nanotubes depending on their orientation, when they are dispersed onto the electrode surface. Then, such developed biosensors are characterized in terms of sensitivity and detection limit, and are compared to previously published results. Finally, monitoring of a cell culture is performed and the behavior of metabolites is analyzed as biosensors validation.


Specific radiation damage can be used to solve macromolecular structures using the radiation-damage-induced phasing (RIP) method. The method has been investigated for six disulfide-containing test structures (elastase, insulin, lysozyme, ribonuclease A, trypsin and thaumatin) using data sets that were collected on a third-generation synchrotron undulator beamline with a highly attenuated beam. Each crystal was exposed to the unattenuated X-ray beam between the collection of a 'before' and an 'after' data set. The X-ray 'burn'-induced intensity differences ranged from 5 to 15%, depending on the protein investigated. X-ray-susceptible substructures were determined using the integrated direct and Patterson methods in SHELXD. The best substructures were found by downscaling the 'after' data set in SHELXC by a scale factor K, with optimal values ranging from 0.96 to 0.99. The initial substructures were improved through iteration with SHELXE by the addition of negatively occupied sites as well as a large number of relatively weak sites. The final substructures ranged from 40 to more than 300 sites, with strongest peaks as high as 57sigma. All structures except one could be solved: it was not possible to find the initial substructure for ribonuclease A, however, SHELXE iteration starting with the known five most susceptible sites gave excellent maps. Downscaling proved to be necessary for the solution of elastase, lysozyme and thaumatin and reduced the number of SHELXE iterations in the other cases. The combination of downscaling and substructure iteration provides important benefits for the phasing of macromolecular structures using radiation damage.


In this chapter, we have shown that hopeful hydrogen storage material can be obtained by ordered mesoporous carbons (carbons mesostructured from Korea, CMK-1 and CMK-3) and modified with metal/cations species. The pristine CMK-1 and CMK-3 were synthesized by replication using MCM-48 and SBA-15 as hard templates and sucrose as a carbon source. Incorporation of metal species was carried out by wetness impregnation. The mesoporous materials modified were character‐ ized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS), RAMAN, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and adsorption/desorption N 2 isotherms. Carbon modified with metal/cations shows a better capacity for hydrogen uptake than that of the mesoporous carbons. The evolution of high-pressure hydrogen adsorption measured at 77 K shows that composites can significantly enhance hydrogen adsorption capacity and hydrogen storage performance of carbon materials, proving to be prospective candidates for application in hydrogen storage. The improved activity and the larger performance of composite materials are attributed to improved dispersion of uniform metal/cations nanoparticles as well as to efficient use of the support, which may originate a high-surface area and pore volume, allowing a large dispersion of clusters.


Dehydroamino acids are important structural motifs and biosynthetic intermediates for natural products. Many bioactive natural products of nonribosomal origin contain dehydroamino acids; however, the biosynthesis of dehydroamino acids in most nonribosomal peptides is not well understood. Here, we provide biochemical and bioinformatic evidence in support of the role of a unique class of condensation domains in dehydration (CmodAA). We also obtain the crystal structure of a CmodAA domain, which is part of the nonribosomal peptide synthetase AmbE in the biosynthesis of the antibiotic methoxyvinylglycine. Biochemical analysis reveals that AmbE-CmodAA modifies a peptide substrate that is attached to the donor carrier protein. Mutational studies of AmbE-CmodAA identify several key residues for activity, including four residues that are mostly conserved in the CmodAA subfamily. Alanine mutation of these conserved residues either significantly increases or decreases AmbE activity. AmbE exhibits a dimeric conformation, which is uncommon and could enable transfer of an intermediate between different protomers. Our discovery highlights a central dehydrating function for CmodAA domains that unifies dehydroamino acid biosynthesis in diverse nonribosomal peptide pathways. Our work also begins to shed light on the mechanism of CmodAA domains. Understanding CmodAA domain function may facilitate identification of new natural products that contain dehydroamino acids and enable engineering of dehydroamino acids into nonribosomal peptides.


OBJECTIVE
To re-investigate the composition of ackee oil and unequivocally determine its principal fatty acid components.

METHODS
Oil was extracted from the edible portion of ackees harvested in three different studies (I-III) by several analysts; studies I and II utilized composite samples from several trees while study III consisted of ackees from seven separate trees. The oils were either saponified and methylated or trans-methylated and the fatty acid methyl ester content analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Relative fatty acid composition was quantified based on chromatographic peak areas while fatty acids were identified by mass spectrometry. The degree of unsaturation of the ackee oils was characterized by determination of the iodine value.

RESULTS
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry data from the three studies were assessed. Relative fatty acid composition for the ackee oils was consistent across the three studies. The major fatty acid components were oleic acid (55.44%), palmitic acid (25.57%) and stearic acid (12.59%); linoleic acid was present in minor to undetectable amounts. An iodine value of 49 was determined which is consistent with the high oleic acid content of the ackee oil.

CONCLUSION
The ackee samples analysed were rich in the monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) oleic acid. Consideration should be given to potential protective health effects of diets which include ackee.


This study of Aelred of Rievaulx's understanding of marriage as a Christian state of life first considers his work in the context of earlier written souces and the debates about marriage in the twelfth-century schools; it then exposes Aelred's thinking on the sacramentality of marriage, the position of woman in the marriage relationship, and the importance of marriage in relation to the common good, that is, the socioeconomic order. Much of Aelred's thought remains applicable to Christian marriage today.